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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_Ribeiras
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Cinco Ribeiras
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["1 Geography","1.1 Physical geography","1.2 Climate","1.3 Human geography","2 Architecture","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°41′0″N 27°19′1″W / 38.68333°N 27.31694°W / 38.68333; -27.31694Civil parish in Azores, PortugalCinco RibeirasCivil parishThe coastline along the southern frontier of Cinco Ribeiras near the cave of the same nameLocation of the civil parish in TerceiraCoordinates: 38°41′0″N 27°19′1″W / 38.68333°N 27.31694°W / 38.68333; -27.31694Country PortugalAuton. regionAzoresIslandTerceiraMunicipalityAngra do HeroísmoEstablishedSettlement: fl. 1800Parish: c. 1867Civil parish: c. 1879Area • Total10.80 km2 (4.17 sq mi)Elevation121 m (397 ft)Population (2011) • Total704 • Density65/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUTC−01:00 (AZOT) • Summer (DST)UTC±00:00 (AZOST)Postal code9700-321Area code292 XXX XXXPatronNossa Senhora do PilarWebsitewww.jf5ribeiras.com
Cinco Ribeiras is a civil parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 704, in an area of 12.80 km2.
Geography
Physical geography
The parish of Cinco Ribeiras is situated on the southwest coast of the island of Terceira, occupying a roughly triangler swath from the coast to the summit of the volcano of Santa Bárbara in the island's interior. It is an area of approximately 11.38 square kilometres (4.39 sq mi), that reaches an altitude of 1,021 metres (3,350 ft) above sea level. It is bordered on the east by the civil parish of São Bartolomeu de Regatos and west by the parish of Santa Bárbara das Nove Ribeiras, as well as, along a short frontier to the north, with the parish of Altares.
The parish's southern coast is formed from a 20–30 metres (66–98 ft) high arriba, marked by its only major geological structure, the Ponta das Cinco, a rocky spur formed by a basaltic dike that penetrated one of the radial faults, along the Serra de Santa Bárbara. Yet, running through the region are several smaller volcanic cones composed of black or red basaltic rock. The lower part of the parish developed along a planar zone that corresponds with the terminal area of basaltic fissural flows from the region of Pico da Bagacina, resulting in a gently sloping area towards the northwest. This area is occupied by relatively recent lava flows, with little evidence of pyroclastic eruptive material, translating into shallow soils and rocky covering.
Towards the west and interior, the slope gradually increases, passing into a transition zone towards the cone of the Serra de Santa Bárbara. The highest part of the parish, the apex of the administrative frontier corresponds to the watercourses that divide the ravines of Praia da Vitória and Cinco Ribeiras, an area of accentuated slopes, reaching the summit of the caldera of Santa Bárbara (the highest point on the island of Terceira). Apart from this volcano, the parish is little accented, with only the Pico da Praia, at 323 metres (1,060 ft) above sea level, representing the highest altitude in the parish.
Cinco Ribeiras is crossed by three primary ravines: the Ribeira do Mouro, the Ribeira das Cinco and the Ribeira da Praia, that are part of the radial drainage system, of the Santa Bárbara Massif.
Climate
Situated along the southwest of the Serra de Santa Bárbara, the parish occupies a transition zone between oceanic and Mediterranean climate (on the Köppen-Geiger classification between Csb, on the lower areas, and Cfb, on higher altitudes), exposed to strong southwest winds, resulting in elevated humidity during periods of atmospheric instability, intense orthographic precipitation in the higher altitudes. Precipitation along the massif results in flooding along the shallow ravines, which are unable to transport the water that flows from the higher altitudes.
Human geography
Population ofCinco Ribeiras(1890 - 2011)YearPop.±% 1890 1,019— 1900 1,180+15.8% 1911 1,149−2.6% 1920 1,017−11.5% 1930 1,020+0.3% 1940 1,072+5.1% 1950 1,024−4.5% 1960 1,018−0.6% 1970 880−13.6% 1981 657−25.3% 1991 650−1.1% 2001 684+5.2% 2011 704+2.9%
Urban development, much like the other settlements of Terceira, is constituted by a linear structure, that follows the main roadway that circles the island, with little expansion into the fields. The lateral roads normally accompany the ravines, except for the area between Ribeira do Mouro and Ribeira das Cinco, where smaller urban agglomerations developed along the municipal road of Canadinhas, the circuits 200 metres (660 ft) above the Regional Roadway to connect Cinco Ribeiras and Terra Chã (through São Bartolomeu de Regatos).
Another nucleus in development, constituted by primarily summer homes, developed around the porto of Cinco Ribeiras, circling the small hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Lurdes, in addition to a few homes in the Canada do Porto alongside.
Following the 1991 census the parish included 650 inhabitants (138 males and 114 female residents), included in the localities referred to as Ribeira das Cinco (51 inhabitants), Ribeira do Mouro (84 inhabitants) and Cinco Ribeiras (418 inhabitants). The population decreased during the 20th century, from its apex of 1180 residents around 1900.
The evolution of the parish has been marked by emigration, primarily to Brasil, then the United States and finally to Canada. During the 20th century, the population maintained stable until the middle of the 1960s; then, following facilitated emigration laws and the consequence of the Kennedy-Pastore Act, the population began a rapid decline until it stabilized following the Carnation Revolution.
Architecture
The traditional architecture of Cinco Ribeiras resembles much of the rural homes of the western Terceira region, and is generally constructed around a single floor. The settlement is also distinguished for its many white-washed homes, bordered by multi-coloured trim around the corners, doors and windows (unique for the island of Terceira).
Church of Nossa Senhora do Pilar (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Cinco Ribeiras/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Pilar)
Império of Holy Spirit of Cinco Ribeiras Portuguese: Império do Espírito Santo de Cinco Ribeiras
References
Notes
^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística
^ Eurostat Archived October 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Noé, Paula (2012), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Paroquial de Altares/Igreja de São Roque (PT071901010058) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 5 June 2016
^ Noé, Paula (2012), SIPA (ed.), Igreja Paroquial de Altares/Igreja de São Roque (PT071901010058) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 5 June 2016
vte Angra do HeroísmoCivil parishes
Altares
Cinco Ribeiras
Doze Ribeiras
Feteira
Nossa Senhora da Conceição
Porto Judeu
Posto Santo
Raminho
Ribeirinha
Santa Bárbara
Santa Luzia
São Bartolomeu de Regatos
São Bento
São Mateus da Calheta
São Pedro
Sé
Serreta
Terra Chã
Vila de São Sebastião
Naturallandmarks
Algar do Carvão
Bay of Angra
Bay of Pontas
Bay of Salga
Bay of Refugo
Cabras Islets
Furna de Água
Galerias da Feteira
Gruta Brisa Azul
Gruta das Agulhas
Gruta das Cinco Ribeiras
Gruta das Mercês
Gruta do Zé Grande
Gruta dos Ratões
Lagoa do Negro
Mata da Serreta
Monte Brasil
Parque de Campismo das Cinco Ribeiras
Ponta do Queimado
Porto das Cinco Ribeiras
Prainha
Serra da Ribeirinha
Serra de Santa Bárbara
Serra do Morião ou da Nasce Água
Zona Balnear do Negrito
Man-madelandmarks
Bettencourt Palace
Cais da Alfândega
Cais da Silveira
Castle of Moinhos
Cemetery of Anchors
Church of São Mateus da Calheta
Convent of São Gonçalo
Duke of Terceira Garden
Fort of the Açougue
Fort of the Cavalas
Fort of the Church of São Mateus da Calheta
Fort of Greta
Fort of Má Ferramenta
Fort of the Maré
Fort of Negrito
Fort of Santo António do Monte Brasil
Fort of São João
Fort of São João Baptista
Forte das Caninas
Forte das Cinco Ribeiras
Forte da Salga
Forte de Santa Catarina das Mós
Forte de Santo António
Forte de São Fernando
Forte de São Francisco
Forte de São Sebastião
Forte do Terreiro
Forte do Zimbreiro
Fortress of São Mateus da Calheta
Reducto da Salga
Miradouro da Amoreira
Miradouro da Ponta do Queimado
Miradouro da Serreta
Miradouro das Veredas
Miradouro do Pico das Cruzinhas
Miradouro do Pico Matias Simão
Municipal Palace/Hall of Angra do Heroísmo
Parque Arqueológico Subaquático da Baía de Angra do Heroísmo
Parque de Campismo das Cinco Ribeiras
Parque Municipal do Relvão (Angra do Heroísmo)
Porto das Cinco Ribeiras
Redoubt of Dois Paus
Redoubt of Três Paus
Manor of Madre de Deus
Sé Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo
Category
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The population in 2011 was 704,[1] in an area of 12.80 km2.[2]","title":"Cinco Ribeiras"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Bartolomeu de Regatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bartolomeu_de_Regatos"},{"link_name":"Santa Bárbara das Nove Ribeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_(Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo)"},{"link_name":"Altares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altares"},{"link_name":"Praia da Vitória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia_da_Vit%C3%B3ria"}],"sub_title":"Physical geography","text":"The parish of Cinco Ribeiras is situated on the southwest coast of the island of Terceira, occupying a roughly triangler swath from the coast to the summit of the volcano of Santa Bárbara in the island's interior. It is an area of approximately 11.38 square kilometres (4.39 sq mi), that reaches an altitude of 1,021 metres (3,350 ft) above sea level. It is bordered on the east by the civil parish of São Bartolomeu de Regatos and west by the parish of Santa Bárbara das Nove Ribeiras, as well as, along a short frontier to the north, with the parish of Altares.The parish's southern coast is formed from a 20–30 metres (66–98 ft) high arriba, marked by its only major geological structure, the Ponta das Cinco, a rocky spur formed by a basaltic dike that penetrated one of the radial faults, along the Serra de Santa Bárbara. Yet, running through the region are several smaller volcanic cones composed of black or red basaltic rock. The lower part of the parish developed along a planar zone that corresponds with the terminal area of basaltic fissural flows from the region of Pico da Bagacina, resulting in a gently sloping area towards the northwest. This area is occupied by relatively recent lava flows, with little evidence of pyroclastic eruptive material, translating into shallow soils and rocky covering.Towards the west and interior, the slope gradually increases, passing into a transition zone towards the cone of the Serra de Santa Bárbara. The highest part of the parish, the apex of the administrative frontier corresponds to the watercourses that divide the ravines of Praia da Vitória and Cinco Ribeiras, an area of accentuated slopes, reaching the summit of the caldera of Santa Bárbara (the highest point on the island of Terceira). Apart from this volcano, the parish is little accented, with only the Pico da Praia, at 323 metres (1,060 ft) above sea level, representing the highest altitude in the parish.Cinco Ribeiras is crossed by three primary ravines: the Ribeira do Mouro, the Ribeira das Cinco and the Ribeira da Praia, that are part of the radial drainage system, of the Santa Bárbara Massif.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Situated along the southwest of the Serra de Santa Bárbara, the parish occupies a transition zone between oceanic and Mediterranean climate (on the Köppen-Geiger classification between Csb, on the lower areas, and Cfb, on higher altitudes), exposed to strong southwest winds, resulting in elevated humidity during periods of atmospheric instability, intense orthographic precipitation in the higher altitudes. Precipitation along the massif results in flooding along the shallow ravines, which are unable to transport the water that flows from the higher altitudes.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnation Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"}],"sub_title":"Human geography","text":"Urban development, much like the other settlements of Terceira, is constituted by a linear structure, that follows the main roadway that circles the island, with little expansion into the fields. The lateral roads normally accompany the ravines, except for the area between Ribeira do Mouro and Ribeira das Cinco, where smaller urban agglomerations developed along the municipal road of Canadinhas, the circuits 200 metres (660 ft) above the Regional Roadway to connect Cinco Ribeiras and Terra Chã (through São Bartolomeu de Regatos).Another nucleus in development, constituted by primarily summer homes, developed around the porto of Cinco Ribeiras, circling the small hermitage of Nossa Senhora de Lurdes, in addition to a few homes in the Canada do Porto alongside.Following the 1991 census the parish included 650 inhabitants (138 males and 114 female residents), included in the localities referred to as Ribeira das Cinco (51 inhabitants), Ribeira do Mouro (84 inhabitants) and Cinco Ribeiras (418 inhabitants). The population decreased during the 20th century, from its apex of 1180 residents around 1900.The evolution of the parish has been marked by emigration, primarily to Brasil, then the United States and finally to Canada. During the 20th century, the population maintained stable until the middle of the 1960s; then, following facilitated emigration laws and the consequence of the Kennedy-Pastore Act, the population began a rapid decline until it stabilized following the Carnation Revolution.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The traditional architecture of Cinco Ribeiras resembles much of the rural homes of the western Terceira region, and is generally constructed around a single floor. The settlement is also distinguished for its many white-washed homes, bordered by multi-coloured trim around the corners, doors and windows (unique for the island of Terceira).Church of Nossa Senhora do Pilar (Portuguese: Igreja Paroquial de Cinco Ribeiras/Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Pilar)[3]\nImpério of Holy Spirit of Cinco Ribeiras Portuguese: Império do Espírito Santo de Cinco Ribeiras[4]","title":"Architecture"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Hall
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Vince Hall
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["1 Early years","2 College career","2.1 Accolades","3 Professional career","3.1 Pre-draft","3.2 Buffalo Bills","3.3 Richmond Raiders","4 External links"]
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American football player (born 1984)
American football player
Vince HallHall with Virginia Tech in 2007No. 11Position:LinebackerPersonal informationBorn: (1984-12-03) December 3, 1984 (age 39)Kingsville, Texas, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:238 lb (108 kg)Career informationCollege:Virginia TechUndrafted:2008Career history
St. Louis Rams (2008)*
Buffalo Bills (2008–2009)*
Richmond Raiders (2010)
Richmond Revolution (2010)
Richmond Raiders (2011)
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
First-team All-ACC (2006)
Vincent Larry Hall (born December 3, 1984) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Virginia Tech. Hall was also a member of the Buffalo Bills, Richmond Raiders and Richmond Revolution.
Early years
He played high school football at Western Branch High School in Chesapeake, Virginia where he lettered four seasons as a linebacker and was named an All-American by both SuperPrep and PrepStar as a linebacker following his senior season. That year, he recorded over 120 tackles, 23 tackles for loss and 10 sacks and also had three interceptions. Also was a 2002 AAA First-team All-State selection. He earned first-team All-Southeastern District honors as a sophomore, junior and senior. Additionally, he was a First-team All-State as a junior.
College career
In 2007, Hall played in 10 games and had 100 tackles, with 6.5 going for a loss and 3.5 sacks and one interception. In 2006, he made 128 tackles, 10.5 tackles for loss, eight quarterback hurries, two sacks, two forced fumbles, a fumble recovery and a pass broken up. In 2005, he had 43 solo and 69 assisted tackles and included in those 112 stops were 8.5 TFL, three sacks, two interceptions, eight passes broken up and 15 QB hurries. In 2004, he played in all 13 games, starting the last 12 and recorded 21 solo stops and 43 assists with 4.5 tackles for loss and a sack, a forced fumble, three pass breakups and seven quarterback hurries. In 2003, he redshirted. He was elected to the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 2022.
Accolades
1st Team All-ACC Player 2006
Dudley Award for best player in the Commonwealth of Virginia 2006
Ranked the 5th best Virginia Tech Player of the Decade by Techsideline.com
Professional career
Pre-draft
Hall 5-11¼ and weighed 238 and was timed at 4.89 in the 40-yard dash, a 340-pound bench press and a 14 Wonderlic score.
Buffalo Bills
Hall was added to the Bills practice squad on December 9, 2008, after being released by St. Louis on September 9, 2008. Originally entered the NFL as an undrafted rookie free agent with the Rams on May 6, 2008. He was released by the Bills on May 12, 2009.
Richmond Raiders
Hall was signed by the Indoor Football League's Richmond Revolution on March 25, 2010, joining fellow former Hokies Bryan Randall, Noland Burchette, Lawrence Lewis, and Chris Segaar.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vince Hall.
Buffalo Bills bio
St. Louis Rams bio
Virginia Tech Hokies bio
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.techsideline.com/news_archive/showArticle-5019.php","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.buffalobills.com/team/roster/Vince-Hall/f63bb851-aea4-451f-85c8-43302bfde954","external_links_name":"Buffalo Bills bio"},{"Link":"http://www.stlouisrams.com/team/players/67552/","external_links_name":"St. Louis Rams bio"},{"Link":"http://www.hokiesports.com/football/players/2007/hall.html","external_links_name":"Virginia Tech Hokies bio"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Days
|
Cold Days
|
["1 Plot summary","2 Introduced characters","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2012 fantasy novel by Jim Butcher
This article is about the Dresden Files book. For the song by Bonfire, see Fireworks (Bonfire album). For the 1990 Fix LP, see The Fix (band).
Cold Days AuthorJim ButcherCover artistChristian McGrathLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Dresden FilesGenreFantasy, mysteryPublisherRoc HardcoverPublication dateNovember 27, 2012Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages528ISBN978-0-451-46440-8Preceded byGhost Story Followed bySkin Game
Cold Days is a 2012 bestselling novel by Jim Butcher and the 14th book in the ongoing The Dresden Files series. The book was first published on November 27, 2012 through Roc Hardcover and continues the adventures of wizard detective Harry Dresden.
Plot summary
As the story begins, Harry is in Arctis Tor where he is nursed back to health by Sarissa, a member of the Winter Court and a servant of Mab, the Winter Queen. His recovery culminates in a Winter Court party, serving both as an introduction of the new Winter Knight and as Harry's surprise birthday party. During the party he is set up by Maeve, the Winter Lady, who sets a number of events in motion in an attempt to kill him. With help from Sarissa and advice from Kris Kringle, he defeats Maeve's minions and asserts himself as the Winter Knight before the entire Winter Court. Mab, quite satisfied at this outcome, gives Harry his first mission as the new Winter Knight: to kill Maeve.
Harry returns to Chicago and consults Bob, to find out how to go about killing an immortal. Bob is initially reluctant to give out such dangerous information, but eventually tells Harry that immortals can be killed during certain conjunctions, such as on Earth on Halloween night, the day after tomorrow. Harry meets up with Molly, who informs him that energy is growing on Demonreach and she thinks it might explode. He travels to the island and speaks to the spirit of Demonreach, learning that the island is a prison which was created by Merlin himself to contain a massive number of various unspeakable supernatural horrors. Because of his connection to the island, he is now the prison's de facto Warden. The island is under attack, and if the attack is not stopped, the prison's fail-safe will trigger, releasing enough magical energy to destroy the prison as well as level a significant portion of the Midwest.
In trying to figure out how to proceed, Harry consults with many magical powers, including Donar Vadderung, Lily, Titania, the Faerie Mothers, and Rashid. Harry learns that Outsiders are constantly attempting to get past the Outer Gates, which are defended by the Winter Fae. He discovers that Outsiders are behind his present troubles, and that an Outsider infiltrator named Nemesis has been behind many challenges faced by Harry and by the world in general for many years. He also figures out that the ritual that will be used to destroy Demonreach will be performed at the island itself at some point in the near future.
While preparing for the assault against the hundreds of Outsiders attacking Demonreach, Harry is chased and attacked by the Wild Hunt. With Karrin Murphy's assistance, he is able to evade the Hunt temporarily, and after shooting the Erlking, he takes command of the Hunt and leads it against the Outsiders. With the reinforcement of the Hunt, Harry is able to disrupt the ritual and repel the Outsider attack.
Harry and his friends head for the top of the island, where they find Lily and Maeve magically assaulting Demonreach. Harry, having determined that Maeve has been corrupted by the Nemesis, attacks Maeve. She defeats him soundly but he is rescued by his friends. Harry, out of options, summons Mab, who appears and confronts Maeve. Maeve refuses to yield to her mother and shoots and kills Lily, resulting in the mantle of the Summer Lady passing to Sarissa. Murphy then shoots Maeve, resulting in the mantle of the Winter Lady passing to Molly.
Harry decides to remain on the island for the time being so that he can learn more about it and establish a new base of operations, and takes a branch from its oldest oak tree to use in making a new staff.
Introduced characters
Main article: The Dresden Files characters
Sarissa: Dresden's physical therapist and someone indebted to Winter, now the Summer Lady.
He Who Walks Before: another one of the Walkers akin to He Who Walks Behind. Harry usually refers to the Outsider as Sharkface.
Cat Sith is a cat-like creature. He is the King of the malks, and the batman (right-hand vassal) of the Winter Knight.
Redcap: servant of Maeve and the original Redcap legend.
Lacuna is a fairy of the little folk. She is as tall as Toot-Toot.
Reception
Critical reception has been mostly positive. Tor.com praised Cold Days and wrote that they viewed it as "one of the best books in the series". Kirkus Reviews gave the work a favorable review but commented that the book would have benefited from "more rigorous copy editing to clean up the continuity errors which continue to riddle the series". CNN and Geeks of Doom also reviewed Cold Days, and Geeks of Doom recommended the book highly.
References
^ "Cold Days: A Novel of the Dresden Files (bestseller list)". USA Today. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Bridges, C. A. "Complications, intrigue and blowing stuff up: An interview with Jim Butcher". News Journal. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Welsberger, Jason. "Cold Days, a novel of the Dresden files". BoingBoing. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Nance, Kevin. "'Cold Days' for hot series". Sun Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ FOX, BETTE-LEE. "Xpress Reviews: Fiction". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ "Cold Days (review)". Booklist. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ "Cold Days (review)". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ KHANNA, RAJAN. "One of the Best Books in the Series: Jim Butcher's Cold Days". Tor.com. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ "Cold Days (review)". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ DuChateau, Christian. "Hot thrillers in time for the holidays". CNN. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Makries, Gary. "Book Review: Cold Days: A Novel Of The Dresden Files". Geeks of Doom. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
External links
The first four chapters can be found on the author's Official website
vteBibliography by Jim ButcherThe Dresden Files seriesBooks
Storm Front
Fool Moon
Grave Peril
Summer Knight
Death Masks
Blood Rites
Dead Beat
Proven Guilty
White Night
Small Favor
Turn Coat
Changes
Side Jobs
Ghost Story
Cold Days
Skin Game
Working for Bigfoot
Brief Cases
Peace Talks
Battle Ground
Short fiction
"Something Borrowed"
"It's My Birthday, Too"
"Heorot"
"Harry's Day Off"
"Backup"
"The Warrior"
"Last Call"
"AAAA Wizardry"
"Even Hand"
"Restoration of Faith"
"Publicity and Advertising"
"Aftermath"
"Love Hurts"
"Curses"
"I Was A Teenage Bigfoot"
"Bigfoot on Campus"
"B is for Bigfoot"
"Bombshells"
"Jury Duty"
"Cold Case"
"Day One"
"A Fistful of Warlocks"
"Zoo Day"
"Christmas Eve"
"Monsters"
"Mike"
"Journal"
"Goodbye"
"Job Placement"
"Everything the Light Touches"
"The Good People"
Graphic novels
Welcome to the Jungle
Storm Front
Storm Front Vol 2
Fool Moon
Ghoul, Goblin
War Cry
Down Town
Wild Card
Dog Men
Other media
The Dresden Files (TV series)
The Dresden Files Roleplaying Game
Codex Alera series
Furies of Calderon
Academ's Fury
Cursor's Fury
Captain's Fury
Princeps' Fury
First Lord's Fury
The Cinder Spires series
The Aeronaut's Windlass
The Olympian Affair
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fireworks (Bonfire album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_(Bonfire_album)"},{"link_name":"The Fix (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fix_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jim Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Butcher"},{"link_name":"The Dresden Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Roc Hardcover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc_Books"},{"link_name":"Harry Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the Dresden Files book. For the song by Bonfire, see Fireworks (Bonfire album). For the 1990 Fix LP, see The Fix (band).Cold Days is a 2012 bestselling novel by Jim Butcher and the 14th book in the ongoing The Dresden Files series.[1][2] The book was first published on November 27, 2012 through Roc Hardcover and continues the adventures of wizard detective Harry Dresden.[3][4]","title":"Cold Days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unseelie"},{"link_name":"Mab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mab"},{"link_name":"Maeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Maeve"},{"link_name":"Kris Kringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_(The_Dresden_Files)"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"Molly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Molly"},{"link_name":"spirit of Demonreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_Loci"},{"link_name":"Donar Vadderung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Titania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titania_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)"},{"link_name":"Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Rashid,_the_Gatekeeper"},{"link_name":"Wild Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Karrin Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrin_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Erlking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlking"}],"text":"As the story begins, Harry is in Arctis Tor where he is nursed back to health by Sarissa, a member of the Winter Court and a servant of Mab, the Winter Queen. His recovery culminates in a Winter Court party, serving both as an introduction of the new Winter Knight and as Harry's surprise birthday party. During the party he is set up by Maeve, the Winter Lady, who sets a number of events in motion in an attempt to kill him. With help from Sarissa and advice from Kris Kringle, he defeats Maeve's minions and asserts himself as the Winter Knight before the entire Winter Court. Mab, quite satisfied at this outcome, gives Harry his first mission as the new Winter Knight: to kill Maeve.Harry returns to Chicago and consults Bob, to find out how to go about killing an immortal. Bob is initially reluctant to give out such dangerous information, but eventually tells Harry that immortals can be killed during certain conjunctions, such as on Earth on Halloween night, the day after tomorrow. Harry meets up with Molly, who informs him that energy is growing on Demonreach and she thinks it might explode. He travels to the island and speaks to the spirit of Demonreach, learning that the island is a prison which was created by Merlin himself to contain a massive number of various unspeakable supernatural horrors. Because of his connection to the island, he is now the prison's de facto Warden. The island is under attack, and if the attack is not stopped, the prison's fail-safe will trigger, releasing enough magical energy to destroy the prison as well as level a significant portion of the Midwest.In trying to figure out how to proceed, Harry consults with many magical powers, including Donar Vadderung, Lily, Titania, the Faerie Mothers, and Rashid. Harry learns that Outsiders are constantly attempting to get past the Outer Gates, which are defended by the Winter Fae. He discovers that Outsiders are behind his present troubles, and that an Outsider infiltrator named Nemesis has been behind many challenges faced by Harry and by the world in general for many years. He also figures out that the ritual that will be used to destroy Demonreach will be performed at the island itself at some point in the near future.While preparing for the assault against the hundreds of Outsiders attacking Demonreach, Harry is chased and attacked by the Wild Hunt. With Karrin Murphy's assistance, he is able to evade the Hunt temporarily, and after shooting the Erlking, he takes command of the Hunt and leads it against the Outsiders. With the reinforcement of the Hunt, Harry is able to disrupt the ritual and repel the Outsider attack.Harry and his friends head for the top of the island, where they find Lily and Maeve magically assaulting Demonreach. Harry, having determined that Maeve has been corrupted by the Nemesis, attacks Maeve. She defeats him soundly but he is rescued by his friends. Harry, out of options, summons Mab, who appears and confronts Maeve. Maeve refuses to yield to her mother and shoots and kills Lily, resulting in the mantle of the Summer Lady passing to Sarissa. Murphy then shoots Maeve, resulting in the mantle of the Winter Lady passing to Molly.Harry decides to remain on the island for the time being so that he can learn more about it and establish a new base of operations, and takes a branch from its oldest oak tree to use in making a new staff.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Sarissa"},{"link_name":"He Who Walks Before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#He_Who_Walks_Before"},{"link_name":"Cat Sith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Cat_Sith"},{"link_name":"Redcap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Redcap"},{"link_name":"Lacuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Lacuna"},{"link_name":"Toot-Toot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_characters#Toot-toot"}],"text":"Sarissa: Dresden's physical therapist and someone indebted to Winter, now the Summer Lady.\nHe Who Walks Before: another one of the Walkers akin to He Who Walks Behind. Harry usually refers to the Outsider as Sharkface.\nCat Sith is a cat-like creature. He is the King of the malks, and the batman (right-hand vassal) of the Winter Knight.\nRedcap: servant of Maeve and the original Redcap legend.\nLacuna is a fairy of the little folk. She is as tall as Toot-Toot.","title":"Introduced characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Critical reception has been mostly positive.[5][6][7] Tor.com praised Cold Days and wrote that they viewed it as \"one of the best books in the series\".[8] Kirkus Reviews gave the work a favorable review but commented that the book would have benefited from \"more rigorous copy editing to clean up the continuity errors which continue to riddle the series\".[9] CNN and Geeks of Doom also reviewed Cold Days,[10] and Geeks of Doom recommended the book highly.[11]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Dukhovskoi
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Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovskoi
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovskoi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013)
Governor-General Dukhovskoi in Khabarovsk (1894)
Sergei Mihailovich Dukhovskoi (1838–1901) was a Russian military officer who served, among other things, as Priamur and Turkestan Governor General Ataman of the Priamur Cossack host.
Biography
Sergei Mihailovich Dukhovskoi was born in 1838 into a non-noble family. His grandfather Peter Sergeiivich Ierei (1772-1819) was a Russian Orthodox priest in a village outside Nizhny Novgorod. Peter Sergeiivich served the Holy Spirit Church, which was the origin of the new family name “Dukhovskoi” adopted by the priest's son Mikhail Petrovich (1796-1888). Dukhovskoi's father matriculated at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, where he later served from 1814-1818 as a teacher. His father then worked as an instructor and inspector at the local theological school and taught Latin at the Nizhny Novgorod Gymnasium for ten years. He was employed by the Department of Treasury before becoming Director of the Clerical Office and senior accountant of the Artillery Department as a collegiate councilor. Dukhovskoi's mother, Elena Matveevna Alymova (1812-1840), died while her son was still young.
After graduating from the Cadet Corps, Dukhovskoi entered the Leib Guard Mounted-Grenadiers Regiment as an ensign in 1855. Later that year, he was enrolled in a program with a scientific emphasis at the Nikolaevskii Engineering Academy. Dukhovskoi completed his studies and was posted to an unspecified front regiment. He was awarded the rank of Lieutenant in 1859 and, after a brief reprieve from military service, enrolled at the Nikolaevskii Academy of the General Staff in 1860 to pursue the “higher military sciences”. At the time of Dukhovskoi's enrollment, courses at the academy included Tactics, Military History and Strategy, Military Administration, Military Statistics, Geodesics, Mapping, Russian Language, Fortification, Artillery, Political History, Jurisprudence, Political Economics, and Military Law. A year after his arrival at the academy, he was promoted to the rank of Staff Captain.
In 1862, Dukhovskoi graduated from the Nikolaevskii Academy of the General Staff and was appointed to the General Staff of Russian forces in the Caucasus region headquartered out of Tbilisi. His first assignment was to compile a series of articles on the neighboring Dagestan Oblast. Upon his return in the fall of 1863, he joined the Dahovskii detachment in a number of military campaigns in the Kuban Oblast. This involved exploring unmapped terrains, driving out mountain peoples, and establishing Cossack stanitsas. In 1864, he was elevated to the rank of Captain of the General Staff, and in this capacity he continued to serve the regiment in operations throughout the Northern Caucasus. In recognition of his efforts on the battlefield, he was awarded the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1865, and two years later was made a Colonel. He remained in the region, serving the Russian army in a variety of capacities at the Clerical Office of the Kuban Oblast and then the Caucasus Military District in Tbilisi. His rise through the military ranks continued in 1873 when he became a General Major. During the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-78, he led a maneuver against Ottoman forces in Ardagan, for which he later received the St. George Cross. He also fought in battles in Eastern Turkey at Kars, the Aladzhin Heights and Erzerum. In the aftermath of the hostilities, Dukhovskoi was appointed the head of the demarcation commission tasked to draw up new boundaries between the Ottoman and Russian empires. He was also Governor of Erzerum for a brief period of time before the Ottomans reoccupied the city. When the campaign ended in 1879, he was stationed as Chief of Staff of the Moscow Military District. In this capacity, Dukhovskoi was involved in the coronation ceremonies for Alexander III in 1883 and oversaw the training of the tsar's forces in Russia and abroad.
After being conferred the title of General-Lieutenant in 1886, Dukhovskoi oversaw maneuvers for a variety of War Districts in the empire. He was appointed to the Pri-Amur Governor-Generalship in 1893. Dukhovskoi was commander of the Russian navy in the Far East and is remembered as having done much to further both the cultural life of the region and the position of the armed forces stationed there. In May 1896, he was a participant at the coronation festivities for Tsar Nicholas II. At the end of the month, he was assigned to head the Vladivostok Military District for a three-year period. However, the assignment was ended prematurely with Dukhovskoi's appointment to the Governor-Generalship of Turkestan on March 28, 1898 in the aftermath of the Andizhan Uprising.
The attack led by Dukchi Ishan on the Russian garrison in the Ferghana Valley was the defining event of the Governor-General's short tenure. Much of his time was spent in St. Petersburg on business matters related to the revolt. On one occasion, he remained in the capital for five months (12/16/1898-05/27/1899), followed soon after by another three-month stint. On January 1, 1901 Dukhovskoi was granted retirement. Simultaneously, he became a member of the State Council, where he served as an advisor to the tsar until he departed from Russia to recover from illness. Dukhovskoi had contracted malaria while serving in Turkestan and died on April 7, 1901. Tsar Nicholas II attended the panikhida in St. Petersburg and personally spoke with Dukhovskoi's grieving widow. The high-ranking officer was buried in the cemetery of Alexander Nevskii Lavra. He left behind no children, and his wife Princess Barbara Golitsyn would live another thirty years, ending her days in abject poverty in the Soviet Union.
References
^ Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 309.
^ Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 309.
^ Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 310.
^ Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. pp. 310–11.
^ Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 311.
^ Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. pp. 309–11.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dukhovskoi_in_Khabarovsk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"}],"text":"Governor-General Dukhovskoi in Khabarovsk (1894)Sergei Mihailovich Dukhovskoi (1838–1901) was a Russian military officer who served, among other things, as Priamur and Turkestan Governor General Ataman of the Priamur Cossack host.","title":"Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovskoi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cadet Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_Corps"},{"link_name":"Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_History"},{"link_name":"Military Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Administration"},{"link_name":"Geodesics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Dagestan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kuban Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ottoman-Russian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)"},{"link_name":"Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ferghana Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferghana_Valley"},{"link_name":"panikhida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panikhida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sergei Mihailovich Dukhovskoi was born in 1838 into a non-noble family. His grandfather Peter Sergeiivich Ierei (1772-1819) was a Russian Orthodox priest in a village outside Nizhny Novgorod. Peter Sergeiivich served the Holy Spirit Church, which was the origin of the new family name “Dukhovskoi” adopted by the priest's son Mikhail Petrovich (1796-1888).[1] Dukhovskoi's father matriculated at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, where he later served from 1814-1818 as a teacher. His father then worked as an instructor and inspector at the local theological school and taught Latin at the Nizhny Novgorod Gymnasium for ten years. He was employed by the Department of Treasury before becoming Director of the Clerical Office and senior accountant of the Artillery Department as a collegiate councilor. Dukhovskoi's mother, Elena Matveevna Alymova (1812-1840), died while her son was still young.[2]After graduating from the Cadet Corps, Dukhovskoi entered the Leib Guard Mounted-Grenadiers Regiment as an ensign in 1855. Later that year, he was enrolled in a program with a scientific emphasis at the Nikolaevskii Engineering Academy. Dukhovskoi completed his studies and was posted to an unspecified front regiment. He was awarded the rank of Lieutenant in 1859 and, after a brief reprieve from military service, enrolled at the Nikolaevskii Academy of the General Staff in 1860 to pursue the “higher military sciences”. At the time of Dukhovskoi's enrollment, courses at the academy included Tactics, Military History and Strategy, Military Administration, Military Statistics, Geodesics, Mapping, Russian Language, Fortification, Artillery, Political History, Jurisprudence, Political Economics, and Military Law. A year after his arrival at the academy, he was promoted to the rank of Staff Captain.[3]In 1862, Dukhovskoi graduated from the Nikolaevskii Academy of the General Staff and was appointed to the General Staff of Russian forces in the Caucasus region headquartered out of Tbilisi. His first assignment was to compile a series of articles on the neighboring Dagestan Oblast. Upon his return in the fall of 1863, he joined the Dahovskii detachment in a number of military campaigns in the Kuban Oblast. This involved exploring unmapped terrains, driving out mountain peoples, and establishing Cossack stanitsas. In 1864, he was elevated to the rank of Captain of the General Staff, and in this capacity he continued to serve the regiment in operations throughout the Northern Caucasus. In recognition of his efforts on the battlefield, he was awarded the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in 1865, and two years later was made a Colonel. He remained in the region, serving the Russian army in a variety of capacities at the Clerical Office of the Kuban Oblast and then the Caucasus Military District in Tbilisi. His rise through the military ranks continued in 1873 when he became a General Major. During the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-78, he led a maneuver against Ottoman forces in Ardagan, for which he later received the St. George Cross. He also fought in battles in Eastern Turkey at Kars, the Aladzhin Heights and Erzerum. In the aftermath of the hostilities, Dukhovskoi was appointed the head of the demarcation commission tasked to draw up new boundaries between the Ottoman and Russian empires. He was also Governor of Erzerum for a brief period of time before the Ottomans reoccupied the city. When the campaign ended in 1879, he was stationed as Chief of Staff of the Moscow Military District. In this capacity, Dukhovskoi was involved in the coronation ceremonies for Alexander III in 1883 and oversaw the training of the tsar's forces in Russia and abroad.[4]After being conferred the title of General-Lieutenant in 1886, Dukhovskoi oversaw maneuvers for a variety of War Districts in the empire. He was appointed to the Pri-Amur Governor-Generalship in 1893. Dukhovskoi was commander of the Russian navy in the Far East and is remembered as having done much to further both the cultural life of the region and the position of the armed forces stationed there. In May 1896, he was a participant at the coronation festivities for Tsar Nicholas II. At the end of the month, he was assigned to head the Vladivostok Military District for a three-year period. However, the assignment was ended prematurely with Dukhovskoi's appointment to the Governor-Generalship of Turkestan on March 28, 1898 in the aftermath of the Andizhan Uprising.[5]The attack led by Dukchi Ishan on the Russian garrison in the Ferghana Valley was the defining event of the Governor-General's short tenure. Much of his time was spent in St. Petersburg on business matters related to the revolt. On one occasion, he remained in the capital for five months (12/16/1898-05/27/1899), followed soon after by another three-month stint. On January 1, 1901 Dukhovskoi was granted retirement. Simultaneously, he became a member of the State Council, where he served as an advisor to the tsar until he departed from Russia to recover from illness. Dukhovskoi had contracted malaria while serving in Turkestan and died on April 7, 1901. Tsar Nicholas II attended the panikhida in St. Petersburg and personally spoke with Dukhovskoi's grieving widow. The high-ranking officer was buried in the cemetery of Alexander Nevskii Lavra. He left behind no children, and his wife Princess Barbara Golitsyn would live another thirty years, ending her days in abject poverty in the Soviet Union.[6]","title":"Biography"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 309.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 309.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 310.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. pp. 310–11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. p. 311.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shilov, D.N. (2007). Chleny Gosudarstvennogo Soveta Rossiskoi Imperii, 1801-1906 : Biobibliograficheskii spravochnik. St Petersburg: Rossiiskaia Natsionalnaia Biblioteka. pp. 309–11.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Tourism_Society
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Space Tourism Society
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["1 Members","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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The Space Tourism Society is a California 501(c)3 non-profit organization founded in 1996 by John Spencer, a former member of the board of directors of the National Space Society, with the goal of promoting space tourism.
The STS is based in the US and has chapters in Japan, Norway, Canada, Malaysia, India, Russia, and the United Kingdom. It is an organization member of the Alliance for Space Development.
Members
As of July 2013, the president of the society, John Spencer, is designing a 91 metres (300 ft) space yacht aimed at cruising in Earth orbit.
See also
Commercial astronaut
Private spaceflight
Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination
References
^ "John Spencer Biography - National Space Society". 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
^ "About the Society". Space Tourism Society. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^ ASD Members, Alliance for Space Development, 26 January 2015, retrieved March 4, 2015
^
Dietrich-Egensteiner, Will (2013-07-23). "Here's What Your $5 Billion Space Yacht Could Look Like". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2013-07-30.
Further reading
The Popular Science Monthly
Feasibility Study and Future Projections of Suborbital Space Tourism at the Example of Virgin Galactic by Matthias Otto
Space tourism: do you want to go? by John Spencer and Karen L. Rugg
Space enterprise: living and working offworld in the 21st century by Philip Robert Harris
Worldwide Destinations and Companion Book of Cases Set by =Brian G. Boniface and Chris Cooper
External links
Official website
vteSpace tourismOrganizationsActive
Axiom Space
Bigelow Aerospace
Blue Origin
Airbus D&S
Mojave Aerospace Ventures
Orbital Technologies
PDAS
Redwire
Sierra Nevada Corporation
Space Adventures
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The Spaceship Company
Virgin Galactic
CAS Space
ARCA
Association of Autonomous Astronauts
Astronaute Club Européen
Commercial Spaceflight Federation
Copenhagen Suborbitals
Space Frontier Foundation
Space Tourism Society
Defunct
Armadillo Aerospace
Canadian Arrow
Golden Spike Company
MirCorp
Orion Span
PlanetSpace
RocketShip Tours
Space Island Group (Space Island Project)
XCOR Aerospace
Vehicles
Current
Soyuz
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New Shepard
SpaceShipTwo
Future
New Glenn
SpaceShip III
Starliner
Starship
Living in space
Commercialization of space
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Space competitions
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Google Lunar X Prize
Space elevator competitions
Space touristsPast
Dennis Tito
Mark Shuttleworth
Gregory Olsen
Anousheh Ansari
Charles Simonyi
Richard Garriott
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Oliver Daemen
Jared Isaacman
Sian Proctor
Hayley Arceneaux
Christopher Sembroski
Yusaku Maezawa
Yozo Hirano
Larry Connor
Mark Pathy
Eytan Stibbe
John Shoffner
Space tourismmissionsPast
Inspiration4
Blue Origin NS-16
Blue Origin NS-18
Blue Origin NS-19
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Galactic 02
Galactic 03
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Related
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Tourism on Mars
Haven-1
This organization-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Commercial astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_astronaut"},{"title":"Private spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_spaceflight"},{"title":"Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_Universal_Intergalactic_Denomination"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_King_(statistician)
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Ruth King (statistician)
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["1 Career and research","2 References"]
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Ruth KingBornPontypridd, South WalesKnown forResearch in statistics with applications primarily within ecology, epidemiology or medicine.
Ruth King (née Langham) FRSE FLSW is the current Thomas Bayes' Chair of Statistics in the School of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, having held the position since 2015. Prior to this she held positions at the University of Cambridge and the University of St Andrews.
Her main research interests are "Capture-recapture; Bayesian inference; hidden (semi-)Markov models; state-space models; missing data; applications in ecology and epidemiology"."Her research focuses on the development of novel statistical techniques applied to a range of different application areas, particularly within ecology, epidemiology or medicine. This research is often interdisciplinary in nature, relying on strong collaborative links with other researchers."She was recognised by the Royal Society of Edinburgh as one of Scotland's leading female scientists in their exhibition and elected as a Fellow in 2018. She was also elected a fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2017, and a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2022.
Career and research
She graduated with a BSc in Mathematics with Statistics in 1998, and completed a PhD in 2001, both from the University of Bristol. In her final year of undergraduate she was awarded the 'Henry Ronald Hasse Prize'. Her PhD was supervised by Steve Brooks.
Following her PhD she worked as a research associate at the University of Cambridge, from 2001 to 2003.
From 2003 to 2005, she was an EPSRC post-doctoral fellow.
From 2003 to 2010, she was a lecturer in Statistics at the University of St Andrews, then a reader in Statistics from 2010 to 2015.
Currently, she is the Thomas Bayes' Chair of Statistics at the University of Edinburgh, a post she has held since 2015.
She has spoken at numerous Conferences, in a number of countries, throughout her career.
In 2019, she co-organised the ICMS workshop on "Addressing Statistical Challenges of Modern Technological Advances" as well as the "Global Expert Working Group on Multiple Systems Estimation of Modern Slavery" in Edinburgh.
She has 69 publications on "Google Scholar" since 2001, with a total of 1370 citations since 2014 (as of June 2019), and 2213 citations overall.
Since 2017 she has been part of the team delivering the University of Edinburgh's 'Unlocking the World of Data' course on edX
References
^ a b c d "Ruth King's Home Page". www.maths.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h Building, Professor The University of Edinburgh The School of Mathematics Room: 4603 James Clerk Maxwell; Buildings, The King's; Scotl, Peter Guthrie Tait Road Edinburgh EH9 3FD. "Ruth King | School of Mathematics". www.maths.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Professor Ruth King FLSW FRSE". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ Preece, John (16 April 2019). "Leading Scottish Scientists Celebrated with Major RSE Exhibition". The Edinburgh Reporter. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ Wales, The Learned Society of. "Ruth King". The Learned Society of Wales. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "2022 IMS Fellows Announced". Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^ a b "Ruth King". The Alan Turing Institute. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "Ruth King - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.co.uk. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "Statistics: Unlocking the World of Data". edX. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Academics
Google Scholar
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
ORCID
Scopus
|
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Prior to this she held positions at the University of Cambridge and the University of St Andrews.Her main research interests are \"Capture-recapture; Bayesian inference; hidden (semi-)Markov models; state-space models; missing data; applications in ecology and epidemiology\".[2]\"Her research focuses on the development of novel statistical techniques applied to a range of different application areas, particularly within ecology, epidemiology or medicine. This research is often interdisciplinary in nature, relying on strong collaborative links with other researchers.\"[3]She was recognised by the Royal Society of Edinburgh as one of Scotland's leading female scientists in their exhibition[4] and elected as a Fellow in 2018. She was also elected a fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2017,[5] and a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2022.[6]","title":"Ruth King (statistician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth_King-7"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Brooks_(statistician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruth_King-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"EPSRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"ICMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Mathematical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"edX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdX"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"She graduated with a BSc in Mathematics with Statistics in 1998,[1] and completed a PhD in 2001,[7] both from the University of Bristol.[2] In her final year of undergraduate she was awarded the 'Henry Ronald Hasse Prize'.[1] Her PhD was supervised by Steve Brooks.[7]Following her PhD she worked as a research associate at the University of Cambridge, from 2001 to 2003.[2]From 2003 to 2005, she was an EPSRC post-doctoral fellow.[2]From 2003 to 2010, she was a lecturer in Statistics at the University of St Andrews, then a reader in Statistics from 2010 to 2015.[2]Currently, she is the Thomas Bayes' Chair of Statistics at the University of Edinburgh, a post she has held since 2015.[2]She has spoken at numerous Conferences, in a number of countries, throughout her career.[2]In 2019, she co-organised the ICMS workshop on \"Addressing Statistical Challenges of Modern Technological Advances\" as well as the \"Global Expert Working Group on Multiple Systems Estimation of Modern Slavery\" in Edinburgh.[2]She has 69 publications on \"Google Scholar\" since 2001, with a total of 1370 citations since 2014 (as of June 2019), and 2213 citations overall.[8]Since 2017 she has been part of the team delivering the University of Edinburgh's 'Unlocking the World of Data' course on edX[9]","title":"Career and research"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gri%C3%B1%C3%A1n
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José Antonio Griñán
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Presidency","1.2 Honors","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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Spanish politician (born 1946)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Griñán and the second or maternal family name is Martínez.
Excelentísimo Señor
DonJosé Antonio Griñán Martínez4th President of the Regional Government of AndalusiaIn office22 April 2009 – 5 September 2013Acting: 27 August – 5 September 2013MonarchJuan Carlos IPreceded byManuel Chaves (acting, Gaspar Zarrías)Succeeded bySusana DíazSecretary-General of the Socialist Workers' Party of AndalusiaIn office16 March 2010 – 23 November 2013Preceded byManuel ChavesSucceeded bySusana DíazSecond Vice President of the Regional Government of AndalusiaIn office18 April 2008 – 23 April 2009Preceded byOffice createdSucceeded byOffice abolishedCouncillor of Economy and Finance of AndalusiaIn office24 April 2004 – 23 April 2009Preceded byJosé SalgueiroSucceeded byCarmen Martínez AguayoMinister of Labor and Social PolicyIn office13 July 1993 – 5 May 1996PresidentFelipe GonzálezPreceded byLuis Martínez NovalSucceeded byJavier ArenasMinister of Health and ConsumptionIn office14 January 1992 – 13 July 1993PresidentFelipe GonzálezPreceded byJulián García ValverdeSucceeded byÁngeles AmadorMember of the Congress of DeputiesIn office7 June 1993 – 14 March 2004ConstituencyCordobaMember of the SenateIn office12 September 2013 – 15 June 2015ConstituencyAndalusiaMember of the Parliament of AndalusiaIn office14 March 2004 – 12 September 2013ConstituencyCordoba and Seville
Personal detailsBorn (1946-06-07) 7 June 1946 (age 78)Madrid, Spanish StatePolitical partySpanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)SpouseMaría Teresa Caravaca de JuanAlma materUniversity of SevilleProfessionPublic servant
José Antonio Griñán Martínez (born 7 June 1946) is a Spanish politician. He was the chairman of the centre-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and from 23 April 2009 until 7 September 2013 he held the position of President of the Regional Government of Andalusia. He was sentenced to 6 years of prison due to prevarication and embezzlement of public funds in the granting of aid to companies in crisis for 10 years worth 680 million euros.
He replaced Manuel Chaves when Chaves was named Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain of the Government of Spain in charge of Territorial Policy. In 2013 he announced his intention of stepping down and was subsequently replaced by the then regional Minister of the Presidency Susana Díaz.
Biography
Born in Madrid in 1946, his family moved to Andalusia. He graduated in law at the University of Seville, and started a public service career, finishing with the third best result on the 1969 competitive examination for the position of junior labour inspector, his first assignment was in 1970 in Zaragoza and he finally established in 1974, in Seville.
He joined the PSOE at the beginning of the 1980s, and after the socialist victory in the Andalusian parliamentary elections of 23 May 1982 (the first such elections to be held, since the Spanish transition to democracy), served as vice minister of Labour in the Andalusian governments presided over by Rafael Escuredo and José Rodríguez de la Borbolla, until in 1986 when he was named vice minister of Health. In 1987 he was named technical secretary general of the Andalusian Labour Ministry and in 1990 was named as minister of health in the first government of Manuel Chaves. He served three terms as a deputy for Cordoba at the Congress of Deputies. First elected in the 1993 Spanish General election, he was reelected in 1996 and 2000. There, he served as twice as a minister during the Felipe González premiership: from 1992 to 1993 as minister of health and consumption and from 1993 to 1996 as ministry labour and social affairs. By March 2004 he served instead as deputy for Córdoba in the Parliament of Andalusia.
In April 2004, Manuel Chaves named him minister of economy and finance, and later, in 2008, he was given the additional role of second vice president of Andalusia . On 5 April 2009, after the naming of Chaves as their vice president of Spain, his name was announced as the most likely successor Chaves at the Presidency of Andalusia, and eight days later the Regional Committee of the PSOE-A (the Andalusian federation of PSOE) officially proclaimed his candidature.
On 19 November 2019, Griñán was convicted to six years of prison, and banned for fifteen years from holding any public office, for crimes of perverting the course of justice and embezzlement related to the ERE lawsuit .
Presidency
On 22 April 2009 Griñán was voted in as President of Andalusia by the Andalusian parliament, with 56 votes in favor (PSOE) and 53 against (PP and IU). He took office on 23 April. Three former Andalusian presidents attended the ceremony—Rafael Escuredo, José Rodríguez de la Borbolla and Manuel Chaves—together with the President of Castile-La Mancha, José María Barreda; the Secretary of State for Immigration, Consuelo Rumí; and the President of the High Court of Andalusia, Augusto Méndez de Lugo.
In the 2012 regional election his party, PSOE, lost the absolute majority in the Parliament getting only 47 seats out of 109. Griñán had to make an agreement with United Left to secure a majority coalition government and keep his position as the President of Andalusia. In the terms of this agreement, the leader of United Left, Diego Valderas, became the vice-president of Andalusia. On 26 June 2013 he announced he would not seek reelection. His party entered in a substitute election process won by Susana Díaz. On 27 August Griñán announced he was stepping down. On 7 September Díaz took the chair.
Then he entered the Senate as senator autonomy elected by the Parliament of Andalusia. On 15 June 2015 he left his seat as senator autonomy after being charged in the corruption scandal case named ERE.
Honors
Griñán is a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, which gives him the honorific of Excelentísimo Señor.
Notes
^ a b Real DECRETO 711/2009, de 22 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Junta de Andalucía a don José Antonio Griñán Martínez, BOJA 2009/77, 23 April 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
^ LaInformacion (19 November 2019). "Seis años de prisión a Griñan por el caso de los ERE y 9 de inhabilitación a Chaves". La Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-11-19.
^ José Antonio Griñán sustituiría a Manuel Chaves en la Presidencia de la Junta de Andalucía, Europa Press, 5 April 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Antonio Griñán.
(in Spanish) Official page as president of the Andalusian Autonomous Government
Political offices
Preceded byEduardo Rejón
Councillor of Health of Andalusia 1990–1992
Succeeded byJosé Luis García de Arboleya
Preceded byJulián García Valverde
Minister of Health and Consumption 1992–1993
Succeeded byÁngeles Amador
Preceded byLuis Martínez Noval
Minister of Labor and Social Policy 1993–1996
Succeeded byJavier Arenas
Preceded byJosé Salgueiro
Councillor of Economy and Finance of Andalusia 2004–2009
Succeeded byCarmen Martínez Aguayo
Preceded byOffice created
Second Vice President of the Regional Government of Andalusia 2008–2009
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Preceded byManuel Chaves
President of the Regional Government of Andalusia 2009–2013
Succeeded bySusana Díaz
Party political offices
Preceded byManuel Chaves
Secretary-General of the Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia 2010–2013
Succeeded bySusana Díaz
Preceded byManuel Chaves
President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 2012–2014
Succeeded byMicaela Navarro
vteSpanish Socialist Workers' PartyLeadershipSecretaries-General
Ramón Lamoneda (1936–1944)
Rodolfo Llopis (1944–1972)
Felipe González (1974–1997)
Joaquín Almunia (1997–2000)
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2000–2012)
Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba (2012–2014)
Pedro Sánchez (2014–2016; 2017–present)
Deputy Secretaries-General
Alfonso Guerra (1979–1997)
José Blanco López (2008–2012)
Elena Valenciano (2012–2014)
Adriana Lastra (2017–present)
Presidents
Pablo Iglesias (1879–1925)
Julián Besteiro (1925–1931)
Francisco Largo Caballero (1931–1935)
Indalecio Prieto (1935–1948)
Trifón Gómez (1948–1955)
Pascual Tomás (1964–1967)
Ramón Rubial (1967–1970; 1976–1999)
Manuel Chaves (2000–2012)
José Antonio Griñán (2012–2014)
Micaela Navarro (2014–2016)
Javier Fernández (2017)
Cristina Narbona (2017–present)
OrganizationRegional wings
Andalusia
Aragon
Asturias
Balearic Islands
Basque Country
Canary Islands
Cantabria
Castile and León
Castilla–La Mancha
Catalonia
Extremadura
Galicia
La Rioja
Madrid
Murcia
Navarre
Valencian Community
Affiliated organisations
Socialist Youth of Spain
IDEAS Foundation for progress
El Socialista
Socialist Left
Former affiliated organisations
Catalan Federation of the PSOE
Socialists of Catalonia
People's Socialist Party
Democratic Action Party
Democratic Party of the New Left
Congresses
1st (1888)
2nd (1890)
3rd (1892)
4th (1894)
5th (1899)
6th (1902)
7th (1905)
8th (1908)
9th (1912)
10th (1915)
11th (1918)
Ext. (1919)
Ext. (1920)
Ext. (1921)
12th (1925)
13th (1932)
14th (1944)
15th (1946)
16th (1948)
Ext. (1948)
17th (1950)
Ext. (1951)
18th (1952)
19th (1955)
20th (1958)
21st (1961)
22nd (1964)
23rd (1967)
24th (1970)
25th (1972)
26th (1974)
27th (1976)
28th (1979)
Ext. (1979)
29th (1981)
30th (1984)
31st (1988)
32nd (1990)
33rd (1994)
34th (1997)
35th (2000)
36th (2004)
37th (2008)
38th (2012)
Ext. (2014)
39th (2017)
40th (2021)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
|
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He was the chairman of the centre-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and from 23 April 2009 until 7 September 2013 he held the position of President of the Regional Government of Andalusia.[1] He was sentenced to 6 years of prison due to prevarication and embezzlement of public funds in the granting of aid to companies in crisis for 10 years worth 680 million euros.[2]He replaced Manuel Chaves when Chaves was named Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain of the Government of Spain in charge of Territorial Policy.[3] In 2013 he announced his intention of stepping down and was subsequently replaced by the then regional Minister of the Presidency Susana Díaz.","title":"José Antonio Griñán"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"University of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Andalusian parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Andalusian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Spanish transition to democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"Rafael Escuredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Escuredo"},{"link_name":"José Rodríguez de la Borbolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_la_Borbolla"},{"link_name":"Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spanish_Congress_Electoral_District)"},{"link_name":"Congress of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"1993 Spanish General election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Spanish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Felipe González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"minister of health and consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"ministry labour and social affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"perverting the course of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice"},{"link_name":"embezzlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"ERE lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caso_ERE_en_Andaluc%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_ERE_en_Andaluc%C3%ADa"}],"text":"Born in Madrid in 1946, his family moved to Andalusia. He graduated in law at the University of Seville, and started a public service career, finishing with the third best result on the 1969 competitive examination for the position of junior labour inspector, his first assignment was in 1970 in Zaragoza and he finally established in 1974, in Seville.He joined the PSOE at the beginning of the 1980s, and after the socialist victory in the Andalusian parliamentary elections of 23 May 1982 (the first such elections to be held, since the Spanish transition to democracy), served as vice minister of Labour in the Andalusian governments presided over by Rafael Escuredo and José Rodríguez de la Borbolla, until in 1986 when he was named vice minister of Health. In 1987 he was named technical secretary general of the Andalusian Labour Ministry and in 1990 was named as minister of health in the first government of Manuel Chaves. He served three terms as a deputy for Cordoba at the Congress of Deputies. First elected in the 1993 Spanish General election, he was reelected in 1996 and 2000. There, he served as twice as a minister during the Felipe González premiership: from 1992 to 1993 as minister of health and consumption and from 1993 to 1996 as ministry labour and social affairs. By March 2004 he served instead as deputy for Córdoba in the Parliament of Andalusia.In April 2004, Manuel Chaves named him minister of economy and finance, and later, in 2008, he was given the additional role of second vice president of Andalusia . On 5 April 2009, after the naming of Chaves as their vice president of Spain, his name was announced as the most likely successor Chaves at the Presidency of Andalusia, and eight days later the Regional Committee of the PSOE-A (the Andalusian federation of PSOE) officially proclaimed his candidature.On 19 November 2019, Griñán was convicted to six years of prison, and banned for fifteen years from holding any public office, for crimes of perverting the course of justice and embezzlement related to the ERE lawsuit [es].","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-becomes-president-1"},{"link_name":"PP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"IU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Rafael Escuredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Escuredo"},{"link_name":"José Rodríguez de la Borbolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_la_Borbolla"},{"link_name":"President of Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"José María Barreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State#Spain"},{"link_name":"Consuelo Rumí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consuelo_Rum%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"High Court of Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Augusto Méndez de Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusto_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Lugo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2012 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Andalusian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"United Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"coalition government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government"},{"link_name":"Diego Valderas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Valderas"}],"sub_title":"Presidency","text":"On 22 April 2009 Griñán was voted in as President of Andalusia by the Andalusian parliament,[1] with 56 votes in favor (PSOE) and 53 against (PP and IU). He took office on 23 April. Three former Andalusian presidents attended the ceremony—Rafael Escuredo, José Rodríguez de la Borbolla and Manuel Chaves—together with the President of Castile-La Mancha, José María Barreda; the Secretary of State for Immigration, Consuelo Rumí; and the President of the High Court of Andalusia, Augusto Méndez de Lugo.In the 2012 regional election his party, PSOE, lost the absolute majority in the Parliament getting only 47 seats out of 109. Griñán had to make an agreement with United Left to secure a majority coalition government and keep his position as the President of Andalusia. In the terms of this agreement, the leader of United Left, Diego Valderas, became the vice-president of Andalusia. On 26 June 2013 he announced he would not seek reelection. His party entered in a substitute election process won by Susana Díaz. On 27 August Griñán announced he was stepping down. On 7 September Díaz took the chair.Then he entered the Senate as senator autonomy elected by the Parliament of Andalusia. On 15 June 2015 he left his seat as senator autonomy after being charged in the corruption scandal case named ERE.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Honors","text":"Griñán is a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, which gives him the honorific of Excelentísimo Señor. [citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-becomes-president_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-becomes-president_1-1"},{"link_name":"Real DECRETO 711/2009, de 22 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Junta de Andalucía a don José Antonio Griñán Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.juntadeandalucia.es/boja/boletines/2009/77/d/1.html"},{"link_name":"BOJA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOJA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Seis años de prisión a Griñan por el caso de los ERE y 9 de inhabilitación a Chaves\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lainformacion.com/espana/chaves-y-grinan-no-iran-a-la-carcel-por-los-ere-al-tener-menos-de-dos-anos-de-pena/6520753"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Griñán sustituiría a Manuel Chaves en la Presidencia de la Junta de Andalucía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-jose-antonio-grinan-sustituiria-manuel-chaves-presidencia-junta-andalucia-20090405214741.html"},{"link_name":"Europa Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Press_(news_agency)"}],"text":"^ a b Real DECRETO 711/2009, de 22 de abril, por el que se nombra Presidente de la Junta de Andalucía a don José Antonio Griñán Martínez, BOJA 2009/77, 23 April 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.\n\n^ LaInformacion (19 November 2019). \"Seis años de prisión a Griñan por el caso de los ERE y 9 de inhabilitación a Chaves\". La Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-11-19.\n\n^ José Antonio Griñán sustituiría a Manuel Chaves en la Presidencia de la Junta de Andalucía, Europa Press, 5 April 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"LaInformacion (19 November 2019). \"Seis años de prisión a Griñan por el caso de los ERE y 9 de inhabilitación a Chaves\". La Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/chaves-y-grinan-no-iran-a-la-carcel-por-los-ere-al-tener-menos-de-dos-anos-de-pena/6520753","url_text":"\"Seis años de prisión a Griñan por el caso de los ERE y 9 de inhabilitación a Chaves\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Middle_School_(Seattle)
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Seattle Public Schools
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["1 Governance","2 History","2.1 Early schools","2.2 20th century","2.3 21st century","2.4 Historic architecture","3 Notable schools","4 Demographics","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°34′50″N 122°19′51″W / 47.58056°N 122.33083°W / 47.58056; -122.33083
Public school system of Seattle, Washington. U.S.
Seattle Public School SystemAddress2445 3rd Ave. S.
Seattle, Washington, 98134United StatesCoordinates47°34′50″N 122°19′51″W / 47.58056°N 122.33083°W / 47.58056; -122.33083District informationTypePublicMottoEvery student achieving, everyone accountableGradesPre-K through 12EstablishedJanuary 3, 1867; 157 years ago (1867-01-03)SuperintendentDr. Brent JonesBudget$1,044,890,979(FY 2019-2020)NCES District ID5307710Students and staffStudents53,876Teachers3,192Other informationWebsiteseattleschools.org
Incorporated and Unincorporated areas of King County, with Seattle highlighted
Seattle Public Schools is the largest public school district in the state of Washington. The school district serves almost all of Seattle. Additionally it includes sections of Boulevard Park and Tukwila. As of the 2021-2022 academic year, 106 schools are operated by the district, which serve 51,650 students throughout the city.
Governance
The board of directors for Seattle Public Schools is an elected body representing seven geographical regions, known as Districts, within the City of Seattle. The length of the term is four years. Board meetings are generally held twice monthly. For the 2019–2020 school year (until COVID-19 disruptions), board meetings were scheduled for the first and third Wednesdays of each month, at 4:15 p.m., with some exceptions. Its headquarters are in the John Stanford Center for Educational Excellence.
School Board Members
Director
GeographicalDistrict
Notes
Liza Rankin
I
Board President
Sarah Clark
II
Evan Briggs
III
Member-at-Large
Joe Mizrahi
IV
Michelle Sarju
V
Board Vice President
Gina Topp
VI
Brandon Hersey
VII
History
A historical marker for Seattle's first school
Thomas E. Peiser photographed a 1905 historical marker commemorating the site of Seattle's first school. According to the marker: On this spot the first school in Seattle was taught by Mrs Catherine P. Blaine in January 1854. This tablet was erected by the Washington University State Historical Society November 13, 1905. Eagle Brass Fdy (foundry) Seattle.
Six Seattle public elementary schools in 1900.
Like most city school systems, the district has had to face controversy dealing with problems concerning racial tension, student population assignments, and administrative scandal; such incidents include a student boycott in 1966 and using "racial tie-breakers" which led to a 2007 supreme court case.
Early schools
When the University of Washington was founded as the Territorial University in 1861, its initial class offerings were not at a level that would now be considered those of a college or university. Its first class offering was a primary school (elementary school) taught by Asa Mercer, and for some years it was jointly supervised by the newly formed Seattle School Board its own Board of Regents. It functioned as Seattle's first public school.
In 1867, the public school moved to what was then the County Building on Third Avenue between James and Jefferson, the site of today's Prefontaine Fountain. A year later, the school moved to Yesler's Pavilion (later Yesler's Hall) at present-day First and Cherry. A year later the school moved again to a temporary building (called Bacon's Hall after its first teacher, Carrie Bacon) located at the site of the present King County Court House. In 1870 the first "permanent" school building, the Central School, opened on Third Avenue between Madison and Spring Streets. It originally had two classrooms; a third was built in its attic in 1881.
Denny School, 1905
Meanwhile, in 1873 the two-room North School opened at Third and Pine, and in 1875 the school district had purchased 1.4 acres (5,700 m2) at 6th and Madison, where the Sixth Street School, also known as Eastern School, opened promptly in a temporary building and grew into successively larger and better-built buildings in 1877 and 1883. The latter, an "elegant wooden building" with an imposing "French mansard roof, clock tower, and tall central belfry" superseded the old Central School as well as the North School. From 1884, it was known as the Central School. Classes extended through 12th grade, and the first class graduated from 12th grade in 1886. However the school burned in 1888.
The district had, in this period, started a number of other schools, including the even more imposing Denny School on Battery Street between 5th and 6th Avenues in Belltown, opened 1884. Described as "an architectural jewel... the finest schoolhouse on the West Coast," it was demolished in 1928 as part of the Denny Regrade project. When the Central School burned in 1888, its high school and first grade classes were parcelled out to the Denny School, other classes to the former downtown building of the university, with other classes going to temporary facilities, some of which also burned, in the Great Seattle Fire.
A new brick Central School opened in 1889 at Seventh and Madison, and was repeatedly expanded with annexes and extensions. After Seattle High School opened in 1902, the Central School was briefly known in 1903 as the Washington School before returning to its older name. The Central School functioned as an elementary school until 1938, and then until 1949 as the Central Branch of the Edison Technical School. The building was fatally damaged by the 1949 earthquake and razed in 1953; its site is now under Interstate 5.
20th century
In 1919, there were 64 grammar schools, six high schools, two parental schools (comparable to today's youth detention centers), a school for the deaf, and nine "special schools... for pupils who do not progress normally in regular classes."
In the early 20th century, Seattle Public Schools were "exemplary" under the leadership (1901–1922) of superintendent Frank B. Cooper and a series of "civic-minded progressives" who served on the Seattle school board.
21st century
In 2005, it was revealed that a teacher at Broadview-Thomson Elementary had been serially molesting children at the school for a period spanning several years. The teacher, Laurence E. "Shayne" Hill, had been molesting children for at least four of the twelve years he worked at the school, according to the Seattle Weekly. The article also said that several school officials had known of the inappropriate touching and did nothing to stop it, drawing outrage from concerned parents. Hill is serving his sentence as of December 2, 2005 and is facing anywhere from five years to life.
In June 2006, Andrew J. Coulson of the Cato Institute wrote a column in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer taking the district to task for a page on "equity and race relations" on its website that indicated, in his words, that "only whites can be racist in America" and which, among other things, stated that "Emphasizing individualism as opposed to a more collective ideology" and that this and preferring a "future time orientation" were forms of "cultural racism." The page was removed from the site the same day.
In June 2007, the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, where they rejected Seattle Public Schools longstanding use of "racial tie-breakers" in assigning students to schools. The decision prohibited assigning students to public schools solely for the purpose of achieving racial integration and declined to recognize racial balancing as a compelling state interest. In a fragmented opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Roberts, five justices held that the School Boards did not present any "compelling state interest" that would justify the assignment of school seats on the basis of race. Chief Justice Roberts wrote that "the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race." Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy filed a concurrence that presented a more narrow interpretation, stating that schools may use "race conscious" means to achieve diversity in schools but that the schools at issue in this case did not use a sufficient narrow tailoring of their plans to sustain their goals. Four justices dissented from the Court's conclusions.
In January 2013, the entire teaching body of Garfield High School refused to administer the standardized Measures of Academic Progress, or MAP, which is administered system-wide, three times per year. The teachers called the tests useless and a waste of instructional time. The American Federation of Teachers has endorsed the school's boycott of the tests. Garfield's boycott of the test quickly expanded to other Seattle schools and drew national attention. In May 2013 Superintendent Jose Banda announced that the Seattle School District will no longer require MAP tests at city high schools.
Historic architecture
Several former Seattle Public Schools buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP):
Broadway High School, incorporated into Seattle Central Community College.
Old Frank B. Cooper Elementary School, now Youngstown Cultural Arts Center.
Interlake Public School, now Wallingford Center.
Queen Anne High School.
Queen Anne Public School, later West Queen Anne School
Old Summit School.
Notable schools
Main article: List of schools of the Seattle School District
Franklin High School, 1915
Denny International Middle School
West Seattle High School
Elementary Schools, Grades K–5
B.F. Day
Graham Hill
John Stanford International
Middle Schools, Grades 6–8
Denny International
Eckstein (Self-Contained Spectrum Program Offered)
Aki Kurose
High Schools, Grades 9–12
Ballard
The Center School
Chief Sealth Int'l
Cleveland
Franklin
Garfield (Citywide Highly Capable Cohort Pathway )
Nathan Hale
Ingraham Int'l (Citywide Highly Capable Cohort Option Site )
Lincoln
Middle College
Nova
Rainier Beach
Roosevelt
South Lake
West Seattle
Demographics
As of 2022-2023, the enrollment figures for the district are:
Total students: 51,542
By ethnicity:
Caucasian: 45.5%
Black or African American 14.6%
Asian 12.3%
Hispanic 13.9%
Multiracial 12.7%
Native American/American Indian 0.4%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0.5%
By gender:
Male: 51.4%
Female: 47.5%
Gender X: 1.1%
As of the 2020-2021 school year, 32.1% of students are eligible for the free or reduced price meal programs.
References
^ Hazard, Joseph T., Early History of the Seattle Public Schools, Seattle Retired Teachers Association, 1955. Accessed online 2008-06-02.
^ Seattle Public Schools, 2019-2020 Adopted Budget, Seattle Public Schools, August 2019. Accessed online 2020-01-04.
^
"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Seattle School District No.1". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences.
^ Seattle Public Schools, SPS District Vision, Mission and Core Beliefs, Seattle Public Schools, date unknown. Accessed online 2008-09-16.
^ Washington State Office of the Superintendent for Public Instruction, Total Enrollment Gender & Ethnicity Report (Archive), Washington State OSPI, January 25, 2008. Accessed online 30 May 2008.
^ Washington State Office of the Superintendent for Public Instruction, Washington State Report Card 2007-08, Washington State OSPI, August 26, 2008. Accessed online 2008-09-16.
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: King County, WA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/5). Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ WA State OSPI report card. Retrieved 2023-01-09
^ "School Board Meeting Dates". Seattle Public Schools. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
^ "Map and Driving Directions." Seattle Public Schools. Accessed online 2016-05-16. "Seattle Public Schools John Stanford Center for Educational Excellence 2445 3rd Avenue South Seattle, WA 98134"
^ "Seattle School Board of Directors". Seattle Public Schools. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
^ a b (Thompson & Marr 2002): University; archived 3 June 2009.
^ (Thompson & Marr 2002): Central I; archived 3 June 2009.
^ (Thompson & Marr 2002): North; archived 3 June 2009.
^ a b c d (Thompson & Marr 2002): Central II; archived 3 June 2009.
^ (Thompson & Marr 2002): Denny; archived 3 June 2009.
^ Fleming, S. E. (1919), Civics (supplement): Seattle King County, Seattle: Seattle Public Schools. p. 41.
^ Digest of pages 283-295 of Polk's Seattle City Directory 1919, accessed online 9 December 2007. This is the source for there being 9 special schools.
^ a b Bryce E. Nelson, quoted by Richard C. Berner, Seattle 1900-1920: From Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration, Charles Press (1991), ISBN 0-9629889-0-1, p. 77.
^ "News: Teacher Pets (Seattle Weekly)". www.seattleweekly.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007.
^ Andrew J. Coulson, Planning ahead is considered racist?, Seattle Post Intelligencer, June 1, 2006. Accessed online 10 December 2007.
^ Equity and Race Relations: Definitions of Racism, Seattle Public Schools, archived June 22, 2006 on the Internet Archive.
^ Debera Carlton Harrell, School district pulls Web site after examples of racism spark controversy, June 2, 2006. Accessed online 10 December 2007.
^ High court rejects JCPS student assignment plan, Associated Press, July 5, 2007, on site of WAVE 3 TV, Louisville, Kentucky. Accessed online 10 December 2007.
^ Linda Shaw, U.S. Supreme Court rejects Seattle's racial criteria, Seattle Times, June 29, 2007. Accessed online 21 May 2021.
^ Ann Dornfield, "Seattle High School's Teachers Toss District's Test," "GPB News," January 17, 2013 http://www.gpb.org/news/2013/01/17/seattle-high-schools-teachers-toss-districts-test
^ "AFT Endorses Garfield Teachers' Test Boycott". January 18, 2013.
^ "Superintendent: MAP tests will be optional for Seattle high schools next year". May 13, 2013.
^ a b c d "Washington State OSPI Report Card". OSPI. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
^ 2021 ast Facts & Figures, Seattle Public Schools. Retrieved 2023-01-09
Further Reading
School Lists from the 1919 Seattle Polk Directory; digest of pages 283-295 of Polk's Seattle City Directory 1919, Polk's Seattle Directory Co. (1919), accessed online 9 December 2007.
Thompson, Nile; Marr, Carolyn (2002). "Building for learning - Seattle Public Schools Histories, 1862-2000". Seattle: Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help). Apparently no ISBN. Originally available online as a series of PDFs, which are now on the Internet Archive. As of 2018, all of the chapters are available as HTML on HistoryLink, but they do not provide a table of contents; chapters can be found via https://www.google.com/search?&q=site%3AHistorylink.org+%22Building+for+Learning%22
External links
United States portalSchools portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seattle Public Schools.
Official website
Map of school locations with links to facts and figures
Seattle Schools - Board Overview
vteGovernment of Seattle, WashingtonElected officials
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vteSeattle public high schools
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vteSeattle public middle schoolsNeighborhood schools
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U.S.Incorporated and Unincorporated areas of King County, with Seattle highlightedSeattle Public Schools is the largest public school district in the state of Washington. The school district serves almost all of Seattle. Additionally it includes sections of Boulevard Park and Tukwila.[7] As of the 2021-2022 academic year, 106 schools are operated by the district, which serve 51,650 students throughout the city.[8]","title":"Seattle Public Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPS_Board_Meetings-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The board of directors for Seattle Public Schools is an elected body representing seven geographical regions, known as Districts, within the City of Seattle. The length of the term is four years. Board meetings are generally held twice monthly. For the 2019–2020 school year (until COVID-19 disruptions), board meetings were scheduled for the first and third Wednesdays of each month, at 4:15 p.m., with some exceptions.[9] Its headquarters are in the John Stanford Center for Educational Excellence.[10]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_tablet_for_the_first_school_in_Seattle,_ca_1905_(PEISER_87).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Thomas E. Peiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Peiser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington University State Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_University_State_Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_Schools_-_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Controversy"},{"link_name":"student boycott in 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_school_boycott_of_1966"},{"link_name":"2007 supreme court case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A historical marker for Seattle's first schoolThomas E. Peiser photographed a 1905 historical marker commemorating the site of Seattle's first school. According to the marker: On this spot the first school in Seattle was taught by Mrs Catherine P. Blaine in January 1854. This tablet was erected by the Washington University State Historical Society November 13, 1905. Eagle Brass Fdy (foundry) Seattle.Six Seattle public elementary schools in 1900.Like most city school systems, the district has had to face controversy dealing with problems concerning racial tension, student population assignments, and administrative scandal; such incidents include a student boycott in 1966 and using \"racial tie-breakers\" which led to a 2007 supreme court case.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Asa Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Mercer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University-12"},{"link_name":"Prefontaine Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefontaine_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Yesler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Yesler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denny_School,_Battery_St_between_5th_Ave_and_6th_Ave,_Seattle_(CURTIS_1536).jpeg"},{"link_name":"two-room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-room_school"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central-II-15"},{"link_name":"Belltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belltown,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Denny Regrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Triangle,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denny-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central-II-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University-12"},{"link_name":"Great Seattle Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seattle_Fire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central-II-15"},{"link_name":"Seattle High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_High_School_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central-II-15"}],"sub_title":"Early schools","text":"When the University of Washington was founded as the Territorial University in 1861, its initial class offerings were not at a level that would now be considered those of a college or university. Its first class offering was a primary school (elementary school) taught by Asa Mercer, and for some years it was jointly supervised by the newly formed Seattle School Board its own Board of Regents. It functioned as Seattle's first public school.[12]In 1867, the public school moved to what was then the County Building on Third Avenue between James and Jefferson, the site of today's Prefontaine Fountain. A year later, the school moved to Yesler's Pavilion (later Yesler's Hall) at present-day First and Cherry. A year later the school moved again to a temporary building (called Bacon's Hall after its first teacher, Carrie Bacon) located at the site of the present King County Court House. In 1870 the first \"permanent\" school building, the Central School, opened on Third Avenue between Madison and Spring Streets. It originally had two classrooms; a third was built in its attic in 1881.[13]Denny School, 1905Meanwhile, in 1873 the two-room North School opened at Third and Pine,[14] and in 1875 the school district had purchased 1.4 acres (5,700 m2) at 6th and Madison, where the Sixth Street School, also known as Eastern School, opened promptly in a temporary building and grew into successively larger and better-built buildings in 1877 and 1883. The latter, an \"elegant wooden building\" with an imposing \"French mansard roof, clock tower, and tall central belfry\" superseded the old Central School as well as the North School. From 1884, it was known as the Central School. Classes extended through 12th grade, and the first class graduated from 12th grade in 1886. However the school burned in 1888.[15]The district had, in this period, started a number of other schools, including the even more imposing Denny School on Battery Street between 5th and 6th Avenues in Belltown, opened 1884. Described as \"an architectural jewel... the finest schoolhouse on the West Coast,\" it was demolished in 1928 as part of the Denny Regrade project.[16] When the Central School burned in 1888, its high school and first grade classes were parcelled out to the Denny School,[15] other classes to the former downtown building of the university,[12] with other classes going to temporary facilities, some of which also burned, in the Great Seattle Fire.[15]A new brick Central School opened in 1889 at Seventh and Madison, and was repeatedly expanded with annexes and extensions. After Seattle High School opened in 1902, the Central School was briefly known in 1903 as the Washington School before returning to its older name. The Central School functioned as an elementary school until 1938, and then until 1949 as the Central Branch of the Edison Technical School. The building was fatally damaged by the 1949 earthquake and razed in 1953; its site is now under Interstate 5.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"youth detention centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_detention_center"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berner_quoting_Nelson-19"},{"link_name":"Frank B. Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Cooper"},{"link_name":"progressives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berner_quoting_Nelson-19"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In 1919, there were 64 grammar schools, six high schools, two parental schools (comparable to today's youth detention centers), a school for the deaf, and nine \"special schools... for pupils who do not progress normally in regular classes.\"[17][18]In the early 20th century, Seattle Public Schools were \"exemplary\"[19] under the leadership (1901–1922) of superintendent Frank B. Cooper and a series of \"civic-minded progressives\" who served on the Seattle school board.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurence E. \"Shayne\" Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurence_E._%22Shayne%22_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cato Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_Institute"},{"link_name":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1"},{"link_name":"racial integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Anthony Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"dissented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenting_opinion"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2005, it was revealed that a teacher at Broadview-Thomson Elementary had been serially molesting children at the school for a period spanning several years. The teacher, Laurence E. \"Shayne\" Hill, had been molesting children for at least four of the twelve years he worked at the school, according to the Seattle Weekly.[20] The article also said that several school officials had known of the inappropriate touching and did nothing to stop it, drawing outrage from concerned parents. Hill is serving his sentence as of December 2, 2005 and is facing anywhere from five years to life.In June 2006, Andrew J. Coulson of the Cato Institute wrote a column in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer taking the district to task for a page on \"equity and race relations\" on its website that indicated, in his words, that \"only whites can be racist in America\" and which, among other things, stated that \"Emphasizing individualism as opposed to a more collective ideology\" and that this and preferring a \"future time orientation\" were forms of \"cultural racism.\"[21] The page[22] was removed from the site the same day.[23]In June 2007, the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, where they rejected Seattle Public Schools longstanding use of \"racial tie-breakers\" in assigning students to schools. The decision prohibited assigning students to public schools solely for the purpose of achieving racial integration and declined to recognize racial balancing as a compelling state interest. In a fragmented opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Roberts, five justices held that the School Boards did not present any \"compelling state interest\" that would justify the assignment of school seats on the basis of race. Chief Justice Roberts wrote that \"the way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.\" Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy filed a concurrence that presented a more narrow interpretation, stating that schools may use \"race conscious\" means to achieve diversity in schools but that the schools at issue in this case did not use a sufficient narrow tailoring of their plans to sustain their goals. Four justices dissented from the Court's conclusions.[24][25]In January 2013, the entire teaching body of Garfield High School refused to administer the standardized Measures of Academic Progress, or MAP, which is administered system-wide, three times per year. The teachers called the tests useless and a waste of instructional time.[26] The American Federation of Teachers has endorsed the school's boycott of the tests.[27] Garfield's boycott of the test quickly expanded to other Seattle schools and drew national attention. In May 2013 Superintendent Jose Banda announced that the Seattle School District will no longer require MAP tests at city high schools.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadway_Performance_Hall_-_SCCC_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Broadway High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_High_School_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Central Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Central_Community_College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_B._Cooper_School_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank B. Cooper Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Cooper_Elementary_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Wallingford_Center_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interlake Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interlake_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Queen_Anne_High_lion_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_High_School,_Seattle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_West_Queen_Anne_Public_School_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Queen Anne School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Queen_Anne_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_old_Summit_School_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Summit School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_School,_Seattle"}],"sub_title":"Historic architecture","text":"Several former Seattle Public Schools buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP):Broadway High School, incorporated into Seattle Central Community College.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Frank B. Cooper Elementary School, now Youngstown Cultural Arts Center.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterlake Public School, now Wallingford Center.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQueen Anne High School.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQueen Anne Public School, later West Queen Anne School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Summit School.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Franklin_High_School_1915.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denny_International_MS_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Seattle_High_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"B.F. Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Day_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Graham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hill_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"John Stanford International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stanford_International_School"},{"link_name":"Denny International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_International_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Eckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Eckstein_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Aki Kurose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Kurose_Middle_School_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"The Center School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center_School_(Seattle,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Chief Sealth Int'l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Sealth_International_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_High_School_(Seattle,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hale_High_School_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Ingraham Int'l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingraham_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_High_School_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"Middle College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_College_High_School_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nova_Project"},{"link_name":"Rainier Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_Beach_High_School"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_High_School_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"South Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lake_High_School_(Seattle)"},{"link_name":"West Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Seattle_High_School"}],"text":"Franklin High School, 1915Denny International Middle SchoolWest Seattle High SchoolElementary Schools, Grades K–5\n\nB.F. Day\nGraham Hill\nJohn Stanford International\nMiddle Schools, Grades 6–8\n\nDenny International\nEckstein (Self-Contained Spectrum Program Offered)\nAki Kurose\nHigh Schools, Grades 9–12\n\nBallard\nThe Center School\nChief Sealth Int'l\nCleveland\nFranklin\nGarfield (Citywide Highly Capable Cohort Pathway [AP])\nNathan Hale\nIngraham Int'l (Citywide Highly Capable Cohort Option Site [IBx])\nLincoln\nMiddle College\nNova\nRainier Beach\nRoosevelt\nSouth Lake\nWest Seattle","title":"Notable schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-2022_Report-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-2022_Report-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-2022_Report-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021-2022_Report-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"As of 2022-2023, the enrollment figures for the district are:Total students: 51,542[29]By ethnicity:[29]\nCaucasian: 45.5%\nBlack or African American 14.6%\nAsian 12.3%\nHispanic 13.9%\nMultiracial 12.7%\nNative American/American Indian 0.4%\nNative Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0.5%By gender:\nMale: 51.4%[29]\nFemale: 47.5%[29]\nGender X: 1.1%As of the 2020-2021 school year, 32.1% of students are eligible for the free or reduced price meal programs.[30]","title":"Demographics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Incorporated and Unincorporated areas of King County, with Seattle highlighted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/King_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Seattle_Highlighted.svg/250px-King_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Seattle_Highlighted.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A historical marker for Seattle's first school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Memorial_tablet_for_the_first_school_in_Seattle%2C_ca_1905_%28PEISER_87%29.jpeg/220px-Memorial_tablet_for_the_first_school_in_Seattle%2C_ca_1905_%28PEISER_87%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Six Seattle public elementary schools in 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Seattle_Schools_-_1900.jpg/220px-Seattle_Schools_-_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denny School, 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Denny_School%2C_Battery_St_between_5th_Ave_and_6th_Ave%2C_Seattle_%28CURTIS_1536%29.jpeg/200px-Denny_School%2C_Battery_St_between_5th_Ave_and_6th_Ave%2C_Seattle_%28CURTIS_1536%29.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Franklin High School, 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Seattle_-_Franklin_High_School_1915.jpg/220px-Seattle_-_Franklin_High_School_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"Denny International Middle School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Denny_International_MS_01.jpg/220px-Denny_International_MS_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"West Seattle High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/West_Seattle_High_08.jpg/220px-West_Seattle_High_08.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Seattle School District No.1\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=5307710","url_text":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Seattle School District No.1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: King County, WA\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/5). Retrieved August 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53033_king/DC20SD_C53033.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: King County, WA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"School Board Meeting Dates\". Seattle Public Schools. Retrieved May 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattleschools.org/cms/one.aspx?pageId=15565","url_text":"\"School Board Meeting Dates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle School Board of Directors\". Seattle Public Schools. Retrieved May 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattleschools.org/district/school_board/meet_the_board","url_text":"\"Seattle School Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"News: Teacher Pets (Seattle Weekly)\". www.seattleweekly.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071216024340/http://www.seattleweekly.com/2005-11-23/news/teacher-pets.php","url_text":"\"News: Teacher Pets (Seattle Weekly)\""},{"url":"http://www.seattleweekly.com/2005-11-23/news/teacher-pets.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFT Endorses Garfield Teachers' Test Boycott\". January 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dianeravitch.net/2013/01/18/aft-endorses-garfield-teachers-test-boycott/","url_text":"\"AFT Endorses Garfield Teachers' Test Boycott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superintendent: MAP tests will be optional for Seattle high schools next year\". May 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centraldistrictnews.com/2013/05/superintendent-map-tests-will-be-optional-for-seattle-high-schools-next-year/","url_text":"\"Superintendent: MAP tests will be optional for Seattle high schools next year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington State OSPI Report Card\". OSPI. Retrieved January 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://washingtonstatereportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/ReportCard/ViewSchoolOrDistrict/100229","url_text":"\"Washington State OSPI Report Card\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Nile; Marr, Carolyn (2002). \"Building for learning - Seattle Public Schools Histories, 1862-2000\". Seattle: Seattle Public Schools. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved December 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603233854/http://www.seattleschools.org/area/historybook/index.dxml","url_text":"\"Building for learning - Seattle Public Schools Histories, 1862-2000\""},{"url":"http://www.seattleschools.org/area/historybook/index.dxml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seattle_Public_Schools¶ms=47_34_50_N_122_19_51_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"47°34′50″N 122°19′51″W / 47.58056°N 122.33083°W / 47.58056; -122.33083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seattle_Public_Schools¶ms=47_34_50_N_122_19_51_W_type:edu","external_links_name":"47°34′50″N 122°19′51″W / 47.58056°N 122.33083°W / 47.58056; -122.33083"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=5307710","external_links_name":"5307710"},{"Link":"http://seattleschools.org/","external_links_name":"seattleschools.org"},{"Link":"http://www.seattleschools.org/area/archives/history.xml","external_links_name":"Early History of the Seattle Public Schools"},{"Link":"https://www.seattleschools.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_543/File/District/Departments/Budget/2020%20Budget%20Development/adopted20.pdf","external_links_name":"2019-2020 Adopted Budget"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=5307710","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Seattle School District No.1\""},{"Link":"http://www.seattleschools.org/area/board/visionmissionbeliefs.pdf","external_links_name":"SPS District Vision, Mission and Core Beliefs"},{"Link":"http://www.k12.wa.us/DataAdmin/pubdocs/p105/Oct07DistEnrollmentbyGrade.xls","external_links_name":"Total Enrollment Gender & Ethnicity Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220022142/https://www.k12.wa.us/dataadmin/pubdocs/p105/oct07distenrollmentbygrade.xls","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"http://reportcard.ospi.k12.wa.us/summary.aspx?groupLevel=District&schoolId=100&reportLevel=District&orgLinkId=100&yrs=&year=2007-08","external_links_name":"Washington State Report Card 2007-08"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st53_wa/schooldistrict_maps/c53033_king/DC20SD_C53033.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 CENSUS - 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Fringer
|
Rolf Fringer
|
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Austrian football manager (born 1957)
Rolf FringerPersonal informationDate of birth
(1957-01-26) 26 January 1957 (age 67)Place of birth
Adliswil, SwitzerlandPosition(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1980–1981
CS Chênois
18
(2)1981–1983
FC Luzern
35
(1)1983–1989
SC Zug
1986–1989
Schaffhausen
Managerial career1990–1992
Schaffhausen1992–1995
FC Aarau1995–1996
VfB Stuttgart1996–1997
Switzerland1998–1999
Grasshoppers2000–2002
FC Aarau2003
Al-Wahda2004
Apollon Limassol2004–2005
PAOK2006–2007
St. Gallen2008–2011
FC Luzern2012
FC Zürich
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Rolf Fringer (born 26 January 1957) is an Austrian football manager and former player. He has managed the Switzerland national team and numerous Swiss football clubs.
Career
Fringer led FC Aarau to the 1992–93 Swiss national title. At FC Luzern he was known for his counterattacking football. He was replaced as Luzern manager by Murat Yakin.
In April 2012 it was announced that Rolf Fringer would join FC Zürich as manager in summer 2012. When he was appointed he stated that it was his proudest day as he was an FCZ fan as a child. His first transfer as manager was to sign Burim Kukeli, whom he had managed at FC Luzern. On 26 November it was announced following a board meeting to relieve Fringer of his duties, with FC Zürich sitting at 7th in the Super League.
References
^ "Switzerland – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs". Rsssf.com. 20 June 2007.
^ "Das Aarau-Wunder jährt sich zum 25. Mal". blick.ch. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ "Site Unavailable | UK2". Justcantbeatthat.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016.
^ "Site Unavailable | UK2". Justcantbeatthat.com.
^ "Site Unavailable | UK2". Justcantbeatthat.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.
^ "Rolf Fringer to take charge of FC Zurich". Nonleaguechannel.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.
^ "It has been confirmed by FC Luzern that defensive midfielder Burim Kukeli has agreed a move to join FC Zürich in the summer". Nonleaguechannel.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
External links
Rolf Fringer at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Rolf Fringer managerial positions
vteFC Schaffhausen – managers
Diem (1921–22)
Bark (1924–28)
Lanz (1928–30)
Brückner (1930–34)
Skoda (1934–35)
Pröfrock (1935)
Bark (1935–36)
Kis (1936–37)
Cherubini (1937–38)
Rüegg (1940–42)
Weiler / Busenhart / Neumayer (1943) (1942–47)
Rosenmayr (1947–48)
Hochstrasser (1948)
Bianchi (1948–52)
Smistik (1952–56)
Sabeditsch (1956–57)
Furrer (1958–59)
Lachermeier (1958–60)
Macho (1960–61)
Derwall (1961–62)
Zaro (1962–63)
Zehner (1963–64)
Smistik (1964–65)
Zannin (1965–66)
Wabel (1966–68)
Schrittmatter (1968–69)
Knobloch (1969–71)
Allemann (1971–73)
Wabel (1973–75)
Behram (1975–76)
Meyer (1976–79)
Siegenthaler (1979–80)
Goldmann (1980–83)
Berger (1983–86)
Wabel (1986)
Holenstein (1986)
Frei (1986–89)
Föllmi (1989)
Münch (1989–90)
Fringer (1990–92)
Bigler (1992–94)
Iselin (1994–97)
Kuzmanović (1997–99)
Filomeno (1999–00)
Seeberger (2000–07)
Stübi (2007)
Schällibaum (2007–08)
Müller (2008–09)
Weiler (2009–11)
Nogić (2011)
Stamm (2011)
Jacobacci (2011–2016)
Thoma (2016)
M. Yakin (2017)
Smiljanić (2017–19)
Seeberger (2019)
M. Yakin (2019–21)
H. Yakinc (2021)
Šakiri (2021)
Andermatt (2021–22)
H. Yakin (2022–23)
Meier (2023)
Wimmer (2024)
Sforza (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFC Aarau – managers
Kerr (1933–34)
Hammerlindl (1934–35)
Stocker (1934–35)
Kiss (1934–35)
Schrenk (1935–36)
Volentik (1936–38)
Sutter (1938–39)
Heine (1939)
Kerr (1939–40)
Heine (1940–41)
Suter (1941–42)
Heine (1942–43)
F. Sobotka (1943–46)
Ludwig (1946–48)
Longrin (1948–50)
Schneeberger (1950–51)
Weber (1950–51)
Schaer (1950–51)
Presch (1951–53)
Imhof (1953)
Czischek (1953–54)
Kerr (1954–55)
Isler (1955–56)
Scheurer (1956–58)
Macho (1958–59)
Imhof (1959–60)
Schulz (1960–62)
Schauer (62)
Beck (1962–65)
Schauer (65)
Bürgler (1965–67)
Stehrenberger (1967–70)
Olk (1970–72)
J. Sobotka (1972–73)
S. Čebinac (1973–75)
Tschui (1975–77)
Stehrenberger (1977–82)
Stehrenberger & Fischli (1982)
Z. Čebinac (1982–84)
Hitzfeld (1984–88)
Kostka (1988–89)
Frank (1989–90)
Wehrli (1990–91)
Strasser (1991–92)
Fringer (1992–95)
Trümpler (1995–98)
Strasser (1998–99)
Dries (1999–2000)
Fringer (2000–02)
Geiger (2002–04)
Rueda (2004)
Egli (2004–05)
Geiger (2005–06)
Schönenberger (2006)
Zahner (2006–07)
Komornicki (2007)
Gress (2007)
Komornicki (2007–09)
Saibene (2009)
Andermatt (2009–10)
Jakovljević (2010)
Strasser (2010)
Jakovljević (2010–11)
Weiler (2011–14)
Christ (2014–15)
Ponte (2015)
Bordoli (2015)
Schällibaum (2015–17)
Jurendic (2017–18)
Keller (2018)
Verkerk (2018)
Rahmen (2018–20)
Keller (2020–22)
Smiljanić (2022–23)
Frei (2023–24)
Jakovljević (2024–)
vteVfB Stuttgart – managers
Grünwald (1920)
Hanney (1924–27)
Kovács (1927–29)
Friz (1930)
Preuß (1930–33)
Rutz (1933–34)
Gröner (1934–35)
Teufel (1935–36)
Seiderer (1936–39)
Becker (1939)
Pöttinger (1939)
Teufel (1945–47)
Wurzer (1947–60)
Baluses (1960–65)
Seybold (1965)
Gutendorf (1965–66)
Sing (1966–67)
Baumann (1967–69)
Seybold (1969–70)
Zebec (1970–72)
Bögelein (1972)
Eppenhoff (1972–74)
Millinger (1974)
Sing (1974–75)
Sztani (1975–76)
Bögelein (1976)
Sundermann (1976–79)
Buchmann (1979–80)
Sundermann (1980–82)
Benthaus (1982–85)
Barić (1985–86)
Entenmann (1986)
Coordes (1986–87)
Haan (1987–90)
Entenmann (1990)
Daum (1990–93)
Röber (1993–95)
Sundermann (1995)
Fringer (1995–96)
Löw (1996–98)
Schäfer (1998)
Rolff (1998)
Adrion (1999)
Rangnick (1999–2001)
Magath (2001–04)
Sammer (2004–05)
Trapattoni (2005–06)
Veh (2006–08)
Babbel (2008–09)
Gross (2009–10)
Keller (2010)
Labbadia (2010–13)
Schneider (2013–14)
Stevens (2014)
Veh (2014)
Stevens (2014–15)
Zorniger (2015)
Kramny (2015–16)
Luhukay (2016)
Janßen (2016)
Wolf (2016–18)
Korkut (2018)
Weinzierl (2018–19)
Willig (2019)
Walter (2019)
Matarazzo (2019–22)
Wimmerc (2022)
Labbadia (2022–23)
Hoeneß (2023–)
vteSwitzerland national football team – managers
Dégerine (1908–09)
Referee's Commission (1910–24)
Duckworth & Kürschner & Hogan (1924)
Duckworth (1928)
Müller (1934)
Rappan (1937–38)
Rappan (1942–49)
Tschirren & Andreoli & Minelli (1949–50)
Andreoli (1950)
Baumgartner & Tschirren & Kielholz (1950–53)
Rappan (1953–54)
Rüegsegger (1954)
Baumgartner & Kielholz (1954–55)
Baumgartner & Kielholz & Spagnoli (1955–58)
Sekulić & Rüegsegger & Vescori (1958–60)
Hahn (1958–59)
Rappan (1960–63)
Sobotka & Quinche & Guhl (1964)
Foni (1964–67)
Ballabio (1967–69)
Hussy (1970)
Maurer (1970–71)
Michaud (1972–73)
Hussy (1973–76)
Blažević (1976)
Vonlanthen (1977–79)
Walker (1979–80)
Wolfisberg (1980–85)
Jeandupeux (1986–89)
Wolfisberg (1989)
Stielike (1989–91)
Hodgson (1992–95)
Artur Jorge (1995–96)
Fringer (1996–97)
Gress (1998–99)
Zaugg (2000)
Trossero (2000–01)
Kuhn (2001–08)
Hitzfeld (2008–14)
Petković (2014–21)
Yakin (2021–)
vteGrasshopper Club Zürich – managers
Kürschner (1925–32)
Kohn (1933)
Kürschner (1933–34)
Rappan (1935–48)
Walter (1948–50)
Treml (1950–55)
Hahnemann (1955–58)
Glišović (1958)
Pogačnik & Bickel (1958–60)
Vukosavljević (1960–63)
Bickel (1963–64)
Sing (1964–66)
Brunner & Schley (1966–67)
Skiba (1967–69)
Brunner & Schley (1969–70)
Hüssy (1970–73)
Vogel & Szabó (1973–76)
Johannsen (1976–79)
Sundermann (1979–80)
Konietzka (1980–82)
Weisweiler (1982–83)
Svab (1983)
Blažević (1983–85)
Konietzka (1985–86)
Jara (1986–88)
Hitzfeld (1988–91)
Svab (1991–92)
Beenhakker (1992–93)
Gross (1993–97)
Latour (1997)
Fringer (1998)
Hegi (1999)
Hodgson (1999–2000)
Hamberg (2000)
Zaugg (2000–02)
Koller (2002–03)
Bernegger (2003–04)
Geiger (2004)
Bernegger (2004)
Latour (2005–06)
Hamberg (2006)
Balakov (2006–07)
Latour (2007–09)
Sforza (2009–12)
Forte (2012–13)
Skibbe (2013–15)
Tami (2015–17)
Bernegger (2017)
Yakin (2017–18)
Walther (2018)
Fink (2018–19)
Stipić (2019)
Forte (2019–20)
Djuricin (2020)
Kádár (2020)
Pereira (2020–21)
Contini (2021–23)
Berner (2023–24)
Schällibaum (2024–)
vteAl Wahda FC – managers
Toulan (1979–84)
Mohajerani (1984–86)
Halilović (1991–92)
El-Gohary (1995–96)
Bonfrère (1998–99)
Krol (1999)
Davidovic (1999–00)
Israël (2000–01)
Bonfrère (2001–02)
Muratoğlu (2002–03)
Fringer (2003)
Courbis (2003)
Israël (2003–04)
Abdel-Halim (2004)
Hollmann (2005–06)
Tardy (2006)
Köppel (2006)
Bonfrère (2007–08)
Hickersberger (2008–10)
Bölöni (2010)
Tite (2010)
Hickersberger (2010–12)
Ivanković (2012–13)
Hickersberger (2013)
Jarolím (2013)
Peseiro (2013–15)
Al-Jaber (2015)
Aguirre (2015–17)
Reghecampf (2017–18)
ten Cate (2018–19)
Steijn (2019)
Jiménez (2019–20)
Wotte (2020)
Rašović (2020–21)
ten Cate (2021)
Dufrennes (2021–22)
Carvalhal (2022)
Jiménez (2022–23)
Buitenwegc (2023)
Mosimane (2023)
Buitenwegc (2023–24)
Tufegdžić (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePAOK FC – managers
Andreadis (1926–31)
Gassner (1931–32)
Armasis (1932–33)
Sankionis (1933–34)
Papadopoulos (1945–46)
Armasis (1946–47)
Aggelakis (1947–48)
Deligiorgis (1948–49)
Pangalos (1949–50)
Swecik (1950–52)
Pangalos (1952–53)
Swecik (1953–54)
Pangalos (1954–55)
Hoffman (1955–56)
Polti (1956–57)
Vikelidis (1957)
Pfeiffer (1957)
Zogas (1957–58)
Minardos (1958–59)
Mihajlović (1959–61)
Durspekt (1961–63)
Babolcsay (1963–65)
Kos (1965–66)
Papadakisc (1966)
Pangalos (1966–67)
Kalogiannis (1967–68)
Powell (1968)
Janevski (1968–69)
Csaknády (1969–70)
Horvat (1970–71)
Hasiotisc (1971)
Shannon (1971–74)
Progiosc (1974)
Lóránt (1974–76)
Stanković (1976–77)
Bingham (1977)
Kalogiannis (1977–78)
Petropoulos (1978)
Piechaczek (1978–80)
Lóránt (1980–81)
Fountoukidisc (1981)
Höher (1981–83)
Csernai (1983–84)
Skocik (1984–86)
Bellis (1986)
Libregts (1986–87)
Bellis (1987–88)
Israël (1988–89)
Alefantos (1989)
Sarafis (1989)
Jacobs (1989–90)
Terzanidis (1990–91)
Blažević (1991–92)
Gounaris (1992)
Petrović (1992–93)
Zalikasc (1993)
Blokhin (1993–94)
Sarafisc (1994)
Haan (1994–95)
Sarafisc (1995)
Kokotović (1995–96)
Bellis (1996)
Bengtsson (1996)
Archontidis (1996–97)
Anastasiadis (1997–98)
Blokhin (1998)
Anastasiadis (1998–99)
Haan (1999)
Sarafisc (1999)
Bajević (2000–02)
Anastasiadis (2002–04)
Fringer (2004–05)
Karageorgiou (2005)
Kostikos (2005–06)
Dumitrescu (2006)
Vukotić (2006–07)
Paraschos (2007)
Santos (2007–10)
Beretta (2010)
Dermitzakis (2010)
Chavos (2010–11)
Bölöni (2011–12)
Donis (2012–13)
Georgiadisc (2013)
Stevens (2013–14)
Georgiadisc (2014)
Anastasiadis (2014–15)
Georgiadisc (2015)
Tudor (2015–16)
Ivić (2016–17)
Stanojević (2017)
Lucescu (2017–19)
Ferreira (2019–20)
García (2020–21)
Lucescu (2021–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFC St. Gallen – managers
Reynolds (1912–14)
P. Neumeyer & O. Neumeyer (1914–17)
P. Neumeyer (1917–18)
P. Neumeyer & Ehrbar (1918–19)
P. Neumeyer, Haag, Heim & Frey (1919–20)
W. Townley (1920)
Haag & Heim (1920–21)
Haag & Ehrbar (1921–22)
Grundwald (1922)
Haag, Ehrbar & H. Baumgartner (1922–23)
W. Townley (1923–25)
Haag & Ehrbar (1925)
Haag & P. Neumeyer (1925–26)
Croisier (1926)
I. Baumgartner & Goldfarb (1926–27)
I. Baumgartner, Goldfarb & Prinz (1927–28)
W.Wilson (1928)
M.Higgins (1928–29)
Heim & Krüsi (1929)
Hintermann (1929–31)
Hintermann & Ehrbar (1931–32)
Lieb (1932–XX)
Fischer & Prinz (19XX–33)
Eckert (1933–34)
Smith (1934–38)
Volentik (1938–42)
Lehmann & Prinz (1942–43)
Lehmann (1943–45)
J. Townley (1945–49)
Kelly (1949–51)
Hack (1951–52)
Kerr (1952–54)
Prinz (1954)
Schäffer, Berger & Prinz (1954–55)
Haag (1955–57)
Graham (1957–60)
Lachermeier (1960–63)
Pfister (1963–64)
Pfister & Eugster (1964–65)
Pfister (1965–66)
Popescu (1966–67)
Brodmann (1967–68)
Brodmann & Barras (1968)
Sing (1968)
Sing & Eugster (1968–70)
Führer & Eugster (1970)
Perušić & Eugster (1970–71)
Perušić & Schadegg (1971–74)
Schadegg (1974–75)
Sommer (1975–81)
Johannsen (1981–85)
Olk (1985–86)
Klimaschefski (1986–87)
Frei (1987–88)
Jara (1988–91)
Bigler (1991–92)
Looijen (1992–93)
Rapolder (1993–96)
Zünd (a.i.) (1996)
Hegi (1996–99)
Koller (1999–2002)
Castella (2002)
Staub (a.i.) (2002)
Peischl (2002–05)
Weiler (a.i.) (2005)
Zünd (2005)
Loose (2005–06)
Weiler (a.i.) (2006)
Fringer (2006–07)
Balakov (2007–08)
Forte (2008–11)
Saibene (2011–15)
Zinnbauer (2015–17)
Contini (2017–18)
Kuzmanović (a.i.) (2018)
Zeidler (2018–2024)
Maaßen (2024–)
vteFC Luzern – managers
Schönecker (1921–24)
Kónya (1927–29)
Hamacek (1929)
Halter & Mühleisen (1929)
Nemes (1930–31)
Williams (1931–33)
Gerspach (1933–34)
Heinlein (1934–35)
Vögeli (1935–37)
Uridil (1937–38)
Lang (1938–39)
Moser (1939)
Szigmond (1939)
Winkler (1942–45)
Walter (1945–46)
Schaer (1946–49)
Hack (1949–51)
Stennull (1951–55)
Gutendorf (1955–61)
Lettlc (1961)
Brun & Weber (1961–62)
Linken (1962–64)
Wechselberger (1964–70)
Schwanner (1970)
Schley & Brun (1970–71)
Meyer (1971)
Midler & Vogelc (1971)
Brunc (1971)
Sing (1971–74)
Pašić (1974–75)
Vogel & Wolfisberg (1975)
Luttrop (1975–76)
Hüssy (1976–77)
Sing (1977–78)
Vujović (1978)
Vogel & Wolfisberg (1978–82)
Nikolić (1982–83)
Rahmen (1983–85)
Rausch (1985–92)
Bicskei (1992–93)
Konietzka & Wolfisberg (1993)
Konietzka (1994)
Brigger (1994–97)
K. Müller (1997)
M. Müller (1997–98)
Coordes (1998)
Meyerc (1998)
Egli (1999–2001)
Komornicki (2001)
Ponte (2001–02)
Zaugg (2002–03)
Schönenberger (2003)
Van Eck (2003–06)
Sforza (2006–08)
Grossc (2008)
Morinini (2008)
Fringer (2008–2011)
Brandc (2011)
Yakin (2011–12)
Komornicki (2012–13)
Seoanec (2013)
Bernegger (2013–14)
Babbel (2014–18)
Seoane (2018)
Weiler (2018–19)
Häberli (2019)
Celestini (2020–21)
Chieffo (2021)
Frick (2021–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFC Zürich – managers
Winkler (1920–22)
Studnicka (1922–24)
Studnicka (1928–29)
Konrád (1930–31)
Schopf (1931–32)
Jiszda (1934–35)
Eckl (1935–36)
Oersi (1936–37)
Böhm (1937–40)
Barras (1940–42)
Sobotka (1942–43)
Minelli (1943–46)
Iseli (1946–48)
Lohrmann (1948–53)
Friedl (1953–55)
Müller (1955–57)
Molina & Barras (1957–58)
Rappan (1958–59)
Barras (1959–60)
Wurzer (1960–62)
Maurer (1962–66)
Kubala (1966–67)
Brodmann (1967)
Mantula (1967–69)
Gawliczek (1969–70)
Schwanner (1970–71)
Konietzka (1971–78)
Čajkovski (1978–80)
Sing & Martinelli (1980)
Jeandupeux (1980–83)
Glättli (1983)
Merkel (1983)
Kuhn (1983)
Kodric (1983)
Kuhn (1983–84)
Ježek (1984–86)
Stessl (1986–87)
Konietzka (1987–88)
Bongartz (1988–89)
Iselin (1989)
Neumann (1989–91)
Jara (1991–94)
Houghton (1994–95)
Ponte (1995–2000)
Gress (2000–01)
Bregy (2001–03)
Grüter (2003)
Favre (2003–07)
Challandes (2007–10)
Fischer (2010–12)
Gämperle (2012)
Fringer (2012)
Meier (2012–15)
Rizzo (2015)
Hyypiä (2015–16)
Forte (2016–18)
Magnin (2018–20)
Rizzo (2020–21)
Breitenreiter (2021–22)
Foda (2022)
Colatrellac (2022)
Henriksen (2022–24)
Uralc & Romanoc (2024)
Moniz (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
This biographical article relating to Austrian association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Switzerland national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rolf Fringer (born 26 January 1957) is an Austrian football manager and former player. He has managed the Switzerland national team and numerous Swiss football clubs.[1]","title":"Rolf Fringer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Aarau"},{"link_name":"1992–93 Swiss national title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Nationalliga_A"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FC Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Murat Yakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Yakin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FC Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Burim Kukeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burim_Kukeli"},{"link_name":"FC Luzern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Luzern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Fringer led FC Aarau to the 1992–93 Swiss national title.[2] At FC Luzern he was known for his counterattacking football.[3] He was replaced as Luzern manager by Murat Yakin.[4][5]In April 2012 it was announced that Rolf Fringer would join FC Zürich as manager in summer 2012. When he was appointed he stated that it was his proudest day as he was an FCZ fan as a child.[6] His first transfer as manager was to sign Burim Kukeli, whom he had managed at FC Luzern.[7] On 26 November it was announced following a board meeting to relieve Fringer of his duties, with FC Zürich sitting at 7th in the Super League.","title":"Career"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Switzerland – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\". Rsssf.com. 20 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-zwit-clubs.html","url_text":"\"Switzerland – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das Aarau-Wunder jährt sich zum 25. Mal\". blick.ch. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/meistermacher-fringer-erinnert-sich-das-aarau-wunder-jaehrt-sich-zum-25-mal-id8456565.html","url_text":"\"Das Aarau-Wunder jährt sich zum 25. Mal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\". Justcantbeatthat.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624220502/http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/xamax-wainach-0-fc-luzern-3/","url_text":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\""},{"url":"http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/xamax-wainach-0-fc-luzern-3/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\". Justcantbeatthat.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/rolf-fringer-sacked/","url_text":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\". Justcantbeatthat.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023436/http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/fc-yakin-the-club-formerly-known-as-fc-luzern/","url_text":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\""},{"url":"http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/fc-yakin-the-club-formerly-known-as-fc-luzern/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rolf Fringer to take charge of FC Zurich\". Nonleaguechannel.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718094030/http://nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7167","url_text":"\"Rolf Fringer to take charge of FC Zurich\""},{"url":"http://nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"It has been confirmed by FC Luzern that defensive midfielder Burim Kukeli has agreed a move to join FC Zürich in the summer\". Nonleaguechannel.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103155325/http://www.nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7615","url_text":"\"It has been confirmed by FC Luzern that defensive midfielder Burim Kukeli has agreed a move to join FC Zürich in the summer\""},{"url":"http://nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7615","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-zwit-clubs.html","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland – Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\""},{"Link":"https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/meistermacher-fringer-erinnert-sich-das-aarau-wunder-jaehrt-sich-zum-25-mal-id8456565.html","external_links_name":"\"Das Aarau-Wunder jährt sich zum 25. Mal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624220502/http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/xamax-wainach-0-fc-luzern-3/","external_links_name":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\""},{"Link":"http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/xamax-wainach-0-fc-luzern-3/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/rolf-fringer-sacked/","external_links_name":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023436/http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/fc-yakin-the-club-formerly-known-as-fc-luzern/","external_links_name":"\"Site Unavailable | UK2\""},{"Link":"http://justcantbeatthat.com/2011/fc-yakin-the-club-formerly-known-as-fc-luzern/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120718094030/http://nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7167","external_links_name":"\"Rolf Fringer to take charge of FC Zurich\""},{"Link":"http://nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7167","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103155325/http://www.nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7615","external_links_name":"\"It has been confirmed by FC Luzern that defensive midfielder Burim Kukeli has agreed a move to join FC Zürich in the summer\""},{"Link":"http://nonleaguechannel.co.uk/news/details.php?news_id=7615","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/fringerrolf/","external_links_name":"Rolf Fringer"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Fringer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_paniculata
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Senegalia tenuifolia
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Species of legume
Senegalia tenuifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Clade:
Mimosoid clade
Genus:
Senegalia
Species:
S. tenuifolia
Binomial name
Senegalia tenuifolia(L.) Britton & Rose
Varieties
Senegalia tenuifolia var. producta (Grimes) Seigler & Ebinger
Senegalia tenuifolia var. tenuifolia (L.) Britton & Rose
Senegalia tenuifolia var. veraensis (Kitan.)
Range of Senegalia tenuifolia
Synonyms
Acacia claussenii Benth.
Acacia grandisiliqua (Vell.) Benth.
Acacia martinicensis C. Pres
Acacia microcephala A.Rich.
Acacia paniculata Willd.
Acacia tenuifolia (L.) Willd.
Mimosa grandisiliqua Vell.
Mimosa tenuifolia L.
Senegalia tenuifolia is a perennial climbing shrub which is native to Asia, the Caribbean, India and South America. Common names are ara a gato, bejuco cochino, tocino. It is not listed as being a threatened species. Senegalia tenuifolia grows to 8 m high and 10–15 cm in diameter.
References
^ ILDIS List
^ a b ILDIS LegumeWeb
^ Biomanatial Tepezcohuite
External links
Discover Life Map Senegalia tenuifolia (as Acacia tenuifolia)
Taxon identifiersAcacia tenuifolia
Wikidata: Q4059362
Wikispecies: Acacia tenuifolia
APNI: 230193
CoL: 8Q5X
EoL: 642784
EPPO: ACATF
FNA: 242429778
GBIF: 2978650
GRIN: 435553
IFPNI: 39E8FAB6-D64C-6E63-A94D-3DDC59B05274
iNaturalist: 274150
IPNI: 1099536-2
NCBI: 1130855
Open Tree of Life: 375577
Plant List: ild-28284
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1099536-2
Tropicos: 13024614
uBio: 4953013
WFO: wfo-0000182191
Mimosa tenuifolia
Wikidata: Q21977466
Wikispecies: Mimosa tenuifolia
GBIF: 2979123
GRIN: 449200
IPNI: 162015-2
IRMNG: 10908156
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:162015-2
Tropicos: 13016573
WFO: wfo-0000182735
This article on a tree of the Fabaceae family is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Mimosoideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILDIS-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Senegalia tenuifolia is a perennial climbing shrub which is native to Asia, the Caribbean, India and South America. Common names are ara a gato, bejuco cochino, tocino. It is not listed as being a threatened species.[2] Senegalia tenuifolia grows to 8 m high and 10–15 cm in diameter.[3]","title":"Senegalia tenuifolia"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/fam/f2.shtml","external_links_name":"ILDIS List"},{"Link":"http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~15474&genus~Acacia&species~paniculata","external_links_name":"ILDIS LegumeWeb"},{"Link":"http://www.biomanantial.com/tepezcohuite-a-12.html","external_links_name":"Biomanatial Tepezcohuite"},{"Link":"http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20m?kind=Acacia+tenuifolia","external_links_name":"Discover Life Map Senegalia tenuifolia (as Acacia tenuifolia)"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/230193","external_links_name":"230193"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8Q5X","external_links_name":"8Q5X"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/642784","external_links_name":"642784"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ACATF","external_links_name":"ACATF"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242429778","external_links_name":"242429778"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2978650","external_links_name":"2978650"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=435553","external_links_name":"435553"},{"Link":"http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=39E8FAB6-D64C-6E63-A94D-3DDC59B05274","external_links_name":"39E8FAB6-D64C-6E63-A94D-3DDC59B05274"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/274150","external_links_name":"274150"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/1099536-2","external_links_name":"1099536-2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1130855","external_links_name":"1130855"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=375577","external_links_name":"375577"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-28284","external_links_name":"ild-28284"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A1099536-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1099536-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13024614","external_links_name":"13024614"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4953013","external_links_name":"4953013"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000182191","external_links_name":"wfo-0000182191"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2979123","external_links_name":"2979123"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=449200","external_links_name":"449200"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/162015-2","external_links_name":"162015-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10908156","external_links_name":"10908156"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A162015-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:162015-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13016573","external_links_name":"13016573"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000182735","external_links_name":"wfo-0000182735"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegalia_tenuifolia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Senegalia_tenuifolia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogical_Sketchbook
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Pedagogical Sketchbook
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["1 Background","2 Teaching concept","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Book by Paul Klee
This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Pedagogical Sketchbook is a book by Paul Klee. It is based on his extensive lectures on visual form at Bauhaus Staatliche Art School where he was a teacher in between 1921-1931.
Originally handwritten – as a pile of working notes he used in his lectures – it was eventually edited by Walter Gropius, designed by László Moholy-Nagy and published in as a Bauhaus student manual (Bauhausbucher No.2, as the second in the series of the fourteen Bauhaus books) under the original title: Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch.
It was translated into English by Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (in 1953), who also wrote an introduction for it.
Along with other Bauhaus books such as Theory of Color (by Johannes Itten) and Point and Line to Plane (by Wassily Kandinsky), Pedagogical Sketchbook is a legacy of teaching methods on art theory and practice at Bauhaus Staatliche Art School.
The book is still in print.
Background
During his teaching career at Bauhaus, Klee reflected on his own working methods and techniques.
“When I came to be teacher”, he wrote, “I had to account explicitly for what I had been used to doing unconsciously.”
He left over 3000 handwritten pages developed as a theoretical basis for his lectures, some of which are still unpublished.
From the same period comes another one of his books: The thinking Eye, dealing with the same issues as Pedagogical Sketchbook, but much more extensive in scope. However, this book was published and translated later, after his death (1956; trans. 1961).
Teaching concept
Pedagogical Sketchbook is an intuitive art investigation of dynamic principles in visual arts. Klee takes his students on an ‘adventure in seeing’ guiding them step-by-step through a challenging conceptual framework. Objects are rendered in a complex relation to physical and intellectual space concepts. It is an exercise in modern art thinking.
In her introduction, Sibyl Moholy-Nagy divides the book into 4 different parts corresponding to the 4 conceptual frameworks. Each framework is illustrated by intricate drawings (mixture of what looks like creative arithmetic or geometry sketches, scribbles and mental notes).
Starting chapter concerns ‘Line and Structure’. A dot goes for a walk… freely and without a goal.
Dot is a “point of progression” and by shifting its position forward becomes a line. Line variations lead to even more complex structures. It can move freely in a calligraphic stroke, or circumscribe, act as a planar definition, as a mathematical structural element (as in Golden Section) or as a path in motion (when it coordinates kinetic movements such as in muscle contraction). Artist's world is dynamic – in the state of becoming – rather than static.
In ‘Dimension and Balance’, the line is related to psychological and social concepts of space. Klee explains subjectivity of our perception by comparing examples of optical illusion with horizon and perspective. We use them as orientation points within the space. As an illustration, Klee uses a stylized drawing representing a tightrope walker with a bamboo stick as a ‘horizon’ point, keeping his balance. These examples evoke our reality as constructed and arbitrary. “Dimension is in itself nothing but an arbitrary expansion of form into height, width, depth and time”. By challenging conventional perception of his students, Klee shows them a way ‘beyond’ physical realm, into the world of metaphysical and spiritual. It is an invitation to approach art intuitively, since outer perception can be deceptive (socially constructed).
The third part is about “Gravitational Curve”. A very first drawing of a strong black arrow pointing downwards postulates man as a tragic figure always brought down by a plummet (a black arrow) of a gravitational force. However, Klee also points that water and atmosphere are transitional regions, where spirit gets lighter and breaks free. This is a spiritual space open to dynamic positions, new symbols and imaginative co-relations of visual elements (mechanical law of nature versus imaginative vision rendering of an object in art).
Continuing further into the final part of the manual ‘Kinetic and Chromatic Energy’, Klee gives examples of ‘creative kinetics’ defying gravitational force such as centripetal force in pendulum and spinning top, or a ‘feathered arrow’. He continues with a ‘symbolic’ arrow illustrating similar efforts of a man to move ‘a bit further than customary – further than possible’.
Last drawings in the book are related to chromatic and thermo-dynamic field where a color is put in relation to motion: “Motion that may be called infinitive…exists only in the activation of color moving between the fervid contrasts of utter black and utter white”.
See also
Paul Klee
Sibyl Moholy-Nagy
Bauhaus
Abstract Expressionism
Notes
^ Giedion-Welcker: page 158.
^ "Lee Krasner. Living Colour". zpk.org.
^ Moholy-Nagy: concluding note.
^ Moholy-Nagy: page 16.
^ Moholy-Nagy: page 10.
^ a b Moholy-Nagy: page 54.
^ Moholy-Nagy: page 11.
References
Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (1968), Pedagogical Sketchbook, Faber & Faber.
Carola Giedion-Welcker, translated by Alexander Gode (1952), Paul Klee, New York: Viking Press
Will Grohmann (1985), Paul Klee, Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Susanna Partsch (2000), Paul Klee 1879-1940, Taschen
Magdalena Droste (1990), Bauhaus 1919-1933, Taschen
External links
Faber & Faber, Pedagogical Sketchbook by Paul Klee
Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Walter Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"Sibyl Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyl_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"Johannes Itten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Itten"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"}],"text":"Pedagogical Sketchbook is a book by Paul Klee. It is based on his extensive lectures on visual form at Bauhaus Staatliche Art School where he was a teacher in between 1921-1931.\nOriginally handwritten – as a pile of working notes he used in his lectures – it was eventually edited by Walter Gropius, designed by László Moholy-Nagy and published in as a Bauhaus student manual (Bauhausbucher No.2, as the second in the series of the fourteen Bauhaus books) under the original title: Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch.\nIt was translated into English by Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (in 1953), who also wrote an introduction for it.Along with other Bauhaus books such as Theory of Color (by Johannes Itten) and Point and Line to Plane (by Wassily Kandinsky), Pedagogical Sketchbook is a legacy of teaching methods on art theory and practice at Bauhaus Staatliche Art School.The book is still in print.","title":"Pedagogical Sketchbook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During his teaching career at Bauhaus, Klee reflected on his own working methods and techniques.\n“When I came to be teacher”, he wrote, “I had to account explicitly for what I had been used to doing unconsciously.” [1]\nHe left over 3000 handwritten pages developed as a theoretical basis for his lectures, some of which are still unpublished.[2]From the same period comes another one of his books: The thinking Eye, dealing with the same issues as Pedagogical Sketchbook, but much more extensive in scope. However, this book was published and translated later, after his death (1956; trans. 1961).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intuitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Golden Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Section"},{"link_name":"Dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrioception"},{"link_name":"horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(visual)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pedagogical Sketchbook is an intuitive art investigation of dynamic principles in visual arts. Klee takes his students on an ‘adventure in seeing’[3] guiding them step-by-step through a challenging conceptual framework. Objects are rendered in a complex relation to physical and intellectual space concepts. It is an exercise in modern art thinking.In her introduction, Sibyl Moholy-Nagy divides the book into 4 different parts corresponding to the 4 conceptual frameworks. Each framework is illustrated by intricate drawings (mixture of what looks like creative arithmetic or geometry sketches, scribbles and mental notes).Starting chapter concerns ‘Line and Structure’. A dot goes for a walk… freely and without a goal.[4]\nDot is a “point of progression” and by shifting its position forward becomes a line. Line variations lead to even more complex structures. It can move freely in a calligraphic stroke, or circumscribe, act as a planar definition, as a mathematical structural element (as in Golden Section) or as a path in motion (when it coordinates kinetic movements such as in muscle contraction). Artist's world is dynamic – in the state of becoming – rather than static.In ‘Dimension and Balance’, the line is related to psychological and social concepts of space. Klee explains subjectivity of our perception by comparing examples of optical illusion with horizon and perspective. We use them as orientation points within the space. As an illustration, Klee uses a stylized drawing representing a tightrope walker with a bamboo stick as a ‘horizon’ point, keeping his balance. These examples evoke our reality as constructed and arbitrary. “Dimension is in itself nothing but an arbitrary expansion of form into height, width, depth and time”.[5] By challenging conventional perception of his students, Klee shows them a way ‘beyond’ physical realm, into the world of metaphysical and spiritual. It is an invitation to approach art intuitively, since outer perception can be deceptive (socially constructed).The third part is about “Gravitational Curve”. A very first drawing of a strong black arrow pointing downwards postulates man as a tragic figure always brought down by a plummet (a black arrow) of a gravitational force. However, Klee also points that water and atmosphere are transitional regions, where spirit gets lighter and breaks free. This is a spiritual space open to dynamic positions, new symbols and imaginative co-relations of visual elements (mechanical law of nature versus imaginative vision rendering of an object in art).Continuing further into the final part of the manual ‘Kinetic and Chromatic Energy’, Klee gives examples of ‘creative kinetics’ defying gravitational force such as centripetal force in pendulum and spinning top, or a ‘feathered arrow’.[6] He continues with a ‘symbolic’ arrow illustrating similar efforts of a man to move ‘a bit further than customary – further than possible’.[6]Last drawings in the book are related to chromatic and thermo-dynamic field where a color is put in relation to motion: “Motion that may be called infinitive…exists only in the activation of color moving between the fervid contrasts of utter black and utter white”.[7]","title":"Teaching concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Lee Krasner. Living Colour\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zpk.org/ww/en/pub/web_root/act/wissenschaftliches_archiv/originaldokumente.cfm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Giedion-Welcker: page 158.\n\n^ \"Lee Krasner. Living Colour\". zpk.org.\n\n^ Moholy-Nagy: concluding note.\n\n^ Moholy-Nagy: page 16.\n\n^ Moholy-Nagy: page 10.\n\n^ a b Moholy-Nagy: page 54.\n\n^ Moholy-Nagy: page 11.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Paul Klee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klee"},{"title":"Sibyl Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyl_Moholy-Nagy"},{"title":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"title":"Abstract Expressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Lee Krasner. Living Colour\". zpk.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zpk.org/ww/en/pub/web_root/act/wissenschaftliches_archiv/originaldokumente.cfm","url_text":"\"Lee Krasner. Living Colour\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedagogical_Sketchbook&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"http://www.zpk.org/ww/en/pub/web_root/act/wissenschaftliches_archiv/originaldokumente.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Lee Krasner. Living Colour\""},{"Link":"http://www.faber.co.uk/9780571086184-pedagogical-sketchbook.html","external_links_name":"Faber & Faber, Pedagogical Sketchbook by Paul Klee"},{"Link":"http://www.zpk.org/ww/en/pub/web_root/act/wissenschaftliches_archiv/originaldokumente.cfm","external_links_name":"Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banh_chao
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Bánh xèo
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["1 History","2 Variations","3 Bánh khoái","4 Popularity","5 Similar Dishes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Vietnamese stuffed pancake
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Bánh XèoVietnamese bánh xèo including thai basil, mint leaves, lettuce, and dipping sauceTypePancake, CrepeCourseMain CoursePlace of originVietnamAssociated cuisineCambodian, Thai, VietnameseServing temperatureUsually serve hotMain ingredientsRice flour, water, turmeric powder Media: Bánh Xèo
Bánh xèo (Vietnamese: , lit. 'sizzling pancake') is a crispy, stuffed rice pancake popular in Vietnam. The name refers to the sound (from xèo – 'sizzling') a thin layer of rice batter makes when it is poured into the hot skillet. It is a savoury fried pancake made of rice flour, water, and turmeric powder. It can also be called a Vietnamese crêpe. Some common stuffings include pork, prawns, diced green onion, mung bean, and bean sprouts. Bánh xèo is often served with sides. Usually, some commonly added ingredients include leafy greens like lettuces or perilla leaves, other herbs as flavor enhancers like mint leaves and Thai basil, cucumbers, and pickled vegetables, usually carrots and radishes. Lastly, its dipping sauce is nước chấm (sweet and sour garlic fish sauce). Elements of each side and sauce add to the fresh-tasting fried Bánh Xèo.
History
Bánh Xèo is a traditional street food in Vietnam. The working class mainly ate it because it was cheap and easy. Its origins are unknown. However, Vietnamese people agreed that the creation of this dish could be somewhere in Central Vietnam through the fusion of French culture from the French colonial times or South Vietnam by migrating immigrants moving into Vietnam and mixing with the surrounding culture. Others believe Bánh Xèo came from mixing Cham culture and Vietnamese cuisine.
Through the years, Bánh Xèo has expanded to other nearby Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia and Thailand. Bánh Xèo has become more popular as more affluent people started to realize its savory taste and new restaurants opening up like "Banh Xeo Muoi Xiem and An La Ghien", stated Saigoneers in 2016.
On the 2nd and 16th of each lunar month, some Vietnamese people would substitute rice for Bánh Xèo.
Variations
Regional variations include:Bánh Xèo: Miền Trung
Miền Trung (Central Vietnam) style Bánh Xèo tends to be smaller, about the size of a hand. Compared to the Miền Tây, the Miền Trung version has few fillings. Fillings include prawns, thin slices of pork, and bean sprouts. As well as being darker or not as yellow as other variations because of the addition of fermented shrimp paste, adding a distinct taste and color to the dish.
Bánh Xèo: Miền Tây Image includes tomatoes, carrots and radishs, cucumber, herbs and lettuce, as well as dipping sauce.
Miền Tây (Mekong Delta) style Bánh Xèo tends to be larger than the Miền Trung version, usually about the size of a small to medium size pizza, about 12-inch diameter. However, they are generally thinner. Miền Tây offers a more diverse range of ingredients and fillings. Because of this, the color of the Bánh Xèo is usually brighter as the batter with turmeric and coconut milk creates a colorful yellow dish. Fillings include prawns, pork belly, green onions, fried onions, and bean sprouts. There tends to be more filling in the Miền Tây version as there is more growth in the south than north of Vietnam.
Bánh khoái
Bánh khoái is eaten with fresh vegetables, star fruit, jackfruit, and dipping sauce.
Bánh khoái is a type of crispy pancake made from a batter of rice flour, water, and egg yolks. It is typically filled with shrimp, pork, and bean sprouts, and is shaped like a half-moon. The batter is poured into a hot pan and cooked until golden brown. Bánh khoái is often served with fresh herbs and a dipping sauce. The origin of the name "Bánh Khoái" has various explanations. Some believe that the original name was "Bánh Khói". Huế is famous for its Bánh Khoái Thượng Tứ, which is located southeast of the city's Citadel.
Popularity
The dish is also popular in Cambodia, where the dish is called banh chao (Khmer: បាញ់ឆែវ).
There is also a Thai version of bánh xèo called Khanom bueang Yuan (Thai: ขนมเบื้องญวน). It is offered by some street vendors and is available at many Bangkok restaurants serving Thai or royal cuisine. The most common filling in Thailand is a minced mixture of shredded coconut, roasted peanuts, shrimp, salted radish and fried tofu and served with bean sprouts and sweet cucumber relish.
Similar Dishes
Food portal
Look up bánh xèo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Bánh cuốn
Cong you bing
Crêpe
Jianbing
Okonomiyaki
Paratha
Roti canai
Scallion pancake
Taco
References
^ Quynh Chau Pham, Vietnamese: Vietnamese-English, English-Vietnamese, Insight pocket travel dictionary. "Bánh xèo rice pankakes."
^ Ottolenghi, Yotam - Plenty: Vibrant Vegetable Recipes from London's Ottolenghi 2011 "Bánh xèo - In 2007 I visited Hanoi with my friend, Alex Meitlis, and found myself squatting in the dingiest of family-run street kitchens, experiencing the best food I've ever tasted."
^ Lucy Nguyen-Hong-Nhiem - A Dragon Child: Reflections Of A Daughter Of Annam In America Page 13 2004 "She loved to cook our favorite dishes, bánh xèo and bánh khoái. This is a dish that Vietnamese in the US call "happy pancakes". They are called bánh xèo: bánh is cake; xèo is the sizzling noise of the batter when it is poured into a hot ..."
^ "Bánh Xèo Recipe (Crispy Vietnamese Crêpes / Pancakes)". Hungry Huy. 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
^ "Vietnamese crepes with pork and shrimp recipe - banh xeo". SCMP Cooking | South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
^ Giac Mo Viet: Bánh xèo đặc sản Cần Thơ Archived 2018-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed October 10, 2018
^ NPR Inc.:Banh Xeo (Sizzling Crepes), Accessed October 10, 2018.
^ VIETNAM.COM. "Banh Xeo: Through the Years". VIETNAM.COM. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ VIETNAM.COM. "Banh Xeo: Through the Years". VIETNAM.COM. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "Banh Xeo: A Guide to the Vietnamese Pancakes | Vietnamnomad". 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "Bánh Xèo (Vietnamese Crepe)". Shef Cuisines 101. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "Vietnamese Foods: Banh Xeo in Ho Chi Minh City". i Tour Vietnam. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ "Banh Xeo: A Guide to the Vietnamese Pancakes | Vietnamnomad". 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^ baodaknong.vn (2022-03-21). "Bánh khoái là bánh gì? Cách phân biệt bánh khoái và bánh xèo". Báo Đắk Nông điện tử (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ VnExpress. "Lý giải tên gọi bánh khoái của người Huế". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ danviet.vn (12 May 2023). "Bánh xèo, bánh khoái... vào top những món bánh ngon ở Đông Nam Á". danviet.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ VnExpress. "Ba lần ăn bánh khoái cửa Thượng Tứ". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ "Không ăn món này khi tới Huế là bạn đã sống uổng 1 đời" (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Ngoc, Lân Pham (2019-02-28). Cha Vô Danh: De père inconnu (version vietnamienne) (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-14-011532-5.
^ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2016-06-08). "Ăn bánh khoái Thượng Tứ xứ Huế". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Phan, Thuận An (1997). Huế đẹp, Huế thơ (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Thuận Hóa.
^ thanhnien.vn (2004-10-28). "Bánh khoái Thượng Tứ". thanhnien.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ thanhnien.vn (2015-03-31). "Về Huế nhớ ghé bánh khoái Thượng Tứ". thanhnien.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ "Vietnamese pancake". 2024-01-29. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ NLD.COM.VN. "Bánh khoái của người câm". Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Brouwer, Andy (2010). To Cambodia with Love: A Travel Guide for the Connoisseur. Phnom Penh: ThingsAsian Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1934159088. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ Murray, Bennett. "Rasmey's restaurant makes a mean banh chao". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
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Category: Street food
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɓǎjŋ̟ sɛ̂w]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mint leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_leaves"},{"link_name":"Thai basil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_basil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"nước chấm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_ch%E1%BA%A5m"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bánh xèo (Vietnamese: [ɓǎjŋ̟ sɛ̂w], lit. 'sizzling pancake') is a crispy, stuffed rice pancake popular in Vietnam.[1] The name refers to the sound (from xèo – 'sizzling') a thin layer of rice batter makes when it is poured into the hot skillet.[2][3] It is a savoury fried pancake made of rice flour, water, and turmeric powder. It can also be called a Vietnamese crêpe.[4][5] Some common stuffings include pork, prawns, diced green onion, mung bean, and bean sprouts. Bánh xèo is often served with sides. Usually, some commonly added ingredients include leafy greens like lettuces or perilla leaves, other herbs as flavor enhancers like mint leaves and Thai basil,[6][7] cucumbers, and pickled vegetables, usually carrots and radishes. Lastly, its dipping sauce is nước chấm (sweet and sour garlic fish sauce). Elements of each side and sauce add to the fresh-tasting fried Bánh Xèo.[8]","title":"Bánh xèo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"Central Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"French colonial times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chams"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Bánh Xèo is a traditional street food in Vietnam. The working class mainly ate it because it was cheap and easy.[9] Its origins are unknown. However, Vietnamese people agreed that the creation of this dish could be somewhere in Central Vietnam through the fusion of French culture from the French colonial times or South Vietnam by migrating immigrants moving into Vietnam and mixing with the surrounding culture.[10] [11] Others believe Bánh Xèo came from mixing Cham culture and Vietnamese cuisine.[12]Through the years, Bánh Xèo has expanded to other nearby Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia and Thailand. Bánh Xèo has become more popular as more affluent people started to realize its savory taste and new restaurants opening up like \"Banh Xeo Muoi Xiem and An La Ghien\", stated Saigoneers in 2016.[13]On the 2nd and 16th of each lunar month, some Vietnamese people would substitute rice for Bánh Xèo.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banh-xeo,-roving-street-vendor,-Quy-Nhon,-Vietnam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miền Trung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"fermented shrimp paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o_(15826153307).jpg"},{"link_name":"Miền Tây","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Regional variations include:Bánh Xèo: Miền TrungMiền Trung (Central Vietnam) style Bánh Xèo tends to be smaller, about the size of a hand. Compared to the Miền Tây, the Miền Trung version has few fillings. Fillings include prawns, thin slices of pork, and bean sprouts.[15] As well as being darker or not as yellow as other variations because of the addition of fermented shrimp paste, adding a distinct taste and color to the dish.Bánh Xèo: Miền Tây Image includes tomatoes, carrots and radishs, cucumber, herbs and lettuce, as well as dipping sauce.Miền Tây (Mekong Delta) style Bánh Xèo tends to be larger than the Miền Trung version, usually about the size of a small to medium size pizza, about 12-inch diameter. However, they are generally thinner. Miền Tây offers a more diverse range of ingredients and fillings. Because of this, the color of the Bánh Xèo is usually brighter as the batter with turmeric and coconut milk creates a colorful yellow dish. Fillings include prawns, pork belly, green onions, fried onions, and bean sprouts.[16] There tends to be more filling in the Miền Tây version as there is more growth in the south than north of Vietnam.","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banh_Khoai_(4265580561).jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Bánh khoái is eaten with fresh vegetables, star fruit, jackfruit, and dipping sauce.Bánh khoái is a type of crispy pancake made from a batter of rice flour, water, and egg yolks. It is typically filled with shrimp, pork, and bean sprouts, and is shaped like a half-moon.[17][18][19] The batter is poured into a hot pan and cooked until golden brown. Bánh khoái is often served with fresh herbs and a dipping sauce.[20][21][22] The origin of the name \"Bánh Khoái\" has various explanations.[23][24] Some believe that the original name was \"Bánh Khói\".[25] Huế is famous for its Bánh Khoái Thượng Tứ, which is located southeast of the city's Citadel.[26][27][28]","title":"Bánh khoái"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine"}],"text":"The dish is also popular in Cambodia,[29] where the dish is called banh chao (Khmer: បាញ់ឆែវ).[30]There is also a Thai version of bánh xèo called Khanom bueang Yuan (Thai: ขนมเบื้องญวน). It is offered by some street vendors and is available at many Bangkok restaurants serving Thai or royal cuisine. The most common filling in Thailand is a minced mixture of shredded coconut, roasted peanuts, shrimp, salted radish and fried tofu and served with bean sprouts and sweet cucumber relish.","title":"Popularity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"link_name":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"link_name":"bánh xèo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/b%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o"},{"link_name":"Bánh cuốn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_cu%E1%BB%91n"},{"link_name":"Cong you bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cong_you_bing"},{"link_name":"Crêpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe"},{"link_name":"Jianbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianbing"},{"link_name":"Okonomiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okonomiyaki"},{"link_name":"Paratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratha"},{"link_name":"Roti canai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti_canai"},{"link_name":"Scallion pancake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajeon"},{"link_name":"Taco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco"}],"text":"Food portalLook up bánh xèo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Bánh cuốn\nCong you bing\nCrêpe\nJianbing\nOkonomiyaki\nParatha\nRoti canai\nScallion pancake\nTaco","title":"Similar Dishes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bánh Xèo: Miền Trung","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Banh-xeo%2C-roving-street-vendor%2C-Quy-Nhon%2C-Vietnam.jpg/220px-Banh-xeo%2C-roving-street-vendor%2C-Quy-Nhon%2C-Vietnam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bánh Xèo: Miền Tây Image includes tomatoes, carrots and radishs, cucumber, herbs and lettuce, as well as dipping sauce.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o_%2815826153307%29.jpg/220px-B%C3%A1nh_x%C3%A8o_%2815826153307%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bánh khoái is eaten with fresh vegetables, star fruit, jackfruit, and dipping sauce.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Banh_Khoai_%284265580561%29.jpg/220px-Banh_Khoai_%284265580561%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Bánh Xèo Recipe (Crispy Vietnamese Crêpes / Pancakes)\". Hungry Huy. 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2021-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hungryhuy.com/banh-xeo-savory-vietnamese-crepes/","url_text":"\"Bánh Xèo Recipe (Crispy Vietnamese Crêpes / Pancakes)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese crepes with pork and shrimp recipe - banh xeo\". SCMP Cooking | South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2021-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/cooking/recipe/vietnamese-crepes-pork-shrimp-and-bean-sprouts/article/3077305","url_text":"\"Vietnamese crepes with pork and shrimp recipe - banh xeo\""}]},{"reference":"VIETNAM.COM. \"Banh Xeo: Through the Years\". VIETNAM.COM. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vietnam.com/en/news/article/banh-xeo-through-the-years.html","url_text":"\"Banh Xeo: Through the Years\""}]},{"reference":"VIETNAM.COM. \"Banh Xeo: Through the Years\". VIETNAM.COM. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vietnam.com/en/news/article/banh-xeo-through-the-years.html","url_text":"\"Banh Xeo: Through the Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banh Xeo: A Guide to the Vietnamese Pancakes | Vietnamnomad\". 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://vietnamnomad.com/eat-drink/banh-xeo/","url_text":"\"Banh Xeo: A Guide to the Vietnamese Pancakes | Vietnamnomad\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer\". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://saigoneer.com/saigon-food-culture/7905-the-evolution-of-b%C3%A1nh-x%C3%A8o-a-street-food-history","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bánh Xèo (Vietnamese Crepe)\". Shef Cuisines 101. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://shef.com/homemade-food/banh-xeo/","url_text":"\"Bánh Xèo (Vietnamese Crepe)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer\". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://saigoneer.com/saigon-food-culture/7905-the-evolution-of-b%C3%A1nh-x%C3%A8o-a-street-food-history","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer\". saigoneer.com. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://saigoneer.com/saigon-food-culture/7905-the-evolution-of-b%C3%A1nh-x%C3%A8o-a-street-food-history","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Bánh Xèo: A Street Food History | Saigoneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese Foods: Banh Xeo in Ho Chi Minh City\". i Tour Vietnam. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itourvn.com/blog/vietnamese-foods-banh-xeo-in-ho-chi-minh-city","url_text":"\"Vietnamese Foods: Banh Xeo in Ho Chi Minh City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banh Xeo: A Guide to the Vietnamese Pancakes | Vietnamnomad\". 2023-02-01. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://vietnamnomad.com/eat-drink/banh-xeo/","url_text":"\"Banh Xeo: A Guide to the Vietnamese Pancakes | Vietnamnomad\""}]},{"reference":"baodaknong.vn (2022-03-21). \"Bánh khoái là bánh gì? Cách phân biệt bánh khoái và bánh xèo\". Báo Đắk Nông điện tử (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://baodaknong.vn/banh-khoai-la-banh-gi-cach-phan-biet-banh-khoai-va-banh-xeo-168144.html","url_text":"\"Bánh khoái là bánh gì? Cách phân biệt bánh khoái và bánh xèo\""}]},{"reference":"VnExpress. \"Lý giải tên gọi bánh khoái của người Huế\". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://vnexpress.net/ly-giai-ten-goi-banh-khoai-cua-nguoi-hue-4239691.html","url_text":"\"Lý giải tên gọi bánh khoái của người Huế\""}]},{"reference":"danviet.vn (12 May 2023). \"Bánh xèo, bánh khoái... vào top những món bánh ngon ở Đông Nam Á\". danviet.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://danviet.vn/banh-xeo-banh-khoai-vao-top-nhung-mon-banh-ngon-o-dong-nam-a-20230512195840466.htm","url_text":"\"Bánh xèo, bánh khoái... vào top những món bánh ngon ở Đông Nam Á\""}]},{"reference":"VnExpress. \"Ba lần ăn bánh khoái cửa Thượng Tứ\". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://vnexpress.net/ba-lan-an-banh-khoai-cua-thuong-tu-2893013.html","url_text":"\"Ba lần ăn bánh khoái cửa Thượng Tứ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Không ăn món này khi tới Huế là bạn đã sống uổng 1 đời\" (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://tieudung.kinhtedothi.vn/du-lich-am-thuc/khong-an-mon-nay-khi-toi-hue-la-ban-da-song-uong-1-doi-11639.html","url_text":"\"Không ăn món này khi tới Huế là bạn đã sống uổng 1 đời\""}]},{"reference":"Ngoc, Lân Pham (2019-02-28). Cha Vô Danh: De père inconnu (version vietnamienne) (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-14-011532-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3myLDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22b%C3%A1nh+kho%C3%A1i%22+%22b%C3%A1nh+kh%C3%B3i%22.&pg=PA47","url_text":"Cha Vô Danh: De père inconnu (version vietnamienne)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-14-011532-5","url_text":"978-2-14-011532-5"}]},{"reference":"ONLINE, TUOI TRE (2016-06-08). \"Ăn bánh khoái Thượng Tứ xứ Huế\". TUOI TRE ONLINE (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://tuoitre.vn/am-thuc/an-banh-khoai-thuong-tu-xu-hue-1114939.htm","url_text":"\"Ăn bánh khoái Thượng Tứ xứ Huế\""}]},{"reference":"Phan, Thuận An (1997). Huế đẹp, Huế thơ (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Thuận Hóa.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GUpRAQAAMAAJ&q=C%C3%B3+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+cho+r%E1%BA%B1ng+nguy%C3%AAn+g%E1%BB%91c+ban+%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u+l%C3%A0+%22b%C3%A1nh+kh%C3%B3i%22.","url_text":"Huế đẹp, Huế thơ"}]},{"reference":"thanhnien.vn (2004-10-28). \"Bánh khoái Thượng Tứ\". thanhnien.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://thanhnien.vn/banh-khoai-thuong-tu-185106455.htm","url_text":"\"Bánh khoái Thượng Tứ\""}]},{"reference":"thanhnien.vn (2015-03-31). \"Về Huế nhớ ghé bánh khoái Thượng Tứ\". thanhnien.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://thanhnien.vn/ve-hue-nho-ghe-banh-khoai-thuong-tu-185458636.htm","url_text":"\"Về Huế nhớ ghé bánh khoái Thượng Tứ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnamese pancake\". 2024-01-29. Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://antoursvietnam.com/vietnamese-pancake-banh-xeo/","url_text":"\"Vietnamese pancake\""}]},{"reference":"NLD.COM.VN. \"Bánh khoái của người câm\". Báo Người Lao Động Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://nld.com.vn/phong-su-ky-su/banh-khoai-cua-nguoi-cam-95495.htm","url_text":"\"Bánh khoái của người câm\""}]},{"reference":"Brouwer, Andy (2010). To Cambodia with Love: A Travel Guide for the Connoisseur. Phnom Penh: ThingsAsian Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-1934159088. Retrieved 17 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gorMBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"To Cambodia with Love: A Travel Guide for the Connoisseur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934159088","url_text":"978-1934159088"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Bennett. \"Rasmey's restaurant makes a mean banh chao\". Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 17 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/rasmey%E2%80%99s-restaurant-makes-mean-banh-chao","url_text":"\"Rasmey's restaurant makes a mean banh chao\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._N._Upadhye
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A. N. Upadhye
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["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Career","4 Final Years and Death","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]
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A. N. UpadhyeBorn(1906-02-06)6 February 1906Died8 October 1975(1975-10-08) (aged 69)EducationGilginchi Artal High School, Belgaum
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Dr A.N. Upadhye (6 February 1906 – 08 Oct 1975) was a scholar of Prakrit, Jainalogy and dedicated himself to Jaina studies and wrote many books on Jainalogy. He got recognition and was appreciated in India as well as in Abroad. He was the President of 46th Kannada Sahitya Sammelana which was held at Shravanabelagola in 1967.
Early life
He was born in the family of Jaina Priests (Upadhyaya) on 2 June 1906 in Sadalga in Chikkodi Taluka of Belgaum District. His primary education in Kannada was provided by his parents.
Education
Dr Adinath Neminath Upadhye completed his primary education in Sadalaga and Secondary Education at Gilginchi Artal High School, Belgaum. He then went on to receive his Bachelor of Arts with Honours from Bombay University in Sanskrit and Prakrit languages. Later, he moved to Pune for Post-Graduation and joined Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. In 1930, he completed a Master of Arts from the same university in Sanskrit and Prakrit languages.
Career
Dr. A.N. Upadhye began his career as a Lecturer of Prakrit at Rajaram College, Kolhapur in 1930. He served full 32 years in Rajaram College and received D.Litt. Degree from Bombay University in 1939. He dedicated himself as Springer Research Scholar of Bombay University from 1939 to 1942. He retired from Rajaram College in 1962 after 32 years of loyal service. Later, he joined Shivaji University as a Professor Emeritus from 1962 to 1971, during this period he served as Dean of Arts Department as well. He worked closely with Dr. A.G. Pawar, then Vice-Chancellor of Shivaji University and also worked hard to lay a strong foundation for newly formed University.
Final Years and Death
In 1971, Upadhye became a founding professor and Head of the Jaina Chair at the University of Mysore. In this role, he was the driving force behind the establishment of the University's post-graduate Department of Jainalogy and Prankrit. His life and work was portrayed in the Marathi book "Charitra Tyanche Paha Jara".
Within days of retiring from Mysore University, Upadhye died of a heart attack on 08-Oct-1975 at his home in Kolhapur.
Bibliography
Hariṣeṇa. Bṛhatkathākoṣa, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1943.
Haribhadra. Dhūrtākhyāna, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1944.
Devasena. Darśanasāra, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Institute 15 (1935):198–206.
Siddhasena Divākara. Dvātriṃśikā, in A. N. Upadhye (1971).
Śubhacandra. Jñānārṇava, ed. H. L. Jain, Kailashchandra Siddhantacharya and A. N. Upadhye, Sholapur, 1977.
Svāmikumāra. Kārttikeyānuprekṣā, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Agas, 1978.
Yogīndu. Paramātmaprakāśa, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1937.
Kundakunda. Pravacanasāra with Amṛtacandra’s commentary, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1935.
Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama, vols 2 and 3, ed. H. Jain, A. N. Upadhye and K. Siddhantashastri, Sholapur, 1976 and 1980.
References
^ Kannada Sahitya Sammelana India, Accessed on 11 November 2014
^ "Dr. A.N. Upadhye - His Life And Accomplishments: 1.1 Important Stages In His Life @ HereNow4U". HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^ a b c Dr. A.N. Upadhye - His Life And Accomplishments India, Accessed on 11 November 2014
^ Joharapurkar, Amit (2023). Charitra Tyanche Paha Jara. ISBN 9789391708146.
External links
Dr. A.N. Upadhye - His Life And Accomplishments
Digjainwiki - Digambar Jain Wiki Portal and article on Dr. A.N. Upadhye
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Later, he joined Shivaji University as a Professor Emeritus from 1962 to 1971, during this period he served as Dean of Arts Department as well. He worked closely with Dr. A.G. Pawar, then Vice-Chancellor of Shivaji University and also worked hard to lay a strong foundation for newly formed University.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herenow4u.net-3"}],"text":"In 1971, Upadhye became a founding professor and Head of the Jaina Chair at the University of Mysore. In this role, he was the driving force behind the establishment of the University's post-graduate Department of Jainalogy and Prankrit. His life and work was portrayed in the Marathi book \"Charitra Tyanche Paha Jara\".[4]Within days of retiring from Mysore University, Upadhye died of a heart attack on 08-Oct-1975 at his home in Kolhapur.[3]","title":"Final Years and Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hariṣeṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harisena_(Jain_monk)"},{"link_name":"Bṛhatkathākoṣa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%B9%9Bhatkath%C4%81ko%E1%B9%A3a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haribhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haribhadra"},{"link_name":"Dhūrtākhyāna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dh%C5%ABrt%C4%81khy%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Devasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devasena_(Jain_monk)"},{"link_name":"Darśanasāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dar%C5%9Banas%C4%81ra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siddhasena Divākara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhasena_Div%C4%81kara"},{"link_name":"Dvātriṃśikā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dv%C4%81tri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bik%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jñānārṇava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81n%C4%81r%E1%B9%87ava"},{"link_name":"Kārttikeyānuprekṣā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C4%81rttikey%C4%81nuprek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paramātmaprakāśa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Param%C4%81tmaprak%C4%81%C5%9Ba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kundakunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundakunda"},{"link_name":"Pravacanasāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravacanas%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B9%ADkha%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81gama"}],"text":"Hariṣeṇa. Bṛhatkathākoṣa, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1943.\nHaribhadra. Dhūrtākhyāna, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1944.\nDevasena. Darśanasāra, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Institute 15 (1935):198–206.\nSiddhasena Divākara. Dvātriṃśikā, in A. N. Upadhye (1971).\nŚubhacandra. Jñānārṇava, ed. H. L. Jain, Kailashchandra Siddhantacharya and A. N. Upadhye, Sholapur, 1977.\nSvāmikumāra. Kārttikeyānuprekṣā, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Agas, 1978.\nYogīndu. Paramātmaprakāśa, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1937.\nKundakunda. Pravacanasāra with Amṛtacandra’s commentary, ed. A. N. Upadhye, Bombay, 1935.\nṢaṭkhaṇḍāgama, vols 2 and 3, ed. H. Jain, A. N. Upadhye and K. Siddhantashastri, Sholapur, 1976 and 1980.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru_Outer_Ring_Road
|
Outer Ring Road, Bangalore
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 12°55′29″N 77°40′54″E / 12.924763°N 77.68158°E / 12.924763; 77.68158Road in Karnataka, India
"Central Ring Road" redirects here. For the ring road in Moscow, see Central Ring Road (Russia).
12°55′29″N 77°40′54″E / 12.924763°N 77.68158°E / 12.924763; 77.68158
Outer Ring Roadಡಾ.ಪುನೀತ್ ರಾಜ್ಕುಮಾರ್ ವರ್ತುಲ ರಸ್ತೆAn underpass at a section of Outer Ring Road in JP NagarRoute informationLength60 km (37 mi)Existed1996–presentMajor junctionsMajor intersections
Tumakuru Road (NH 48)
Airport Road (NH 44)
Old Madras Road (NH 75)
Hosur Road (NH 44)
Bannerghatta Road (SH 87)
Kanakapura Road (NH 948)
Mysuru Road (NH 275)
Magadi Road (SH 85)
LocationCountryIndiaStateKarnataka
Highway system
Roads in India
Expressways
National
State
Asian
State Highways in Karnataka
The Outer Ring Road (ORR), officially renamed as ಡಾ.ಪುನೀತ್ ರಾಜ್ಕುಮಾರ್ ವರ್ತುಲ ರಸ್ತೆ (Dr. Puneeth Rajkumar Vartula Raste), is a ring road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. This 60-kilometre-long (37 mi) road was developed by the Bangalore Development Authority and different sections were opened progressively between 1996 and 2002. IT firms on the Outer Ring Road generate revenue of US$ 22 billion every year, accounting for 32% of Bengaluru’s total IT revenue.
The Outer Ring Road connects all major highways around the city – Tumakuru Road (NH 48), Airport Road (NH 44), Old Madras Road (NH 75), Hosur Road (NH 44), Bannerghatta Road (SH 87), Kanakapura Road (NH 948), Mysuru Road (NH 275) and Magadi Road (SH 85). It passes through major neighborhoods and suburbs such as Hebbala, Banaswadi, Krishnarajapuram, Mahadevapuram, Marathahalli, HSR Layout, Madiwala, BTM Layout, JP Nagar, Banashankari, Kengeri, Bangalore University, Nagarbhavi, Nandini Layout, Kengeri Satellite Town and Gokula.
Initially conceived to keep the truck traffic out of downtown Bangalore, the city has outgrown the Outer Ring Road. Nandi Infrastructure Corporation Limited has almost completed another partial ring road around Bangalore as a part of the Bangalore–Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) project. The BDA and BMRDA have planned three more ring roads beyond the existing ring road. The first of these, the Peripheral Ring Road (PRR) will run a few kilometres beyond the BMIC-PRR. The second and third of these will be known as the Intermediate Ring Road (IRR) and the Satellite Towns Ring Road (STRR) respectively.
See also
Inner Ring Road, Bangalore
NICE Road
Peripheral Ring Road
Satellite Town Ring Road
Bengaluru Elevated Tollways
Namma Metro
Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad
References
^ Poovanna, Sharan (1 July 2016). "Can the metro solve Bengaluru's traffic problem?". Mint. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ "August 30 floods: IT firms, banks on ORR say they lost ₹225 crore in a single day".
^ "Peripheral Ring Road work may begin by December". The Hindu. 21 June 2005. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Outer Ring Road, Bangalore.
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For the ring road in Moscow, see Central Ring Road (Russia).12°55′29″N 77°40′54″E / 12.924763°N 77.68158°E / 12.924763; 77.68158The Outer Ring Road (ORR), officially renamed as ಡಾ.ಪುನೀತ್ ರಾಜ್ಕುಮಾರ್ ವರ್ತುಲ ರಸ್ತೆ (Dr. Puneeth Rajkumar Vartula Raste), is a ring road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. This 60-kilometre-long (37 mi) road[1] was developed by the Bangalore Development Authority and different sections were opened progressively between 1996 and 2002. IT firms on the Outer Ring Road generate revenue of US$ 22 billion every year, accounting for 32% of Bengaluru’s total IT revenue.[2]The Outer Ring Road connects all major highways around the city – Tumakuru Road (NH 48), Airport Road (NH 44), Old Madras Road (NH 75), Hosur Road (NH 44), Bannerghatta Road (SH 87), Kanakapura Road (NH 948), Mysuru Road (NH 275) and Magadi Road (SH 85). It passes through major neighborhoods and suburbs such as Hebbala, Banaswadi, Krishnarajapuram, Mahadevapuram, Marathahalli, HSR Layout, Madiwala, BTM Layout, JP Nagar, Banashankari, Kengeri, Bangalore University, Nagarbhavi, Nandini Layout, Kengeri Satellite Town and Gokula.Initially conceived to keep the truck traffic out of downtown Bangalore, the city has outgrown the Outer Ring Road. Nandi Infrastructure Corporation Limited has almost completed another partial ring road around Bangalore as a part of the Bangalore–Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) project. The BDA and BMRDA have planned three more ring roads beyond the existing ring road. The first of these, the Peripheral Ring Road (PRR) will run a few kilometres beyond the BMIC-PRR. The second and third of these will be known as the Intermediate Ring Road (IRR) and the Satellite Towns Ring Road (STRR) respectively.[3]","title":"Outer Ring Road, Bangalore"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Inner Ring Road, Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road,_Bangalore"},{"title":"NICE Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore%E2%80%93Mysore_Infrastructure_Corridor"},{"title":"Peripheral Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Ring_Road"},{"title":"Satellite Town Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Town_Ring_Road"},{"title":"Bengaluru Elevated Tollways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru_Elevated_Tollways"},{"title":"Namma Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namma_Metro"},{"title":"Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Ring_Road,_Hyderabad"}]
|
[{"reference":"Poovanna, Sharan (1 July 2016). \"Can the metro solve Bengaluru's traffic problem?\". Mint. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/Politics/icIhHQ1eDY2ossseaYQtzN/Can-the-metro-solve-Bengalurus-traffic-problem.html","url_text":"\"Can the metro solve Bengaluru's traffic problem?\""}]},{"reference":"\"August 30 floods: IT firms, banks on ORR say they lost ₹225 crore in a single day\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/august-30-floods-it-firms-banks-on-orr-say-they-lost-225-crore-in-a-single-day/article65846490.ece","url_text":"\"August 30 floods: IT firms, banks on ORR say they lost ₹225 crore in a single day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peripheral Ring Road work may begin by December\". The Hindu. 21 June 2005. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 29 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060629131729/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/21/stories/2005062119600300.htm","url_text":"\"Peripheral Ring Road work may begin by December\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/21/stories/2005062119600300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Browne
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Agnes Browne
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Legacy","5 References","6 External links"]
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For the 2014 film, see Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie.
For other uses, see Agnes Brown (disambiguation).
1999 American filmAgnes BrowneTheatrical release posterDirected byAnjelica HustonScreenplay byJohn GoldsmithBased onThe Mammy by Brendan O'CarrollProduced byAnjelica HustonJim SheridanStarring
Anjelica Huston
Marion O'Dwyer
Ray Winstone
Arno Chevrier
Gerard McSorley
Tom Jones
CinematographyAnthony B. RichmondEdited byEva GardosMusic byPaddy MoloneyProductioncompanyOctober FilmsDistributed by
USA Films (United States and Canada)
Universal Pictures (United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, Benelux, Scandinavia and Latin America; through United International Pictures)
Release dates
December 3, 1999 (1999-12-03) (Limited)
March 3, 2000 (2000-03-03)
Running time92 minutesCountriesUnited StatesIrelandLanguagesEnglishFrenchBox office$148,853
Agnes Browne is a 1999 Irish romantic comedy-drama film directed, produced by, and starring Anjelica Huston, based on the book The Mammy by Brendan O'Carroll.
Plot
In 1967 in Dublin, the unexpected death of Agnes Browne's husband sends her family, consisting of seven children aged between two and fourteen, into emotional turmoil and financial crisis. She is forced to borrow money from a ruthless loan shark named Mr. Billy to make ends meet. Agnes faces her dismal existence by selling fruits and vegetables at an open-air market based in Dublin's Moore Street, where she spends time with her best friend Marion. Marion proves to be a great source of encouragement in Agnes's difficulties.
Wishing to escape her troubles, if only for a short time, Agnes dreams of finding enough money to attend an upcoming Tom Jones concert. Agnes' dream is realized when Marion secretly buys two tickets and gives them to her. Agnes also accepts the offer of a date with a French baker named Pierre, and her children pool their money together and buy her a new dress to wear on the date. Meanwhile, Marion soon discovers an ominous lump in her breast, which proves to be malignant.
Eventually the family has to face the loan shark. Mr. Billy warns Agnes that she has until Christmas to pay him back or he will strip her house of her furniture. On Christmas Day, Agnes receives a letter stating she can collect the money from the hotel where her husband worked. She holds off Mr. Billy and sends her children to the hotel, where they meet Tom Jones and tell him their story. Tom then visits Agnes in her home, helps her pay off Mr. Billy, and takes her, her children and their dog to his concert, where Jones dedicates his song "She's a Lady" to Agnes.
Cast
Anjelica Huston as Agnes Browne
Marion O'Dwyer as Marion Monks
Ray Winstone as Mr. Billy
Arno Chevrier as Pierre
Niall O'Shea as Mark Browne
Ciaran Owens as Frankie Browne
Roxanna Williams as Cathy Browne
Carl Power as Simon Browne
Mark Power as Dermot Browne
Gareth O'Connor as Rory Browne
James Lappin as Trevor Browne
Tom Jones as himself
Will Anderson as Tom Jones' stunt double
Gerard McSorley as Mr. Aherne
Kate O'Toole as Senior Sister Magdalen
June Rodgers as Fat Annie
Jennifer Gibney as Winnie the Mackerel
Steve Mount as Tommo Monks
Brendan O'Carroll as Seamus the Drunk
Doreen Keogh as Mortuary Nun
Reception
Agnes Browne was not well-received in the United States. Franz Lidz, writing in The New York Times, called it a "flimsy whimsy" and chided Roger Ebert for liking it. William Arnold felt that the ending trivialized the story, leaving the audience "with the uncomfortable feeling that we've just viewed some episode of a TV sitcom of the era." The New York Times reviewer Stephen Holden found it "nothing more than a series of homey skits loosely woven into a portrait of a working-class saint."
The film had a better reception in Europe, winning the Youth Jury Award at the 1999 San Sebastián International Film Festival. It also received a Grand Prix nomination at the Ghent International Film Festival the same year.
Legacy
The Mammy was followed by two additional books: The Chiselers and The Granny. A book about Agnes Brown's early life, The Young Wan, was published later. However, these were not made into films. Brendan O'Carroll has had his own success with the Brown family in Mrs. Brown's Boys, both on the theatre stage and on television.
References
^ Carver, Benedict (27 October 1998). "U takes 'Mammy' o'seas". Variety. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
^ "Agnes Browne". Box Office Mojo.
^ Levy, Emanuel (31 May 1999). "Agnes Browne (period drama)". Variety. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021.
^ Dequina, Michael (17 December 1999). "Agnes Browne (R)". The Movie Report.
^ Lidz, Franz (16 April 2000). "Film - A Shot at Thumb-Wrestling With Roger". The New York Times. section 2, page 9, column 2.
^ Arnold, William (3 March 2000). "'Agnes Browne' dances to a lighter beat than 'Angela's Ashes'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
^ Holden, Steven (3 December 1999). "Widowed Mom of 7 vs. a Loan Shark". The New York Times. section E, part I (page 25), column 1.
^ Awards for Agnes Browne at IMDb
External links
Agnes Browne at IMDb
Agnes Browne at Box Office Mojo
Agnes Browne at Rotten Tomatoes
vteMrs. Brown's BoysMrs. Brown's Boys
Characters
Episodes
Spin-offs
Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie
All Round to Mrs. Brown's
Related articles
Agnes Browne (1999)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Brown%27s_Boys_D%27Movie"},{"link_name":"Agnes Brown (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Brown_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama_film"},{"link_name":"Anjelica Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelica_Huston"},{"link_name":"Brendan O'Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Carroll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-3"}],"text":"For the 2014 film, see Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie.For other uses, see Agnes Brown (disambiguation).1999 American filmAgnes Browne is a 1999 Irish romantic comedy-drama film directed, produced by, and starring Anjelica Huston, based on the book The Mammy by Brendan O'Carroll.[3]","title":"Agnes Browne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"loan shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_shark"},{"link_name":"Moore Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_Street"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"}],"text":"In 1967 in Dublin, the unexpected death of Agnes Browne's husband sends her family, consisting of seven children aged between two and fourteen, into emotional turmoil and financial crisis. She is forced to borrow money from a ruthless loan shark named Mr. Billy to make ends meet. Agnes faces her dismal existence by selling fruits and vegetables at an open-air market based in Dublin's Moore Street, where she spends time with her best friend Marion. Marion proves to be a great source of encouragement in Agnes's difficulties.Wishing to escape her troubles, if only for a short time, Agnes dreams of finding enough money to attend an upcoming Tom Jones concert. Agnes' dream is realized when Marion secretly buys two tickets and gives them to her. Agnes also accepts the offer of a date with a French baker named Pierre, and her children pool their money together and buy her a new dress to wear on the date. Meanwhile, Marion soon discovers an ominous lump in her breast, which proves to be malignant.Eventually the family has to face the loan shark. Mr. Billy warns Agnes that she has until Christmas to pay him back or he will strip her house of her furniture. On Christmas Day, Agnes receives a letter stating she can collect the money from the hotel where her husband worked. She holds off Mr. Billy and sends her children to the hotel, where they meet Tom Jones and tell him their story. Tom then visits Agnes in her home, helps her pay off Mr. Billy, and takes her, her children and their dog to his concert, where Jones dedicates his song \"She's a Lady\" to Agnes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anjelica Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjelica_Huston"},{"link_name":"Ray Winstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Winstone"},{"link_name":"Tom Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jones_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Gerard McSorley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_McSorley"},{"link_name":"Kate O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_O%27Toole_(actress)"},{"link_name":"June Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Gibney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Gibney"},{"link_name":"Brendan O'Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Carroll"},{"link_name":"Doreen Keogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Keogh"}],"text":"Anjelica Huston as Agnes Browne\nMarion O'Dwyer as Marion Monks\nRay Winstone as Mr. Billy\nArno Chevrier as Pierre\nNiall O'Shea as Mark Browne\nCiaran Owens as Frankie Browne\nRoxanna Williams as Cathy Browne\nCarl Power as Simon Browne\nMark Power as Dermot Browne\nGareth O'Connor as Rory Browne\nJames Lappin as Trevor Browne\nTom Jones as himself\nWill Anderson as Tom Jones' stunt double\nGerard McSorley as Mr. Aherne\nKate O'Toole as Senior Sister Magdalen\nJune Rodgers as Fat Annie\nJennifer Gibney as Winnie the Mackerel\nSteve Mount as Tommo Monks\nBrendan O'Carroll as Seamus the Drunk\nDoreen Keogh as Mortuary Nun","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"working-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working-class"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Agnes Browne was not well-received in the United States.[4] Franz Lidz, writing in The New York Times, called it a \"flimsy whimsy\" and chided Roger Ebert for liking it.[5] William Arnold felt that the ending trivialized the story, leaving the audience \"with the uncomfortable feeling that we've just viewed some episode of a TV sitcom of the era.\"[6] The New York Times reviewer Stephen Holden found it \"nothing more than a series of homey skits loosely woven into a portrait of a working-class saint.\"[7]The film had a better reception in Europe, winning the Youth Jury Award at the 1999 San Sebastián International Film Festival. It also received a Grand Prix nomination at the Ghent International Film Festival the same year.[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mrs. Brown's Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Brown%27s_Boys"}],"text":"The Mammy was followed by two additional books: The Chiselers and The Granny. A book about Agnes Brown's early life, The Young Wan, was published later. However, these were not made into films. Brendan O'Carroll has had his own success with the Brown family in Mrs. Brown's Boys, both on the theatre stage and on television.","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cradle_Song
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A Cradle Song
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["1 Structure","2 Background","3 Paraphrase","4 Analysis","5 In music","6 References","7 Further reading"]
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1789 poem by William Blake
For the Yeats poem, see A Cradle Song (W. B. Yeats poem).
Illustrated "A Cradle Song" in William Blake's Songs of Innocence
"A Cradle Song" is a poem written by William Blake in 1789, as part of his book Songs of Innocence.
Structure
The 32-line poem is divided into 8 stanzas of 4 lines each. Each stanza follows an "AABB" rhyme scheme.
“A Cradle Song” follows a couplet structure where each pair of lines rhyme. This lends the poem a graceful sound and makes it easy to sing. While writing this poem, Blake drew from the image of a mother sitting over her infant while the baby is in her crib falling sleep.
Background
Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757. He died on August 12, 1827. He claimed that in a dream his brother Robert taught him the printing method that he used in Songs of Innocence and other illuminated works. Songs of Innocence includes poems about children and the clash between the corruption of the world and the innocence of youth. He uses imagery throughout Songs of Innocence.
Paraphrase
In “A Cradle Song”, a mother sings to her child, asking the infant to stay asleep. The mother asks her child to sleep through the night. While she looks at her infant's face, the mother sees Jesus. When she sees the infant smiling, she sees Jesus smiling at her and the world. At the end of the poem, she states how heaven and earth are at peace and have harmony when she sees her baby smile.
Analysis
A key theme in “A Cradle Song” is the mother's love for her child. The mother uses the word “sweet” ten times in the poem. She makes the infant seem angelic by the way she describes the child. The mother claims her child is “dovelike”, using the dove as a symbol for holiness and love. The woman ties the spiritual world to the physical. She notes how she can trace His (Christ's) holy image on her baby. The mother tells the baby to sleep as she cries, representing how the mother is aware of the sinful world her baby will grow up and eventually die in. She claims how Jesus wept for all and wept for her. The mother has faith that her infant will be okay even when she can no longer protect her, but it still saddens her to not be able to shield her from the world.
In music
There are famous artists that have claimed that they were inspired by William Blake, including Bob Dylan, John Lennon, and The Beatles, Bono and U2, Led Zeppelin, and many more. Some have even used Blake's poems in the creation of their music. In A Charm of Lullabies, Benjamin Britten sets "A Cradle Song" to music alongside four other poems.
References
^ a b "Cradle Song." Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.
^ Burch, Michael R. "William Blake: Influence and References in Popular Culture." William Blake: Influence and References in Popular Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2015.
^ Benjamin Britten. University of California Press. 1 January 1970. p. 59. ISBN 9780520016798. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Further reading
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
A Cradle Song (Blake, 1789)
Davies, Keri. "Blake Set to Music." Zoamorphosis.com. N.p., 08 Aug. 2010. Web.
Snyder, Timothy (1995). "Reviewed work: A Cradle Song, David Hurd". The Choral Journal. 36 (2): 73–74. JSTOR 23550466.
"Synopsis and Commentary." » Songs of Innocence and Experience Study Guide from Crossref-it.info. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.
Vines, Timothy. ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S SONGS OF INNOCENCE (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
Whissell, Cynthia (2001). "The Emotionality of William Blake's Poems: A Quantitative Comparison of Songs of Innocence with Songs of Experience". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 92 (2): 459–467. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.459. PMID 11361308. S2CID 32680238.
vteWilliam BlakeLiterary worksEarly writings
Poetical Sketches
An Island in the Moon
All Religions are One
There is No Natural Religion
Songs of Innocence and of ExperienceSongs of Innocence
The Shepherd
The Ecchoing Green
The Lamb
The Little Black Boy
The Blossom
The Chimney Sweeper
The Little Boy Lost
The Little Boy Found
Laughing Song
A Cradle Song
The Divine Image
Holy Thursday
Night
Spring
Nurse's Song
Infant Joy
A Dream
On Another's Sorrow
Songs of Experience
Introduction
Earth's Answer
The Clod and the Pebble
Holy Thursday
The Little Girl Lost
The Little Girl Found
The Chimney Sweeper
Nurse's Song
The Sick Rose
The Fly
The Angel
The Tyger
My Pretty Rose Tree
Ah! Sun-flower
The Lilly
The Garden of Love
The Little Vagabond
London
The Human Abstract
Infant Sorrow
A Poison Tree
A Little Boy Lost
A Little Girl Lost
To Tirzah
The School Boy
The Voice of the Ancient Bard
A Divine Image (found only in Copy BB)
Prophetic booksThe continental prophecies
America a Prophecy
Europe a Prophecy
The Song of Los
Other
Tiriel
The Book of Thel
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
The French Revolution
Visions of the Daughters of Albion
The Book of Urizen
The Book of Ahania
The Book of Los
The Four Zoas
Milton
Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion
The Pickering Manuscript
"Auguries of Innocence"
"The Mental Traveller"
The Rossetti Manuscript"Never pain to tell thy love"Mythology
Ahania
Albion
Beulah
Bromion
Enion
Enitharmon
Fuzon
Golgonooza
Grodna
Har
Leutha
Los
Luvah
Orc
Palamabron
Spectre
Tharmas
Thiriel
Tiriel
Urizen
Urthona
Utha
Vala
ArtPaintingsand prints
Relief etching
Engravings for Original Stories from Real Life
The Ancient of Days
Europe Supported by Africa and America
The Night of Enitharmon's Joy
Newton
Nebuchadnezzar
Illustrations for Night-Thoughts
Illustrations of The Grave
The Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne
Illustrations of Paradise Lost
A Vision of the Last Judgement
Descriptive Catalogue
The Great Red Dragon paintings
Pity
The Ghost of a Flea
Agony in the Garden
Illustrations of On the Morning of Christ's Nativity
The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides
Illustrations of the Book of Job
Sketches
Visionary Heads
Scholarship, in popular culture, and moreScholarly works
Life of William Blake
The Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic and Critical
Fearful Symmetry
Blake: Prophet Against Empire
Witness Against the Beast
Musical
Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943)
Ten Blake Songs (1958)
Songs and Proverbs of William Blake (1965)
The Lamb (1982)
Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998)
Related
William Blake in popular culture
William Blake Archive
Blake (1983 monologue)
In Lambeth (1989 play)
Catherine Blake (wife)
Ancients
|
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In A Charm of Lullabies, Benjamin Britten sets \"A Cradle Song\" to music alongside four other poems.[3]","title":"In music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"A Cradle Song (Blake, 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Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Poetical Sketches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetical_Sketches"},{"link_name":"An Island in the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Island_in_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"All Religions are One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Religions_are_One"},{"link_name":"There is No Natural Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_is_No_Natural_Religion"},{"link_name":"Songs of Innocence and of Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience"},{"link_name":"The Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shepherd_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"The Ecchoing Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Echoing_Green"},{"link_name":"The Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lamb_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Little Black Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Black_Boy"},{"link_name":"The Blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blossom"},{"link_name":"The Chimney Sweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chimney_Sweeper"},{"link_name":"The Little Boy Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Boy_Lost"},{"link_name":"The Little Boy Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Boy_Found"},{"link_name":"Laughing Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughing_Song"},{"link_name":"A Cradle Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"The Divine Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Image"},{"link_name":"Holy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Thursday_(Songs_of_Innocence)"},{"link_name":"Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Nurse's Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse%27s_Song"},{"link_name":"Infant Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Joy"},{"link_name":"A Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dream_(Blake_poem)"},{"link_name":"On Another's Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Another%27s_Sorrow"},{"link_name":"Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_(Blake,_1794)"},{"link_name":"Earth's Answer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_Answer"},{"link_name":"The Clod and the Pebble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clod_and_the_Pebble"},{"link_name":"Holy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Thursday_(Songs_of_Experience)"},{"link_name":"The Little Girl Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Girl_Lost"},{"link_name":"The Little Girl Found","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Girl_Found"},{"link_name":"The Chimney Sweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chimney_Sweeper"},{"link_name":"Nurse's Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse%27s_Song"},{"link_name":"The Sick Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sick_Rose"},{"link_name":"The Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fly_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angel_(Songs_of_Experience)"},{"link_name":"The Tyger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tyger"},{"link_name":"My Pretty Rose Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Pretty_Rose_Tree"},{"link_name":"Ah! Sun-flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah!_Sun-flower"},{"link_name":"The Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lilly_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Love_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Little Vagabond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Vagabond"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_(William_Blake_poem)"},{"link_name":"The Human Abstract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Abstract_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Infant Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_Sorrow"},{"link_name":"A Poison Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Poison_Tree"},{"link_name":"A Little Boy Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Boy_Lost"},{"link_name":"A Little Girl Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_Girl_Lost"},{"link_name":"To Tirzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Tirzah"},{"link_name":"The School Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_Boy"},{"link_name":"The Voice of the Ancient Bard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Ancient_Bard"},{"link_name":"A Divine Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Divine_Image"},{"link_name":"Prophetic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake%27s_prophetic_books"},{"link_name":"continental prophecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_prophecies"},{"link_name":"America a Prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_a_Prophecy"},{"link_name":"Europe a Prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_a_Prophecy"},{"link_name":"The Song of Los","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Los"},{"link_name":"Tiriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriel_(poem)"},{"link_name":"The Book of Thel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Thel"},{"link_name":"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell"},{"link_name":"The French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Revolution_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Visions of the Daughters of Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visions_of_the_Daughters_of_Albion"},{"link_name":"The Book of Urizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Urizen"},{"link_name":"The Book of Ahania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Ahania"},{"link_name":"The Book of Los","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Los"},{"link_name":"The Four Zoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala,_or_The_Four_Zoas"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton:_A_Poem_in_Two_Books"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem:_The_Emanation_of_the_Giant_Albion"},{"link_name":"Auguries of Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguries_of_Innocence"},{"link_name":"The Mental Traveller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mental_Traveller"},{"link_name":"Rossetti Manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notebook_of_William_Blake"},{"link_name":"Never pain to tell thy love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_pain_to_tell_thy_love"},{"link_name":"Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake%27s_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ahania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahania"},{"link_name":"Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Beulah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulah_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Bromion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromion"},{"link_name":"Enion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enion"},{"link_name":"Enitharmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enitharmon"},{"link_name":"Fuzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzon_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Golgonooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgonooza"},{"link_name":"Grodna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodna_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Har","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Leutha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leutha"},{"link_name":"Los","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Luvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvah"},{"link_name":"Orc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Palamabron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamabron"},{"link_name":"Spectre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Tharmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharmas"},{"link_name":"Thiriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiriel"},{"link_name":"Tiriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriel_(character)"},{"link_name":"Urizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urizen"},{"link_name":"Urthona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthona"},{"link_name":"Utha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utha"},{"link_name":"Vala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Relief etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Religions_are_One#Relief_etching"},{"link_name":"Engravings for Original Stories from Real Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life#Illustrations"},{"link_name":"The Ancient of Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days"},{"link_name":"Europe Supported by Africa and America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Supported_by_Africa_and_America"},{"link_name":"The Night of Enitharmon's Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_Enitharmon%27s_Joy"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Illustrations for Night-Thoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-Thoughts#Blake's_illustrations_of_1795%E2%80%9397"},{"link_name":"Illustrations of The Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grave_(poem)#Publication_by_Cromek_and_Blake's_illustrations"},{"link_name":"The Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_and_Twenty_Elders_Casting_their_Crowns_before_the_Divine_Throne"},{"link_name":"Illustrations of Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost"},{"link_name":"A Vision of the Last Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vision_of_the_Last_Judgement"},{"link_name":"Descriptive Catalogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_Catalogue_(1809)"},{"link_name":"The Great Red Dragon paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Red_Dragon_paintings"},{"link_name":"Pity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pity_(William_Blake)"},{"link_name":"The Ghost of a Flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghost_of_a_Flea"},{"link_name":"Agony in the Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden_(Blake)"},{"link_name":"Illustrations of On the Morning of Christ's Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_On_the_Morning_of_Christ%27s_Nativity"},{"link_name":"The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wood_of_the_Self-Murderers:_The_Harpies_and_the_Suicides"},{"link_name":"Illustrations of the Book of Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake%27s_Illustrations_of_the_Book_of_Job"},{"link_name":"Visionary Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_Heads"},{"link_name":"Life of William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_William_Blake"},{"link_name":"The Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic and Critical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_of_William_Blake:_Poetic,_Symbolic_and_Critical"},{"link_name":"Fearful Symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearful_Symmetry_(book)"},{"link_name":"Blake: Prophet Against Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake:_Prophet_Against_Empire"},{"link_name":"Witness Against the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_Against_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade_for_Tenor,_Horn_and_Strings"},{"link_name":"Ten Blake Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Blake_Songs"},{"link_name":"Songs and Proverbs of William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_and_Proverbs_of_William_Blake"},{"link_name":"The Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lamb_(Tavener)"},{"link_name":"Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themes_from_William_Blake%27s_The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell"},{"link_name":"William Blake in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"William Blake Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake_Archive"},{"link_name":"Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_(monologue)"},{"link_name":"In Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Lambeth_(play)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Blake (wife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Blake"},{"link_name":"Ancients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nA Cradle Song (Blake, 1789)Davies, Keri. [3] \"Blake Set to Music.\" Zoamorphosis.com. N.p., 08 Aug. 2010. Web.\nSnyder, Timothy (1995). \"Reviewed work: A Cradle Song, David Hurd\". The Choral Journal. 36 (2): 73–74. JSTOR 23550466.\n[4]\"Synopsis and Commentary.\" » Songs of Innocence and Experience Study Guide from Crossref-it.info. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.\nVines, Timothy. [5] ANALYSIS OF WILLIAM BLAKE’S SONGS OF INNOCENCE (n.d.): n. pag. Web.\nWhissell, Cynthia (2001). \"The Emotionality of William Blake's Poems: A Quantitative Comparison of Songs of Innocence with Songs of Experience\". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 92 (2): 459–467. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.459. PMID 11361308. S2CID 32680238.vteWilliam BlakeLiterary worksEarly writings\nPoetical Sketches\nAn Island in the Moon\nAll Religions are One\nThere is No Natural Religion\nSongs of Innocence and of ExperienceSongs of Innocence\nThe Shepherd\nThe Ecchoing Green\nThe Lamb\nThe Little Black Boy\nThe Blossom\nThe Chimney Sweeper\nThe Little Boy Lost\nThe Little Boy Found\nLaughing Song\nA Cradle Song\nThe Divine Image\nHoly Thursday\nNight\nSpring\nNurse's Song\nInfant Joy\nA Dream\nOn Another's Sorrow\nSongs of Experience\nIntroduction\nEarth's Answer\nThe Clod and the Pebble\nHoly Thursday\nThe Little Girl Lost\nThe Little Girl Found\nThe Chimney Sweeper\nNurse's Song\nThe Sick Rose\nThe Fly\nThe Angel\nThe Tyger\nMy Pretty Rose Tree\nAh! Sun-flower\nThe Lilly\nThe Garden of Love\nThe Little Vagabond\nLondon\nThe Human Abstract\nInfant Sorrow\nA Poison Tree\nA Little Boy Lost\nA Little Girl Lost\nTo Tirzah\nThe School Boy\nThe Voice of the Ancient Bard\nA Divine Image (found only in Copy BB)\nProphetic booksThe continental prophecies\nAmerica a Prophecy\nEurope a Prophecy\nThe Song of Los\nOther\nTiriel\nThe Book of Thel\nThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell\nThe French Revolution\nVisions of the Daughters of Albion\nThe Book of Urizen\nThe Book of Ahania\nThe Book of Los\nThe Four Zoas\nMilton\nJerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion\nThe Pickering Manuscript\n\"Auguries of Innocence\"\n\"The Mental Traveller\"\nThe Rossetti Manuscript\"Never pain to tell thy love\"Mythology\nAhania\nAlbion\nBeulah\nBromion\nEnion\nEnitharmon\nFuzon\nGolgonooza\nGrodna\nHar\nLeutha\nLos\nLuvah\nOrc\nPalamabron\nSpectre\nTharmas\nThiriel\nTiriel\nUrizen\nUrthona\nUtha\nVala\nArtPaintingsand prints\nRelief etching\nEngravings for Original Stories from Real Life\nThe Ancient of Days\nEurope Supported by Africa and America\nThe Night of Enitharmon's Joy\nNewton\nNebuchadnezzar\nIllustrations for Night-Thoughts\nIllustrations of The Grave\nThe Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne\nIllustrations of Paradise Lost\nA Vision of the Last Judgement\nDescriptive Catalogue\nThe Great Red Dragon paintings\nPity\nThe Ghost of a Flea\nAgony in the Garden\nIllustrations of On the Morning of Christ's Nativity\nThe Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides\nIllustrations of the Book of Job\nSketches\nVisionary Heads\nScholarship, in popular culture, and moreScholarly works\nLife of William Blake\nThe Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic and Critical\nFearful Symmetry\nBlake: Prophet Against Empire\nWitness Against the Beast\nMusical\nSerenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943)\nTen Blake Songs (1958)\nSongs and Proverbs of William Blake (1965)\nThe Lamb (1982)\nThemes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998)\nRelated\nWilliam Blake in popular culture\nWilliam Blake Archive\nBlake (1983 monologue)\nIn Lambeth (1989 play)\nCatherine Blake (wife)\nAncients","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Illustrated \"A Cradle Song\" in William Blake's Songs of Innocence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_AA%2C_1826_%28The_Fitzwilliam_Museum%29_object_16_A_CRADLE_SONG.jpg/220px-Songs_of_Innocence_and_of_Experience%2C_copy_AA%2C_1826_%28The_Fitzwilliam_Museum%29_object_16_A_CRADLE_SONG.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Benjamin Britten. University of California Press. 1 January 1970. p. 59. ISBN 9780520016798. Retrieved 7 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a6xcZf0Vt5cC&q=%22A+Cradle+Song%22+%22Benjamin+Britten%22&pg=PA59","url_text":"Benjamin Britten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520016798","url_text":"9780520016798"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Timothy (1995). \"Reviewed work: A Cradle Song, David Hurd\". The Choral Journal. 36 (2): 73–74. JSTOR 23550466.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23550466","url_text":"23550466"}]},{"reference":"Whissell, Cynthia (2001). \"The Emotionality of William Blake's Poems: A Quantitative Comparison of Songs of Innocence with Songs of Experience\". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 92 (2): 459–467. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.459. PMID 11361308. S2CID 32680238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.2001.92.2.459","url_text":"10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361308","url_text":"11361308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32680238","url_text":"32680238"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/william-blake","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.thehypertexts.com/William%20Blake%20Influence%20References%20Popular%20Culture.htm","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a6xcZf0Vt5cC&q=%22A+Cradle+Song%22+%22Benjamin+Britten%22&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"Benjamin Britten"},{"Link":"http://zoamorphosis.com/2011/06/blake-set-to-music-%E2%80%93-adrian-leverkuhn/","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23550466","external_links_name":"23550466"},{"Link":"http://crossref-it.info/textguide/songs-of-innocence-and-experience/13/1500","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://eview.anu.edu.au/cross-sections/vol1/pdf/ch12.pdf","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.2001.92.2.459","external_links_name":"10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.459"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11361308","external_links_name":"11361308"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32680238","external_links_name":"32680238"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_dimension
|
Weak dimension
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["1 Examples","2 References"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In abstract algebra, the weak dimension of a nonzero right module M over a ring R is the largest number n such that the Tor group
Tor
n
R
(
M
,
N
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tor} _{n}^{R}(M,N)}
is nonzero for some left R-module N (or infinity if no largest such n exists), and the weak dimension of a left R-module is defined similarly. The weak dimension was introduced by Henri Cartan and Samuel Eilenberg (1956, p.122). The weak dimension is sometimes called the flat dimension as it is the shortest length of the resolution of the module by flat modules. The weak dimension of a module is, at most, equal to its projective dimension.
The weak global dimension of a ring is the largest number n such that
Tor
n
R
(
M
,
N
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Tor} _{n}^{R}(M,N)}
is nonzero for some right R-module M and left R-module N. If there is no such largest number n, the weak global dimension is defined to be infinite. It is at most equal to the left or right global dimension of the ring R.
Examples
The module
Q
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
of rational numbers over the ring
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
of integers has weak dimension 0, but projective dimension 1.
The module
Q
/
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z} }
over the ring
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
has weak dimension 1, but injective dimension 0.
The module
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
over the ring
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
has weak dimension 0, but injective dimension 1.
A Prüfer domain has weak global dimension at most 1.
A Von Neumann regular ring has weak global dimension 0.
A product of infinitely many fields has weak global dimension 0 but its global dimension is nonzero.
If a ring is right Noetherian, then the right global dimension is the same as the weak global dimension, and is at most the left global dimension. In particular if a ring is right and left Noetherian then the left and right global dimensions and the weak global dimension are all the same.
The triangular matrix ring
[
Z
Q
0
Q
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbb {Z} &\mathbb {Q} \\0&\mathbb {Q} \end{bmatrix}}}
has right global dimension 1, weak global dimension 1, but left global dimension 2. It is right Noetherian, but not left Noetherian.
References
Cartan, Henri; Eilenberg, Samuel (1956), Homological algebra, Princeton Mathematical Series, vol. 19, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04991-5, MR 0077480
Năstăsescu, Constantin; Van Oystaeyen, Freddy (1987), Dimensions of ring theory, Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 36, D. Reidel Publishing Co., doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3835-9, ISBN 9789027724618, MR 0894033
This commutative algebra-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abstract algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"nonzero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_module"},{"link_name":"module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Tor group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_functor"},{"link_name":"nonzero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_group"},{"link_name":"Henri Cartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartan"},{"link_name":"Samuel Eilenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCartanEilenberg1956"},{"link_name":"resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"flat modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_module"},{"link_name":"projective dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_dimension"},{"link_name":"global dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimension"}],"text":"In abstract algebra, the weak dimension of a nonzero right module M over a ring R is the largest number n such that the Tor group \n \n \n \n \n Tor\n \n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n N\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tor} _{n}^{R}(M,N)}\n \n is nonzero for some left R-module N (or infinity if no largest such n exists), and the weak dimension of a left R-module is defined similarly. The weak dimension was introduced by Henri Cartan and Samuel Eilenberg (1956, p.122). The weak dimension is sometimes called the flat dimension as it is the shortest length of the resolution of the module by flat modules. The weak dimension of a module is, at most, equal to its projective dimension.The weak global dimension of a ring is the largest number n such that \n \n \n \n \n Tor\n \n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n (\n M\n ,\n N\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Tor} _{n}^{R}(M,N)}\n \n is nonzero for some right R-module M and left R-module N. If there is no such largest number n, the weak global dimension is defined to be infinite. It is at most equal to the left or right global dimension of the ring R.","title":"Weak dimension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"injective dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_dimension"},{"link_name":"Prüfer domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCfer_domain"},{"link_name":"Von Neumann regular ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_regular_ring"},{"link_name":"product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_of_rings"},{"link_name":"fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Noetherian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_ring"},{"link_name":"triangular matrix ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_matrix_ring"}],"text":"The module \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n of rational numbers over the ring \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n of integers has weak dimension 0, but projective dimension 1.\nThe module \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n /\n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} /\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n over the ring \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n has weak dimension 1, but injective dimension 0.\nThe module \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n over the ring \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n has weak dimension 0, but injective dimension 1.\nA Prüfer domain has weak global dimension at most 1.\nA Von Neumann regular ring has weak global dimension 0.\nA product of infinitely many fields has weak global dimension 0 but its global dimension is nonzero.\nIf a ring is right Noetherian, then the right global dimension is the same as the weak global dimension, and is at most the left global dimension. In particular if a ring is right and left Noetherian then the left and right global dimensions and the weak global dimension are all the same.\nThe triangular matrix ring \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbb {Z} &\\mathbb {Q} \\\\0&\\mathbb {Q} \\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n has right global dimension 1, weak global dimension 1, but left global dimension 2. It is right Noetherian, but not left Noetherian.","title":"Examples"}]
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[{"reference":"Cartan, Henri; Eilenberg, Samuel (1956), Homological algebra, Princeton Mathematical Series, vol. 19, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04991-5, MR 0077480","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cartan","url_text":"Cartan, Henri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eilenberg","url_text":"Eilenberg, Samuel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0268b52ghcsC","url_text":"Homological algebra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04991-5","url_text":"978-0-691-04991-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0077480","url_text":"0077480"}]},{"reference":"Năstăsescu, Constantin; Van Oystaeyen, Freddy (1987), Dimensions of ring theory, Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 36, D. Reidel Publishing Co., doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3835-9, ISBN 9789027724618, MR 0894033","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Van_Oystaeyen","url_text":"Van Oystaeyen, Freddy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-3835-9","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-009-3835-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027724618","url_text":"9789027724618"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0894033","url_text":"0894033"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0268b52ghcsC","external_links_name":"Homological algebra"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0077480","external_links_name":"0077480"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-3835-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-94-009-3835-9"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0894033","external_links_name":"0894033"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weak_dimension&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf_(disambiguation)
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Korf
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[]
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Look up korf in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Korf may refer to:
Places
Korf, Amol, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
Korf, North Khorasan, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran
Korf, Russia, a rural locality (a selo) in Kamchatka Krai, Russia
KORF, the ICAO airport code for Norfolk International Airport, Virginia, United States
People
Andrey Korf (1831–1893), Russian general
Anthony Korf (b. 1951), American composer
Bruce R. Korf, American medical geneticist
Fyodor Korf (1773–1823), Russian military officer
Mia Korf (b. 1965), American actress
Richard P. Korf (1925–2016), American mycologist
Tjeerd Korf (b. 1983), Dutch association football player
Other uses
Korfball, a ball sport, similar to netball and basketball
See also
Korfa Bay, Kamchatka Peninsula coast of the Bering Sea in Russia
Korff (disambiguation)
Karaf (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Korf.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/korf"}],"text":"Look up korf in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Korf may refer to:","title":"Korf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korf, Amol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf,_Amol"},{"link_name":"Korf, North Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf,_North_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Korf, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korf,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_International_Airport"}],"text":"Korf, Amol, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran\nKorf, North Khorasan, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran\nKorf, Russia, a rural locality (a selo) in Kamchatka Krai, Russia\nKORF, the ICAO airport code for Norfolk International Airport, Virginia, United States","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrey Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Korf"},{"link_name":"Anthony Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Korf"},{"link_name":"Bruce R. Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_R._Korf"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Korf"},{"link_name":"Mia Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Korf"},{"link_name":"Richard P. Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Korf"},{"link_name":"Tjeerd Korf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeerd_Korf"}],"text":"Andrey Korf (1831–1893), Russian general\nAnthony Korf (b. 1951), American composer\nBruce R. Korf, American medical geneticist\nFyodor Korf (1773–1823), Russian military officer\nMia Korf (b. 1965), American actress\nRichard P. Korf (1925–2016), American mycologist\nTjeerd Korf (b. 1983), Dutch association football player","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korfball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korfball"}],"text":"Korfball, a ball sport, similar to netball and basketball","title":"Other uses"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Korfa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korfa_Bay"},{"title":"Korff (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korff_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Karaf (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaf_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Korf&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Korf&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Skelly
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Tim Skelly
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["1 Games","1.1 Design and/or programming","1.2 Other roles","1.3 Unreleased games","2 References"]
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Video game programmer
Tim Skelly (February 10, 1951 – death reported March 2, 2020) was a video game designer and game programmer who developed arcade games for Cinematronics from 1978 until 1981. He designed a series of pure action games using black and white vector graphics. One of his early games, Rip Off, was the first arcade game with two-player cooperative play. Star Hawk, Rip Off, Armor Attack, and Star Castle were all later ported to the Vectrex home system.
After leaving Cinematronics, he worked briefly for Gremlin before becoming an independent contractor with Gottlieb. His first game for Gottlieb was the esoteric Reactor, and he had it written into his contract that he would get a credit on the title screen for designing the game.
Previously, programmers had occasionally sneaked their names into their games as easter eggs, and Berzerk designer Alan McNeil's signature was on every cabinet, but Reactor was the first coin-op to have the designer's name appear in-game with the manufacturer's blessing.
Skelly also designed two other games for Gottlieb, Insector and Screw Loose, which were never released. Later he worked for Incredible Technologies, then Microsoft Research. In 1983, a book of video game cartoons by Tim Skelly was published as Shoot the Robot, then Shoot Mom.
When Sega moved most of the development of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 to North America, Skelly joined the team and assisted with art and design of the game.
Later in his career, he worked on the popular Golden Tee arcade games.
Skelly died on March 2, 2020.
Games
Design and/or programming
Star Hawk
Sundance
Warrior
Rip Off
Armor Attack
Star Castle, design
Reactor
Trivia Master, programming, graphic design
BattleTech, software and hardware design for original game center in Chicago
Other roles
Tail Gunner, producer, cabinet art
Sonic the Hedgehog 2. design advisor, art director
Slick Shot, graphic design
Golden Tee Golf II, artwork
Golden Par Golf, artwork
Unreleased games
War of the Worlds
Insector
Screw Loose
References
^ Kerr, Chris (March 3, 2020). "Obituary: Arcade game designer and programmer Tim Skelly has passed away". Gamasutra. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
^ a b Hague, James. "Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers".
^ "Appendix A: Professional Experience of Panel Members". www.wtec.org.
^ "Tim Skelly's list of works". www.arcade-history.com.
^ "Tim Skelly's History of Cinematronics and Vectorbeam". dadgum.com.
^ "Tim Skelly interview". www.westnet.com.
^ Skelly, Tim (1983). Shoot the Robot, then Shoot Mom. Contemporary Books. ISBN 978-0809255412.
This biographical article relating to a video game specialist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"video game designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_designer"},{"link_name":"game programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_programmer"},{"link_name":"Cinematronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematronics"},{"link_name":"action games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_games"},{"link_name":"vector graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halcyon-2"},{"link_name":"Rip Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Off_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halcyon-2"},{"link_name":"Star Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhawk_(1977_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Rip Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Off_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Armor Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Attack"},{"link_name":"Star Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Castle"},{"link_name":"Vectrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectrex"},{"link_name":"Gremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlin_Industries"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb"},{"link_name":"Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"easter eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"},{"link_name":"Berzerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berzerk_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Alan McNeil's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_McNeil%27s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Incredible Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Research"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_2"},{"link_name":"Golden Tee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Tee"}],"text":"Tim Skelly (February 10, 1951 – death reported March 2, 2020)[1] was a video game designer and game programmer who developed arcade games for Cinematronics from 1978 until 1981. He designed a series of pure action games using black and white vector graphics.[2] One of his early games, Rip Off, was the first arcade game with two-player cooperative play.[2] Star Hawk, Rip Off, Armor Attack, and Star Castle were all later ported to the Vectrex home system.After leaving Cinematronics, he worked briefly for Gremlin before becoming an independent contractor with Gottlieb. His first game for Gottlieb was the esoteric Reactor, and he had it written into his contract that he would get a credit on the title screen for designing the game. [3][4]Previously, programmers had occasionally sneaked their names into their games as easter eggs, and Berzerk designer Alan McNeil's signature was on every cabinet, but Reactor was the first coin-op to have the designer's name appear in-game with the manufacturer's blessing.[5]Skelly also designed two other games for Gottlieb, Insector and Screw Loose, which were never released. Later he worked for Incredible Technologies, then Microsoft Research.[6] In 1983, a book of video game cartoons by Tim Skelly was published as Shoot the Robot, then Shoot Mom.[7]When Sega moved most of the development of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 to North America, Skelly joined the team and assisted with art and design of the game.Later in his career, he worked on the popular Golden Tee arcade games.Skelly died on March 2, 2020.","title":"Tim Skelly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhawk_(1977_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Sundance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"Rip Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Off_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Armor Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor_Attack"},{"link_name":"Star Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Castle"},{"link_name":"Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"BattleTech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BattleTech"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Design and/or programming","text":"Star Hawk\nSundance\nWarrior\nRip Off\nArmor Attack\nStar Castle, design\nReactor\nTrivia Master, programming, graphic design\nBattleTech, software and hardware design for original game center in Chicago[citation needed]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tail Gunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_Gunner"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_2_(16-bit)"},{"link_name":"Slick Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slick_Shot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Tee Golf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Tee_Golf_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Par Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Par_Golf&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Other roles","text":"Tail Gunner, producer, cabinet art\nSonic the Hedgehog 2. design advisor, art director\nSlick Shot, graphic design\nGolden Tee Golf II, artwork\nGolden Par Golf, artwork","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Unreleased games","text":"War of the Worlds\nInsector [citation needed]\nScrew Loose [citation needed]","title":"Games"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Kerr, Chris (March 3, 2020). \"Obituary: Arcade game designer and programmer Tim Skelly has passed away\". Gamasutra. Retrieved March 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/359063/Obituary_Arcade_game_designer_and_programmer_Tim_Skelly_has_passed_away.php","url_text":"\"Obituary: Arcade game designer and programmer Tim Skelly has passed away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Hague, James. \"Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/SKELLY.HTM","url_text":"\"Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appendix A: Professional Experience of Panel Members\". www.wtec.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtec.org/loyola/hci/aa_bios.htm","url_text":"\"Appendix A: Professional Experience of Panel Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Skelly's list of works\". www.arcade-history.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=person&name=Tim+Skelly","url_text":"\"Tim Skelly's list of works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Skelly's History of Cinematronics and Vectorbeam\". dadgum.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://dadgum.com/giantlist/archive/cinematronics.html","url_text":"\"Tim Skelly's History of Cinematronics and Vectorbeam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Skelly interview\". www.westnet.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westnet.com/~chris/arcade/TimSkelly/","url_text":"\"Tim Skelly interview\""}]},{"reference":"Skelly, Tim (1983). Shoot the Robot, then Shoot Mom. Contemporary Books. ISBN 978-0809255412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809255412","url_text":"978-0809255412"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/359063/Obituary_Arcade_game_designer_and_programmer_Tim_Skelly_has_passed_away.php","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Arcade game designer and programmer Tim Skelly has passed away\""},{"Link":"https://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/SKELLY.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers\""},{"Link":"http://www.wtec.org/loyola/hci/aa_bios.htm","external_links_name":"\"Appendix A: Professional Experience of Panel Members\""},{"Link":"https://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=person&name=Tim+Skelly","external_links_name":"\"Tim Skelly's list of works\""},{"Link":"https://dadgum.com/giantlist/archive/cinematronics.html","external_links_name":"\"Tim Skelly's History of Cinematronics and Vectorbeam\""},{"Link":"http://www.westnet.com/~chris/arcade/TimSkelly/","external_links_name":"\"Tim Skelly interview\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Skelly&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona
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Polycauliona
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of lichen
Polycauliona
Polycauliona polycarpa
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Lecanoromycetes
Order:
Teloschistales
Family:
Teloschistaceae
Genus:
PolycaulionaHue (1908)
Type species
Polycauliona regalis(Vain.) Hue (1908)
Synonyms
Massjukiella S.Y.Kondr., Fedorenko, S.Stenroos, Kärnefelt, Elix, Hur & A.Thell (2012)
Polycauliona is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae.
Species
Polycauliona antarctica (Vain.) C.W.Dodge (1973)
Polycauliona ascendens (S.Y.Kondr.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona austrogeorgica C.W.Dodge (1971)
Polycauliona bolacina (Tuck.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona brattiae (W.A.Weber) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona charcotii Hue (1909)
Polycauliona citrina C.W.Dodge (1948)
Polycauliona comandorica Himelbrant, Stepanchikova & I.V.Frolov (2021) – Commander Islands
Polycauliona coralligera Hue (1908)
Polycauliona coralloides (Tuck.) Hue (1909)
Polycauliona fruticulosa (Darb.) Hue (1909)
Polycauliona impolita (Arup) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona inconspecta (Arup) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona johnstonii C.W.Dodge (1948)
Polycauliona kaernefeltii (S.Y.Kondr., D.J.Galloway & Goward) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona leechii C.W.Dodge (1968)
Polycauliona luctuosa Hue (1915)
Polycauliona murrayi C.W.Dodge (1965)
Polycauliona phryganitis (Tuck.) Hue (1909)
Polycauliona pollinarioides (L.Lindblom & D.M.Wright) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona polycarpa (Hoffm.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona prostrata (Hue) C.W.Dodge (1973)
Polycauliona pulvinata C.W.Dodge & G.E.Baker (1938)
Polycauliona regalis (Vain.) Hue (1908)
Polycauliona rhopaloides Hue (1909)
Polycauliona sparsa C.W.Dodge & G.E.Baker (1938)
Polycauliona stellata (Wetmore & Kärnefelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona tenax (L.Lindblom) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona tenuiloba (L.Lindblom) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona thamnodes (Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)
Polycauliona theloschistoides (Zahlbr.) C.W.Dodge (1971)
Polycauliona ucrainica (S.Y.Kondr.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)
References
^ "Synonymy: Polycauliona Hue, Bull. Soc. linn. Normandie, sér. 6 1: 75 (1908) ". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
^ Frolov, Ivan V.; Himelbrant, Dmitry E.; Stepanchikova, Irina S.; Prokopiev, Ilya A. (2021). "Polycauliona comandorica, a new fruticulose species in the family Teloschistaceae from the Commander Islands, Russia". The Lichenologist. 53 (4): 299–306. doi:10.1017/s0024282921000268. S2CID 236502579.
Taxon identifiersPolycauliona
Wikidata: Q26325911
Wikispecies: Polycauliona
AusLichen: 30021315
CoL: 6TXZ
Fungorum: 4304
GBIF: 7251287
iNaturalist: 463984
IRMNG: 1065725
MycoBank: 4304
NBN: BMSSYS0000049954
NCBI: 1300033
NZOR: 2c41b867-9475-4464-8a6e-5562dd89c186
Open Tree of Life: 619293
This Teloschistales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"Teloschistaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teloschistaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wijayawardene_et_al._2020-2"}],"text":"Polycauliona is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae.[2]","title":"Polycauliona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polycauliona antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona ascendens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_ascendens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona austrogeorgica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_austrogeorgica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona bolacina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona_bolacina"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona brattiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_brattiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona_candelaria"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona charcotii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_charcotii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona citrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_citrina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona comandorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona_comandorica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frolov_et_al._2021-3"},{"link_name":"Commander Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Islands"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona coralligera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_coralligera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona coralloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona_coralloides"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona fruticulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_fruticulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona impolita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_impolita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona inconspecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_inconspecta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona johnstonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_johnstonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona kaernefeltii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_kaernefeltii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona leechii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_leechii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona luctuosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_luctuosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona murrayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_murrayi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona phryganitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_phryganitis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona pollinarioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_pollinarioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona polycarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona_polycarpa"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona prostrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_prostrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona pulvinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_pulvinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona regalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_regalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona rhopaloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_rhopaloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona sparsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_sparsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona stellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_stellata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona tenax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_tenax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona tenuiloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_tenuiloba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona thamnodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_thamnodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona theloschistoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_theloschistoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycauliona ucrainica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycauliona_ucrainica&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Polycauliona antarctica (Vain.) C.W.Dodge (1973)\nPolycauliona ascendens (S.Y.Kondr.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona austrogeorgica C.W.Dodge (1971)\nPolycauliona bolacina (Tuck.) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona brattiae (W.A.Weber) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona candelaria (L.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona charcotii Hue (1909)\nPolycauliona citrina C.W.Dodge (1948)\nPolycauliona comandorica Himelbrant, Stepanchikova & I.V.Frolov (2021)[3] – Commander Islands\nPolycauliona coralligera Hue (1908)\nPolycauliona coralloides (Tuck.) Hue (1909)\nPolycauliona fruticulosa (Darb.) Hue (1909)\nPolycauliona impolita (Arup) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona inconspecta (Arup) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona johnstonii C.W.Dodge (1948)\nPolycauliona kaernefeltii (S.Y.Kondr., D.J.Galloway & Goward) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona leechii C.W.Dodge (1968)\nPolycauliona luctuosa Hue (1915)\nPolycauliona murrayi C.W.Dodge (1965)\nPolycauliona phryganitis (Tuck.) Hue (1909)\nPolycauliona pollinarioides (L.Lindblom & D.M.Wright) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona polycarpa (Hoffm.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona prostrata (Hue) C.W.Dodge (1973)\nPolycauliona pulvinata C.W.Dodge & G.E.Baker (1938)\nPolycauliona regalis (Vain.) Hue (1908)\nPolycauliona rhopaloides Hue (1909)\nPolycauliona sparsa C.W.Dodge & G.E.Baker (1938)\nPolycauliona stellata (Wetmore & Kärnefelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona tenax (L.Lindblom) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona tenuiloba (L.Lindblom) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona thamnodes (Poelt) Arup, Frödén & Søchting (2013)\nPolycauliona theloschistoides (Zahlbr.) C.W.Dodge (1971)\nPolycauliona ucrainica (S.Y.Kondr.) Frödén, Arup & Søchting (2013)","title":"Species"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shot_(G.I._Joe)
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List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters
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["1 Ace","2 Agent Faces","3 Agent Helix","4 Airborne","5 Airtight","6 Airwave","7 Alpine","8 Altitude","9 Ambush","10 Armadillo","11 Backblast","12 Back-Stop","13 Banzai","14 Barbecue","15 Barrel Roll","16 Barricade","17 Bazooka","18 Beach Head","19 Big Ben","20 Big Brawler","21 Big Lob","22 Blast-Off","23 Blizzard","24 Blowtorch","25 Breaker","26 Budo","27 Bullet-Proof","28 Bullhorn","29 Bushido","30 Captain Grid-Iron","31 Chameleon","32 Charbroil","33 Chuckles","34 Claymore","35 Clean-Sweep","36 Cloudburst","37 Clutch","38 Cold Front","39 Colonel Courage","40 Countdown","41 Cover Girl","42 Crankcase","43 Crazylegs","44 Cross-Country","45 Cutter","46 Daemon","47 Dart","48 Dee-Jay","49 Deep Six","50 Depth Charge","51 Dial Tone","52 Doc","53 Dogfight","54 Dojo","55 Double Blast","56 Downtown","57 Drop Zone","58 Duke","59 Dusty","60 Effects","61 Fast Draw","62 Firewall","63 Flash","64 Flint","65 Footloose","66 Freefall","67 Fridge","68 Frostbite","69 General Joseph Colton","70 General Flagg","71 General Philip Rey","72 Ghostrider","73 Grand Slam","74 Greenshirts","75 Grunt","76 Gung-Ho","77 Hardball","78 Hard Drive","79 Hardtop","80 Hawk","81 Heavy Duty","82 Heavy Metal","83 Hi-Tech","84 Hit and Run","85 Hollow Point","86 Hot Seat","87 Ice Cream Soldier","88 Iceberg","89 Jinx","90 Kamakura","91 Keel-Haul","92 Lady Jaye","93 Law and Order","94 Leatherneck","95 Lifeline","96 Lift-Ticket","97 Lightfoot","98 Long Range","99 Low-Light","100 Lt. Falcon","101 Mace","102 Mainframe","103 Major Altitude","104 Major Barrage","105 Major Storm","106 Mercer","107 Mirage","108 Muskrat","109 Mutt","110 Nunchuk","111 Outback","112 Ozone","113 Pathfinder","114 Payload","115 Psyche-Out","116 Quick Kick","117 Rampage","118 Rampart","119 Rapid Fire","120 Recoil","121 Recondo","122 Red Dog","123 Red Zone","124 Repeater","125 Rip Cord","126 Roadblock","127 Robo-J.O.E.","128 Rock 'n Roll","129 Rumbler","130 Salvo","131 Scanner","132 Scarlett","133 Sci-Fi","134 Scoop","135 Sgt. Hacker","136 Sgt. Slaughter","137 Sgt. Stone","138 Shipwreck","139 Shockwave","140 Short-Fuze","141 Sideswipe","142 Sidetrack","143 Skidmark","144 Skydive","145 Skymate","146 Skystriker","147 Slip Stream","148 Snake Eyes","149 Sneak Peek","150 Snow Job","151 Snow Storm","152 Space Shot","153 Sparks","154 Spearhead","155 Specialist Trakker","156 Spirit","157 Stalker","158 Starduster","159 Static Line","160 Steam-Roller","161 Steeler","162 Stretcher","163 Sub-Zero","164 Super Trooper","165 Switch Gears","166 Taurus","167 T'Gin-Zu","168 T'Jbang","169 Thunder","170 Tiger Claw","171 Tollbooth","172 Topside","173 Torpedo","174 Tracker","175 Tripwire","176 Tunnel Rat","177 Updraft","178 Wet Suit","179 Whiteout","180 Wild Bill","181 Wildcard","182 Windchill","183 Windmill","184 Zap","185 See also","186 References","187 External links"]
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This is an alphabetical list of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters who are members of the G.I. Joe Team. For Cobra characters, see List of Cobra characters.
Ace
Main article: Ace (G.I. Joe)
Agent Faces
Agent Faces is the G.I. Joe Team's infiltrator. His real name is Michelino J. Paolino, and he was born in Parma, Ohio. Agent Faces was first released as an action figure in 2003, in a two-pack with Zartan.
His primary military specialty is fighting. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Agent Faces was born with an uncanny talent for mimicry. After doing a brutally accurate impression of his first sergeant during basic training, he was sent to a top-secret intelligence school. There, he learned the tricks of cloak and dagger, and the use of advanced makeup and disguise techniques.
Agent Faces appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Ward Perry.
Agent Helix
Agent Helix is a covert operations officer with advanced martial arts training and expert marksmanship. Her favorite weapons are dual 10mm Auto pistols. An Olympic-class gymnast, her distinctive "Whirlwind attack" is an overpowering combination of kicks and firepower.
Agent Helix appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game, voiced by Nancy Truman. She was designed by Mayan Escalante, a character artist at Double Helix Games, as an un-lockable character in the video game. She then became an action figure in the 2009 edition of the toyline.
Airborne
Main article: Airborne (G.I. Joe)
Airtight
Main article: Airtight (G.I. Joe)
Airwave
Airwave is the G.I. Joe Team's audible frequency specialist. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Louisville, Kentucky. The same name Cliff V. Mewett was also used a few years later for Colonel Courage, even though the character is African-American and born in a different city. Airwave was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. He is the Sky Patrol communications specialist, and is also the Signal Corps Adjutant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He is noted for being able to gain a signal where few others can.
Airwave appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Michael Benyaer.
Alpine
Main article: Alpine (G.I. Joe)
Altitude
Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's recon scout. His real name is John Edwards Jones, and he was born in Cambria, California. Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. He is a full-blooded Apache. He joined the military after his budding artistic career was cut short by the collapse of the syndicated cartoon industry. Altitude uses his photographic memory and drawing skills to bring back intelligence as a recon scout.
Altitude appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is part of the assault team sent to Cobra Island to destroy the forces of the revived Serpentor.
Altitude appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Terry Klassen.
Ambush
Ambush is the G.I. Joe Team's concealment specialist. His real name is Aaron McMahon, and he was born in Walnut, California. Ambush was first released as an action figure in 1990. There was a "Dinosaur Hunter" release in 1993. A new version of Aaron "Ambush" McMahon was released in 2004, as part of the Toys R Us exclusive "Desert Patrol Squad" set, which also included the figures Dusty, Gung Ho, Snake-Eyes, Stalker and Tunnel Rat.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. There, he is part of an advance recon team that was sent to the Middle Eastern country of Benzheen. As the Battle of Benzheen rages on, Ambush, Recoil and Sneak-Peek are shot by Cobra soldiers who themselves are killed by other Joes. Sneak-Peek does not survive his injuries. Ambush later drove the "Battle Wagon" during a mission in Trans-Carpathia, in which the Joes defended Destro and the Baroness against Cobra forces. Later, Hawk and Lady Jaye were captured in Grodsnz, the capital of Borovia, by local security police. Ambush and the remaining Joes drove the Battle Wagon into the city to rescue their teammates.
In the Devil's Due series, Ambush is seen as one of the many Joes interfering in the second Cobra civil war, again caused by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island. His infiltration skills are put to use when a Joe team investigates hostile corporate instances in the fictional country of Darklonia.
Ambush appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Andrew Koenig and Ian Corlett. In the episode "United We Stand", Ambush and Pathfinder have to work together or perish. In the episode "I Found you Evy", Ambush reveals a story from his past, about the only person who has ever been able to find him, a childhood friend who had become a female Range-Viper.
Armadillo
Armadillo is the G.I. Joe Team's driver of the Rolling Thunder vehicle. His real name is Philo R. Makepeace, and his rank is E-7 (Sergeant First Class). Armadillo was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and was first released as an action figure in 1988 with the "Rolling Thunder" missile launcher.
His primary military specialty is that of armored assault vehicle driver. His secondary military specialty is advanced reconnaissance. Prior to his military career, he used to drive semi trucks, before his aggressive driving style got him into trouble.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, the character Armadillo was called Rumbler. His first appearance was in issue #80, when he helped the G.I. Joe team to keep Cobra Command from claiming a newly formed island near the original Cobra Island. However, just as the battle was over, the island sank back beneath the waves. He later participated in a secret mission to rescue captured Joes and members of the Oktober Guard from Sierra Gordo. He participates in the Battle of Benzheen.
In Marvel UK's Action Force comic, Armadillo appeared in G.I. Joe Annual 1992, as part of a team sent the fictional country of Sao Cristobel. The mission is to keep Cobra from acquiring a nuclear warhead.
Backblast
Backblast is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-aircraft soldier. His real name is Edward J. Menninger, and his rank is that of Sergeant E-5. Backblast was born in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1993. Different versions of the character were released in 2004 and 2005.
Backblast's primary military specialty is air defense, and his secondary military specialty is signal corps. He grew up in a house next to one of the most popular airports in the world. His bedroom was directly under the landing path of incoming jets. When asked his job preferences upon his enlistment, he answered, "Where can I go to shoot airplanes out of the sky?"
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #92. He was part of a covert team of Joes sent into the fictional country of Sierra Gordo. They successfully rescue Shockwave, Recondo and Lt. Falcon, as well as the surviving members of the Oktober Guard. Backblast personally shoots down a Cobra Condor plane, which was attempting to destroy the Joes' vehicle, before the team could get across the border into the friendly nation of Punta del Mucosa.
Backblast was in the Joe's Utah HQ when Clutch and Rock 'n Roll nearly went berserk due to Cobra brainwashing. He is one of the many Joes sent to the fictional Middle Eastern nation of Benzheen during the conflict in that nation. He works with Rampart to shoot down a Cobra Rattler pursuing Joe pilots.
In the Devil's Due series, Backblast is seen as one of the many Joes fighting against the new army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.
Backblast appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, in a non-speaking cameo role in the episode Operation Dragonfire part 5. He also appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game voiced by Chopper Bernet.
Back-Stop
Back-Stop is the G.I. Joe Team's Persuader tank driver. His real name is Robert A. Levin. Back-Stop was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the "Persuader" high-speed tank. A second version of Back-Stop was available as an authorized exclusive figure included in the 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe Convention box set. The set was limited to 100 with all figures being done in a 25th style design.
Back-Stop's primary military specialty is armor, and his secondary military specialty is mechanized infantry. As a youth playing in junior league hockey in Canada, he injured so many opposing players that his family had to move to the United States to escape angry parents. He grew up in Detroit, where he boxed in the Golden Gloves until he was barred from competing; he also spent two years as his high school's undefeated wrestling champion when no one would challenge him. After a short demolition derby career, he found his true calling in the Army and eventually the G.I. Joe Team.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #64 (October 1987). He joins the team when they are in their Utah Quonset hut base. His Persuader tank is used with an A.W.E. Striker for transport for some of the Joes who have joined at the same time. He is not informed of the top-secret aspects of the Joe team right away, such as the underground complex and the space shuttle, the USS Defiant. This is because while their new Joes had their transit orders, their top-secret clearances simply had not caught up to them yet. The shuttle itself, in its own transport, almost crushes the two vehicles. As Back-Stop was not allowed to see the Defiant, Leatherneck moves the vehicles.
Back-Stop is seen driving the Persuader to greet a trio of Joe soldiers that had been illegally imprisoned for five months. He next appears as part of a security team, with Cover-Girl, Frostbite, Iceberg and Hawk, sent to the fictional country of Frusenland to help Battleforce 2000. Back-Stop ends up assisting in a firefight against Cobra forces, who had allied themselves with the country's government, as they attack as soon as the vehicles are literally dropped onto the runway.
The 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe convention had a limited edition box set that included a 25th Anniversary-style figure of Back-Stop. The set also included a comic book, 110 copies, produced for attendees. Part of the story featured Back-Stop fighting Cobra allies in Canada. His Persuader tank is destroyed by his adversaries. The use of the trademarked character was approved by Hasbro.
Back-Stop also appears in the British Action Force continuity.
Banzai
Banzai is the G.I. Joe Team's Rising Sun ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Robert J. Travalino. His primary military specialty is first-strike commando. His secondary military specialty is nunchaku instructor. His birthplace is Hartsdale, New York. Banzai trained with a reclusive ninja master in the hostile mountains Tibet for some time. He is noted for training while blind-folded.
Barbecue
Main article: Barbecue (G.I. Joe)
Barrel Roll
Barrel Roll is the G.I. Joe Team's high-altitude sniper. His real name is Dwight E. Stall, and he was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Barrel Roll was first released as an action figure in 2003, and is the brother of both G.I. Joe Bombstrike and Cobra Black Out. A version of Barrel Roll with no accessories came with the Built to Rule Rising Tide, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.
His primary military specialty is marksmanship instructor. His secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. Barrel Roll pushes himself to practice daily on the sniper range. He is a crack shot, and a skilled HALO jumper and pilot. He can claim the high ground without being spotted, drifting in silently by glider or parachute, and then disappear into the underbrush, sitting absolutely still to align the perfect shot.
Barrel Roll appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Paul Dobson.
Barricade
Barricade is the G.I. Joe Team's bunker buster. His real name is Philip M. Holsinger. Barricade was born in Pittsburg, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1992. His 1993 release was part of the Battle Corps line. In 2004, he was released as part of a Toys R Us exclusive "Anti-Venom Task Force" set. The story behind the Anti-Venom Task Force, is that they are G.I. Joe's response to Doctor Mindbender and Cobra Commander turning civilians into dangerous monsters.
His primary military specialty is bunker busting, i.e. penetrating hard targets. His secondary military specialty is the driver of the "Badger" vehicle. Barricade is also explicitly trained to fight enemy agents in city and urban areas.
Bazooka
Main article: Bazooka (G.I. Joe)
Beach Head
Main article: Beach Head (G.I. Joe)
Big Ben
Big Ben is the G.I. Joe Team's SAS Fighter. His real name is David J. Bennett, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant. Big Ben was born in Burford, England, and was first released as an action figure in 1991. The figure was repainted and released in 1993 as part of the "international Action Force" mail-in offer. Other repainted releases came in 2000 packaged in a two-pack with Whiteout, and two different versions in 2002, packaged in a double-pack with an Alley Viper figure.
Big Ben received training at Bradbury Barracks in Hereford, before becoming a cadre member at the NATO Long Range Recon Patrol School in West Germany. He is a member of the 22nd Regiment of the British Special Air Service, on his second assignment with the G.I. Joe Team, as part of a temporary exchange program between American Special Forces and the British SAS. His primary military specialty is infantry, with a secondary of subversive operations.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes in defending Destro, when the allied group is entrenched in Destro's Trans-Carpathian castle. He also appears in issue #137.
In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes when they invade Cobra Island to interfere in their second civil war.
Big Ben appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Maurice LaMarche.
Big Brawler
Big Brawler is the code name of Brian K. Mulholland. He is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle mission specialist, and was first released as an action figure in 2001. A new version with red hair was released in 2003, in a Tiger Force five-pack exclusive to Toys R Us stores. His specialties are counter-intelligence and espionage, and he is a master of both psychological warfare and hand-to-hand combat. When it came to terrorist attacks orchestrated by the Cobra Organization, Big Brawler transferred from the Army Intelligence to the G.I. Joe Team.
Big Lob
Big Lob is a former basketball player who speaks in sports commentator jargon. His real name is Bradley J. Sanders, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois.
Big Lob first appeared in G.I. Joe: The Movie, voiced by Brad Sanders. He is established as a member of the "Rawhides", a group of new Joe recruits (including Lt. Falcon, Chuckles, Jinx, Law & Order and Tunnel Rat) trained by Beach Head.
Big Lob had no action figure or comic book counterpart until 2010, when his figure became available as a G.I. Joe Club exclusive. He was listed as a reserve member of G.I. Joe during the America's Elite comic series, and is seen on a map as having been deployed as part of the Joes' efforts to battle Cobra Commander's forces worldwide during the "World War III" storyline. His primary military specialty is Infantry / Grenadier, and his secondary military specialty is Public Affairs Specialist.
Blast-Off
Blast-Off is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Jeffrey D. Thompson, and he was born in Kirkwood, Missouri. Blast-Off was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the "Mega Marines" subset. The Mega-Marines are several Joes teaming up to battle Cobra-allied monsters. His figure came with "moldable bio-armor".
His primary military specialty is flamethrower. His secondary military specialty is firefighter. He is recruited into the G.I. Joe Team from his firefighting job, after he single-handedly put out an entire forest fire. When it is discovered that the "Mega-Monsters", a recently emerging threat, are vulnerable to fire, Blast-Off is assigned to the "Mega-Marine" team under the command of Gung-Ho. His other squad-mates are Clutch and Mirage.
Blizzard
Blizzard is the G.I. Joe Team's arctic attack soldier. His real name is Gregory M. Natale, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Blizzard was born in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (spelled "Wolfboro" on the action figure's file card), and was first released as an action figure in 1988. In 1991, he was one of six exclusive European releases under the "Tiger Force" line. In 1997, he was released as part of an "Arctic Mission" triple pack with Iceberg and Snow-Job.
Blizzard's primary military specialty is Arctic warfare training instructor, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Blizzard led an experimental security team based at Thule, Greenland for an entire winter, whose objective it was to determine what kind of training and conditioning worked best to prepare trainees for combat in Arctic conditions. Blizzard's team found that training and conditioning had little effect, as only the hardest and meanest men made it through the course – of which Blizzard was the hardest and meanest. He is noted by his teammates as being difficult to work with, though his success record makes up for it.
Blizzard is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System. His special power is being able to fire weapon-shots through walls.
Blowtorch
Main article: Blowtorch (G.I. Joe)
Breaker
Main article: Breaker (G.I. Joe)
Budo
Budo is the G.I. Joe Team's samurai warrior. His real name is Kyle A. Jesso, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Budo was born in Sacramento, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.
Budo's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is hand-to-hand combat instructor. Budo's father was an orthodontist in Oakland, his grandfather a farmer in Fresno, his great-grandfather a track-worker on the Rocky Mountain Line, and his great-great-grandfather was a fencing master in one of Japan's last great samurai warrior families. Budo was given the family swords on his eighteenth birthday, as well as a haiku written by his ancestor. Budo has a fifth-degree black belt in Iaidō, and similar rank in Karate, Judo, and Jujutsu. He has an affinity for his chopped, pan-head Harley and for heavy metal music.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #82. He has just joined the Joe with Repeater and Lightfoot. Their veteran instructor Grand Slam is injured leaving the three to defend a weapons depot from enemy forces.
In the Devil's Due series, Budo has an interrupted romantic relationship with Jinx. He also spends some time undercover, infiltrating and partially converting a Japanese businessman's private army. Gung-Ho and Wild Bill assist in this mission. His efforts save Japan from a military takeover.
Bullet-Proof
Bullet-Proof is the G.I. Joe Team's Drug Elimination Force leader. His real name is Earl S. Morris. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1992, as part of the DEF (Drug Elimination Force) line. He was released in 1993 with the Battle Corps line.
In addition to leading the G.I. Joe DEF (Drug Elimination Force), he is also an official U.S. Marshal. Before being assigned to the G.I. Joe team, he served with the Drug Enforcement Administration in the Caribbean, the "Golden Triangle" and Central America. His code name resulted from his enemies, as they observed how he remained unscathed while leading his men through firefights.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #124. He also appeared in #125 and #127. As part of the DEF, he helps eliminate the drug trade from the town of Broca Beach without realizing the entire town was a Cobra front. The DEF also confront the enemy operatives Headman and his Headhunters.
Bullet-Proof appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.
Bullhorn
Bullhorn is the G.I. Joe Team's hostage negotiator. His real name is Stephen A. Ferreira. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. Version 2 was released in 2008 for the International G.I. Convention which was held in Dallas, Texas. It came with the transport called "S.W.A.T. R.T.V." This was produced in relation with the "Official G.I. Joe Collectors' Club".
Bullhorn taught hand to hand combat at the F.B.I. Academy in Qauntico, Virginia. He is also a contender for the "national practical pistol title", another skill practiced at the academy. He is noted as being a reckless driver.
Bullhorn appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by David Wills.
Bushido
Bushido is the G.I. Joe Team's snow ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Lloyd S. Goldfine. His primary military specialty is cold weather specialist. His secondary military specialty is strategist. His birthplace is Hollis, Queens, New York. He has trained in Iceland and continues to prefer to train in cold weather environments. He wears a helmet similar to the one his father wore. He considers fellow Ninja Force member Banzai his "blood brother".
Captain Grid-Iron
Captain Grid-Iron is the G.I. Joe Team's hand-to-hand combat specialist. His real name is Terrence Lydon, and his rank is that of captain O-3. Captain Grid-Iron was born in Evergreen Park, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He was released as part of the tradition of Hasbro to release a sports figure each year, starting with Bazooka in 1985. A recolored version was also released in India.
Grid-Iron was quarterback for the West Point football team. He graduated in the top ten of his class. He passed up an appointment to the U.S. Army War college, for a conventional infantry command at the company level. His determination to be "where the action is" brought him to the attention of G.I. Joe. According to his file card, his personality is grating, but tolerable. The other Joes think if he would stop trying so hard to be likable, "they might let him play quarterback at the annual G.I. Joe Fish Fry Football Game!"
Grid-Iron makes a single panel appearance in issue No. 130 of the Marvel Comics series. He is seen defending G.I. Joe headquarters from Cobra attack. Years later he appears on the cover to the Devil's Due series America's Elite #25. He is listed as a reservist in Special Missions: Manhattan. In G.I. Joe: America's Elite #28, he is listed as fighting in the Sudan.
Captain Grid-Iron's most significant appearances were in the first-season of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Dale Wilson. His speech was peppered with football terminology. He was in charge of the team in the absence of General Hawk and Sgt. Slaughter, and took orders from both of them when they appeared. Grid-Iron was absent for most of the second season, but was featured in the second-season episode "Metal-Head's Reunion," which revealed that Grid-Iron and the Cobra officer Metal-Head both attended the same school.
Captain Grid-Iron is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
Chameleon
Chameleon is the illegitimate half-sister of the Baroness, who infiltrated the Cobra organization by assuming the Baroness' role. She serves as a secret agent and intelligence officer for G.I. Joe. She was introduced to the toyline when Hasbro lost the trademark to the Baroness' name.
Charbroil
Charbroil is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Carl G. Shannon, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Charbroil was born in Blackduck, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The figure was repainted and released as part of the "Night Force" line in 1989, packaged with Repeater. In 2004, he was part of a Toys R Us Exclusive "Anti-Venom Task Force", a G.I. Joe response team to enemy agents turning civilians into monsters. Charbroil had a new sculpt in 2009, as part of the line released for the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra movie.
Charbroil's primary military specialty is flame weapons specialist, and his secondary military specialty is small arms armorer. One of his childhood chores was to heat the water pipes in his family's basement with a blowtorch in the winter to keep them from freezing and bursting. As a teenager, his job was to feed coal into the blast furnaces in the mills on the Great Lakes. As such, when he was recruited into the Army he requested a job dealing with open flames.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue 80 (November 1988). He is part of a Joe effort to stop Cobra from claiming new territory forming near Cobra Island. The land mass eventually sinks on its own. In Special Missions #21, Charbroil is part of a G.I. Joe squad sent to investigate Cobra activity in the sewers of New York City along with Airtight, Spearhead & Max and Tunnel Rat.
In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Charbroil is one of the many Joes called back into service to fight The Coil, a new army formed by the former Cobra agent, Serpentor. This mission again focuses on Cobra Island.
Chuckles
Main article: Chuckles (G.I. Joe)
Claymore
Main article: Claymore (G.I. Joe)
Clean-Sweep
For other uses, see Clean sweep.
Clean-Sweep is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-tox trooper. His real name is Daniel W. Price, and he was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line. He is a U.S. Army Sergeant, and he was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He is a chemicals operation specialist and combat engineer. He is often called in to use his remote control devices to clean up Cobra chemical spills; the problem is that Cobra soldiers are often still around. His primary offensive weapon is a laser pistol.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. He becomes part of the "Eco-Warriors", assigned to stop environmental threats. With Flint, the team leader and Ozone, they confront the Cobra agent Cesspool, who was causing pollution from an abandoned oil platform.
Clean-Sweep appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.
Cloudburst
Cloudburst is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Chuck Ram. He was born in San Diego, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line. As a teenager, he designed and built his own working prototype gliders. After joining the Army, he helps develop stealth-gliders for troop-insertion and recon. He is now on special assignment to the G.I. Joe team as their in-house glider specialist. He's noted for constantly working on his equipment because he knows his services are a 'last resort' situation.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, but not seen.
Cloudburst appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.
Clutch
Main article: Clutch (G.I. Joe)
Cold Front
Cold Front is the G.I. Joe Team's Avalanche driver. His real name is Charles Donahue. He was born in Fort Knox, Kentucky, and was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the "Avalanche" arctic tank/hovercraft. This vehicle should not be confused with the G.I. Joe Battleforce 2000 character, also called Avalanche.
Cold Front's primary military specialty is Avalanche driver, and his secondary military specialty is fire control technician. He grew up literally close to the weapons testing facilities at the military base called Fort Knox, hearing the sounds of the M-80 tanks. This inspired a lifelong love of tanks. Self-taught strategy and his affiliation with military vehicles got him an assignment to the 3rd Armored Division when he enlisted in the Army at the age of eighteen. From the Army, he was reassigned to the G.I. Joe "Arctic Patrol". From there, he was picked by General Hawk to drive the Avalanche. He is noted for his poor treatment of civilian vehicles.
Colonel Courage
Colonel Courage is the G.I. Joe Team's strategic commander. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Colonel Courage was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line. The name Cliff V. Mewett had been used a few years earlier for the character Airwave, though the character is Caucasian and born in a different city. A Brazil variant of Colonel Courage has him as a Caucasian.
His primary military specialty is administrative strategist. His secondary military specialty is Patriot driver. He is often assigned to intelligence tasks behind the lines and behind a desk, partly due to his attention to detail. This also translated into a noted tendency to dress well, something he tries to pass onto those he commands.
Countdown
Countdown is one of the G.I. Joe Team's astronauts. His real name is David D. Dubosky, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Countdown was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Star Brigade line in 1993, and again in 1994.
Countdown's primary military specialty is astronaut/fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics engineer. He is a qualified F-16 fighter pilot, a NASA astronaut, an electronics engineer, and even a ranking chess master.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 109 and again in No. 110. He takes part in a mission that launches a Joe vehicle into orbit and then into the fictional country of Trucial Absymia. The mission, which succeeds, is to rescue the survivors of a Joe squad that has suffered many fatalities.
Cover Girl
Main article: Cover Girl (G.I. Joe)
Crankcase
Crankcase is the G.I. Joe team's A.W.E. Striker driver. His real name is Elwood G. Indiana, and he was born in Lawrence, Kansas. Crankcase's primary military specialty is motor vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is armor. He was first released as an action figure in 1985, packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle.
Crankcase first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #44 (February 1986), but is among several Joes killed in action by a SAW Viper in issue #109.
Crazylegs
Main article: Crazylegs (G.I. Joe)
Cross-Country
Main article: Cross-Country (G.I. Joe)
Cutter
Main article: Cutter (G.I. Joe)
Daemon
Daemon is the code name of Jeff Lacefield. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and developed an interest in computers at an early age. By the time he graduated from college at age 21, he had become quite a computer programmer and started to develop computer viruses in his spare time. When one of these viruses was inadvertently set loose in the FBI central computer system, he was tracked down and arrested. However, the Feds saw his abilities as a programmer, and instead of being sent to federal prison, Daemon was appointed to the reinstated G.I. Joe task force, to help them thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra.
Daemon is killed in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, when his neck is snapped by Serpentor during a battle with The Coil.
Dart
Dart is the G.I. Joe Team's pathfinder, and he was first released as an action figure in 2002. His real name is Jimmy Tall Elk, and his rank is that of sergeant E-6. Dart was born in White Earth, Minnesota.
Dart's primary military specialty is recon, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. He was a former hunting guide in Minnesota before joining the G.I. Joe team.
Dee-Jay
Dee-Jay is the code name of Thomas R. Rossi III. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was the most popular DJ in Boston before he signed up for Battleforce 2000. His primary military specialty is radio telephone operator, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Dee-Jay was first released as an action figure in 1989. Dee-Jay appeared in only issue #113 of the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, and was killed in that same issue.
Deep Six
Main article: Deep Six (G.I. Joe)
Depth Charge
Depth Charge is the G.I. Joe Team's underwater demolitions expert. His real name is Nick H. Langdon, and he was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. first released as an action figure in 2003. He specializes in clearing mines and other devices in the water. Despite having some of the best scores in the history of the UDT program and loving his job, he hates water.
Dial Tone
Main article: Dial Tone (G.I. Joe)
Doc
Main article: Doc (G.I. Joe)
Dogfight
Dogfight is the G.I. Joe Team's Mudfighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the Mudfighter bomber. His real name is James R. King, and his rank is that of 1st Lieutenant, USAF O-2. Dogfight was born in Providence, Rhode Island.
Dogfight's primary military specialty is Mudfighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics technician. The combination of his uncanny depth perception, precise hand/eye coordination, and powerful throwing arm got him permanently forbidden from every county fair and carnival in Alabama for winning too many stuffed bears. He now uses those same skills to destroy Cobra's vehicles.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #28. In that issue, Dogfight assists in saving the USS Flagg. In the same issue, he also breaks the "fourth wall" as part of a group addressing the reader. Later, Dogfight is the co-pilot for Ace during a recon mission over the supposedly friendly skies of Benzheen. Their craft is shot up off-panel by a Cobra Rattler. They escape to the awaiting aircraft carrier, the USS Flagg. Dogfight urges Ace to punch out. He does not, because he knows Dogfight's ejection system is shot to pieces and Ace could not live with knowing he abandoned his co-pilot. In the same issue, the pilots Slip-Stream and Ghostrider take another flight over Benzheen in a Stealth Fighter. Ghostrider and later, Hawk both refer to Slip-Stream as Dogfight.
Dogfight also appears in the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due. He is part of a small group of Joe pilots sent to assist European military forces. Despite expectations, they survive the mission. He also witnesses Iron Grenadier pilots suffering aircraft malfunctions.
Dojo
Dojo is the code name of Michael P. Russo. He was born in San Francisco, California. Impressed by his skills and integrity, Storm Shadow recruited Dojo for the G.I. Joe's new sub-team Ninja Force. He is noted for using "patter" to distract his opponents. He also prefers to drive the G.I. Joe vehicle "Brawler".
Double Blast
Double Blast is a heavy machine gunner for the G.I. Joe Team. He was named after Charles L. Griffith (a real-life G.I. Joe collector), and was released as an action figure in 2001. Double Blast was created to replace Roadblock when Hasbro temporarily lost the trademark to his name. He is characterized for his ability to assemble, disassemble, and reassemble a weapon in less than 60 seconds in the dark.
Downtown
Downtown is the G.I. Joe Team's mortar man, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989. His real name is Thomas P. Riley, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Downtown was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Downtown's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special operations. Downtown can keep up with a highly mobile, rapid strike force like G.I. Joe with his high-powered mortar, whereas slow, ponderous artillery cannot. He can judge range and trajectory just by eyesight.
In the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due, Downtown is one of the many Joes to take part in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island.
Drop Zone
Drop Zone is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol weapon specialist. His real name is Samuel C. Delisi, and he was born in Poteau, Oklahoma. Drop Zone was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. He is also a Special Forces adviser. He is noted for volunteering for every dangerous assignment and deeply enjoying his job.
Drop Zone appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Don Brown.
Duke
Main article: Duke (G.I. Joe)
Dusty
Main article: Dusty (G.I. Joe)
Effects
Effects is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert, and he was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line. His real name is Aron Beck. Effects was born in Fort Worth, Texas.
His primary military specialty is explosives/munitions ordnance. His secondary military specialty is special effects coordinator. He uses visual distractions to draw attention away from targets he then destroys.
Fast Draw
Fast Draw is the G.I. Joe Team's mobile missile specialist, and he was first released as an action figure in 1987. His real name is Eliot Brown, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Fast Draw was born in Collierville, Tennessee.
Fast Draw's primary military specialty is ordnance, and his secondary military specialty is clerk typist. Fast Draw carries the FAFNIR (Fire and Forget Non-tube-launched Infantry Rocket) missile system, and wears a protective suit to shield him from hot exhaust gases. The FAFNIR target acquisition and homing devices are self-contained within the missile, which allows the operator to move and take cover immediately after launch. These missiles are extremely fast, and resistant to ECM jamming.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #60. Along with Chuckles, Falcon, and Law and Order, he is part of a faux G.I. Joe team being used by others for political gain. After the "new" Joes assist Hawk in battling several Dreadnoks, they are made official members of the team. The conflict had been over a rogue US military faction trying to use a high-tech missile to destroy Cobra Island. He is spotlighted in a latter incident, destroying Cobra tanks threatening his fellow soldiers.
Firewall
Firewall is the code name of Michelle LaChance. She was born in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and learned early on that she had a knack for computers. In high school, she figured out how to access protected school records and alter grades. This eventually led to hacking government systems and classified military computers, which landed her in federal prison. But her handiwork impressed enough people, that she was sent to the G.I. Joe Team under supervision of Mainframe. There, she received basic military training, and has since been a loyal member, though she is not a field operative. Firewall was instrumental in developing a counter-program, to thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra.
Flash
Main article: Flash (G.I. Joe)
Flint
Main article: Flint (G.I. Joe)
Footloose
Main article: Footloose (G.I. Joe)
Freefall
Freefall is the G.I. Joe Team's paratrooper, and he was first released as an action figure in 1990. He had a 2009 re-release as "Spc. Altitude", but is the same character. This latter release was part of the "Assault On Cobra Island" box set, which included the figures Chuckles, Hit and Run, Outback, Recondo, Wet-Suit and Zap. Freefall's real name is Phillip W. Arndt, and he was born in Downers Grove, Illinois.
To prepare for the Airborne Ranger school, he went through the Ranger Indoctrination Course designed to remove forty percent of the applicants. Freefall then had to conquer a three-week pre-training course, simply to qualify for the full eight-week training course. He is noted for having enjoyed it and come out the best of the Rangers. Freefall has a master's degree in Eastern Philosophy. He is known for having a large ego.
Freefall appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Scott McNeil.
Fridge
The Fridge is the code name used by football player William Perry. He was born in Aiken, South Carolina. During his time as a member of the NFL's Chicago Bears football team, Perry worked with G.I. Joe as a physical training instructor. Though he was one of many Joes listed on the World War III member assignment map in G.I. Joe: America's Elite#28, The Fridge was unavailable during the conflict known as World War III.
Frostbite
Main article: Frostbite (G.I. Joe)
General Joseph Colton
Main article: General Joseph Colton
General Flagg
Main article: General Flagg
General Philip Rey
General Philip Rey was introduced in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. His real name is Philip A. Rey, and he emerged from seemingly nowhere, to become the field commander of the G.I. Joe Team. It was later revealed that Rey is one of the dozen original clones that were produced during Cobra's development of Serpentor. Dr. Mindbender altered Rey's growth patterns and features to hide his connection to the Cobra Emperor. Additionally, Crystal Ball helped construct Rey's personality, and Zandar helped insert him as a U.S. military general, to make him Cobra's most insidious sleeper agent. Unexpectedly, Rey's years of service and his time with G.I. Joe helped him shake off Cobra's control, and he refused to betray his countrymen, despite deeply implanted hypnotic triggers. Rey's past remains classified, known only to a handful of Joes.
Ghostrider
Ghostrider is the G.I. Joe Team's stealth fighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Phantom X-19 Stealth Fighter. His real name is Jonas S. Jeffries, and his rank is that of Major, USAF O-4. Ghostrider was born in Chicago, Illinois.
Ghostrider's primary military specialty is stealth fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is aeronautical engineer. Ghostrider has been working on not being noticed since the second grade; teachers never noticed him because he conscientiously worked on not being noticed.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #76. There he is one of the many Joes to participate in the first Cobra civil war on Cobra Island. He is featured in issue #16 of G.I. Joe Special Missions. He later spends a week with Scarlett, helping to establish a Stealth Fighter base in South America. It is destroyed in a raid orchestrated by Cobra Commander and Darklon. Ghostrider manages to lift off, and assists in saving the aircraft carrier the USS Flagg and the space shuttle the USS Defiant. Also in the battle on the side of the Joes, is the pilot Dogfight in his own craft.
Later, Ghostrider and Slip-Stream, working off the USS Flagg, run a recon mission over the fictional country of Benzheen. Rampart and Backblast save the duo, by shooting down a Cobra Rattler. As with his other appearances, Ghostrider accepts that nobody can remember his code-name. While the mission succeeds, the Stealth Fighter is a complete loss. For most of the issue, Slip-Stream is referred to as "Dogfight", who survived an earlier wreck onto the Flagg in the same issue.
A running gag throughout the Marvel G.I. Joe comic series was that Ghostrider's name was never actually said by any other Joes, or even used in narration. In reality, this was done to avoid any potential issues or problems with Marvel's own Ghost Rider, despite the G.I. Joe character's named being spelled differently as one word.
Grand Slam
Main article: Grand Slam (G.I. Joe)
Greenshirts
The Greenshirts are the generic-looking soldiers from the G.I. Joe toy line and animated series.
The Greenshirts are the equivalent of "extras" in that they are in the story to serve merely as background characters and have little to no speaking parts, effectively making them the Joes' equivalent of Cobra Vipers. Due to the unique look of each G.I. Joe member, it became a problem for Sunbow animators to render the G.I. Joe Team, especially for all-out battle scenes. The solution was to create generic G.I. Joe soldiers. This also addressed a problem not brought up in the comics: Cobra would outnumber the Joes.
Grunt
Main article: Grunt (G.I. Joe)
Gung-Ho
Main article: Gung-Ho (G.I. Joe)
Hardball
Hardball is the G.I. Joe Team's multi-shot grenadier. His real name is Wilmer S. Duggleby, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hardball was born in Cooperstown, New York, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.
Hardball's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special services. Hardball played centerfield in the minor leagues for five seasons before he realized that the big league scouts were looking for star quality over athletic prowess. The G.I. Joe Team was looking for team players however, and had a need for someone who could judge distances accurately and react quickly with deliberation.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #80 (November 1988). Hardball is later selected as one of the many Joes to help protect the President of the United States. His skills are vital to rescuing the President after he is kidnapped by Cobra forces. He later mans a machine-gun turret in the Joe vehicle called "The Mean Dog" that had been headed out to a weapons testing range. Hardball, Repeater and Wildcard assist in a running battle against Dreadnoks, who are trying to capture two other Joes, Clutch and Rock 'n Roll.
In the Devil's Due series, the Red Shadows, a Cobra splinter group, wages a campaign against the Joes. While on assignment in South America, Hardball (along with Rampart and Glenda) is killed by the Red Shadows.
Hard Drive
Hard Drive is the G.I. Joe Team's battlefield computer specialist. His real name is Martin A. Pidel, and he was first released as an action figure in 2004.
Hardtop
Hardtop is the designer and driver of the G.I. Joe Team's Crawler. His real name is Nicholas D. Klas, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Hardtop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle launch complex. In 2004, he was released as part of the "40 Years of Adventure" Tiger Force Box Set, at the 2004 G.I. Joe Convention in Orlando, Florida.
Hardtop's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. He is a man known for getting the job done without questions; for example, moving the Crawler to the top of a mountain. He is known for being quiet, as talking is not one of his priorities.
Budget cuts later force the closing of the G.I. Joe space shuttle program. Hardtop continues to work with the team as a heavy equipment operator, and also becomes their liaison to the National Space Agency. Due to later developments with fuel cells, he is one of Cobra Commander's most wanted prisoners.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared, with Payload in issue #64 (October 1987). In that issue, he almost crushes Crankcase's A.W.E. Striker vehicle and Back-Stop's Persuader tank.
Hawk
Main article: Hawk (G.I. Joe)
Heavy Duty
Main article: Heavy Duty (G.I. Joe)
Heavy Metal
Heavy Metal is the G.I. Joe Team's Mauler M.B.T. Tank driver. His action figure debuted in 1985 alongside the Mauler M.B.T. tank. His actual name is Sherman R. Guderian (which is a combination of the Sherman Tank and German general Heinz Guderian). Heavy Metal was born in Brooklyn, New York.
Hi-Tech
Hi-Tech is the G.I. Joe Team's operations support specialist. His real name is David P. Lewinski, and he was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. Hi-Tech was first released as an action figure in 2004, in a two-pack with Dr. Mindbender. A version of Hi-Tech with no accessories also came with the Built to Rule Patriot Grizzly in 2004. The figure featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint, and the forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.
His primary military specialty is armament research and design. His secondary military specialty is telecommunications. Hi-Tech is a technological genius, and is more at home with a soldering gun than an automatic pistol. He can be counted on to repair any computer-controlled device, rewrite computer code on the fly, and enact emergency field repairs, to get the most out of the G.I. Joe Team's cutting-edge arsenal of equipment.
Hi-Tech appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movies G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom, voiced by Mark Hildreth. He also appeared in the animated series for G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 voiced by Eric Stuart.
Hit and Run
Hit & Run is the G.I. Joe Team's light infantryman. His real name is Brent Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hit & Run was born in Sioux City, Iowa, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. In 1991, Hit & Run was released in Europe in Tiger Force colors, and he received a 25th anniversary style figure as part of the "Assault on Cobra Island" 7-pack. In the UK Action Force series, Hit and Run's real name is Bryan Scott and he is from Basildon in Essex, England.
Hit & Run's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is mountaineering. He was orphaned at age three by a drunken driver and grew up in a county institution. He escaped from the institution regularly, climbing down sheer walls and running for miles across the plains in the middle of the night. He claimed that he was not running away from anything and merely "practicing." He joined the Army immediately after leaving custody of the county.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80. He assists other Joes in stopping Cobra forces on Cobra Island from claiming a nearby land mass. He later takes part in an attempt to rescue hostages, which turns out to be a Cobra ruse: the terrorists and hostages were all Cobra agents. Later, he deals with a legitimate hostage situation, where an isolated farmhouse is taken over by two criminals, but problems arise when the criminals are initially misidentified. He also joins with Tunnel Rat, Stalker and the rookie Scoop soon after to battle Iron Grenadiers in the fictional country of Sierra Gordo.
In the Devil's Due series, he is one of the Joes assigned to invade Cobra Island during their second civil war.
Hollow Point
Hollow Point is a U.S. Marine sniper and the Range Officer of the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Max V. Corey, and he was born in Quitman, Arkansas. He was first released as an action figure in 2003 with the Built to Rule Locust, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.
Hot Seat
Hot Seat is the G.I. Joe Team's Raider driver. His real name is Michael A. Provost, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Hot Seat was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the "Raider" 4-track assault vehicle.
Hot Seat's primary military specialty is Raider driver, and his secondary military specialty is drill instructor. He was a boxer and could have been a heavyweight contender; he had a left jab like a jack hammer, reflexes like liquid crystal, and the tactical mind of a 5-star general. When he considered the possibilities of permanent brain damage, he instead opted for the Army and asked for "Anything fast and furious!"
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105. He works with other Joes, the Oktober Guard and the Indian soldiers Tucaros, long time Joe allies, in battle against Destro's Iron Grenadiers.
Ice Cream Soldier
Ice Cream Soldier is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower commando. His real name is Tom-Henry Ragan, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Ice Cream Soldier was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the "Battle Corps" line. The entire mold was re-used in 2002 for the Shock-Viper figure.
His primary military specialty is fire operations expert. His secondary military specialty is barbecue chef. His code name is designed to cause enemy troops to underestimate him. His equipment is capable of delivering streams of flame up to seventy-five feet.
Iceberg
Iceberg is the G.I. Joe Team's snow trooper. His real name is Clifton L. Nash, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Iceberg was born in Brownsville, Texas, and was first released as an action figure in 1986. A new version of Iceberg was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line.
His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. Iceberg hates hot weather; when he signed up for the Army, he asked for duty in Alaska. He is a qualified expert in the M-16A2, M-79, M-60, and M-1911A1.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #68, in which he is part of a team sent in to provide security for Battleforce 2000 in Frusenland.
In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, Iceberg (voiced by Arthur Burghardt) is a supporting character in the 1986 second season. He is featured in the episode "Iceberg Goes South" in which he is captured by Doctor Mindbender and mutated into a killer whale, but is restored to being human.
Jinx
Main article: Jinx (G.I. Joe)
Kamakura
Main article: Kamakura (G.I. Joe)
Keel-Haul
Keel-Haul is the G.I. Joe Team's Admiral, and was first released as an action figure in 1985, as commander of the USS Flagg aircraft carrier. The figure was repainted and released as part of the "Battle Corps" line in 1993. His real name is Everett P. Colby, and he was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. Keel Haul's rank is that of O-9 (Vice Admiral, USN). He is the highest ranking G.I. Joe officer outside of General Joseph Colton (O-10), outranks General Hawk by two pay grades and serves as head of the Joe team when they operate out of the Flagg.
Keel-Haul's primary military specialty is command, and his secondary military specialty is piloting. He graduated from Annapolis and Navy Flight School, and flew F-4 Phantoms off the Intrepid in the late 1960s. He attended the Naval War College in Newport, RI and the Armed Forces Staff College, and is a holder of the Navy Cross, DFC and Air Medal. He is a respected military historian, a nationally rated chess player, and a clarinet player of questionable talent.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #36 (June 1985), a cameo appearance as rescue for seemingly stranded Joes. Keel-Haul and the USS Flagg serve as support in the first assault on Cobra Island. Later, Keel-Haul suggests using a captured Cobra "MAMBA" helicopter to insert a recon team onto Cobra island during the Cobra civil war. Keel-Haul also takes part in the conflict referred to as the "Battle of Benzheen".
In the Devil's Due series, he serves as naval support in the second Cobra Island civil war. Later, he assists a Joe team in neutralizing a Cobra submarine armed with a nuclear device. Keel-Haul saves Wet-Suit from death after the sub-infiltration goes badly.
Keel-Haul will be appearing in G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant.
Lady Jaye
Main article: Lady Jaye
Law and Order
Main article: Law & Order (G.I. Joe)
Leatherneck
Main article: Leatherneck (G.I. Joe)
Lifeline
Main article: Lifeline (G.I. Joe)
Lift-Ticket
Lift-Ticket is the G.I. Joe Team's rotary wing aircraft pilot, and his secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. His real name is Victor W. Sikorski, and his rank is that of chief warrant officer CW-2. Lift-Ticket was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He joined the army to get out of his hometown, scoring high enough on the aptitude test to qualify for West Point Prep., O.C.S., and Flight Warrant Officer School. He opted for the latter, thinking that it was the only one which offered training applicable to civilian employment. Lift-Ticket was first released as an action figure in 1986, packaged exclusively with the Tomahawk.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero No. 49 (July 1986). He is seen transporting several Joes to the American town of Springfield, which was a Cobra stronghold. In the Sunbow animated series, he was often partnered with Lifeline.
He had brief appearances in G.I. Joe: The Movie and in the G.I. Joe: Renegades episode "Prodigal", where he was voiced by Charlie Schlatter.
Lightfoot
Lightfoot is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert. His real name is Cory R. Owens, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Lightfoot was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Shockwave.
Lightfoot's primary military specialty is demolitions, and his secondary military specialty is artillery coordinator. Lightfoot has memorized all the mathematical tables that he found in military manuals for explosives, for calculating amounts of explosives needed, safe firing distances, power requirements for firing circuits, and formulas for cutting structural steel, timber and breaching various forms of bunker material. He has also memorized all the conversion tables for foreign and non-military explosives, as he doesn't take any chances.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in Special Missions No. 13. He is sent to the Trucial Absysmia desert with the Joes Outback, Dusty, and fellow trainee Mangler. They are captured by local military forces, who torture the Joes' objective out of Lightfoot; they were sent to Africa to destroy a buried weapons cache. Only Mangler is angry that Lightfoot broke. After escaping, the Joes manage to make their way to the cache. Lightfoot, despite his injuries, succeeds in destroying it. Mangler sacrifices himself to allow the others to escape.
Lightfoot spends much time recovering from his injuries, and has to go through training again. Despite the real possibility of washing out, he makes it along with the fresh recruits Budo and Repeater. All three are drawn into a mission under the command of Grand Slam. They are defending a weapons cache, from Iron Grenadiers. Despite their leader being badly wounded, the Joes complete the mission, killing all they came across. Lightfoot saves the day with a time-delayed bomb destroying a retreating helicopter. He is one of the few Joes available to protect a space-based laser weapon from Cobra hands., and later assists in fighting "Darklonian" terrorists in New York City.
In the Devil's Due continuity, he makes a cameo appearance in G.I. Joe Frontline #18, walking down a hallway in the current G.I. Joe headquarters. He also appears when Cobra Commander makes an attempt on General Hawk's life by bombing the television studio he had appeared in. Lightfoot and Zap are two of the Joes who safely rescue Hawk.
In IDW continuity, Lightfoot is part of a mission meant to Sierra Gordo. The intent rescue several fellow Joes from imprisonment.
Long Range
Main article: Long Range (G.I. Joe)
Low-Light
Main article: Low-Light (G.I. Joe)
Lt. Falcon
Main article: Lt. Falcon
Mace
Mace is the G.I. Joe Team's undercover operative. His real name is Thomas S. Bowman, and he was first released as an action figure in 1993. Mace was born in Denver, Colorado.
His primary military specialty is undercover surveillance. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Mace has spent years undercover, working against Cobra and other criminal factions. He feeds information to fellow "Battle Corps" members, who then make the resulting raids and arrests.
Mainframe
Main article: Mainframe (G.I. Joe)
Major Altitude
Major Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's Battle Copter pilot. His real name is Robert D. Owens, and he was born in Rumford, Rhode Island. Major Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Battle Copters line. He came exclusively with the "Battle Copter" vehicle. He was released again in 1993, as part of a mail-in special called "Terrifying Lasers of Destruction". He was packaged with a Cobra agent, another helicopter pilot, called Interrogator.
At the age of eleven he decides he will eventually join the G.I. Joe team; he decides to focus on its Flight School branch. Eight years later, he finishes Aviator School and Flight Warrant Officer School. He is recruited right into the Joe team. The "Major" does not reflect his rank, it is part of his code-name. He is noted as one of the most skilled pilots in the world.
Major Altitude appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.
Major Barrage
Major Barrage is the G.I. Joe Team's artillery commander. His real name is David Vennemeyer, and he was first released as an action figure in 2005. He is able to take down a squadron in battle and keep fighting.
Major Storm
Major Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's "General" commander. His real name is Robert G. Swanson, and he was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Major Storm was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the General mobile assault fort. His figure was re-released in 2003. This edition was a G.I. Joe Convention exclusive.
His primary military specialty is command of the General, a large armored vehicle with multiple types of offensive weaponry. His secondary military specialty is long range artillery officer. He has extensive experience with most armored vehicles in many battlefield situations. It is noted that Major Storm is the only one who can decipher some of the General's systems. It is specified he leads a battlefield operation to discover the source of major sabotage against the General.
Mercer
Main article: Mercer (G.I. Joe)
Mirage
Mirage is the G.I. Joe Team's Bio-Artillery expert. His real name is Joseph R. Baikun, and his rank is that of U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant. Mirage was born in Molson, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the "Mega Marines" subset. The Mega Marines are a subgroup dedicated to fighting the "Mega Monsters". His figure came with "moldable bio-armor", a clay like substance.
Mirage then had two releases in 2002, one in 2003 and another in 2005. The last release came with the remote-controlled toy called the "Hoverstrike". Mirage is an expert in various weapons, and trains other soldiers in their use. He was trained by Roadblock.
Mirage appeared in the Devil's Due series. He assists the Joe team in fighting the second Cobra civil war, which like the first one, is against Serpentor's forces on Cobra Island. He also appears in issues #34–36.
Muskrat
Muskrat is the G.I. Joe Team's swamp fighter. His real name is Ross A. Williams, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Muskrat was born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.
The 1988 Target stores exclusive release of Muskrat, is a double-pack with Voltar. The packaging text specifies the two characters have a particular hatred of each other. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Spearhead. A new version of Muskrat was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line.
Muskrat's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is social services. He spent his youth in the swamp, hunting raccoon, possum, and wild pig, holding his own against poachers, 'gator skinners, moonshiners, chain gang escapees, and smugglers. Ranger School and Jungle Warfare Training Center seemed easy to him after that.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80. Muskrat is also part of a rescue squad sent into a hot-spot in Southeast Asia to rescue fellow Joes. He is one of many sent in on a Tomahawk helicopter. He has to assist in dealing with Russian gunships, highly explosive extra fuel and the wounding of several crew members (himself included).
Mutt
Main article: Mutt (G.I. Joe)
Nunchuk
Nunchuk is the codename of Ralph Baducci. His code-name is a variation on the word nunchaku, the character's preferred weapon. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and studied with a blind sensei in Denver. Nunchuk felt the need for improvement, and moved to San Francisco. He caught the attention of Storm Shadow, who trained him and supervised his acceptance into G.I. Joe's Ninja Force. Nunchuk later moves to training other Joe soldiers in various forms of hand-to-hand combat. He also develops a grudge against the Cobra operative Firefly, because he is angry that the man would use martial arts for evil purposes.
Outback
Main article: Outback (G.I. Joe)
Ozone
Ozone is G.I. Joe Team's ozone replenisher trooper. His real name is David Kunitz, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Ozone was born in Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line. He had two releases in 1993 and another in 1994. The last three were releases under the Star Brigade subgroup, establishing that the character has traveled into space.
Ozone is a specialist in environmental health and various forms of airborne sludge and other harmful chemicals. He carriers equipment designed to neutralize these harmful substances while at the same time replenishing the ozone layer. He can do this while wearing a cumbersome environmental suit and fighting Cobra forces.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. There and in the next two issues, he teams with Flint and Clean-Sweep as the "Eco-Warriors" sub-team. They confront the Cobra operative Cesspool on a seemingly abandoned oil platform. Ozone stops the confrontation, by literally bringing in a lawyer.
Ozone appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.
Pathfinder
Pathfinder is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle assault specialist. His real name is William V. Iannotti, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Pathfinder was born in Key West, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He also had a release under the "Action Force" line. He had a 2001 release packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle, and in the same year, he had a release with the V.A.M.P. vehicle.
Pathfinder's father was a Korean War veteran who taught him the finer points of military reconnaissance. He was not considered too young to learn how to rough it out in the wild swamps of Florida, which enabled him to breeze through much of the Army's jungle training. It came to the point where he was teaching everyone including the instructors what jungle survival is all about. Soon thereafter, he received his certification as a jungle assault specialist, and became part of the G.I. Joe Team. Pathfinder is now responsible for leading all covert attacks on Cobra Island.
Pathfinder appears in issue No. 24 of the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is one of many Joes called up to fight against the personal army created by Serpentor.
In the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, Pathfinder was voiced by Garry Chalk, and was friends with Capt. Grid-Iron and Ambush.
Payload
Payload is the G.I. Joe Team's Defiant pilot. His real name is Mark Morgan Jr., and his rank is that of Colonel, USAF O-6. Payload was born in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle complex. He was re-colored and released again in 1989, packaged with the Crusader space shuttle. A new version of Payload was released in 1993 as part of the Star Brigade line. That version was re-colored and released again in 1994. In Europe, Payload was released as an interplanetary Cobra soldier.
Payload's primary military specialty is astronaut, and his secondary military specialty is fixed wing pilot. He grew up watching the early space flights blasting off, staring at the flaming boosters through the hurricane fence. He joined the Air Force to make his dream a reality, flying F-4 Phantoms over southeast Asia for three tours. He signed up for the astronaut training program after returning to the United States. Payload frequently works closely with Hardtop, a specialist in the launching facility the Defiant moves in.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64. He heads up a mission to stop Cobra forces from stealing U.S. spy satellites; the mission fails when Cobra destroys the satellites, after they are prevented from stealing them. Payload then leads a mission to rescue survivors from a G.I. Joe mission to the fictional land of Trucial-Abysmia.
Payload is featured in the last issue of the "Special Missions" series, where he, Ace and Slipstream are sent to space to test out various surveillance techniques. When he learns G.I. Joe forces are in trouble on land, Payload goes against plan and pilots the Defiant back to Earth. He uses the Defiant's weaponry to neutralize the threat and lands on the USS Flagg aircraft carrier.
He later becomes a member of Star Brigade, which also and includes Space Shot, Sci-Fi and Roadblock. The Joes team up with the current Oktober Guard to stop an asteroid endangering Earth; this team. The shuttles for both teams are damaged in the mission, and Payload cannibalizes the Defiant to fix the Russian spacecraft. Both teams safely leave in the latter one. The Defiant is destroyed when the asteroid safely explodes.
Payload and Wild Bill rescue several of their fellow pilots from summary execution in an ill-fated mission to Sierra Gordo.
Payload and the Defiant play a critical role in the climax of the G.I. Joe novel "Fool's Gold". He works with Sci-Fi and Hawk to destroy a Cobra weapon aimed at Earth. He also is featured in the Little Golden Books "Tower Of Power" G.I. Joe story.
Psyche-Out
Main article: Psyche-Out
Quick Kick
Main article: Quick Kick (G.I. Joe)
Rampage
Rampage is the code name of Walter A. McDaniel. He was first released as an action figure in 1989, as a replacement for Heavy Metal. He was re-released in 2003, as the G.I. Joe Team's "Split Fire" driver. Rampage once trained alongside Beach Head.
Rampart
Rampart is the G.I. Joe Team's shoreline defender. His real name is Dwayne A. Felix, and his rank is that of U.S. Navy Petty Officer (2nd class). Rampart grew up in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.
Rampart spent his time mastering all video games he had access to, at home and the arcade. He put his hand-eye coordination to use in the Navy. In the air defense artillery, Rampart attained the highest combat success ratio in the 7th Fleet for "splashing" enemy aircraft. He joins the Joes directly from the Navy.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #115. He served in the "Battle of Benzheen". He and Backblast maintain a sentry point deep in the Benzheen desert, and destroy a Rattler plane chasing the Joe pilot Ghostrider.
In the Devil's Due series, he was killed by Red Shadow agents while on assignment in South America.
Rampart appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Ian James Corlett.
Rapid Fire
Rapid Fire is the G.I. Joe Team's fast attack expert. His real name is Robbie London, named after an executive at DIC Animation. Rapid Fire was born in Seattle, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1990. He came with a free VHS tape of the G.I. Joe DiC episode "Revenge Of The Pharaohs". He does not appear in that episode.
He specializes in fast-attack maneuvers and sabotage tactics. He is fluent in three languages, has Airborne Ranger training and is the recipient of a Medal of Honor. He attended the United States Military Academy, commonly known as "West Point". He completed their ten-week Cadet Summer Orientation in only five weeks.
Recoil
Recoil is the G.I. Joe Team's L.R.R.P. (Long Range Recon Patrol, pronounced "Lurp"). His real name is Joseph Felton, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Recoil was born in Fashion Island, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.
Recoil's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is RTO (Radio Telephone Operator). He was a marathon runner and professional bodybuilder before joining G.I. Joe, and his excellent physical shape made him a good candidate to be a "Lurp". His job is to penetrate deep into enemy territory, gather intelligence and extricate himself without being detected, all the while carrying 100 pounds of gear, including rations, radio, weapons, ammo and climbing rope.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. Recoil is one of many Joes sent to the fictional county of Benzheen, to battle Cobra influence. Recoil's patrol group, consisting of Sneak Peek, Dusty, Stalker and Ambush come under fire by a group of Cobra soldiers. Sneak Peek is killed, and Recoil and Ambush are injured.
In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Recoil is seen as one of the Joes fighting against 'Coil', the army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.
Recondo
Main article: Recondo (G.I. Joe)
Red Dog
Red Dog is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is David Taputapu, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Red Dog was born in Pago Pago, Samoa, and debuted as an action figure in 1987 as part of the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades three-pack, along with Mercer and Taurus.
Red Dog's primary military specialty is infantry. He had a promising career as a barefoot placekicker on an American football team, until a defensive lineman stomped on his big toe. Red Dog gave the lineman a broken helmet and a concussion in return, for which he was suspended for excessive roughness. After a brief career as a stuntman in "B" movies, he was recruited by the G.I. Joe Command for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team. This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and everyone denies all knowledge of them when they fail.
Red Dog appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Poncie Ponce. The Renegades, under Sgt. Slaughter, operate as drill sergeants.
Red Zone
Red Zone is the code name of Luke Ellison. He is the Steel Brigade's urban assault trooper, and was first released as an action figure in 2006. The G.I. Joe Team took an interest in him when he was "a little too enthusiastic for the FBI."
Repeater
Repeater is the G.I. Joe Team's steadi-cam machine gunner. His real name is Jeffrey R. Therien, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Repeater was born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1988. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Charbroil.
Repeater's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is heavy weapons. Repeater had twenty years of top-notch field performance in the Army, although he never did well in the garrison. However, out in the bush he is the one who brings the other grunts back home alive.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 82 as part of a training class of potential G.I.Joe recruits. Only he, Lightfoot and Budo become official Joe members. They are taken into battle swiftly and defeat an Iron Grenadier plot to steal valuable weapons, mainly by killing every adversary involved. He is shot and wounded while defending a "Strategic Defense Initiative" installation. He recovers and soon after is involved in a fight with Cobra and Dreadnok forces on the Atlantic City Freeway. Several years later, he again appeared to be shot and wounded during the defense of The Pit in a surprise Cobra assault on the Joe base.
Rip Cord
Main article: Rip Cord (G.I. Joe)
Roadblock
Main article: Roadblock (G.I. Joe)
Robo-J.O.E.
Robo-J.O.E. is the G.I. Joe Team's jet-tech operations expert. He is a scientist who was injured by Destro during a raid to steal plans for Bio Armor. To save his life, he was rebuilt as an armored cyborg. His real name is listed as Greg D. Scott which is the same name used for the Lifeline v5 and v6 file cards. Robo-J.O.E. was born in Casper, Wyoming, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Star Brigade line.
Robo-J.O.E.'s only comic book appearance was in the large group shot on the cover of G.I. Joe: America's Elite #25.
Rock 'n Roll
Main article: Rock 'n Roll (G.I. Joe)
Rumbler
Rumbler is the code name of Earl-Bob Swilley. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged as the driver of the "Crossfire" 4WD vehicle.
Salvo
Salvo is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-Armor Trooper. His real name is David K. Hasle, and he was born in Arlington, Virginia. Salvo was first released as an action figure in 1990, and again in 2005. Both versions have the T-shirt slogan 'The Right of Might'.
Salvo's primary military specialty is anti-armor trooper. He also specializes in repairing "TOW/Dragon" missiles. Salvo expresses a deep distrust of advanced electronic weaponry. He prefers to use mass quantities of conventional explosives to overwhelm enemy forces.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 114. There, he fights as part of a large scale operation against Cobra forces in the fictional country of Benzheen. Steeler, Dusty, Salvo, Rock'N'Roll, and Hot Seat get into vehicular based combat against the missile expert Metal-Head He is later part of the Joe team on-site who defends G.I. Joe headquarters in Utah against a Cobra assault.
Salvo appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Brent Chapman.
Scanner
Scanner is the codename of Scott E. Sturgis. His primary military specialty is information technology. He first appears in the Devil's Due series. Snake Eyes and Scarlett hide out with Scanner in Iceland, before they are tracked down by Overlord. Scanner is killed in the process of defending the Iceland base, but instrumental in destroying the base (with Overlord inside) to save his teammates.
Scarlett
Main article: Scarlett (G.I. Joe)
Sci-Fi
Sci-Fi is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe Team's laser trooper and debuted in 1986. His real name is Seymour P. Fine, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Sci-Fi was born in Geraldine, Montana. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. Sci-Fi was released as an action figure in 1986, and repackaged by Hasbro in 1994 as part of the Star Brigade line.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64 in a brief cameo and appeared fully in #65. He is a supporting character in a five-issue story arc from #145 to #149 as part of the G.I. Joe Star Brigade team.
Sci-Fi is a supporting character in the 1986 second season of the Marvel/Sunbow animated series and the 1989 DiC G.I. Joe series, voiced both times by Jerry Houser.
Scoop
Scoop is the G.I. Joe Team's combat information specialist. His real name is Leonard Michaels, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Scoop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1989. In the animated series, his character was a Cobra spy; in the other continuities he is simply a journalist/soldier.
His name, occupation and visage were based on real-life NBC News journalist Mike Leonard.
Scoop's primary military specialty is journalist, and his secondary military specialty is microwave transmission specialist. He has an advanced degree in journalism, as well as a master's degree in electrical engineering. Scoop could have worked for a network news team, but instead opted for service on the G.I. Joe Team so he could be on the spot when news was being made.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #23. He is one of a team sent to Sierra Gordo. Conflict arises because Scoop, while a trained soldier, barely meets G.I. Joe standards. It is shown how he interacts badly with his teammates Muskrat, Leatherneck, Hit and Run, Tunnel Rat and Stalker. Scoop defeats an Iron Grenadier in hand-to-hand combat, smashing the man in the head with the treasured video footage. This also saves the life of Tunnel Rat, who had been wounded. Scoop earns the respect of the other Joe soldiers. He later returns to Sierra Gordo to help rescue Joes and the Oktober Guard. Scoop eventually returns to the reformed G.I. Joe team.
Scoop appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Michael Benyaer. Scoop was recruited by Sgt. Slaughter for his "Marauders" sub-team. Scoop was suspected of being a Cobra spy. In the episode "Operation: Dragonfire", Scoop confesses that he is in fact a Cobra spy. He is placed under arrest by Low-Light. Stalker frees Scoop when convinced he's no longer working for Cobra after discovering Cobra lied about the Joes destroying his family home. Scoop then spies on Cobra for the Joes.
Scoop appears as a non-playable character in the G.I. Joe arcade game.
Sgt. Hacker
Sgt. Hacker is the G.I. Joe Team's information retrieval specialist. His real name is Jesse E. Jordan, and he was first released as an action figure in 2003. He is a computer specialist from Fort Leonard Wood.
Sgt. Slaughter
Main article: Sgt. Slaughter (G.I. Joe)
Sgt. Stone
Main article: Stone (G.I. Joe)
Shipwreck
Main article: Shipwreck (G.I. Joe)
Shockwave
Main article: Shockwave (G.I. Joe)
Short-Fuze
Main article: Short-Fuze (G.I. Joe)
Sideswipe
Sideswipe is the code name of Andrew Frankel. He is the G.I. Joe Team's medical specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2002.
Sidetrack
Sidetrack was originally the code name of Sean C. McLaughlin. He was the G.I. Joe Team's wilderness survival specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2000. Sidetrack was then used as the code name of John Boyce in 2002. He was a ranger for the G.I. Joe Team, and a former professional wrestler. Boyce was killed by a trap laid out by Cobra hunter Shadow Tracker in a mini-comic published by the G. I. Joe Collectors Club.
Skidmark
Skidmark is the G.I. Joe Team's Desert Fox driver. His real name is Cyril Colombani, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Skidmark was born in Los Angeles, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the "Desert Fox" 6WD jeep.
Skidmark's primary military specialty is fast attack vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. As a kid, he was polite, well groomed, and successful in his studies. However, when he received his first driver's lesson, he subsequently shattered all-known records for accumulating speeding violations. He is the G.I. Joe Team's fastest and most reliable recon driver.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 72. He joins the team at the same time as Wildcard and Windmill. A Cobra agent, the Star Viper, sneaks onto the Joe's Utah base by holding onto the underside of Skidmark's Desert Fox vehicle. Skidmark and the new Joes pursue the Viper in the next issue.
Skidmark returns in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series in issue No. 24. He is one of the many Joes recalled up to duty for the second Cobra civil war, this one also taking place on Cobra Island. In issue No. 25, Skidmark is killed by a falling helicopter crash while aiding General Hawk in an attempt to arrest Overlord.
Skidmark is featured in the 1989 'Golden' G.I. Joe coloring book.
Skydive
Skydive is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol leader. His real name is Lynton N. Felix, and he was born in Pensacola, Florida. Skydive was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line. Before he was recruited by G.I. Joe, he spent ten years as a non-commissioned officer teaching Ranger School at Fort Benning. He also specializes in personnel administration.
Skydive is voiced by Dale Wilson in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon.
Skymate
Skymate is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Daniel T. Toner, and he was born in Queenstown, Australia. Skymate was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line.
Skymate flies the "Air Commando" glider. He grew up in a remote station near the Haast's Bluff Aboriginal Reserve. He receives exotic weapons training in the 'Special Air Services', which only complemented his already extensive knowledge of the subject. He is considered very quiet. His preferred weapon is a bow and arrow.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, as being part of a mission involving Chuckles and the Air Commandos, but not seen. In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Skymate is one of many Joes sent to Europe to assist in worldwide outbreaks of Cobra terrorist activity.
Skymate appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.
Skystriker
Skystriker is a member of the special G.I. Joe group Tiger Force, and serves as the jet fighter pilot tasked with operating the "Tiger Rat" assault plane. His real name is Alexander P. Russo, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988. Skystriker was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and grew up around planes on a military base. He is noted for destroying more than fifteen Cobra planes during attacks on Cobra Island.
Slip Stream
Main article: Slip Stream (G.I. Joe)
Snake Eyes
Main article: Snake Eyes (G.I. Joe)
Sneak Peek
Sneak Peek is the G.I. Joe Team's advanced recon specialist. His real name is Owen King, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Sneak Peek was born in Bangor, Maine, where Stephen King is a longtime resident, and this is an apparent reference to Stephen King's son, Owen King. He was first released as an action figure in 1987. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1988, packaged with Lt. Falcon.
Sneak Peek's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is radio-telecommunications. Sneak Peek is known for a mission while in a Ranger recon battalion, in which he was never recalled due to an error; he continued observing enemy activity, taking notes and sketching maps for two weeks, until someone remembered he was still out there and signaled for him to return. Sneak Peek is Ranger qualified and proficient with all NATO night vision devices.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #73. He is part of a recon team that works its way through Cobra Island during the Cobra civil war. Later, he is shot and killed during the battle of Benzheen. He "dies" saving a little boy being placed in danger by a Frag Viper. The same issue reveals details of his friendship with fellow Joe Dusty. In IDW's continuation of this storyline, it is revealed that Sneak Peek survived these wounds and was sent deep undercover in Darklonia. His survival was a secret even to his own friends and family.
In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, another agent takes his code name, and goes undercover with the Dreadnoks. He is severely injured by a Viper while checking out a Joe nuclear bomb shelter.
Sneak Peek is a supporting character in the novel The Sultan's Secret by Peter Lerangis. He also has a role in Invisibility Island.
Snow Job
Main article: Snow Job (G.I. Joe)
Snow Storm
Snow Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's high-tech snow trooper. His real name is Guillermo "Willie" Suarez, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Snow Storm was born in Havana, Cuba, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line.
His primary military specialty is arctic warfare. His secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor.
Space Shot
Space Shot is the G.I. Joe Team's combat freighter pilot. His real name is George A. Roberts, and he was born in Everett, Massachusetts. Space Shot was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line.
His file card establishes that he flew cargo between planets in Earth's solar system, and for fun he would fly blindfolded through the rings of Saturn. This earned him the attention of Duke, who recruited him and found it was not easy teaching him military discipline. He has defended four space stations from Cobra attack, and makes Cobra 'Blackstar' pilots look like trainees.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #145. His comics continuity does not match the file card, as he is simply one of many Joes with basic, "real-world" astronaut experience. Space Shot is part of Star Brigade and takes part in a mission to deal with an asteroid threatening all of Earth. With the assistance of the latest version of Oktober Guard, the Joes fight androids in the asteroid's interior, and ultimately the robot army is defeated and the teams makes it off the asteroid before it is safely destroyed.
Sparks
Sparks is the G.I. Joe Team's communication and computer expert. His real name is Alessandro "Alex" D. Verdi, and he was first released as an action figure in 2007. Sparks is the son of a former U.S. ambassador, and was born in Carcare, Italy. He spent his formative years in Europe, becoming fluent in 13 languages, as well as learning the finer points of diplomacy. After graduating from Harvard, he planned to become an interpreter for the military, but instead serves as a liaison to the Pentagon for the G.I. Joe Team. Sparks is an essential cog in G.I. Joe operations, thanklessly filing mountains of paperwork and records, according to the stringent protocols of military bureaucracy. His military specialties include telecommunications, cryptologic operations, and electronic warfare. In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, he appeared in the 1984 "The Revenge of Cobra" mini-series and later retired from the team, working at a television station, but helped G.I. Joe uncover a Cobra plot in the episode "Grey Hairs and Growing Pains".
Spearhead
Spearhead is the G.I. Joe Team's point man. His real name is Peter R. Millman, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Spearhead was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, with his pet bobcat Max. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Muskrat.
Spearhead's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is finance. He was once the youngest and most successful insurance salesman in the Pacific Northwest; everybody liked him and trusted him, and bought more insurance from him than they could afford. However, he joined the Army, feeling that somebody had to do it. Thanks to Spearhead's charisma, and with his bobcat Max as a source of inspiration, soldiers are willing to follow him when he takes the lead.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #21. He works with Airtight, Charbroil and other Joes in an attempt to stop Dreadnoks activity in the sewers of New York. They fail to stop Cobra's plan to create a telemarketing scam center, and their new ally, a homeless veteran, dies while believing he saved the Joes' lives.
Spearhead returns for active duty when the Joe team is reformed in the Devil's Due series. Spearhead is also one of the many Joes to combat Serpentor in the second Cobra civil war.
Specialist Trakker
Specialist Trakker is the M.A.S.K. character Matt Trakker. He was released in 2008 as an advanced vehicle specialist for the G.I. Joe Team. In the G.I. Joe universe according to Specialist Trakker's file card, M.A.S.K.'s enemies in V.E.N.O.M. were a splinter faction of Cobra Command.
Spirit
Main article: Spirit (G.I. Joe)
Stalker
Main article: Stalker (G.I. Joe)
Starduster
Starduster is the G.I. Joe Team's Jet Pack Trooper. His real name is Edward J. Skylar, and he was born in Burlingame, California. Starduster was first released as an action figure in 1987, as a mail-in exclusive from Action Stars cereal, and later as a mail-in offer from Hasbro Direct. In 2008, he was renamed Skyduster and released with the Toys R Us exclusive Air Command Set, which also included Capt. Ace and Wild Bill.
Starduster's primary military specialty is Infantry Transportable Air Recon, and his secondary military specialty is Helicopter Assault. He was a trapeze artist before he enlisted in the Airborne Rangers. Starduster was recruited into the G.I. Joe team by Duke.
In 1985, a television commercial for Action Stars cereal depicted a boy making his way to a bowl of cereal led by the character Duke. After eating the cereal, the boy flies into the air following Starduster. This was the only time that the action-figure Starduster appeared in animated form, as he was never part of the cartoon television series.
Starduster was featured in three out-of-continuity mini-comics packaged in Action Stars cereal. Starduster also appeared in the comic tie-in to the Commandos Heroicas, which were released in both toy and comic book character form as part of the 2009 G.I. Joe convention. Starduster became commander of this Argentine branch of the G.I. Joe team.
Static Line
Static Line is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol demolitions expert. His real name is Wallace J. Badducci, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois. Static Line was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the "Sky Patrol" line.
His primary military specialty is demolitions expert. He is also a trained aircraft mechanic. Static Line is noted for his eye for detail and for not destroying explosive devices, but rendering them inert.
Steam-Roller
Steam-Roller is the G.I. Joe Team's Mobile Command Center operator. His real name is Averill B. Whitcomb, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Steam-Roller was born in Duluth, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Mobile Command Center.
Steam-Roller's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is armor. He worked on heavy cranes on the Great Lakes' docks, earth movers in the strip mines of Appalachia, and graders on the blacktop highways of several states. He was operating an M-15A2, 50 ton transporter when he was assigned to the G.I. Joe Team. Steam-Roller is a qualified expert with all NATO small-arms and explosives.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #99. He also makes an appearance in the following issue. He battles Python Patrol members in the Utah desert.
Steeler
Main article: Steeler (G.I. Joe)
Stretcher
Stretcher is the G.I. Joe Team's Medical Specialist. His real name is Thomas J. Larivee, and he was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Stretcher was first released as an action figure in 1990.
Before the G.I. Joe team, he served as a front-line medic in a NATO military unit. Though Stretcher is a qualified medical specialist, his primary purpose is removing wounded soldiers from the battlefield. As such, he is noted for his strength.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105. He is one of a team of Joes sent to Sierra Gordo to rescue fellow soldiers from Iron Grenadiers. Stretcher is one of the many Joes to take part in a confrontation against Cobra forces in Benzheen. Stretcher is one of many staffing an isolated military outpost. He confirms the death of Sneak Peek, who had died saving a child. Stretcher also appears in issue No. 125.
Stretcher returns to the Joe team in the Devil's Due produced comic book series. He is one of the many soldiers to intervene in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island.
Stretcher appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Alvin Sanders.
Sub-Zero
Sub-Zero is the G.I. Joe Team's winter operations specialist. His real name is Mark Habershaw, and he was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island. Sub-Zero spent time as an instruction at the Army Northern Warfare Training Center in Fort Greely. He was also a consult to the Cold Regions Test center at the same base. He also trained military forces in Europe for cold weather combat. He is noted for hating cold weather.
Sub-Zero was first released as an action figure in 1990. In 1993 he is part of the mail-order Arctic Commandos subset. This is part of the main-in campaign known as 'Terrifying Lasers Of Destruction'. Sub-Zero is included with Stalker, Dee-Jay and a Cobra Snow-Serpent. The fiction of this sub-set is that Sub-Zero's team must stop a Cobra weapon placed atop Mount Everest.
Sub-Zero first appeared in G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32, providing security at a prison during the World War III event.
Sub-Zero appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Don Brown.
Super Trooper
"Super Trooper" redirects here. Not to be confused with Super Trouper or Super Troopers.
Super Trooper is the code name of Paul Latimer. He was born in Dayton, Ohio, and was first released as a mail-in figure in 1988. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is public relations.
Switch Gears
Switch Gears is a tank driver for the G.I. Joe Team, and was released as an action figure in 2003. His real name is Jerome T. Jivoin, and he was born in Bogotá, Colombia. Switch Gears is said to have a high tolerance for pain, and described as very strong and never giving up. He also likes to show up at fortified Cobra positions disguised as a Cobra courier with fake retreat orders, and prefers his bare hands to weapons.
Taurus
Taurus is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is Varujan Ayvazyan, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Taurus was born in Istanbul, Turkey and was first released as an action figure in 1987, as part of a three-pack with Mercer and Red Dog.
Taurus's primary military specialty is demolitions. He was a circus acrobat in Europe, doing occasional undercover work for INTERPOL. When the G.I. Joe top brass witnessed him breaking two-by-fours on his own face as part of his circus act, they recruited him for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team on the spot. Taurus is fluent in a dozen languages, and has been cross-trained in explosives and mountaineering. The Renegades have a freedom of operation unmatched by the other Joes: they are not carried on the existing rosters of any existing military unit, there is no computer access to their dossiers, and they are paid through a special fund earmarked for "Pentagon Pest Control". This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and that the government can deny the Renegades' existence if they are caught.
Taurus is seen in issue No. 32 of G.I. Joe: America's Elite (Feb 2007). He is fighting Cobra soldiers in his home city of Istanbul. Assisting him are the Joe soldiers Heavy Duty and Bombstrike.
Taurus appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Earl Boen. He appears as a member of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades and operates as an assistant drill sergeant.
T'Gin-Zu
Main article: Ninja Force
T'Gin-Zu is a ninja who is the G.I. Joe Team's "Pile Driver" operator and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Joseph R. Rainone. His primary military specialty is Pile Driver vehicle operator. His secondary military specialty is ninja swords master. His birthplace is Somers, New York. T'Gin-Zu has studied martial arts for more than two decades. He has learned some of the secrets of the Arashikage ninja clan and has spent time as a student of Storm Shadow who considers him his most talented pupil. T'Gin-Zu has a developed a deep desire to single-handedly capture Cobra's band of "Red Ninja-Vipers".
T'Jbang
T'Jbang is a ninja and member of Ninja Force the code name of Sam LaQuale. He was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. He is a former member of the Arashikage clan founded by Storm Shadow, a ninja who is also his second cousin. He has crafted his own personal sword, designed for his secretive 'Silent Backslash' technique. T'Jbang is also skilled in piloting helicopters.
Thunder
Thunder is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe team's self-propelled gun artilleryman, and debuted in 1984. His real name is Matthew Harris Breckinridge, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Thunder was first released as an action figure packaged with the Slugger artillery vehicle.
He first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #51 (September 1986). He is among several Joes killed in action in issue #109.
Thunder made his debut in the Sunbow/Marvel G.I. Joe animated series in "The Revenge of Cobra".
Tiger Claw
Tiger Claw is the code name of Chad M. Johnson. He was first released as an action figure in 2005 as the ninja apprentice of Snake Eyes.
Tiger Claw appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles, voiced by Brian Drummond.
Tollbooth
Tollbooth is the G.I. Joe Team's bridge layer driver. His real name is Chuck X. (for nothing) Goren, and his rank is that of E-5 (Sergeant). Tollbooth was born in Boise, Idaho, and was first released as an action figure in 1984, packaged exclusively with the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) as a Sears Exclusive. Tollbooth and the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) were later released as part of the fourth series in 1985.
Tollbooth's primary military specialty is combat engineer, and his secondary military specialty is demolitions. As a child, Tollbooth had a love for construction sets, which he made bigger and more complex until he outgrew them all. As an adult he started building in earnest, and got his master's degree in engineering from MIT. When he needed a bigger challenge, he joined the Army to sign up for the G.I. Joe Team.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #51 (September 1986). He is manning the "Chaplain's Assistant Motor Pool" machinery, the figurative and literal cover for the Pit, the headquarters of the G.I. Joe team. He later appeared in issues #62, 76, and 77. In issue #76, Tollbooth is part of a Joe infiltration team attacking Cobra Island defenses through the swamps.
Tollbooth appeared in the G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Michael Bell. His first appearance in the first-season episode "Three Cubes to Darkness." His appearance is slightly different from his figure as he is shown with a green hardhat in the series.
Topside
Topside is the G.I. Joe Team's Navy assault specialist. His real name is John Blanchet, and his rank is that of First Class Petty Officer in the United States Navy. Topside was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.
He grew up on a farm with his father; their pigs won many awards at the county fairs. Topside became known as the Fort Wayne 'Hog Master'. At age twenty, wanting a more exciting career, he joined the navy. Serving as a deckhand, he overheard tales of bragging from a G.I. Joe special ops team on their way to a mission. He challenged the entire team; this led to him being noticed and recruited. A quote on his file card indicates Topside takes physical punishment with ease.
Topside appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. In terms of the comics, he had worked with the Joe team a short time before they disbanded in 1994. Topside is part of the team to invade Cobra Island. He is also a featured character in part 1 of the "Fun Publishing" official "G.I. Joe Vs. Cobra" comic book released for the G.I. Joe conventions.
Topside appeared in three episodes of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series: "An Officer and a Viperman" and "Ghost of Alcatraz" Part I and Part II.
Torpedo
Main article: Torpedo (G.I. Joe)
Tracker
Tracker was first released as an action figure in 1991. His real name is Christopher R. Groen, and he was born in Helena, Arkansas. Tracker is a Navy SEAL with a specialty in underwater arms development. In terms of tracking, escaping and evading, Tracker has outperformed the best the Joe team has to offer.
Tracker appears in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Phil Hayes.
Tripwire
Main article: Tripwire (G.I. Joe)
Tunnel Rat
Main article: Tunnel Rat (G.I. Joe)
Updraft
Updraft is the G.I. Joe Team's Retaliator pilot. His real name is Matthew W. Smithers, and he was born in Bismarck, North Dakota. Updraft was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the "Retaliator" hi-tech attack copter.
Updraft was the team leader in the "World Helicopter Championships", leading the US team to victory twice. He joins the Flight Warrant Office School at Fort Rucker and became a special instructor. From there, he was selected for G.I. Joe duty. He personally improves much of the "Retaliator" helicopter, a vehicle he later flies into battle.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #130. He assists the Joe team in defending their headquarters from a Cobra attack.
He is also part of a mission in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, helping the Joe team battle Serpentor and his forces in the second Cobra civil war. As with the first one, this war takes place on Cobra Island.
Wet Suit
Main article: Wet Suit (G.I. Joe)
Whiteout
Whiteout is an arctic trooper for the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Leonard J. Lee III, and he was first released as an action figure in 2000. He is a cold weather strategist for the G.I. Joe team and experienced in polar combat mobility.
Wild Bill
Main article: Wild Bill (G.I. Joe)
Wildcard
Wildcard is the G.I. Joe Team's Mean Dog vehicle Driver. His real name is Eric U. Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Wildcard was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the "Mean Dog" 6WD heavy assault vehicle.
Wildcard's primary military specialty is armored vehicle operator, and his secondary military specialty is chaplain's assistant. Wildcard possesses an unnatural talent for breaking things, from sturdy steel machines to simple tools, delicate toys, immovable objects of cast iron, and 8-piece dinner settings. When driving the Mean Dog, the vehicle becomes an extension of himself – a raging engine of destruction, pulverizing all in its path.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He joins the team with Skidmark and Windmill. The trio's actual entry to the current Joe base, with the Mean Dog and the vehicle Desert Fox, is marred by the discovery that a Cobra agent had snuck in with them.
He appears in issue #89, on a trip to the Aberdeen Proving Grounds to test the Mean Dog. Assisted by Repeater and Hardball, he routes Cobra forces chasing other Joes. At the end of the battle, Wildcard personally tugs the fleeing Zanzibar out of his Pogo vehicle.
Windchill
Windchill is the G.I. Joe Team's Arctic Blast vehicle Driver. His real name is Jim Steel, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Windchill was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Windchill was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the "Arctic Blast" tundra assault sled. The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1994. His 1994 release has him packaged with the "Blockbuster" arctic vehicle; furthermore he is named Jim McDonald in that release.
Windchill's primary military specialty is Arctic Blast driver, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. He was an avid skimobiler and hunter, and figured the biathlon would be the ultimate sport for him. He might have qualified for a spot on the American Olympic team if Blizzard hadn't met him at the National Elimination Tournament and given him the idea of getting paid to drive fast, heavily armed snow vehicles.
Windmill
Windmill is the G.I. Joe Team's Skystorm X-Wing Chopper pilot. His real name is Edward J. Roth, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Windmill was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Skystorm X-Wing Chopper.
Windmill's primary military specialty is stopped-rotor aircraft operator, and his secondary military specialty is attack helicopter pilot. He was a flight instructor at the Army Flight Warrant Officers School at Fort Rucker, later flying experimental helicopter prototypes at that facility for the Army Aviation Department Test Activity.
In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He drives onto the current Joe base in the "Desert Fox", accompanied by Skidmark and Wildcard; the latter driving the "Mean Dog". The occasion is marred by the discovery of a hostile that had snuck in by hanging to the underside of the Fox.
Zap
Main article: Zap (G.I. Joe)
See also
List of Cobra characters
List of G.I. Joe Extreme characters
List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero action figures
References
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 128. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) – Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers". Voicechasers.com. September 2, 1989. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ a b c d e G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24–25
^ Desert Patrol Squad at YOJOE.com
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #111 (1991)
^ a b c G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #113
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #122
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #128–129
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24 (November 2003)
^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #25 (November 2017)
^ "1990 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b c d e Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 119. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ "Rumbler". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Encyclopedia. Myuselessknowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #111–112
^ a b c d Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 123. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #92
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #100
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #115
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24
^ "1989 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 113. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64 (October 1987)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #67 (January 1988)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #68 (February 1988)
^ "Canadian Joe Con Website". Canadianjoecon.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Rising Tide w/ Barrel Roll at YOJOE.com Retrieved April 24, 2012
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 139. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ a b Anti-Venom Task Force at YOJOE.com
^ "Barricade's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.
^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.
^ "Big Ben (v3) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ "Big Ben (v4) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ "Big Ben (v5) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #115-117
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #137
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ "Roll Call". G.I. Joe Roll Call. Joe Headquarters. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ a b c G.I. Joe: The Movie (Motion picture). De Laurentiis Entertainment Group. April 20, 1987.
^ Mega Marines at YOJOE.com
^ a b c d e f g h i Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 115. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ "1997 release". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "1997 Filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe game review Archived October 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Mania.com
^ a b c G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #82 (January 1989)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions: Tokyo (September 2006)
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 140. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ "Bullet-Proof information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Bullet-Proof's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #125–127
^ "Bullhorn's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Bullhorn's second filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe A Real American Hero #130 (November 1992)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions: Manhattan (February 2006)
^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #28
^ a b c d e f g Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 116. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ a b c G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #80 (November 1988)
^ G.I. Joe: Special Missions #21 (May 1989)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24 (2003)
^ a b c d e Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 134. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ "Clean-Sweep filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #123–125
^ "Cloudburst filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #118 (November 1991)
^ "Cold Front filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #109–110
^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 29. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.
^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.
^ a b c Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 105. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ a b Wherle, Scott (2002). G.I. Joe: Battle Files #1. Devil's Due Publishing. p. 30.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #23 (2003)
^ a b c Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 125. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions No. 28 (1989)
^ a b c d e G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #115 (August 1991)
^ a b G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32 (2007)
^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #35 (2007)
^ "Dojo's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ "Drop Zone". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ "Star Brigade/Effects package details". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Effects Filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 49. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #60
^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero #74 (August 1988)
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ "Freefall toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Freefall filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ The Fridge at JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #37
^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #23–24
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #76 (September 1988)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #28 (Mid-November 1989)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #24
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #89 (1989)
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #38
^ "Hardtop's 1987 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Hardtop's 2004 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64
^ "Hi-Tech toy information". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Patriot Grizzly w/ Hi-Tech Archived June 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at YOJOE.com Retrieved April 24, 2012
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #17
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #22
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #23
^ a b c d e G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24–25 (2003)
^ Locust w/ Hollow Point Archived June 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at YOJOE.com Retrieved April 23, 2012
^ "1989 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #105 (October 1990)
^ "Shock-Viper information". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Ice Cream Soldier filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #36 (June 1985)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #40–41 (October 1985)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #73–77 (1988)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #24–25 (October 2003)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #7–9
^ Murphy, Charles (May 3, 2018). "EXCLUSIVE: Character Details About The G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant". That Hashtag Show. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
^ "Lightfoot filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #13
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #86 (May 1989)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #25 (September 1989)
^ G.I. Joe Frontline #18 (December 2003)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #29 (May 2004)
^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero #196 (November 2013)
^ "Mace filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Battle Copter". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Major Altitude 1993 details". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
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^ "Major Altitude 1993 filecard". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Major Storm 2003 toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
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^ "Major Storm 2003 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Mega Marines". YOJOE.
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^ G.I. Joe A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #23–25
^ "Ultimate Enemies: Muskrat & Voltar". Yojoe.Com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe Special Missions #23 (November 1989)
^ "Nunchuk filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Nunchuk's 2002 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
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^ "Ozone filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #123–125 (April–June 1992)
^ "Action Force Pathfinder". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Pathfinder information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Pathfinder filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Payload 1993 filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ "Payload Cobra filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ "Payload filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64–65 (October–November 1987)
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #28
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #145–149
^ G.I.Joe: A Real American Hero #198 (January 2014)
^ S.M. Ballard (Author) (March 1, 1988). 'Fool's Gold'. ISBN 0345350960. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ "information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ Fleming, Robert Loren (February 1, 2014). link. ISBN 978-0307625649.
^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television cartoon shows: an illustrated encyclopedia, 1949 through 2003, Volume 1. McFarland & Co. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7864-2099-5.
^ "1991 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ a b Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ "Rapid-Fire". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ James McFadden. "Rapid-Fire". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #112–113 (1991)
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 81. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #89 (August 1989)
^ "Salvo's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #114 (July 1991)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #130
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #40–41 (2005)
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 107. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #64 (October 1, 1987)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #65 (November 1, 1987)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #145–149 (1994)
^ G.I. Joe Frontline #18
^ "Arcade game". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Sideswipe toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ a b G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #72 (June 1988)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #73 (July 1988)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #25 (October 2003)
^ "Coloring book". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Skydive". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ "Skymate's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #73–77
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #164,168–170
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #10 (2002)
^ The Sultan's Secret at Amazon.com
^ Beach, Lynn (1988). Invisibility Island. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-35097-8.
^ "Snow Storm". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "1993 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Space Shot". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Space Shot's file card". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "1994 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Jamar Miller. "Space Shot". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #145 (February 1994)
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #149 (1994)
^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.
^ "1988 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Jamar Miller. "Spearhead". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ G.I. Joe Special Missions #21
^ G.I. Joe: Frontline #18 (December 2003)
^ "Starduster toy information". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Starduster's File Card".
^ G.I. Joe Action Stars Cereal Mr Breakfast.com. Retrieved April 2, 2011
^ HASBRO Comics at JMM's G.I. JOE Comics Home Page
^ Jamar Miller. "Static Line". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Static Line". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
^ "1987 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Filecard Gallery – Steam Roller". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Jamar Miller. "Steam Roller". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Filecard Gallery – Stretcher". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Jamar Miller. "Stretcher". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "1990 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Filecard Gallery – Sub-Zero". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Mail-In information". Halfbattle.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Sub-Zero". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Jamar Miller. "Sub-Zero". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "1990 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Super Trooper at YOJOE.com
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 107. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.
^ Jamar Miller. "Taurus". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32 (February 2007)
^ "1987 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "T'Gin-Zu's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "T'Jbang filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 100. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.
^ Jamar Miller. "Thunder". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "1984 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ "Half the Battle: 1985 Characters". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 110. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.
^ Jamar Miller. "Tollbooth". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #76
^ "Three Cubes to Darkness". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero.
^ "link". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Tracker's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Updraft's filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #130 (1992)
^ "Wildcard filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #72
^ G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #89
^ "Windchill's second filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
^ "Windmill filecard". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
External links
Character Guide at JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page
vteG.I. JoeCharactersG.I. Joe Team
General Joseph Colton
Ace
Airborne
Airtight
Alpine
Barbecue
Bazooka
Beach Head
Blowtorch
Breaker
Chuckles
Claymore
Clutch
Cover Girl
Crazylegs
Cross-Country
Cutter
Deep Six
Dial-Tone
Doc
Duke
Dusty
Falcon
Flash
Flint
Footloose
Frostbite
General Flagg
Grand Slam
Grunt
Gung-Ho
Hawk
Heavy Duty
Jinx
Kamakura
Billy Kessler
Lady Jaye
Law & Order
Leatherneck
Lifeline
Long Range
Low-Light
Mainframe
Mercer
Mutt
Outback
Psyche-Out
Quick Kick
Recondo
Rip Cord
Roadblock
Rock 'n Roll
Scarlett
Sgt. Slaughter
Shipwreck
Shockwave
Short-Fuze
Slip Stream
Snake Eyes
Snow Job
Spirit
Stalker
Steeler
Stone
Torpedo
Tripwire
Tunnel Rat
Wet Suit
Wild Bill
Zap
Other members
Cobra Command
Cobra Commander
Destro
Serpentor
Baroness
Copperhead
Doctor Mindbender
Doctor Venom
Firefly
Gnawgahyde
Major Bludd
Overkill
Scrap-Iron
Storm Shadow
Thrasher
Tomax and Xamot
Torch
Zandar
Zanzibar
Zarana
Zartan
Other members
Crimson Guard
Night Creepers
Oktober Guard
Red Star
Adventure Team
General Joseph Colton
MediaToyline
America's Movable Fighting Man
Adventure Team
A Real American Hero
Hall of Fame
Sgt. Savage and his Screaming Eagles
Classic Collection
Masterpiece Edition
Extreme
Timeless Collection
G.I. Joe vs. Cobra
Sigma 6
25th Anniversary
ComicsMarvel
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
G.I. Joe and the Transformers
Devil's Due
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
G.I. Joe: America's Elite
"World War III"
IDW
2008 series (Hasbro Comic Book Universe)
G.I. Joe: Cobra
Infestation
Infestation 2
Revolution
First Strike
Transformers: Unicron
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
2019 series
Snake Eyes: Deadgame
Skybound
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
2023 series (Energon Universe)
Animated series
Sunbow series
episodes
DiC series
episodes
Extreme
Sigma 6
Resolute
Renegades
FilmsAnimated
G.I. Joe: The Movie (1987)
Spy Troops (2003)
Valor vs. Venom (2004)
Ninja Battles (2004)
Live-action
The Rise of Cobra (2009)
Retaliation (2013)
Snake Eyes (2021)
Video games
Cobra Strikes
A Real American Hero
Action Force
G.I. Joe NES video game
The Atlantis Factor
G.I. Joe arcade game
The Rise of Cobra
Operation Blackout
Wrath of Cobra
Other games
Fortnite Battle Royale
Brawlhalla
Factions
G.I. Joe Team
Cobra Command
Lists
G.I. Joe characters
Cobra characters
Toylines
Playsets and Vehicles
Related articles
Action Man
Action Force
Built to Rule
Larry Hama
Synthoid
The Ballad of G.I. Joe
"G.I. Jeff"
The Toys That Made Us
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_Team"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"List of Cobra characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cobra_characters"}],"text":"This is an alphabetical list of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters who are members of the G.I. Joe Team. For Cobra characters, see List of Cobra characters.","title":"List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parma, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Zartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"Ward Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Perry"}],"text":"Agent Faces is the G.I. Joe Team's infiltrator. His real name is Michelino J. Paolino, and he was born in Parma, Ohio. Agent Faces was first released as an action figure in 2003, in a two-pack with Zartan.His primary military specialty is fighting. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Agent Faces was born with an uncanny talent for mimicry. After doing a brutally accurate impression of his first sergeant during basic training, he was sent to a top-secret intelligence school. There, he learned the tricks of cloak and dagger, and the use of advanced makeup and disguise techniques.[1]Agent Faces appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Ward Perry.","title":"Agent Faces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10mm Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10mm_Auto"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Double Helix Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Helix_Games"}],"text":"Agent Helix is a covert operations officer with advanced martial arts training and expert marksmanship. Her favorite weapons are dual 10mm Auto pistols. An Olympic-class gymnast, her distinctive \"Whirlwind attack\" is an overpowering combination of kicks and firepower.Agent Helix appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game, voiced by Nancy Truman. She was designed by Mayan Escalante, a character artist at Double Helix Games, as an un-lockable character in the video game. She then became an action figure in the 2009 edition of the toyline.","title":"Agent Helix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airborne"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airtight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Colonel Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Courage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Benyaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benyaer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Airwave is the G.I. Joe Team's audible frequency specialist. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Louisville, Kentucky. The same name Cliff V. Mewett was also used a few years later for Colonel Courage, even though the character is African-American and born in a different city. Airwave was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] He is the Sky Patrol communications specialist, and is also the Signal Corps Adjutant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He is noted for being able to gain a signal where few others can.Airwave appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Michael Benyaer.[3]","title":"Airwave"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alpine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambria, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Terry Klassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Klassen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's recon scout. His real name is John Edwards Jones, and he was born in Cambria, California. Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] He is a full-blooded Apache. He joined the military after his budding artistic career was cut short by the collapse of the syndicated cartoon industry. Altitude uses his photographic memory and drawing skills to bring back intelligence as a recon scout.Altitude appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is part of the assault team sent to Cobra Island to destroy the forces of the revived Serpentor.[4]Altitude appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon voiced by Terry Klassen.[3]","title":"Altitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walnut, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Gung Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung-Ho_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Snake-Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Eyes_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-6"},{"link_name":"Recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Sneak-Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneak-Peek_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Destro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destro"},{"link_name":"Baroness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lady Jaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jaye_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Koenig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Andrew_Koenig"},{"link_name":"Ian Corlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_James_Corlett"},{"link_name":"Range-Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range-Viper"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ambush is the G.I. Joe Team's concealment specialist. His real name is Aaron McMahon, and he was born in Walnut, California. Ambush was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] There was a \"Dinosaur Hunter\" release in 1993. A new version of Aaron \"Ambush\" McMahon was released in 2004, as part of the Toys R Us exclusive \"Desert Patrol Squad\" set, which also included the figures Dusty, Gung Ho, Snake-Eyes, Stalker and Tunnel Rat.[5]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. There, he is part of an advance recon team that was sent to the Middle Eastern country of Benzheen.[6] As the Battle of Benzheen rages on, Ambush, Recoil and Sneak-Peek are shot by Cobra soldiers who themselves are killed by other Joes. Sneak-Peek does not survive his injuries.[7] Ambush later drove the \"Battle Wagon\" during a mission in Trans-Carpathia, in which the Joes defended Destro and the Baroness against Cobra forces.[8] Later, Hawk and Lady Jaye were captured in Grodsnz, the capital of Borovia, by local security police. Ambush and the remaining Joes drove the Battle Wagon into the city to rescue their teammates.[9]In the Devil's Due series, Ambush is seen as one of the many Joes interfering in the second Cobra civil war, again caused by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.[10] His infiltration skills are put to use when a Joe team investigates hostile corporate instances in the fictional country of Darklonia.[11]Ambush appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Andrew Koenig and Ian Corlett. In the episode \"United We Stand\", Ambush and Pathfinder have to work together or perish. In the episode \"I Found you Evy\", Ambush reveals a story from his past, about the only person who has ever been able to find him, a childhood friend who had become a female Range-Viper.[12]","title":"Ambush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergeant First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Fort Huachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Huachuca"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cobra Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Marvel UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_UK"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"}],"text":"Armadillo is the G.I. Joe Team's driver of the Rolling Thunder vehicle. His real name is Philo R. Makepeace, and his rank is E-7 (Sergeant First Class). Armadillo was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and was first released as an action figure in 1988 with the \"Rolling Thunder\" missile launcher.[13]His primary military specialty is that of armored assault vehicle driver. His secondary military specialty is advanced reconnaissance. Prior to his military career, he used to drive semi trucks, before his aggressive driving style got him into trouble.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, the character Armadillo was called Rumbler.[14] His first appearance was in issue #80, when he helped the G.I. Joe team to keep Cobra Command from claiming a newly formed island near the original Cobra Island. However, just as the battle was over, the island sank back beneath the waves. He later participated in a secret mission to rescue captured Joes and members of the Oktober Guard from Sierra Gordo. He participates in the Battle of Benzheen.[15]In Marvel UK's Action Force comic, Armadillo appeared in G.I. Joe Annual 1992, as part of a team sent the fictional country of Sao Cristobel. The mission is to keep Cobra from acquiring a nuclear warhead.","title":"Armadillo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Recondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recondo_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-17"},{"link_name":"Clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n_Roll_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceE-18"},{"link_name":"Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA2-20"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra_(video_game)"}],"text":"Backblast is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-aircraft soldier. His real name is Edward J. Menninger, and his rank is that of Sergeant E-5. Backblast was born in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1993. Different versions of the character were released in 2004 and 2005.Backblast's primary military specialty is air defense, and his secondary military specialty is signal corps. He grew up in a house next to one of the most popular airports in the world. His bedroom was directly under the landing path of incoming jets. When asked his job preferences upon his enlistment, he answered, \"Where can I go to shoot airplanes out of the sky?\"In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #92. He was part of a covert team of Joes sent into the fictional country of Sierra Gordo. They successfully rescue Shockwave, Recondo and Lt. Falcon, as well as the surviving members of the Oktober Guard. Backblast personally shoots down a Cobra Condor plane, which was attempting to destroy the Joes' vehicle, before the team could get across the border into the friendly nation of Punta del Mucosa.[17]Backblast was in the Joe's Utah HQ when Clutch and Rock 'n Roll nearly went berserk due to Cobra brainwashing.[18] He is one of the many Joes sent to the fictional Middle Eastern nation of Benzheen during the conflict in that nation. He works with Rampart to shoot down a Cobra Rattler pursuing Joe pilots.[19]In the Devil's Due series, Backblast is seen as one of the many Joes fighting against the new army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.[20]Backblast appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, in a non-speaking cameo role in the episode Operation Dragonfire part 5.[21] He also appears as a playable character in the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra video game voiced by Chopper Bernet.","title":"Backblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"mechanized infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanized_infantry"},{"link_name":"Golden Gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gloves"},{"link_name":"demolition derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_derby"},{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"USS Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Leatherneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherneck_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cover-Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Girl_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Battleforce 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"}],"text":"Back-Stop is the G.I. Joe Team's Persuader tank driver. His real name is Robert A. Levin. Back-Stop was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the \"Persuader\" high-speed tank.[22] A second version of Back-Stop was available as an authorized exclusive figure included in the 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe Convention box set. The set was limited to 100 with all figures being done in a 25th style design.Back-Stop's primary military specialty is armor, and his secondary military specialty is mechanized infantry. As a youth playing in junior league hockey in Canada, he injured so many opposing players that his family had to move to the United States to escape angry parents. He grew up in Detroit, where he boxed in the Golden Gloves until he was barred from competing; he also spent two years as his high school's undefeated wrestling champion when no one would challenge him. After a short demolition derby career, he found his true calling in the Army and eventually the G.I. Joe Team.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #64 (October 1987). He joins the team when they are in their Utah Quonset hut base. His Persuader tank is used with an A.W.E. Striker for transport for some of the Joes who have joined at the same time. He is not informed of the top-secret aspects of the Joe team right away, such as the underground complex and the space shuttle, the USS Defiant. This is because while their new Joes had their transit orders, their top-secret clearances simply had not caught up to them yet. The shuttle itself, in its own transport, almost crushes the two vehicles. As Back-Stop was not allowed to see the Defiant, Leatherneck moves the vehicles.[23]Back-Stop is seen driving the Persuader to greet a trio of Joe soldiers that had been illegally imprisoned for five months.[24] He next appears as part of a security team, with Cover-Girl, Frostbite, Iceberg and Hawk, sent to the fictional country of Frusenland to help Battleforce 2000. Back-Stop ends up assisting in a firefight against Cobra forces, who had allied themselves with the country's government, as they attack as soon as the vehicles are literally dropped onto the runway.[25]The 2009 Canadian G.I. Joe convention had a limited edition box set that included a 25th Anniversary-style figure of Back-Stop. The set also included a comic book, 110 copies, produced for attendees. Part of the story featured Back-Stop fighting Cobra allies in Canada. His Persuader tank is destroyed by his adversaries. The use of the trademarked character was approved by Hasbro.[26]Back-Stop also appears in the British Action Force continuity.","title":"Back-Stop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ninja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"Hartsdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York"}],"text":"Banzai is the G.I. Joe Team's Rising Sun ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Robert J. Travalino. His primary military specialty is first-strike commando. His secondary military specialty is nunchaku instructor. His birthplace is Hartsdale, New York. Banzai trained with a reclusive ninja master in the hostile mountains Tibet for some time. He is noted for training while blind-folded.","title":"Banzai"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Barbecue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Black Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Out_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Built to Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Rule"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_42-28"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"Paul Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dobson_(actor)"}],"text":"Barrel Roll is the G.I. Joe Team's high-altitude sniper. His real name is Dwight E. Stall, and he was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Barrel Roll was first released as an action figure in 2003, and is the brother of both G.I. Joe Bombstrike and Cobra Black Out. A version of Barrel Roll with no accessories came with the Built to Rule Rising Tide, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.[27]His primary military specialty is marksmanship instructor. His secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. Barrel Roll pushes himself to practice daily on the sniper range. He is a crack shot, and a skilled HALO jumper and pilot. He can claim the high ground without being spotted, drifting in silently by glider or parachute, and then disappear into the underbrush, sitting absolutely still to align the perfect shot.[28]Barrel Roll appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, voiced by Paul Dobson.","title":"Barrel Roll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg139-29"},{"link_name":"Doctor Mindbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mindbender"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-Venom_Task_Force-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Barricade is the G.I. Joe Team's bunker buster. His real name is Philip M. Holsinger. Barricade was born in Pittsburg, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1992.[29] His 1993 release was part of the Battle Corps line. In 2004, he was released as part of a Toys R Us exclusive \"Anti-Venom Task Force\" set. The story behind the Anti-Venom Task Force, is that they are G.I. Joe's response to Doctor Mindbender and Cobra Commander turning civilians into dangerous monsters.[30]His primary military specialty is bunker busting, i.e. penetrating hard targets. His secondary military specialty is the driver of the \"Badger\" vehicle. Barricade is also explicitly trained to fight enemy agents in city and urban areas.[31]","title":"Barricade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bazooka"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Beach Head"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burford"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_175-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_231-33"},{"link_name":"Whiteout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteout_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Alley Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alley_Viper"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Long Range Recon Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_43-37"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Destro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destro"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maurice LaMarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Big Ben is the G.I. Joe Team's SAS Fighter. His real name is David J. Bennett, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant. Big Ben was born in Burford, England, and was first released as an action figure in 1991.[32] The figure was repainted and released in 1993 as part of the \"international Action Force\" mail-in offer.[33] Other repainted releases came in 2000 packaged in a two-pack with Whiteout,[34] and two different versions in 2002, packaged in a double-pack with an Alley Viper figure.[35][36]Big Ben received training at Bradbury Barracks in Hereford, before becoming a cadre member at the NATO Long Range Recon Patrol School in West Germany. He is a member of the 22nd Regiment of the British Special Air Service, on his second assignment with the G.I. Joe Team, as part of a temporary exchange program between American Special Forces and the British SAS. His primary military specialty is infantry, with a secondary of subversive operations.[37]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes in defending Destro, when the allied group is entrenched in Destro's Trans-Carpathian castle.[38] He also appears in issue #137.[39]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, he assists the Joes when they invade Cobra Island to interfere in their second civil war.[4]Big Ben appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Maurice LaMarche.[3]","title":"Big Ben"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Big Brawler is the code name of Brian K. Mulholland. He is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle mission specialist, and was first released as an action figure in 2001. A new version with red hair was released in 2003, in a Tiger Force five-pack exclusive to Toys R Us stores. His specialties are counter-intelligence and espionage, and he is a master of both psychological warfare and hand-to-hand combat.[40] When it came to terrorist attacks orchestrated by the Cobra Organization, Big Brawler transferred from the Army Intelligence to the G.I. Joe Team.","title":"Big Brawler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joe_Roll_Call-41"},{"link_name":"Lt. Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Beach Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Head_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe:_The_Movie-42"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Big Lob is a former basketball player who speaks in sports commentator jargon. His real name is Bradley J. Sanders, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois.Big Lob first appeared in G.I. Joe: The Movie, voiced by Brad Sanders.[41] He is established as a member of the \"Rawhides\", a group of new Joe recruits (including Lt. Falcon, Chuckles, Jinx, Law & Order and Tunnel Rat) trained by Beach Head.[42]Big Lob had no action figure or comic book counterpart until 2010, when his figure became available as a G.I. Joe Club exclusive. He was listed as a reserve member of G.I. Joe during the America's Elite comic series, and is seen on a map as having been deployed as part of the Joes' efforts to battle Cobra Commander's forces worldwide during the \"World War III\" storyline. His primary military specialty is Infantry / Grenadier, and his secondary military specialty is Public Affairs Specialist.","title":"Big Lob"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkwood, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gung-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung-Ho_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Blast-Off is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Jeffrey D. Thompson, and he was born in Kirkwood, Missouri. Blast-Off was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the \"Mega Marines\" subset. The Mega-Marines are several Joes teaming up to battle Cobra-allied monsters. His figure came with \"moldable bio-armor\".[43]His primary military specialty is flamethrower. His secondary military specialty is firefighter. He is recruited into the G.I. Joe Team from his firefighting job, after he single-handedly put out an entire forest fire. When it is discovered that the \"Mega-Monsters\", a recently emerging threat, are vulnerable to fire, Blast-Off is assigned to the \"Mega-Marine\" team under the command of Gung-Ho. His other squad-mates are Clutch and Mirage.","title":"Blast-Off"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolfeboro, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfeboro,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Snow-Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Job_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Thule, Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaanaaq"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(NES)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_game_review-47"}],"text":"Blizzard is the G.I. Joe Team's arctic attack soldier. His real name is Gregory M. Natale, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Blizzard was born in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire (spelled \"Wolfboro\" on the action figure's file card), and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] In 1991, he was one of six exclusive European releases under the \"Tiger Force\" line. In 1997, he was released as part of an \"Arctic Mission\" triple pack with Iceberg and Snow-Job.[45]Blizzard's primary military specialty is Arctic warfare training instructor, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Blizzard led an experimental security team based at Thule, Greenland for an entire winter, whose objective it was to determine what kind of training and conditioning worked best to prepare trainees for combat in Arctic conditions. Blizzard's team found that training and conditioning had little effect, as only the hardest and meanest men made it through the course – of which Blizzard was the hardest and meanest. He is noted by his teammates as being difficult to work with, though his success record makes up for it.[46]Blizzard is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[47] His special power is being able to fire weapon-shots through walls.","title":"Blizzard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Blowtorch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Breaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"hand-to-hand combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_to_hand_combat"},{"link_name":"Iaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Harley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Lightfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightfoot_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1989-48"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Jinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Gung-Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gung-Ho_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"Budo is the G.I. Joe Team's samurai warrior. His real name is Kyle A. Jesso, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Budo was born in Sacramento, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44]Budo's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is hand-to-hand combat instructor. Budo's father was an orthodontist in Oakland, his grandfather a farmer in Fresno, his great-grandfather a track-worker on the Rocky Mountain Line, and his great-great-grandfather was a fencing master in one of Japan's last great samurai warrior families. Budo was given the family swords on his eighteenth birthday, as well as a haiku written by his ancestor. Budo has a fifth-degree black belt in Iaidō, and similar rank in Karate, Judo, and Jujutsu. He has an affinity for his chopped, pan-head Harley and for heavy metal music.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #82. He has just joined the Joe with Repeater and Lightfoot. Their veteran instructor Grand Slam is injured leaving the three to defend a weapons depot from enemy forces.[48]In the Devil's Due series, Budo has an interrupted romantic relationship with Jinx. He also spends some time undercover, infiltrating and partially converting a Japanese businessman's private army. Gung-Ho and Wild Bill assist in this mission. His efforts save Japan from a military takeover.[49]","title":"Budo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg140-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"Headman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headman_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Bullet-Proof is the G.I. Joe Team's Drug Elimination Force leader. His real name is Earl S. Morris. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1992, as part of the DEF (Drug Elimination Force) line.[50] He was released in 1993 with the Battle Corps line.[51]In addition to leading the G.I. Joe DEF (Drug Elimination Force), he is also an official U.S. Marshal. Before being assigned to the G.I. Joe team, he served with the Drug Enforcement Administration in the Caribbean, the \"Golden Triangle\" and Central America. His code name resulted from his enemies, as they observed how he remained unscathed while leading his men through firefights.[52]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #124. He also appeared in #125 and #127. As part of the DEF, he helps eliminate the drug trade from the town of Broca Beach without realizing the entire town was a Cobra front. The DEF also confront the enemy operatives Headman and his Headhunters.[53]Bullet-Proof appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Bullet-Proof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wills_(voice_actor)"}],"text":"Bullhorn is the G.I. Joe Team's hostage negotiator. His real name is Stephen A. Ferreira. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] Version 2 was released in 2008 for the International G.I. Convention which was held in Dallas, Texas. It came with the transport called \"S.W.A.T. R.T.V.\" This was produced in relation with the \"Official G.I. Joe Collectors' Club\".Bullhorn taught hand to hand combat at the F.B.I. Academy in Qauntico, Virginia. He is also a contender for the \"national practical pistol title\", another skill practiced at the academy.[54] He is noted as being a reckless driver.[55]Bullhorn appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by David Wills.","title":"Bullhorn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"Hollis, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Banzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Banzai"}],"text":"Bushido is the G.I. Joe Team's snow ninja and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Lloyd S. Goldfine. His primary military specialty is cold weather specialist. His secondary military specialty is strategist. His birthplace is Hollis, Queens, New York. He has trained in Iceland and continues to prefer to train in cold weather environments. He wears a helmet similar to the one his father wore. He considers fellow Ninja Force member Banzai his \"blood brother\".","title":"Bushido"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evergreen Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Bazooka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazooka_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_football"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Command"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_A_Real_American_Hero'_1992-56"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dale Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wilson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Metal-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-Head"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(NES)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_game_review-47"}],"text":"Captain Grid-Iron is the G.I. Joe Team's hand-to-hand combat specialist. His real name is Terrence Lydon, and his rank is that of captain O-3. Captain Grid-Iron was born in Evergreen Park, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] He was released as part of the tradition of Hasbro to release a sports figure each year, starting with Bazooka in 1985.[citation needed] A recolored version was also released in India.Grid-Iron was quarterback for the West Point football team. He graduated in the top ten of his class. He passed up an appointment to the U.S. Army War college, for a conventional infantry command at the company level. His determination to be \"where the action is\" brought him to the attention of G.I. Joe. According to his file card, his personality is grating, but tolerable. The other Joes think if he would stop trying so hard to be likable, \"they might let him play quarterback at the annual G.I. Joe Fish Fry Football Game!\"Grid-Iron makes a single panel appearance in issue No. 130 of the Marvel Comics series. He is seen defending G.I. Joe headquarters from Cobra attack.[56] Years later he appears on the cover to the Devil's Due series America's Elite #25. He is listed as a reservist in Special Missions: Manhattan.[57] In G.I. Joe: America's Elite #28, he is listed as fighting in the Sudan.[58]Captain Grid-Iron's most significant appearances were in the first-season of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Dale Wilson.[3] His speech was peppered with football terminology. He was in charge of the team in the absence of General Hawk and Sgt. Slaughter, and took orders from both of them when they appeared. Grid-Iron was absent for most of the second season, but was featured in the second-season episode \"Metal-Head's Reunion,\" which revealed that Grid-Iron and the Cobra officer Metal-Head both attended the same school.Captain Grid-Iron is featured as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game created for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[47]","title":"Captain Grid-Iron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Chameleon is the illegitimate half-sister of the Baroness, who infiltrated the Cobra organization by assuming the Baroness' role. She serves as a secret agent and intelligence officer for G.I. Joe. She was introduced to the toyline when Hasbro lost the trademark to the Baroness' name.[40]","title":"Chameleon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blackduck, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackduck,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anti-Venom_Task_Force-30"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Rise_of_Cobra"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-60"},{"link_name":"Airtight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Spearhead & Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearhead_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"The Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coil"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Charbroil is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower. His real name is Carl G. Shannon, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Charbroil was born in Blackduck, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the \"Night Force\" line in 1989, packaged with Repeater.[59] In 2004, he was part of a Toys R Us Exclusive \"Anti-Venom Task Force\", a G.I. Joe response team to enemy agents turning civilians into monsters.[30] Charbroil had a new sculpt in 2009, as part of the line released for the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra movie.Charbroil's primary military specialty is flame weapons specialist, and his secondary military specialty is small arms armorer. One of his childhood chores was to heat the water pipes in his family's basement with a blowtorch in the winter to keep them from freezing and bursting. As a teenager, his job was to feed coal into the blast furnaces in the mills on the Great Lakes. As such, when he was recruited into the Army he requested a job dealing with open flames.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue 80 (November 1988). He is part of a Joe effort to stop Cobra from claiming new territory forming near Cobra Island. The land mass eventually sinks on its own.[60] In Special Missions #21, Charbroil is part of a G.I. Joe squad sent to investigate Cobra activity in the sewers of New York City along with Airtight, Spearhead & Max and Tunnel Rat.[61]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Charbroil is one of the many Joes called back into service to fight The Coil, a new army formed by the former Cobra agent, Serpentor. This mission again focuses on Cobra Island.[62]","title":"Charbroil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chuckles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Claymore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clean sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_sweep_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Cesspool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspool_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Clean sweep.Clean-Sweep is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-tox trooper. His real name is Daniel W. Price, and he was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line.[63] He is a U.S. Army Sergeant, and he was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He is a chemicals operation specialist and combat engineer. He is often called in to use his remote control devices to clean up Cobra chemical spills; the problem is that Cobra soldiers are often still around. His primary offensive weapon is a laser pistol.[64]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. He becomes part of the \"Eco-Warriors\", assigned to stop environmental threats. With Flint, the team leader and Ozone, they confront the Cobra agent Cesspool, who was causing pollution from an abandoned oil platform.[65]Clean-Sweep appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Clean-Sweep"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceG-67"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Cloudburst is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Chuck Ram. He was born in San Diego, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line.[63] As a teenager, he designed and built his own working prototype gliders. After joining the Army, he helps develop stealth-gliders for troop-insertion and recon. He is now on special assignment to the G.I. Joe team as their in-house glider specialist. He's noted for constantly working on his equipment because he knows his services are a 'last resort' situation.[66]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, but not seen.[67]Cloudburst appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Cloudburst"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clutch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Battleforce 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"fire control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Cold Front is the G.I. Joe Team's Avalanche driver. His real name is Charles Donahue. He was born in Fort Knox, Kentucky, and was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the \"Avalanche\" arctic tank/hovercraft.[2] This vehicle should not be confused with the G.I. Joe Battleforce 2000 character, also called Avalanche.Cold Front's primary military specialty is Avalanche driver, and his secondary military specialty is fire control technician. He grew up literally close to the weapons testing facilities at the military base called Fort Knox, hearing the sounds of the M-80 tanks. This inspired a lifelong love of tanks. Self-taught strategy and his affiliation with military vehicles got him an assignment to the 3rd Armored Division when he enlisted in the Army at the age of eighteen. From the Army, he was reassigned to the G.I. Joe \"Arctic Patrol\". From there, he was picked by General Hawk to drive the Avalanche. He is noted for his poor treatment of civilian vehicles.[68]","title":"Cold Front"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Airwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwave_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Colonel Courage is the G.I. Joe Team's strategic commander. His real name is Cliff V. Mewett, and he was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Colonel Courage was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line. The name Cliff V. Mewett had been used a few years earlier for the character Airwave, though the character is Caucasian and born in a different city. A Brazil variant of Colonel Courage has him as a Caucasian.His primary military specialty is administrative strategist. His secondary military specialty is Patriot driver. He is often assigned to intelligence tasks behind the lines and behind a desk, partly due to his attention to detail. This also translated into a noted tendency to dress well, something he tries to pass onto those he commands.","title":"Colonel Courage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauts"},{"link_name":"Captain, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Plainfield, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"fighter pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_pilot"},{"link_name":"electronics engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering"},{"link_name":"chess master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_master"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceH-69"}],"text":"Countdown is one of the G.I. Joe Team's astronauts. His real name is David D. Dubosky, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Countdown was born in Plainfield, New Jersey, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Star Brigade line in 1993, and again in 1994.Countdown's primary military specialty is astronaut/fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics engineer. He is a qualified F-16 fighter pilot, a NASA astronaut, an electronics engineer, and even a ranking chess master.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 109 and again in No. 110. He takes part in a mission that launches a Joe vehicle into orbit and then into the fictional country of Trucial Absymia. The mission, which succeeds, is to rescue the survivors of a Joe squad that has suffered many fatalities.[69]","title":"Countdown"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cover Girl"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_47-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg105-72"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"}],"text":"Crankcase is the G.I. Joe team's A.W.E. Striker driver. His real name is Elwood G. Indiana, and he was born in Lawrence, Kansas. Crankcase's primary military specialty is motor vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is armor.[70] He was first released as an action figure in 1985, packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle.[71][72]Crankcase first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #44 (February 1986), but is among several Joes killed in action by a SAW Viper in issue #109.","title":"Crankcase"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Crazylegs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cross-Country"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cutter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated30-73"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"The Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coil"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"text":"Daemon is the code name of Jeff Lacefield. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and developed an interest in computers at an early age. By the time he graduated from college at age 21, he had become quite a computer programmer and started to develop computer viruses in his spare time. When one of these viruses was inadvertently set loose in the FBI central computer system, he was tracked down and arrested. However, the Feds saw his abilities as a programmer, and instead of being sent to federal prison, Daemon was appointed to the reinstated G.I. Joe task force, to help them thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra.[73]Daemon is killed in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, when his neck is snapped by Serpentor during a battle with The Coil.[74]","title":"Daemon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"White Earth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Earth,_Minnesota"}],"text":"Dart is the G.I. Joe Team's pathfinder, and he was first released as an action figure in 2002. His real name is Jimmy Tall Elk, and his rank is that of sergeant E-6.[40] Dart was born in White Earth, Minnesota.Dart's primary military specialty is recon, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. He was a former hunting guide in Minnesota before joining the G.I. Joe team.","title":"Dart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Battleforce 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"Dee-Jay is the code name of Thomas R. Rossi III. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was the most popular DJ in Boston before he signed up for Battleforce 2000. His primary military specialty is radio telephone operator, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. Dee-Jay was first released as an action figure in 1989. Dee-Jay appeared in only issue #113 of the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, and was killed in that same issue.[7]","title":"Dee-Jay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deep Six"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Depth Charge is the G.I. Joe Team's underwater demolitions expert. His real name is Nick H. Langdon, and he was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. first released as an action figure in 2003.[40] He specializes in clearing mines and other devices in the water. Despite having some of the best scores in the history of the UDT program and loving his job, he hates water.","title":"Depth Charge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dial Tone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg125-75"},{"link_name":"1st Lieutenant, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Slip-Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-Stream_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ghostrider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostrider_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_2007-78"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"Dogfight is the G.I. Joe Team's Mudfighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the Mudfighter bomber.[75] His real name is James R. King, and his rank is that of 1st Lieutenant, USAF O-2. Dogfight was born in Providence, Rhode Island.Dogfight's primary military specialty is Mudfighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is electronics technician. The combination of his uncanny depth perception, precise hand/eye coordination, and powerful throwing arm got him permanently forbidden from every county fair and carnival in Alabama for winning too many stuffed bears. He now uses those same skills to destroy Cobra's vehicles.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #28. In that issue, Dogfight assists in saving the USS Flagg. In the same issue, he also breaks the \"fourth wall\" as part of a group addressing the reader.[76] Later, Dogfight is the co-pilot for Ace during a recon mission over the supposedly friendly skies of Benzheen. Their craft is shot up off-panel by a Cobra Rattler. They escape to the awaiting aircraft carrier, the USS Flagg. Dogfight urges Ace to punch out. He does not, because he knows Dogfight's ejection system is shot to pieces and Ace could not live with knowing he abandoned his co-pilot. In the same issue, the pilots Slip-Stream and Ghostrider take another flight over Benzheen in a Stealth Fighter. Ghostrider and later, Hawk both refer to Slip-Stream as Dogfight.[77]Dogfight also appears in the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due. He is part of a small group of Joe pilots sent to assist European military forces. Despite expectations, they survive the mission.[78] He also witnesses Iron Grenadier pilots suffering aircraft malfunctions.[79]","title":"Dogfight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Storm Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"Dojo is the code name of Michael P. Russo. He was born in San Francisco, California. Impressed by his skills and integrity, Storm Shadow recruited Dojo for the G.I. Joe's new sub-team Ninja Force. He is noted for using \"patter\" to distract his opponents. He also prefers to drive the G.I. Joe vehicle \"Brawler\".[80]","title":"Dojo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Double Blast is a heavy machine gunner for the G.I. Joe Team. He was named after Charles L. Griffith (a real-life G.I. Joe collector), and was released as an action figure in 2001.[40] Double Blast was created to replace Roadblock when Hasbro temporarily lost the trademark to his name.[81] He is characterized for his ability to assemble, disassemble, and reassemble a weapon in less than 60 seconds in the dark.","title":"Double Blast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"text":"Downtown is the G.I. Joe Team's mortar man, and he was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] His real name is Thomas P. Riley, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Downtown was born in Cleveland, Ohio.Downtown's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special operations. Downtown can keep up with a highly mobile, rapid strike force like G.I. Joe with his high-powered mortar, whereas slow, ponderous artillery cannot. He can judge range and trajectory just by eyesight.In the America's Elite G.I. Joe series from Devil's Due, Downtown is one of the many Joes to take part in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island.[4]","title":"Downtown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poteau, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poteau,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Don Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brown_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Drop Zone is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol weapon specialist. His real name is Samuel C. Delisi, and he was born in Poteau, Oklahoma. Drop Zone was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] He is also a Special Forces adviser. He is noted for volunteering for every dangerous assignment and deeply enjoying his job.[82]Drop Zone appears in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon, voiced by Don Brown.[3]","title":"Drop Zone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Duke"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dusty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"text":"Effects is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert, and he was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line.[83] His real name is Aron Beck. Effects was born in Fort Worth, Texas.His primary military specialty is explosives/munitions ordnance. His secondary military specialty is special effects coordinator. He uses visual distractions to draw attention away from targets he then destroys.[84]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Collierville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_weapon"},{"link_name":"Fire and Forget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-and-forget"},{"link_name":"ECM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"Law and Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"text":"Fast Draw is the G.I. Joe Team's mobile missile specialist, and he was first released as an action figure in 1987.[85] His real name is Eliot Brown, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Fast Draw was born in Collierville, Tennessee.Fast Draw's primary military specialty is ordnance, and his secondary military specialty is clerk typist. Fast Draw carries the FAFNIR (Fire and Forget Non-tube-launched Infantry Rocket) missile system, and wears a protective suit to shield him from hot exhaust gases. The FAFNIR target acquisition and homing devices are self-contained within the missile, which allows the operator to move and take cover immediately after launch. These missiles are extremely fast, and resistant to ECM jamming.[86]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #60. Along with Chuckles, Falcon, and Law and Order, he is part of a faux G.I. Joe team being used by others for political gain. After the \"new\" Joes assist Hawk in battling several Dreadnoks, they are made official members of the team. The conflict had been over a rogue US military faction trying to use a high-tech missile to destroy Cobra Island.[87] He is spotlighted in a latter incident, destroying Cobra tanks threatening his fellow soldiers.[88]","title":"Fast Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Beach, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated30-73"}],"text":"Firewall is the code name of Michelle LaChance. She was born in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and learned early on that she had a knack for computers. In high school, she figured out how to access protected school records and alter grades. This eventually led to hacking government systems and classified military computers, which landed her in federal prison. But her handiwork impressed enough people, that she was sent to the G.I. Joe Team under supervision of Mainframe. There, she received basic military training, and has since been a loyal member, though she is not a field operative.[89] Firewall was instrumental in developing a counter-program, to thwart the top-secret nano-mite technology that was stolen from the U.S. Army by Cobra.[73]","title":"Firewall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flash"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flint"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Footloose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hit and Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_%26_Run_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Recondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recondo_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wet-Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Suit_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Downers Grove, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downers_Grove,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scott McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNeil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Freefall is the G.I. Joe Team's paratrooper, and he was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] He had a 2009 re-release as \"Spc. Altitude\", but is the same character.[90] This latter release was part of the \"Assault On Cobra Island\" box set, which included the figures Chuckles, Hit and Run, Outback, Recondo, Wet-Suit and Zap. Freefall's real name is Phillip W. Arndt, and he was born in Downers Grove, Illinois.To prepare for the Airborne Ranger school, he went through the Ranger Indoctrination Course designed to remove forty percent of the applicants. Freefall then had to conquer a three-week pre-training course, simply to qualify for the full eight-week training course. He is noted for having enjoyed it and come out the best of the Rangers. Freefall has a master's degree in Eastern Philosophy. He is known for having a large ego.[91]Freefall appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Scott McNeil.[3]","title":"Freefall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Perry_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Aiken, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiken,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"The Fridge is the code name used by football player William Perry. He was born in Aiken, South Carolina. During his time as a member of the NFL's Chicago Bears football team, Perry worked with G.I. Joe as a physical training instructor. Though he was one of many Joes listed on the World War III member assignment map in G.I. Joe: America's Elite#28, The Fridge was unavailable during the conflict known as World War III.[92]","title":"Fridge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Frostbite"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General Joseph Colton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General Flagg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Crystal Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Ball_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandar"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_55-95"}],"text":"General Philip Rey was introduced in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series.[93] His real name is Philip A. Rey, and he emerged from seemingly nowhere, to become the field commander of the G.I. Joe Team. It was later revealed that Rey is one of the dozen original clones that were produced during Cobra's development of Serpentor. Dr. Mindbender altered Rey's growth patterns and features to hide his connection to the Cobra Emperor. Additionally, Crystal Ball helped construct Rey's personality, and Zandar helped insert him as a U.S. military general, to make him Cobra's most insidious sleeper agent. Unexpectedly, Rey's years of service and his time with G.I. Joe helped him shake off Cobra's control, and he refused to betray his countrymen, despite deeply implanted hypnotic triggers. Rey's past remains classified, known only to a handful of Joes.[94][95]","title":"General Philip Rey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"Major, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"stealth fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft"},{"link_name":"aeronautical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Scarlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlett_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"Darklon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darklon_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"USS Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dogfight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Slip-Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-Stream_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Backblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backblast_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dogfight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Ghost Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ghostrider is the G.I. Joe Team's stealth fighter pilot, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Phantom X-19 Stealth Fighter.[13] His real name is Jonas S. Jeffries, and his rank is that of Major, USAF O-4. Ghostrider was born in Chicago, Illinois.Ghostrider's primary military specialty is stealth fighter pilot, and his secondary military specialty is aeronautical engineer. Ghostrider has been working on not being noticed since the second grade; teachers never noticed him because he conscientiously worked on not being noticed.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #76. There he is one of the many Joes to participate in the first Cobra civil war on Cobra Island.[96] He is featured in issue #16 of G.I. Joe Special Missions. He later spends a week with Scarlett, helping to establish a Stealth Fighter base in South America. It is destroyed in a raid orchestrated by Cobra Commander and Darklon. Ghostrider manages to lift off, and assists in saving the aircraft carrier the USS Flagg and the space shuttle the USS Defiant. Also in the battle on the side of the Joes, is the pilot Dogfight in his own craft.[97]Later, Ghostrider and Slip-Stream, working off the USS Flagg, run a recon mission over the fictional country of Benzheen. Rampart and Backblast save the duo, by shooting down a Cobra Rattler. As with his other appearances, Ghostrider accepts that nobody can remember his code-name. While the mission succeeds, the Stealth Fighter is a complete loss. For most of the issue, Slip-Stream is referred to as \"Dogfight\", who survived an earlier wreck onto the Flagg in the same issue.[77]A running gag throughout the Marvel G.I. Joe comic series was that Ghostrider's name was never actually said by any other Joes, or even used in narration. In reality, this was done to avoid any potential issues or problems with Marvel's own Ghost Rider,[citation needed] despite the G.I. Joe character's named being spelled differently as one word.","title":"Ghostrider"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Slam"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Greenshirts are the generic-looking soldiers from the G.I. Joe toy line and animated series.The Greenshirts are the equivalent of \"extras\" in that they are in the story to serve merely as background characters and have little to no speaking parts, effectively making them the Joes' equivalent of Cobra Vipers. Due to the unique look of each G.I. Joe member, it became a problem for Sunbow animators to render the G.I. Joe Team, especially for all-out battle scenes. The solution was to create generic G.I. Joe soldiers. This also addressed a problem not brought up in the comics: Cobra would outnumber the Joes.","title":"Greenshirts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grunt"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gung-Ho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooperstown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"special services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceI-100"}],"text":"Hardball is the G.I. Joe Team's multi-shot grenadier. His real name is Wilmer S. Duggleby, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hardball was born in Cooperstown, New York, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44]Hardball's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is special services. Hardball played centerfield in the minor leagues for five seasons before he realized that the big league scouts were looking for star quality over athletic prowess. The G.I. Joe Team was looking for team players however, and had a need for someone who could judge distances accurately and react quickly with deliberation.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #80 (November 1988). Hardball is later selected as one of the many Joes to help protect the President of the United States. His skills are vital to rescuing the President after he is kidnapped by Cobra forces.[98] He later mans a machine-gun turret in the Joe vehicle called \"The Mean Dog\" that had been headed out to a weapons testing range. Hardball, Repeater and Wildcard assist in a running battle against Dreadnoks, who are trying to capture two other Joes, Clutch and Rock 'n Roll.[99]In the Devil's Due series, the Red Shadows, a Cobra splinter group, wages a campaign against the Joes. While on assignment in South America, Hardball (along with Rampart and Glenda) is killed by the Red Shadows.[100]","title":"Hardball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Hard Drive is the G.I. Joe Team's battlefield computer specialist. His real name is Martin A. Pidel, and he was first released as an action figure in 2004.[40]","title":"Hard Drive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"heavy equipment operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_operator"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Payload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Crankcase's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankcase_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"Back-Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-Stop_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"Hardtop is the designer and driver of the G.I. Joe Team's Crawler. His real name is Nicholas D. Klas, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Hardtop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle launch complex. In 2004, he was released as part of the \"40 Years of Adventure\" Tiger Force Box Set, at the 2004 G.I. Joe Convention in Orlando, Florida.Hardtop's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. He is a man known for getting the job done without questions; for example, moving the Crawler to the top of a mountain. He is known for being quiet, as talking is not one of his priorities.[101]Budget cuts later force the closing of the G.I. Joe space shuttle program. Hardtop continues to work with the team as a heavy equipment operator, and also becomes their liaison to the National Space Agency. Due to later developments with fuel cells, he is one of Cobra Commander's most wanted prisoners.[102]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared, with Payload in issue #64 (October 1987). In that issue, he almost crushes Crankcase's A.W.E. Striker vehicle and Back-Stop's Persuader tank.[103]","title":"Hardtop"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hawk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Heavy Duty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg105-72"},{"link_name":"Sherman Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Heinz Guderian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Guderian"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"text":"Heavy Metal is the G.I. Joe Team's Mauler M.B.T. Tank driver. His action figure debuted in 1985 alongside the Mauler M.B.T. tank.[72] His actual name is Sherman R. Guderian (which is a combination of the Sherman Tank and German general Heinz Guderian). Heavy Metal was born in Brooklyn, New York.","title":"Heavy Metal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mindbender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Mindbender"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Built to Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Rule"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Valor_vs._Venom"},{"link_name":"Mark Hildreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hildreth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Sigma 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Sigma_6"},{"link_name":"Eric Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Stuart"}],"text":"Hi-Tech is the G.I. Joe Team's operations support specialist. His real name is David P. Lewinski, and he was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. Hi-Tech was first released as an action figure in 2004, in a two-pack with Dr. Mindbender.[104] A version of Hi-Tech with no accessories also came with the Built to Rule Patriot Grizzly in 2004. The figure featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint, and the forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.[105]His primary military specialty is armament research and design. His secondary military specialty is telecommunications. Hi-Tech is a technological genius, and is more at home with a soldering gun than an automatic pistol. He can be counted on to repair any computer-controlled device, rewrite computer code on the fly, and enact emergency field repairs, to get the most out of the G.I. Joe Team's cutting-edge arsenal of equipment.[106]Hi-Tech appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movies G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom, voiced by Mark Hildreth. He also appeared in the animated series for G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 voiced by Eric Stuart.","title":"Hi-Tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light infantryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_infantry"},{"link_name":"Sioux City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Basildon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basildon"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-60"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"}],"text":"Hit & Run is the G.I. Joe Team's light infantryman. His real name is Brent Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Hit & Run was born in Sioux City, Iowa, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] In 1991, Hit & Run was released in Europe in Tiger Force colors, and he received a 25th anniversary style figure as part of the \"Assault on Cobra Island\" 7-pack. In the UK Action Force series, Hit and Run's real name is Bryan Scott and he is from Basildon in Essex, England.[107]Hit & Run's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is mountaineering. He was orphaned at age three by a drunken driver and grew up in a county institution. He escaped from the institution regularly, climbing down sheer walls and running for miles across the plains in the middle of the night. He claimed that he was not running away from anything and merely \"practicing.\" He joined the Army immediately after leaving custody of the county.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80. He assists other Joes in stopping Cobra forces on Cobra Island from claiming a nearby land mass.[60] He later takes part in an attempt to rescue hostages, which turns out to be a Cobra ruse: the terrorists and hostages were all Cobra agents.[108] Later, he deals with a legitimate hostage situation, where an isolated farmhouse is taken over by two criminals, but problems arise when the criminals are initially misidentified.[109] He also joins with Tunnel Rat, Stalker and the rookie Scoop soon after to battle Iron Grenadiers in the fictional country of Sierra Gordo.[110]In the Devil's Due series, he is one of the Joes assigned to invade Cobra Island during their second civil war.[111]","title":"Hit and Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quitman, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Built to Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_to_Rule"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Spy Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Spy_Troops"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"text":"Hollow Point is a U.S. Marine sniper and the Range Officer of the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Max V. Corey, and he was born in Quitman, Arkansas.[40] He was first released as an action figure in 2003 with the Built to Rule Locust, which followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line. The forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.[112]","title":"Hollow Point"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pawtucket, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg125-75"},{"link_name":"drill instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_instructor"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"Destro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destro"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1990-114"}],"text":"Hot Seat is the G.I. Joe Team's Raider driver. His real name is Michael A. Provost, and his rank is that of Sergeant First Class E-7. Hot Seat was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the \"Raider\" 4-track assault vehicle.[75]Hot Seat's primary military specialty is Raider driver, and his secondary military specialty is drill instructor. He was a boxer and could have been a heavyweight contender; he had a left jab like a jack hammer, reflexes like liquid crystal, and the tactical mind of a 5-star general. When he considered the possibilities of permanent brain damage, he instead opted for the Army and asked for \"Anything fast and furious!\"[113]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105. He works with other Joes, the Oktober Guard and the Indian soldiers Tucaros, long time Joe allies, in battle against Destro's Iron Grenadiers.[114]","title":"Hot Seat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"text":"Ice Cream Soldier is the G.I. Joe Team's flamethrower commando. His real name is Tom-Henry Ragan, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Ice Cream Soldier was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the \"Battle Corps\" line. The entire mold was re-used in 2002 for the Shock-Viper figure.[115]His primary military specialty is fire operations expert. His secondary military specialty is barbecue chef. His code name is designed to cause enemy troops to underestimate him. His equipment is capable of delivering streams of flame up to seventy-five feet.[116]","title":"Ice Cream Soldier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sunbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Burghardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Burghardt"},{"link_name":"killer whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale"}],"text":"Iceberg is the G.I. Joe Team's snow trooper. His real name is Clifton L. Nash, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Iceberg was born in Brownsville, Texas, and was first released as an action figure in 1986. A new version of Iceberg was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line.His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. Iceberg hates hot weather; when he signed up for the Army, he asked for duty in Alaska. He is a qualified expert in the M-16A2, M-79, M-60, and M-1911A1.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #68, in which he is part of a team sent in to provide security for Battleforce 2000 in Frusenland.In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, Iceberg (voiced by Arthur Burghardt) is a supporting character in the 1986 second season. He is featured in the episode \"Iceberg Goes South\" in which he is captured by Doctor Mindbender and mutated into a killer whale, but is restored to being human.","title":"Iceberg"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jinx"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kamakura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"USS Flagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_playsets_and_vehicles"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral, USN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"General Joseph Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Joseph_Colton"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Annapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)"},{"link_name":"Naval War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Forces_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross"},{"link_name":"DFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Air Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Medal"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Ever_Vigilant"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"Keel-Haul is the G.I. Joe Team's Admiral, and was first released as an action figure in 1985, as commander of the USS Flagg aircraft carrier. The figure was repainted and released as part of the \"Battle Corps\" line in 1993. His real name is Everett P. Colby, and he was born in Charlottesville, Virginia. Keel Haul's rank is that of O-9 (Vice Admiral, USN). He is the highest ranking G.I. Joe officer outside of General Joseph Colton (O-10), outranks General Hawk by two pay grades and serves as head of the Joe team when they operate out of the Flagg.[77]Keel-Haul's primary military specialty is command, and his secondary military specialty is piloting. He graduated from Annapolis and Navy Flight School, and flew F-4 Phantoms off the Intrepid in the late 1960s. He attended the Naval War College in Newport, RI and the Armed Forces Staff College, and is a holder of the Navy Cross, DFC and Air Medal. He is a respected military historian, a nationally rated chess player, and a clarinet player of questionable talent.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #36 (June 1985), a cameo appearance as rescue for seemingly stranded Joes.[117] Keel-Haul and the USS Flagg serve as support in the first assault on Cobra Island.[118] Later, Keel-Haul suggests using a captured Cobra \"MAMBA\" helicopter to insert a recon team onto Cobra island during the Cobra civil war.[119] Keel-Haul also takes part in the conflict referred to as the \"Battle of Benzheen\".[77]In the Devil's Due series, he serves as naval support in the second Cobra Island civil war.[120] Later, he assists a Joe team in neutralizing a Cobra submarine armed with a nuclear device. Keel-Haul saves Wet-Suit from death after the sub-infiltration goes badly.[121]Keel-Haul will be appearing in G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant.[122]","title":"Keel-Haul"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lady Jaye"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Law and Order"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leatherneck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lifeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rotary wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorcraft"},{"link_name":"fixed-wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"chief warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Lifeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Renegades"},{"link_name":"Charlie Schlatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Schlatter"}],"text":"Lift-Ticket is the G.I. Joe Team's rotary wing aircraft pilot, and his secondary military specialty is fixed-wing aircraft pilot. His real name is Victor W. Sikorski, and his rank is that of chief warrant officer CW-2. Lift-Ticket was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He joined the army to get out of his hometown, scoring high enough on the aptitude test to qualify for West Point Prep., O.C.S., and Flight Warrant Officer School. He opted for the latter, thinking that it was the only one which offered training applicable to civilian employment. Lift-Ticket was first released as an action figure in 1986, packaged exclusively with the Tomahawk.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero No. 49 (July 1986). He is seen transporting several Joes to the American town of Springfield, which was a Cobra stronghold. In the Sunbow animated series, he was often partnered with Lifeline.He had brief appearances in G.I. Joe: The Movie and in the G.I. Joe: Renegades episode \"Prodigal\", where he was voiced by Charlie Schlatter.","title":"Lift-Ticket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Outback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outback_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Budo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budo_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1989-48"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceJ-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Cobra Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander"},{"link_name":"General Hawk's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"text":"Lightfoot is the G.I. Joe Team's explosives expert. His real name is Cory R. Owens, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Lightfoot was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Shockwave.[59]Lightfoot's primary military specialty is demolitions, and his secondary military specialty is artillery coordinator. Lightfoot has memorized all the mathematical tables that he found in military manuals for explosives, for calculating amounts of explosives needed, safe firing distances, power requirements for firing circuits, and formulas for cutting structural steel, timber and breaching various forms of bunker material. He has also memorized all the conversion tables for foreign and non-military explosives, as he doesn't take any chances.[123]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in Special Missions No. 13. He is sent to the Trucial Absysmia desert with the Joes Outback, Dusty, and fellow trainee Mangler. They are captured by local military forces, who torture the Joes' objective out of Lightfoot; they were sent to Africa to destroy a buried weapons cache. Only Mangler is angry that Lightfoot broke. After escaping, the Joes manage to make their way to the cache. Lightfoot, despite his injuries, succeeds in destroying it. Mangler sacrifices himself to allow the others to escape.[124]Lightfoot spends much time recovering from his injuries, and has to go through training again. Despite the real possibility of washing out, he makes it along with the fresh recruits Budo and Repeater. All three are drawn into a mission under the command of Grand Slam. They are defending a weapons cache, from Iron Grenadiers. Despite their leader being badly wounded, the Joes complete the mission, killing all they came across. Lightfoot saves the day with a time-delayed bomb destroying a retreating helicopter.[48] He is one of the few Joes available to protect a space-based laser weapon from Cobra hands.,[125] and later assists in fighting \"Darklonian\" terrorists in New York City.[126]In the Devil's Due continuity, he makes a cameo appearance in G.I. Joe Frontline #18, walking down a hallway in the current G.I. Joe headquarters.[127] He also appears when Cobra Commander makes an attempt on General Hawk's life by bombing the television studio he had appeared in. Lightfoot and Zap are two of the Joes who safely rescue Hawk.[128]In IDW continuity, Lightfoot is part of a mission meant to Sierra Gordo. The intent rescue several fellow Joes from imprisonment.[129]","title":"Lightfoot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Long Range"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Low-Light"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lt. Falcon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"text":"Mace is the G.I. Joe Team's undercover operative. His real name is Thomas S. Bowman, and he was first released as an action figure in 1993. Mace was born in Denver, Colorado.His primary military specialty is undercover surveillance. His secondary military specialty is intelligence. Mace has spent years undercover, working against Cobra and other criminal factions. He feeds information to fellow \"Battle Corps\" members, who then make the resulting raids and arrests.[130]","title":"Mace"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mainframe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumford, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumford,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Interrogator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogator_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Major Altitude is the G.I. Joe Team's Battle Copter pilot. His real name is Robert D. Owens, and he was born in Rumford, Rhode Island. Major Altitude was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Battle Copters line.[63] He came exclusively with the \"Battle Copter\" vehicle.[131] He was released again in 1993, as part of a mail-in special called \"Terrifying Lasers of Destruction\". He was packaged with a Cobra agent, another helicopter pilot, called Interrogator.[132]At the age of eleven he decides he will eventually join the G.I. Joe team; he decides to focus on its Flight School branch. Eight years later, he finishes Aviator School and Flight Warrant Officer School. He is recruited right into the Joe team. The \"Major\" does not reflect his rank, it is part of his code-name.[133] He is noted as one of the most skilled pilots in the world.[134]Major Altitude appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Major Altitude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Major Barrage is the G.I. Joe Team's artillery commander. His real name is David Vennemeyer, and he was first released as an action figure in 2005.[40] He is able to take down a squadron in battle and keep fighting.","title":"Major Barrage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"long range artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_range_artillery"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"text":"Major Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's \"General\" commander. His real name is Robert G. Swanson, and he was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Major Storm was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the General mobile assault fort.[2] His figure was re-released in 2003. This edition was a G.I. Joe Convention exclusive.[135]His primary military specialty is command of the General, a large armored vehicle with multiple types of offensive weaponry. His secondary military specialty is long range artillery officer. He has extensive experience with most armored vehicles in many battlefield situations. It is noted that Major Storm is the only one who can decipher some of the General's systems.[136] It is specified he leads a battlefield operation to discover the source of major sabotage against the General.[137]","title":"Major Storm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mercer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molson, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"}],"text":"Mirage is the G.I. Joe Team's Bio-Artillery expert. His real name is Joseph R. Baikun, and his rank is that of U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant. Mirage was born in Molson, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the \"Mega Marines\" subset. The Mega Marines are a subgroup dedicated to fighting the \"Mega Monsters\". His figure came with \"moldable bio-armor\", a clay like substance.[138]Mirage then had two releases in 2002, one in 2003 and another in 2005.[139] The last release came with the remote-controlled toy called the \"Hoverstrike\".[140] Mirage is an expert in various weapons, and trains other soldiers in their use. He was trained by Roadblock.Mirage appeared in the Devil's Due series. He assists the Joe team in fighting the second Cobra civil war, which like the first one, is against Serpentor's forces on Cobra Island.[141] He also appears in issues #34–36.","title":"Mirage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"Thibodaux, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Voltar.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltar_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"Spearhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearhead_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"Ranger School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_School"},{"link_name":"Jungle Warfare Training Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Gonsalves"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceF-60"},{"link_name":"Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomahawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_Special_Missions'_1989-143"}],"text":"Muskrat is the G.I. Joe Team's swamp fighter. His real name is Ross A. Williams, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Muskrat was born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.The 1988 Target stores exclusive release of Muskrat, is a double-pack with Voltar. The packaging text specifies the two characters have a particular hatred of each other.[142][59] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Spearhead.[59] A new version of Muskrat was released in 1993 as part of the Battle Corps line.Muskrat's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is social services. He spent his youth in the swamp, hunting raccoon, possum, and wild pig, holding his own against poachers, 'gator skinners, moonshiners, chain gang escapees, and smugglers. Ranger School and Jungle Warfare Training Center seemed easy to him after that.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 80.[60] Muskrat is also part of a rescue squad sent into a hot-spot in Southeast Asia to rescue fellow Joes. He is one of many sent in on a Tomahawk helicopter. He has to assist in dealing with Russian gunships, highly explosive extra fuel and the wounding of several crew members (himself included).[143]","title":"Muskrat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mutt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nunchaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunchaku"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Firefly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"}],"text":"Nunchuk is the codename of Ralph Baducci. His code-name is a variation on the word nunchaku, the character's preferred weapon. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and studied with a blind sensei in Denver. Nunchuk felt the need for improvement, and moved to San Francisco. He caught the attention of Storm Shadow, who trained him and supervised his acceptance into G.I. Joe's Ninja Force.[144] Nunchuk later moves to training other Joe soldiers in various forms of hand-to-hand combat. He also develops a grudge against the Cobra operative Firefly, because he is angry that the man would use martial arts for evil purposes.[145]","title":"Nunchuk"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outback"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Clean-Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean-Sweep"},{"link_name":"Cesspool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesspool_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Ozone is G.I. Joe Team's ozone replenisher trooper. His real name is David Kunitz, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Ozone was born in Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Eco-Warriors line.[63] He had two releases in 1993 and another in 1994. The last three were releases under the Star Brigade subgroup, establishing that the character has traveled into space.[146]Ozone is a specialist in environmental health and various forms of airborne sludge and other harmful chemicals. He carriers equipment designed to neutralize these harmful substances while at the same time replenishing the ozone layer. He can do this while wearing a cumbersome environmental suit and fighting Cobra forces.[147]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #123. There and in the next two issues, he teams with Flint and Clean-Sweep as the \"Eco-Warriors\" sub-team. They confront the Cobra operative Cesspool on a seemingly abandoned oil platform. Ozone stops the confrontation, by literally bringing in a lawyer.[148]Ozone appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Ozone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Staff Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_Sergeant#United_States"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Force"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"A.W.E. Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.W.E._Striker"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"V.A.M.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.A.M.P._(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA2-20"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Garry Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Chalk_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"Capt. Grid-Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Grid-Iron"},{"link_name":"Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Pathfinder is the G.I. Joe Team's jungle assault specialist. His real name is William V. Iannotti, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Pathfinder was born in Key West, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] He also had a release under the \"Action Force\" line.[149] He had a 2001 release packaged with the A.W.E. Striker vehicle,[150] and in the same year, he had a release with the V.A.M.P. vehicle.Pathfinder's father was a Korean War veteran who taught him the finer points of military reconnaissance. He was not considered too young to learn how to rough it out in the wild swamps of Florida, which enabled him to breeze through much of the Army's jungle training. It came to the point where he was teaching everyone including the instructors what jungle survival is all about. Soon thereafter, he received his certification as a jungle assault specialist, and became part of the G.I. Joe Team. Pathfinder is now responsible for leading all covert attacks on Cobra Island.[151]Pathfinder appears in issue No. 24 of the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. He is one of many Joes called up to fight against the personal army created by Serpentor.[20]In the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, Pathfinder was voiced by Garry Chalk,[3] and was friends with Capt. Grid-Iron and Ambush.","title":"Pathfinder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiant_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Colonel, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"fixed wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"F-4 Phantoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Hardtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtop_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceH-69"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_Stream_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Space Shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shot_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Fi_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Roadblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadblock_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Little Golden Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Golden_Books"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"}],"text":"Payload is the G.I. Joe Team's Defiant pilot. His real name is Mark Morgan Jr., and his rank is that of Colonel, USAF O-6. Payload was born in Cape Canaveral, Florida, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Defiant space vehicle complex. He was re-colored and released again in 1989, packaged with the Crusader space shuttle. A new version of Payload was released in 1993 as part of the Star Brigade line.[152] That version was re-colored and released again in 1994. In Europe, Payload was released as an interplanetary Cobra soldier.[153]Payload's primary military specialty is astronaut, and his secondary military specialty is fixed wing pilot. He grew up watching the early space flights blasting off, staring at the flaming boosters through the hurricane fence. He joined the Air Force to make his dream a reality, flying F-4 Phantoms over southeast Asia for three tours. He signed up for the astronaut training program after returning to the United States.[154] Payload frequently works closely with Hardtop, a specialist in the launching facility the Defiant moves in.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64. He heads up a mission to stop Cobra forces from stealing U.S. spy satellites; the mission fails when Cobra destroys the satellites, after they are prevented from stealing them.[155] Payload then leads a mission to rescue survivors from a G.I. Joe mission to the fictional land of Trucial-Abysmia.[69]Payload is featured in the last issue of the \"Special Missions\" series, where he, Ace and Slipstream are sent to space to test out various surveillance techniques. When he learns G.I. Joe forces are in trouble on land, Payload goes against plan and pilots the Defiant back to Earth. He uses the Defiant's weaponry to neutralize the threat and lands on the USS Flagg aircraft carrier.[156]He later becomes a member of Star Brigade, which also and includes Space Shot, Sci-Fi and Roadblock. The Joes team up with the current Oktober Guard to stop an asteroid endangering Earth; this team. The shuttles for both teams are damaged in the mission, and Payload cannibalizes the Defiant to fix the Russian spacecraft. Both teams safely leave in the latter one. The Defiant is destroyed when the asteroid safely explodes.[157]Payload and Wild Bill rescue several of their fellow pilots from summary execution in an ill-fated mission to Sierra Gordo.[158]Payload and the Defiant play a critical role in the climax of the G.I. Joe novel \"Fool's Gold\". He works with Sci-Fi and Hawk to destroy a Cobra weapon aimed at Earth.[159] He also is featured in the Little Golden Books \"Tower Of Power\" G.I. Joe story.[160][161]","title":"Payload"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Psyche-Out"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quick Kick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Metal_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Beach Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Head_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Rampage is the code name of Walter A. McDaniel. He was first released as an action figure in 1989, as a replacement for Heavy Metal. He was re-released in 2003, as the G.I. Joe Team's \"Split Fire\" driver.[40] Rampage once trained alongside Beach Head.","title":"Rampage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Backblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backblast_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ghostrider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostrider_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1991-77"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceI-100"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ian James Corlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_James_Corlett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"Rampart is the G.I. Joe Team's shoreline defender. His real name is Dwayne A. Felix, and his rank is that of U.S. Navy Petty Officer (2nd class). Rampart grew up in New York City, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2]Rampart spent his time mastering all video games he had access to, at home and the arcade. He put his hand-eye coordination to use in the Navy. In the air defense artillery, Rampart attained the highest combat success ratio in the 7th Fleet for \"splashing\" enemy aircraft. He joins the Joes directly from the Navy.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #115. He served in the \"Battle of Benzheen\". He and Backblast maintain a sentry point deep in the Benzheen desert, and destroy a Rattler plane chasing the Joe pilot Ghostrider.[77]In the Devil's Due series, he was killed by Red Shadow agents while on assignment in South America.[100]Rampart appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Ian James Corlett.[3][162]","title":"Rampart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DIC Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg133-164"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Airborne Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_Ranger"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"}],"text":"Rapid Fire is the G.I. Joe Team's fast attack expert. His real name is Robbie London, named after an executive at DIC Animation.[163] Rapid Fire was born in Seattle, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[164] He came with a free VHS tape of the G.I. Joe DiC episode \"Revenge Of The Pharaohs\". He does not appear in that episode.[165]He specializes in fast-attack maneuvers and sabotage tactics. He is fluent in three languages, has Airborne Ranger training and is the recipient of a Medal of Honor. He attended the United States Military Academy, commonly known as \"West Point\". He completed their ten-week Cadet Summer Orientation in only five weeks.[166]","title":"Rapid Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L.R.R.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"RTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone"},{"link_name":"Radio Telephone Operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Surveillance"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-6"},{"link_name":"Sneak Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneak_Peek_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"text":"Recoil is the G.I. Joe Team's L.R.R.P. (Long Range Recon Patrol, pronounced \"Lurp\"). His real name is Joseph Felton, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Recoil was born in Fashion Island, Washington, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.Recoil's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is RTO (Radio Telephone Operator). He was a marathon runner and professional bodybuilder before joining G.I. Joe, and his excellent physical shape made him a good candidate to be a \"Lurp\". His job is to penetrate deep into enemy territory, gather intelligence and extricate himself without being detected, all the while carrying 100 pounds of gear, including rations, radio, weapons, ammo and climbing rope.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #111. Recoil is one of many Joes sent to the fictional county of Benzheen, to battle Cobra influence.[6] Recoil's patrol group, consisting of Sneak Peek, Dusty, Stalker and Ambush come under fire by a group of Cobra soldiers. Sneak Peek is killed, and Recoil and Ambush are injured.[167]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Recoil is seen as one of the Joes fighting against 'Coil', the army created by Serpentor. This conflict takes place on Cobra Island.[4]","title":"Recoil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recondo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Pago Pago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Poncie Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncie_Ponce"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe:_The_Movie-42"}],"text":"Red Dog is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is David Taputapu, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Red Dog was born in Pago Pago, Samoa, and debuted as an action figure in 1987 as part of the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades three-pack, along with Mercer and Taurus.[168]Red Dog's primary military specialty is infantry. He had a promising career as a barefoot placekicker on an American football team, until a defensive lineman stomped on his big toe. Red Dog gave the lineman a broken helmet and a concussion in return, for which he was suspended for excessive roughness. After a brief career as a stuntman in \"B\" movies, he was recruited by the G.I. Joe Command for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team. This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and everyone denies all knowledge of them when they fail.[169]Red Dog appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Poncie Ponce. The Renegades, under Sgt. Slaughter, operate as drill sergeants.[42]","title":"Red Dog"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steel Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Red Zone is the code name of Luke Ellison. He is the Steel Brigade's urban assault trooper, and was first released as an action figure in 2006.[40] The G.I. Joe Team took an interest in him when he was \"a little too enthusiastic for the FBI.\"","title":"Red Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumberland, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Charbroil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbroil_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadier"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1989-48"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceJ-125"},{"link_name":"Dreadnok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_A_Real_American_Hero'_1992-56"}],"text":"Repeater is the G.I. Joe Team's steadi-cam machine gunner. His real name is Jeffrey R. Therien, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Repeater was born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, and was first released as an action figure in 1988.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Charbroil.[59]Repeater's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is heavy weapons. Repeater had twenty years of top-notch field performance in the Army, although he never did well in the garrison. However, out in the bush he is the one who brings the other grunts back home alive.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 82 as part of a training class of potential G.I.Joe recruits. Only he, Lightfoot and Budo become official Joe members. They are taken into battle swiftly and defeat an Iron Grenadier plot to steal valuable weapons, mainly by killing every adversary involved.[48] He is shot and wounded while defending a \"Strategic Defense Initiative\" installation.[125] He recovers and soon after is involved in a fight with Cobra and Dreadnok forces on the Atlantic City Freeway.[170] Several years later, he again appeared to be shot and wounded during the defense of The Pit in a surprise Cobra assault on the Joe base.[56]","title":"Repeater"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rip Cord"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roadblock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"Lifeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Casper, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"}],"text":"Robo-J.O.E. is the G.I. Joe Team's jet-tech operations expert. He is a scientist who was injured by Destro during a raid to steal plans for Bio Armor. To save his life, he was rebuilt as an armored cyborg. His real name is listed as Greg D. Scott which is the same name used for the Lifeline v5 and v6 file cards. Robo-J.O.E. was born in Casper, Wyoming, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Star Brigade line.Robo-J.O.E.'s only comic book appearance was in the large group shot on the cover of G.I. Joe: America's Elite #25.","title":"Robo-J.O.E."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rock 'n Roll"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crossfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Rumbler is the code name of Earl-Bob Swilley. He was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged as the driver of the \"Crossfire\" 4WD vehicle.","title":"Rumbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Steeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Rock'N'Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n_Roll_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hot Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Seat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Metal-Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-Head"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Salvo is the G.I. Joe Team's Anti-Armor Trooper. His real name is David K. Hasle, and he was born in Arlington, Virginia. Salvo was first released as an action figure in 1990,[2] and again in 2005. Both versions have the T-shirt slogan 'The Right of Might'.Salvo's primary military specialty is anti-armor trooper. He also specializes in repairing \"TOW/Dragon\" missiles. Salvo expresses a deep distrust of advanced electronic weaponry. He prefers to use mass quantities of conventional explosives to overwhelm enemy forces.[171]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 114. There, he fights as part of a large scale operation against Cobra forces in the fictional country of Benzheen. Steeler, Dusty, Salvo, Rock'N'Roll, and Hot Seat get into vehicular based combat against the missile expert Metal-Head[172] He is later part of the Joe team on-site who defends G.I. Joe headquarters in Utah against a Cobra assault.[173]Salvo appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Brent Chapman.[3]","title":"Salvo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"text":"Scanner is the codename of Scott E. Sturgis. His primary military specialty is information technology. He first appears in the Devil's Due series. Snake Eyes and Scarlett hide out with Scanner in Iceland, before they are tracked down by Overlord. Scanner is killed in the process of defending the Iceland base, but instrumental in destroying the base (with Overlord inside) to save his teammates.[174]","title":"Scanner"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scarlett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"Geraldine, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine,_Montana"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Sci-Fi is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe Team's laser trooper and debuted in 1986. His real name is Seymour P. Fine, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Sci-Fi was born in Geraldine, Montana. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is electronics. Sci-Fi was released as an action figure in 1986,[175] and repackaged by Hasbro in 1994 as part of the Star Brigade line.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appears in issue #64 in a brief cameo[176] and appeared fully in #65.[177] He is a supporting character in a five-issue story arc from #145 to #149 as part of the G.I. Joe Star Brigade team.[178]Sci-Fi is a supporting character in the 1986 second season of the Marvel/Sunbow animated series and the 1989 DiC G.I. Joe series, voiced both times by Jerry Houser.[3]","title":"Sci-Fi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg123-16"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"Mike Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leonard_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"microwave transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Leatherneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherneck_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hit and Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_%26_Run_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Tunnel Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Rat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_Special_Missions'_1989-143"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-17"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"DiC G.I. Joe animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Benyaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benyaer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Low-Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Light_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"text":"Scoop is the G.I. Joe Team's combat information specialist. His real name is Leonard Michaels, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Scoop was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was first released as an action figure in 1989.[16] In the animated series, his character was a Cobra spy; in the other continuities he is simply a journalist/soldier.His name, occupation and visage were based on real-life NBC News journalist Mike Leonard.Scoop's primary military specialty is journalist, and his secondary military specialty is microwave transmission specialist. He has an advanced degree in journalism, as well as a master's degree in electrical engineering. Scoop could have worked for a network news team, but instead opted for service on the G.I. Joe Team so he could be on the spot when news was being made.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #23. He is one of a team sent to Sierra Gordo. Conflict arises because Scoop, while a trained soldier, barely meets G.I. Joe standards. It is shown how he interacts badly with his teammates Muskrat, Leatherneck, Hit and Run, Tunnel Rat and Stalker. Scoop defeats an Iron Grenadier in hand-to-hand combat, smashing the man in the head with the treasured video footage. This also saves the life of Tunnel Rat, who had been wounded. Scoop earns the respect of the other Joe soldiers.[143] He later returns to Sierra Gordo to help rescue Joes and the Oktober Guard.[17] Scoop eventually returns to the reformed G.I. Joe team.[179]Scoop appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Michael Benyaer.[3] Scoop was recruited by Sgt. Slaughter for his \"Marauders\" sub-team. Scoop was suspected of being a Cobra spy. In the episode \"Operation: Dragonfire\", Scoop confesses that he is in fact a Cobra spy. He is placed under arrest by Low-Light. Stalker frees Scoop when convinced he's no longer working for Cobra after discovering Cobra lied about the Joes destroying his family home. Scoop then spies on Cobra for the Joes.Scoop appears as a non-playable character in the G.I. Joe arcade game.[180]","title":"Scoop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Sgt. Hacker is the G.I. Joe Team's information retrieval specialist. His real name is Jesse E. Jordan, and he was first released as an action figure in 2003.[40] He is a computer specialist from Fort Leonard Wood.","title":"Sgt. Hacker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sgt. Slaughter"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sgt. Stone"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shipwreck"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shockwave"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Short-Fuze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"text":"Sideswipe is the code name of Andrew Frankel. He is the G.I. Joe Team's medical specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2002.[181]","title":"Sideswipe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Sidetrack was originally the code name of Sean C. McLaughlin. He was the G.I. Joe Team's wilderness survival specialist, and was released as an action figure in 2000.[40] Sidetrack was then used as the code name of John Boyce in 2002. He was a ranger for the G.I. Joe Team, and a former professional wrestler.[40] Boyce was killed by a trap laid out by Cobra hunter Shadow Tracker in a mini-comic published by the G. I. Joe Collectors Club.","title":"Sidetrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Wildcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1988-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"General Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Overlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"}],"text":"Skidmark is the G.I. Joe Team's Desert Fox driver. His real name is Cyril Colombani, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Skidmark was born in Los Angeles, California, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the \"Desert Fox\" 6WD jeep.[13]Skidmark's primary military specialty is fast attack vehicle driver, and his secondary military specialty is infantry. As a kid, he was polite, well groomed, and successful in his studies. However, when he received his first driver's lesson, he subsequently shattered all-known records for accumulating speeding violations. He is the G.I. Joe Team's fastest and most reliable recon driver.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 72. He joins the team at the same time as Wildcard and Windmill. A Cobra agent, the Star Viper, sneaks onto the Joe's Utah base by holding onto the underside of Skidmark's Desert Fox vehicle.[182] Skidmark and the new Joes pursue the Viper in the next issue.[183]Skidmark returns in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series in issue No. 24. He is one of the many Joes recalled up to duty for the second Cobra civil war, this one also taking place on Cobra Island. In issue No. 25, Skidmark is killed by a falling helicopter crash while aiding General Hawk in an attempt to arrest Overlord.[184]Skidmark is featured in the 1989 'Golden' G.I. Joe coloring book.[185]","title":"Skidmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pensacola, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Dale Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Wilson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"}],"text":"Skydive is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol leader. His real name is Lynton N. Felix, and he was born in Pensacola, Florida. Skydive was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2] Before he was recruited by G.I. Joe, he spent ten years as a non-commissioned officer teaching Ranger School at Fort Benning. He also specializes in personnel administration.[186]Skydive is voiced by Dale Wilson in the DiC G.I. Joe cartoon.[3]","title":"Skydive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queenstown, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg134-63"},{"link_name":"Haast's Bluff Aboriginal Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haasts_Bluff,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Chuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckles_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceG-67"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_2007-78"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Skymate is the G.I. Joe Team's glider trooper. His real name is Daniel T. Toner, and he was born in Queenstown, Australia. Skymate was first released as an action figure in 1991, as part of the Air Commandos line.[63]Skymate flies the \"Air Commando\" glider. He grew up in a remote station near the Haast's Bluff Aboriginal Reserve. He receives exotic weapons training in the 'Special Air Services', which only complemented his already extensive knowledge of the subject. He is considered very quiet. His preferred weapon is a bow and arrow.[187]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he is mentioned by name in issue No. 118, as being part of a mission involving Chuckles and the Air Commandos, but not seen.[67] In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, Skymate is one of many Joes sent to Europe to assist in worldwide outbreaks of Cobra terrorist activity.[78]Skymate appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series.","title":"Skymate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellomo_2005_114-188"}],"text":"Skystriker is a member of the special G.I. Joe group Tiger Force, and serves as the jet fighter pilot tasked with operating the \"Tiger Rat\" assault plane. His real name is Alexander P. Russo, and he was first released as an action figure in 1988. Skystriker was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and grew up around planes on a military base. He is noted for destroying more than fifteen Cobra planes during attacks on Cobra Island.[188]","title":"Skystriker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Slip Stream"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Snake Eyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Bangor, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Owen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_King"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Lt. Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lt._Falcon"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"night vision devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision_device"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Frag Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dusty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Peter Lerangis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lerangis"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"text":"Sneak Peek is the G.I. Joe Team's advanced recon specialist. His real name is Owen King, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Sneak Peek was born in Bangor, Maine, where Stephen King is a longtime resident, and this is an apparent reference to Stephen King's son, Owen King. He was first released as an action figure in 1987.[189] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1988, packaged with Lt. Falcon.[59]Sneak Peek's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is radio-telecommunications. Sneak Peek is known for a mission while in a Ranger recon battalion, in which he was never recalled due to an error; he continued observing enemy activity, taking notes and sketching maps for two weeks, until someone remembered he was still out there and signaled for him to return. Sneak Peek is Ranger qualified and proficient with all NATO night vision devices.In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #73. He is part of a recon team that works its way through Cobra Island during the Cobra civil war.[190] Later, he is shot and killed during the battle of Benzheen. He \"dies\" saving a little boy being placed in danger by a Frag Viper. The same issue reveals details of his friendship with fellow Joe Dusty.[7] In IDW's continuation of this storyline, it is revealed that Sneak Peek survived these wounds and was sent deep undercover in Darklonia. His survival was a secret even to his own friends and family.[191]In the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, another agent takes his code name, and goes undercover with the Dreadnoks.[192] He is severely injured by a Viper while checking out a Joe nuclear bomb shelter.Sneak Peek is a supporting character in the novel The Sultan's Secret by Peter Lerangis.[193] He also has a role in Invisibility Island.[194]","title":"Sneak Peek"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Snow Job"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Havana, Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"text":"Snow Storm is the G.I. Joe Team's high-tech snow trooper. His real name is Guillermo \"Willie\" Suarez, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Snow Storm was born in Havana, Cuba, and was first released as an action figure in 1993, as part of the Battle Corps line.[195]His primary military specialty is arctic warfare. His secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor.[196]","title":"Snow Storm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everett, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Star Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Oktober Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktober_Guard"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"}],"text":"Space Shot is the G.I. Joe Team's combat freighter pilot. His real name is George A. Roberts, and he was born in Everett, Massachusetts. Space Shot was first released as an action figure in 1994, as part of the Star Brigade line.[197]His file card establishes that he flew cargo between planets in Earth's solar system, and for fun he would fly blindfolded through the rings of Saturn. This earned him the attention of Duke, who recruited him and found it was not easy teaching him military discipline. He has defended four space stations from Cobra attack, and makes Cobra 'Blackstar' pilots look like trainees.[198]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #145.[199] His comics continuity does not match the file card, as he is simply one of many Joes with basic, \"real-world\" astronaut experience.[200] Space Shot is part of Star Brigade[201] and takes part in a mission to deal with an asteroid threatening all of Earth. With the assistance of the latest version of Oktober Guard, the Joes fight androids in the asteroid's interior, and ultimately the robot army is defeated and the teams makes it off the asteroid before it is safely destroyed.[202]","title":"Space Shot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"Carcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcare"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"text":"Sparks is the G.I. Joe Team's communication and computer expert. His real name is Alessandro \"Alex\" D. Verdi, and he was first released as an action figure in 2007.[40] Sparks is the son of a former U.S. ambassador, and was born in Carcare, Italy. He spent his formative years in Europe, becoming fluent in 13 languages, as well as learning the finer points of diplomacy. After graduating from Harvard, he planned to become an interpreter for the military, but instead serves as a liaison to the Pentagon for the G.I. Joe Team. Sparks is an essential cog in G.I. Joe operations, thanklessly filing mountains of paperwork and records, according to the stringent protocols of military bureaucracy. His military specialties include telecommunications, cryptologic operations, and electronic warfare.[203] In the Sunbow G.I. Joe cartoon, he appeared in the 1984 \"The Revenge of Cobra\" mini-series and later retired from the team, working at a television station, but helped G.I. Joe uncover a Cobra plot in the episode \"Grey Hairs and Growing Pains\".","title":"Sparks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_point"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"Muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg116-59"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Airtight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtight_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Charbroil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbroil_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dreadnoks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoks"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"}],"text":"Spearhead is the G.I. Joe Team's point man. His real name is Peter R. Millman, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Spearhead was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, with his pet bobcat Max.[44] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Night Force line in 1989, packaged with Muskrat.[59]Spearhead's primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is finance. He was once the youngest and most successful insurance salesman in the Pacific Northwest; everybody liked him and trusted him, and bought more insurance from him than they could afford. However, he joined the Army, feeling that somebody had to do it. Thanks to Spearhead's charisma, and with his bobcat Max as a source of inspiration, soldiers are willing to follow him when he takes the lead.[204]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in G.I. Joe Special Missions #21.[205] He works with Airtight, Charbroil and other Joes in an attempt to stop Dreadnoks activity in the sewers of New York. They fail to stop Cobra's plan to create a telemarketing scam center, and their new ally, a homeless veteran, dies while believing he saved the Joes' lives.[206]Spearhead returns for active duty when the Joe team is reformed in the Devil's Due series.[207] Spearhead is also one of the many Joes to combat Serpentor in the second Cobra civil war.[111]","title":"Spearhead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.A.S.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.A.S.K._(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Specialist Trakker is the M.A.S.K. character Matt Trakker. He was released in 2008 as an advanced vehicle specialist for the G.I. Joe Team.[40] In the G.I. Joe universe according to Specialist Trakker's file card, M.A.S.K.'s enemies in V.E.N.O.M. were a splinter faction of Cobra Command.","title":"Specialist Trakker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spirit"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stalker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burlingame, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlingame,_California"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"}],"text":"Starduster is the G.I. Joe Team's Jet Pack Trooper. His real name is Edward J. Skylar, and he was born in Burlingame, California. Starduster was first released as an action figure in 1987, as a mail-in exclusive from Action Stars cereal, and later as a mail-in offer from Hasbro Direct. In 2008, he was renamed Skyduster and released with the Toys R Us exclusive Air Command Set, which also included Capt. Ace and Wild Bill.[208]Starduster's primary military specialty is Infantry Transportable Air Recon, and his secondary military specialty is Helicopter Assault. He was a trapeze artist before he enlisted in the Airborne Rangers. Starduster was recruited into the G.I. Joe team by Duke.[209]In 1985, a television commercial for Action Stars cereal depicted a boy making his way to a bowl of cereal led by the character Duke. After eating the cereal, the boy flies into the air following Starduster. This was the only time that the action-figure Starduster appeared in animated form, as he was never part of the cartoon television series.[210]Starduster was featured in three out-of-continuity mini-comics packaged in Action Stars cereal.[211] Starduster also appeared in the comic tie-in to the Commandos Heroicas, which were released in both toy and comic book character form as part of the 2009 G.I. Joe convention. Starduster became commander of this Argentine branch of the G.I. Joe team.","title":"Starduster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"text":"Static Line is the G.I. Joe Team's Sky Patrol demolitions expert. His real name is Wallace J. Badducci, and he was born in Chicago, Illinois. Static Line was first released as an action figure in 1990, as part of the \"Sky Patrol\" line.[2]His primary military specialty is demolitions expert. He is also a trained aircraft mechanic.[212] Static Line is noted for his eye for detail and for not destroying explosive devices, but rendering them inert.[213]","title":"Static Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg115-44"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"heavy equipment operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_operator"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"earth movers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"graders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grader"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Python Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceE-18"}],"text":"Steam-Roller is the G.I. Joe Team's Mobile Command Center operator. His real name is Averill B. Whitcomb, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. Steam-Roller was born in Duluth, Minnesota, and was first released as an action figure in 1987, packaged with the Mobile Command Center.[44][214]Steam-Roller's primary military specialty is heavy equipment operator, and his secondary military specialty is armor. He worked on heavy cranes on the Great Lakes' docks, earth movers in the strip mines of Appalachia, and graders on the blacktop highways of several states. He was operating an M-15A2, 50 ton transporter when he was assigned to the G.I. Joe Team. Steam-Roller is a qualified expert with all NATO small-arms and explosives.[215]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #99.[216] He also makes an appearance in the following issue. He battles Python Patrol members in the Utah desert.[18]","title":"Steam-Roller"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Steeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Iron Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1990-114"},{"link_name":"Sneak Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneak_Peek_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"}],"text":"Stretcher is the G.I. Joe Team's Medical Specialist. His real name is Thomas J. Larivee, and he was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Stretcher was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2]Before the G.I. Joe team, he served as a front-line medic in a NATO military unit. Though Stretcher is a qualified medical specialist, his primary purpose is removing wounded soldiers from the battlefield. As such, he is noted for his strength.[217]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue No. 105.[218] He is one of a team of Joes sent to Sierra Gordo to rescue fellow soldiers from Iron Grenadiers.[114] Stretcher is one of the many Joes to take part in a confrontation against Cobra forces in Benzheen. Stretcher is one of many staffing an isolated military outpost. He confirms the death of Sneak Peek, who had died saving a child.[4] Stretcher also appears in issue No. 125.Stretcher returns to the Joe team in the Devil's Due produced comic book series. He is one of the many soldiers to intervene in the second Cobra civil war, which again takes place on Cobra Island.[111]Stretcher appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Alvin Sanders.[3][219]","title":"Stretcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Stalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Dee-Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleforce_2000"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: America's Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_America%27s_Elite"},{"link_name":"World War III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Don Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Brown_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOICE_CREDITS-3"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"text":"Sub-Zero is the G.I. Joe Team's winter operations specialist. His real name is Mark Habershaw, and he was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island. Sub-Zero spent time as an instruction at the Army Northern Warfare Training Center in Fort Greely. He was also a consult to the Cold Regions Test center at the same base. He also trained military forces in Europe for cold weather combat. He is noted for hating cold weather.[220]Sub-Zero was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2] In 1993 he is part of the mail-order Arctic Commandos subset. This is part of the main-in campaign known as 'Terrifying Lasers Of Destruction'.[221] Sub-Zero is included with Stalker, Dee-Jay and a Cobra Snow-Serpent. The fiction of this sub-set is that Sub-Zero's team must stop a Cobra weapon placed atop Mount Everest.[222]Sub-Zero first appeared in G.I. Joe: America's Elite #32, providing security at a prison during the World War III event.[223]Sub-Zero appeared in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Don Brown.[3][224]","title":"Sub-Zero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Trouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Trouper_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Super Troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Troopers"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"}],"text":"\"Super Trooper\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Super Trouper or Super Troopers.Super Trooper is the code name of Paul Latimer. He was born in Dayton, Ohio, and was first released as a mail-in figure in 1988. His primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is public relations.[225]","title":"Super Trooper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1,_Colombia"}],"text":"Switch Gears is a tank driver for the G.I. Joe Team, and was released as an action figure in 2003. His real name is Jerome T. Jivoin, and he was born in Bogotá, Colombia. Switch Gears is said to have a high tolerance for pain, and described as very strong and never giving up. He also likes to show up at fortified Cobra positions disguised as a Cobra courier with fake retreat orders, and prefers his bare hands to weapons.","title":"Switch Gears"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Red Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dog_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"demolitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Slaughter_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"Heavy Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Duty_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Bombstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombstrike_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Earl Boen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Boen"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe:_The_Movie-42"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"}],"text":"Taurus is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades. His real name is Varujan Ayvazyan, and his rank is equivalent to that of sergeant E-5. Taurus was born in Istanbul, Turkey and was first released as an action figure in 1987, as part of a three-pack with Mercer and Red Dog.[226]Taurus's primary military specialty is demolitions. He was a circus acrobat in Europe, doing occasional undercover work for INTERPOL. When the G.I. Joe top brass witnessed him breaking two-by-fours on his own face as part of his circus act, they recruited him for the Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades sub team on the spot. Taurus is fluent in a dozen languages, and has been cross-trained in explosives and mountaineering. The Renegades have a freedom of operation unmatched by the other Joes: they are not carried on the existing rosters of any existing military unit, there is no computer access to their dossiers, and they are paid through a special fund earmarked for \"Pentagon Pest Control\". This team has no official status, and its movements and activities are virtually unrestricted. However, this means that they get no credit when they succeed, and that the government can deny the Renegades' existence if they are caught.[227]Taurus is seen in issue No. 32 of G.I. Joe: America's Elite (Feb 2007).[228] He is fighting Cobra soldiers in his home city of Istanbul. Assisting him are the Joe soldiers Heavy Duty and Bombstrike.[229]Taurus appeared in the animated film G.I. Joe: The Movie voiced by Earl Boen. He appears as a member of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades and operates as an assistant drill sergeant.[42][230]","title":"Taurus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"Somers, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somers,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Arashikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arashikage"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"}],"text":"T'Gin-Zu is a ninja who is the G.I. Joe Team's \"Pile Driver\" operator and member of Ninja Force. His real name is Joseph R. Rainone. His primary military specialty is Pile Driver vehicle operator. His secondary military specialty is ninja swords master. His birthplace is Somers, New York. T'Gin-Zu has studied martial arts for more than two decades. He has learned some of the secrets of the Arashikage ninja clan and has spent time as a student of Storm Shadow who considers him his most talented pupil. T'Gin-Zu has a developed a deep desire to single-handedly capture Cobra's band of \"Red Ninja-Vipers\".[231]","title":"T'Gin-Zu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ninja Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Force"},{"link_name":"East Greenwich, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenwich,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Arashikage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arashikage"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"}],"text":"T'Jbang is a ninja and member of Ninja Force the code name of Sam LaQuale. He was born in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. He is a former member of the Arashikage clan founded by Storm Shadow, a ninja who is also his second cousin. He has crafted his own personal sword, designed for his secretive 'Silent Backslash' technique. T'Jbang is also skilled in piloting helicopters.[232]","title":"T'Jbang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"artilleryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg100-233"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"}],"text":"Thunder is a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is the G.I. Joe team's self-propelled gun artilleryman, and debuted in 1984. His real name is Matthew Harris Breckinridge, and his rank is that of sergeant E-5. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Thunder was first released as an action figure packaged with the Slugger artillery vehicle.[233]He first appeared in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #51 (September 1986).[234] He is among several Joes killed in action in issue #109.Thunder made his debut in the Sunbow/Marvel G.I. Joe animated series in \"The Revenge of Cobra\".[235]","title":"Thunder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Ninja_Battles"},{"link_name":"Brian Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Drummond"}],"text":"Tiger Claw is the code name of Chad M. Johnson. He was first released as an action figure in 2005 as the ninja apprentice of Snake Eyes.[40]Tiger Claw appeared in the direct-to-video CGI animated movie G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles, voiced by Brian Drummond.","title":"Tiger Claw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg105-72"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"}],"text":"Tollbooth is the G.I. Joe Team's bridge layer driver. His real name is Chuck X. (for nothing) Goren, and his rank is that of E-5 (Sergeant). Tollbooth was born in Boise, Idaho, and was first released as an action figure in 1984, packaged exclusively with the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) as a Sears Exclusive. Tollbooth and the Bridgelayer (Toss N Cross) were later released as part of the fourth series in 1985.[236][72]Tollbooth's primary military specialty is combat engineer, and his secondary military specialty is demolitions. As a child, Tollbooth had a love for construction sets, which he made bigger and more complex until he outgrew them all. As an adult he started building in earnest, and got his master's degree in engineering from MIT. When he needed a bigger challenge, he joined the Army to sign up for the G.I. Joe Team.[237]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #51 (September 1986). He is manning the \"Chaplain's Assistant Motor Pool\" machinery, the figurative and literal cover for the Pit, the headquarters of the G.I. Joe team. He later appeared in issues #62, 76, and 77.[238] In issue #76, Tollbooth is part of a Joe infiltration team attacking Cobra Island defenses through the swamps.[239]Tollbooth appeared in the G.I. Joe animated series voiced by Michael Bell. His first appearance in the first-season episode \"Three Cubes to Darkness.\"[240] His appearance is slightly different from his figure as he is shown with a green hardhat in the series.","title":"Tollbooth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Topside is the G.I. Joe Team's Navy assault specialist. His real name is John Blanchet, and his rank is that of First Class Petty Officer in the United States Navy. Topside was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and was first released as an action figure in 1990.[2]He grew up on a farm with his father; their pigs won many awards at the county fairs. Topside became known as the Fort Wayne 'Hog Master'. At age twenty, wanting a more exciting career, he joined the navy. Serving as a deckhand, he overheard tales of bragging from a G.I. Joe special ops team on their way to a mission. He challenged the entire team; this led to him being noticed and recruited. A quote on his file card indicates Topside takes physical punishment with ease.Topside appeared in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series. In terms of the comics, he had worked with the Joe team a short time before they disbanded in 1994. Topside is part of the team to invade Cobra Island.[111] He is also a featured character in part 1 of the \"Fun Publishing\" official \"G.I. Joe Vs. Cobra\" comic book released for the G.I. Joe conventions.[241]Topside appeared in three episodes of the DiC G.I. Joe animated series: \"An Officer and a Viperman\" and \"Ghost of Alcatraz\" Part I and Part II.","title":"Topside"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Torpedo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg133-164"},{"link_name":"Helena, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Navy SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1989_TV_series)"}],"text":"Tracker was first released as an action figure in 1991.[164] His real name is Christopher R. Groen, and he was born in Helena, Arkansas. Tracker is a Navy SEAL with a specialty in underwater arms development. In terms of tracking, escaping and evading, Tracker has outperformed the best the Joe team has to offer.[242]Tracker appears in the DiC G.I. Joe animated series, voiced by Phil Hayes.","title":"Tracker"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tripwire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tunnel Rat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bismarck, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg128-2"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Devil's Due","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Due_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Serpentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentor"},{"link_name":"Cobra Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Island"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-111"}],"text":"Updraft is the G.I. Joe Team's Retaliator pilot. His real name is Matthew W. Smithers, and he was born in Bismarck, North Dakota. Updraft was first released as an action figure in 1990, packaged with the \"Retaliator\" hi-tech attack copter.[2]Updraft was the team leader in the \"World Helicopter Championships\", leading the US team to victory twice. He joins the Flight Warrant Office School at Fort Rucker and became a special instructor. From there, he was selected for G.I. Joe duty. He personally improves much of the \"Retaliator\" helicopter, a vehicle he later flies into battle.[243]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #130. He assists the Joe team in defending their headquarters from a Cobra attack.[244]He is also part of a mission in the Devil's Due G.I. Joe series, helping the Joe team battle Serpentor and his forces in the second Cobra civil war. As with the first one, this war takes place on Cobra Island.[111]","title":"Updraft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wet Suit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo_2009_62-40"}],"text":"Whiteout is an arctic trooper for the G.I. Joe Team. His real name is Leonard J. Lee III, and he was first released as an action figure in 2000.[40] He is a cold weather strategist for the G.I. Joe team and experienced in polar combat mobility.","title":"Whiteout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wild Bill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Skidmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmark_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Hardball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardball_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"}],"text":"Wildcard is the G.I. Joe Team's Mean Dog vehicle Driver. His real name is Eric U. Scott, and his rank is that of corporal E-4. Wildcard was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the \"Mean Dog\" 6WD heavy assault vehicle.[13]Wildcard's primary military specialty is armored vehicle operator, and his secondary military specialty is chaplain's assistant. Wildcard possesses an unnatural talent for breaking things, from sturdy steel machines to simple tools, delicate toys, immovable objects of cast iron, and 8-piece dinner settings. When driving the Mean Dog, the vehicle becomes an extension of himself – a raging engine of destruction, pulverizing all in its path.[245]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He joins the team with Skidmark and Windmill. The trio's actual entry to the current Joe base, with the Mean Dog and the vehicle Desert Fox, is marred by the discovery that a Cobra agent had snuck in with them.[246]He appears in issue #89, on a trip to the Aberdeen Proving Grounds to test the Mean Dog. Assisted by Repeater and Hardball, he routes Cobra forces chasing other Joes. At the end of the battle, Wildcard personally tugs the fleeing Zanzibar out of his Pogo vehicle.[247]","title":"Wildcard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar Rapids, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Rapids,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg125-75"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_(G.I._Joe)"}],"text":"Windchill is the G.I. Joe Team's Arctic Blast vehicle Driver. His real name is Jim Steel, and his rank is that of Staff Sergeant E-6. Windchill was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.Windchill was first released as an action figure in 1989, packaged with the \"Arctic Blast\" tundra assault sled.[75] The figure was repainted and released as part of the Battle Corps line in 1994. His 1994 release has him packaged with the \"Blockbuster\" arctic vehicle; furthermore he is named Jim McDonald in that release.[248]Windchill's primary military specialty is Arctic Blast driver, and his secondary military specialty is cold weather survival instructor. He was an avid skimobiler and hunter, and figured the biathlon would be the ultimate sport for him. He might have qualified for a spot on the American Olympic team if Blizzard hadn't met him at the National Elimination Tournament and given him the idea of getting paid to drive fast, heavily armed snow vehicles.","title":"Windchill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain, USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Allentown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30thAnnPg119-13"},{"link_name":"Fort Rucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rucker"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Skidmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmark_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"Wildcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcard_(G.I._Joe)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G.I._Joe_1988-182"}],"text":"Windmill is the G.I. Joe Team's Skystorm X-Wing Chopper pilot. His real name is Edward J. Roth, and his rank is that of Captain, USAF O-3. Windmill was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and was first released as an action figure in 1988, packaged with the Skystorm X-Wing Chopper.[13]Windmill's primary military specialty is stopped-rotor aircraft operator, and his secondary military specialty is attack helicopter pilot. He was a flight instructor at the Army Flight Warrant Officers School at Fort Rucker, later flying experimental helicopter prototypes at that facility for the Army Aviation Department Test Activity.[249]In the Marvel Comics G.I. Joe series, he first appeared in issue #72 (June 1988). He drives onto the current Joe base in the \"Desert Fox\", accompanied by Skidmark and Wildcard; the latter driving the \"Mean Dog\". The occasion is marred by the discovery of a hostile that had snuck in by hanging to the underside of the Fox.[182]","title":"Windmill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Zap"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of Cobra characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cobra_characters"},{"title":"List of G.I. Joe Extreme characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe_Extreme_characters"},{"title":"List of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero action figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_action_figures"}]
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[{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Hidalgo","url_text":"Hidalgo, Pablo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 128. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) – Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers\". Voicechasers.com. September 2, 1989. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329225210/http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=4404","url_text":"\"The Voices of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1989, Animated Series) – Voice Cast Listing at Voice Chasers\""},{"url":"http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=4404","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1990 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914131335/http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs2.html","url_text":"\"1990 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 119. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Rumbler\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Encyclopedia. Myuselessknowledge.com. Retrieved December 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=253&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Rumbler\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 123. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1989 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120828151252/http://www.halfbattle.com/89figs2.html","url_text":"\"1989 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/89figs2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 113. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Joe Con Website\". Canadianjoecon.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadianjoecon.com/","url_text":"\"Canadian Joe Con Website\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 139. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Barricade's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/barricade.shtml","url_text":"\"Barricade's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ben (v3) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/00/bigben3.shtml","url_text":"\"Big Ben (v3) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ben (v4) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/bigben4.shtml","url_text":"\"Big Ben (v4) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Ben (v5) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/bigben5.shtml","url_text":"\"Big Ben (v5) G.I. Joe Action Figure – YoJoe Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Roll Call\". G.I. Joe Roll Call. Joe Headquarters. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joeheadquarters.com/rollcall_joes.shtml","url_text":"\"Roll Call\""}]},{"reference":"G.I. Joe: The Movie (Motion picture). De Laurentiis Entertainment Group. April 20, 1987.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 115. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 release\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/97/blizzard2.shtml","url_text":"\"1997 release\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/97/blizzard2.shtml","url_text":"\"1997 Filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 140. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Bullet-Proof information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/92/bulletproof.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullet-Proof information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullet-Proof's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/bulletproof.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullet-Proof's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullhorn's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/bullhorn.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullhorn's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bullhorn's second filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/08/bullhorn2.shtml","url_text":"\"Bullhorn's second filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 116. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 134. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Clean-Sweep filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/91/cleansweep.shtml","url_text":"\"Clean-Sweep filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cloudburst filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/cloudburst.shtml","url_text":"\"Cloudburst filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Front filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/coldfront.shtml","url_text":"\"Cold Front filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 29. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982-1994. Krause Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964-1994. Krause Publications. p. 105. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Wherle, Scott (2002). G.I. Joe: Battle Files #1. Devil's Due Publishing. p. 30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 125. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Dojo's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/dojo.shtml","url_text":"\"Dojo's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Drop Zone\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/dropzone.shtml","url_text":"\"Drop Zone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Brigade/Effects package details\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/cardback/94/sbeffects2.shtml","url_text":"\"Star Brigade/Effects package details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Effects Filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/effects.shtml","url_text":"\"Effects Filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 49. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Freefall toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/90/freefall.shtml","url_text":"\"Freefall toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freefall filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/freefall.shtml","url_text":"\"Freefall filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardtop's 1987 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/hardtop.shtml","url_text":"\"Hardtop's 1987 filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141228/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/hardtop.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hardtop's 2004 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/04/hardtop2.shtml","url_text":"\"Hardtop's 2004 filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026141240/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/04/hardtop2.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hi-Tech toy information\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/04/hitech.shtml","url_text":"\"Hi-Tech toy information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104131247/http://www.yojoe.com/action/04/hitech.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". 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Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/shockviper.shtml","url_text":"\"Shock-Viper information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081038/http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/shockviper.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Cream Soldier filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/icecreamsoldier_big.shtml","url_text":"\"Ice Cream Soldier filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026081025/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/icecreamsoldier_big.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Charles (May 3, 2018). \"EXCLUSIVE: Character Details About The G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant\". That Hashtag Show. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180504092555/http://thathashtagshow.com/2018/05/g-i-joe/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Character Details About The G.I. Joe: Ever Vigilant\""},{"url":"http://thathashtagshow.com/2018/05/g-i-joe/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lightfoot filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/88/lightfoot.shtml","url_text":"\"Lightfoot filecard\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023124313/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/88/lightfoot.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mace filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/mace.shtml","url_text":"\"Mace filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle Copter\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/vehicles/91/battlecopters_majoraltitude/","url_text":"\"Battle Copter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Altitude 1993 details\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/majoraltitude2.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Altitude 1993 details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Altitude 1991 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/majoraltitude.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Altitude 1991 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Altitude 1993 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121026055627/http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/majoraltitudeinterrogator.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Altitude 1993 filecard\""},{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/majoraltitudeinterrogator.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Major Storm 2003 toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/03/majorstorm2.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Storm 2003 toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Storm 1990 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/majorstorm.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Storm 1990 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major Storm 2003 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/03/majorstorm2.shtml","url_text":"\"Major Storm 2003 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mega Marines\". YOJOE.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/subteams/megamarinesjoe.shtml","url_text":"\"Mega Marines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirage toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/mirage.shtml","url_text":"\"Mirage toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hoverstrike information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/vehicles/03/hoverstrike/","url_text":"\"Hoverstrike information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ultimate Enemies: Muskrat & Voltar\". Yojoe.Com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/88/88card/ultimateenemiesback.shtml","url_text":"\"Ultimate Enemies: Muskrat & Voltar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nunchuk filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/nunchuk.shtml","url_text":"\"Nunchuk filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nunchuk's 2002 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/02/nunchuk3.shtml","url_text":"\"Nunchuk's 2002 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ozone toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/91/ozone.shtml","url_text":"\"Ozone toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ozone filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/ozone.shtml","url_text":"\"Ozone filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Action Force Pathfinder\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/collectorbooks/intafapg47.shtml","url_text":"\"Action Force Pathfinder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pathfinder information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/01/pathfinder2.shtml","url_text":"\"Pathfinder information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pathfinder filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/pathfinder.shtml","url_text":"\"Pathfinder filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Payload 1993 filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/93/payload3.shtml","url_text":"\"Payload 1993 filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Payload Cobra filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/international/europe/fc_payload_invader.shtml","url_text":"\"Payload Cobra filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Payload filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/payload5.shtml","url_text":"\"Payload filecard\""}]},{"reference":"S.M. Ballard (Author) (March 1, 1988). 'Fool's Gold'. ISBN 0345350960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345350960","url_text":"0345350960"}]},{"reference":"\"information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/books/book-tower.shtml","url_text":"\"information\""}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Robert Loren (February 1, 2014). link. ISBN 978-0307625649.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307625649","url_text":"978-0307625649"}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television cartoon shows: an illustrated encyclopedia, 1949 through 2003, Volume 1. McFarland & Co. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7864-2099-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2099-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-2099-5"}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043051/http://www.halfbattle.com/91figs1.html","url_text":"\"1991 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/91figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 133. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapid-Fire\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/90/rapidfire.shtml","url_text":"\"Rapid-Fire\""}]},{"reference":"James McFadden. \"Rapid-Fire\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=890","url_text":"\"Rapid-Fire\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 81. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Salvo's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/salvo.shtml","url_text":"\"Salvo's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 107. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Arcade game\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/games/arcade.shtml","url_text":"\"Arcade game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sideswipe toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/02/sideswipe.shtml","url_text":"\"Sideswipe toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coloring book\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/archive/coloringbooks/coloringbook13.shtml","url_text":"\"Coloring book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skydive\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/skydive.shtml","url_text":"\"Skydive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skymate's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/skymate.shtml","url_text":"\"Skymate's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Bellomo, Mark (2005). The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982–1994. Krause Publications. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-89689-922-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89689-922-3","url_text":"978-0-89689-922-3"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 111. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Beach, Lynn (1988). Invisibility Island. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-35097-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-35097-8","url_text":"978-0-345-35097-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Storm\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/snowstorm.shtml","url_text":"\"Snow Storm\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043436/http://www.halfbattle.com/93figs1.html","url_text":"\"1993 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/93figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Shot\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/94/spaceshot.shtml","url_text":"\"Space Shot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Shot's file card\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/spaceshot.shtml","url_text":"\"Space Shot's file card\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043451/http://www.halfbattle.com/94figs1.html","url_text":"\"1994 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/94figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Space Shot\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=272&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Space Shot\""}]},{"reference":"Hidalgo, Pablo (2009). G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: The Essential Guide 1982–2008. Random House. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-345-51642-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51642-8","url_text":"978-0-345-51642-8"}]},{"reference":"\"1988 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043024/http://www.halfbattle.com/88figs2.html","url_text":"\"1988 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/88figs2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Spearhead\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=273&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Spearhead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Starduster toy information\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/87/starduster.shtml","url_text":"\"Starduster toy information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Starduster's File Card\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/starduster.shtml","url_text":"\"Starduster's File Card\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Static Line\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=907&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Static Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Static Line\". yojoe.com. Retrieved March 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/staticline.shtml","url_text":"\"Static Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120608170825/http://www.halfbattle.com/87figs5.html","url_text":"\"1987 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/87figs5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Filecard Gallery – Steam Roller\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/87/steamroller.shtml","url_text":"\"Filecard Gallery – Steam Roller\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Steam Roller\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=278&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Steam Roller\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filecard Gallery – Stretcher\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/stretcher.shtml","url_text":"\"Filecard Gallery – Stretcher\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Stretcher\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=282&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Stretcher\""}]},{"reference":"\"1990 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043426/http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs3.html","url_text":"\"1990 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Filecard Gallery – Sub-Zero\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/subzero.shtml","url_text":"\"Filecard Gallery – Sub-Zero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mail-In information\". Halfbattle.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/rereleases.html","url_text":"\"Mail-In information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-Zero\". YoJoe. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/90/subzero.shtml","url_text":"\"Sub-Zero\""}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Sub-Zero\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=908&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Sub-Zero\""}]},{"reference":"\"1990 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043034/http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs1.html","url_text":"\"1990 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/90figs1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 110. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 107. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Taurus\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=912&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Taurus\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043014/http://www.halfbattle.com/87figs3.html","url_text":"\"1987 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/87figs3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T'Gin-Zu's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/93/tginzu.shtml","url_text":"\"T'Gin-Zu's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"T'Jbang filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/92/tjbang.shtml","url_text":"\"T'Jbang filecard\""}]},{"reference":"Santelmo, Vincent (1994). The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964–1994. Krause Publications. p. 100. ISBN 0-87341-301-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-301-6","url_text":"0-87341-301-6"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Thunder\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=284&Itemid=53","url_text":"\"Thunder\""}]},{"reference":"\"1984 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803042928/http://www.halfbattle.com/84figs3.html","url_text":"\"1984 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/84figs3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Half the Battle: 1985 Characters\". Half the Battle. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803043330/http://www.halfbattle.com/85figs5.html","url_text":"\"Half the Battle: 1985 Characters\""},{"url":"http://www.halfbattle.com/85figs5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hama, Larry (1987). Howard Mackie (ed.). G.I. Joe Order Of Battle. Marvel Entertainment Group. p. 110. ISBN 0-87135-288-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Entertainment_Group","url_text":"Marvel Entertainment Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87135-288-5","url_text":"0-87135-288-5"}]},{"reference":"Jamar Miller. \"Tollbooth\". JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page. Retrieved March 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myuselessknowledge.com/joe/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=287&Itemid=53G.I.","url_text":"\"Tollbooth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Cubes to Darkness\". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)","url_text":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero"}]},{"reference":"\"link\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/comics/convention/gvc01.shtml","url_text":"\"link\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tracker's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/91/tracker.shtml","url_text":"\"Tracker's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Updraft's filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/90/updraft.shtml","url_text":"\"Updraft's filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wildcard filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/action/88/wildcard.shtml","url_text":"\"Wildcard filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windchill's second filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/94/windchill2.shtml","url_text":"\"Windchill's second filecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Windmill filecard\". Yojoe.com. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojoe.com/filecard/88/windmill.shtml","url_text":"\"Windmill filecard\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Fuhlrott
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Johann Carl Fuhlrott
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["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Co-discoverer of Homo neanderthalensis
Fuhlrott
Prof. Dr. Johann Carl Fuhlrott (31 December 1803, Leinefelde, Germany – 17 October 1877, Wuppertal) was an early German paleoanthropologist. He is famous for recognizing the significance of the bones of Neanderthal 1, a Neanderthal specimen discovered by German laborers who were digging for limestone in Neander valley (Neanderthal in German) in August 1856. Originally disregarded, Fuhlrott, to his eternal credit, had the insight to recognize them for what they were: the remains of a previously unknown type of human.
Biography
His parents were the innkeeper Johannes Philipp Fuhlrott and his wife Maria Magdalena, née Nussbaum. His parents had died by the time he was ten and he was raised by his uncle, the Catholic priest Carl Bernhard Fuhlrott, in Seulingen. In 1835 he married Josepha Amalia Kellner (1812–1850), with whom he had six children.
After studying mathematics and natural sciences at the University of Bonn, Fuhlrott became a teacher at the Gymnasium in Elberfeld. In 1856, workers in a lime quarry in the nearby canyon called Gesteins or Neandertal (southwest of Mettmann) showed him bones they had found in a cave and thought to belong to a bear. Fuhlrott identified them as human and thought them to be very old. He recognized them to be different from the usual bones of humans and showed them to the Professor of Anatomy at the University of Bonn, Hermann Schaaffhausen. Together they announced the discovery publicly in 1857. In their view the bones represented the remnants of an ancient human race, different from contemporary humans. Their views were not readily accepted as it contradicted literal interpretations of the Bible, and Charles Darwin's work about evolution had not yet been published.
Today, Fuhlrott and Schaaffhausen are considered to be the founders of paleoanthropology, and the taxon they discovered is referred to as Homo neanderthalensis in honor of the site where it was first identified.
See also
List of fossil sites (with link directory)
List of hominina (hominid) fossils (with images)
References
^ Tattersall, Ian (1996). The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 74. ISBN 0-02-860813-5.
External links
Media related to Johann Carl Fuhlrott at Wikimedia Commons
Fuhlrott Museum
Neanderthal Museum
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
International Plant Names Index
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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[{"image_text":"Fuhlrott","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Fuhlrott.jpg/220px-Fuhlrott.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of fossil sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites"},{"title":"List of hominina (hominid) fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hominina_fossils"}]
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[{"reference":"Tattersall, Ian (1996). The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 74. ISBN 0-02-860813-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Macmillan Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-860813-5","url_text":"0-02-860813-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060409214137/http://www.fuhlrott-museum.de/","external_links_name":"Fuhlrott Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.neanderthal.de/","external_links_name":"Neanderthal Museum"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/427722/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115870410","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3282645","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjdTfGjPVR4gVYfrdmh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161476517","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161476517","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119519763","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007344862205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99001147","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p240107659","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Fuhlrott","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119519763.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/112702902","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Mandel
|
Brett Mandel
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Bulldog Budget","3 Advocacy","4 Writings","5 References"]
|
American politician in Pennsylvania
Brett MandelDemocratic CommitteepersonConstituency8th Ward
Brett Mandel is the author of two books about baseball and another about urban policy in Philadelphia.
Early life and education
Mandel was born and raised in Philadelphia, and is an alumnus of Northeast High School. He graduated magna cum laude as a Public Policy major from Hamilton College before receiving his Master's Degree in Governmental Administration from the Fels Institute of Government at the University of Pennsylvania.
Political career
He served as Director of the Financial & Policy Analysis Unit in the City Controller's office under former Controller Jonathan Saidel. He is the primary author of Philadelphia: A New Urban Direction, written while working under Saidel, which won the Association of Government Auditors Special Project Award in 1999.
In 2003, he was a member of the Tax Reform Commission, in addition to serving as Assistant Policy Director of the Philadelphia Independent Charter Commission.
Bulldog Budget
On January 23, 2013, Mandel unveiled his "Bulldog Budget", a data visualization of the operating budget of the city of Philadelphia. This digitized budget tool, built by Ben Garvey, shows how each department in the city spent its part of the $3.5 billion budget for fiscal year 2012. The data, collected by Mandel through a series of Right-to-Know Requests, includes individual salaries of all city employees. The tool was criticized by Mandel's opponent Alan Butkovitz for what he argued were inaccuracies in the data.
Advocacy
Mandel is the former Executive Director of the National Education Technology Funding Corporation (Eddie Tech), a private, non-profit organization helping local public school districts to finance construction, renovation and modernization. He was Executive Director and founder of Philadelphia Forward, a non-profit organization promoting civic engagement .
Writings
In addition to Philadelphia: A New Urban Direction, the book co-authored by Mandel on Philadelphia government, he has written two non-fiction books on baseball. Minor Players, Major Dreams tells the inside story of a minor-league baseball career, and Is This Heaven? The Magic of the Field of Dreams chronicles Mandel's pilgrimage to the set of the movie, Field of Dreams.
References
^ WorldCat author listing
^ Hamilton College. "College News: Brett Mandel '91 in Inquirer". Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ Econsult Solutions. "About Us: Brett Mandel". Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ Shaheeli, Joe. "Mandel Makes it 3 in Controller's Race". The Public Record, Philadelphia. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Association of Local Government Auditors. "Past Winners of ALGA's Special Project Award". Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Committee of Seventy. "City Controller Candidates". Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Technically Philly (23 January 2013). "City of Philadelphia Budget Visualization". Retrieved 28 April 2013.
^ Mandel, Brett. "Bulldog Budget". Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ City Paper. "Pet Therapy, Plasma TVs and more finds from new budget database". Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Zimmerman, Alex. "Fels Graduate Vying for City Controller". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
^ Eddie Tech. "Who We Are". Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Otterbein, Holly. "A Primer for WHYY's City Controller Debate". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Philadelphia Forward. "About Us". Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Philadelphia Forward. "The Push for Ethics Reform". Retrieved 30 April 2013.
^ Saidel, Jonathan (1999). Philadelphia: A New Urban Direction. Pennsylvania: Saint Joseph's University Press. ISBN 0916101282.
^ Mandel, Brett (1996). Minor Player, Major Dreams. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 080328232X.
^ Mandel, Brett (2002). Is This Heaven? The Magic of the Field of Dreams. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 1888698411.
^ Contemporary authors new revision series. Volume 129 Gale, 2004.
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MotorCity_Casino_Hotel
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MotorCity Casino Hotel
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["1 Architecture","2 Casino","3 Sound Board","4 Photo gallery","5 See also","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 42°20′20″N 83°04′08″W / 42.339°N 83.069°W / 42.339; -83.069Casino and hotel in Detroit
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MotorCity Casino Hotel Address 2901 Grand River AvenueDetroit, Michigan48201Opening dateDecember 14, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-12-14) (casino)November 2007; 16 years ago (2007-11) (hotel tower)ThemeFuture RetroNo. of rooms400Total gaming space100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2)Permanent showsSound Board2,400+ seat theaterCasino typeLand-basedOwnerIlitch HoldingsWebsitemotorcitycasino.com
MotorCity Casino Hotel is a casino hotel located in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It was opened in December 1999.
The $825 million MotorCity complex contains a historic building that housed the Wagner Baking Company, makers of the brand Wonder Bread. The complex houses a 100,000 square-foot casino with approximately 2,800 slot machines, 59 table games, and two poker rooms; a 13,000-square-foot spa; 67,000 square feet of meeting and convention space; Sound Board, a live music theater with a capacity of 2,400 people; and a luxury hotel with 400 guest rooms and suites.
Opened by Mandalay Resort Group, MotorCity Casino Hotel was later purchased by Marian Ilitch of IH Gaming (Detroit Entertainment, LLC).
Architecture
The building, located on Grand River Avenue at the Lodge Freeway (M-10), was designed by architect Walter W. Ahlschlager. As part of the property's renovation as a casino, the terracotta elements of the former bread bakery were restored to their original condition, preserving the features of the building.
Chip Foose, a custom car designer and television personality, was a member of the design team. Foose's influence is reflected strongly in the sweeping roof design, a 304-foot-long stainless steel undulating ribbon produced by Quality Metalcraft Inc., under the direction of Michael Chetcuti. It is considered a reference to Detroit's automotive history. Foose says it was inspired by the door molding on a 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air. The roof ranges in height from 3.5 feet to 10 feet and weighs over 181 tons.
Casino
The casino features more than 100,000 square feet of gaming space. It includes approximately 2,800 slot machines, approximately 59 table games, and two poker rooms.
The interior of the casino is notable for Foose's design of the ceiling, which features large, extruded aluminum-like beams and thousands of multi-color LEDs that can display video with more than 256,000 colors. The style is referred to as "Future Retro," and the ceiling resembles a giant custom car radiator.
In a nod to Detroit's Motown and other musical roots, the pillars of the Amnesia event space are designed to resemble bass clefs. The five-bar musical staff is used as a design element on items ranging from slot machine bases to signage throughout the property. Zebrawood, a wood often used in guitar construction, is incorporated into the hotel lobby and guestrooms.
Sound Board
With a capacity of 2,400, Sound Board is a performance venue, and Detroit's only casino theater. Since opening with a concert by Detroit native Anita Baker on October 23, 2008, Sound Board has hosted entertainment and musical performers. The theater also hosts events such as live boxing and major product launches.
The sound, lighting, and video equipment includes a d&b Line Array Sound System with Yamaha PM7 Rivage audio consoles, an HES Road Hog Full Boar lighting console, more than 50 moving lights and DL-3 lighting fixtures.
Photo gallery
Chrome panels accent original tile work on the Grand River façade
Casino details designed to resemble a classic 1950s tailfin-style car
Looking southwest with casino on the left and the high-rise hotel addition to the right
The casino complex looking west
See also
Michigan portal
Caesars Windsor
Hollywood Casino at Greektown
MGM Grand Detroit
List of casinos in Michigan
Wikimedia graph of Detroit's casino revenues
References
^ a b "Historic Detroit". historicdetroit.org. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
^ "High gear, low volume". 13 July 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to MotorCity Casino Hotel.
vteArchitecture of metropolitan DetroitSkyscrapers10 tallest
Renaissance Center
One Detroit Center
Penobscot
RenCen Towers 100-400
Guardian
Book Tower
150 West Jefferson
20 tallest
Fisher
Cadillac Tower
Stott
One Woodward Avenue
McNamara Federal
DTE Energy
Broderick
211 West Fort
Buhl
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel
Hollywood Casino
30 tallest
First National
Cadillac Centre
RenCen Towers 500-600
1001 Woodward
Millender Center
AT&T
Chrysler House
Jeffersonian
Blue Cross Blue Shield
Coleman A. Young Municipal Center
40 tallest
Penobscot Annex
Lafayette East
Riverfront Tower 300
Riverfront Tower 200
Whitney
Washington Square
Riverfront Tower 100
Water Board
Washington Boulevard
50 tallest
Riverside Hotel
Fort Shelby Hotel
Industrial-Stevens
Ford
Leland
Fyfe
Grand Park Centre
Compuware
United Artists Theatre
Michigan Central Station
Cadillac Place
60 tallest
MGM Grand Detroit
MotorCity Casino Hotel
The Qube
Maccabees
Fort Washington Plaza
One Kennedy Square
Detroit Free Press
Metropolitan
Wardell
70–195 tallest
Kales
Masonic Temple
Town Apartments
Michigan Building
Park Avenue House
Penobscot Building (1905)
1212 Griswold
Belcrest
Griswold Building
Harvard Square
Professional Plaza Tower
Vinton
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Levin United States Courthouse
Marquette
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Fisher
Cadillac Place
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Henry Ford Hospital
New Center Building
East side
Lafayette Park
Jeffersonian
Detroit Towers
The Kean
The Whittier
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Suburban
Southfield Town Center
American Center
Top of Troy
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Adoba Hotel
Parklane Towers
Chrysler Headquarters
Low riseunder 10 storiesselectedDowntown
411
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Cass Building
Detroit Athletic Club
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Fillmore
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Harmonie Club
L. B. King
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One Griswold Street
Wayne County Building
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Midtown
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Old Main
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McGregor Memorial Conference Center
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North
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Detroit Golf Club
East side
Alden Park Towers
Brewery Park
Coronado
El Tovar
Garden Court
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Pasadena
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GM Technical Center
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Parks and gardens
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Grand Circus
Metroparks
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Museums and libraries
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Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit Public Library
Detroit Science Center
Edsel and Eleanor Ford House
Fair Lane
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The Henry Ford
Meadowbrook Hall
Pewabic Pottery
Southfield Public Library
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Religious landmarks
Religious landmarks
Performance centers
Theatres and performing arts venues
NeighborhoodHistoric DistrictsResidential
Arden Park-East Boston
Atkinson Avenue
Beverly Road
Boston-Edison
Brush Park
Canton Township MPS
Corktown
East Ferry
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East Jefferson Avenue
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Rosedale Gardens
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Sherwood Forest
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(See also: Historic homes)
Mixed-use
Adams Street
Broadway Avenue
Capitol Park
Cass Park
Cass-Davenport
Congress Street
Cultural Center
Eastern Market
Eastside Cemetery
Financial District
Grand Boulevard
Grand Circus
Grand River Avenue
Gratiot Avenue
Griswold Street
Greektown
West Jefferson Avenue
Jefferson Chalmers
Larned Street
Michigan Avenue
Monroe Avenue
New Amsterdam
New Center
Piquette Avenue
Randolph Street
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State Street
Sugar Hill
University–Cultural Center
Washington Boulevard
Wayne State University
West Vernor-Junction
West Vernor-Lawndale
West Vernor-Springwells
Lower Woodward
Midtown Woodward
Woodward Avenue
See also: List of tallest buildings in Detroit
vtePerforming arts in DetroitVenues
Baldwin Theatre
Bohemian National Home
Bonstelle Theatre
Century Theatre
City Theatre
Detroit Film Theatre
Detroit Masonic Temple
Detroit Opera House
Detroit Repertory Theatre
Fisher Theatre
The Fillmore Detroit
Fox Theatre
Gem Theatre
Harpos Concert Theatre
Hilberry Theatre
Hilberry Gateway
MGM Grand Detroit
Majestic Theater
Max M. Fisher Music Center
MotorCity Casino
Music Hall Center
Orchestra Hall
The Players
Redford Theatre
Scarab Club
Senate Theater
Studio Theatre
Organizations
Bert's Entertainment
Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit Public Theatre
Detroit Repertory Theatre
Detroit Symphony Orchestra
The Kresge Foundation
Live Nation
Matrix Theatre Company
Mosiac Youth Theatre
Nederlander
Plowshares Theatre Co.
Olympia Entertainment
The Players Club
Theatre Bizarre
Wayne State University
vteHotels in metropolitan DetroitConference and resort hotels
Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center
Edward Village Michigan Hotel
Fort Shelby Hotel DoubleTree Detroit
Hollywood Casino
Inn at St. John's Plymouth Detroit
MGM Grand Detroit
MotorCity Casino Hotel
Westin Southfield Detroit Hotel
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel
Westin Detroit Metropolitan Airport
Historic Inns and boutique hotels
David Whitney, an Aloft Hotel (2014 renovation)
The Dearborn Inn, a Marriott Hotel
The Henry Autograph Collection Dearborn, a Marriott Hotel
Inn on Ferry Street Detroit
Inn at St. John's Plymouth Detroit
Inn at 97 Winder Detroit
The Leland Hotel Detroit
Hotel St. Regis Detroit
Robert's Riverwalk Hotel Detroit
Royal Park Hotel
Townsend Hotel
Beyond the metro region
Amway Grand Plaza Hotel Grand Rapids
Caesars Windsor
Chateau Chantal Traverse City
Inn at Bay Harbor
Mountain Grand Lodge and Spa Boyne Falls
Soaring Eagle Casino - Mt. Pleasant
Radison Hotel Lansing
Turtle Creek Casino and Hotel Williamsburg
Grand Hotel Mackinac Island
Stafford's Bay View Inn Petroskey
See also: Tourism in metropolitan Detroit
vteCasinos in Michigan
Michigan Gaming Control Board
Michigan Gaming Control and Revenue Act
Native American casinos
Bay Mills Resort & Casino
Chip-in Casino
FireKeepers Casino Hotel
Four Winds Casinos
Dowagiac
Hartford
New Buffalo
Gun Lake Casino
Island Resort & Casino
Kewadin Casinos
Christmas
Hessel
Manistique
Sault Ste. Marie
St. Ignace
Kings Club Casino
Lac Vieux Desert Resort Casino & Golf Course
Leelanau Sands Casino
Little River Casino and Resort
Odawa Casino Resort
Ojibwa Casinos
Baraga
Marquette
Saganing Eagles Landing Casino
Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort
Turtle Creek Casino and Hotel
Detroit casinos
Hollywood Casino at Greektown
MGM Grand Detroit
MotorCity Casino Hotel
Category
Commons
42°20′20″N 83°04′08″W / 42.339°N 83.069°W / 42.339; -83.069
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It was opened in December 1999.[citation needed]The $825 million MotorCity complex contains a historic building that housed the Wagner Baking Company, makers of the brand Wonder Bread.[1] The complex houses a 100,000 square-foot casino with approximately 2,800 slot machines, 59 table games, and two poker rooms; a 13,000-square-foot spa; 67,000 square feet of meeting and convention space; Sound Board, a live music theater with a capacity of 2,400 people; and a luxury hotel with 400 guest rooms and suites.[citation needed]Opened by Mandalay Resort Group, MotorCity Casino Hotel was later purchased by Marian Ilitch of IH Gaming (Detroit Entertainment, LLC).[citation needed]","title":"MotorCity Casino Hotel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter W. Ahlschlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_W._Ahlschlager"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"terracotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chip Foose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Foose"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Bel Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Bel_Air"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The building, located on Grand River Avenue at the Lodge Freeway (M-10), was designed by architect Walter W. Ahlschlager.[1] As part of the property's renovation as a casino, the terracotta elements of the former bread bakery were restored to their original condition, preserving the features of the building.[citation needed]Chip Foose, a custom car designer and television personality, was a member of the design team. Foose's influence is reflected strongly in the sweeping roof design, a 304-foot-long stainless steel undulating ribbon produced by Quality Metalcraft Inc., under the direction of Michael Chetcuti. It is considered a reference to Detroit's automotive history.[2] Foose says it was inspired by the door molding on a 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air.[citation needed] The roof ranges in height from 3.5 feet to 10 feet and weighs over 181 tons.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"LEDs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The casino features more than 100,000 square feet of gaming space. It includes approximately 2,800 slot machines, approximately 59 table games, and two poker rooms.[citation needed]The interior of the casino is notable for Foose's design of the ceiling, which features large, extruded aluminum-like beams and thousands of multi-color LEDs that can display video with more than 256,000 colors. The style is referred to as \"Future Retro,\" and the ceiling resembles a giant custom car radiator.In a nod to Detroit's Motown and other musical roots, the pillars of the Amnesia event space are designed to resemble bass clefs. The five-bar musical staff is used as a design element on items ranging from slot machine bases to signage throughout the property. Zebrawood, a wood often used in guitar construction, is incorporated into the hotel lobby and guestrooms.[citation needed]","title":"Casino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anita Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Baker"}],"text":"With a capacity of 2,400, Sound Board is a performance venue, and Detroit's only casino theater.[citation needed] Since opening with a concert by Detroit native Anita Baker on October 23, 2008, Sound Board has hosted entertainment and musical performers. The theater also hosts events such as live boxing and major product launches.The sound, lighting, and video equipment includes a d&b Line Array Sound System with Yamaha PM7 Rivage audio consoles, an HES Road Hog Full Boar lighting console, more than 50 moving lights and DL-3 lighting fixtures.","title":"Sound Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MotorCityCasinoalongGrandRiver.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MC_Casino_Grand_River_Detroit1.jpg"},{"link_name":"tailfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_tailfin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MotorCitycasinoandHotel.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motor_City_Casino_Length.png"}],"text":"Chrome panels accent original tile work on the Grand River façade\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCasino details designed to resemble a classic 1950s tailfin-style car\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLooking southwest with casino on the left and the high-rise hotel addition to the right\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe casino complex looking west","title":"Photo gallery"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio
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Antonio
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["1 Famous male bearers","1.1 Antonio","1.2 Antonio as middle name","1.3 Known as Tony","2 Fictional characters","3 Other uses","4 Surnames","5 See also","6 References"]
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For other uses, see Antonio (disambiguation).
AntônioPronunciationSpanish: Portuguese Portuguese: Brazilian Portuguese: Italian: GenderMaleLanguage(s)Bosnian, Bulgarian, Catalan, Croatian, Galician, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and SpanishName dayJune 13OriginMeaningBeyond praiseOther namesSee alsoAnthony, Antony, Antoine, Antonius, Antonis, Tony, Antonia, Antonietta, Antonie, Antwan, Antone, Antoni, Antoin, Antonin, and Antuan, Andy, Tonino (given name)
Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language–speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular male baby names in the United States since the late 19th century and has been among the top 200 since the mid 20th century.
In the English language, it is translated as Anthony, and has some female derivatives: Antonia, Antónia, Antonieta, Antonietta, and Antonella'. It also has some male derivatives, such as Anthonio, Antón, Antò, Antonis, Antoñito, Antonino, Antonello, Tonio, Tono, Toño, Toñín, Tonino, Nantonio, Ninni, Totò, Tó, Tonini, Tony, Toni, Toninho, Toñito, and Tõnis. The Portuguese equivalent is António (Portuguese orthography) or Antônio (Brazilian Portuguese). In old Portuguese the form Antão was also used, not just to differentiate between older and younger but also between more and less important. In Galician the form is Antón, in Catalan Antò, and in Basque Antxon. The Greek versions of the name are Antonios (Αντώνιος) and Antonis (Αντώνης).
The name derives from Antonius, a well-known Latin family name, probably of Etruscan origin. The Roman general Marcus Antonius held that the origin of the name was Anthon (Ανθών), son of Hercules. This myth, recorded by Plutarch, was probably created by Marcus Antonius himself, in order to claim divine parentage. The name was in use throughout the Roman world which, at its height, comprised the whole of the Mediterranean and much of Europe as well as the Middle East. When the Roman Empire became Christian, the name continued in popularity because of the many great saints who bore the name. Later, the name was spread all around the world as Christianity was forced to other locations (e.g. the Far East, the Americas, Australia, and Sub-Saharan Africa).
Famous male bearers
Antonio
For all articles beginning Antonio, see Special:PrefixIndex/Antonio.
Antonio Abetti, Italian astronomer
Antonio Abondio, Italian sculptor
Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer
Antonio Azara, Italian jurist and politician
Antonio Bamboccio, Italian painter and sculptor
Antonio Banderas, Spanish actor
Antonio Rafael Barceló, Puerto Rican politician
Antonio Barolini, Italian writer
Antonio Barreto, Sri Lankan Sinhala Karava soldier who gained the title "Prince of Uva" under the name Kuruvita Rala in the Kingdom of Kandy
Antonio Bassolino, Italian politician
Antonio Bazzini, Italian violinist and composer
Antonio di Benedetto, Argentine writer
Antonio Beretta, first mayor of Milan under the Kingdom of Italy from 1860 to 1867
Antonio Blakeney (born 1996), American basketball player
Antonio Bonazza, Italian sculptor
Antonio Bosio, Italian scholar
Antonio Broccoli Porto, Puerto Rican artist
Antonio Brown, American football player
Antonio Bartolomeo Bruni, Italian violist, composer and conductor
Antonio Cabán Vale, Puerto Rican singer
Antonio Caldara, Italian composer
Antonio Callaway, American football player
Antonio Canaletto, Italian painter
Antonio Candreva, Italian footballer
Antonio Canova, Italian sculptor
Antonio Benedetto Carpano, Italian distiller, famous for having invented the Vermouth and consequently the apéritif
Antonio Marziale Carracci, Italian painter
Antonio Cassano, Italian footballer
Antonio Cavallucci, Italian painter
Antonio Cermeño, Venezuelan boxer
Antonio Cervantes, Colombian boxer
Antonio Citterio, Italian furniture designer
Antonio Conte, Italian former footballer
António Corea, Korean enslaved person
Antonio Corradini, Italian sculptor
Antonio Correa Cotto, Puerto Rican criminal
Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter
Antonio Corti, Argentine boxer
António Costa, Portuguese Prime Minister.
Antonio Davis, US Basketball player
Antonio de La Gándara, painter
Antonio de la Rúa, former first son of Argentina
Antonio de Nigris (1978–2009), Mexican footballer
Antonio Di Natale, Italian footballer
Antonio Dixon (American football), American football player
Antonio Donnarumma, Italian footballer
Antonio Escobar (disambiguation)
Antonio Esparragoza, Venezuelan boxer
Antonio Falzon, Maltese military engineer
António Félix da Costa, Portuguese racing driver and Formula E champion
Antonio Ferreira de Oliveira Junior, Brazilian soccer player
Antonio Floro Flores, Italian footballer
Antonio Fogazzaro, Italian novelist
Antonio Gamoneda, Spanish poet
Antonio Gandy-Golden (born 1998), American football player
Antonio Garay (born 1979), American NFL football player
Antonio Garcia (American football), American football player
Antonio Gates, American player of American football
Antonio Gherardi, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor
Antonio Ghislieri, better known as Pope Pius V
Antonio Gibson (born 1998), American football running back
Antonio Gibson (safety) (born 1962), American football safety
Antonio Giovinazzi, Italian Formula One driver
Antonio González (martyr), Spanish Roman Catholic martyr and saint
Antonio Gramsci, Italian writer, politician and political theorist
Antonio Guidi, Italian politician
Antonio Guzmán Blanco, former Venezuelan president
Antonio Harmon, American football player
Antonio Hernández (disambiguation)
Antonio Indjai, Guinea-Bissau's army chief of staff and one of the leaders who orchestrated a coup in the country on 1 April 2010
Antonio Inoki, Japanese wrestler
Antonio Janigro, Italian cellist and conductor
Antônio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian creator of the bossa nova
Antonio Johnson (born 1984), American football player
Antonio Johnson (defensive back) (born 2001), American football player
Antonio Landa, Mexican footballer
Antonio Langella, Italian footballer
Antonio Latimer, Puerto Rican basketball player
Antonino Lo Surdo (1880–1949), Italian physicist and co-discoverer of the Stark effect
Antonio Lombardo, Italian sculptor
Antonio Lopez, United States illustrator who signed his work "Antonio."
Antonio Lotti, Italian composer
Antonio Luna, Filipino Revolutionary Army and General of The Philippine Revolutionary in The First Philippine Republic
Antonio Maccanico, Italian politician
Antonio Maceo Grajales, Cuban general
Antonio Machado, Spanish poet
Antonio Mancini, Italian painter
Antonio Manetti, Italian mathematician and architect
Antonio Maria Maraggiano, Italian sculptor
Antonio Margarito, American boxer
Antonio Martini, Italian Biblical scholar and Archbishop of Florence
Antonio Martino, Italian politician
Antonio Marzano, Italian politician
Antonio McDyess, United States basketball player
Antonio Tobias Mendez, American sculptor
Antônio Meneses, Brazilian cellist
Antonio Meucci, Italian-American inventor
Antonio Monda, Italian film director
António Monteiro, Portuguese diplomat
Antonio Mosconi, Italian politician
António Mota, Portuguese trader and explorer
Antonio Narcisse, American football player
Antonio Nariño, Colombian ideologist and politician
Antonio Negri, Italian philosopher
Antonio Nocerino, Italian footballer
Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira and his brother Antônio Rogério Nogueira, both Brazilian mixed martial artists
Antonio Pantojas, Puerto Rican actor
Antonio Paoli, Puerto Rican opera singer
Antonio Pappano, British conductor
Antonio S. Pedreira, Puerto Rican poet
Antonio Pigafetta, Italian explorer
Antonio Pignatelli, better known as Pope Innocent XII
Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter
Antonio Prieto, Spanish long-distance runner
Antonio Puerta, Spanish international footballer
Antonio Raul Corbo, American child actor
Antonio Reeves (born 2000), American basketball player
Antonio de los Reyes Correa, Puerto Rican military hero
Antonio Rivera, Puerto Rican boxer
Antonio Rodríguez Balinas, Puerto Rican US Army General
Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, Italian philosopher
Antonio Rossi, Italian canoer
Antonio Roybal, Spanish American painter
Antonio Rüdiger, German footballer
Antonio Ruiz Soler, Flamenco dancer (known as "Antonio")
Antonio Rukavina, Serbian footballer
Antonio Sabàto Jr., Italian-American model and actor
Antonio Sacchini, Italian composer
António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese statesman and prime minister
Antonio Salieri, Austrian Court Composer, famous "mediocre" rival of Mozart
António Salvador, Portuguese long-distance runner
Antonio Sánchez, Mexican musician
Antonio Sánchez, Puerto Rican show host
Antonio Sciortino, Maltese sculptor
Antonio Segni, Italian politician
Antonio Semini, Italian painter
Antonio Silio, Argentine long-distance runner
Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898
Antonio Stradivari, Italian luthier
Antonio Tabucchi, Italian writer
Antonio Taguba, a Filipino-American retired major general of the US army
Antonio Tarver, United States boxer
Antonio Travi, Italian painter
Antonio Valero de Bernabé, Puerto Rican, helped Simón Bolívar liberate South America
Antonio Valencia, Ecuadorian footballer
Antonio Maria Vassallo, Italian painter
Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
Antonio Zarro, Academy Award-winning Italian screenwriter
Antonio may also refer to:
The Great Antonio, Canadian strongman, professional wrestler, and actor
Antonio (singer), Jamaican reggae singer born Maurice Silvera
Antonio as middle name
Carlo Antonio Buffagnotti, Italian painter
Carlo Antonio Tavella, Italian painter
Eugene Antonio Marino, first African American archbishop in the United States
Francesco Antonio Franzoni, Italian sculptor
Giacomo Antonio Arland, Italian painter
Gioachino Antonio Rossini, Italian composer
Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Italian sculptor
Giovanni Antonio Dosio, Italian architect and sculptor
Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, better known as Pope Innocent IX
Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini, Italian painter
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-Austrian physician and naturalist
José Antonio Bowen, American jazz musician and president of Goucher College
José Antonio de la Garza, Mexican-American politician
Juan Antonio Marichal, Dominican baseball player
Luis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal and current pro-prefect of the Dicastery for Evangelization
Antonio Valencia, Ecuadorian footballer
Marco Antonio Barrera, Mexican boxer
Marco Antonio Etcheverry, Bolivian soccer player
Marco Antonio Muñiz, Mexican singer
Marco Antonio Muñiz, Puerto Rican singer, better known as Mark Anthony, named after the Mexican singer
Marco Antonio Regil, Mexican show host
Marco Antonio Solís, Mexican singer
Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer
Tomaso Antonio Vitali, Italian composer
Known as Tony
For all articles beginning Tony, see Special:PrefixIndex/Tony.
Tony Álvarez, Major League Baseball center fielder
Tony Alvarez (actor), Spanish-Australian actor
Tony Alvarez (singer), Cuban singer
Tony Ayala Jr., Mexican-American boxer
Tony Baltazar, Mexican-American boxer
Tony Campos, Mexican-American musician
Tony Carreira, Portuguese singer
Tony Danza, Italian-American boxer and actory
Tony Fratto, Deputy Press Secretary
Tony Parker, French basketball player
Tony Peña, retired Major League Baseball player
Tony Pérez, Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player
Tony Plana, Cuban actor
Tony Romo, American football quarterback
Tony Sanchez (disambiguation), multiple people
Tony Vega, Puerto Rican singer
Fictional characters
Antonio may refer to the fictional characters:
Antonio Fernández Carriedo (アントーニョ・フェルナンデス・カリエド), the given human name for the personification of Spain from the anime series Hetalia: Axis Powers
Antonio Garcia, a character in the television show Power Rangers: Samurai
Antonio (The Merchant of Venice), the title character in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
Antonio, a character in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing
Antonio, a character in Shakespeare's The Tempest
Antonio, a character in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night
Antonio, a hunter in the video game Identity V
Antonio Bologna, a character in Webster's The Duchess of Malfi
Antonio, a character on the television show Monster Warriors
Tony Montana, the main character in the film Scarface (1983 film)
Antonio, an anteater villager in the Animal Crossing series
Antonio, a character in the video game Assassin's Creed II
Antonio the male otter, a character in the animated TV show The Penguins of Madagascar
Antonio, one of the scarlet macaw players in the Pit of Doom in Rio 2
Antonio “Tony” Padilla, a character in the novel and Netflix series 13 Reasons Why
Antonio, the protagonist's father in the movie Nahuel and the Magic Book
Antonio Madrigal, a character in Encanto
Other uses
Antonino, Kansas, a community in the United States
MV Antonios, a number of motor vessels with this or a similar name
"Oh! Oh! Antonio!" music-hall song performed by Florrie Forde
San Antonio, second largest city in Texas
Surnames
Carlos Antonio
Ebony Antonio (born 1991), female Australian rules footballer
Lou Antonio (born 1934), American actor and director
Mapuana Antonio, American public health academic
Michail Antonio (born 1990) is an English professional footballer
Pablo Antonio (1901–1975), Filipino architect
See also
All pages with titles beginning with Antonio
All pages with titles containing Antonio
Antonic
Antonijo
Antonik
Antonin (name)
Antonino (name)
Antonios, name
Antoñito (name)
Antoniu
Antono (name)
Entonio Pashaj
References
^ "Antonio". Name-doctor.com. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ "Antonio". Thinkbabynames.com. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ Schiro, Anne-Marie (18 March 1987), "Antonio Lopez is dead at 44; was major fashion illustrator", New York Times, retrieved 4 December 2009
^ https://monologues.co.uk/musichall/Songs-O/Oh-Oh-Antonio.htm (retrieved 25 Sep 2019)
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Bosnian, Catalan, Croatian, Galician, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_language"},{"link_name":"Antonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius"},{"link_name":"Romance language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_language"},{"link_name":"the Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Balkans"},{"link_name":"Lusophone Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophone_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Antonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis"},{"link_name":"Antoñito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anto%C3%B1ito_(name)"},{"link_name":"Antonino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_(name)"},{"link_name":"Antonello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonello_(name)"},{"link_name":"Tonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonio_(name)"},{"link_name":"Tono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tonino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonino_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ninni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninni"},{"link_name":"Totò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toto_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Toninho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toninho"},{"link_name":"Toñito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%B1ito_(name)"},{"link_name":"Tõnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nis"},{"link_name":"Portuguese orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_orthography"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Antonios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios"},{"link_name":"Antonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius"},{"link_name":"Marcus Antonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius"},{"link_name":"Anthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthon_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"}],"text":"For other uses, see Antonio (disambiguation).Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language–speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa.[1] It has been among the top 400 most popular male baby names in the United States since the late 19th century and has been among the top 200 since the mid 20th century.[2]In the English language, it is translated as Anthony, and has some female derivatives: Antonia, Antónia, Antonieta, Antonietta, and Antonella'. It also has some male derivatives, such as Anthonio, Antón, Antò, Antonis, Antoñito, Antonino, Antonello, Tonio, Tono, Toño, Toñín, Tonino, Nantonio, Ninni, Totò, Tó, Tonini, Tony, Toni, Toninho, Toñito, and Tõnis. The Portuguese equivalent is António (Portuguese orthography) or Antônio (Brazilian Portuguese). In old Portuguese the form Antão was also used, not just to differentiate between older and younger but also between more and less important.[citation needed] In Galician the form is Antón, in Catalan Antò, and in Basque Antxon. The Greek versions of the name are Antonios (Αντώνιος) and Antonis (Αντώνης).The name derives from Antonius, a well-known Latin family name, probably of Etruscan origin. The Roman general Marcus Antonius held that the origin of the name was Anthon (Ανθών), son of Hercules. This myth, recorded by Plutarch, was probably created by Marcus Antonius himself, in order to claim divine parentage. The name was in use throughout the Roman world which, at its height, comprised the whole of the Mediterranean and much of Europe as well as the Middle East. When the Roman Empire became Christian, the name continued in popularity because of the many great saints who bore the name. Later, the name was spread all around the world as Christianity was forced to other locations (e.g. the Far East, the Americas, Australia, and Sub-Saharan Africa).","title":"Antonio"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Famous male bearers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special:PrefixIndex/Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Antonio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Abetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Abetti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Abondio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Abondio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"Antonio Azara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Azara"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bamboccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bamboccio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Banderas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Banderas"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rafael Barceló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rafael_Barcel%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Antonio Barolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Barolini"},{"link_name":"Antonio Barreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuruvita_Rala"},{"link_name":"Karava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karava"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bassolino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bassolino"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini"},{"link_name":"Antonio di Benedetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_di_Benedetto"},{"link_name":"Antonio Beretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Beretta"},{"link_name":"Antonio Blakeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Blakeney"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bonazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bonazza"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bosio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Broccoli Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Broccoli_Porto"},{"link_name":"Antonio Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Brown"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bartolomeo Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bartolomeo_Bruni"},{"link_name":"Antonio Cabán Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cab%C3%A1n_Vale"},{"link_name":"Antonio Caldara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Caldara"},{"link_name":"Antonio Callaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Callaway"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canaletto"},{"link_name":"Antonio Candreva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Candreva"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Antonio Benedetto Carpano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Benedetto_Carpano"},{"link_name":"Antonio Marziale Carracci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Marziale_Carracci"},{"link_name":"Antonio Cassano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cassano"},{"link_name":"Antonio Cavallucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cavallucci"},{"link_name":"Antonio Cermeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cerme%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Antonio Cervantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cervantes"},{"link_name":"Antonio Citterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Citterio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Conte"},{"link_name":"António Corea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea"},{"link_name":"Antonio Corradini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Corradini"},{"link_name":"Antonio Correa Cotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Correa_Cotto"},{"link_name":"Antonio da Correggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_da_Correggio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Corti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Corti"},{"link_name":"António Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa"},{"link_name":"Antonio Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Davis"},{"link_name":"Antonio de La Gándara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_La_G%C3%A1ndara"},{"link_name":"Antonio de la Rúa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_la_R%C3%BAa"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Nigris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Nigris"},{"link_name":"Antonio Di Natale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Di_Natale"},{"link_name":"Antonio Dixon (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dixon_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Donnarumma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Donnarumma"},{"link_name":"Antonio Escobar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Escobar_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Esparragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Esparragoza"},{"link_name":"Antonio Falzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Falzon"},{"link_name":"António Félix da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Formula E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_E"},{"link_name":"Antonio Ferreira de Oliveira Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ferreira_de_Oliveira_Junior"},{"link_name":"Antonio Floro Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Floro_Flores"},{"link_name":"Antonio Fogazzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Fogazzaro"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gamoneda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gamoneda"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gandy-Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gandy-Golden"},{"link_name":"Antonio Garay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Garay"},{"link_name":"Antonio Garcia (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Garcia_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gates"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gherardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gherardi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Ghislieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ghislieri"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gibson (safety)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gibson_(safety)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Giovinazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Giovinazzi"},{"link_name":"Antonio González (martyr)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gramsci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci"},{"link_name":"Antonio Guidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Guidi_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Guzmán Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Antonio Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Harmon"},{"link_name":"Antonio Hernández (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Indjai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Indjai"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Antonio Inoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Inoki"},{"link_name":"Antonio Janigro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Janigro"},{"link_name":"Antônio Carlos Jobim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim"},{"link_name":"Antonio Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Antonio Johnson (defensive back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Johnson_(defensive_back)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Landa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Landa"},{"link_name":"Antonio Langella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Langella"},{"link_name":"Antonio Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Latimer"},{"link_name":"Antonino Lo Surdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Lo_Surdo"},{"link_name":"Antonio Lombardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lombardo_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Antonio Lotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lotti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Luna"},{"link_name":"Antonio Maccanico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maccanico"},{"link_name":"Antonio Maceo Grajales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maceo_Grajales"},{"link_name":"Antonio Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Machado"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mancini"},{"link_name":"Antonio Manetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Manetti"},{"link_name":"Antonio Maria Maraggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Maraggiano"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margarito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margarito"},{"link_name":"Antonio Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Martini"},{"link_name":"Antonio Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Martino"},{"link_name":"Antonio Marzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Marzano"},{"link_name":"Antonio McDyess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_McDyess"},{"link_name":"Antonio Tobias Mendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tobias_Mendez"},{"link_name":"Antônio Meneses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Meneses"},{"link_name":"Antonio Meucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Meucci"},{"link_name":"Antonio Monda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Monda"},{"link_name":"António Monteiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Monteiro_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mosconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mosconi"},{"link_name":"António Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota"},{"link_name":"Antonio Narcisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Narcisse"},{"link_name":"Antonio Nariño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Antonio Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Negri"},{"link_name":"Antonio Nocerino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Nocerino"},{"link_name":"Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Rodrigo_Nogueira"},{"link_name":"Antônio Rogério Nogueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Rog%C3%A9rio_Nogueira"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pantojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pantojas"},{"link_name":"Antonio Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Paoli"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pappano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pappano"},{"link_name":"Antonio S. Pedreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_S._Pedreira"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pigafetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pignatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pignatelli"},{"link_name":"Antonio del Pollaiuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo"},{"link_name":"Antonio Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Prieto_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Puerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Puerta"},{"link_name":"Antonio Raul Corbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Raul_Corbo"},{"link_name":"Antonio Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Antonio de los Reyes Correa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_los_Reyes_Correa"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rodríguez Balinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Balinas"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rosmini-Serbati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini-Serbati"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rossi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Roybal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Roybal"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rüdiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_R%C3%BCdiger"},{"link_name":"Antonio Ruiz Soler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ruiz_Soler"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rukavina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rukavina"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sabàto Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sab%C3%A0to_Jr."},{"link_name":"Antonio Sacchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sacchini"},{"link_name":"António de Oliveira Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Antonio Salieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Salieri"},{"link_name":"António Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Salvador_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_S%C3%A1nchez_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_S%C3%A1nchez_(Puerto_Rican_host)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sciortino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sciortino"},{"link_name":"Antonio Segni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Segni"},{"link_name":"Antonio Semini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Semini"},{"link_name":"Antonio Silio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Silio"},{"link_name":"Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Starabba,_Marchese_di_Rudin%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Antonio Stradivari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari"},{"link_name":"Antonio Tabucchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Taguba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Taguba"},{"link_name":"Antonio Tarver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tarver"},{"link_name":"Antonio Travi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Travi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Valero de Bernabé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Valero_de_Bernab%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Antonio Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Antonio Maria Vassallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Vassallo"},{"link_name":"Antonio Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Zarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Zarro"},{"link_name":"Great Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Antonio (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_(singer)"}],"sub_title":"Antonio","text":"For all articles beginning Antonio, see Special:PrefixIndex/Antonio.Antonio Abetti, Italian astronomer\nAntonio Abondio, Italian sculptor\nAntonio Aguilar, Mexican singer\nAntonio Azara, Italian jurist and politician\nAntonio Bamboccio, Italian painter and sculptor\nAntonio Banderas, Spanish actor\nAntonio Rafael Barceló, Puerto Rican politician\nAntonio Barolini, Italian writer\nAntonio Barreto, Sri Lankan Sinhala Karava soldier who gained the title \"Prince of Uva\" under the name Kuruvita Rala in the Kingdom of Kandy\nAntonio Bassolino, Italian politician\nAntonio Bazzini, Italian violinist and composer\nAntonio di Benedetto, Argentine writer\nAntonio Beretta, first mayor of Milan under the Kingdom of Italy from 1860 to 1867\nAntonio Blakeney (born 1996), American basketball player\nAntonio Bonazza, Italian sculptor\nAntonio Bosio, Italian scholar\nAntonio Broccoli Porto, Puerto Rican artist\nAntonio Brown, American football player\nAntonio Bartolomeo Bruni, Italian violist, composer and conductor\nAntonio Cabán Vale, Puerto Rican singer\nAntonio Caldara, Italian composer\nAntonio Callaway, American football player\nAntonio Canaletto, Italian painter\nAntonio Candreva, Italian footballer\nAntonio Canova, Italian sculptor\nAntonio Benedetto Carpano, Italian distiller, famous for having invented the Vermouth and consequently the apéritif\nAntonio Marziale Carracci, Italian painter\nAntonio Cassano, Italian footballer\nAntonio Cavallucci, Italian painter\nAntonio Cermeño, Venezuelan boxer\nAntonio Cervantes, Colombian boxer\nAntonio Citterio, Italian furniture designer\nAntonio Conte, Italian former footballer\nAntónio Corea, Korean enslaved person\nAntonio Corradini, Italian sculptor\nAntonio Correa Cotto, Puerto Rican criminal\nAntonio da Correggio, Italian painter\nAntonio Corti, Argentine boxer\nAntónio Costa, Portuguese Prime Minister.\nAntonio Davis, US Basketball player\nAntonio de La Gándara, painter\nAntonio de la Rúa, former first son of Argentina\nAntonio de Nigris (1978–2009), Mexican footballer\nAntonio Di Natale, Italian footballer\nAntonio Dixon (American football), American football player\nAntonio Donnarumma, Italian footballer\nAntonio Escobar (disambiguation)\nAntonio Esparragoza, Venezuelan boxer\nAntonio Falzon, Maltese military engineer\nAntónio Félix da Costa, Portuguese racing driver and Formula E champion\nAntonio Ferreira de Oliveira Junior, Brazilian soccer player\nAntonio Floro Flores, Italian footballer\nAntonio Fogazzaro, Italian novelist\nAntonio Gamoneda, Spanish poet\nAntonio Gandy-Golden (born 1998), American football player\nAntonio Garay (born 1979), American NFL football player\nAntonio Garcia (American football), American football player\nAntonio Gates, American player of American football\nAntonio Gherardi, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor\nAntonio Ghislieri, better known as Pope Pius V\nAntonio Gibson (born 1998), American football running back\nAntonio Gibson (safety) (born 1962), American football safety\nAntonio Giovinazzi, Italian Formula One driver\nAntonio González (martyr), Spanish Roman Catholic martyr and saint\nAntonio Gramsci, Italian writer, politician and political theorist\nAntonio Guidi, Italian politician\nAntonio Guzmán Blanco, former Venezuelan president\nAntonio Harmon, American football player\nAntonio Hernández (disambiguation)\nAntonio Indjai, Guinea-Bissau's army chief of staff and one of the leaders who orchestrated a coup in the country on 1 April 2010\nAntonio Inoki, Japanese wrestler\nAntonio Janigro, Italian cellist and conductor\nAntônio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian creator of the bossa nova\nAntonio Johnson (born 1984), American football player\nAntonio Johnson (defensive back) (born 2001), American football player\nAntonio Landa, Mexican footballer\nAntonio Langella, Italian footballer\nAntonio Latimer, Puerto Rican basketball player\nAntonino Lo Surdo (1880–1949), Italian physicist and co-discoverer of the Stark effect\nAntonio Lombardo, Italian sculptor\nAntonio Lopez, United States illustrator who signed his work \"Antonio.\"[3]\nAntonio Lotti, Italian composer\nAntonio Luna, Filipino Revolutionary Army and General of The Philippine Revolutionary in The First Philippine Republic\nAntonio Maccanico, Italian politician\nAntonio Maceo Grajales, Cuban general\nAntonio Machado, Spanish poet\nAntonio Mancini, Italian painter\nAntonio Manetti, Italian mathematician and architect\nAntonio Maria Maraggiano, Italian sculptor\nAntonio Margarito, American boxer\nAntonio Martini, Italian Biblical scholar and Archbishop of Florence\nAntonio Martino, Italian politician\nAntonio Marzano, Italian politician\nAntonio McDyess, United States basketball player\nAntonio Tobias Mendez, American sculptor\nAntônio Meneses, Brazilian cellist\nAntonio Meucci, Italian-American inventor\nAntonio Monda, Italian film director\nAntónio Monteiro, Portuguese diplomat\nAntonio Mosconi, Italian politician\nAntónio Mota, Portuguese trader and explorer\nAntonio Narcisse, American football player\nAntonio Nariño, Colombian ideologist and politician\nAntonio Negri, Italian philosopher\nAntonio Nocerino, Italian footballer\nAntônio Rodrigo Nogueira and his brother Antônio Rogério Nogueira, both Brazilian mixed martial artists\nAntonio Pantojas, Puerto Rican actor\nAntonio Paoli, Puerto Rican opera singer\nAntonio Pappano, British conductor\nAntonio S. Pedreira, Puerto Rican poet\nAntonio Pigafetta, Italian explorer\nAntonio Pignatelli, better known as Pope Innocent XII\nAntonio del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter\nAntonio Prieto, Spanish long-distance runner\nAntonio Puerta, Spanish international footballer\nAntonio Raul Corbo, American child actor\nAntonio Reeves (born 2000), American basketball player\nAntonio de los Reyes Correa, Puerto Rican military hero\nAntonio Rivera, Puerto Rican boxer\nAntonio Rodríguez Balinas, Puerto Rican US Army General\nAntonio Rosmini-Serbati, Italian philosopher\nAntonio Rossi, Italian canoer\nAntonio Roybal, Spanish American painter\nAntonio Rüdiger, German footballer\nAntonio Ruiz Soler, Flamenco dancer (known as \"Antonio\")\nAntonio Rukavina, Serbian footballer\nAntonio Sabàto Jr., Italian-American model and actor\nAntonio Sacchini, Italian composer\nAntónio de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese statesman and prime minister\nAntonio Salieri, Austrian Court Composer, famous \"mediocre\" rival of Mozart\nAntónio Salvador, Portuguese long-distance runner\nAntonio Sánchez, Mexican musician\nAntonio Sánchez, Puerto Rican show host\nAntonio Sciortino, Maltese sculptor\nAntonio Segni, Italian politician\nAntonio Semini, Italian painter\nAntonio Silio, Argentine long-distance runner\nAntonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì, Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898\nAntonio Stradivari, Italian luthier\nAntonio Tabucchi, Italian writer\nAntonio Taguba, a Filipino-American retired major general of the US army\nAntonio Tarver, United States boxer\nAntonio Travi, Italian painter\nAntonio Valero de Bernabé, Puerto Rican, helped Simón Bolívar liberate South America\nAntonio Valencia, Ecuadorian footballer\nAntonio Maria Vassallo, Italian painter\nAntonio Vivaldi, Italian composer\nAntonio Zarro, Academy Award-winning Italian screenwriterAntonio may also refer to:The Great Antonio, Canadian strongman, professional wrestler, and actor\nAntonio (singer), Jamaican reggae singer born Maurice Silvera","title":"Famous male bearers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlo Antonio Buffagnotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Antonio_Buffagnotti"},{"link_name":"Carlo Antonio Tavella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Antonio_Tavella"},{"link_name":"Eugene Antonio Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Antonio_Marino"},{"link_name":"Francesco Antonio Franzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Franzoni"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Antonio Arland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Antonio_Arland"},{"link_name":"Gioachino Antonio Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Antonio_Rossini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Amadeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amadeo"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Dosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Dosio"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Facchinetti"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Antonio Scopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Goucher College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goucher_College"},{"link_name":"José Antonio de la Garza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_de_la_Garza"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Marichal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Marichal"},{"link_name":"Luis Antonio Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Tagle"},{"link_name":"Antonio Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Valencia"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Etcheverry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Etcheverry"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Muñiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Mu%C3%B1iz"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Muñiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Regil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Regil"},{"link_name":"Marco Antonio Solís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Sol%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Antonio_Zingarelli"},{"link_name":"Tomaso Antonio Vitali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomaso_Antonio_Vitali"}],"sub_title":"Antonio as middle name","text":"Carlo Antonio Buffagnotti, Italian painter\nCarlo Antonio Tavella, Italian painter\nEugene Antonio Marino, first African American archbishop in the United States\nFrancesco Antonio Franzoni, Italian sculptor\nGiacomo Antonio Arland, Italian painter\nGioachino Antonio Rossini, Italian composer\nGiovanni Antonio Amadeo, Italian sculptor\nGiovanni Antonio Dosio, Italian architect and sculptor\nGiovanni Antonio Facchinetti, better known as Pope Innocent IX\nGiovanni Antonio Pellegrini, Italian painter\nGiovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-Austrian physician and naturalist\nJosé Antonio Bowen, American jazz musician and president of Goucher College\nJosé Antonio de la Garza, Mexican-American politician\nJuan Antonio Marichal, Dominican baseball player\nLuis Antonio Tagle, Filipino cardinal and current pro-prefect of the Dicastery for Evangelization\nAntonio Valencia, Ecuadorian footballer\nMarco Antonio Barrera, Mexican boxer\nMarco Antonio Etcheverry, Bolivian soccer player\nMarco Antonio Muñiz, Mexican singer\nMarco Antonio Muñiz, Puerto Rican singer, better known as Mark Anthony, named after the Mexican singer\nMarco Antonio Regil, Mexican show host\nMarco Antonio Solís, Mexican singer\nNiccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer\nTomaso Antonio Vitali, Italian composer","title":"Famous male bearers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special:PrefixIndex/Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Tony"},{"link_name":"Tony Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Potro_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Tony Alvarez (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Alvarez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tony Alvarez (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_%C3%81lvarez_(Cuban_singer)"},{"link_name":"Tony Ayala Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Ayala_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tony Baltazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Baltazar"},{"link_name":"Tony Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Campos"},{"link_name":"Tony Carreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Carreira"},{"link_name":"Tony Danza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Danza"},{"link_name":"Tony Fratto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fratto"},{"link_name":"Tony Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Parker"},{"link_name":"Tony Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Tony Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Tony Plana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Plana"},{"link_name":"Tony Romo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Romo"},{"link_name":"Tony Sanchez (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sanchez_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tony Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Vega"}],"sub_title":"Known as Tony","text":"For all articles beginning Tony, see Special:PrefixIndex/Tony.Tony Álvarez, Major League Baseball center fielder\nTony Alvarez (actor), Spanish-Australian actor\nTony Alvarez (singer), Cuban singer\nTony Ayala Jr., Mexican-American boxer\nTony Baltazar, Mexican-American boxer\nTony Campos, Mexican-American musician\nTony Carreira, Portuguese singer\nTony Danza, Italian-American boxer and actory\nTony Fratto, Deputy Press Secretary\nTony Parker, French basketball player\nTony Peña, retired Major League Baseball player\nTony Pérez, Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player\nTony Plana, Cuban actor\nTony Romo, American football quarterback\nTony Sanchez (disambiguation), multiple people\nTony Vega, Puerto Rican singer","title":"Famous male bearers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Hetalia: Axis Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetalia:_Axis_Powers"},{"link_name":"Antonio Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Power_Rangers_Samurai_characters#Antonio_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Power Rangers: Samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Rangers:_Samurai"},{"link_name":"Antonio (The Merchant of Venice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)"},{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Identity V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_V"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Bologna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Duchess of Malfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Malfi"},{"link_name":"Monster Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Tony Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Montana"},{"link_name":"Scarface (1983 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"anteater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_anteater"},{"link_name":"Animal Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II"},{"link_name":"The Penguins of Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguins_of_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"scarlet macaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_macaw"},{"link_name":"Rio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_2"},{"link_name":"13 Reasons Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Reasons_Why"},{"link_name":"Nahuel and the Magic Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuel_and_the_Magic_Book"},{"link_name":"Encanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encanto"}],"text":"Antonio may refer to the fictional characters:Antonio Fernández Carriedo (アントーニョ・フェルナンデス・カリエド), the given human name for the personification of Spain from the anime series Hetalia: Axis Powers\nAntonio Garcia, a character in the television show Power Rangers: Samurai\nAntonio (The Merchant of Venice), the title character in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice\nAntonio, a character in Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing\nAntonio, a character in Shakespeare's The Tempest\nAntonio, a character in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night\nAntonio, a hunter in the video game Identity V\nAntonio Bologna, a character in Webster's The Duchess of Malfi\nAntonio, a character on the television show Monster Warriors\nTony Montana, the main character in the film Scarface (1983 film)\nAntonio, an anteater villager in the Animal Crossing series\nAntonio, a character in the video game Assassin's Creed II\nAntonio the male otter, a character in the animated TV show The Penguins of Madagascar\nAntonio, one of the scarlet macaw players in the Pit of Doom in Rio 2\nAntonio “Tony” Padilla, a character in the novel and Netflix series 13 Reasons Why\nAntonio, the protagonist's father in the movie Nahuel and the Magic Book\nAntonio Madrigal, a character in Encanto","title":"Fictional characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonino, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"MV Antonios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Antonios"},{"link_name":"Oh! Oh! Antonio!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oh!_Oh!_Antonio!&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florrie Forde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florrie_Forde"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"}],"text":"Antonino, Kansas, a community in the United States\nMV Antonios, a number of motor vessels with this or a similar name\n\"Oh! Oh! Antonio!\" music-hall song performed by Florrie Forde[4]\nSan Antonio, second largest city in Texas","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Ebony Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Lou Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Mapuana Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuana_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Michail Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Pablo Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Antonio"}],"text":"Carlos Antonio\nEbony Antonio (born 1991), female Australian rules footballer\nLou Antonio (born 1934), American actor and director\nMapuana Antonio, American public health academic\nMichail Antonio (born 1990) is an English professional footballer\nPablo Antonio (1901–1975), Filipino architect","title":"Surnames"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Antonio"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Antonio%22"},{"title":"Antonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonic"},{"title":"Antonijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonijo"},{"title":"Antonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonik"},{"title":"Antonin (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_(name)"},{"title":"Antonino (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_(name)"},{"title":"Antonios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios"},{"title":"Antoñito (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anto%C3%B1ito_(name)"},{"title":"Antoniu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniu"},{"title":"Antono (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antono_(name)"},{"title":"Entonio Pashaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entonio_Pashaj"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Antonio\". Name-doctor.com. Retrieved October 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.name-doctor.com/name-antonio-meaning-of-antonio-5686.html","url_text":"\"Antonio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antonio\". Thinkbabynames.com. Retrieved March 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Antonio","url_text":"\"Antonio\""}]},{"reference":"Schiro, Anne-Marie (18 March 1987), \"Antonio Lopez is dead at 44; was major fashion illustrator\", New York Times, retrieved 4 December 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/18/obituaries/antonio-lopez-is-dead-at-44-was-major-fashion-illustrator.html","url_text":"\"Antonio Lopez is dead at 44; was major fashion illustrator\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.name-doctor.com/name-antonio-meaning-of-antonio-5686.html","external_links_name":"\"Antonio\""},{"Link":"http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Antonio","external_links_name":"\"Antonio\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/18/obituaries/antonio-lopez-is-dead-at-44-was-major-fashion-illustrator.html","external_links_name":"\"Antonio Lopez is dead at 44; was major fashion illustrator\""},{"Link":"https://monologues.co.uk/musichall/Songs-O/Oh-Oh-Antonio.htm","external_links_name":"https://monologues.co.uk/musichall/Songs-O/Oh-Oh-Antonio.htm"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Antonio&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama_(disambiguation)
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Apama (disambiguation)
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["1 Nature","2 People","3 Technology","4 See also"]
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Look up Apama in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Apama may refer to:
Nature
Apama, a synonym of the flowering plant genus Thottea
Sepia apama, a species of the Australian giant cuttlefish
For the tree in South America, see Tabebuia rosea
People
Apama sometimes spelled Apame for a woman and Apammes for a man, is an ancient and modern name of Persian origin. The name can refer to:
Apama, daughter of the admirable Bartacus and concubine of King Darius I of Persia
Apama, daughter of Artaxerxes II of Persia and wife of Pharnabazus
Apama, sometimes known as Apama I or Apame I, first Queen of the Seleucid Empire
Apama, daughter of Seleucus I Nicator and Apama I
Apama II, a Seleucid Princess and one of the daughters of Antiochus I Soter and Stratonice of Syria
Apama, one of the daughters of Antiochus II Theos and Laodice I
Apama III, niece of Apama II, daughter of Demetrius II Aetolicus and Stratonice of Macedon
Apama IV sometimes known as Apame IV, a princess whose father was Philip V of Macedon and brother was Perseus of Macedon
Apama, daughter of Alexander of Megalopolis who married Amynander of Athamania
Apama Popat, an Indian athlete who participated at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, see Great Britain at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Technology
Apama Real-time Analytics, a Complex Event Processing product from Software AG
See also
Apamea (disambiguation)
Apame (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Apama.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Apama"}],"text":"Look up Apama in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Apama may refer to:","title":"Apama (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thottea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thottea"},{"link_name":"giant cuttlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_cuttlefish"},{"link_name":"Tabebuia rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabebuia_rosea"}],"text":"Apama, a synonym of the flowering plant genus Thottea\nSepia apama, a species of the Australian giant cuttlefish\nFor the tree in South America, see Tabebuia rosea","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darius I of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Artaxerxes II of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Apama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama"},{"link_name":"Seleucus I Nicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator"},{"link_name":"Apama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama"},{"link_name":"Apama II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama_II"},{"link_name":"Antiochus II Theos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos"},{"link_name":"Apama III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama_III"},{"link_name":"Apame IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apame_IV"},{"link_name":"Alexander of Megalopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Megalopolis"},{"link_name":"Great Britain at the 2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Apama sometimes spelled Apame for a woman and Apammes for a man, is an ancient and modern name of Persian origin. The name can refer to:Apama, daughter of the admirable Bartacus and concubine of King Darius I of Persia\nApama, daughter of Artaxerxes II of Persia and wife of Pharnabazus\nApama, sometimes known as Apama I or Apame I, first Queen of the Seleucid Empire\nApama, daughter of Seleucus I Nicator and Apama I\nApama II, a Seleucid Princess and one of the daughters of Antiochus I Soter and Stratonice of Syria\nApama, one of the daughters of Antiochus II Theos and Laodice I\nApama III, niece of Apama II, daughter of Demetrius II Aetolicus and Stratonice of Macedon\nApama IV sometimes known as Apame IV, a princess whose father was Philip V of Macedon and brother was Perseus of Macedon\nApama, daughter of Alexander of Megalopolis who married Amynander of Athamania\nApama Popat, an Indian athlete who participated at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, see Great Britain at the 2000 Summer Olympics","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apama Real-time Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama_(software)"},{"link_name":"Complex Event Processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Event_Processing"},{"link_name":"Software AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_AG"}],"text":"Apama Real-time Analytics, a Complex Event Processing product from Software AG","title":"Technology"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Apamea (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamea_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Apame (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apame_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Apama_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Apama_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_(Mexican_singer)
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Alan (Mexican singer)
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["1 Career","1.1 Acting career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Telenovelas","3.2 TV series","4 References"]
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Mexican singer with the band Magneto
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Alan" Mexican singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Photo of Alan
Erick Ibarra Miramontes (born June 28, 1973), best known as Alan, is a Mexican telenovela actor and one of the singers of the Mexican boy band Magneto. He sang with Magneto throughout the 1980s and 1990s. He also acted in several of Televisa's telenovelas and television series.
Career
He released his first solo album titled "Alan Azul", being the first single of this production "El aire que me das"and Alan finally decided to let himself be tempted by the world of acting.
Acting career
His first telenovela was Rayito de Luz. His second telenovela was Velo de Novia and his third hit telenovela was El Amor No Tiene Precio. His first (and only) television series was Univision's comedy Hospital el Paísa.
Personal life
He has one sister and went to New York City and Rome to perfect his singing and acting. His nickname is "Robocop".
Filmography
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Alan" Mexican singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Telenovelas
Alma Indomable - as Alberto "Beto" Ocampo (2009)
"El Amor No Tiene Precio" as Victor Manuel Prado (2005/06)
"Velo de novia" as Isaac (2003)
"Rayito de luz" as Abel (2000)
TV series
"Hospital el paisa" as doctor Vasconzelos (2004)
Cambiando el destino
References
^ Bonacich, Drago. "Biography: Alan". Allmusic. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alanjuntos37.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_people"},{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singers"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_people"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"Magneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Televisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"}],"text":"Photo of AlanErick Ibarra Miramontes (born June 28, 1973), best known as Alan, is a Mexican telenovela actor and one of the singers of the Mexican boy band Magneto.[1] He sang with Magneto throughout the 1980s and 1990s. He also acted in several of Televisa's telenovelas and television series.","title":"Alan (Mexican singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He released his first solo album titled \"Alan Azul\", being the first single of this production \"El aire que me das\"and Alan finally decided to let himself be tempted by the world of acting.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rayito de Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayito_de_Luz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Velo de Novia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velo_de_Novia"},{"link_name":"El Amor No Tiene Precio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Amor_No_Tiene_Precio"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"Hospital el Paísa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_el_Pa%C3%ADsa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Acting career","text":"His first telenovela was Rayito de Luz. His second telenovela was Velo de Novia and his third hit telenovela was El Amor No Tiene Precio. His first (and only) television series was Univision's comedy Hospital el Paísa.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He has one sister and went to New York City and Rome to perfect his singing and acting. His nickname is \"Robocop\".[citation needed]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Amor No Tiene Precio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Amor_No_Tiene_Precio"},{"link_name":"Velo de novia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velo_de_novia"},{"link_name":"Rayito de luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayito_de_luz"}],"sub_title":"Telenovelas","text":"Alma Indomable - as Alberto \"Beto\" Ocampo (2009)\"El Amor No Tiene Precio\" as Victor Manuel Prado (2005/06)\n\"Velo de novia\" as Isaac (2003)\n\"Rayito de luz\" as Abel (2000)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hospital el paisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_el_paisa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"TV series","text":"\"Hospital el paisa\" as doctor Vasconzelos (2004)\nCambiando el destino","title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Photo of Alan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alanjuntos37.jpg/220px-Alanjuntos37.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bonacich, Drago. \"Biography: Alan\". Allmusic. Retrieved 10 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p383965/biography","url_text":"\"Biography: Alan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer","external_links_name":"\"Alan\" Mexican singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer","external_links_name":"\"Alan\" Mexican singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Alan%22+Mexican+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p383965/biography","external_links_name":"\"Biography: Alan\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/40718460-ab7c-4010-95d7-f77d76025991","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwwarah
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Huwwarah
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 The Jordanian dialect of Hourani or Hawarné","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 Bibliography"]
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Coordinates: 32°32′01″N 35°54′42″E / 32.53361°N 35.91167°E / 32.53361; 35.91167For the West Bank town, see Huwara. For the Berber tribal confederation, see Hawwara. For the Egyptian archaeological site, see Hawara. For the ancient town in southern Jordan, see Humeima.
Village in Irbid Governorate, JordanHuwwarah
حوّارهHuwwaraHuwarrahHawwarahVillagePhoto taken in July 2007, from east to westHuwwarahLocation in JordanCoordinates: 32°32′01″N 35°54′42″E / 32.53361°N 35.91167°E / 32.53361; 35.91167Grid position235/215Country JordanProvinceIrbid GovernoratePopulation (2015) • Total23,929Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Huwwarah (Arabic: حوّاره), also spelled Huwwara, Huwarrah or Hawwarah, is a village in northern Jordan. It is situated in the Governorate of Irbid, and is one of many agricultural villages in the fertile mud plains of Hauran. The mud plains of Hauran bridge the gap between the Golan Heights in the west and the Sham desert to the east. The southern part of Hauran is in North Jordan. Huwwarah if flanked by the ancient sites of Ramoth-Gilead (Ramtha, Jordan) in Gilead to the east and Arabella (Irbid) to the west. North, it is bordered by Sal and Bishra, and south and southeast it is bordered by Sareeh.
As of 2015, the village had a population of 23,929. The two major families (tribes or clans) in Huwarra are, the biggest Clan's Al- Gharaibeh family and
Al- Shatnawi other (tribes/clans), Al- Shar', Al- Shara, Al- Shroo', Al- Sawalha, Al-Ghuzlan, Al-Haddad, Al-Karasneh (thought to be the original settlers of the village), Al- Lawabneh and Al-Tanash. this village is famous for its rich soil (rust colored mud soil) and wheat crops.
Geography
Houran
Huwwarah is in North Jordan, about 5 km to the South-East of Irbid. It is part of the Mud Plains of Houran. The Houran lies west of Jabal ed Druze and stretches from the outskirts of Southern Damascus to the Zarqa River in Jordan. It is part of Bilad esh Sham.
History
The village contains numerous sites were some coins from Hellenistic or Roman periods were found. Furthermore, there is an agricultural section of east of Huwwarah called Dhahr El Muqhur (roofs of the caves) which is apparently a necropolis to a nearby settlement that may have been the village itself. This makes perfect sense as Huwwarah is in the heart of the area that contained the Decapolis union of ten famous trade towns, the most famous of which are Jerash and Gadara (Um Qais).
It is unknown when Huwwarah was permanently settled. Some of the older stone buildings in the village suggest the mid-19th century. However, mud houses must have existed long before that, based on the number of generations the elderly reported through oral tradition. It is expected that there lived at least 12 generations so far in Huwwarah, making the estimated date of settlement between 1700 and 1750 CE.
In 1596, during the Ottoman Empire, Huwwarah was noted in the census as being located in the nahiya of Bani Juhma in the Liwa of Hawran, with a population of 21 households and 11 bachelors; all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 3,000 akçe. Half of the revenue, 1,500 akçe, was from the wheat.
The history of Huwwarah is part of the history of Houran. See Johann Ludwig Burckhardt's Travels in Syria and the Holy Land for an account of a relatively recent history of the area (the winter of 1810).
In 1838 Huwwarah was noted as a ruin.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 2,342 inhabitants in Huwwarah.
The Jordanian dialect of Hourani or Hawarné
The Hawarné dialect is quite different from mainstream Jordanian Levantine, with several nouns changing. The biggest difference would be the pronunciation of the Q and K; Q is pronounced as a hard G, and the K is always pronounced as a Ç (CH as in Charlie).
Gallery
Huwwarah in June 1991
First grade of 1972 at Al-Tatbeeqat
Woman wearing a Hattah
Dar (House of) Saleem Muhammad
Dar Abu Habis (Dhaifallah el Mahmoud)
Dar Abu Ghaleb (Rasheed el Mahmoud)
Dar Qasim Tanash (Ahmed Abdallah Jameel Gharaibeh)
Notes
^ a b "The Population of the Kingdom by Administrative Divisions, According to the General Census of Population and Housing result 2015" (PDF). 2015 Population and Housing Census. Jordan: Department of Population Statistics. 2015. p. 17.
^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 203
^ Burckhardt, 1822, pp. 50–120 Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810
^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 164
^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 14
Bibliography
Burckhardt, J.L. (1822). "Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810". Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa; John Murray. pp. 50–120. OCLC 3673177.
Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
vte Irbid Governorate of JordanCapital
Irbid
Departments
Al-Qasbah
Bani Obaid Department
Al-Mazar Al-Shamali Department
Ar Ramtha Department
Koura Department
Al-Aghwar Al Shamaliyyeh Department
Bani Kinanah Department
Taybeh Department
Wasatieh Department
Cities and towns
Al Husn
Al Mazar al Shamali
Al-Shuna al-Shamalyah
Ar Ramtha
AshShajarah
Aydoun
Bushra
Der Abi Saeed
Habaka
Huwwarah
Johfiyeh
Kafr Al-Maa
Kufr 'Awan
Kufr Rakeb
Malka
Marw
Natifah
Samma
Umm Qais
Zoubia
Others
Capitolias/Beit Ras
Pella
Husn Camp
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwara"},{"link_name":"Hawwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawwara"},{"link_name":"Hawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawara"},{"link_name":"Humeima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeima"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Governorate of Irbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Hauran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauran"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Ramtha, Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramtha,_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Gilead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead"},{"link_name":"Arabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabella"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huwwarah&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015pop-1"}],"text":"For the West Bank town, see Huwara. For the Berber tribal confederation, see Hawwara. For the Egyptian archaeological site, see Hawara. For the ancient town in southern Jordan, see Humeima.Village in Irbid Governorate, JordanHuwwarah (Arabic: حوّاره), also spelled Huwwara, Huwarrah or Hawwarah, is a village in northern Jordan. It is situated in the Governorate of Irbid, and is one of many agricultural villages in the fertile mud plains of Hauran. The mud plains of Hauran bridge the gap between the Golan Heights in the west and the Sham desert to the east. The southern part of Hauran is in North Jordan. Huwwarah if flanked by the ancient sites of Ramoth-Gilead (Ramtha, Jordan) in Gilead to the east and Arabella (Irbid) to the west. North, it is bordered by Sal and Bishra, and south and southeast it is bordered by Sareeh.As of 2015[update], the village had a population of 23,929.[1] The two major families (tribes or clans) in Huwarra are, the biggest Clan's Al- Gharaibeh family and\nAl- Shatnawi other (tribes/clans), Al- Shar', Al- Shara, Al- Shroo', Al- Sawalha, Al-Ghuzlan, Al-Haddad, Al-Karasneh (thought to be the original settlers of the village), Al- Lawabneh and Al-Tanash. this village is famous for its rich soil (rust colored mud soil) and wheat crops.","title":"Huwwarah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houran_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Irbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid"}],"text":"HouranHuwwarah is in North Jordan, about 5 km to the South-East of Irbid. It is part of the Mud Plains of Houran. The Houran lies west of Jabal ed Druze and stretches from the outskirts of Southern Damascus to the Zarqa River in Jordan. It is part of Bilad esh Sham.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Decapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapolis"},{"link_name":"Jerash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerash"},{"link_name":"Gadara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadara"},{"link_name":"Um Qais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Qais"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defter"},{"link_name":"nahiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahiya"},{"link_name":"Liwa of Hawran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liwa_of_Hawran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"akçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Houran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houran"},{"link_name":"Johann Ludwig Burckhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The village contains numerous sites were some coins from Hellenistic or Roman periods were found. Furthermore, there is an agricultural section of east of Huwwarah called Dhahr El Muqhur (roofs of the caves) which is apparently a necropolis to a nearby settlement that may have been the village itself. This makes perfect sense as Huwwarah is in the heart of the area that contained the Decapolis union of ten famous trade towns, the most famous of which are Jerash and Gadara (Um Qais).[citation needed]It is unknown when Huwwarah was permanently settled. Some of the older stone buildings in the village suggest the mid-19th century. However, mud houses must have existed long before that, based on the number of generations the elderly reported through oral tradition. It is expected that there lived at least 12 generations so far in Huwwarah, making the estimated date of settlement between 1700 and 1750 CE.[citation needed]In 1596, during the Ottoman Empire, Huwwarah was noted in the census as being located in the nahiya of Bani Juhma in the Liwa of Hawran, with a population of 21 households and 11 bachelors; all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 3,000 akçe. Half of the revenue, 1,500 akçe, was from the wheat.[2]The history of Huwwarah is part of the history of Houran. See Johann Ludwig Burckhardt's Travels in Syria and the Holy Land for an account of a relatively recent history of the area (the winter of 1810).[3]In 1838 Huwwarah was noted as a ruin.[4]The Jordanian census of 1961 found 2,342 inhabitants in Huwwarah.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordanian Levantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_Levantine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Hawarné dialect is quite different from mainstream Jordanian Levantine, with several nouns changing. The biggest difference would be the pronunciation of the Q and K; Q is pronounced as a hard G, and the K is always pronounced as a Ç (CH as in Charlie).[citation needed]","title":"The Jordanian dialect of Hourani or Hawarné"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huwwarah_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Awwal_alef.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arab_woman.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saleim_Mohammad_Hamad.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Habis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Ghaleb.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qasim_Tanash.jpg"}],"text":"Huwwarah in June 1991\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFirst grade of 1972 at Al-Tatbeeqat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWoman wearing a Hattah\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDar (House of) Saleem Muhammad\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDar Abu Habis (Dhaifallah el Mahmoud)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDar Abu Ghaleb (Rasheed el Mahmoud)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDar Qasim Tanash (Ahmed Abdallah Jameel Gharaibeh)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015pop_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2015pop_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Population of the Kingdom by Administrative Divisions, According to the General Census of Population and Housing result 2015\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_a/main/population/census2015/No_of_pop_depand_on_GOV.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"50–120 Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R9N70FsNRNYC&pg=PA51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith"},{"link_name":"164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/164/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p14.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b \"The Population of the Kingdom by Administrative Divisions, According to the General Census of Population and Housing result 2015\" (PDF). 2015 Population and Housing Census. Jordan: Department of Population Statistics. 2015. p. 17.\n\n^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 203\n\n^ Burckhardt, 1822, pp. 50–120 Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810\n\n^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 164\n\n^ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 14","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burckhardt, J.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Burckhardt"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R9N70FsNRNYC&pg=PA51"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3673177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3673177"},{"link_name":"First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf"},{"link_name":"Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-920405-41-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2"},{"link_name":"Robinson, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Smith, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith"},{"link_name":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft"},{"link_name":"Crocker & Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Irbid_Governorate"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Irbid_Governorate"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irbid_Governorate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Irbid Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Irbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbid"},{"link_name":"Al-Qasbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qasbah_(Irbid)"},{"link_name":"Bani Obaid Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C4%AB_%27Obe%C4%ABd"},{"link_name":"Al-Mazar Al-Shamali Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maz%C4%81r_ash-Sham%C4%81l%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Ar Ramtha Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_Ramtha_Department"},{"link_name":"Koura Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kourah_District"},{"link_name":"Al-Aghwar Al Shamaliyyeh Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C4%80ghw%C4%81r_ash-Sham%C4%81liyah"},{"link_name":"Bani Kinanah Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Kinanah_Department"},{"link_name":"Taybeh Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD-%E1%B9%ACa%C4%ABbah"},{"link_name":"Wasatieh Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Was%E1%B9%AD%C4%AByah"},{"link_name":"Al Husn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Husn"},{"link_name":"Al Mazar al Shamali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mazar_al_Shamali"},{"link_name":"Al-Shuna al-Shamalyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shuna_al-Shamalyah"},{"link_name":"Ar Ramtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar_Ramtha"},{"link_name":"AshShajarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AshShajarah"},{"link_name":"Aydoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aydoun"},{"link_name":"Bushra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushra_(Jordan)"},{"link_name":"Der Abi Saeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Abi_Saeed"},{"link_name":"Habaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habaka"},{"link_name":"Huwwarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Johfiyeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johfiyeh"},{"link_name":"Kafr Al-Maa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr_Al-Maa"},{"link_name":"Kufr 'Awan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufr_%27Awan"},{"link_name":"Kufr Rakeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufr_Rakeb"},{"link_name":"Malka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malka,_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Marw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marw,_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Natifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natifah"},{"link_name":"Samma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma,_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Umm Qais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Qais"},{"link_name":"Zoubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoubia"},{"link_name":"Capitolias/Beit Ras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitolias"},{"link_name":"Pella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella,_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Husn Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husn_Camp"}],"text":"Burckhardt, J.L. (1822). \"Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810\". Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa; John Murray. pp. 50–120. OCLC 3673177.\nGovernment of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.vte Irbid Governorate of JordanCapital\nIrbid\nDepartments\nAl-Qasbah\nBani Obaid Department\nAl-Mazar Al-Shamali Department\nAr Ramtha Department\nKoura Department\nAl-Aghwar Al Shamaliyyeh Department\nBani Kinanah Department\nTaybeh Department\nWasatieh Department\nCities and towns\nAl Husn\nAl Mazar al Shamali\nAl-Shuna al-Shamalyah\nAr Ramtha\nAshShajarah\nAydoun\nBushra\nDer Abi Saeed\nHabaka\nHuwwarah\nJohfiyeh\nKafr Al-Maa\nKufr 'Awan\nKufr Rakeb\nMalka\nMarw\nNatifah\nSamma\nUmm Qais\nZoubia\nOthers\nCapitolias/Beit Ras\nPella\nHusn Camp","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Houran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Houran_03.JPG/170px-Houran_03.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Population of the Kingdom by Administrative Divisions, According to the General Census of Population and Housing result 2015\" (PDF). 2015 Population and Housing Census. Jordan: Department of Population Statistics. 2015. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_a/main/population/census2015/No_of_pop_depand_on_GOV.pdf","url_text":"\"The Population of the Kingdom by Administrative Divisions, According to the General Census of Population and Housing result 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Burckhardt, J.L. (1822). \"Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810\". Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: The Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa; John Murray. pp. 50–120. OCLC 3673177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Burckhardt","url_text":"Burckhardt, J.L."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R9N70FsNRNYC&pg=PA51","url_text":"\"Chapter 2: Journal of an Excursion into the Haouran in the Autumn and Winter of 1810\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3673177","url_text":"3673177"}]},{"reference":"Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf","url_text":"First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population"}]},{"reference":"Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920405-41-2","url_text":"3-920405-41-2"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)","url_text":"Robinson, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Smith","url_text":"Smith, E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft","url_text":"Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster","url_text":"Crocker & Brewster"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_of_the_City
|
The Beast of the City
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1932 film
The Beast of the CityPromotional posterDirected byCharles BrabinWritten byW.R. Burnett (story)John Lee MahinBen Hecht (uncredited)Produced byHunt StrombergStarringWalter HustonJean HarlowWallace FordJean HersholtCinematographyNorbert BrodineEdited byAnne BauchensProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date
February 13, 1932 (1932-02-13)
Running time86 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$230,000 (est)Box office$408,000 (USA)$202,000 (worldwide exc. US)
The Beast of the City is a 1932 American pre-Code gangster film featuring cops as vigilantes and known for its singularly vicious ending. Written by W.R. Burnett, Ben Hecht (uncredited), and John Lee Mahin, and directed by Charles Brabin, the film stars Walter Huston, Jean Harlow, Wallace Ford, Jean Hersholt, and Tully Marshall.
Plot
Police Captain Jim Fitzpatrick (Walter Huston) is a dedicated family man and crime fighter not averse to using violence to fight violence. Although he's been demoted for political reasons, public outcry forces the mayor to take more aggressive action against sleazy gang boss Sam Belmonte (Jean Hersholt), and Fitzpatrick is promoted to police chief. His younger brother, Police Detective Ed Fitzpatrick (Wallace Ford), allows himself to be seduced by a languorously sexy Belmonte gang moll (Jean Harlow) and needs money to continue the relationship. Frustrated when his principled brother will not promote him, he betrays Jim's trust by conspiring with Belmonte's henchmen in a truck hijacking that results in the deaths of a child and another police officer. After a crooked lawyer is able to get those guilty off on all charges, the relentlessly determined Chief turns to vigilantism to rid the city of its "Beasts."
Cast
Lobby card for The Beast of the City featuring Walter Huston, Jean Harlow and Wallace Ford
Walter Huston as Captain Jim Fitzpatrick
Jean Harlow as Daisy Stevens/Mildred Beaumont
Wallace Ford as Detective Ed Fitzpatrick
Jean Hersholt as Samuel "Sam" Belmonte
Dorothy Peterson as Mary Fitzpatrick
Tully Marshall as Defense Attorney Michaels
John Miljan as District Attorney
Emmett Corrigan as Police Chief "Burt" Burton
Warner Richmond as Police Lieutenant Tom
J. Carrol Naish as Pietro Cholo
George Chandler as Reporter
Robert Homans as Policeman (uncredited)
Ethan Laidlaw as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Tom London as Policeman (uncredited)
Morgan Wallace as Police Captain (uncredited)
Leo White as Arrested Man (uncredited)
Mickey Rooney, in an uncredited appearance in his first MGM feature, played the son of Captain Jim Fitzpatrick (Walter Huston).
Production
The Beast of the City originated in consultations between MGM head of production Louis B. Mayer and President Herbert Hoover, who was concerned that the public needed to have greater respect for police officers and other law-enforcement officials. The film opens with this text: "Instead of the glorification of cowardly gangsters, we need the glorification of policemen who do their duty and give their lives in public protection. If the police had the vigilant, universal backing of public opinion in their communities, if they had the implacable support of the prosecuting authorities and the courts—I am convinced that our police would stamp out the excessive crime—which has disgraced some of our great cities”— President Herbert Hoover.” The film was produced under the working title "City Sentinels"; principal photography took place from November 4 to December 1931 at MGM's studios in Culver City.
After the film was completed, Mayer decided that it was not quite right for MGM's image as the home of family entertainment, because it was too violent, despite its focus on law-and-order. Mayer ordered that it be exhibited as the bottom feature on double bills. The film was Jean Harlow's opportunity to show MGM that she would cooperate with the studio, and she was rewarded with better roles which would shortly lead to stardom.
See also
List of American films of 1932
References
^ a b c Miller, Frank. The Beast of the City, TCM.com; accessed July 24, 2015.
^ a b "Notes" on TCM.com
^ "Box office/Business" on IMDb
^ "Filming locations" on IMDb
External links
The Beast of the City at IMDb
The Beast of the City at the TCM Movie Database
The Beast of the City at AllMovie
The Beast of the City at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
vteFilms directed by Charles Brabin
What Happened to Mary (1912)
The Man Who Disappeared (1914)
The House of the Lost Court (1915)
Vanity Fair (1915)
The Raven (1915)
That Sort (1916)
The Price of Fame (1916)
Babette (1917)
The Sixteenth Wife (1917)
Mary Jane's Pa (1917)
The Adopted Son (1917)
Red, White and Blue Blood (1917)
Persuasive Peggy (1917)
Breakers Ahead (1918)
Social Quicksands (1918)
A Pair of Cupids (1918)
His Bonded Wife (1918)
Buchanan's Wife (1918)
The Poor Rich Man (1918)
Thou Shalt Not (1919)
Kathleen Mavourneen (1919)
La Belle Russe (1919)
While New York Sleeps (1920)
Blind Wives (1920)
Footfalls (1921)
The Broadway Peacock (1922)
The Lights of New York (1922)
Driven (1923)
Six Days (1923)
So Big (1924)
Ben Hur (1925)
Stella Maris (1925)
Mismates (1926)
Twinkletoes (1926)
Framed (1927)
Hard-Boiled Haggerty (1927)
The Valley of the Giants (1927)
Burning Daylight (1928)
The Whip (1928)
The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1929)
The Ship from Shanghai (1930)
Call of the Flesh (1930)
The Great Meadow (1931)
Sporting Blood (1931)
The Beast of the City (1932)
New Morals for Old (1932)
The Washington Masquerade (1932)
The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
Rasputin and the Empress (1932)
The Secret of Madame Blanche (1933)
Stage Mother (1933)
Day of Reckoning (1933)
A Wicked Woman (1934)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Code_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"W.R. Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.R._Burnett"},{"link_name":"Ben Hecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hecht"},{"link_name":"John Lee Mahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Mahin"},{"link_name":"Charles Brabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brabin"},{"link_name":"Walter Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Huston"},{"link_name":"Jean Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jean Hersholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hersholt"},{"link_name":"Tully Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tully_Marshall"}],"text":"The Beast of the City is a 1932 American pre-Code gangster film featuring cops as vigilantes and known for its singularly vicious ending. Written by W.R. Burnett, Ben Hecht (uncredited), and John Lee Mahin, and directed by Charles Brabin, the film stars Walter Huston, Jean Harlow, Wallace Ford, Jean Hersholt, and Tully Marshall.","title":"The Beast of the City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Huston"},{"link_name":"Jean Hersholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hersholt"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jean Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow"}],"text":"Police Captain Jim Fitzpatrick (Walter Huston) is a dedicated family man and crime fighter not averse to using violence to fight violence. Although he's been demoted for political reasons, public outcry forces the mayor to take more aggressive action against sleazy gang boss Sam Belmonte (Jean Hersholt), and Fitzpatrick is promoted to police chief. His younger brother, Police Detective Ed Fitzpatrick (Wallace Ford), allows himself to be seduced by a languorously sexy Belmonte gang moll (Jean Harlow) and needs money to continue the relationship. Frustrated when his principled brother will not promote him, he betrays Jim's trust by conspiring with Belmonte's henchmen in a truck hijacking that results in the deaths of a child and another police officer. After a crooked lawyer is able to get those guilty off on all charges, the relentlessly determined Chief turns to vigilantism to rid the city of its \"Beasts.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Beast-of-the-City-LC-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walter Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Huston"},{"link_name":"Jean Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Ford"},{"link_name":"Walter Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Huston"},{"link_name":"Jean Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jean Hersholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hersholt"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Tully Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tully_Marshall"},{"link_name":"John Miljan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miljan"},{"link_name":"Emmett Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Corrigan"},{"link_name":"Warner Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Richmond"},{"link_name":"J. Carrol Naish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Carrol_Naish"},{"link_name":"George Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Robert Homans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Homans"},{"link_name":"Ethan Laidlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Laidlaw"},{"link_name":"Tom London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_London"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Leo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_White"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"Walter Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Huston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmarticle-1"}],"text":"Lobby card for The Beast of the City featuring Walter Huston, Jean Harlow and Wallace FordWalter Huston as Captain Jim Fitzpatrick\nJean Harlow as Daisy Stevens/Mildred Beaumont\nWallace Ford as Detective Ed Fitzpatrick\nJean Hersholt as Samuel \"Sam\" Belmonte\nDorothy Peterson as Mary Fitzpatrick\nTully Marshall as Defense Attorney Michaels\nJohn Miljan as District Attorney\nEmmett Corrigan as Police Chief \"Burt\" Burton\nWarner Richmond as Police Lieutenant Tom\nJ. Carrol Naish as Pietro Cholo\nGeorge Chandler as Reporter\nRobert Homans as Policeman (uncredited)\nEthan Laidlaw as Nightclub Patron (uncredited)\nTom London as Policeman (uncredited)\nMorgan Wallace as Police Captain (uncredited)\nLeo White as Arrested Man (uncredited)Mickey Rooney, in an uncredited appearance in his first MGM feature, played the son of Captain Jim Fitzpatrick (Walter Huston).[1]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis B. Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmnotes-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmnotes-2"},{"link_name":"principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Culver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmarticle-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmarticle-1"}],"text":"The Beast of the City originated in consultations between MGM head of production Louis B. Mayer and President Herbert Hoover, who was concerned that the public needed to have greater respect for police officers and other law-enforcement officials.[2] The film opens with this text: \"Instead of the glorification of cowardly gangsters, we need the glorification of policemen who do their duty and give their lives in public protection. If the police had the vigilant, universal backing of public opinion in their communities, if they had the implacable support of the prosecuting authorities and the courts—I am convinced that our police would stamp out the excessive crime—which has disgraced some of our great cities”— President Herbert Hoover.” The film was produced under the working title \"City Sentinels\";[2] principal photography took place from November 4 to December 1931[3] at MGM's studios in Culver City.[4]After the film was completed, Mayer decided that it was not quite right for MGM's image as the home of family entertainment, because it was too violent, despite its focus on law-and-order. Mayer ordered that it be exhibited as the bottom feature on double bills.[1] The film was Jean Harlow's opportunity to show MGM that she would cooperate with the studio, and she was rewarded with better roles which would shortly lead to stardom.[1]","title":"Production"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lobby card for The Beast of the City featuring Walter Huston, Jean Harlow and Wallace Ford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/The-Beast-of-the-City-LC-1.jpg/260px-The-Beast-of-the-City-LC-1.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of American films of 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1932"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_fiction_(genre)
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Pulp magazine
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["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Peak of popularity","1.3 World War II and market decline","2 Genres","3 Notable original characters","4 Illustrators","5 Authors and editors","6 Authors featured","7 Publishers","8 Legacy","9 See also","10 References","11 Sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
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Fiction magazines made from 1896 to the 1950s
Pulp magazines (also referred to as "the pulps") were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 until around 1955. The term "pulp" derives from the cheap wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed due to their cheap nature. In contrast, magazines printed on higher-quality paper were called "glossies" or "slicks". The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages; it was 7 inches (18 cm) wide by 10 inches (25 cm) high, and 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) thick, with ragged, untrimmed edges. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, and short-fiction magazines of the 19th century.
Although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, exploitative, and sensational subject matter, even though this was but a small part of what existed in the pulps. Digest magazines and men's adventure magazines were also regarded as pulps. Modern superhero comic books are sometimes considered descendants of "hero pulps"; pulp magazines often featured illustrated novel-length stories of heroic characters, such as Flash Gordon, The Shadow, Doc Savage, and The Phantom Detective.
The pulps gave rise to the term pulp fiction in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Successors of pulps include paperback books, such as hardboiled detective stories and erotic fiction.
History
Origins
Before pulp magazines, Newgate novels (1840s-1860s) fictionalized the exploits of real-life criminals. Later, British sensation novels gained peak popularity in the 1860s-1870s. Sensation novels focused on shocking stories that reflected modern-day anxieties, and were the direct precursors of pulp fiction.
The first "pulp" was Frank Munsey's revamped Argosy magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words (192 pages) per issue, on pulp paper with untrimmed edges, and no illustrations, even on the cover. The steam-powered printing press had been in widespread use for some time, enabling the boom in dime novels; prior to Munsey, however, no one had combined cheap printing, cheap paper and cheap authors in a package that provided affordable entertainment to young working-class people. In six years, Argosy went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million.
Street & Smith, a dime novel and boys' weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing Argosy's success, they launched The Popular Magazine in 1903, which they billed as the "biggest magazine in the world" by virtue of its being two pages (the interior sides of the front and back cover) longer than Argosy. Due to differences in page layout however, the magazine had substantially less text than Argosy. The Popular Magazine did introduce color covers to pulp publishing, and the magazine began to take off when in 1905 the publishers acquired the rights to serialize Ayesha (1905), by H. Rider Haggard, a sequel to his popular novel She (1887). Haggard's Lost World genre influenced several key pulp writers, including Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy and Abraham Merritt. In 1907, the cover price rose to 15 cents and 30 pages were added to each issue; along with establishing a stable of authors for each magazine, this change proved successful and circulation began to approach that of Argosy. Street and Smith's next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each magazine focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance, etc.
Cover of the pulp magazine Spicy Detective Stories vol. 2, #6 (April 1935) featuring "Bullet from Nowhere" by Robert Leslie Bellem
Peak of popularity
At their peak of popularity in the 1920s–1940s, the most successful pulps sold up to one million copies per issue. In 1934, Frank Gruber said there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book and Short Stories, collectively described by some pulp historians as "The Big Four". Among the best-known other titles of this period were Amazing Stories, Black Mask, Dime Detective, Flying Aces, Horror Stories, Love Story Magazine, Marvel Tales, Oriental Stories, Planet Stories, Spicy Detective, Startling Stories, Thrilling Wonder Stories, Unknown, Weird Tales and Western Story Magazine.
During the economic hardships of the Great Depression, pulps provided affordable content to the masses, and were one of the primary forms of entertainment, along with film and radio.
Although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the Edwardian era and World War II. Notable UK pulps included The Pall Mall Magazine, The Novel Magazine, Cassell's Magazine, The Story-Teller, The Sovereign Magazine, Hutchinson's Adventure-Story and Hutchinson's Mystery-Story. The German fantasy magazine Der Orchideengarten had a similar format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper and heavily illustrated.
World War II and market decline
Pulp magazines began to decline during the 1940s, giving way to paperbacks, comics and digest-sized novels
During the Second World War paper shortages had a serious impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs and the decline of the pulps. Following the model of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in 1941, some magazines began to switch to digest size: smaller, sometimes thicker magazines. In 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce slicks.
Competition from comic-books and paperback novels further eroded the pulps' market share, but it has been suggested the widespread expansion of television also drew away the readership of the pulps. In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant. In the 1950s, men's adventure magazines also began to draw some former pulp readers.
The 1957 liquidation of the American News Company, then the primary distributor of pulp magazines, has sometimes been taken as marking the end of the "pulp era"; by that date, many of the famous pulps of the previous generation, including Black Mask, The Shadow, Doc Savage, and Weird Tales, were defunct (though some of those titles have been revived in various formats in the decades since). Almost all of the few remaining former pulp magazines are science fiction or mystery magazines, now in formats similar to "digest size", such as Analog Science Fiction and Fact, though the most durable revival of Weird Tales began in pulp format, though published on good-quality paper. The old format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly Perry Rhodan (over 3,000 issues as of 2019).
Over the course of their evolution, there were a huge number of pulp magazine titles; Harry Steeger of Popular Publications claimed that his company alone had published over 300, and at their peak they were publishing 42 titles per month. Many titles of course survived only briefly. While the most popular titles were monthly, many were bimonthly and some were quarterly.
The collapse of the pulp industry changed the landscape of publishing because pulps were the single largest sales outlet for short stories. Combined with the decrease in slick magazine fiction markets, writers trying to support themselves by creating fiction switched to novels and book-length anthologies of shorter pieces. Some ex-pulp writers like Hugh B. Cave and Robert Leslie Bellem had moved on to writing for television by the 1950s.
Genres
Pulp magazines often contained a wide variety of genre fiction, including, but not limited to:
adventure
aviation
detective/mystery
espionage
fantasy
gangster
"girlie pulps", also called "saucy/spicy pulps" or "sex pulps" (including soft porn)
horror/occult (including "weird menace")
humor
railroad
romance
science fiction
série noire (French crime fiction)
sports
war
Westerns (also see dime Westerns); the Colorado artist Arthur Roy Mitchell is particularly known for his sketches of the covers of such magazines.
The American Old West was a mainstay genre of early turn of the 20th-century novels as well as later pulp magazines, and lasted longest of all the traditional pulps. In many ways, the later men's adventure ("the sweats") was the replacement of pulps.
Many classic science fiction and crime novels were originally serialized in pulp magazines such as Weird Tales, Amazing Stories, and Black Mask.
Notable original characters
November 1927 issue of Black Mask, featuring The Continental Op
While the majority of pulp magazines were anthology titles featuring many different authors, characters and settings, some of the most enduring magazines were those that featured a single recurring character. These were often referred to as "hero pulps" because the recurring character was almost always a larger-than-life hero in the mold of Doc Savage or The Shadow.
Popular pulp characters that headlined in their own magazines:
The Avenger
The Black Bat
Captain Future
El Coyote
Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective
Doc Savage
Doctor Death
Dr. Yen Sin
G-8
Hopalong Cassidy
Ka-Zar
Lord Lister (aka Raffles)
Nick Carter
Operator No. 5
The Phantom Detective
Secret Agent X
The Shadow
The Spider
Popular pulp characters who appeared in anthology titles such as All-Story or Weird Tales:
Biggles
Bran Mak Morn
Buck Rogers
Conan the Barbarian
The Continental Op
Domino Lady
The Eel
Green Lama
Jim Anthony
John Carter of Mars
Jules de Grandin
Khlit the Cossack
Kull
Moon Man
Sexton Blake
Solomon Kane
Tarzan
Zorro
Illustrators
Pulp covers were printed in color on higher-quality (slick) paper. They were famous for their half-dressed damsels in distress, usually awaiting a rescuing hero. Cover art played a major part in the marketing of pulp magazines. The early pulp magazines could boast covers by some distinguished American artists; The Popular Magazine had covers by N. C. Wyeth, and Edgar Franklin Wittmack contributed cover art to Argosy and Short Stories. Later, many artists specialized in creating covers mainly for the pulps; a number of the most successful cover artists became as popular as the authors featured on the interior pages. Among the most famous pulp artists were Walter M. Baumhofer, Earle K. Bergey, Margaret Brundage, Edd Cartier, Virgil Finlay, Frank R. Paul, Norman Saunders, Emmett Watson, Nick Eggenhofer, (who specialized in Western illustrations), Hugh J. Ward, George Rozen, and Rudolph Belarski. Covers were important enough to sales that sometimes they would be designed first; authors would then be shown the cover art and asked to write a story to match.
Later pulps began to feature interior illustrations, depicting elements of the stories. The drawings were printed in black ink on the same cream-colored paper used for the text, and had to use specific techniques to avoid blotting on the coarse texture of the cheap pulp. Thus, fine lines and heavy detail were usually not an option. Shading was by crosshatching or pointillism, and even that had to be limited and coarse. Usually the art was black lines on the paper's background, but Finlay and a few others did some work that was primarily white lines against large dark areas.
Authors and editors
Another way pulps kept costs down was by paying authors less than other markets; thus many eminent authors started out in the pulps before they were successful enough to sell to better-paying markets, and similarly, well-known authors whose careers were slumping or who wanted a few quick dollars could bolster their income with sales to pulps. Additionally, some of the earlier pulps solicited stories from amateurs who were quite happy to see their words in print and could thus be paid token amounts.
There were also career pulp writers, capable of turning out huge amounts of prose on a steady basis, often with the aid of dictation to stenographers, machines or typists. Before he became a novelist, Upton Sinclair was turning out at least 8,000 words per day seven days a week for the pulps, keeping two stenographers fully employed. Pulps would often have their authors use multiple pen names so that they could use multiple stories by the same person in one issue, or use a given author's stories in three or more successive issues, while still appearing to have varied content. One advantage pulps provided to authors was that they paid upon acceptance for material instead of on publication. Since a story might be accepted months or even years before publication, to a working writer this was a crucial difference in cash flow.
Some pulp editors became known for cultivating good fiction and interesting features in their magazines. Preeminent pulp magazine editors included Arthur Sullivant Hoffman (Adventure), Robert H. Davis (All-Story Weekly), Harry E. Maule (Short Stories), Donald Kennicott (Blue Book), Joseph Shaw (Black Mask), Farnsworth Wright (Weird Tales, Oriental Stories), John W. Campbell (Astounding Science Fiction, Unknown) and Daisy Bacon (Love Story Magazine, Detective Story Magazine).
Authors featured
Well-known authors who wrote for pulps include:
Poul Anderson
Isaac Asimov
Charles Beadle
H. Bedford-Jones
Robert Leslie Bellem
E. F. Benson
Alfred Bester
Robert Bloch
B. M. Bower
Leigh Brackett
Ray Bradbury
Max Brand
William Brandon
Fredric Brown
John Buchan
F. R. Buckley
Edgar Rice Burroughs
William S. Burroughs
Ellis Parker Butler
Paul Cain
Hugh B. Cave
Paul Chadwick
Raymond Chandler
Agatha Christie
Arthur C. Clarke
Joseph Conrad
Stephen Crane
Ray Cummings
Tom Curry
Carroll John Daly
Lester Dent
August Derleth
Philip K. Dick
J. Allan Dunn
Lord Dunsany
C. M. Eddy Jr.
Arthur Guy Empey
George Allan England
Philip José Farmer
C. S. Forester
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Arthur O. Friel
Erle Stanley Gardner
Walter B. Gibson
David Goodis
L. Patrick Greene
Zane Grey
Frank Gruber
H. Rider Haggard
Edmond Hamilton
Dashiell Hammett
Margie Harris
Victor Headley
Robert A. Heinlein
O. Henry
Frank Herbert
Robert E. Howard
L. Ron Hubbard
Carl Jacobi
John Jakes
Ardyth Kennelly
Donald Keyhoe
Rudyard Kipling
Henry Kuttner
Harold Lamb
Louis L'Amour
Margery Lawrence
Fritz Leiber
Murray Leinster
Elmore John Leonard
Jack London
H. P. Lovecraft
Giles A. Lutz
John D. MacDonald
William Colt MacDonald
Elmer Brown Mason
F. Van Wyck Mason
Horace McCoy
Johnston McCulley
Eldred Kurtz Means
Merriam Modell
C. L. Moore
Frederick Ferdinand Moore
Walt Morey
Talbot Mundy
Philip Francis Nowlan
Fulton Oursler
Hugh Pendexter
Emil Petaja
E. Hoffmann Price
Ellery Queen
Seabury Quinn
John H. Reese
Arthur B. Reeve
Tod Robbins
Sax Rohmer
Theodore Roscoe
Rafael Sabatini
Charles Alden Seltzer
Stephen Shadegg
Richard S. Shaver
Robert Silverberg
Bertrand William Sinclair
Upton Sinclair
Arthur D. Howden Smith
Clark Ashton Smith
E. E. Smith
Mickey Spillane
T. S. Stribling
Jim Thompson
Thomas Thursday
W. C. Tuttle
Mark Twain
Jack Vance
E. C. Vivian
Edgar Wallace
H. G. Wells
Henry S. Whitehead
Raoul Whitfield
Tennessee Williams
P. G. Wodehouse
Cornell Woolrich
Gordon Young
Sinclair Lewis, first American winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, worked as an editor for Adventure, writing filler paragraphs (brief facts or amusing anecdotes designed to fill small gaps in page layout), advertising copy and a few stories.
Publishers
Cover of the pulp magazine Dime Mystery Book Magazine, January 1933
A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers (Periodical House/Ace Magazines) published Secret Agent X, Flying Aces and others
Better/Standard/Thrilling (The Thrilling Group) published Captain Future, Startling Stories, The Phantom Detective, and The Black Bat.
William Clayton published Ginger Stories, Pep Stories and Snappy Stories
Columbia Publications published Future Science Fiction, Science Fiction, and Science Fiction Quarterly
Dell Publishing published I Confess
Doubleday, Page and Company published Short Stories, West and The Frontier
Fiction House published Planet Stories
Frank A. Munsey Co. published Argosy
Harold Hersey published Gangster Stories
Harry Donenfeld's Culture Publications published Spicy Detective, Spicy Mystery and Spicy Adventure
Hugo Gernsback published Amazing Stories and Wonder Stories
J. C. Henneberger's Rural Publications published Weird Tales and Oriental Tales
Martin Goodman published Ka-Zar, Marvel Tales and Marvel Science Stories
Hutchinson, main publisher of UK pulps
Popular Publications published The Spider, G-8, Horror Stories, Black Mask, True Love and later Argosy
The Ridgway Company published Adventure, Everybody's Magazine and Romance
Street & Smith published Astounding, Unknown, Doc Savage and The Shadow
Courtland Young's C.H. Young Publishing published Breezy Stories
Legacy
The term pulp fiction is often used for massmarket paperbacks since the 1950s. The Browne Popular Culture Library News noted:
Many of the paperback houses that contributed to the decline of the genre–Ace, Dell, Avon, among others–were actually started by pulp magazine publishers. They had the presses, the expertise, and the newsstand distribution networks which made the success of the mass-market paperback possible. These pulp-oriented paperback houses mined the old magazines for reprints. This kept pulp literature, if not pulp magazines, alive. The Return of the Continental Op reprints material first published in Black Mask; Five Sinister Characters contains stories first published in Dime Detective; and The Pocket Book of Science Fiction collects material from Thrilling Wonder Stories, Astounding Science Fiction and Amazing Stories. But note that mass market paperbacks are not pulps.
In 1991, The Pulpster debuted at that year's Pulpcon, the annual pulp magazine convention that had begun in 1972. The magazine, devoted to the history and legacy of the pulp magazines, has published each year since. It now appears in connection with PulpFest, the summer pulp convention that grew out of and replaced Pulpcon. The Pulpster was originally edited by Tony Davis and is currently edited by William Lampkin, who also runs the website ThePulp.Net. Contributors have included Don Hutchison, Robert Sampson, Will Murray, Al Tonik, Nick Carr, Mike Resnick, Hugh B. Cave, Joseph Wrzos, Jessica Amanda Salmonson, Chet Williamson, and many others.
In 1992, Rich W. Harvey came out with a magazine called Pulp Adventures reprinting old classics. It came out regularly until 2001, and then started up again in 2014.
In 1994, Quentin Tarantino directed the film Pulp Fiction. The working title of the film was Black Mask, in homage to the pulp magazine of that name, and it embodied the seedy, violent, often crime-related spirit found in pulp magazines.
In 1997 C. Cazadessus Jr. launched Pulpdom, a continuation of his Hugo Award-winning ERB-dom which began in 1960. It ran for 75 issues and featured articles about the content and selected fiction from the pulps. It became Pulpdom Online in 2013 and continues quarterly publication.
After 2000, several small independent publishers released magazines which published short fiction, either short stories or novel-length presentations, in the tradition of the pulp magazines of the early 20th century. These included Blood 'N Thunder, High Adventure and a short-lived magazine which revived the title Argosy. These specialist publications, printed in limited press runs, were pointedly not printed on the brittle, high-acid wood pulp paper of the old publications and were not mass market publications targeted at a wide audience. In 2004, Lost Continent Library published Secret of the Amazon Queen by E.A. Guest, their first contribution to a "New Pulp Era", featuring the hallmarks of pulp fiction for contemporary mature readers: violence, horror and sex. E.A. Guest was likened to a blend of pulp era icon Talbot Mundy and Stephen King by real-life explorer David Hatcher Childress.
In 2002, the tenth issue of McSweeney's Quarterly was guest edited by Michael Chabon. Published as McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales, it is a collection of "pulp fiction" stories written by such current well-known authors as Stephen King, Nick Hornby, Aimee Bender and Dave Eggers. Explaining his vision for the project, Chabon wrote in the introduction, "I think that we have forgotten how much fun reading a short story can be, and I hope that if nothing else, this treasury goes some small distance toward reminding us of that lost but fundamental truth."
The Scottish publisher DC Thomson publishes "My Weekly Compact Novel" every week. It is literally a pulp novel, though it does not fall into the hard-edged genre most associated with pulp fiction.
From 2006 through 2019, Anthony Tollin's imprint Sanctum Books has reprinted all 182 Doc Savage pulp novels, all 24 of Paul Ernst's Avenger novels, the 14 Whisperer novels from the original pulp series and all but three novels of the entire run of The Shadow (most of his publications featuring two novels in one book).
In 2021 Dave Martel started to release issues of Bizarchives, a publication of modern-day pulp fiction and weird tales.
See also
Novels portal
B movie
Crimefighters
Dime novel
George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection
Hard Case Crime
Il Giallo Mondadori
Science fiction magazine
References
^ Davis, Tony (October 1, 2021). "Pulps: the early years". ThePulp.Net. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
^ Romney, Rebecca (April 6, 2018). "When Classic Detective Novels Became Sexy Pulps". CrimeReads. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
^ Sharp, Sarah Rose (August 4, 2021). "The Erotic Nostalgia of Lesbian Pulp Fiction". Hyperallergic. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
^ Rabinowitz, Paula (2014). American Pulp: How Paperbacks Brought Modernism to Main Street. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150604.
^ Hoglund, Johan (March 16, 2016). The American Imperial Gothic: Popular Culture, Empire, Violence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-04519-9.
^ Acting with the Voice: The Art of Recording Books. Hal Leonard Corporation. 2004. ISBN 978-0-87910-301-9.
^ a b "A Two-Minute History of the Pulps", in The Adventure House Guide to the Pulps, edited by Doug Ellis, John Locke, and John Gunnison. Silver Spring, MD, Adventure House, 2000. (p. ii–iv).
^ See Lee Server, Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers (2002), pg.131.
^ Reynolds, Quentin. The Fiction Factory ; Or, From Pulp Row to Quality Street: The Story of 100 Years of Publishing at Street & Smith. Random House, 1955. (Covers: Street & Smith, Nick Carter, Max Brand, Buffalo Bill, Frank Merriwell, Gerald Smith, Richard Duffy, Frederick Faust, dime novel, Horatio Alger, Henry Ralston, Ned Buntline, Ormond Smith, Beadle's, Edward Stratemeyer, detective fiction, Laura Jean Libbey, Astounding Science Fiction, Edith Evans)
^ a b c "Pulp Illustration: Pulp Magazines – Illustration History". illustrationhistory.org. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
^ Hulse, Ed (2009). "The Big Four (Plus One)". The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps. Murania Press. pp. 19–47. ISBN 978-0-9795955-0-9.
^ a b Server, Lee (1993). Danger Is My Business: an illustrated history of the Fabulous Pulp Magazines. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-8118-0112-6.
^ a b Ashley, Michael (2006). The Age of the Storytellers: British Popular Fiction Magazines, 1880–1950. British Library. ISBN 1-58456-170-X
^ "Orchideengarten, Der". in: M.B. Tymn and Mike Ashley, Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines. Westport: Greenwood, 1985. pp. 866. ISBN 0-313-21221-X
^ Ashley, Michael. Transformations: The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970, Volume 2 (2005), pg. 3 ISBN 978-0-85323-779-2
^ Haining, Peter (1975). The Fantastic Pulps. Vintage Books, a division of Random House. ISBN 0-394-72109-8.
^ Douglas Ellis, Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulp, Adventure House, 2003.
^ Hutchison, Don (1995). The Great Pulp Heroes. Mosaic Press. ISBN 0-88962-585-9.
^ Hulse, Ed (2009). The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps. Muriana Press. pp. 26, 163. ISBN 978-0979595509.
^ Robinson, Frank M., and Davidson, Lawrence. Pulp Culture – The Art of Fiction Magazines. Collectors Press, 2007. ISBN 1-933112-30-1 (p.42).
^ The Adventure House Guide to the Pulps, edited by Doug Ellis, John Locke, and John Gunnison. Silver Spring, MD, Adventure House, 2000. (p. xi–xii).
^ John A. Dinan, Sports in the Pulp Magazines. McFarland, 1998, ISB0786404817 (pp. 130–32).
^ Bleiler,Richard "Forgotten Giant: Hoffman's Adventure". Purple Prose Magazine, November 1998, p. 3-12.
^ Sampson,Robert.(1991) Yesterday's Faces:Dangerous Horizons Popular Press, 1991, (p.87).
^ Locke, John ed. "Editors You Want to Know: Daisy Bacon" by Joa Humphrey in Pulpwood Days: Editors You Want to Know. Off-Trail, 2007. ISBN 0-9786836-2-5 (p. 77). Daisy Bacon (1899?–1986) was nicknamed "Queen of the Woodpulps".
^ Schorer, M. Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, pp. 3–22. McGraw-Hill, 1961.
^ "They Came from the Newsstand: Pulp Magazines from the Browne Library". Browne Popular Culture Library News. Bowling Green State University. May 31, 1994. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
^ "About "The Pulpster"". The Pulpster. March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
^ Stephensen-Payne, Phil (2018). "Pulp Adventures". Magazine Data File. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
^ "Pulp Fiction (1994) – Release Info". Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020 – via IMDb.
^ "DC Thomson Shop – Home Page". Dcthomson.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
^ "Ten Years in the Shadow's Sanctum — Anthony Tollin's Sanctum Books – PulpFest". Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
Sources
Chambliss, Julian and William Svitavsky, "From Pulp Hero to Superhero: Culture, Race, and Identity in AmericanPopular Culture, 1900–1940 Archived March 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine," Studies in American Culture 30 (1) (October 2008)
Ellis, Doug. Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulps – Gold Medal Winner for Best Popular Culture Book BEA 2004 (Adventure House, −2003) ISBN 1-886937-74-5
Gunnison, Locke and Ellis. Adventure House Guide to the Pulps (Adventure House, 2000) ISBN 1-886937-45-1
Hersey, Harold. The New Pulpwood Editor (Adventure House, 2003) ISBN 1-886937-68-0
Lesser, Robert. Pulp Art: Original Cover Paintings for the Great American Pulp Magazines (Book Sales, 2003) ISBN 0-7858-1707-7
Locke, John-editor. Pulp Fictioneers – Adventures in the Storytelling Business (Adventure House, 2004) ISBN 1-886937-83-4
Locke, John-editor. Pulpwood Days – Vol. 1 Editors You Want To Know (Off-Trail Publications, 2007) ISBN 0-9786836-2-5
Parfrey, Adam, et al. It's a Man's World: Men's Adventure Magazines, the Postwar Pulps (Feral House, 2003) ISBN 0-922915-81-4
Robinson, Frank and Davidson, Lawrence. Pulp Culture (Collector's Press, 2007) ISBN 978-1-933112-30-5
Further reading
Dinan, John A. (1983). The Pulp Western: A Popular History of the Western Fiction Magazine in America. Borgo Press. ISBN 0-89370-161-0.
Goodstone, Tony (1970). The Pulps: 50 Years of American Pop Culture. Bonanza Books (Crown Publishers, Inc.). ISBN 978-0-394-44186-3.
Goulart, Ron (1972). Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine. Arlington House. ISBN 978-0-87000-172-7.
Goulart, Ron (1988). The Dime Detectives. Mysterious Press. ISBN 0-89296-191-0.
Hamilton, Frank and Hullar, Link (1988). Amazing Pulp Heroes. Gryphon Books. ISBN 0-936071-09-5.
Robbins, Leonard A. (1988). The Pulp Magazine Index (six volumes). Starmont House. ISBN 1-55742-111-0.
Sampson, Robert (1983). Yesterday's Faces: A Study of Series Characters in the Early Pulp Magazines. Volume 1 Glory Figures. Vol. 2 Strange Days. Vol. 3 From the Dark Side. Vol. 4 The Solvers. Vol 5. Dangerous Horizons. Vol. 6. Violent Lives. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-217-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulp magazines.
The Pulp Magazines Project
ThePulp.Net
PEAPS – Pulp Era Amateur Press Society
Pulp Illustration Art
Pulp International
CNN: "Girls, Guns and Money," November 2005
Mt. St. Vincent University Lesbian Pulp Fiction Collection
"Pulp Winds", December 2009
Pulp Fiction Collection at the Library of Congress
Clark Pulp Fiction Collection at Cleveland Public Library
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wood pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"penny dreadfuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_dreadful"},{"link_name":"dime novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_novel"},{"link_name":"exploitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_fiction"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero_comics"},{"link_name":"Flash Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Gordon"},{"link_name":"The Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow"},{"link_name":"Doc Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Savage"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Detective"},{"link_name":"hardboiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardboiled"},{"link_name":"erotic fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_literature#Erotic_fiction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romney-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rabinowitz2014-4"}],"text":"Pulp magazines (also referred to as \"the pulps\") were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 until around 1955. The term \"pulp\" derives from the cheap wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed due to their cheap nature. In contrast, magazines printed on higher-quality paper were called \"glossies\" or \"slicks\". The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages;[1] it was 7 inches (18 cm) wide by 10 inches (25 cm) high, and 0.5 inches (1.3 cm) thick, with ragged, untrimmed edges. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, and short-fiction magazines of the 19th century.Although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, exploitative, and sensational subject matter, even though this was but a small part of what existed in the pulps. Digest magazines and men's adventure magazines were also regarded as pulps. Modern superhero comic books are sometimes considered descendants of \"hero pulps\"; pulp magazines often featured illustrated novel-length stories of heroic characters, such as Flash Gordon, The Shadow, Doc Savage, and The Phantom Detective.The pulps gave rise to the term pulp fiction in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Successors of pulps include paperback books, such as hardboiled detective stories and erotic fiction.[2][3][4]","title":"Pulp magazine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newgate novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgate_novel"},{"link_name":"sensation novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_novel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Frank Munsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Munsey"},{"link_name":"Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahgttp-7"},{"link_name":"Street & Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_%26_Smith"},{"link_name":"dime novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_novel"},{"link_name":"The Popular Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Popular_Magazine"},{"link_name":"page layout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_layout"},{"link_name":"Ayesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayesha_(novel)"},{"link_name":"H. Rider Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard"},{"link_name":"She","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She:_A_History_of_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_world"},{"link_name":"Edgar Rice Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard"},{"link_name":"Talbot Mundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Mundy"},{"link_name":"Abraham Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Merritt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Leslie Bellem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Bellem"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Before pulp magazines, Newgate novels (1840s-1860s) fictionalized the exploits of real-life criminals. Later, British sensation novels gained peak popularity in the 1860s-1870s. Sensation novels focused on shocking stories that reflected modern-day anxieties, and were the direct precursors of pulp fiction.[5][6]The first \"pulp\" was Frank Munsey's revamped Argosy magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words (192 pages) per issue, on pulp paper with untrimmed edges, and no illustrations, even on the cover. The steam-powered printing press had been in widespread use for some time, enabling the boom in dime novels; prior to Munsey, however, no one had combined cheap printing, cheap paper and cheap authors in a package that provided affordable entertainment to young working-class people. In six years, Argosy went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million.[7]Street & Smith, a dime novel and boys' weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing Argosy's success, they launched The Popular Magazine in 1903, which they billed as the \"biggest magazine in the world\" by virtue of its being two pages (the interior sides of the front and back cover) longer than Argosy. Due to differences in page layout however, the magazine had substantially less text than Argosy. The Popular Magazine did introduce color covers to pulp publishing, and the magazine began to take off when in 1905 the publishers acquired the rights to serialize Ayesha (1905), by H. Rider Haggard, a sequel to his popular novel She (1887). Haggard's Lost World genre influenced several key pulp writers, including Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy and Abraham Merritt.[8] In 1907, the cover price rose to 15 cents and 30 pages were added to each issue; along with establishing a stable of authors for each magazine, this change proved successful and circulation began to approach that of Argosy. Street and Smith's next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each magazine focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance, etc.[9]Cover of the pulp magazine Spicy Detective Stories vol. 2, #6 (April 1935) featuring \"Bullet from Nowhere\" by Robert Leslie Bellem","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"},{"link_name":"Frank Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gruber"},{"link_name":"Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Blue Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Book_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Short Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stories_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories"},{"link_name":"Black Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Flying Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Aces_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Horror Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_Stories_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Love Story Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Story_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Marvel Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Tales_and_Unusual_Stories"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ls-12"},{"link_name":"Oriental Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Stories"},{"link_name":"Planet Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Stories"},{"link_name":"Startling Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startling_Stories"},{"link_name":"Thrilling Wonder Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Stories"},{"link_name":"Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"Western Story Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Story_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ls-12"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Radio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"},{"link_name":"Edwardian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"The Pall Mall Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Cassell's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassell%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Story-Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story-Teller"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-13"},{"link_name":"Der Orchideengarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Orchideengarten"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Peak of popularity","text":"At their peak of popularity in the 1920s–1940s,[10] the most successful pulps sold up to one million copies per issue. In 1934, Frank Gruber said there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book and Short Stories, collectively described by some pulp historians as \"The Big Four\".[11] Among the best-known other titles of this period were Amazing Stories, Black Mask, Dime Detective, Flying Aces, Horror Stories, Love Story Magazine, Marvel Tales,[12] Oriental Stories, Planet Stories, Spicy Detective, Startling Stories, Thrilling Wonder Stories, Unknown, Weird Tales and Western Story Magazine.[12]During the economic hardships of the Great Depression, pulps provided affordable content to the masses, and were one of the primary forms of entertainment, along with film and radio.[10]Although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the Edwardian era and World War II. Notable UK pulps included The Pall Mall Magazine, The Novel Magazine, Cassell's Magazine, The Story-Teller, The Sovereign Magazine, Hutchinson's Adventure-Story and Hutchinson's Mystery-Story.[13] The German fantasy magazine Der Orchideengarten had a similar format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper and heavily illustrated.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DetectiveBookMagazine002.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952sum_n6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tops_in_Science_Fiction_Fall_1953.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen%27s_Mystery_Magazine"},{"link_name":"digest size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_size"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"comic-books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"paperback novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperback"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-illustrationhistory.org-10"},{"link_name":"men's adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_adventure"},{"link_name":"American News Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_News_Company"},{"link_name":"The Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Doc Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Savage_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahgttp-7"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"digest size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_size"},{"link_name":"Analog Science Fiction and Fact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"Perry Rhodan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Rhodan"},{"link_name":"Harry Steeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Steeger"},{"link_name":"Popular Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Publications"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining02-16"},{"link_name":"Hugh B. Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_B._Cave"},{"link_name":"Robert Leslie Bellem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Bellem"}],"sub_title":"World War II and market decline","text":"Pulp magazines began to decline during the 1940s, giving way to paperbacks, comics and digest-sized novelsDuring the Second World War paper shortages had a serious impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs and the decline of the pulps. Following the model of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in 1941, some magazines began to switch to digest size: smaller, sometimes thicker magazines. In 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce slicks.[15]Competition from comic-books and paperback novels further eroded the pulps' market share, but it has been suggested the widespread expansion of television also drew away the readership of the pulps.[10] In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant. In the 1950s, men's adventure magazines also began to draw some former pulp readers.The 1957 liquidation of the American News Company, then the primary distributor of pulp magazines, has sometimes been taken as marking the end of the \"pulp era\"; by that date, many of the famous pulps of the previous generation, including Black Mask, The Shadow, Doc Savage, and Weird Tales, were defunct (though some of those titles have been revived in various formats in the decades since).[7] Almost all of the few remaining former pulp magazines are science fiction or mystery magazines, now in formats similar to \"digest size\", such as Analog Science Fiction and Fact, though the most durable revival of Weird Tales began in pulp format, though published on good-quality paper. The old format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly Perry Rhodan (over 3,000 issues as of 2019).Over the course of their evolution, there were a huge number of pulp magazine titles; Harry Steeger of Popular Publications claimed that his company alone had published over 300, and at their peak they were publishing 42 titles per month.[16] Many titles of course survived only briefly. While the most popular titles were monthly, many were bimonthly and some were quarterly.The collapse of the pulp industry changed the landscape of publishing because pulps were the single largest sales outlet for short stories. Combined with the decrease in slick magazine fiction markets, writers trying to support themselves by creating fiction switched to novels and book-length anthologies of shorter pieces. Some ex-pulp writers like Hugh B. Cave and Robert Leslie Bellem had moved on to writing for television by the 1950s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genre fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_fiction"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_novel"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_fiction"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_fiction"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"soft porn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_porn"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_(genre)"},{"link_name":"occult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"weird menace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_menace"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"série noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_fiction"},{"link_name":"crime fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_fiction"},{"link_name":"Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerns"},{"link_name":"dime Westerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_Western"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Arthur Roy Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Roy_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"American Old West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Old_West"},{"link_name":"men's adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_adventure"},{"link_name":"serialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories"},{"link_name":"Black Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)"}],"text":"Pulp magazines often contained a wide variety of genre fiction, including, but not limited to:adventure\naviation\ndetective/mystery\nespionage\nfantasy\ngangster\n\"girlie pulps\",[17] also called \"saucy/spicy pulps\" or \"sex pulps\" (including soft porn)\nhorror/occult (including \"weird menace\")\nhumor\nrailroad\nromance\nscience fiction\nsérie noire (French crime fiction)\nsports\nwar\nWesterns (also see dime Westerns); the Colorado artist Arthur Roy Mitchell is particularly known for his sketches of the covers of such magazines.The American Old West was a mainstay genre of early turn of the 20th-century novels as well as later pulp magazines, and lasted longest of all the traditional pulps. In many ways, the later men's adventure (\"the sweats\") was the replacement of pulps.Many classic science fiction and crime novels were originally serialized in pulp magazines such as Weird Tales, Amazing Stories, and Black Mask.","title":"Genres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Continental Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continental_Op"},{"link_name":"Doc Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Savage"},{"link_name":"The Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchison-18"},{"link_name":"The Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenger_(pulp-magazine_character)"},{"link_name":"The Black Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Bat"},{"link_name":"Captain Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Future"},{"link_name":"El Coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Coyote_(character)"},{"link_name":"Dan Turner, Hollywood Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Turner,_Hollywood_Detective"},{"link_name":"Doc Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Savage"},{"link_name":"Doctor Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Death_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Yen Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Yen_Sin"},{"link_name":"G-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-8_(character)"},{"link_name":"Hopalong Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopalong_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Ka-Zar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-Zar_(pulp_series)"},{"link_name":"Lord Lister (aka Raffles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_(Lord_Lister)"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter_(literary_character)"},{"link_name":"Operator No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_No._5"},{"link_name":"The Phantom Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Detective"},{"link_name":"Secret Agent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Agent_X"},{"link_name":"The Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow"},{"link_name":"The Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spider"},{"link_name":"All-Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"Biggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggles"},{"link_name":"Bran Mak Morn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran_Mak_Morn"},{"link_name":"Buck Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Conan the Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"The Continental Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Continental_Op"},{"link_name":"Domino Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Lady"},{"link_name":"The Eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eel_(fictional_character)"},{"link_name":"Green Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lama"},{"link_name":"Jim Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Anthony"},{"link_name":"John Carter of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_of_Mars"},{"link_name":"Jules de Grandin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Grandin"},{"link_name":"Khlit the Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlit_the_Cossack"},{"link_name":"Kull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kull_of_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"Moon Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Man_(literary_character)"},{"link_name":"Sexton Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexton_Blake"},{"link_name":"Solomon Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Kane"},{"link_name":"Tarzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan"},{"link_name":"Zorro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorro"}],"text":"November 1927 issue of Black Mask, featuring The Continental OpWhile the majority of pulp magazines were anthology titles featuring many different authors, characters and settings, some of the most enduring magazines were those that featured a single recurring character. These were often referred to as \"hero pulps\" because the recurring character was almost always a larger-than-life hero in the mold of Doc Savage or The Shadow.[18]Popular pulp characters that headlined in their own magazines:The Avenger\nThe Black Bat\nCaptain Future\nEl Coyote\nDan Turner, Hollywood Detective\nDoc Savage\nDoctor Death\nDr. Yen Sin\nG-8\nHopalong Cassidy\nKa-Zar\nLord Lister (aka Raffles)\nNick Carter\nOperator No. 5\nThe Phantom Detective\nSecret Agent X\nThe Shadow\nThe SpiderPopular pulp characters who appeared in anthology titles such as All-Story or Weird Tales:Biggles\nBran Mak Morn\nBuck Rogers\nConan the Barbarian\nThe Continental Op\nDomino Lady\nThe Eel\nGreen Lama\nJim Anthony\nJohn Carter of Mars\nJules de Grandin\nKhlit the Cossack\nKull\nMoon Man\nSexton Blake\nSolomon Kane\nTarzan\nZorro","title":"Notable original characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"damsels in distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress"},{"link_name":"hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero"},{"link_name":"N. C. Wyeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._C._Wyeth"},{"link_name":"Edgar Franklin Wittmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Franklin_Wittmack"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Walter M. Baumhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_M._Baumhofer"},{"link_name":"Earle K. Bergey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_K._Bergey"},{"link_name":"Margaret Brundage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Brundage"},{"link_name":"Edd Cartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edd_Cartier"},{"link_name":"Virgil Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Finlay"},{"link_name":"Frank R. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Paul"},{"link_name":"Norman Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Emmett Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Watson_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Nick Eggenhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Eggenhofer"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Hugh J. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._Ward"},{"link_name":"George Rozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Rozen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Belarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Belarski"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"crosshatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosshatch"},{"link_name":"pointillism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism"}],"text":"Pulp covers were printed in color on higher-quality (slick) paper. They were famous for their half-dressed damsels in distress, usually awaiting a rescuing hero. Cover art played a major part in the marketing of pulp magazines. The early pulp magazines could boast covers by some distinguished American artists; The Popular Magazine had covers by N. C. Wyeth, and Edgar Franklin Wittmack contributed cover art to Argosy[19] and Short Stories.[20] Later, many artists specialized in creating covers mainly for the pulps; a number of the most successful cover artists became as popular as the authors featured on the interior pages. Among the most famous pulp artists were Walter M. Baumhofer, Earle K. Bergey, Margaret Brundage, Edd Cartier, Virgil Finlay, Frank R. Paul, Norman Saunders, Emmett Watson, Nick Eggenhofer, (who specialized in Western illustrations), Hugh J. Ward, George Rozen, and Rudolph Belarski.[21] Covers were important enough to sales that sometimes they would be designed first; authors would then be shown the cover art and asked to write a story to match.Later pulps began to feature interior illustrations, depicting elements of the stories. The drawings were printed in black ink on the same cream-colored paper used for the text, and had to use specific techniques to avoid blotting on the coarse texture of the cheap pulp. Thus, fine lines and heavy detail were usually not an option. Shading was by crosshatching or pointillism, and even that had to be limited and coarse. Usually the art was black lines on the paper's background, but Finlay and a few others did some work that was primarily white lines against large dark areas.","title":"Illustrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"dictation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictation_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"stenographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenographer"},{"link_name":"typists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_typist"},{"link_name":"Upton Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"cash flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivant Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivant_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_H._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All-Story Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_All-Story_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Harry E. Maule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_E._Maule&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Short Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stories_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Donald Kennicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Kennicott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blue Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Book_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Shaw_(editor)"},{"link_name":"Black Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Farnsworth Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnsworth_Wright"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"Oriental Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Stories"},{"link_name":"John W. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Campbell"},{"link_name":"Astounding Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact"},{"link_name":"Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Daisy Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Bacon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Another way pulps kept costs down was by paying authors less than other markets; thus many eminent authors started out in the pulps before they were successful enough to sell to better-paying markets, and similarly, well-known authors whose careers were slumping or who wanted a few quick dollars could bolster their income with sales to pulps. Additionally, some of the earlier pulps solicited stories from amateurs who were quite happy to see their words in print and could thus be paid token amounts.[22]There were also career pulp writers, capable of turning out huge amounts of prose on a steady basis, often with the aid of dictation to stenographers, machines or typists. Before he became a novelist, Upton Sinclair was turning out at least 8,000 words per day seven days a week for the pulps, keeping two stenographers fully employed. Pulps would often have their authors use multiple pen names so that they could use multiple stories by the same person in one issue, or use a given author's stories in three or more successive issues, while still appearing to have varied content. One advantage pulps provided to authors was that they paid upon acceptance for material instead of on publication. Since a story might be accepted months or even years before publication, to a working writer this was a crucial difference in cash flow.Some pulp editors became known for cultivating good fiction and interesting features in their magazines. Preeminent pulp magazine editors included Arthur Sullivant Hoffman (Adventure),[23] Robert H. Davis (All-Story Weekly), Harry E. Maule (Short Stories),[24] Donald Kennicott (Blue Book), Joseph Shaw (Black Mask), Farnsworth Wright (Weird Tales, Oriental Stories), John W. Campbell (Astounding Science Fiction, Unknown) and Daisy Bacon (Love Story Magazine, Detective Story Magazine).[25]","title":"Authors and editors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poul Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Charles Beadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Beadle"},{"link_name":"H. Bedford-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bedford-Jones"},{"link_name":"Robert Leslie Bellem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Bellem"},{"link_name":"E. F. Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Benson"},{"link_name":"Alfred Bester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bester"},{"link_name":"Robert Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bloch"},{"link_name":"B. M. Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._M._Bower"},{"link_name":"Leigh Brackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Brackett"},{"link_name":"Ray Bradbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury"},{"link_name":"Max Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Brand"},{"link_name":"William Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brandon_(author)"},{"link_name":"Fredric Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Brown"},{"link_name":"John Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"F. R. Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Robert_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Edgar Rice Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"William S. Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Ellis Parker Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Parker_Butler"},{"link_name":"Paul Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cain_(pen_name)"},{"link_name":"Hugh B. Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_B._Cave"},{"link_name":"Paul Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Chadwick_(author)"},{"link_name":"Raymond Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Joseph Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Stephen Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crane"},{"link_name":"Ray Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Tom Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Curry_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Carroll John Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_John_Daly"},{"link_name":"Lester Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Dent"},{"link_name":"August Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick"},{"link_name":"J. Allan Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allan_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Lord Dunsany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dunsany"},{"link_name":"C. M. Eddy Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Eddy_Jr."},{"link_name":"Arthur Guy Empey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Guy_Empey"},{"link_name":"George Allan England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allan_England"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"C. S. Forester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Forester"},{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Arthur O. Friel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Friel"},{"link_name":"Erle Stanley Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Walter B. Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_B._Gibson"},{"link_name":"David Goodis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Goodis"},{"link_name":"L. Patrick Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Patrick_Greene"},{"link_name":"Zane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Grey"},{"link_name":"Frank Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gruber_(writer)"},{"link_name":"H. Rider Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Edmond Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Dashiell Hammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett"},{"link_name":"Margie Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margie_Harris"},{"link_name":"Victor Headley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Headley"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein"},{"link_name":"O. Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Howard"},{"link_name":"L. Ron Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Carl Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Richard_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"John Jakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jakes"},{"link_name":"Ardyth Kennelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardyth_Kennelly"},{"link_name":"Donald Keyhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Henry Kuttner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kuttner"},{"link_name":"Harold Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Louis L'Amour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour"},{"link_name":"Margery Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Fritz Leiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber"},{"link_name":"Murray Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Leinster"},{"link_name":"Elmore John Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Giles A. Lutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_A._Lutz"},{"link_name":"John D. MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._MacDonald"},{"link_name":"William Colt MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Colt_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Elmer Brown Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Brown_Mason"},{"link_name":"F. Van Wyck Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Van_Wyck_Mason"},{"link_name":"Horace McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Johnston McCulley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_McCulley"},{"link_name":"Eldred Kurtz Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_Kurtz_Means"},{"link_name":"Merriam Modell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam_Modell"},{"link_name":"C. L. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._L._Moore"},{"link_name":"Frederick Ferdinand Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ferdinand_Moore"},{"link_name":"Walt Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Morey"},{"link_name":"Talbot Mundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Mundy"},{"link_name":"Philip Francis Nowlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Francis_Nowlan"},{"link_name":"Fulton Oursler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_Oursler"},{"link_name":"Hugh Pendexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Pendexter"},{"link_name":"Emil Petaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Petaja"},{"link_name":"E. Hoffmann Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Hoffmann_Price"},{"link_name":"Ellery Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery_Queen"},{"link_name":"Seabury Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabury_Quinn"},{"link_name":"John H. Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Reese"},{"link_name":"Arthur B. Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Reeve"},{"link_name":"Tod Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Sax Rohmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sax_Rohmer"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roscoe"},{"link_name":"Rafael Sabatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini"},{"link_name":"Charles Alden Seltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alden_Seltzer"},{"link_name":"Stephen Shadegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Shadegg"},{"link_name":"Richard S. Shaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Shaver"},{"link_name":"Robert Silverberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Silverberg"},{"link_name":"Bertrand William Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_William_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Upton Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Arthur D. Howden Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Howden_Smith"},{"link_name":"Clark Ashton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Ashton_Smith"},{"link_name":"E. E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Smith"},{"link_name":"Mickey Spillane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Spillane"},{"link_name":"T. S. Stribling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling"},{"link_name":"Jim Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thompson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thursday"},{"link_name":"W. C. Tuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._C._Tuttle"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Jack Vance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Vance"},{"link_name":"E. C. Vivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._C._Vivian"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wallace"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Henry S. Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Raoul Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Cornell Woolrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Woolrich"},{"link_name":"Gordon Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Young_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Well-known authors who wrote for pulps include:Poul Anderson\nIsaac Asimov\nCharles Beadle\nH. Bedford-Jones\nRobert Leslie Bellem\nE. F. Benson\nAlfred Bester\nRobert Bloch\nB. M. Bower\nLeigh Brackett\nRay Bradbury\nMax Brand\nWilliam Brandon\nFredric Brown\nJohn Buchan\nF. R. Buckley\nEdgar Rice Burroughs\nWilliam S. Burroughs\nEllis Parker Butler\nPaul Cain\nHugh B. Cave\nPaul Chadwick\nRaymond Chandler\nAgatha Christie\nArthur C. Clarke\nJoseph Conrad\nStephen Crane\nRay Cummings\nTom Curry\nCarroll John Daly\nLester Dent\nAugust Derleth\nPhilip K. Dick\nJ. Allan Dunn\nLord Dunsany\nC. M. Eddy Jr.\nArthur Guy Empey\nGeorge Allan England\nPhilip José Farmer\nC. S. Forester\nF. Scott Fitzgerald\nArthur O. Friel\nErle Stanley Gardner\nWalter B. Gibson\nDavid Goodis\nL. Patrick Greene\nZane Grey\nFrank Gruber\nH. Rider Haggard\nEdmond Hamilton\nDashiell Hammett\nMargie Harris\nVictor Headley\nRobert A. Heinlein\nO. Henry\nFrank Herbert\nRobert E. Howard\nL. Ron Hubbard\nCarl Jacobi\nJohn Jakes\nArdyth Kennelly\nDonald Keyhoe\nRudyard Kipling\nHenry Kuttner\nHarold Lamb\nLouis L'Amour\nMargery Lawrence\nFritz Leiber\nMurray Leinster\nElmore John Leonard\nJack London\nH. P. Lovecraft\nGiles A. Lutz\nJohn D. MacDonald\nWilliam Colt MacDonald\nElmer Brown Mason\nF. Van Wyck Mason\nHorace McCoy\nJohnston McCulley\nEldred Kurtz Means\nMerriam Modell\nC. L. Moore\nFrederick Ferdinand Moore\nWalt Morey\nTalbot Mundy\nPhilip Francis Nowlan\nFulton Oursler\nHugh Pendexter\nEmil Petaja\nE. Hoffmann Price\nEllery Queen\nSeabury Quinn\nJohn H. Reese\nArthur B. Reeve\nTod Robbins\nSax Rohmer\nTheodore Roscoe\nRafael Sabatini\nCharles Alden Seltzer\nStephen Shadegg\nRichard S. Shaver\nRobert Silverberg\nBertrand William Sinclair\nUpton Sinclair\nArthur D. Howden Smith\nClark Ashton Smith\nE. E. Smith\nMickey Spillane\nT. S. Stribling\nJim Thompson\nThomas Thursday\nW. C. Tuttle\nMark Twain\nJack Vance\nE. C. Vivian\nEdgar Wallace\nH. G. Wells\nHenry S. Whitehead\nRaoul Whitfield\nTennessee Williams\nP. G. Wodehouse\nCornell Woolrich\nGordon YoungSinclair Lewis, first American winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, worked as an editor for Adventure, writing filler paragraphs (brief facts or amusing anecdotes designed to fill small gaps in page layout), advertising copy and a few stories.[26]","title":"Authors featured"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg"},{"link_name":"A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Wyn%27s_Magazine_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Better/Standard/Thrilling (The Thrilling Group)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrilling_Publications"},{"link_name":"William Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clayton_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Publications"},{"link_name":"Future Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"Dell Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Doubleday, Page and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Short Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Stories_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Fiction House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_House"},{"link_name":"Planet Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Stories"},{"link_name":"Frank A. Munsey Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Munsey"},{"link_name":"Argosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Harold Hersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hersey"},{"link_name":"Gangster Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_Stories"},{"link_name":"Harry Donenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Donenfeld"},{"link_name":"Hugo Gernsback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback"},{"link_name":"Amazing Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories"},{"link_name":"Wonder Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Stories"},{"link_name":"Weird Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Tales"},{"link_name":"Martin Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-13"},{"link_name":"Popular Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Publications"},{"link_name":"The Ridgway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"Everybody's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Street & Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_%26_Smith"}],"text":"Cover of the pulp magazine Dime Mystery Book Magazine, January 1933A. A. Wyn's Magazine Publishers (Periodical House/Ace Magazines) published Secret Agent X, Flying Aces and others\nBetter/Standard/Thrilling (The Thrilling Group) published Captain Future, Startling Stories, The Phantom Detective, and The Black Bat.\nWilliam Clayton published Ginger Stories, Pep Stories and Snappy Stories\nColumbia Publications published Future Science Fiction, Science Fiction, and Science Fiction Quarterly\nDell Publishing published I Confess\nDoubleday, Page and Company published Short Stories, West and The Frontier\nFiction House published Planet Stories\nFrank A. Munsey Co. published Argosy\nHarold Hersey published Gangster Stories\nHarry Donenfeld's Culture Publications published Spicy Detective, Spicy Mystery and Spicy Adventure\nHugo Gernsback published Amazing Stories and Wonder Stories\nJ. C. Henneberger's Rural Publications published Weird Tales and Oriental Tales\nMartin Goodman published Ka-Zar, Marvel Tales and Marvel Science Stories\nHutchinson, main publisher of UK pulps[13]\nPopular Publications published The Spider, G-8, Horror Stories, Black Mask, True Love and later Argosy\nThe Ridgway Company published Adventure, Everybody's Magazine and Romance\nStreet & Smith published Astounding, Unknown, Doc Savage and The Shadow\nCourtland Young's C.H. Young Publishing published Breezy Stories","title":"Publishers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Pulpster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pulpster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pulpcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulpcon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PulpFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PulpFest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Will Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Murray"},{"link_name":"Mike Resnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Resnick"},{"link_name":"Hugh B. Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_B._Cave"},{"link_name":"Jessica Amanda Salmonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Amanda_Salmonson"},{"link_name":"Chet Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Williamson"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction"},{"link_name":"working title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_title"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"pulp magazine of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"McSweeney's Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_McSweeney%27s_Quarterly_Concern"},{"link_name":"Michael Chabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chabon"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"Nick Hornby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hornby"},{"link_name":"Aimee Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Bender"},{"link_name":"Dave Eggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Eggers"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"DC Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Thomson"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bizarchives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//thebizarchives.com"}],"text":"The term pulp fiction is often used for massmarket paperbacks since the 1950s. The Browne Popular Culture Library News noted:Many of the paperback houses that contributed to the decline of the genre–Ace, Dell, Avon, among others–were actually started by pulp magazine publishers. They had the presses, the expertise, and the newsstand distribution networks which made the success of the mass-market paperback possible. These pulp-oriented paperback houses mined the old magazines for reprints. This kept pulp literature, if not pulp magazines, alive. The Return of the Continental Op reprints material first published in Black Mask; Five Sinister Characters contains stories first published in Dime Detective; and The Pocket Book of Science Fiction collects material from Thrilling Wonder Stories, Astounding Science Fiction and Amazing Stories.[27] But note that mass market paperbacks are not pulps.In 1991, The Pulpster debuted at that year's Pulpcon, the annual pulp magazine convention that had begun in 1972. The magazine, devoted to the history and legacy of the pulp magazines, has published each year since. It now appears in connection with PulpFest, the summer pulp convention that grew out of and replaced Pulpcon. The Pulpster was originally edited by Tony Davis and is currently edited by William Lampkin, who also runs the website ThePulp.Net. Contributors have included Don Hutchison, Robert Sampson, Will Murray, Al Tonik, Nick Carr, Mike Resnick, Hugh B. Cave, Joseph Wrzos, Jessica Amanda Salmonson, Chet Williamson, and many others. [28]In 1992, Rich W. Harvey came out with a magazine called Pulp Adventures reprinting old classics. It came out regularly until 2001, and then started up again in 2014.[29]In 1994, Quentin Tarantino directed the film Pulp Fiction. The working title of the film was Black Mask,[30] in homage to the pulp magazine of that name, and it embodied the seedy, violent, often crime-related spirit found in pulp magazines.In 1997 C. Cazadessus Jr. launched Pulpdom, a continuation of his Hugo Award-winning ERB-dom which began in 1960. It ran for 75 issues and featured articles about the content and selected fiction from the pulps. It became Pulpdom Online in 2013 and continues quarterly publication.After 2000, several small independent publishers released magazines which published short fiction, either short stories or novel-length presentations, in the tradition of the pulp magazines of the early 20th century. These included Blood 'N Thunder, High Adventure and a short-lived magazine which revived the title Argosy. These specialist publications, printed in limited press runs, were pointedly not printed on the brittle, high-acid wood pulp paper of the old publications and were not mass market publications targeted at a wide audience. In 2004, Lost Continent Library published Secret of the Amazon Queen by E.A. Guest, their first contribution to a \"New Pulp Era\", featuring the hallmarks of pulp fiction for contemporary mature readers: violence, horror and sex. E.A. Guest was likened to a blend of pulp era icon Talbot Mundy and Stephen King by real-life explorer David Hatcher Childress.In 2002, the tenth issue of McSweeney's Quarterly was guest edited by Michael Chabon. Published as McSweeney's Mammoth Treasury of Thrilling Tales, it is a collection of \"pulp fiction\" stories written by such current well-known authors as Stephen King, Nick Hornby, Aimee Bender and Dave Eggers. Explaining his vision for the project, Chabon wrote in the introduction, \"I think that we have forgotten how much fun reading a short story can be, and I hope that if nothing else, this treasury goes some small distance toward reminding us of that lost but fundamental truth.\"The Scottish publisher DC Thomson publishes \"My Weekly Compact Novel\" every week.[31] It is literally a pulp novel, though it does not fall into the hard-edged genre most associated with pulp fiction.[citation needed]From 2006 through 2019, Anthony Tollin's imprint Sanctum Books has reprinted all 182 Doc Savage pulp novels, all 24 of Paul Ernst's Avenger novels, the 14 Whisperer novels from the original pulp series and all but three novels of the entire run of The Shadow (most of his publications featuring two novels in one book).[32]In 2021 Dave Martel started to release issues of Bizarchives, a publication of modern-day pulp fiction and weird tales.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"From Pulp Hero to Superhero: Culture, Race, and Identity in AmericanPopular Culture, 1900–1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//scholarship.rollins.edu/as_facpub/2/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120330220838/http://scholarship.rollins.edu/as_facpub/2/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886937-74-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-74-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886937-45-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-45-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886937-68-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-68-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7858-1707-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1707-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-886937-83-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886937-83-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9786836-2-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9786836-2-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-922915-81-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-81-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-933112-30-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933112-30-5"}],"text":"Chambliss, Julian and William Svitavsky, \"From Pulp Hero to Superhero: Culture, Race, and Identity in AmericanPopular Culture, 1900–1940 Archived March 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine,\" Studies in American Culture 30 (1) (October 2008)\nEllis, Doug. Uncovered: The Hidden Art of the Girlie Pulps – Gold Medal Winner for Best Popular Culture Book BEA 2004 (Adventure House, −2003) ISBN 1-886937-74-5\nGunnison, Locke and Ellis. Adventure House Guide to the Pulps (Adventure House, 2000) ISBN 1-886937-45-1\nHersey, Harold. The New Pulpwood Editor (Adventure House, 2003) ISBN 1-886937-68-0\nLesser, Robert. Pulp Art: Original Cover Paintings for the Great American Pulp Magazines (Book Sales, 2003) ISBN 0-7858-1707-7\nLocke, John-editor. Pulp Fictioneers – Adventures in the Storytelling Business (Adventure House, 2004) ISBN 1-886937-83-4\nLocke, John-editor. Pulpwood Days – Vol. 1 Editors You Want To Know (Off-Trail Publications, 2007) ISBN 0-9786836-2-5\nParfrey, Adam, et al. It's a Man's World: Men's Adventure Magazines, the Postwar Pulps (Feral House, 2003) ISBN 0-922915-81-4\nRobinson, Frank and Davidson, Lawrence. Pulp Culture (Collector's Press, 2007) ISBN 978-1-933112-30-5","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89370-161-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89370-161-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-394-44186-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-44186-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87000-172-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87000-172-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89296-191-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89296-191-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-936071-09-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936071-09-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55742-111-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55742-111-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87972-217-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-217-7"}],"text":"Dinan, John A. (1983). The Pulp Western: A Popular History of the Western Fiction Magazine in America. Borgo Press. ISBN 0-89370-161-0.\nGoodstone, Tony (1970). The Pulps: 50 Years of American Pop Culture. Bonanza Books (Crown Publishers, Inc.). ISBN 978-0-394-44186-3.\nGoulart, Ron (1972). Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazine. Arlington House. ISBN 978-0-87000-172-7.\nGoulart, Ron (1988). The Dime Detectives. Mysterious Press. ISBN 0-89296-191-0.\nHamilton, Frank and Hullar, Link (1988). Amazing Pulp Heroes. Gryphon Books. ISBN 0-936071-09-5.\nRobbins, Leonard A. (1988). The Pulp Magazine Index (six volumes). Starmont House. ISBN 1-55742-111-0.\nSampson, Robert (1983). Yesterday's Faces: A Study of Series Characters in the Early Pulp Magazines. Volume 1 Glory Figures. Vol. 2 Strange Days. Vol. 3 From the Dark Side. Vol. 4 The Solvers. Vol 5. Dangerous Horizons. Vol. 6. Violent Lives. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-217-7.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cover of the pulp magazine Spicy Detective Stories vol. 2, #6 (April 1935) featuring \"Bullet from Nowhere\" by Robert Leslie Bellem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg/180px-Spicy_Detective_Stories_April_1935.jpg"},{"image_text":"November 1927 issue of Black Mask, featuring The Continental Op","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg/220px-Black_Mask_November_1927_-_Poisonville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cover of the pulp magazine Dime Mystery Book Magazine, January 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg/180px-Dime_Mystery_Book_Magazine_January_1933.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"B movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"title":"Crimefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimefighters"},{"title":"Dime novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime_novel"},{"title":"George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kelley_Paperback_and_Pulp_Fiction_Collection"},{"title":"Hard Case Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Case_Crime"},{"title":"Il Giallo Mondadori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Giallo_Mondadori"},{"title":"Science fiction magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine"}]
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[{"reference":"Davis, Tony (October 1, 2021). \"Pulps: the early years\". ThePulp.Net. Retrieved March 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepulp.net/pulp-articles/pulps-the-early-years/","url_text":"\"Pulps: the early years\""}]},{"reference":"Romney, Rebecca (April 6, 2018). \"When Classic Detective Novels Became Sexy Pulps\". CrimeReads. Retrieved July 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://crimereads.com/when-classic-detective-novels-became-sexy-pulps/","url_text":"\"When Classic Detective Novels Became Sexy Pulps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrimeReads","url_text":"CrimeReads"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Sarah Rose (August 4, 2021). \"The Erotic Nostalgia of Lesbian Pulp Fiction\". Hyperallergic. Retrieved July 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hyperallergic.com/667108/erotic-nostalgia-of-lesbian-pulp-fiction/","url_text":"\"The Erotic Nostalgia of Lesbian Pulp Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperallergic","url_text":"Hyperallergic"}]},{"reference":"Rabinowitz, Paula (2014). American Pulp: How Paperbacks Brought Modernism to Main Street. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691150604","url_text":"978-0691150604"}]},{"reference":"Hoglund, Johan (March 16, 2016). The American Imperial Gothic: Popular Culture, Empire, Violence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-04519-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XBrACwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sensation+novel%22+vs+%22pulp+fiction%22&pg=PA42","url_text":"The American Imperial Gothic: Popular Culture, Empire, Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04519-9","url_text":"978-1-317-04519-9"}]},{"reference":"Acting with the Voice: The Art of Recording Books. Hal Leonard Corporation. 2004. ISBN 978-0-87910-301-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_o3fI-b5WGAC&dq=%22Sensation+novel%22+vs+%22pulp+fiction%22&pg=PA146","url_text":"Acting with the Voice: The Art of Recording Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-301-9","url_text":"978-0-87910-301-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Pulp Illustration: Pulp Magazines – Illustration History\". illustrationhistory.org. Archived from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.illustrationhistory.org/genres/pulp-illustration-pulp-magazines","url_text":"\"Pulp Illustration: Pulp Magazines – Illustration History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214193300/https://www.illustrationhistory.org/genres/pulp-illustration-pulp-magazines","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hulse, Ed (2009). \"The Big Four (Plus One)\". The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps. Murania Press. pp. 19–47. ISBN 978-0-9795955-0-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9795955-0-9","url_text":"978-0-9795955-0-9"}]},{"reference":"Server, Lee (1993). Danger Is My Business: an illustrated history of the Fabulous Pulp Magazines. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. pp. 62–65. ISBN 978-0-8118-0112-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Server","url_text":"Server, Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-0112-6","url_text":"978-0-8118-0112-6"}]},{"reference":"Haining, Peter (1975). The Fantastic Pulps. Vintage Books, a division of Random House. ISBN 0-394-72109-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72109-8","url_text":"0-394-72109-8"}]},{"reference":"Hutchison, Don (1995). The Great Pulp Heroes. Mosaic Press. ISBN 0-88962-585-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88962-585-9","url_text":"0-88962-585-9"}]},{"reference":"Hulse, Ed (2009). The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Collecting Pulps. Muriana Press. pp. 26, 163. ISBN 978-0979595509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979595509","url_text":"978-0979595509"}]},{"reference":"\"They Came from the Newsstand: Pulp Magazines from the Browne Library\". Browne Popular Culture Library News. Bowling Green State University. May 31, 1994. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073905/http://blogs.bgsu.edu/pclnews/?p=9","url_text":"\"They Came from the Newsstand: Pulp Magazines from the Browne Library\""},{"url":"http://blogs.bgsu.edu/pclnews/?p=9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About \"The Pulpster\"\". The Pulpster. March 5, 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepulpster.com/about/","url_text":"\"About \"The Pulpster\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230304045941/https://thepulpster.com/about/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stephensen-Payne, Phil (2018). \"Pulp Adventures\". Magazine Data File. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philsp.com/data/data392.html#PULPADVENTURES","url_text":"\"Pulp Adventures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195907/http://www.philsp.com/data/data392.html#PULPADVENTURES","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pulp Fiction (1994) – Release Info\". Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020 – via IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110912/releaseinfo","url_text":"\"Pulp Fiction (1994) – Release Info\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190312001546/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110912/releaseinfo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DC Thomson Shop – Home Page\". Dcthomson.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100818010637/http://www.dcthomson.co.uk/subscriptions/default.asp?pageName=productDetails&productID=15","url_text":"\"DC Thomson Shop – Home Page\""},{"url":"http://www.dcthomson.co.uk/subscriptions/default.asp?pageName=productDetails&productID=15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ten Years in the Shadow's Sanctum — Anthony Tollin's Sanctum Books – PulpFest\". Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulpfest.com/2016/06/ten-years-shadows-sanctum-anthony-tollins-sanctum-books/","url_text":"\"Ten Years in the Shadow's Sanctum — Anthony Tollin's Sanctum Books – PulpFest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923191858/https://www.pulpfest.com/2016/06/ten-years-shadows-sanctum-anthony-tollins-sanctum-books/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_chief
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Fire chief
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["1 Nomenclature","2 Appointment","3 Duties and functions","3.1 Administrative","3.2 Incident command","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Top executive rank or commanding officer in a fire department
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A fire chief or fire commissioner is a top executive rank or commanding officer in a fire department.
Nomenclature
Various official English-language titles for a fire chief include fire chief, chief fire officer and fire commissioner. The latter can refer to a fire chief or to an overseer who works for the local government. "Chief fire officer" is the usual title in the United Kingdom. Traditionally, a fire chief in Scotland was known as a "fire master", but this was changed in 2006.
The definition of the term fire officer varies by country, but generally refers to all firefighting personnel who have some command duties. This is comparable to the usage of "officer" in the military, rather than the term police officer. In fire departments of the United States, fire officers who are part of an engine company or other unit (lieutenants and captains) are company officers and those ranked higher (e.g. battalion chiefs) are chief officers.
Appointment
A fire chief is usually appointed by the authority who oversees the running of the fire department, such as the mayor for a municipal fire department.
It varies among countries as to whether it is the norm or not for fire chiefs to be former frontline firefighters. This is the case in the United States. It is also the norm in the United Kingdom, though in recent years there have been exceptions. By contrast, in France, fire officers and frontline firefighters are recruited separately in a similar way to the military.
Duties and functions
A fire chief's role varies considerably depending on the size of the department. Some countries have a single national fire service, such as Israel, New Zealand, and the Philippines. Conversely, some countries, like the United States and Germany, have autonomous fire departments even in small towns. Others organize their fire services based on subdivisions such as regions, counties, provinces or sub-national states.
The larger the fire department, the more ranks will exist in between the chief and regular firefighters, such as assistants or deputy chiefs. The chief of a small volunteer fire department is likely to be the main incident commander for the majority of their call-outs and is nearly always a volunteer as well. However, the chief of a large fire department is employed in a mostly administrative role, and will only be called out to the largest incidents.
Administrative
The fire chief is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day tasks of running a firefighting organization. Such tasks include supervising other officers and firefighters at an emergency scene and recruiting, training, and equipping them for their respective duties. Depending upon local needs and organization, the chief may also be involved in fire prevention, fire inspection, disaster preparedness, emergency medical services, and related disciplines, as well as administrative duties such as budgets and personnel issues, research into safety and regulations, and liaison with other agencies. The chief is answerable to the local or national government that oversees the fire service. As well as the position of chief of scheduling.
Incident command
During an emergency incident, the first fire officer on the scene must "establish command", which can then be transferred to more senior officers such as the chief. The chief may delegate some statutory powers to qualified officers, such as the ability to enter or use private property as reasonably necessary to stop a fire, or to order people or property seized as may be essential to preserving safety or investigating the cause of an incident.
A fire chief's vehicle is not only a means of transport, but can act as an incident command post and a contact point for media reporters.
See also
Chief justice
Chief of police
Deputy governor
Deputy president
Deputy prime minister
Firefighting
Government
Governor
Incident commander
President
Prime minister
References
^ Fire Chief: Description, Duties and Requirements
^ "Kent appoints first female Chief Fire Officer - FIRE". FIRE. Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
^ https://www.wafa.asn.au/wh/6807/images/Churchill-Report-Version-2-April-17.docx
^ Krystan Krailler (2007). "Fire department celebrates 20 years". Cincinnati Community Press. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
^ Eddie Burns Sr. (2007). "Fire Chief's Message". Dallas Fire-Rescue - City of Dallas, Texas. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
^ The Canadian Press (2007). "Fire trucks too heavy for highways, chief finds". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
External links
Official website of the National Fire Protection Association
Official website of the International Association of Fire Chiefs
Fire Chief magazine for fire protection officials
vteFirefightingPersonnel and organization
Battalion chief
Chief fire officer
Fire captain
Fire chief
Station officer
Retained firefighter
Fire marshal
Fire police
Firefighter assist and search team
Handcrew
Special operations firefighter
Volunteer fire department
Women in firefighting
Fire department ranks by country
Facilities
Drill tower
Fire department
list
Fire lookout tower
Fire station
Hose tower
Apparatus
Airport crash tender
Fire command vehicle
Fire engine
Fire motorcycle
Fireboat
Firefighting apparatus
Hazardous materials apparatus
Light and air unit
Quint
Rescue vehicle
Water tender
Equipment
Bunker gear
Escape chair
Fire blanket
Fire brigade keys
Fire bucket
Fire extinguisher
Fire hose
Fire hydrant
Fire proximity suit
Fire retardant
Fire shelter
Fireman's pole
Fireman's switch
Flame retardant
Fog nozzle
Halligan bar
Hard suction hose
Hazmat suit
Heat detector
Hose bridge
Hydraulic rescue tool ("Jaws of life")
Kelly tool
Nomex
New York roof hook
PASS device
The pig
Portable water tank
Rotary saw
Secure information box
Self-contained breathing apparatus
Siren
Smoke detector
Thermal imaging camera
Terminology
Backdraft
Barn fire
Chimney fire
Dead man zone
Deluge gun
Door breaching
Draft
False alarm
Fire class
Fire control
Fire safety
Fire triangle
Fireman's carry
Firewall
Flash fire
Flashover
Gaseous fire suppression
Multiple-alarm fire
Rollover
Stop, drop and roll
Structure fire
Two-in, two-out
Ventilation
Miscellaneous
Candidate Physical Ability Test
Fire camp
Fire engine red
Fire photography
Fire protection engineering
Geography of firefighting
History of firefighting
International Association of Fire Fighters
International Firefighters' Day
List of firefighting films
Muster
Saint Florian
World Firefighters Games
World Police and Fire Games
WildfiresGeneral
Wildfire emergency management
Wildfire suppression
Equipment and tactics
Aerial firefighting
Controlled burn
Driptorch
Fire flapper
Fire hose
Fire lookout tower
Fire rake
Fire retardant
Fire retardant gel
Fire trail
Firebreak
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting foam
Helicopter bucket
Hose pack
McLeod
Modular Airborne FireFighting System
Pulaski
Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
Wildland fire engine
Wildland water tender
Personnel
Fire lookout
Handcrew
Helitack
Hotshot crew
Smokejumper
Wildland fire module
By location
Ancient Rome
Australia
United States
History
California
Washington
Lists
Glossary of wildfire terms
List of wildfires
See also
Template:Fire
Template:Fire protection
Category
Commons
Glossary
Index
Outline
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However, the chief of a large fire department is employed in a mostly administrative role, and will only be called out to the largest incidents.","title":"Duties and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firefighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting"},{"link_name":"firefighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dallas-5"},{"link_name":"fire prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_prevention"},{"link_name":"fire inspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_inspector"},{"link_name":"disaster preparedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_preparedness"},{"link_name":"emergency medical services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe-6"}],"sub_title":"Administrative","text":"The fire chief is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day tasks of running a firefighting organization. Such tasks include supervising other officers and firefighters at an emergency scene and recruiting, training, and equipping them for their respective duties.[5] Depending upon local needs and organization, the chief may also be involved in fire prevention, fire inspection, disaster preparedness, emergency medical services, and related disciplines, as well as administrative duties such as budgets and personnel issues, research into safety and regulations, and liaison with other agencies.[6] The chief is answerable to the local or national government that oversees the fire service. As well as the position of chief of scheduling.","title":"Duties and functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire chief's vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_chief%27s_vehicle"},{"link_name":"incident command post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incident_command_post"}],"sub_title":"Incident command","text":"During an emergency incident, the first fire officer on the scene must \"establish command\", which can then be transferred to more senior officers such as the chief. The chief may delegate some statutory powers to qualified officers, such as the ability to enter or use private property as reasonably necessary to stop a fire, or to order people or property seized as may be essential to preserving safety or investigating the cause of an incident.A fire chief's vehicle is not only a means of transport, but can act as an incident command post and a contact point for media reporters.","title":"Duties and functions"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Kent appoints first female Chief Fire Officer - FIRE\". FIRE. Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2018-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205847/https://www.fire-magazine.com/kent-appoints-first-female-chief-fire-officer","url_text":"\"Kent appoints first female Chief Fire Officer - FIRE\""},{"url":"https://www.fire-magazine.com/kent-appoints-first-female-chief-fire-officer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krystan Krailler (2007). \"Fire department celebrates 20 years\". Cincinnati Community Press. Retrieved September 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.communitypress.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070922/NEWS01/709220302/1099/RSS1007","url_text":"\"Fire department celebrates 20 years\""}]},{"reference":"Eddie Burns Sr. (2007). \"Fire Chief's Message\". Dallas Fire-Rescue - City of Dallas, Texas. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028115957/http://www.dallasfirerescue.com/Chiefs%20message.htm","url_text":"\"Fire Chief's Message\""},{"url":"http://www.dallasfirerescue.com/Chiefs%20message.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Canadian Press (2007). \"Fire trucks too heavy for highways, chief finds\". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070921.wfiretrucks0921/BNStory/National/home","url_text":"\"Fire trucks too heavy for highways, chief finds\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_women%27s_national_football_team
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Luxembourg women's national football team
|
["1 History","1.1 The beginning","2 Results and fixtures","2.1 2023","2.2 2024","3 Coaching staff","3.1 Current coaching staff","3.2 Manager history","4 Players","4.1 Current squad","4.2 Recent call-ups","5 Records","5.1 Most capped players","5.2 Top goalscorers","6 Competitive record","6.1 FIFA Women's World Cup","6.2 UEFA Women's Championship","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Women's national association football team representing Luxembourg
This article is about the women's team. For the men's team, see Luxembourg national football team.
LuxembourgAssociationFédération Luxembourgeoise de FootballConfederationUEFA (Europe)Head coachDan SantosMost capsAmy Thompson (41)Top scorerAmy Thompson (27)FIFA codeLUX
First colours
Second colours
FIFA rankingCurrent 116 1 (14 June 2024)Highest70 (December 2006)Lowest122 (April – August 2021)First international Luxembourg 0–4 Slovakia (Junglinster, Luxembourg; 18 November 2006)Biggest win Luxembourg 11–0 Tahiti (Molsheim, France; 19 February 2022)Biggest defeat Luxembourg 0–12 Poland (Koetschette, Luxembourg; 12 February 2014)
The Luxembourg women's national football team represents Luxembourg in international women's football.
Luxembourg women's national football team was founded in 2003, and played its first international game in 2006. They have been managed by Dan Santos since 2020.
History
The beginning
Luxembourg made their debut in the qualifying for the European Championships in 2009. Luxembourg were drawn in a group with Slovakia, Lithuania and Malta. Luxembourg finished in second place in the group. Luxembourg failed to qualify for the World Cup in Germany.
Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
Legend
Win
Draw
Lose
Fixture
2023
Luxembourg v Faroe Islands
8 April 2023 (2023-04-08) Friendly Luxembourg 2–1 Faroe Islands Parc Hosingen, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0
Thompson 50'
Miller 90+1'
Report
Sevdal 30'
Stadium: Stade Georges WohlfartAttendance: 312Referee: Audrey Gerbel (France)
Lithuania v Luxembourg
22 September 2023 (2023-09-22) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Lithuania 0–2 Luxembourg Jonava, Lithuania--:-- UTC±0
Report
Thompson 8'
Estevez Garcia 15' (pen.)
Stadium: Central Stadium of JonavaReferee: Lotta Vuorio (Finland)
Luxembourg v Georgia
26 September 2023 (2023-09-26) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Luxembourg 1–1 Georgia Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg19:30 UTC±0
Magalhães 34'
Report
Cheminava 27'
Stadium: Stade Émile MayrischReferee: Eirini Pingiou (Greece)
Luxembourg v Turkey
27 October 2023 (2023-10-27) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Luxembourg 0–4 Turkey Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0
Report
Sadıkoğlu 21', 45+2'
Topçu 52' (pen.)
Karabulut 84'
Stadium: Stade Émile MayrischReferee: Miriama Bočková (Slovakia)
Turkey v Luxembourg
31 October 2023 (2023-10-31) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Turkey 1–0 Luxembourg Çorum, Turkey--:-- UTC±0
Sadıkoğlu 14'
Report
Stadium: Çorum Sehir StadiReferee: Maral Mirzai Beni (Sweden)
Georgia v Luxembourg
1 December 2023 (2023-12-01) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Georgia 4–2 Luxembourg Tbilisi, Georgia--:-- UTC±0
Bakradze 66'
Chkonia 79'
Bukhrikidze 86'
Danelia 90+7'
Report
Machado 19'
Thompson 26'
Stadium: Mikheil Meskhi StadiumReferee: Lisa Benn (England)
Luxembourg v Lithuania
5 December 2023 (2023-12-05) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Luxembourg 1–1 Lithuania Differdange, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0
Lourenco Magalhães 26'
Report
Giržutaitė 86'
Stadium: Stade Municipal de la Ville de DifferdangeReferee: Franziska Wildfeuer (Germany
2024
Luxembourg v Albania
5 April UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Luxembourg 2–1 Albania Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0
C. Schmit 68'
Thompson 87'
Report
Gjini 43'
Stadium: Stade Emile MayrischReferee: Marina Zechner (Austria)
Albania v Luxembourg
4 June UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Albania 3–1 Luxembourg Elbasan, Albania--:-- UTC±0
Doçi 29' (pen.)
Krasniqi 45+2'
Berisha 46'
Report
Kremer 90+1'
Stadium: Elbasan ArenaReferee: Melek Dakan (Turkey)
Luxembourg v Estonia
12 July UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Luxembourg v Estonia --:-- UTC±0
Estonia v Luxembourg
16 July UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Estonia v Luxembourg --:-- UTC±0
Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – Soccerway.com
Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – FIFA.com
Coaching staff
Current coaching staff
As of 14 April 2021
Role
Name
Head coach
Dan Santos
Assistant coach
Cristina Correia
Assistant coach
Séraphin Ribeiro
Goalkeeping coach
Jean-Marie Noel
Fitness coach
Kevin Rutare
Team delegate
Liz Thill
Team delegate
Sylvie Vidal
Manager history
Romain Jean (2006–2012)
Ray Pye (2012–2017)
Samy Smaïli (2017–2020)
Dan Santos (2020–)
Players
Main article: List of Luxembourg women's international footballers
See also: Category:Luxembourg women's international footballers
Current squad
The following players were named for the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying match against Albania on 4 June 2024.
Caps and goals accurate as of match against Albania on 4 June 2024.
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1GK
Lucie Schlimé
(2003-09-19) 19 September 2003 (age 20)
27
0
First Vienna
1GK
Emma Goetz
(2006-01-06) 6 January 2006 (age 18)
1
0
SC Freiburg
1GK
Joy Jung
(2006-03-17) 17 March 2006 (age 18)
0
0
Royal Charleroi S.C.
2DF
Isabel Albert
(1995-05-10) 10 May 1995 (age 29)
23
1
WMG
2DF
Emma Kremer
(2000-07-28) 28 July 2000 (age 23)
22
1
Jeunesse Junglinster
2DF
Andreia Machado
(1995-04-01) 1 April 1995 (age 29)
13
1
Mamer 32
2DF
Ana Barbosa Abreu
(2007-05-13) 13 May 2007 (age 17)
11
0
Standard Liège
2DF
Rita Leite
(1997-07-14) 14 July 1997 (age 26)
10
1
Tirsense
2DF
Rachel Kirps
(2005-12-01) 1 December 2005 (age 18)
4
0
Standard Liège
2DF
Lena Goedert
(1996-10-07) 7 October 1996 (age 27)
2
0
WMG
3MF
Marta Estevez Garcia
(1997-06-05) 5 June 1997 (age 27)
38
5
Racing
3MF
Marisa Soares Marques
(1993-08-13) 13 August 1993 (age 30)
29
0
Differdange
3MF
Laura Miller (captain)
(2001-12-07) 7 December 2001 (age 22)
24
3
Standard Liège
3MF
Charlotte Schmit
(2006-01-17) 17 January 2006 (age 18)
17
1
SC Freiburg
3MF
Leila Schmit
(2006-11-09) 9 November 2006 (age 17)
12
0
SV Elversberg
3MF
Catarina Teixeira Lavinas
(2002-09-28) 28 September 2002 (age 21)
10
0
Racing
3MF
Anna Miny
(2007-05-23) 23 May 2007 (age 17)
1
0
TuS Issel
4FW
Amy Thompson
(1994-07-28) 28 July 1994 (age 29)
41
27
Mamer 32
4FW
Julie Marques Abreu
(2004-08-06) 6 August 2004 (age 19)
22
6
Young Boys Diekirch
4FW
Caroline Jorge
(2005-11-29) 29 November 2005 (age 18)
18
2
Standard Liège
4FW
Nathalie Ludwig
(1995-12-11) 11 December 1995 (age 28)
7
1
Racing
4FW
Leticia Mateus
(2004-07-31) 31 July 2004 (age 19)
4
0
Jeunesse Junglinster
4FW
Eva Marinelli
(2007-09-01) 1 September 2007 (age 16)
1
0
Mamer 32
Notes
INJ = Withdrew due to injury
PRE = Preliminary squad / standby
RET = Retired from the national team
SUS = Serving suspension
WD = Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.
Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up to the squad in the past 12 months.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
Latest call-up
GK
Lisi Oberweis
(1998-11-08) 8 November 1998 (age 25)
0
0
Union Mertert-Wasserbillig
v. Albania, 5 April 2024
GK
Céline Töpler
(2001-11-19) 19 November 2001 (age 22)
1
0
Differdange
v. Turkey, 31 October 2023
DF
Eva Fernandes
(2001-06-23) 23 June 2001 (age 22)
7
0
Jeunesse Junglinster
v. Albania, 5 April 2024
DF
Gwendy Merlevede
(2007-10-12) 12 October 2007 (age 16)
0
0
Jeunesse Junglinster
v. Albania, 5 April 2024
DF
Ella Schmit
(2007-05-16) 16 May 2007 (age 17)
0
0
Jeunesse Junglinster
v. Albania, 5 April 2024
DF
Kimberley Dos Santos
(1998-02-26) 26 February 1998 (age 26)
36
2
Racing
v. Lithuania, 5 December 2023
DF
Jessica Becker
(1999-12-09) 9 December 1999 (age 24)
13
0
WMG
v. Lithuania, 5 December 2023
DF
Liane Freymann
(2001-11-03) 3 November 2001 (age 22)
1
0
Ell
v. Lithuania, 5 December 2023
DF
Claudia Veloso
(1996-04-25) 25 April 1996 (age 28)
1
0
Racing
v. Turkey, 31 October 2023
MF
Andreia Faria
(2003-09-23) 23 September 2003 (age 20)
1
0
Ell
v. Turkey, 31 October 2023
FW
Joana Lourenco Magalhães
(2004-06-04) 4 June 2004 (age 20)
24
9
Young Boys Diekirch
v. Albania, 5 April 2024
FW
Kylie Merlevede
(2004-05-11) 11 May 2004 (age 20)
3
0
Jeunesse Junglinster
v. Albania, 5 April 2024
FW
Philippa Costa
(2001-10-18) 18 October 2001 (age 22)
0
0
Young Boys Diekirch
v. Lithuania, 5 December 2023
Records
Main article: List of Luxembourg women's international footballers
See also: Category:Luxembourg women's international footballers
*Active players in bold, statistics correct as of 4 June 2024.
Most capped players
Rank
Player
Caps
Goals
Years
1
Amy Thompson
41
27
2011–
2
Jessica Birkel
40
7
2006–2018
3
Marta Estevez Garcia
38
5
2016–
4
Kimberley Dos Santos
36
2
2016–
5
Marisa Soares Marques
29
0
2018–
6
Lucie Schlimé
27
0
2019–
7
Rosangela Settanni
26
3
2006–2013
8
Pascale Frising
25
1
2009–2017
9
Joana Lourenco Magalhães
24
9
2021–
Jessica Berscheid
24
0
2014–
Top goalscorers
Rank
Player
Caps
Goals
Years
1
Amy Thompson
41
27
2011–
2
Janine Hansen
21
10
2006–2013
3
Joana Lourenco Magalhães
24
9
2021–
4
Jessica Birkel
40
7
2006–2018
5
Karen Marin
12
6
2015–2018
Julie Marques Abreu
22
6
2019–
Sophie Maurer
18
6
2009–2016
8
Gabriela De Lemos
23
5
2013–
Marta Estevez Garcia
38
5
2016–
10
Laura Miller
24
3
2006–2013
Rosangela Settanni
26
3
2006–2013
Most goals in a match
Player
Date
Goals
Opponent
Location
Competition
Line-up
Joana Lourenco Magalhães
19 February 2022
5
Tahiti
Molsheim, France
International Friendly
Starting
Competitive record
FIFA Women's World Cup
FIFA Women's World Cup record
Qualification record
Year
Result
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
GD
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
GD
1991 to 2007
Did not exist
Did not exist
2011
Did not enter
Did not enter
2015
Did not qualify
3
0
1
2
1
8
-7
2019
3
0
0
3
3
21
-18
2023
10
3
0
7
9
45
–36
2027
To be determined
To be determined
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
3
1
12
13
74
-61
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
UEFA Women's Championship
UEFA Women's Championship record
Qualifying record
Year
Result
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
GD
GP
W
D*
L
GF
GA
GD
1984 to 2005
Did not exist
Did not exist
2009
Did not qualify
3
1
1
1
5
7
-2
2013
3
1
0
2
4
9
-5
2017
3
1
0
2
4
8
-4
2022
Did not enter
Did not enter
2025
To be determined
To be determined
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
3
1
5
13
24
-11
*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
See also
Sport in Luxembourg
Football in Luxembourg
Women's Football in Luxembourg
Luxembourg women's national football team
Luxembourg women's national football team results
List of Luxembourg women's international footballers
Luxembourg women's national under-20 football team
Luxembourg women's national under-17 football team
Luxembourg men's national football team
References
^ "The FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking". FIFA. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
^ "Equipe nationale A Dames" (in French). Luxembourg Football Federation. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
^ "LA SÉLECTION DES ROUT LÉIWINNEN POUR LE MATCH DE QUALIFICATION EN ALBANIE" (in French). FLF. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
^
"Die Rekord Nationalspielerinnen" (in German). Fussball-Lux.lu.
^ a b "Luxembourger Records". Luxembourger Wort. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
External links
Official website
FIFA profile
Portals: Europe Luxembourg Sports Association football Women's association football
vte National sports teams of Luxembourg
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
M
M U-20
M U-18
M U-16
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W U-16
Cricket
Football
M
M U-21
M U-19
M U-17
W
Handball
Ice hockey
M
M U-20
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W
Korfball
Rugby union
M
W
M7
Tennis
M
W
Volleyball
Water polo
Olympics
Paralympics
European Games
vteNational women's football teams of Europe (UEFA)Active
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Israel
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Kazakhstan
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
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Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
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Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
Defunct
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
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Other
Great Britain
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|
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League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Women%27s_Nations_League_C"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Esch-sur-Alzette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Lourenco_Magalh%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038005/"},{"link_name":"Cheminava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Cheminava"},{"link_name":"Stade Émile Mayrisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_%C3%89mile_Mayrisch"},{"link_name":"Eirini Pingiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eirini_Pingiou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Women%27s_Nations_League_C"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Esch-sur-Alzette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038029/"},{"link_name":"Sadıkoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birg%C3%BCl_Sad%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Topçu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebru_Top%C3%A7u"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Karabulut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzu_Karabulut"},{"link_name":"Stade Émile Mayrisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_%C3%89mile_Mayrisch"},{"link_name":"Miriama Bočková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miriama_Bo%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Women%27s_Nations_League_C"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Çorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87orum"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Sadıkoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birg%C3%BCl_Sad%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038054/"},{"link_name":"Çorum Sehir Stadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%87orum_Sehir_Stadi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maral Mirzai Beni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maral_Mirzai_Beni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Women%27s_Nations_League_C"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Bakradze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teona_Bakradze"},{"link_name":"Chkonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatia_Chkonia"},{"link_name":"Bukhrikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nino_Bukhrikidze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natia_Danelia"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038080--georgia-vs-luxembourg/"},{"link_name":"Machado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreia_Machado"},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Mikheil Meskhi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Meskhi_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lisa Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Benn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Women%27s_Nations_League_C"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Differdange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differdange"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Lourenco Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Lourenco_Magalh%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038105/"},{"link_name":"Giržutaitė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilija_Gir%C5%BEutait%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Municipal de la Ville de Differdange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Municipal_de_la_Ville_de_Differdange"},{"link_name":"Franziska Wildfeuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franziska_Wildfeuer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"Luxembourg v Faroe Islands\n8 April 2023 (2023-04-08) Friendly Luxembourg 2–1 Faroe Islands Parc Hosingen, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0\n\nThompson 50'\nMiller 90+1'\nReport\n\nSevdal 30'\nStadium: Stade Georges WohlfartAttendance: 312Referee: Audrey Gerbel (France)Lithuania v Luxembourg\n22 September 2023 (2023-09-22) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Lithuania 0–2 Luxembourg Jonava, Lithuania--:-- UTC±0\n\nReport\n\nThompson 8'\nEstevez Garcia 15' (pen.)\nStadium: Central Stadium of JonavaReferee: Lotta Vuorio (Finland)Luxembourg v Georgia\n26 September 2023 (2023-09-26) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Luxembourg 1–1 Georgia Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg19:30 UTC±0\n\nMagalhães 34'\nReport\n\nCheminava 27'\nStadium: Stade Émile MayrischReferee: Eirini Pingiou (Greece)Luxembourg v Turkey\n27 October 2023 (2023-10-27) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Luxembourg 0–4 Turkey Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0\n\nReport\n\nSadıkoğlu 21', 45+2'\nTopçu 52' (pen.)\nKarabulut 84'\nStadium: Stade Émile MayrischReferee: Miriama Bočková (Slovakia)Turkey v Luxembourg\n31 October 2023 (2023-10-31) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Turkey 1–0 Luxembourg Çorum, Turkey--:-- UTC±0\n\nSadıkoğlu 14'\nReport\n\nStadium: Çorum Sehir StadiReferee: Maral Mirzai Beni (Sweden)Georgia v Luxembourg\n1 December 2023 (2023-12-01) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Georgia 4–2 Luxembourg Tbilisi, Georgia--:-- UTC±0\n\nBakradze 66'\nChkonia 79'\nBukhrikidze 86'\nDanelia 90+7'\nReport\n\nMachado 19'\nThompson 26'\nStadium: Mikheil Meskhi StadiumReferee: Lisa Benn (England)Luxembourg v Lithuania\n5 December 2023 (2023-12-05) 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League Luxembourg 1–1 Lithuania Differdange, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0\n\nLourenco Magalhães 26'\nReport\n\nGiržutaitė 86'\nStadium: Stade Municipal de la Ville de DifferdangeReferee: Franziska Wildfeuer (Germany","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2025_qualifying_League_C"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Esch-sur-Alzette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"C. Schmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Schmit"},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2040359/"},{"link_name":"Gjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Gjini"},{"link_name":"Stade Emile Mayrisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Emile_Mayrisch"},{"link_name":"Marina Zechner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Zechner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2025_qualifying_League_C"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Elbasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Doçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megi_Do%C3%A7i"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Krasniqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%ABndresa_Krasniqi"},{"link_name":"Berisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortesa_Berisha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2040433--albania-vs-luxembourg/"},{"link_name":"Kremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kremer"},{"link_name":"Elbasan Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan_Arena"},{"link_name":"Melek Dakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melek_Dakan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2025_qualifying_League_C"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2025_qualifying_League_C"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"UTC±0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – Soccerway.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.soccerway.com/teams/luxembourg/luxembourg/7609/"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – FIFA.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190402033614/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/lux/#matches_women"}],"sub_title":"2024","text":"Luxembourg v Albania\n5 April UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Luxembourg 2–1 Albania Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg--:-- UTC±0\n\nC. Schmit 68'\nThompson 87'\nReport\n\nGjini 43'\nStadium: Stade Emile MayrischReferee: Marina Zechner (Austria)Albania v Luxembourg\n4 June UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Albania 3–1 Luxembourg Elbasan, Albania--:-- UTC±0\n\nDoçi 29' (pen.)\nKrasniqi 45+2'\nBerisha 46'\nReport\n\nKremer 90+1'\nStadium: Elbasan ArenaReferee: Melek Dakan (Turkey)Luxembourg v Estonia\n12 July UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Luxembourg v Estonia --:-- UTC±0Estonia v Luxembourg\n16 July UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying Estonia v Luxembourg --:-- UTC±0Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – Soccerway.com\nLuxembourg Results and Fixtures – FIFA.com","title":"Results and fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Current coaching staff","text":"As of 14 April 2021[2]","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"}],"sub_title":"Manager history","text":"Romain Jean (2006–2012)\n Ray Pye (2012–2017)\n Samy Smaïli (2017–2020)\n Dan Santos (2020–)","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Luxembourg women's international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Luxembourg_women%27s_international_footballers"}],"text":"See also: Category:Luxembourg women's international footballers","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2025_qualifying_League_C"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"The following players were named for the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying match against Albania on 4 June 2024.[3]Caps and goals accurate as of match against Albania on 4 June 2024.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recent call-ups","text":"The following players have been called up to the squad in the past 12 months.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Luxembourg women's international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Luxembourg_women%27s_international_footballers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_women%27s_national_football_team&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"Amy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Jessica Birkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Birkel"},{"link_name":"Marta Estevez Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Estevez_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Dos Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Dos_Santos"},{"link_name":"Marisa Soares Marques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Soares_Marques"},{"link_name":"Lucie Schlimé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_Schlim%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Rosangela Settanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosangela_Settanni"},{"link_name":"Pascale Frising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascale_Frising"},{"link_name":"Joana Lourenco Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Lourenco_Magalh%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Jessica Berscheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Berscheid"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_women%27s_national_football_team&action=edit§ion=14"},{"link_name":"Amy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Janine Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Joana Lourenco Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joana_Lourenco_Magalh%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Jessica Birkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Birkel"},{"link_name":"Karen Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Marin"},{"link_name":"Julie Marques Abreu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Marques_Abreu"},{"link_name":"Sophie Maurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Maurer"},{"link_name":"Gabriela De Lemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_De_Lemos"},{"link_name":"Marta Estevez Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Estevez_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Laura Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Miller_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Rosangela Settanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosangela_Settanni"}],"text":"See also: Category:Luxembourg women's international footballers*Active players in bold, statistics correct as of 4 June 2024.[4]Most capped players[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nCaps\n\nGoals\n\nYears\n\n\n1\n\nAmy Thompson\n\n41\n\n27\n\n2011–\n\n\n2\n\nJessica Birkel\n\n40\n\n7\n\n2006–2018\n\n\n3\n\nMarta Estevez Garcia\n\n38\n\n5\n\n2016–\n\n\n4\n\nKimberley Dos Santos\n\n36\n\n2\n\n2016–\n\n\n5\n\nMarisa Soares Marques\n\n29\n\n0\n\n2018–\n\n\n6\n\nLucie Schlimé\n\n27\n\n0\n\n2019–\n\n\n7\n\nRosangela Settanni\n\n26\n\n3\n\n2006–2013\n\n\n8\n\nPascale Frising\n\n25\n\n1\n\n2009–2017\n\n\n9\n\nJoana Lourenco Magalhães\n\n24\n\n9\n\n2021–\n\n\nJessica Berscheid\n\n24\n\n0\n\n2014–\n\n\n\n\nTop goalscorers[edit]\n\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nCaps\n\nGoals\n\nYears\n\n\n1\n\nAmy Thompson\n\n41\n\n27\n\n2011–\n\n\n2\n\nJanine Hansen\n\n21\n\n10\n\n2006–2013\n\n\n3\n\nJoana Lourenco Magalhães\n\n24\n\n9\n\n2021–\n\n\n4\n\nJessica Birkel\n\n40\n\n7\n\n2006–2018\n\n\n5\n\nKaren Marin\n\n12\n\n6\n\n2015–2018\n\n\nJulie Marques Abreu\n\n22\n\n6\n\n2019–\n\n\nSophie Maurer\n\n18\n\n6\n\n2009–2016\n\n\n8\n\nGabriela De Lemos\n\n23\n\n5\n\n2013–\n\n\nMarta Estevez Garcia\n\n38\n\n5\n\n2016–\n\n\n10\n\nLaura Miller\n\n24\n\n3\n\n2006–2013\n\n\nRosangela Settanni\n\n26\n\n3\n\n2006–2013","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"penalty kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"}],"sub_title":"FIFA Women's World Cup","text":"*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"UEFA Women's Championship","text":"*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.","title":"Competitive record"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Sport in Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Luxembourg"},{"title":"Football in Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Luxembourg"},{"title":"List of Luxembourg women's international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Luxembourg_women%27s_international_footballers"},{"title":"Luxembourg men's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_national_football_team"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking\". FIFA. 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women","url_text":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Equipe nationale A Dames\" (in French). Luxembourg Football Federation. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flf.lu/Equipes-nationales/Equipe-nationale-dames.aspx","url_text":"\"Equipe nationale A Dames\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Football_Federation","url_text":"Luxembourg Football Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"LA SÉLECTION DES ROUT LÉIWINNEN POUR LE MATCH DE QUALIFICATION EN ALBANIE\" [Luxembourg women's selections for upcoming Euro Qualifier match] (in French). FLF. Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flf.lu/post-296485v4/posts/53114","url_text":"\"LA SÉLECTION DES ROUT LÉIWINNEN POUR LE MATCH DE QUALIFICATION EN ALBANIE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die Rekord Nationalspielerinnen\" (in German). Fussball-Lux.lu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussball-lux.lu/Nationalspielerinnen.html","url_text":"\"Die Rekord Nationalspielerinnen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luxembourger Records\". Luxembourger Wort. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wort.lu/de/sport/rekordsieg-fuer-luxemburg-6211661fde135b9236da6f9c","url_text":"\"Luxembourger Records\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.flashscore.com/match/veJu7zG1/#/match-summary","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2037979/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038005/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038029/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038054/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038080--georgia-vs-luxembourg/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womensnationsleague/match/2038105/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2040359/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2040433--albania-vs-luxembourg/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/teams/luxembourg/luxembourg/7609/","external_links_name":"Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – Soccerway.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402033614/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/lux/#matches_women","external_links_name":"Luxembourg Results and Fixtures – FIFA.com"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women","external_links_name":"\"The FIFA/Coca-Cola Women's World Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.flf.lu/Equipes-nationales/Equipe-nationale-dames.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Equipe nationale A Dames\""},{"Link":"https://www.flf.lu/post-296485v4/posts/53114","external_links_name":"\"LA SÉLECTION DES ROUT LÉIWINNEN POUR LE MATCH DE QUALIFICATION EN ALBANIE\""},{"Link":"http://www.fussball-lux.lu/Nationalspielerinnen.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Rekord Nationalspielerinnen\""},{"Link":"https://www.wort.lu/de/sport/rekordsieg-fuer-luxemburg-6211661fde135b9236da6f9c","external_links_name":"\"Luxembourger Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.flf.lu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313081532/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=lux/","external_links_name":"FIFA profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Joseph_Killian
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IMS Associates, Inc.
|
["1 History","1.1 Consultancy","1.2 IMSAI 8080","1.3 Transition","1.4 ComputerLand","2 Pop culture","3 References","4 External links"]
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For other uses, see IMS.
IMS AssociatesCompany typePrivateIndustryComputersFounded1973; 51 years ago (1973) in San Leandro, CaliforniaFounderWilliam MillardDefunctOctober 1979 (1979-10)FateBankruptcyProductsIMSAI 8080
IMS Associates, Inc., or IMSAI, was a microcomputer company, responsible for one of the earliest successes in personal computing, the IMSAI 8080. The company was founded in 1973 by William Millard and was based in San Leandro, California. Their first product launch was the IMSAI 8080 in 1975. One of the company's subsidiaries was ComputerLand. IMS stood for "Information Management Sciences".
IMS Associates required all executives and key employees to take the EST Standard Training. Forbes considered Millard's requirements - which placed a heavy emphasis on self-actualization and encouraged vast discrepancies between executives and staff - were a key contributor to the downfall of the company, and Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine concurred in Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer, noting that Millard's EST-induced unwillingness to admit a task might be impossible was a key factor in IMSAI's demise.
History
Consultancy
In May 1972, William Millard began business individually as IMS Associates (IMS) in the area of computer consultancy and engineering, using his home as an office. The work done by IMS was similar to that Millard had done previously for the city and county of San Francisco. By 1973, Millard founded IMS Associates, Inc. Millard soon found capital for his business, and received several contracts, all for software. IMS provided advanced engineering and software management to mainframe users, including business and the United States Government.
IMSAI 8080
Main article: IMSAI 8080
The IMSAI 8080
In 1974, IMS was contacted by a client which wanted a "workstation system" that could complete jobs for any General Motors new-car dealership. IMS planned a system including a terminal, small computer, printer, and special software. Five of these work stations were to have common access to a hard disk, which would be controlled by a small computer. Eventually, product development was stopped. Millard and his chief engineer Joe Killian turned to the microprocessor.
Intel had announced the 8080 chip, and compared to the 4004 to which IMS Associates had been first introduced, the 8080 looked like a "real computer". Full-scale development of the IMSAI 8080 was put into action, and by October 1975 an ad was placed in Popular Electronics, receiving positive reactions. IMS shipped the first IMSAI 8080 kits on 16 December 1975 and shortly after turned to fully assembled units. Between 17,000 and 20,000 units were eventually produced, with an additional 2500 produced under the Fischer-Freitas name thereafter.
Transition
In 1976, as IMS had completed its transition from a consultancy firm into a manufacturing firm, the name of the company was changed to IMSAI Manufacturing Corporation.
ComputerLand
Main article: ComputerLand
The release of the Z80 by Zilog in 1976 quickly put an end to the dominance of 8080 machines as the new chip had an improved instruction set, could be clocked at faster speeds, and had on-chip DRAM refresh. IMSAI sales quickly plummeted and so in 1977 Millard decided to take the company through another transition, this time from a computer manufacturing company to a computer retailer. He established a chain of franchised retail outlets, initially called Computer Shack (the name was changed to ComputerLand following legal threats from Radio Shack).
ComputerLand retailed not only IMSAI 8080s, but also computers from companies including Apple, North Star, and Cromemco. The 8080 sold poorly in comparison, and IMSAI developed the IMSAI VDP-80, an all-in-one computer which worked poorly. Many franchise dealers refused to retail most IMSAI products except those that retained popularity including the IMSAI 8080. With most of the IMSAI resources stripped to fund ComputerLand's expansion, and with Millard's attention diverted, IMS Associates, Inc. went into a "tailspin", and filed for bankruptcy in October 1979.
The trademark was eventually acquired by Thomas "Todd" Fischer and Nancy Freitas (former early employees who undertook continued support after the parent company folded), now doing business as Fischer-Freitas Company (since October 1978), who continued manufacturing and service support under their newly acquired and trademarked IMSAI badge (such as the IMSAI Series Two), and continue support to this day. ComputerLand stores continued to prosper retailing IBM computers until IBM abandoned the 8-bit ISA bus in 1984; the franchises became independent following a series of bitter and costly legal battles with Millard. The right to the word mark IMSAI expired on 2004-04-06 because Thomas Fischer did not correctly submit the required documents for renewal.
Pop culture
WarGames (1983 film), in which the IMSAI 8080 appeared in a key role
References
^ a b Littman, Jonathan (1987). Once Upon a Time in ComputerLand: The Amazing, Billion-Dollar Tale of Bill Millard. Los Angeles: Price Stern Sloan. ISBN 0-89586-502-5.
^ Staff (1990-12-30). "Stores Acquired By Computerland". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ a b Fischer, Thomas (2008). "IMSAI Pre-History: The Hypercube and Other Tales". Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ Crosby, Kip (2001-02-04). "History of Cults: A Trail of True Believers". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ a b c Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1984). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
^ Scrupski, Stephen (December 11, 1975). "Coming: cheap, powerful computers". Electronics. 48 (25). New York: McGraw-Hill: 67–68. "Hypercube II will sell for about $80,000." "IMS marketing director William Millard says military and government agencies have already expressed great interest in Hypercube"
^ "Disk system is 'intelligent'". Electronics. 48 (17). New York: McGraw-Hill: 129. August 21, 1975. "Called the IMSAI 108, the system can handle 54 megabytes of data with a single spindle or, according to IMS director of marketing William H. Millard, it could be expanded to handle up to 16 drives-864 megabytes-'without any trouble at all.'" "The single-spindle model costs $29,500, and a dual-spindle (108 megabytes) model is priced at$47,500."
^ IMS Associates, Inc. (October 1975). "IMSAI and Altair Owners". Popular Electronics. Vol. 8, no. 4. Ziff Davis. p. 110. Advertisement: IMSAI 8080 computer with 1K of RAM. $439 kit, $621 assembled.
^ Lundin, Leigh (2011-10-09). "An Apple Today". Technology. Orlando: SleuthSayers.org.
^ a b "Company: IMS Associates, Inc. (IMSAI)". Computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ "The History of IMSAI - The Path to Excellence". IMS Associates, Inc. 1978. Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ a b "IMSAI 8080". PC-History.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ Brody, Michael (1985-04-15). "ComputerLand's suddenly poorer boss". CNN Money. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
^ "The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)". The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Retrieved 2023-05-26.
External links
Official IMSAI website
Oral history interview with Seymour Rubenstein, Charles Babbage Institute. University of Minnesota.
"The Microcomputer System that's easy to take (Advertisement for the IMSAI 8080)" (PDF). Computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
|
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The company was founded in 1973 by William Millard and was based in San Leandro, California.[1] Their first product launch was the IMSAI 8080 in 1975. One of the company's subsidiaries was ComputerLand.[2] IMS stood for \"Information Management Sciences\".[3]IMS Associates required all executives and key employees to take the EST Standard Training. Forbes considered Millard's requirements - which placed a heavy emphasis on self-actualization and encouraged vast discrepancies between executives and staff - were a key contributor to the downfall of the company,[4] and Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine concurred in Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer, noting that Millard's EST-induced unwillingness to admit a task might be impossible was a key factor in IMSAI's demise.[5]","title":"IMS Associates, Inc."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Millard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Millard_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"consultancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultancy"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fire-5"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_capital"},{"link_name":"contracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract"},{"link_name":"mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"United States Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischer-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Electronics_Dec_11_1975-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Electronics_Aug_21_1975-7"}],"sub_title":"Consultancy","text":"In May 1972, William Millard began business individually as IMS Associates (IMS) in the area of computer consultancy and engineering, using his home as an office. The work done by IMS was similar to that Millard had done previously for the city and county of San Francisco.[5] By 1973, Millard founded IMS Associates, Inc. Millard soon found capital for his business, and received several contracts, all for software. IMS provided advanced engineering and software management to mainframe users, including business and the United States Government.[3][6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMSAI8080.jpg"},{"link_name":"IMSAI 8080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSAI_8080"},{"link_name":"workstation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal"},{"link_name":"printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer"},{"link_name":"hard disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"IMSAI 8080","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSAI_8080"},{"link_name":"Popular Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PE_Oct_1975-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS1-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ComputerLand-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cho-10"}],"sub_title":"IMSAI 8080","text":"The IMSAI 8080In 1974, IMS was contacted by a client which wanted a \"workstation system\" that could complete jobs for any General Motors new-car dealership. IMS planned a system including a terminal, small computer, printer, and special software. Five of these work stations were to have common access to a hard disk, which would be controlled by a small computer. Eventually, product development was stopped. Millard and his chief engineer Joe Killian turned to the microprocessor.Intel had announced the 8080 chip, and compared to the 4004 to which IMS Associates had been first introduced, the 8080 looked like a \"real computer\". Full-scale development of the IMSAI 8080 was put into action, and by October 1975 an ad was placed in Popular Electronics, receiving positive reactions.[8] IMS shipped the first IMSAI 8080 kits on 16 December 1975[9] and shortly after turned to fully assembled units.[1] Between 17,000 and 20,000 units were eventually produced, with an additional 2500 produced under the Fischer-Freitas name thereafter.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-11"}],"sub_title":"Transition","text":"In 1976, as IMS had completed its transition from a consultancy firm into a manufacturing firm, the name of the company was changed to IMSAI Manufacturing Corporation.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Z80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80"},{"link_name":"Zilog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog"},{"link_name":"franchised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchising"},{"link_name":"Radio Shack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Shack"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pchist-12"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"North Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Star_Computers"},{"link_name":"Cromemco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromemco"},{"link_name":"IMSAI VDP-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_machines_running_CP/M#I"},{"link_name":"all-in-one computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-in-one_computer"},{"link_name":"stripped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_stripping"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fire-5"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pchist-12"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"IMSAI Series Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSAI_Series_Two"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cho-10"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"ISA bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISA_bus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"ComputerLand","text":"The release of the Z80 by Zilog in 1976 quickly put an end to the dominance of 8080 machines as the new chip had an improved instruction set, could be clocked at faster speeds, and had on-chip DRAM refresh. IMSAI sales quickly plummeted and so in 1977 Millard decided to take the company through another transition, this time from a computer manufacturing company to a computer retailer. He established a chain of franchised retail outlets, initially called Computer Shack (the name was changed to ComputerLand following legal threats from Radio Shack).[12]ComputerLand retailed not only IMSAI 8080s, but also computers from companies including Apple, North Star, and Cromemco. The 8080 sold poorly in comparison, and IMSAI developed the IMSAI VDP-80, an all-in-one computer which worked poorly. Many franchise dealers refused to retail most IMSAI products except those that retained popularity including the IMSAI 8080. With most of the IMSAI resources stripped to fund ComputerLand's expansion, and with Millard's attention diverted, IMS Associates, Inc. went into a \"tailspin\",[5] and filed for bankruptcy in October 1979.[12]The trademark was eventually acquired by Thomas \"Todd\" Fischer and Nancy Freitas (former early employees who undertook continued support after the parent company folded), now doing business as Fischer-Freitas Company (since October 1978), who continued manufacturing and service support under their newly acquired and trademarked IMSAI badge (such as the IMSAI Series Two), and continue support to this day.[10] ComputerLand stores continued to prosper retailing IBM computers until IBM abandoned the 8-bit ISA bus in 1984; the franchises became independent following a series of bitter and costly legal battles with Millard.[13] The right to the word mark IMSAI expired on 2004-04-06 because Thomas Fischer did not correctly submit the required documents for renewal.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WarGames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarGames"}],"text":"WarGames (1983 film), in which the IMSAI 8080 appeared in a key role","title":"Pop culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The IMSAI 8080","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/IMSAI8080.jpg/216px-IMSAI8080.jpg"}]
| null |
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ISBN 0-07-135892-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Freiberger","url_text":"Freiberger, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Swaine_(technical_author)","url_text":"Swaine, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Valley:_The_Making_of_The_Personal_Computer","url_text":"Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-135892-7","url_text":"0-07-135892-7"}]},{"reference":"Scrupski, Stephen (December 11, 1975). \"Coming: cheap, powerful computers\". Electronics. 48 (25). New York: McGraw-Hill: 67–68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Disk system is 'intelligent'\". Electronics. 48 (17). New York: McGraw-Hill: 129. August 21, 1975.","urls":[]},{"reference":"IMS Associates, Inc. (October 1975). \"IMSAI and Altair Owners\". Popular Electronics. Vol. 8, no. 4. Ziff Davis. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/197510PopularElectronics/page/n113/mode/1up","url_text":"\"IMSAI and Altair Owners\""}]},{"reference":"Lundin, Leigh (2011-10-09). \"An Apple Today\". Technology. Orlando: SleuthSayers.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sleuthsayers.org/2011/10/apple-today.html","url_text":"\"An Apple Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida","url_text":"Orlando"}]},{"reference":"\"Company: IMS Associates, Inc. (IMSAI)\". Computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/companies.php?alpha=g-i&company=com-42bc1d195cbb3","url_text":"\"Company: IMS Associates, Inc. (IMSAI)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of IMSAI - The Path to Excellence\". IMS Associates, Inc. 1978. Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2008-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181009223026/http://imsai.net/history/imsai_history/imsai_pre_history.htm","url_text":"\"The History of IMSAI - The Path to Excellence\""},{"url":"http://www.imsai.net/history/imsai_history/imsai_pre_history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IMSAI 8080\". PC-History.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pc-history.org/imsai.htm","url_text":"\"IMSAI 8080\""}]},{"reference":"Brody, Michael (1985-04-15). \"ComputerLand's suddenly poorer boss\". CNN Money. Retrieved 2008-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1985/04/15/65788/index.htm","url_text":"\"ComputerLand's suddenly poorer boss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money","url_text":"CNN Money"}]},{"reference":"\"The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)\". The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Retrieved 2023-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=78202645&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch","url_text":"\"The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Microcomputer System that's easy to take (Advertisement for the IMSAI 8080)\" (PDF). Computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2008-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IMSAI/IMSAI.8080.1974.102646298.pdf","url_text":"\"The Microcomputer System that's easy to take (Advertisement for the IMSAI 8080)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_Master
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Master (naval)
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["1 Russia","2 Spain","3 Sweden","4 Royal Navy","4.1 Duties","4.2 Promotion","4.3 Second master","4.4 Uniforms","4.5 Transition to commissioned officer","5 United States Navy","6 Master as a non-commissioned officer rank","6.1 France","7 See also","8 References","9 Bibliography"]
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Historic naval rank
This article is about naval rank. For masters of non-military nautical vessels, see Sea captain and Master Mariner. For the naval rank Master and Commander, see Commander (Royal Navy).
John Fryer, Master of HMAV Bounty.
The master, or sailing master, is a historical rank for a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel.
In the Royal Navy, the master was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants. The rank became a commissioned officer rank and was renamed navigating lieutenant in 1867; the rank gradually fell out of use from around 1890 since all lieutenants were required to pass the same examinations.
When the United States Navy was formed in 1794, master was listed as one of the warrant officer ranks and ranked between midshipmen and lieutenants. The rank was also a commissioned officer rank from 1837 until it was replaced with the current rank of lieutenant, junior grade in 1883.
Russia
Until 1733 the sailing masters in the Imperial Russian Navy were rated as petty officers, but in that year the rank of Master was introduced after the British model. Masters ranked above sub-lieutenants, but under lieutenants. Meritorious masters could be given lieutenant's rank, but only if they were noblemen. In 1741 the rank of master was abolished, and the officers holding that rank were promoted to lieutenants, while second masters and master's mates became ensigns. Henceforth masters could be promoted to sea officers, even if they were commoners.
The Pauline military reforms also included the navy, and the sailing department henceforth contained masters of VIII Class (rank as lieutenant commanders); masters of IX Class (below lieutenant commander but above lieutenant); masters of XII Class (rank as sub-lieutenants); masters of XIV Class (junior to sub-lieutenants); as well as master's mates and master's apprentices which were rated as petty officers.
In 1827 a navigation corps was founded, which also was in charge of the hydrographic service. In common with other non-executive corps in the Russian navy, members of the navigation corps were given military ranks. This corps contained one major general, and a number of colonels, lieutenant colonels, captains, staff captains, lieutenants, second lieutenants and ensigns, as well as conductors (warrant officers). In 1885 the navigation corps was put under abolishment, and its responsibilities were transferred to the executive corps.
Spain
Spanish sailing masters belonged to a navigation corps, called Cuerpo de Pilotos. They were, unlike their British counterparts, theoretically trained at the famous navigation schools, called Real Colegios Seminarios de San Telmo, in Seville and Málaga. In order to be accepted at these schools, the applicant had to be a Spaniard between eight and 14 years of age. Colored persons, Romani people, heretics, Jews, those punished by the Inquisition, and those whose parents pursued disreputable professions, were not eligible for enrollment. The master's apprentices were called meritorios de pilotaje and were at sea rated as common seamen. In order to become a master's assistant, called pilotín, during the 18th century, three voyages in Europe and one back and forth to America was required, as well as having passed a special examination. Promotion to second master could only take place if a berth was available.
Masters, called primeros pilotos, were originally ranked as ensigns, while the second masters, called pilotos, were ranked below officers but above petty officers. Later the masters were given rank as lieutenant commanders or lieutenants, while the second masters were ranked as sub-lieutenants or ensigns according to seniority. Master's assistant lacked formal rank. From 1821, masters ranked as lieutenants, second masters as sub-lieutenants, and third masters as ensigns. Promotion from the navigation corps to the sea officer corps was not unusual.
Early on, members of the navigation corps sought to improve its status. It was not until 1770, however, that the sailing masters received a uniform different from the petty officers. Under royal orders members of the navigation corps were from 1781 to be called Don, be regarded as caballeros (gentlemen), carry small swords, and take oaths by swearing by a crucifix. In 1823, the senior ranks of the navigation corps was transferred to the executive corps, and in 1846 the corps was abolished and its remaining members included among the sea officers with the rank of sub-lieutenant.
Sweden
Sailing master (ansvarsstyrman, literally: "responsible navigator") was in the Royal Swedish Navy until 1868 a berth, held by the ship's senior warrant officer of the sailing branch, in charge of navigation, steering, anchors, and ballast. In 1868, the responsibility for navigation was transferred to a commissioned officer berth, the navigating officer, and the sailing master became an assistant navigator in charge of navigation stores.
Royal Navy
In the Middle Ages, when 'warships' were typically merchant vessels hired by the crown, the man in charge of the ship and its mariners, as with all ships and indeed most endeavours ashore, was termed the master; the company of embarked soldiers was commanded by their own captain.
From the time of the reforms of Henry VIII, the master was a warrant officer, appointed by the Council of the Marine (later the Navy Board) who also built and provisioned the Navy's ships. The master was tasked with sailing the ship as directed by the captain, who fought the ship when an enemy was engaged. The captain had a commission from (and was responsible to) the Admiralty, who were in charge of the Navy's strategy and tactics.
Duties
The master's main duty was navigation, taking the ship's position at least daily and setting the sails as appropriate for the required course and conditions. During combat, he was stationed on the quarterdeck, next to the captain. The master was responsible for fitting out the ship, and making sure they had all the sailing supplies necessary for the voyage. The master also was in charge of stowing the hold and ensuring the ship was not too weighted down to sail effectively. The master, through his subordinates, hoisted and lowered the anchor, docked and undocked the ship, and inspected the ship daily for problems with the anchors, sails, masts, ropes, or pulleys. Issues were brought to the attention of the master, who would notify the captain. The master was in charge of the entry of parts of the official log such as weather, position, and expenditures.
Promotion
Masters were promoted from the rank of the master's mates, quartermasters, or midshipmen. Masters were also recruited from the merchant service. A prospective master had to pass an oral examination before a senior captain and three masters at Trinity House. After passing the examination, they would be eligible to receive a warrant from the Navy Board, but promotion was not automatic.
Second master
Second master was a rating introduced in 1753 that indicated a deputy master on a first-, second- or third-rate ship-of-the-line. A second master was generally a master's mate who had passed his examination for master and was deemed worthy of being master of a vessel. Master's mates would act as second master of vessels too small to be allocated a warranted master. Second masters were paid significantly more than master's mates, £5 5s per month. Second masters were given the first opportunity for master vacancies as they occurred.
Uniforms
Originally, the sailing master did not have an official officer uniform, which caused problems when they were captured because they had trouble convincing their captors they should be treated as officers and not ordinary sailors. In 1787 the warrant officers of wardroom rank (master, purser and surgeon) received an official uniform, but it did not distinguish them by rank. In 1807, masters, along with pursers, received their own uniform.
Transition to commissioned officer
See also: Warrant officer > Demise of the Royal Naval warrants
By the classic Age of Sail the Master in the Royal Navy had become the warrant officer trained specifically in navigation, the senior warrant officer rank, and the second most important officer aboard rated ships. In 1808, Masters (along with Pursers and Surgeons) were given similar status to commissioned officers, as warrant officers of wardroom rank. The master ate in the wardroom with the other officers, had a large cabin in the gunroom, and had a smaller day cabin next to the captain's cabin on the quarterdeck for charts and navigation equipment.
However, the number of sailing-masters halved from 140 to 74 between the years 1840–1860: partly because the pay and privileges were less than equivalent ranks in the military branch, and also because the master's responsibilities had been largely assumed by the executive officers. In 1843 the wardroom warrant officers were given commissioned status. The Admiralty, under the First Lord of the Admiralty the Duke of Somerset, began to phase out the title of master after 1862. The ranks of staff commander and staff captain were introduced in 1863 and 1864 respectively; and in 1867 the Masters Branch was re-organised as the Navigating Branch with a new pay scale, with the following ranks:
staff captain
staff commander
navigating lieutenant (formerly Master)
navigating sub-lieutenant (second Master)
navigating midshipman (Master's assistant)
navigating cadet (formerly Naval cadet 2nd class)
The Royal Naval College exams for navigating lieutenant and lieutenant were the same after 1869. By 1872 the number of navigating cadets had fallen to twelve, and an Admiralty experiment in 1873 under the First Sea Lord George Goschen further merged the duties of navigating lieutenants and sailing masters with those of lieutenants and staff commanders. There were no more masters warranted after 1883, and the last one retired in 1892.
Although the actual rank of navigating lieutenant fell out of use about the same time, lieutenants who had passed their navigating exams were distinguished in the Navy List by an N in a circle by their name, and by N† for those passed for first-class ships. The last staff commander disappeared in around 1904, and the last staff captain left the Active List in 1913.
United States Navy
Master, originally sailing master, was a historic warrant officer rank of the United States Navy, above that of a midshipman, after 1819 passed midshipman, after 1862 ensign, and below a lieutenant.
Some masters were appointed to command ships, with the rank of master commandant. In 1837, sailing master was renamed master, master commandant was renamed commander, and some masters were commissioned as officers, formally "master in line for promotion" to distinguish them from the warrant masters who would not be promoted.
After 1855, passed midshipmen who were graduates of the Naval Academy filled the positions of master. Both the commissioned officer rank of master and warrant officer rank of master were maintained until both were merged into the current rank of lieutenant, junior grade on 3 March 1883.
In 1862 masters wore a gold bar for rank insignia, which became a silver bar in 1877. In 1881 they started wearing sleeve stripes of one 1⁄2-inch (13 mm) and one 1⁄4-inch-wide (6.4 mm) strip of gold lace, still used for the rank of lieutenant, junior grade.
Master as a non-commissioned officer rank
France
Within the French Navy, there exists a number of "master" ranks.
OR-9
OR-8
OR-6
OR-5
Shoulder
Sleeve
French
Maître principal
Premier maître
Maître
Second-maître
English translation
Chief master
First master
Master
Second master
See also
Master's mate
Quartermaster
References
^ Порядок прохождения службы штурманскими чинами в период с 1725 по 1797 гг. Retrieved 2012-08-24
^ Организация и структура штурманской службы на флоте в период правления императора Павла I Retrieved 2012-08-24.
^ Кризис штурманского дела. Реформы 1802-1804 гг. Изменения в прохождении службы штурманскими чинами в первой половине XIX века Retrieved 2012-08-24.
^ Корпус флотских штурманов Retrieved 2012-08-24.
^ a b Oficiales y dotación de los navíos de la Real Armada española de finales del siglo XVIII. Organización Retrieved 2013-01-04.
^ José Mª Blanca Carlier, El Cuerpo de Pilotos de la Armada Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-01-04.
^ Nordisk familjebok/1800-talsutgåvan 15. sp. 821-822 Retrieved 2012-08-19
^ a b "Officer ranks in the Royal Navy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2009.
^ "Duties of the Master". Archived from the original on 15 April 2001. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
^ Lavery 1989, p. 101
^ "Officer ranks in the Royal Navy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
^ Lavery 1989, p. 326.
^ Rodger 1986, p. 216.
^ a b Blake, Lawrence 2005, p. 71.
^ Lewis, Michael (1960). A Social History of the Navy. London: Ruskin House. p. 241. OCLC 2832855.
^ a b "House of Lords debate: Royal Navy promotion and retirement-observations". Hansard. 225: 862. 2 July 1875.
^ a b Colomb, Philip Howard (1898). Memoirs of Sir Astley Cooper Key, GCB, DCL. London: Methuen and Co. pp. 319–321.
^ "House of Commons reports: Masters in the Royal Navy". Hansard. 181: 1317–22. 1 March 1866.
^ "House of Lords debate: Staff Commanders and Navigating Lieutenants". Hansard. 212: 161–165. 25 June 1872.
^ Lewis 1939, pp. 212, 230.
^ "Admiralty Circular, No. 32.-W". The Navy List. June 1870. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
^ "Admiralty Circular, No. 16.-W". The Navy List. June 1870. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
^ Cox, Noel (1999). "Officers' ranks and insignia (in 3 parts)". Navy Today. 1 (38, 39, 40). Wellington, NZ: Defence Communications Group. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
^ Webb, Richard, ed. (November 1947). "Correspondence: Post Captain" (PDF). The Naval Review. XXX (4). Privately published: 384.
^ Staff Capt. John Davis Moulton, promoted staff captain 1903, seniority as navigating lieutenant 15 March 1876, Retired List September 1913.The Navy List. March 1913. p. 147L.
^ United States Department of the Navy (1877). Regulations for the Government of the Navy of the United States 1876. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 5–6.
^ a b "Proud Beginnings: History of Warrant Officers in the US Navy". Naval History and Heritage Command. 16 March 1999. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
^ a b "Lieutenant". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
^ Mallory, John A. (1914). Compiled Statutes of the United States 1913. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Wast Publishing Company. p. 1062.
^ "Instruction n°1 DEF/EMM/RH/CPM relative aux uniformes et tenues dans la Marine du 15 juin 2004" (in French). 15 June 2004. pp. 3793–3867. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
Bibliography
Nicholas Blake, Richard Lawrence (August 2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy (2005 ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4. – Total pages: 207
Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 326. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.
Lewis, Michael (1939). England's Sea-Officers. W.W. Norton & Co.
Rodger, N.A.M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-987-1.
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For masters of non-military nautical vessels, see Sea captain and Master Mariner. For the naval rank Master and Commander, see Commander (Royal Navy).John Fryer, Master of HMAV Bounty.The master, or sailing master, is a historical rank for a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel.In the Royal Navy, the master was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants. The rank became a commissioned officer rank and was renamed navigating lieutenant in 1867; the rank gradually fell out of use from around 1890 since all lieutenants were required to pass the same examinations.When the United States Navy was formed in 1794, master was listed as one of the warrant officer ranks and ranked between midshipmen and lieutenants. The rank was also a commissioned officer rank from 1837 until it was replaced with the current rank of lieutenant, junior grade in 1883.","title":"Master (naval)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"petty officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_officer"},{"link_name":"sub-lieutenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-lieutenant"},{"link_name":"lieutenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Ranks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"conductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductor_(Army)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Until 1733 the sailing masters in the Imperial Russian Navy were rated as petty officers, but in that year the rank of Master was introduced after the British model. Masters ranked above sub-lieutenants, but under lieutenants. Meritorious masters could be given lieutenant's rank, but only if they were noblemen. In 1741 the rank of master was abolished, and the officers holding that rank were promoted to lieutenants, while second masters and master's mates became ensigns. Henceforth masters could be promoted to sea officers, even if they were commoners.[1]The Pauline military reforms also included the navy, and the sailing department henceforth contained masters of VIII Class (rank as lieutenant commanders); masters of IX Class (below lieutenant commander but above lieutenant); masters of XII Class (rank as sub-lieutenants); masters of XIV Class (junior to sub-lieutenants); as well as master's mates and master's apprentices which were rated as petty officers.[2]In 1827 a navigation corps was founded, which also was in charge of the hydrographic service. In common with other non-executive corps in the Russian navy, members of the navigation corps were given military ranks. This corps contained one major general, and a number of colonels, lieutenant colonels, captains, staff captains, lieutenants, second lieutenants and ensigns, as well as conductors (warrant officers). In 1885 the navigation corps was put under abolishment, and its responsibilities were transferred to the executive corps.[3][4]","title":"Russia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Romani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretic"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition"},{"link_name":"examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_(assessment)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Org-5"},{"link_name":"ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlier-6"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(honorific)"},{"link_name":"caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman"},{"link_name":"gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen"},{"link_name":"small swords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_sword"},{"link_name":"oaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath"},{"link_name":"crucifix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Org-5"}],"text":"Spanish sailing masters belonged to a navigation corps, called Cuerpo de Pilotos. They were, unlike their British counterparts, theoretically trained at the famous navigation schools, called Real Colegios Seminarios de San Telmo, in Seville and Málaga. In order to be accepted at these schools, the applicant had to be a Spaniard between eight and 14 years of age. Colored persons, Romani people, heretics, Jews, those punished by the Inquisition, and those whose parents pursued disreputable professions, were not eligible for enrollment. The master's apprentices were called meritorios de pilotaje and were at sea rated as common seamen. In order to become a master's assistant, called pilotín, during the 18th century, three voyages in Europe and one back and forth to America was required, as well as having passed a special examination. Promotion to second master could only take place if a berth was available.[5]Masters, called primeros pilotos, were originally ranked as ensigns, while the second masters, called pilotos, were ranked below officers but above petty officers. Later the masters were given rank as lieutenant commanders or lieutenants, while the second masters were ranked as sub-lieutenants or ensigns according to seniority. Master's assistant lacked formal rank. From 1821, masters ranked as lieutenants, second masters as sub-lieutenants, and third masters as ensigns. Promotion from the navigation corps to the sea officer corps was not unusual.[6]Early on, members of the navigation corps sought to improve its status. It was not until 1770, however, that the sailing masters received a uniform different from the petty officers. Under royal orders members of the navigation corps were from 1781 to be called Don, be regarded as caballeros (gentlemen), carry small swords, and take oaths by swearing by a crucifix. In 1823, the senior ranks of the navigation corps was transferred to the executive corps, and in 1846 the corps was abolished and its remaining members included among the sea officers with the rank of sub-lieutenant.[5]","title":"Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Navy"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"steering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering"},{"link_name":"anchors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sailing master (ansvarsstyrman, literally: \"responsible navigator\") was in the Royal Swedish Navy until 1868 a berth, held by the ship's senior warrant officer of the sailing branch, in charge of navigation, steering, anchors, and ballast. In 1868, the responsibility for navigation was transferred to a commissioned officer berth, the navigating officer, and the sailing master became an assistant navigator in charge of navigation stores.[7]","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer"},{"link_name":"Navy Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Board"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(document)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"}],"text":"In the Middle Ages, when 'warships' were typically merchant vessels hired by the crown, the man in charge of the ship and its mariners, as with all ships and indeed most endeavours ashore, was termed the master; the company of embarked soldiers was commanded by their own captain.From the time of the reforms of Henry VIII, the master was a warrant officer, appointed by the Council of the Marine (later the Navy Board) who also built and provisioned the Navy's ships. The master was tasked with sailing the ship as directed by the captain, who fought the ship when an enemy was engaged. The captain had a commission from (and was responsible to) the Admiralty, who were in charge of the Navy's strategy and tactics.","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quarterdeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck"},{"link_name":"fitting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting_out"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master_rnm-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Duties","text":"The master's main duty was navigation, taking the ship's position at least daily and setting the sails as appropriate for the required course and conditions. During combat, he was stationed on the quarterdeck, next to the captain. The master was responsible for fitting out the ship, and making sure they had all the sailing supplies necessary for the voyage. The master also was in charge of stowing the hold and ensuring the ship was not too weighted down to sail effectively. The master, through his subordinates, hoisted and lowered the anchor, docked and undocked the ship, and inspected the ship daily for problems with the anchors, sails, masts, ropes, or pulleys. Issues were brought to the attention of the master, who would notify the captain. The master was in charge of the entry of parts of the official log such as weather, position, and expenditures.[8][9]","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"master's mates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_mate"},{"link_name":"quartermasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster"},{"link_name":"midshipmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"Trinity House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-master_rnm-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavery101-10"}],"sub_title":"Promotion","text":"Masters were promoted from the rank of the master's mates, quartermasters, or midshipmen. Masters were also recruited from the merchant service. A prospective master had to pass an oral examination before a senior captain and three masters at Trinity House.[8] After passing the examination, they would be eligible to receive a warrant from the Navy Board, but promotion was not automatic.[10]","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_master#Naval_usage"},{"link_name":"first-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-rate"},{"link_name":"second-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-rate"},{"link_name":"third-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-rate"},{"link_name":"ship-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship-of-the-line"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officerranks-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavery_p._326-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodger_p._216-13"}],"sub_title":"Second master","text":"Second master was a rating introduced in 1753 that indicated a deputy master on a first-, second- or third-rate ship-of-the-line. A second master was generally a master's mate who had passed his examination for master and was deemed worthy of being master of a vessel. Master's mates would act as second master of vessels too small to be allocated a warranted master.[11] Second masters were paid significantly more than master's mates, £5 5s per month.[12] Second masters were given the first opportunity for master vacancies as they occurred.[13]","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"purser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purser"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_doctor"},{"link_name":"pursers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purser"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blake,_Lawrence_p._71-14"}],"sub_title":"Uniforms","text":"Originally, the sailing master did not have an official officer uniform, which caused problems when they were captured because they had trouble convincing their captors they should be treated as officers and not ordinary sailors. In 1787 the warrant officers of wardroom rank (master, purser and surgeon) received an official uniform, but it did not distinguish them by rank. In 1807, masters, along with pursers, received their own uniform.[14]","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warrant officer > Demise of the Royal Naval warrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_officer#Demise_of_the_royal_naval_warrants"},{"link_name":"Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_system_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis1960-15"},{"link_name":"Pursers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_Officer_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_doctor"},{"link_name":"wardroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardroom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blake,_Lawrence_p._71-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansard_02-June-1872-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colomb1898-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"First Lord of the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_12th_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis_pp._212,_230-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"George Goschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansard_02-June-1872-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colomb1898-17"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_List"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Transition to commissioned officer","text":"See also: Warrant officer > Demise of the Royal Naval warrantsBy the classic Age of Sail the Master in the Royal Navy had become the warrant officer trained specifically in navigation, the senior warrant officer rank, and the second most important officer aboard rated ships.[15] In 1808, Masters (along with Pursers and Surgeons) were given similar status to commissioned officers, as warrant officers of wardroom rank. The master ate in the wardroom with the other officers, had a large cabin in the gunroom, and had a smaller day cabin next to the captain's cabin on the quarterdeck for charts and navigation equipment.[14]However, the number of sailing-masters halved from 140 to 74 between the years 1840–1860:[16] partly because the pay and privileges were less than equivalent ranks in the military branch, and also because the master's responsibilities had been largely assumed by the executive officers.[17][18] In 1843 the wardroom warrant officers were given commissioned status. The Admiralty, under the First Lord of the Admiralty the Duke of Somerset, began to phase out the title of master after 1862.[19] The ranks of staff commander and staff captain were introduced in 1863 and 1864 respectively; and in 1867 the Masters Branch was re-organised as the Navigating Branch with a new pay scale, with the following ranks:[20][21]staff captain\nstaff commander\nnavigating lieutenant (formerly Master)\nnavigating sub-lieutenant (second Master)\nnavigating midshipman (Master's assistant)\nnavigating cadet (formerly Naval cadet 2nd class)The Royal Naval College exams for navigating lieutenant and lieutenant were the same after 1869.[22] By 1872 the number of navigating cadets had fallen to twelve, and an Admiralty experiment in 1873 under the First Sea Lord George Goschen further merged the duties of navigating lieutenants and sailing masters with those of lieutenants and staff commanders.[16] There were no more masters warranted after 1883, and the last one retired in 1892.[23]Although the actual rank of navigating lieutenant fell out of use about the same time,[17] lieutenants who had passed their navigating exams were distinguished in the Navy List by an N in a circle by their name, and by N† for those passed for first-class ships. The last staff commander disappeared in around 1904, and the last staff captain left the Active List in 1913.[24][25]","title":"Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"warrant officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"passed midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_midshipman"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant#Naval_rank"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"master commandant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Commandant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN_Traditions-27"},{"link_name":"commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN_Traditions-27"},{"link_name":"passed midshipmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_midshipman"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNH-28"},{"link_name":"lieutenant, junior grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant,_junior_grade"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"lieutenant, junior grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant,_junior_grade"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNH-28"}],"text":"Master, originally sailing master, was a historic warrant officer rank of the United States Navy, above that of a midshipman, after 1819 passed midshipman, after 1862 ensign, and below a lieutenant.[26]Some masters were appointed to command ships, with the rank of master commandant.[27] In 1837, sailing master was renamed master, master commandant was renamed commander, and some masters were commissioned as officers, formally \"master in line for promotion\" to distinguish them from the warrant masters who would not be promoted.[27]After 1855, passed midshipmen who were graduates of the Naval Academy filled the positions of master.[28] Both the commissioned officer rank of master and warrant officer rank of master were maintained until both were merged into the current rank of lieutenant, junior grade on 3 March 1883.[29]In 1862 masters wore a gold bar for rank insignia, which became a silver bar in 1877. In 1881 they started wearing sleeve stripes of one 1⁄2-inch (13 mm) and one 1⁄4-inch-wide (6.4 mm) strip of gold lace, still used for the rank of lieutenant, junior grade.[28]","title":"United States Navy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Master as a non-commissioned officer rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FranceNavy-30"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Within the French Navy, there exists a number of \"master\" ranks.[30]","title":"Master as a non-commissioned officer rank"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8117-3275-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4"},{"link_name":"Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/326"},{"link_name":"326","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/326"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-258-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-258-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-987-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-987-1"}],"text":"Nicholas Blake, Richard Lawrence (August 2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy (2005 ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4. – Total pages: 207\nLavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 326. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.\nLewis, Michael (1939). England's Sea-Officers. W.W. Norton & Co.\nRodger, N.A.M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-987-1.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"John Fryer, Master of HMAV Bounty.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/John_Fryer.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Master's mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_mate"},{"title":"Quartermaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster#Navies"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Officer ranks in the Royal Navy\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015812/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm","url_text":"\"Officer ranks in the Royal Navy\""},{"url":"http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Master","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Duties of the Master\". Archived from the original on 15 April 2001. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010415185154/http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavymaster.htm","url_text":"\"Duties of the Master\""},{"url":"http://www.hms.org.uk/nelsonsnavymaster.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Officer ranks in the Royal Navy\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015812/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm","url_text":"\"Officer ranks in the Royal Navy\""},{"url":"http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Slt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Michael (1960). A Social History of the Navy. London: Ruskin House. p. 241. OCLC 2832855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(naval_historian)","url_text":"Lewis, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2832855","url_text":"2832855"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords debate: Royal Navy promotion and retirement-observations\". Hansard. 225: 862. 2 July 1875.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1875/jul/02/royal-navy-promotion-and-retirement","url_text":"\"House of Lords debate: Royal Navy promotion and retirement-observations\""}]},{"reference":"Colomb, Philip Howard (1898). Memoirs of Sir Astley Cooper Key, GCB, DCL. London: Methuen and Co. pp. 319–321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Howard_Colomb","url_text":"Colomb, Philip Howard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028316531/","url_text":"Memoirs of Sir Astley Cooper Key, GCB, DCL"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Commons reports: Masters in the Royal Navy\". Hansard. 181: 1317–22. 1 March 1866.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1866/mar/01/observations","url_text":"\"House of Commons reports: Masters in the Royal Navy\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords debate: Staff Commanders and Navigating Lieutenants\". Hansard. 212: 161–165. 25 June 1872.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1872/jun/25/question","url_text":"\"House of Lords debate: Staff Commanders and Navigating Lieutenants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admiralty Circular, No. 32.-W\". The Navy List. June 1870. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150406/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Navy_List_1870/Nav_Offr_Rank_Pay.html","url_text":"The Navy List"},{"url":"http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Navy_List_1870/Nav_Offr_Rank_Pay.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Admiralty Circular, No. 16.-W\". The Navy List. June 1870. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926042327/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Navy_List_1870/Nav_Lt_Exam.html","url_text":"The Navy List"},{"url":"http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/Navy_List_1870/Nav_Lt_Exam.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Noel (1999). \"Officers' ranks and insignia (in 3 parts)\". Navy Today. 1 (38, 39, 40). Wellington, NZ: Defence Communications Group. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151026191210/http://www.reocities.com/noelcox/Officers_Rank_Insignia.htm","url_text":"\"Officers' ranks and insignia (in 3 parts)\""},{"url":"http://www.reocities.com/noelcox/Officers_Rank_Insignia.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Richard, ed. (November 1947). \"Correspondence: Post Captain\" (PDF). The Naval Review. XXX (4). Privately published: 384.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naval-review.co.uk/issues/1947-4.pdf","url_text":"\"Correspondence: Post Captain\""}]},{"reference":"The Navy List. March 1913. p. 147L.","urls":[{"url":"http://www24.us.archive.org/stream/navylistmar1913grea#page/n189/mode/2up/search/%22Staff+Captain%22","url_text":"The Navy List"}]},{"reference":"United States Department of the Navy (1877). Regulations for the Government of the Navy of the United States 1876. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 5–6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy","url_text":"United States Department of the Navy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vY0DAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Regulations for the Government of the Navy of the United States 1876"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_vY0DAAAAYAAJ/page/n16","url_text":"5"}]},{"reference":"\"Proud Beginnings: History of Warrant Officers in the US Navy\". Naval History and Heritage Command. 16 March 1999. Retrieved 15 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/triv4-5n.htm","url_text":"\"Proud Beginnings: History of Warrant Officers in the US Navy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lieutenant\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 21 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/triv4-5d.htm","url_text":"\"Lieutenant\""}]},{"reference":"Mallory, John A. (1914). Compiled Statutes of the United States 1913. Vol. 1. St. Paul: Wast Publishing Company. p. 1062.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L-Y4AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Compiled Statutes of the United States 1913"}]},{"reference":"\"Instruction n°1 DEF/EMM/RH/CPM relative aux uniformes et tenues dans la Marine du 15 juin 2004\" (in French). 15 June 2004. pp. 3793–3867. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307061947/http://www.boc.sga.defense.gouv.fr/visu/boc_visu4.php?nor=B0451497J&id=2408","url_text":"\"Instruction n°1 DEF/EMM/RH/CPM relative aux uniformes et tenues dans la Marine du 15 juin 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.boc.sga.defense.gouv.fr/visu/boc_visu4.php?nor=B0451497J&id=2408","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas Blake, Richard Lawrence (August 2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy (2005 ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4","url_text":"0-8117-3275-4"}]},{"reference":"Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 326. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/326","url_text":"Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/326","url_text":"326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-258-3","url_text":"0-87021-258-3"}]},{"reference":"Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 326. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/326","url_text":"Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nelsonsnavyships00lave/page/326","url_text":"326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-258-3","url_text":"0-87021-258-3"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Michael (1939). England's Sea-Officers. W.W. Norton & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rodger, N.A.M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-987-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-987-1","url_text":"0-87021-987-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsafe_abortion
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Unsafe abortion
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["1 Overview","2 Conflating illegal and unsafe abortion","3 Frequency by continent","3.1 Abortion in the U.S. before 1973 (Roe v. Wade)","3.2 Cases resulting from parental consent laws in the U.S. after 1973","4 Methods","5 Health risks","5.1 Treatment of complications","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Termination of a pregnancy by using unsafe methods
Soviet poster c. 1925. Title translation: "Abortion induced by either self-taught midwife or obstetrician not only maims the woman, but also often leads to death."
An unsafe abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by people lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards, or both. An unsafe abortion is a life-threatening procedure. It includes self-induced abortions, abortions in unhygienic conditions, and abortions performed by a medical practitioner who does not provide appropriate post-abortion attention. About 25 million unsafe abortions occur a year, of which most occur in the developing world.
Unsafe abortions result in complications for about 7 million women a year. Unsafe abortions are also one of the leading causes of deaths during pregnancy and childbirth (about 5–13% of all deaths during this period). Most unsafe abortions occur where modern birth control is unavailable, or in developing countries where affordable and well-trained medical practitioners are not readily available, or where abortion is illegal, with the more restrictive the law, the higher the rates of death and other complications.
Overview
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that for the time period of 2010-14 there were 55.7 million abortions worldwide each year. Out of these abortions, approximately 54% were safe, 31% were less safe, and 14% were least safe. That means that 25 million (45%) abortions each year between 2010 and 2014 were unsafe, with 24 million (97%) of these in developing countries. In 2003 approximately 42 million pregnancies were voluntarily terminated, of which 20 million were unsafe. According to WHO and the Guttmacher Institute, at least 22,800 women die annually as a result of complications of unsafe abortion, and between two million and seven million women each year survive unsafe abortion but sustain long-term damage or disease (incomplete abortion, infection, sepsis, bleeding, and injury to the internal organs, such as puncturing or tearing of the uterus). They also concluded abortion is safer in countries where it is legal, but dangerous in countries where it is outlawed and performed clandestinely. The WHO reports that in developed regions, nearly all abortions (92%) are safe, whereas in developing countries, more than half (55%) are unsafe. According to WHO statistics, the risk rate for unsafe abortion is 1/270; according to other sources, unsafe abortion is responsible for at least 8% of maternal deaths. Worldwide, 48% of all induced abortions are unsafe. The British Medical Bulletin reported in 2003 that 70,000 women a year die from unsafe abortion. Incidence of such abortions may be difficult to measure because they can be reported variously as miscarriage, "induced miscarriage", "menstrual regulation", "mini-abortion", and "regulation of a delayed/suspended menstruation".
An article pre-printed by the WHO called safe, legal abortion a "fundamental right of women, irrespective of where they live" and unsafe abortion a "silent pandemic". The article states "ending the silent pandemic of unsafe abortion is an urgent public-health and human-rights imperative." It also states "access to safe abortion improves women's health, and vice versa, as documented in Romania during the regime of President Nicolae Ceaușescu" and "legalisation of abortion on request is a necessary but insufficient step toward improving women's health" citing that in some countries, such as India, where abortion has been legal for decades, access to competent care remains restricted because of other barriers. WHO's Global Strategy on Reproductive Health, adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2004, noted: "As a preventable cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, unsafe abortion must be dealt with as part of the MDG on improving maternal health and other international development goals and targets." The WHO's Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), whose research concerns people's sexual and reproductive health and lives, has an overall strategy to combat unsafe abortion that comprises four interrelated activities:
to collate, synthesize and generate scientifically sound evidence on unsafe abortion prevalence and practices;
to develop improved technologies and implement interventions to make abortion safer;
to translate evidence into norms, tools and guidelines;
and to assist in the development of programmes and policies that reduce unsafe abortion and improve access to safe abortion and high-quality post-abortion care.
A 2007 study published in The Lancet found that, although the global rate of abortion declined from 45.6 million in 1995 to 41.6 million in 2003, unsafe procedures still accounted for 48% of all abortions performed in 2003. It also concluded that, while the overall incidence of abortion in both developed and developing countries is approximately equal, unsafe abortion occurs more often in less-developed nations. The most repressive of laws still apply to over 40% of the world population. If found out, these women may face prosecution, and later incarceration.
According to a new study in The Lancet that focused on data from 2010 to 2014, nearly 55 million pregnancies are terminated early and of that 55 million, nearly half, 25.5 million are deemed as unsafe. The WHO and the Guttmacher Institute stress the need for access to a safe abortion for all women and that unsafe methods must be replaced. Africa, Asia and Latin America account for almost 97 percent of unsafe abortions. These regions are often poorer and underdeveloped and lack the access to safe abortion methods. Out of all abortions in these regions only 25% are considered safe. In developed countries these numbers improve drastically. Nearly all abortions in North America (99%) are considered safe. Overall nearly 88% of abortions in developed countries were actually considered safe, with the number of safe abortions in Europe slightly lower.
Conflating illegal and unsafe abortion
Unsafe abortions often occur where abortion is illegal. However, the prevalence of unsafe abortion may also be determined by other factors, such as whether it occurs in a developing country that has a low level of competent medical care.
Unsafe abortions sometimes occur where abortion is legal, and safe abortions sometimes occur where abortion is illegal. Legalization is not always followed by elimination of unsafe abortion. Affordable safe services may be unavailable despite legality, and conversely, women may be able to afford medically competent services despite illegality.
When abortion is illegal, that generally contributes to the prevalence of unsafe abortion, but it is not the only contributor. In addition, a lack of access to safe and effective contraception contributes to unsafe abortion. It has been estimated that the incidence of unsafe abortion could be reduced by as much as 73% without any change in abortion laws if modern family planning and maternal health services were readily available globally.
Illegality of abortion contributes to maternal mortality, but that contribution is not as great as it once was, due to medical advances including penicillin and the birth control pill.
Frequency by continent
Region
Number of unsafe abortions (thousands)
Number of unsafe abortions per 100 live births
Number of unsafe abortions per 1000 women
Africa
4200
14
24
Asia*
10500
14
13
Europe
500
7
3
Latin America and the Caribbean
3700
32
29
North America
Negligible incidence
Negligible incidence
Negligible incidence
Oceania **
30
12
17
World
19000
14
14
* Excluding Japan
** Excluding Australia and New Zealand
Source: WHO 2006
Abortion in the U.S. before 1973 (Roe v. Wade)
In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that laws prohibiting an abortion violated a woman's right to privacy. The landmark case, Roe v. Wade, changed abortion in the United States.
Early abortion laws generally only prohibited the use of toxic chemicals that were used to cause a miscarriage. The first such law was passed in Connecticut in 1821.
Prior to 1973, the authority to legalize abortion rested with the state governments. Up through the 1960s, 44 states had laws that outlawed abortions unless the health of the pregnant patient was at stake.
In the 1940s, records show that more than 1,000 women died each year from abortions that were labeled as unsafe. Many of these abortions were self-induced. Unsafe abortion practices were such a concern in the United States that nearly every large hospital had some type of "septic abortion ward" that was responsible for dealing with the complications that accompanied an incomplete abortion. Incomplete abortions were the leading cause for OB-GYN services across the United States. In the 1960s, the National Opinion Research Center found that hundreds of women were attempting to self-abort with coat hangers, knitting needles and ballpoint pens, and by swallowing toxic chemicals like bleach and laundry detergent. However, the number of deaths declined significantly into the 1960s and 1970s. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that in 1972, 130,000 women attempted self-induced abortions or obtained illegal abortions, resulting in 39 deaths.
Cases resulting from parental consent laws in the U.S. after 1973
In 2005, the Detroit News reported that a 16-year-old boy, at his pregnant, under-age girlfriend's request, repeatedly beat her abdomen with a bat to abort the fetus. The young couple lived in Michigan and were evading a state law requiring a minor to receive a parent's or a judge's consent to obtain a legal abortion. In Indiana, where there were also parental consent laws, 17-year-old Becky Bell died from an unsafe abortion in 1988 rather than discuss her pregnancy and wish for an abortion with her parents.
Methods
Methods of unsafe abortion include:
Trying to break the amniotic sac inside the womb with a sharp object or wire (for example an unbent wire clothes hanger or knitting needle). This method can cause infection or injury to internal organs (for example perforating the uterus or intestines), resulting in death. The uterus softens during pregnancy and is very easy to pierce, so one traditional method was to use a large feather.
Pumping toxic mixtures, such as chili peppers and chemicals like alum, Lysol, permanganate, or plant poison into the body of the woman. This method can cause the woman to go into toxic shock and die.
Inducing an abortion without medical supervision by self-administering abortifacient over-the-counter drugs, drugs obtained illegally, or by using drugs not indicated for abortion but known to result in miscarriage or uterine contraction. Drugs that cause uterine contractions include oxytocin (synthetic forms are Pitocin and Syntocinon), prostaglandins, and ergot alkaloids. Risks include uterine rupture, irregular heartbeat, a rise in blood pressure (hypertension), a drop in blood pressure (hypotension), anemia requiring transfusion, cardiovascular problems, pulmonary edema, and death, as well as intense bronchospasms in women with asthma.
Health risks
Unsafe abortion is a major cause of injury and death among women worldwide. It is estimated that nearly 25 million unsafe abortions take place annually. WHO estimates that at least 7.9% of maternal deaths are due to unsafe abortion, with a greater proportion occurring in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa and a lesser proportion in East Asia where access to abortion is generally legal. 97% of these abortions take place in developing countries. Unsafe abortion is believed to result in at least 22,800 deaths and millions of injuries annually. The legal status of abortion is believed to play a major role in the frequency of unsafe abortion. For example, the 1996 legalization of abortion in South Africa had an immediate positive impact on the frequency of abortion-related complications, with abortion-related deaths dropping by more than 90%. Groups such as the World Health Organization have advocated a public-health approach to addressing unsafe abortion, emphasizing the legalization of abortion, the training of medical personnel, and ensuring access to reproductive-health services.
An unsafe abortion can lead to wide range of health risks that can affect the well-being of women. The major and most life-threatening complications that stem from unsafe abortions are infection, hemorrhaging and injury to internal organs.
Abortion symptoms that can lead to additional health risks:
To provide the necessary treatment, an accurate assessment of an unsafe abortion is critical. Some signs and symptoms that require immediate attention by a licensed health care provider include: abdominal pain, vaginal infection, abnormal vaginal bleeding, shock (collapse of the circulatory system).
It is difficult to diagnose complications that result from an unsafe abortion. A woman with an extra-uterine or ectopic pregnancy may have symptoms similar to those of incomplete abortion. Therefore, it is important for health care providers to refer individuals they are unsure about to a facility where a definitive diagnosis can be made and care can be provided.
Complications and their treatments include:
Infection: antibiotics prescribed by a health care provider and removing tissue from the affected area.
Hemorrhage: swift treatment by a health care provider is imperative, as delays can be fatal.
Damage to the genital tract or internal organs: Admission to a health care facility is imperative, any delay can be fatal.
Treatment of complications
Regardless if an abortion was legal or illegal, health care providers are required by law to provide medical care to patients, as it may be life-saving. In some cases, treatment for abortion complications may be administered only when the woman provides information about the abortion and any and all persons that were involved. In areas where abortion is illegal, people seeking care for complications of illegal abortions may face legal consequences. This may deter people from seeking life-saving care.
Globally, there is a high burden of complications from unsafe abortions. The costs of treating the complications can be significant in developing countries, where, in 2011, 98% of unsafe abortions occurred. An estimated 5.3 million women worldwide have developed complications or disabilities from unsafe abortion, which may be either temporary or permanent. Unsafe abortions cause an estimated 5 million lost disability-adjusted life years each year by women of reproductive age.
See also
Reproductive health
Reproductive rights
Gerri Santoro
References
^ Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. World Health Organization. 2003. p. 12. ISBN 9789241590341. a procedure for terminating an unwanted pregnancy either by persons lacking the necessary skill or in an environment lacking the minimum medical standards, or both.
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External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Unsafe abortion.
"Abortion". who.int. 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
Preventing Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences: Priorities for Research and Action, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2006
"'My Back-Alley Abortion'". Beliefnet. 2016-07-27. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
World Health Organization (2012). Safe Abortion (PDF). Geneva: WHO. ISBN 978-92-4-154843-4.
vteAbortionMain topics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RussianAbortionPoster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"midwife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwife"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"self-induced abortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-induced_abortion"},{"link_name":"abortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"post-abortion attention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-abortion_care"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-unsafe-2007_1-2"},{"link_name":"developing world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_world"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2018-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2018-3"},{"link_name":"deaths during pregnancy and childbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2018-3"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh_2009-4"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blas-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaudhuri_2007-6"},{"link_name":"where abortion is illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal2007-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad_2009-8"}],"text":"Soviet poster c. 1925. Title translation: \"Abortion induced by either self-taught midwife or obstetrician not only maims the woman, but also often leads to death.\"An unsafe abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by people lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards, or both.[1] An unsafe abortion is a life-threatening procedure. It includes self-induced abortions, abortions in unhygienic conditions, and abortions performed by a medical practitioner who does not provide appropriate post-abortion attention.[2] About 25 million unsafe abortions occur a year, of which most occur in the developing world.[3]Unsafe abortions result in complications for about 7 million women a year.[3] Unsafe abortions are also one of the leading causes of deaths during pregnancy and childbirth (about 5–13% of all deaths during this period).[3] Most unsafe abortions occur where modern birth control is unavailable,[4] or in developing countries where affordable and well-trained medical practitioners are not readily available,[5][6] or where abortion is illegal,[7] with the more restrictive the law, the higher the rates of death and other complications.[8]","title":"Unsafe abortion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganatra_2017-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who_unsafe_abortion2011-10"},{"link_name":"Guttmacher Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"British Medical Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grimes2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandemic-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brazil_Unsafe-15"},{"link_name":"fundamental right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_right"},{"link_name":"pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pandemic-14"},{"link_name":"public-health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"human-rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-rights"},{"link_name":"women's health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_health"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ceaușescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-16"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that for the time period of 2010-14 there were 55.7 million abortions worldwide each year. Out of these abortions, approximately 54% were safe, 31% were less safe, and 14% were least safe. That means that 25 million (45%) abortions each year between 2010 and 2014 were unsafe, with 24 million (97%) of these in developing countries.[9] In 2003 approximately 42 million pregnancies were voluntarily terminated, of which 20 million were unsafe.[10] According to WHO and the Guttmacher Institute, at least 22,800[11] women die annually as a result of complications of unsafe abortion, and between two million and seven million women each year survive unsafe abortion but sustain long-term damage or disease (incomplete abortion, infection, sepsis, bleeding, and injury to the internal organs, such as puncturing or tearing of the uterus). They also concluded abortion is safer in countries where it is legal, but dangerous in countries where it is outlawed and performed clandestinely. The WHO reports that in developed regions, nearly all abortions (92%) are safe, whereas in developing countries, more than half (55%) are unsafe. According to WHO statistics, the risk rate for unsafe abortion is 1/270; according to other sources, unsafe abortion is responsible for at least 8% of maternal deaths.[12][11] Worldwide, 48% of all induced abortions are unsafe. The British Medical Bulletin reported in 2003 that 70,000 women a year die from unsafe abortion.[13] Incidence of such abortions may be difficult to measure because they can be reported variously as miscarriage, \"induced miscarriage\", \"menstrual regulation\", \"mini-abortion\", and \"regulation of a delayed/suspended menstruation\".[14][15]An article pre-printed by the WHO called safe, legal abortion a \"fundamental right of women, irrespective of where they live\" and unsafe abortion a \"silent pandemic\".[14] The article states \"ending the silent pandemic of unsafe abortion is an urgent public-health and human-rights imperative.\" It also states \"access to safe abortion improves women's health, and vice versa, as documented in Romania during the regime of President Nicolae Ceaușescu\" and \"legalisation of abortion on request is a necessary but insufficient step toward improving women's health\" citing that in some countries, such as India, where abortion has been legal for decades, access to competent care remains restricted because of other barriers. WHO's Global Strategy on Reproductive Health, adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2004, noted: \"As a preventable cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, unsafe abortion must be dealt with as part of the MDG on improving maternal health and other international development goals and targets.\"[16] The WHO's Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), whose research concerns people's sexual and reproductive health and lives,[17] has an overall strategy to combat unsafe abortion that comprises four interrelated activities:[16]to collate, synthesize and generate scientifically sound evidence on unsafe abortion prevalence and practices;\nto develop improved technologies and implement interventions to make abortion safer;\nto translate evidence into norms, tools and guidelines;\nand to assist in the development of programmes and policies that reduce unsafe abortion and improve access to safe abortion and high-quality post-abortion care.A 2007 study published in The Lancet found that, although the global rate of abortion declined from 45.6 million in 1995 to 41.6 million in 2003, unsafe procedures still accounted for 48% of all abortions performed in 2003. It also concluded that, while the overall incidence of abortion in both developed and developing countries is approximately equal, unsafe abortion occurs more often in less-developed nations.[18] The most repressive of laws still apply to over 40% of the world population. If found out, these women may face prosecution, and later incarceration. [19]According to a new study in The Lancet that focused on data from 2010 to 2014, nearly 55 million pregnancies are terminated early and of that 55 million, nearly half, 25.5 million are deemed as unsafe.[20] The WHO and the Guttmacher Institute stress the need for access to a safe abortion for all women and that unsafe methods must be replaced. Africa, Asia and Latin America account for almost 97 percent of unsafe abortions. These regions are often poorer and underdeveloped and lack the access to safe abortion methods. Out of all abortions in these regions only 25% are considered safe. In developed countries these numbers improve drastically. Nearly all abortions in North America (99%) are considered safe. Overall nearly 88% of abortions in developed countries were actually considered safe, with the number of safe abortions in Europe slightly lower.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"where abortion is illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenthal2007-7"},{"link_name":"developing country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaudhuri_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blas-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-unsafe-2007_2-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh_2009-4"},{"link_name":"maternal mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"birth control pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_pill"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Unsafe abortions often occur where abortion is illegal.[7] However, the prevalence of unsafe abortion may also be determined by other factors, such as whether it occurs in a developing country that has a low level of competent medical care.[6]Unsafe abortions sometimes occur where abortion is legal, and safe abortions sometimes occur where abortion is illegal.[21] Legalization is not always followed by elimination of unsafe abortion.[5][22] Affordable safe services may be unavailable despite legality, and conversely, women may be able to afford medically competent services despite illegality.[23]When abortion is illegal, that generally contributes to the prevalence of unsafe abortion, but it is not the only contributor. In addition, a lack of access to safe and effective contraception contributes to unsafe abortion. It has been estimated that the incidence of unsafe abortion could be reduced by as much as 73% without any change in abortion laws if modern family planning and maternal health services were readily available globally.[4]Illegality of abortion contributes to maternal mortality, but that contribution is not as great as it once was, due to medical advances including penicillin and the birth control pill.[24]","title":"Conflating illegal and unsafe abortion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"* Excluding Japan\n** Excluding Australia and New ZealandSource: WHO 2006[25]","title":"Frequency by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN_22_January_2013-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"National Opinion Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thinkprogress.org-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Abortion in the U.S. before 1973 (Roe v. Wade)","text":"In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that laws prohibiting an abortion violated a woman's right to privacy. The landmark case, Roe v. Wade, changed abortion in the United States.Early abortion laws generally only prohibited the use of toxic chemicals that were used to cause a miscarriage. The first such law was passed in Connecticut in 1821.[26]Prior to 1973, the authority to legalize abortion rested with the state governments. Up through the 1960s, 44 states had laws that outlawed abortions unless the health of the pregnant patient was at stake.[27]In the 1940s, records show that more than 1,000 women died each year from abortions that were labeled as unsafe. Many of these abortions were self-induced. Unsafe abortion practices were such a concern in the United States that nearly every large hospital had some type of \"septic abortion ward\" that was responsible for dealing with the complications that accompanied an incomplete abortion. Incomplete abortions were the leading cause for OB-GYN services across the United States. In the 1960s, the National Opinion Research Center found that hundreds of women were attempting to self-abort with coat hangers, knitting needles and ballpoint pens, and by swallowing toxic chemicals like bleach and laundry detergent.[28] However, the number of deaths declined significantly into the 1960s and 1970s. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that in 1972, 130,000 women attempted self-induced abortions or obtained illegal abortions, resulting in 39 deaths.[29]","title":"Frequency by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Becky Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Bell"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Cases resulting from parental consent laws in the U.S. after 1973","text":"In 2005, the Detroit News reported that a 16-year-old boy, at his pregnant, under-age girlfriend's request, repeatedly beat her abdomen with a bat to abort the fetus. The young couple lived in Michigan and were evading a state law requiring a minor to receive a parent's or a judge's consent to obtain a legal abortion.[30][31][32] In Indiana, where there were also parental consent laws, 17-year-old Becky Bell died from an unsafe abortion in 1988 rather than discuss her pregnancy and wish for an abortion with her parents.[33][34] [better source needed]","title":"Frequency by continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amniotic sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_sac"},{"link_name":"womb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"clothes hanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_hanger"},{"link_name":"knitting needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting_needle"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"intestines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestines"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avery-family-37"},{"link_name":"chili peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"alum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum"},{"link_name":"Lysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysol"},{"link_name":"permanganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanganate"},{"link_name":"plant poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicide"},{"link_name":"toxic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_shock"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-38"},{"link_name":"abortifacient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortifacient"},{"link_name":"uterine contractions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_contraction"},{"link_name":"oxytocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin"},{"link_name":"Pitocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitocin"},{"link_name":"Syntocinon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntocinon"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"ergot alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergot_alkaloid"},{"link_name":"uterine rupture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_rupture"},{"link_name":"irregular heartbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_heartbeat"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"hypotension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"transfusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion"},{"link_name":"pulmonary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema"},{"link_name":"bronchospasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchospasm"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uterine-39"}],"text":"Methods of unsafe abortion include:Trying to break the amniotic sac inside the womb with a sharp object or wire (for example an unbent wire clothes hanger or knitting needle).[35] This method can cause infection or injury to internal organs (for example perforating the uterus or intestines), resulting in death.[36] The uterus softens during pregnancy and is very easy to pierce, so one traditional method was to use a large feather.[37]\nPumping toxic mixtures, such as chili peppers and chemicals like alum, Lysol, permanganate, or plant poison into the body of the woman. This method can cause the woman to go into toxic shock and die.[38]\nInducing an abortion without medical supervision by self-administering abortifacient over-the-counter drugs, drugs obtained illegally, or by using drugs not indicated for abortion but known to result in miscarriage or uterine contraction. Drugs that cause uterine contractions include oxytocin (synthetic forms are Pitocin and Syntocinon), prostaglandins, and ergot alkaloids. Risks include uterine rupture, irregular heartbeat, a rise in blood pressure (hypertension), a drop in blood pressure (hypotension), anemia requiring transfusion, cardiovascular problems, pulmonary edema, and death, as well as intense bronchospasms in women with asthma.[39]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ganatra_2017-9"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancet-grimes-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lancet-grimes-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berer-who-43"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewkes-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bateman-samj-45"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berer-who-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haddad_2009-8"}],"text":"Unsafe abortion is a major cause of injury and death among women worldwide. It is estimated that nearly 25 million unsafe abortions take place annually.[9] WHO estimates that at least 7.9% of maternal deaths are due to unsafe abortion, with a greater proportion occurring in Latin America, the Caribbean, and sub-Saharan Africa and a lesser proportion in East Asia where access to abortion is generally legal.[40] 97% of these abortions take place in developing countries.[41] Unsafe abortion is believed to result in at least 22,800 deaths and millions of injuries annually.[41] The legal status of abortion is believed to play a major role in the frequency of unsafe abortion.[42][43] For example, the 1996 legalization of abortion in South Africa had an immediate positive impact on the frequency of abortion-related complications,[44] with abortion-related deaths dropping by more than 90%.[45] Groups such as the World Health Organization have advocated a public-health approach to addressing unsafe abortion, emphasizing the legalization of abortion, the training of medical personnel, and ensuring access to reproductive-health services.[43]An unsafe abortion can lead to wide range of health risks that can affect the well-being of women. The major and most life-threatening complications that stem from unsafe abortions are infection, hemorrhaging and injury to internal organs.[46]Abortion symptoms that can lead to additional health risks:To provide the necessary treatment, an accurate assessment of an unsafe abortion is critical. Some signs and symptoms that require immediate attention by a licensed health care provider include: abdominal pain, vaginal infection, abnormal vaginal bleeding, shock (collapse of the circulatory system).[46]\nIt is difficult to diagnose complications that result from an unsafe abortion. A woman with an extra-uterine or ectopic pregnancy may have symptoms similar to those of incomplete abortion. Therefore, it is important for health care providers to refer individuals they are unsure about to a facility where a definitive diagnosis can be made and care can be provided.[47]Complications and their treatments include:Infection: antibiotics prescribed by a health care provider and removing tissue from the affected area.\nHemorrhage: swift treatment by a health care provider is imperative, as delays can be fatal.Damage to the genital tract or internal organs: Admission to a health care facility is imperative, any delay can be fatal.[8]","title":"Health risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingelse_2001-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingelse_2001-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burdenofmorbidity-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourstudies-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adolescentsinafrica-51"},{"link_name":"disability-adjusted life years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preventablepandemic-52"}],"sub_title":"Treatment of complications","text":"Regardless if an abortion was legal or illegal, health care providers are required by law to provide medical care to patients, as it may be life-saving. In some cases, treatment for abortion complications may be administered only when the woman provides information about the abortion and any and all persons that were involved.[48] In areas where abortion is illegal, people seeking care for complications of illegal abortions may face legal consequences. This may deter people from seeking life-saving care.[48]Globally, there is a high burden of complications from unsafe abortions.[49] The costs of treating the complications can be significant in developing countries, where, in 2011, 98% of unsafe abortions occurred.[50] An estimated 5.3 million women worldwide have developed complications or disabilities from unsafe abortion, which may be either temporary or permanent.[51] Unsafe abortions cause an estimated 5 million lost disability-adjusted life years each year by women of reproductive age.[52]","title":"Health risks"}]
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[{"image_text":"Soviet poster c. 1925. Title translation: \"Abortion induced by either self-taught midwife or obstetrician not only maims the woman, but also often leads to death.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/220px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Reproductive health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_health"},{"title":"Reproductive rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights"},{"title":"Gerri Santoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerri_Santoro"}]
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[{"reference":"Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. World Health Organization. 2003. p. 12. ISBN 9789241590341. a procedure for terminating an unwanted pregnancy either by persons lacking the necessary skill or in an environment lacking the minimum medical standards, or both.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZRendehUUQC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241590341","url_text":"9789241590341"}]},{"reference":"\"Unsafe abortion: Global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003\" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2011. The estimates given in this document are intended to reflect induced abortions that carry greater risk than those carried out officially for reasons accepted in the laws of a country.","urls":[{"url":"http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596121_eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Unsafe abortion: Global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"Preventing unsafe abortion\". www.who.int. Retrieved 19 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion","url_text":"\"Preventing unsafe abortion\""}]},{"reference":"Singh S, Darroch JE, Ashford LS, Vlassoff M (2009). Adding it Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Newborn Health (PDF). New York: Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund. If women's contraceptive needs were addressed...the number of unsafe abortions would decline by 73% from 20 million to 5.5 million.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AddingItUp2009.pdf","url_text":"Adding it Up: The Costs and Benefits of Investing in Family Planning and Newborn Health"}]},{"reference":"Facts on Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health (PDF). Guttmacher Institute. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324101905/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/FB-AIU-summary.pdf","url_text":"Facts on Investing in Family Planning and Maternal and Newborn Health"},{"url":"http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/FB-AIU-summary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blas E, Kurup AS, eds. (2010). Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. World Health Organization. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9789241563970.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7JxutqCmctUC&pg=PA183","url_text":"Equity, social determinants and public health programmes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789241563970","url_text":"9789241563970"}]},{"reference":"Chaudhuri SK (2007). Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual (7th ed.). India: Elsevier. p. 259. ISBN 9788131211502.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pzanxKlcU74C&pg=PA259","url_text":"Practice Of Fertility Control: A Comprehensive Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131211502","url_text":"9788131211502"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal E (October 2007). \"Legal or Not, Abortion Rates Compare\". New York Times. 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It was estimated that in 2003 approximately 42 million pregnancies were voluntarily terminated: 22 million safely and 20 million unsafely.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241501118/en/index.html","url_text":"\"Unsafe abortion Global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Induced Abortion Worldwide\". Guttmacher Institute. 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2018-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide","url_text":"\"Induced Abortion Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"Nour NM (2008). \"An introduction to maternal mortality\". Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1 (2): 77–81. PMC 2505173. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniofacial_abnormality
|
Craniofacial abnormality
|
["1 Notable conditions","2 References","3 External links"]
|
"Orafacial abnormality" redirects here. For other orofacial abnormalities, see Mouth disease.
Medical conditionCraniofacial abnormalityHuman skullSpecialtyMedical genetics
Craniofacial abnormalities are congenital musculoskeletal disorders which primarily affect the cranium and facial bones.
They are associated with the development of the pharyngeal arches. Approximately, 5% of the UK or USA population present with dentofacial deformities requiring Orthognathic surgery, jaw surgery, and Orthodontics, brace therapy, as a part of their definitive treatment.
Notable conditions
Platybasia
Arrhinia - absence of the nose
Craniosynostosis - premature fusion of the cranial sutures
Cyclopia - one eye
Mobius syndrome - paralysis of the facial muscles
References
^ "WHO – Craniofacial abnormalities". Archived from the original on August 23, 2004.
^ "Craniofacial Abnormalities: Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities: Merck Manual Professional".
^ Posnick, Jeffrey C. (September 2013). Orthognatic Surgery: Principles and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 61–68. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-2698-1.00003-4. ISBN 978-145572698-1.
^ Harrington C, Gallagher JR, Borzabadi-Farahani A (2015). "A retrospective analysis of dentofacial deformities and orthognathic surgeries using the index of orthognathic functional treatment needs (IOFTN)". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 79 (7): 1063–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.027. PMID 25957779.
^ Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F, Shahmoradi M (2016). "Functional needs of subjects with dentofacial deformities: A study using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 69 (6): 796–801. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.03.008. PMID 27068664.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: Q75ICD-9-CM: 756.0MeSH: D019465
vteCongenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormalityAppendicularlimb / dysmeliaArmsclavicle / shoulder
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Sprengel's deformity
Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome
hand deformity
Madelung's deformity
Clinodactyly
Oligodactyly
Polydactyly
Leghip
Hip dislocation / Hip dysplasia
Upington disease
Coxa valga
Coxa vara
knee
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Genu recurvatum
Discoid meniscus
Congenital patellar dislocation
Congenital knee dislocation
foot deformity
varus
Club foot
Pigeon toe
valgus
Flat feet
Pes cavus
Rocker bottom foot
Hammer toe
Either / bothfingers and toes
Polydactyly / Syndactyly
Webbed toes
Arachnodactyly
Cenani–Lenz syndactylism
Ectrodactyly
Brachydactyly
Stub thumb
reduction deficits / limb
Acheiropodia
Ectromelia
Phocomelia
Amelia
Hemimelia
multiple joints
Arthrogryposis
Larsen syndrome
RAPADILINO syndrome
AxialSkull and faceCraniosynostosis
Scaphocephaly
Oxycephaly
Trigonocephaly
Craniofacial dysostosis
Crouzon syndrome
Hypertelorism
Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
Oto-palato-digital syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome
other
Macrocephaly
Platybasia
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
Dolichocephaly
Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
Plagiocephaly
Saddle nose
Vertebral column
Spinal curvature
Scoliosis
Klippel–Feil syndrome
Spondylolisthesis
Spina bifida occulta
Sacralization
Thoracic skeletonribs:
Cervical
Bifid
sternum:
Pectus excavatum
Pectus carinatum
other:
Poland syndrome
vteCongenital abnormality syndromesCraniofacial
Acrocephalosyndactyly
Apert syndrome
Carpenter syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome
Saethre–Chotzen syndrome
Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome
Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome
Other
Baller–Gerold syndrome
Cyclopia
Goldenhar syndrome
Moebius syndrome
Pierre Robin sequence
Short stature
1q21.1 deletion syndrome
Aarskog–Scott syndrome
Cockayne syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Dubowitz syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Robinow syndrome
Silver–Russell syndrome
Seckel syndrome
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Snyder–Robinson syndrome
Turner syndrome
Limbs
Adducted thumb syndrome
Holt–Oram syndrome
Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
Nail–patella syndrome
Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Gastrulation/mesoderm:
Caudal regression syndrome
Ectromelia
Sirenomelia
VACTERL association
Overgrowth syndromes
Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Benign symmetric lipomatosis
Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
Neurofibromatosis type I
Perlman syndrome
Proteus syndrome
Sotos syndrome
Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome
Weaver syndrome
Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl
Bardet–Biedl syndrome
Laurence–Moon syndrome
Combined/other,known locus
2 (Feingold syndrome)
3 (Zimmermann–Laband syndrome)
4/13 (Fraser syndrome)
8 (Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, CHARGE syndrome)
12 (Keutel syndrome, Timothy syndrome)
15 (Marfan syndrome)
19 (Donohue syndrome)
Multiple
Fryns syndrome
This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Saal
|
Jason Saal
|
["1 External links","2 References"]
|
American ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Jason SaalBorn
(1975-02-01) February 1, 1975 (age 49)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.Height
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)Weight
185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb)Position
GoaltenderShot
LeftPlayed for
AHL TeamsSt. John's Maple LeafsPortland PiratesNHL draft
5th round, 117th overall, 1993Los Angeles KingsPlaying career
1992–2006
Jason Saal (born February 1, 1975) is an American former professional ice hockey player, with the majority of his career spent in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL). He spent his entire career as a journeyman, also playing in the Ontario Hockey League, American Hockey League and United Hockey League. Although he was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings in the 5th round (117 overall), he never played an NHL game.
Saal retired following the 2004–05 season to be closer to his family and spend more time with his daughter. Saal returned to the Detroit area to become a police officer. Saal did return to professional hockey the following season playing 56 games with the Flint Generals in the UHL before finishing the year with the Adirondack Frostbite before fully retiring in 2006.
His biggest career accomplishment was winning the 1995 Hap Emms Memorial Trophy, which is given to the top goaltender of the Memorial Cup tournament. In 2018, he was elected into the ECHL Hall of Fame.
External links
Jason Saal career statistics at The Internet Hockey Database
References
^ a b "Jason Saal - Player Profile". Hockey DB.com. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ "Los Angeles Kings Draft Register". Hockey Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ Kristy Shonka (2005-04-09). "Goaltender longs to end career with victory". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ "MEMORIAL CUP: A LOOK INSIDE THE RECORD BOOK". The Record.com. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
^ "11TH CLASS OFFICIALLY JOINS ECHL HALL OF FAME". ECHL. January 19, 2018. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
This biographical article relating to an American ice hockey goaltender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speocirolana
|
Speocirolana
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of crustaceans
Speocirolana
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Isopoda
Family:
Cirolanidae
Genus:
SpeocirolanaBolivar y Pieltain, 1950
Speocirolana is a genus of crustacean in family Cirolanidae. They occur in Mexico from San Luis Potosi northwards and in southern Texas (United States). They are stygobionts. They measure 17–33 mm (0.67–1.30 in) in total length.
Species
Speocirolana contains the following species:
Speocirolana bolivari (Rioja, 1953)
Speocirolana disparicornis Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1999
Speocirolana endeca Bowman, 1982
Speocirolana fustiura Botosaneanu & Illife, 1999
Speocirolana guerrei Contreras-Balderas & Purata Velarde, 1982
Speocirolana hardeni Bowman, 1992
Speocirolana lapenita Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1999
Speocirolana pelaezi Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950
Speocirolana prima Schotte, 2002
Speocirolana pubens Bowman, 1982
Speocirolana thermydronis Cole & W. L. Minckley, 1966
Speocirolana xilitla Alvarez & Villalobos, 2008
Speocirolana zumbadora Botosaneanu, Iliffe & Hendrickson, 1998
References
^ a b Schotte M, Boyko CB, Bruce NL, Poore GC, Taiti S, Wilson GD, eds. (2022). "Speocirolana Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950". World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ a b Alvarez, Fernando & Villalobos, José L. (2008). "A new species of freshwater cave dwelling Speocirolana (Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico". Crustaceana. 81 (6): 653–662. doi:10.1163/156854008784513401. JSTOR 20111432.
Taxon identifiersSpeocirolana
Wikidata: Q3915098
Wikispecies: Speocirolana
BOLD: 27532
CoL: 7Q24T
EoL: 42045
GBIF: 2212932
iNaturalist: 92151
IRMNG: 1052213
ITIS: 92281
NCBI: 267908
Open Tree of Life: 580763
WoRMS: 249328
This isopod-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crustacean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"Cirolanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirolanidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"San Luis Potosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potosi"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"stygobionts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygobiont"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarez_&_Villalobos_2008-2"}],"text":"Speocirolana is a genus of crustacean in family Cirolanidae.[1] They occur in Mexico from San Luis Potosi northwards and in southern Texas (United States). They are stygobionts. They measure 17–33 mm (0.67–1.30 in) in total length.[2]","title":"Speocirolana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana bolivari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_bolivari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana disparicornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_disparicornis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana endeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_endeca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana fustiura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_fustiura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana guerrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_guerrei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana hardeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_hardeni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana lapenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_lapenita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana pelaezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_pelaezi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana prima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_prima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana pubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_pubens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana thermydronis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speocirolana_thermydronis"},{"link_name":"W. L. Minckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_L._Minckley"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana xilitla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speocirolana_xilitla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarez_&_Villalobos_2008-2"},{"link_name":"Speocirolana zumbadora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana_zumbadora&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Speocirolana contains the following species:[1]Speocirolana bolivari (Rioja, 1953)\nSpeocirolana disparicornis Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1999\nSpeocirolana endeca Bowman, 1982\nSpeocirolana fustiura Botosaneanu & Illife, 1999\nSpeocirolana guerrei Contreras-Balderas & Purata Velarde, 1982\nSpeocirolana hardeni Bowman, 1992\nSpeocirolana lapenita Botosaneanu & Iliffe, 1999\nSpeocirolana pelaezi Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950\nSpeocirolana prima Schotte, 2002\nSpeocirolana pubens Bowman, 1982\nSpeocirolana thermydronis Cole & W. L. Minckley, 1966\nSpeocirolana xilitla Alvarez & Villalobos, 2008[2]\nSpeocirolana zumbadora Botosaneanu, Iliffe & Hendrickson, 1998","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Schotte M, Boyko CB, Bruce NL, Poore GC, Taiti S, Wilson GD, eds. (2022). \"Speocirolana Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950\". World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=249328","url_text":"\"Speocirolana Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"Alvarez, Fernando & Villalobos, José L. (2008). \"A new species of freshwater cave dwelling Speocirolana (Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico\". Crustaceana. 81 (6): 653–662. doi:10.1163/156854008784513401. JSTOR 20111432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156854008784513401","url_text":"10.1163/156854008784513401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111432","url_text":"20111432"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=249328","external_links_name":"\"Speocirolana Bolivar y Pieltain, 1950\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156854008784513401","external_links_name":"10.1163/156854008784513401"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111432","external_links_name":"20111432"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=27532","external_links_name":"27532"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7Q24T","external_links_name":"7Q24T"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/42045","external_links_name":"42045"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2212932","external_links_name":"2212932"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/92151","external_links_name":"92151"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1052213","external_links_name":"1052213"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=92281","external_links_name":"92281"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=267908","external_links_name":"267908"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=580763","external_links_name":"580763"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=249328","external_links_name":"249328"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speocirolana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscription_(logic)
|
Circumscription (logic)
|
["1 The propositional case","2 Fixed and varying predicates","3 Predicate circumscription","4 Pointwise circumscription","5 Domain and formula circumscription","6 Theory curbing","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy
Not to be confused with circumscribe.
Circumscription is a non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy to formalize the common sense assumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified. Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in an attempt to solve the frame problem. To implement circumscription in its initial formulation, McCarthy augmented first-order logic to allow the minimization of the extension of some predicates, where the extension of a predicate is the set of tuples of values the predicate is true on. This minimization is similar to the closed-world assumption that what is not known to be true is false.
The original problem considered by McCarthy was that of missionaries and cannibals: there are three missionaries and three cannibals on one bank of a river; they have to cross the river using a boat that can only take two, with the additional constraint that cannibals must never outnumber the missionaries on either bank (as otherwise the missionaries would be killed and, presumably, eaten). The problem considered by McCarthy was not that of finding a sequence of steps to reach the goal (the article on the missionaries and cannibals problem contains one such solution), but rather that of excluding conditions that are not explicitly stated. For example, the solution "go half a mile south and cross the river on the bridge" is intuitively not valid because the statement of the problem does not mention such a bridge. On the other hand, the existence of this bridge is not excluded by the statement of the problem either. That the bridge does not exist is
a consequence of the implicit assumption that the statement of the problem contains everything that is relevant to its solution. Explicitly stating that a bridge does not exist is not a solution to this problem, as there are many other exceptional conditions that should be excluded (such as the presence of a rope for fastening the cannibals, the presence of a larger boat nearby, etc.)
Circumscription was later used by McCarthy to formalize the implicit assumption of inertia: things do not change unless otherwise specified. Circumscription seemed to be useful to avoid specifying that conditions are not changed by all actions except those explicitly known to change them; this is known as the frame problem. However, the solution proposed by McCarthy was later shown leading to wrong results in some cases, like in the Yale shooting problem scenario. Other solutions to the frame problem that correctly formalize the Yale shooting problem exist; some use circumscription but in a different way.
The propositional case
While circumscription was initially defined in the first-order logic case, the particularization to the propositional case is easier to define. Given a propositional formula
T
{\displaystyle T}
, its circumscription is the formula having only the models of
T
{\displaystyle T}
that do not assign a variable to true unless necessary.
Formally, propositional models can be represented by sets of propositional variables; namely, each model is represented by the set of propositional variables it assigns to true. For example, the model assigning true to
a
{\displaystyle a}
, false to
b
{\displaystyle b}
, and true to
c
{\displaystyle c}
is represented by the set
{
a
,
c
}
{\displaystyle \{a,c\}}
, because
a
{\displaystyle a}
and
c
{\displaystyle c}
are exactly the variables that are assigned to true by this model.
Given two models
M
{\displaystyle M}
and
N
{\displaystyle N}
represented this way, the condition
N
⊆
M
{\displaystyle N\subseteq M}
is equivalent to
M
{\displaystyle M}
setting to true every variable that
N
{\displaystyle N}
sets to true. In other words,
⊆
{\displaystyle \subseteq }
models the relation of "setting to true less variables".
N
⊂
M
{\displaystyle N\subset M}
means that
N
⊆
M
{\displaystyle N\subseteq M}
but these two models do not coincide.
This lets us define models that do not assign variables to true unless necessary.
A model
M
{\displaystyle M}
of a theory
T
{\displaystyle T}
is called minimal, if and only if there is no model
N
{\displaystyle N}
of
T
{\displaystyle T}
for which
N
⊂
M
{\displaystyle N\subset M}
.
Circumscription is expressed by selecting only the minimal models. It is defined as follows:
C
I
R
C
(
T
)
=
{
M
|
M
is a minimal model of
T
}
{\displaystyle CIRC(T)=\{M~|~M{\mbox{ is a minimal model of }}T\}}
Alternatively, one can define
C
I
R
C
(
T
)
{\displaystyle CIRC(T)}
as a formula having exactly the above set of models; furthermore, one can also avoid giving a definition of
C
I
R
C
{\displaystyle CIRC}
and only define minimal inference as
T
⊨
M
Q
{\displaystyle T\models _{M}Q}
if and only if every minimal model of
T
{\displaystyle T}
is also a model of
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
.
As an example, the formula
T
=
a
∧
(
b
∨
c
)
{\displaystyle T=a\land (b\lor c)}
has three models:
a
{\displaystyle a}
,
b
{\displaystyle b}
,
c
{\displaystyle c}
are true, i.e.
{
a
,
b
,
c
}
{\displaystyle \{a,b,c\}}
;
a
{\displaystyle a}
and
b
{\displaystyle b}
are true,
c
{\displaystyle c}
is false, i.e.
{
a
,
b
}
{\displaystyle \{a,b\}}
;
a
{\displaystyle a}
and
c
{\displaystyle c}
are true,
b
{\displaystyle b}
is false, i.e.
{
a
,
c
}
{\displaystyle \{a,c\}}
.
The first model is not minimal in the set of variables it assigns to true. Indeed, the second model makes the same assignments except for
c
{\displaystyle c}
, which is assigned to false and not to true. Therefore, the first model is not minimal. The second and third models are incomparable: while the second assigns true to
b
{\displaystyle b}
, the third assigns true to
c
{\displaystyle c}
instead. Therefore, the models circumscribing
T
{\displaystyle T}
are the second and third models of the list. A propositional formula having exactly these two models is the following one:
a
∧
¬
(
b
↔
c
)
{\displaystyle a\land \neg (b\leftrightarrow c)}
Intuitively, in circumscription a variable is assigned to true only if this is necessary. Dually, if a variable can be false, it must be false. For example, at least one of
b
{\displaystyle b}
and
c
{\displaystyle c}
must be assigned to true according to
T
{\displaystyle T}
; in the circumscription exactly one of the two variables must be true. The variable
a
{\displaystyle a}
cannot be false in any model of
T
{\displaystyle T}
and neither of the circumscription.
Fixed and varying predicates
The extension of circumscription with fixed and varying predicates is due to Vladimir Lifschitz. The idea is that some conditions are not to be minimized. In propositional logic terms, some variables are not to be falsified if possible. In particular, two kind of variables can be considered:
varying
these are variables that are not to be taken into account at all in the course of minimization;
fixed
these are variables considered fixed while doing a minimization; in other words, minimization can be done only by comparing models with the same values of these variables.
The difference is that the value of the varying conditions are simply assumed not to matter. The fixed conditions instead characterize a possible situation, so that comparing two situations where these conditions have different value makes no sense.
Formally, the extension of circumscription that incorporate varying and fixed variables is as follows, where
P
{\displaystyle P}
is the set of variables to minimize,
Z
{\displaystyle Z}
the fixed variables, and the varying variables are those not in
P
∪
Z
{\displaystyle P\cup Z}
:
CIRC
(
T
;
P
,
Z
)
=
{
M
|
M
⊨
T
and
∄
N
such that
N
⊨
T
,
N
∩
P
⊂
M
∩
P
and
N
∩
Z
=
M
∩
Z
}
{\displaystyle {\text{CIRC}}(T;P,Z)=\{M~|~M\models T{\text{ and }}\not \exists N{\text{ such that }}N\models T,~N\cap P\subset M\cap P{\text{ and }}N\cap Z=M\cap Z\}}
In words, minimization of the variables assigned to true is only done for the variables in
P
{\displaystyle P}
; moreover, models are only compared if they assign the same values to the variables of
Z
{\displaystyle Z}
. All other variables are not taken into account while comparing models.
The solution to the frame problem proposed by McCarthy is based on circumscription with no fixed conditions. In the propositional case, this solution can be described as follows: in addition to the formulae directly encoding what is known, one also define new variables representing changes in the values of the conditions; these new variables are then minimized.
For example, of the domain in which there is a door that is closed at time 0 and in which the action of opening the door is executed at time 2, what is explicitly known is represented by the two formulae:
¬
open
0
{\displaystyle \neg {\text{open}}_{0}}
true
→
open
2
{\displaystyle {\text{true}}\rightarrow {\text{open}}_{2}}
The frame problem shows in this example as the problem that
¬
o
p
e
n
1
{\displaystyle \neg open_{1}}
is not a consequence of the above formulae, while the door is supposed to stay closed until the action of opening it is performed. Circumscription can be used to this aim by defining new variables
c
h
a
n
g
e
_
o
p
e
n
t
{\displaystyle change\_open_{t}}
to model changes and then minimizing them:
change open
0
≡
(
open
0
≢
open
1
)
{\displaystyle {\text{change open}}_{0}\equiv ({\text{open}}_{0}\not \equiv {\text{open}}_{1})}
change open
1
≡
(
open
1
≢
open
2
)
{\displaystyle {\text{change open}}_{1}\equiv ({\text{open}}_{1}\not \equiv {\text{open}}_{2})}
...
As shown by the Yale shooting problem, this kind of solution does not work. For example,
¬
open
1
{\displaystyle \neg {\text{open}}_{1}}
is not yet entailed by the circumscription of the formulae above: the model in which
change open
0
{\displaystyle {\text{change open}}_{0}}
is true and
change open
1
{\displaystyle {\text{change open}}_{1}}
is false is incomparable with the model with the opposite values. Therefore, the situation in which the door becomes open at time 1 and then remains open as a consequence of the action is not excluded by circumscription.
Several other formalizations of dynamical domains not suffering from such problems have been developed (see frame problem for an overview). Many use circumscription but in a different way.
Predicate circumscription
The original definition of circumscription proposed by McCarthy is about first-order logic. The role of variables in propositional logic (something that can be true or false) is played in first-order logic by predicates. Namely, a propositional formula can be expressed in first-order logic by replacing each propositional variable with a predicate of zero arity (i.e., a predicate with no arguments). Therefore, minimization is done on predicates in the first-order logic version of circumscription: the circumscription of a formula is obtained forcing predicates to be false whenever possible.
Given a first-order logic formula
T
{\displaystyle T}
containing a predicate
P
{\displaystyle P}
, circumscribing this predicate amounts to selecting only the models of
T
{\displaystyle T}
in which
P
{\displaystyle P}
is assigned to true on a minimal set of tuples of values.
Formally, the extension of a predicate in a first-order model is the set of tuples of values this predicate assign to true in the model. First-order models indeed includes the evaluation of each predicate symbol; such an evaluation tells whether the predicate is true or false for any possible value of its arguments. Since each argument of a predicate must be a term, and each term evaluates to a value, the models tells whether
P
(
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
)
{\displaystyle P(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})}
is true for any possible tuple of values
⟨
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}\rangle }
. The extension of
P
{\displaystyle P}
in a model is the set of tuples of terms such that
P
(
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
)
{\displaystyle P(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})}
is true in the model.
The circumscription of a predicate
P
{\displaystyle P}
in a formula
T
{\displaystyle T}
is obtained by selecting only the models of
T
{\displaystyle T}
with a minimal extension of
P
{\displaystyle P}
. For example, if a formula has only two models, differing only because
P
(
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
)
{\displaystyle P(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n})}
is true in one and false in the second, then only the second model is selected. This is because
⟨
v
1
,
…
,
v
n
⟩
{\displaystyle \langle v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}\rangle }
is in the extension of
P
{\displaystyle P}
in the first model but not in the second.
The original definition by McCarthy was syntactical rather than semantical. Given a formula
T
{\displaystyle T}
and a predicate
P
{\displaystyle P}
, circumscribing
P
{\displaystyle P}
in
T
{\displaystyle T}
is the following second-order formula:
T
(
P
)
∧
∀
p
¬
(
T
(
p
)
∧
p
<
P
)
{\displaystyle T(P)\wedge \forall p\neg (T(p)\wedge p<P)}
In this formula
p
{\displaystyle p}
is a predicate of the same arity as
P
{\displaystyle P}
. This is a second-order formula because it contains a quantification over a predicate. The subformula
p
<
P
{\displaystyle p<P}
is a shorthand for:
∀
x
(
p
(
x
)
→
P
(
x
)
)
∧
¬
∀
x
(
P
(
x
)
→
p
(
x
)
)
{\displaystyle \forall x(p(x)\rightarrow P(x))\wedge \neg \forall x(P(x)\rightarrow p(x))}
In this formula,
x
{\displaystyle x}
is a n-tuple of terms, where n is the arity of
P
{\displaystyle P}
. This formula states that extension minimization has to be done: in order for a truth evaluation on
P
{\displaystyle P}
of a model being considered, it must be the case that no other predicate
p
{\displaystyle p}
can assign to false every tuple that
P
{\displaystyle P}
assigns to false and yet being different from
P
{\displaystyle P}
.
This definition only allows circumscribing a single predicate. While the extension to more than one predicate is trivial, minimizing the extension of a single predicate has an important application: capturing the idea that things are usually as expected. This idea can be formalized by minimizing a single predicate expressing the abnormality of situations. In particular, every known fact is expressed in logic with the addition of a literal
¬
A
b
n
o
r
m
a
l
(
.
.
.
)
{\displaystyle \neg Abnormal(...)}
stating that the fact holds only in normal situations. Minimizing the extension of this predicate allows for reasoning under the implicit assumption that things are as expected (that is, they are not abnormal), and that this assumption is made only if possible (abnormality can be assumed false only if this is consistent with the facts.)
Pointwise circumscription
Pointwise circumscription is a variant of first-order circumscription that has been introduced by Vladimir Lifschitz. The rationale of pointwise circumscription is that it minimizes the value of a predicate for each tuple of values separately, rather than minimizing the extension of the predicate. For example, there are two models of
P
(
a
)
≡
P
(
b
)
{\displaystyle P(a)\equiv P(b)}
with domain
{
a
,
b
}
{\displaystyle \{a,b\}}
, one setting
P
(
a
)
=
P
(
b
)
=
f
a
l
s
e
{\displaystyle P(a)=P(b)=false}
and the other setting
P
(
a
)
=
P
(
b
)
=
t
r
u
e
{\displaystyle P(a)=P(b)=true}
. Since the extension of
P
{\displaystyle P}
in the first model is
∅
{\displaystyle \emptyset }
while the extension for the second is
{
a
,
b
}
{\displaystyle \{a,b\}}
, circumscription only selects the first model. In the propositional case, pointwise and predicate circumscription coincide.
In pointwise circumscription, each tuple of values is considered separately. For example, in the formula
P
(
a
)
≡
P
(
b
)
{\displaystyle P(a)\equiv P(b)}
one would consider the value of
P
(
a
)
{\displaystyle P(a)}
separately from
P
(
b
)
{\displaystyle P(b)}
. A model is minimal only if it is not possible to turn any such value from true to false while still satisfying the formula. As a result, the model in which
P
(
a
)
=
P
(
b
)
=
t
r
u
e
{\displaystyle P(a)=P(b)=true}
is selected by pointwise circumscription because turning only
P
(
a
)
{\displaystyle P(a)}
into false does not satisfy the formula, and the same happens for
P
(
b
)
{\displaystyle P(b)}
.
Domain and formula circumscription
An earlier formulation of circumscription by McCarthy is based on minimizing the domain of first-order models, rather than the extension of predicates. Namely, a model is considered less than another if it has a smaller domain and the two models coincide on the evaluation of the common tuples of values. This version of circumscription can be reduced to predicate circumscription.
Formula circumscription was a later formalism introduced by McCarthy. This is a generalization of circumscription in which the extension of a formula is minimized, rather than the extension of a predicate. In other words, a formula can be specified so that the set of tuples of values of the domain that satisfy the formula is made as small as possible.
Theory curbing
Circumscription does not always correctly handle disjunctive information. Ray Reiter provided the following example: a coin is tossed over a checkboard, and the result is that the coin is either on a black area, or on a white area, or both. However, there are a large number of other possible places where the coin is not supposed to be on; for example, it is implicit that the coin is not on the floor, or on the refrigerator, or on the surface of the Moon. Circumscription can therefore be used to minimize the extension of
O
n
{\displaystyle On}
predicate, so that
O
n
(
coin
,
moon
)
{\displaystyle On({\text{coin}},{\text{moon}})}
is false even if this is not explicitly stated.
On the other hand, the minimization of the
O
n
{\displaystyle On}
predicate leads
to the wrong result that the coin is either on a black area or on a white area, but not both. This is because the models in which
O
n
{\displaystyle On}
is true only on
(
coin
,
white area
)
{\displaystyle ({\text{coin}},{\text{white area}})}
and only on
(
coin
,
black area
)
{\displaystyle ({\text{coin}},{\text{black area}})}
have a minimal extension of
O
n
{\displaystyle On}
, while the model in which the extension of
O
n
{\displaystyle On}
is composed of both pairs is not minimal.
Theory curbing is a solution proposed by Thomas Eiter, Georg Gottlob, and Yuri Gurevich. The idea is that the model that circumscription fails to select, the one in which both
O
n
(
coin
,
white area
)
{\displaystyle On({\text{coin}},{\text{white area}})}
and
O
n
(
coin
,
black area
)
{\displaystyle On({\text{coin}},{\text{black area}})}
are true, is a model of the formula that is greater (w.r.t. the extension of
O
n
{\displaystyle On}
) than both the two models that are selected. More specifically, among the models of the formula, the excluded model is the least upper bound of the two selected models. Theory curbing selects such least upper bounds models in addition to the ones selected by circumscription. This inclusion is done until the set of models is closed, in the sense that it includes all least upper bounds of all sets of models it contains.
See also
Defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid
Preferential entailment
References
^ McCarthy, J. (February 1986). "Applications of circumscription to formalizing common-sense knowledge". Artificial Intelligence. 28 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90032-9.
^ McCarthy, J. (April 1980). "Circumscription – A form of non-monotonic reasoning". Artificial Intelligence. 13: 27–39. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90011-9.
^ Eiter, T.; Gottlob, G. (June 1993). "Propositional circumscription and extended closed world reasoning are \Pi^p_2-complete". Theoretical Computer Science. 114 (2): 231–245. doi:10.1016/0304-3975(93)90073-3.
^ Cadoli, M.; Lenzerini, M. (April 1994). "The complexity of propositional closed world reasoning and circumscription". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 48 (2): 255–310. doi:10.1016/S0022-0000(05)80004-2.
^ Lifschitz, V. (November 1985). "Closed-world databases and circumscription". Artificial Intelligence. 27: 229–235. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(85)90055-4.
^ Lifschitz, V. (1994). "Circumscription". In Gabbay, D.M.; Hogger, C.J.; Robinson, J.A. Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Uncertain Reasoning. Handbooks of Logic in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 297–352. ISBN 0198537476.
^ Cadoli, M. (November 1992). "The complexity of model checking for circumscriptive formulae". Information Processing Letters. 44 (3): 113–8. doi:10.1016/0020-0190(92)90049-2.
^ Lifschitz, V. (1986). "Pointwise circumscription". Proceedings AAAI-86 Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, August 11-15, 1986, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 406–410. ISBN 0934613133.
^ Eiter, T.; Gottlob, G.; Gurevich, Y. (1993). "CURB your theory!". In Bajcsy, Ruzena. IJCAI-93: proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Chambéry, France, August 28–September 3, 1993. IJCAII. pp. 634–9. ISBN 155860300X.
External links
Circumscription – a form of nonmonotonic reasoning, a paper by McCarthy.
An explanation in the Stanford encyclopedia on philosophy
vteJohn McCarthy
Artificial intelligence
Circumscription
Dartmouth workshop
Frame problem
Garbage collection
Lisp
ALGOL 60
McCarthy evaluation
McCarthy Formalism
McCarthy 91 function
Situation calculus
Space fountain
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circumscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumscribe"},{"link_name":"non-monotonic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic"},{"link_name":"John McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"common sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"frame problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem"},{"link_name":"first-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(semantics)"},{"link_name":"closed-world assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-world_assumption"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"missionaries and cannibals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_and_cannibals_problem"},{"link_name":"missionaries and cannibals problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_and_cannibals_problem"},{"link_name":"inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"},{"link_name":"frame problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem"},{"link_name":"Yale shooting problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_shooting_problem"}],"text":"Not to be confused with circumscribe.Circumscription is a non-monotonic logic created by John McCarthy to formalize the common sense assumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified.[1][2] Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in an attempt to solve the frame problem. To implement circumscription in its initial formulation, McCarthy augmented first-order logic to allow the minimization of the extension of some predicates, where the extension of a predicate is the set of tuples of values the predicate is true on. This minimization is similar to the closed-world assumption that what is not known to be true is false.[3]The original problem considered by McCarthy was that of missionaries and cannibals: there are three missionaries and three cannibals on one bank of a river; they have to cross the river using a boat that can only take two, with the additional constraint that cannibals must never outnumber the missionaries on either bank (as otherwise the missionaries would be killed and, presumably, eaten). The problem considered by McCarthy was not that of finding a sequence of steps to reach the goal (the article on the missionaries and cannibals problem contains one such solution), but rather that of excluding conditions that are not explicitly stated. For example, the solution \"go half a mile south and cross the river on the bridge\" is intuitively not valid because the statement of the problem does not mention such a bridge. On the other hand, the existence of this bridge is not excluded by the statement of the problem either. That the bridge does not exist is\na consequence of the implicit assumption that the statement of the problem contains everything that is relevant to its solution. Explicitly stating that a bridge does not exist is not a solution to this problem, as there are many other exceptional conditions that should be excluded (such as the presence of a rope for fastening the cannibals, the presence of a larger boat nearby, etc.)Circumscription was later used by McCarthy to formalize the implicit assumption of inertia: things do not change unless otherwise specified. Circumscription seemed to be useful to avoid specifying that conditions are not changed by all actions except those explicitly known to change them; this is known as the frame problem. However, the solution proposed by McCarthy was later shown leading to wrong results in some cases, like in the Yale shooting problem scenario. Other solutions to the frame problem that correctly formalize the Yale shooting problem exist; some use circumscription but in a different way.","title":"Circumscription (logic)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"propositional formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_formula"},{"link_name":"models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_(mathematical_logic)"},{"link_name":"propositional variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_variable"},{"link_name":"theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_(logic)"}],"text":"While circumscription was initially defined in the first-order logic case, the particularization to the propositional case is easier to define.[4] Given a propositional formula \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n, its circumscription is the formula having only the models of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n that do not assign a variable to true unless necessary.Formally, propositional models can be represented by sets of propositional variables; namely, each model is represented by the set of propositional variables it assigns to true. For example, the model assigning true to \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n, false to \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n, and true to \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n is represented by the set \n \n \n \n {\n a\n ,\n c\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{a,c\\}}\n \n, because \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n are exactly the variables that are assigned to true by this model.Given two models \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n and \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n represented this way, the condition \n \n \n \n N\n ⊆\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\subseteq M}\n \n is equivalent to \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n setting to true every variable that \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n sets to true. In other words, \n \n \n \n ⊆\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\subseteq }\n \n models the relation of \"setting to true less variables\". \n \n \n \n N\n ⊂\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\subset M}\n \n means that \n \n \n \n N\n ⊆\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\subseteq M}\n \n but these two models do not coincide.This lets us define models that do not assign variables to true unless necessary.\nA model \n \n \n \n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M}\n \n of a theory \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is called minimal, if and only if there is no model\n\n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n for which \n \n \n \n N\n ⊂\n M\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\subset M}\n \n.Circumscription is expressed by selecting only the minimal models. It is defined as follows:C\n I\n R\n C\n (\n T\n )\n =\n {\n M\n \n \n |\n \n \n M\n \n \n is a minimal model of \n \n \n T\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CIRC(T)=\\{M~|~M{\\mbox{ is a minimal model of }}T\\}}Alternatively, one can define \n \n \n \n C\n I\n R\n C\n (\n T\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CIRC(T)}\n \n as a formula having exactly the above set of models; furthermore, one can also avoid giving a definition of \n \n \n \n C\n I\n R\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CIRC}\n \n and only define minimal inference as \n \n \n \n T\n \n ⊨\n \n M\n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T\\models _{M}Q}\n \n if and only if every minimal model of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is also a model of \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n.As an example, the formula \n \n \n \n T\n =\n a\n ∧\n (\n b\n ∨\n c\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T=a\\land (b\\lor c)}\n \n has three models:a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n, \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n, \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n are true, i.e. \n \n \n \n {\n a\n ,\n b\n ,\n c\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{a,b,c\\}}\n \n;\n\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n are true, \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n is false, i.e. \n \n \n \n {\n a\n ,\n b\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{a,b\\}}\n \n;\n\n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n are true, \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n is false, i.e. \n \n \n \n {\n a\n ,\n c\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{a,c\\}}\n \n.The first model is not minimal in the set of variables it assigns to true. Indeed, the second model makes the same assignments except for \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n, which is assigned to false and not to true. Therefore, the first model is not minimal. The second and third models are incomparable: while the second assigns true to \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n, the third assigns true to \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n instead. Therefore, the models circumscribing \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n are the second and third models of the list. A propositional formula having exactly these two models is the following one:a\n ∧\n ¬\n (\n b\n ↔\n c\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a\\land \\neg (b\\leftrightarrow c)}Intuitively, in circumscription a variable is assigned to true only if this is necessary. Dually, if a variable can be false, it must be false. For example, at least one of \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n and \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n must be assigned to true according to \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n; in the circumscription exactly one of the two variables must be true. The variable \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n cannot be false in any model of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n and neither of the circumscription.","title":"The propositional case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Lifschitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lifschitz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yale shooting problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_shooting_problem"},{"link_name":"frame problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem"}],"text":"The extension of circumscription with fixed and varying predicates is due to Vladimir Lifschitz.[5] The idea is that some conditions are not to be minimized. In propositional logic terms, some variables are not to be falsified if possible. In particular, two kind of variables can be considered:varying\nthese are variables that are not to be taken into account at all in the course of minimization;fixed\nthese are variables considered fixed while doing a minimization; in other words, minimization can be done only by comparing models with the same values of these variables.The difference is that the value of the varying conditions are simply assumed not to matter. The fixed conditions instead characterize a possible situation, so that comparing two situations where these conditions have different value makes no sense.Formally, the extension of circumscription that incorporate varying and fixed variables is as follows, where \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the set of variables to minimize, \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n the fixed variables, and the varying variables are those not in \n \n \n \n P\n ∪\n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P\\cup Z}\n \n:CIRC\n \n (\n T\n ;\n P\n ,\n Z\n )\n =\n {\n M\n \n \n |\n \n \n M\n ⊨\n T\n \n and \n \n ∄\n N\n \n such that \n \n N\n ⊨\n T\n ,\n \n N\n ∩\n P\n ⊂\n M\n ∩\n P\n \n and \n \n N\n ∩\n Z\n =\n M\n ∩\n Z\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{CIRC}}(T;P,Z)=\\{M~|~M\\models T{\\text{ and }}\\not \\exists N{\\text{ such that }}N\\models T,~N\\cap P\\subset M\\cap P{\\text{ and }}N\\cap Z=M\\cap Z\\}}In words, minimization of the variables assigned to true is only done for the variables in \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n; moreover, models are only compared if they assign the same values to the variables of \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n. All other variables are not taken into account while comparing models.The solution to the frame problem proposed by McCarthy is based on circumscription with no fixed conditions. In the propositional case, this solution can be described as follows: in addition to the formulae directly encoding what is known, one also define new variables representing changes in the values of the conditions; these new variables are then minimized.For example, of the domain in which there is a door that is closed at time 0 and in which the action of opening the door is executed at time 2, what is explicitly known is represented by the two formulae:¬\n \n \n open\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg {\\text{open}}_{0}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n true\n \n →\n \n \n open\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{true}}\\rightarrow {\\text{open}}_{2}}The frame problem shows in this example as the problem that \n \n \n \n ¬\n o\n p\n e\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg open_{1}}\n \n is not a consequence of the above formulae, while the door is supposed to stay closed until the action of opening it is performed. Circumscription can be used to this aim by defining new variables \n \n \n \n c\n h\n a\n n\n g\n e\n _\n o\n p\n e\n \n n\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle change\\_open_{t}}\n \n to model changes and then minimizing them:change open\n \n \n 0\n \n \n ≡\n (\n \n \n open\n \n \n 0\n \n \n ≢\n \n \n open\n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{change open}}_{0}\\equiv ({\\text{open}}_{0}\\not \\equiv {\\text{open}}_{1})}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n change open\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ≡\n (\n \n \n open\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ≢\n \n \n open\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{change open}}_{1}\\equiv ({\\text{open}}_{1}\\not \\equiv {\\text{open}}_{2})}\n \n\n...As shown by the Yale shooting problem, this kind of solution does not work. For example, \n \n \n \n ¬\n \n \n open\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg {\\text{open}}_{1}}\n \n is not yet entailed by the circumscription of the formulae above: the model in which \n \n \n \n \n \n change open\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{change open}}_{0}}\n \n is true and \n \n \n \n \n \n change open\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\text{change open}}_{1}}\n \n is false is incomparable with the model with the opposite values. Therefore, the situation in which the door becomes open at time 1 and then remains open as a consequence of the action is not excluded by circumscription.Several other formalizations of dynamical domains not suffering from such problems have been developed (see frame problem for an overview). Many use circumscription but in a different way.","title":"Fixed and varying predicates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"predicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(logic)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The original definition of circumscription proposed by McCarthy is about first-order logic. The role of variables in propositional logic (something that can be true or false) is played in first-order logic by predicates. Namely, a propositional formula can be expressed in first-order logic by replacing each propositional variable with a predicate of zero arity (i.e., a predicate with no arguments). Therefore, minimization is done on predicates in the first-order logic version of circumscription: the circumscription of a formula is obtained forcing predicates to be false whenever possible.[6]Given a first-order logic formula \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n containing a predicate \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n, circumscribing this predicate amounts to selecting only the models of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n in which \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is assigned to true on a minimal set of tuples of values.Formally, the extension of a predicate in a first-order model is the set of tuples of values this predicate assign to true in the model. First-order models indeed includes the evaluation of each predicate symbol; such an evaluation tells whether the predicate is true or false for any possible value of its arguments.[7] Since each argument of a predicate must be a term, and each term evaluates to a value, the models tells whether \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n})}\n \n is true for any possible tuple of values \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n}\\rangle }\n \n. The extension of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n in a model is the set of tuples of terms such that \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n})}\n \n is true in the model.The circumscription of a predicate \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n in a formula \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is obtained by selecting only the models of \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n with a minimal extension of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n. For example, if a formula has only two models, differing only because \n \n \n \n P\n (\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n})}\n \n is true in one and false in the second, then only the second model is selected. This is because \n \n \n \n ⟨\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n v\n \n n\n \n \n ⟩\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle v_{1},\\ldots ,v_{n}\\rangle }\n \n is in the extension of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n in the first model but not in the second.The original definition by McCarthy was syntactical rather than semantical. Given a formula \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n and a predicate \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n, circumscribing \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n in \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n is the following second-order formula:T\n (\n P\n )\n ∧\n ∀\n p\n ¬\n (\n T\n (\n p\n )\n ∧\n p\n <\n P\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T(P)\\wedge \\forall p\\neg (T(p)\\wedge p<P)}In this formula \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n is a predicate of the same arity as \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n. This is a second-order formula because it contains a quantification over a predicate. The subformula \n \n \n \n p\n <\n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p<P}\n \n is a shorthand for:∀\n x\n (\n p\n (\n x\n )\n →\n P\n (\n x\n )\n )\n ∧\n ¬\n ∀\n x\n (\n P\n (\n x\n )\n →\n p\n (\n x\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\forall x(p(x)\\rightarrow P(x))\\wedge \\neg \\forall x(P(x)\\rightarrow p(x))}In this formula, \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is a n-tuple of terms, where n is the arity of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n. This formula states that extension minimization has to be done: in order for a truth evaluation on \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n of a model being considered, it must be the case that no other predicate \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n can assign to false every tuple that \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n assigns to false and yet being different from \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n.This definition only allows circumscribing a single predicate. While the extension to more than one predicate is trivial, minimizing the extension of a single predicate has an important application: capturing the idea that things are usually as expected. This idea can be formalized by minimizing a single predicate expressing the abnormality of situations. In particular, every known fact is expressed in logic with the addition of a literal \n \n \n \n ¬\n A\n b\n n\n o\n r\n m\n a\n l\n (\n .\n .\n .\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\neg Abnormal(...)}\n \n stating that the fact holds only in normal situations. Minimizing the extension of this predicate allows for reasoning under the implicit assumption that things are as expected (that is, they are not abnormal), and that this assumption is made only if possible (abnormality can be assumed false only if this is consistent with the facts.)","title":"Predicate circumscription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Lifschitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lifschitz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Pointwise circumscription is a variant of first-order circumscription that has been introduced by Vladimir Lifschitz.[8] The rationale of pointwise circumscription is that it minimizes the value of a predicate for each tuple of values separately, rather than minimizing the extension of the predicate. For example, there are two models of \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n ≡\n P\n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)\\equiv P(b)}\n \n with domain \n \n \n \n {\n a\n ,\n b\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{a,b\\}}\n \n, one setting \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n =\n P\n (\n b\n )\n =\n f\n a\n l\n s\n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)=P(b)=false}\n \n and the other setting \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n =\n P\n (\n b\n )\n =\n t\n r\n u\n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)=P(b)=true}\n \n. Since the extension of \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n in the first model is \n \n \n \n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\emptyset }\n \n while the extension for the second is \n \n \n \n {\n a\n ,\n b\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{a,b\\}}\n \n, circumscription only selects the first model. In the propositional case, pointwise and predicate circumscription coincide.In pointwise circumscription, each tuple of values is considered separately. For example, in the formula \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n ≡\n P\n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)\\equiv P(b)}\n \n one would consider the value of \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)}\n \n separately from \n \n \n \n P\n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(b)}\n \n. A model is minimal only if it is not possible to turn any such value from true to false while still satisfying the formula. As a result, the model in which \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n =\n P\n (\n b\n )\n =\n t\n r\n u\n e\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)=P(b)=true}\n \n is selected by pointwise circumscription because turning only \n \n \n \n P\n (\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(a)}\n \n into false does not satisfy the formula, and the same happens for \n \n \n \n P\n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(b)}\n \n.","title":"Pointwise circumscription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_discourse"}],"text":"An earlier formulation of circumscription by McCarthy is based on minimizing the domain of first-order models, rather than the extension of predicates. Namely, a model is considered less than another if it has a smaller domain and the two models coincide on the evaluation of the common tuples of values. This version of circumscription can be reduced to predicate circumscription.Formula circumscription was a later formalism introduced by McCarthy. This is a generalization of circumscription in which the extension of a formula is minimized, rather than the extension of a predicate. In other words, a formula can be specified so that the set of tuples of values of the domain that satisfy the formula is made as small as possible.","title":"Domain and formula circumscription"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Reiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Reiter"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Eiter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georg Gottlob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Gottlob"},{"link_name":"Yuri Gurevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gurevich"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Circumscription does not always correctly handle disjunctive information. Ray Reiter provided the following example: a coin is tossed over a checkboard, and the result is that the coin is either on a black area, or on a white area, or both. However, there are a large number of other possible places where the coin is not supposed to be on; for example, it is implicit that the coin is not on the floor, or on the refrigerator, or on the surface of the Moon. Circumscription can therefore be used to minimize the extension of \n \n \n \n O\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On}\n \n predicate, so that \n \n \n \n O\n n\n (\n \n coin\n \n ,\n \n moon\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On({\\text{coin}},{\\text{moon}})}\n \n is false even if this is not explicitly stated.On the other hand, the minimization of the \n \n \n \n O\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On}\n \n predicate leads\nto the wrong result that the coin is either on a black area or on a white area, but not both. This is because the models in which \n \n \n \n O\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On}\n \n is true only on \n \n \n \n (\n \n coin\n \n ,\n \n white area\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\text{coin}},{\\text{white area}})}\n \n and only on \n \n \n \n (\n \n coin\n \n ,\n \n black area\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ({\\text{coin}},{\\text{black area}})}\n \n have a minimal extension of \n \n \n \n O\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On}\n \n, while the model in which the extension of \n \n \n \n O\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On}\n \n is composed of both pairs is not minimal.Theory curbing is a solution proposed by Thomas Eiter, Georg Gottlob, and Yuri Gurevich.[9] The idea is that the model that circumscription fails to select, the one in which both \n \n \n \n O\n n\n (\n \n coin\n \n ,\n \n white area\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On({\\text{coin}},{\\text{white area}})}\n \n and \n \n \n \n O\n n\n (\n \n coin\n \n ,\n \n black area\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On({\\text{coin}},{\\text{black area}})}\n \n are true, is a model of the formula that is greater (w.r.t. the extension of \n \n \n \n O\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle On}\n \n) than both the two models that are selected. More specifically, among the models of the formula, the excluded model is the least upper bound of the two selected models. Theory curbing selects such least upper bounds models in addition to the ones selected by circumscription. This inclusion is done until the set of models is closed, in the sense that it includes all least upper bounds of all sets of models it contains.","title":"Theory curbing"}]
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[{"title":"Defeasible reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoning"},{"title":"Preferential entailment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_entailment"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/circumscription.html","external_links_name":"Circumscription – a form of nonmonotonic reasoning"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-defeasible/#5.5","external_links_name":"An explanation in the Stanford encyclopedia on philosophy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_drill
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Oil well
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["1 History","2 Life of a well","2.1 Planning","2.2 Drilling","2.3 Completion","2.4 Production","2.5 Abandonment","3 Types of wells","3.1 By produced fluid","3.2 By location","3.3 By purpose","4 Cost","5 Impacts on wildlife","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Well drilled to extract crude oil and/or gas
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The pumpjack, such as this one located south of Midland, is a common sight in West Texas
An oil well is a drillhole boring in Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. Usually some natural gas is released as associated petroleum gas along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce only gas may be termed a gas well. Wells are created by drilling down into an oil or gas reserve and if necessary equipped with extraction devices such as pumpjacks. Creating the wells can be an expensive process, costing at least hundreds of thousands of dollars, and costing much more when in difficult-to-access locations, e.g., offshore. The process of modern drilling for wells first started in the 19th century but was made more efficient with advances to oil drilling rigs and technology during the 20th century.
Wells are frequently sold or exchanged between different oil and gas companies as an asset – in large part because during falls in the price of oil and gas, a well may be unproductive, but if prices rise, even low-production wells may be economically valuable. Moreover, new methods, such as hydraulic fracturing (a process of injecting gas or liquid to force more oil or natural gas production) have made some wells viable. However, peak oil and climate policy surrounding fossil fuels have made fewer of these wells and costly techniques viable.
However, a large number of neglected or poorly maintained wellheads is a large environmental issue: they may leak methane or other toxic substances into local air, water and soil systems. This pollution often becomes worse when wells are abandoned or orphaned – i.e., where wells no longer economically viable are no longer maintained by their (former) owners. A 2020 estimate by Reuters suggested that there were at least 29 million abandoned wells internationally, creating a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions worsening climate change.
History
Early oil field exploitation in Pennsylvania, around 1862
The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 CE. These wells had depths of up to about 240 metres (790 ft) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles. The oil was burned to evaporate brine producing salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century.
According to Kasem Ajram, petroleum was distilled by the Persian alchemist Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (al-ambiq), and which was mainly used for kerosene lamps. Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.
Some sources claim that from the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha for the petroleum industry. These places were described by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those oil wells as hundreds of shiploads. When Marco Polo in 1264 visited Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, he saw oil being collected from seeps. He wrote that "on the confines toward Geirgine there is a fountain from which oil springs in great abundance, in as much as a hundred shiploads might be taken from it at one time."
Galician oil wells
1904 oil well fire at Bibi-Heybat In 1846, Baku (settlement Bibi-Heybat) the first ever well was drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 metres (69 ft) for oil exploration. In 1846–1848, the first modern oil wells were drilled on the Absheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer Vasily Semyonov applying the ideas of Nikolay Voskoboynikov.
Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer drilled one of the world's first modern oil wells in 1854 in Polish village Bóbrka, Krosno County who in 1856 built one of the world's first oil refineries.
In North America, the first commercial oil well entered operation in Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, while the first offshore oil well was drilled in 1896 in the Summerland Oil Field on the California Coast.
The earliest oil wells in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a bit on the bottom of a cable into the borehole. In the 20th century, cable tools were largely replaced with rotary drilling, which could drill boreholes to much greater depths and in less time. The record-depth Kola Borehole used a mud motor while drilling to achieve a depth of over 12,000 metres (12 km; 39,000 ft; 7.5 mi).
Until the 1970s, most oil wells were essentially vertical, although lithological variations cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical (see deviation survey). However, modern directional drilling technologies allow for highly deviated wells that can, given sufficient depth and with the proper tools, actually become horizontal. This is of great value as the reservoir rocks that contain hydrocarbons are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal; a horizontal wellbore placed in a production zone has more surface area in the production zone than a vertical well, resulting in a higher production rate. The use of deviated and horizontal drilling has also made it possible to reach reservoirs several kilometers or miles away from the drilling location (extended reach drilling), allowing for the production of hydrocarbons located below locations that are difficult to place a drilling rig on, environmentally sensitive, or populated.
Life of a well
Planning
Before a well is drilled, a geologic target is identified by a geologist or geophysicist to meet the objectives of the well.
For a production well, the target is picked to optimize production from the well and manage reservoir drainage.
For an exploration or appraisal well, the target is chosen to confirm the existence of a viable hydrocarbon reservoir or to learn its extent.
For an injection well, the target is selected to locate the point of injection in a permeable zone that may support disposing of water or gas and/or pushing hydrocarbons into nearby production wells.
The target (the endpoint of the well) will be matched with a surface location (the starting point of the well), and a trajectory between the two will be designed. There are many considerations to take into account when designing the trajectory such as the clearance from any nearby wells (anti-collision) or future wellpaths.
When the well path is identified, a team of geoscientists and engineers will develop a set of presumed characteristics of the subsurface path that will be drilled through to reach the target. These properties may include lithology pore pressure, fracture gradient, wellbore stability, porosity and permeability. These assumptions are used by a well engineering team designing the casing and completion programs for the well. Also considered in the detailed planning are selection of the drill bits, Bottom hole assembly, and the drilling fluid Step-by-step procedures are written to provide guidelines for executing the well in a safe and cost-efficient manner.
With the interplay with many of the elements in a well's design, trajectories and designs often go through several iterations before the plan is finalized.
Drilling
See also: Boring (earth) and Oil well control
An annotated schematic of an oil well during a drilling phase
The well is created by drilling a hole 12 cm to 1 meter (5 in to 40 in) in diameter into the earth with a drilling rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached. At depths during the process, sections of steel pipe (casing), slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole at that point, are placed in the hole. Cement slurry will be pumped down the inside to rise in the annulus between the borehole and the outside of the casing. The casing provides structural integrity to that portion of the newly drilled wellbore, in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from lower-pressure ones, and from the surface.
With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the casing, the well can be drilled deeper (into potentially higher-pressure or more-unstable formations) with a smaller bit, and then cased with a smaller size pipe. Modern wells generally have two to as many as five sets of subsequently smaller hole sizes, each cemented with casing.
To drill the well
Well Casing
The rotating drill bit, aided by the weight of the drill string above it, cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill bits; some cause the rock to disintegrate by compressive failure, while others shear slices off the rock as the bit turns.
Drilling fluid, a.k.a. "mud", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe and exits at the drill bit. The principal components of drilling fluid are usually water and clay, but it also typically contains a complex mixture of fluids, solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored to provide the correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill the well. Particular functions of the drilling mud include cooling the bit, liftin rock cuttings to the surface, preventing destabilisation (spalling) of the rock in the wellbore, and overcoming the pressure of fluids inside the rock so that these fluids do not enter the wellbore. Some oil wells are drilled with air or foam as the drilling fluid.
Mud log in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling oil wells
The generated rock "cuttings" are swept up by the drilling fluid as it circulates back to the surface inside the casing and outside of the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through "shakers" that screen the cuttings out of the fluid, which is returned to the pit for reuse. Watching for abnormalities in the returning cuttings and monitoring pit volume or rate of returning fluid are imperative to catch "kicks" early. A "kick" is when the formation pressure at the depth of the bit is greater than the hydrostatic head of the mud above, which if not controlled temporarily by closing the blowout preventers followed by increasing the density of the drilling fluid would allow formation fluids to enter the annulus uncontrollably.
The drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 9 m (30 ft) sections or "joints" of pipe under the kelly or top drive at the surface. This process is called "making a connection". The operation called "tripping" is when pulling the bit out of the hole to replace the bit (tripping out), and running back in with a new bit (tripping in). Joints are usually combined for more efficient tripping by creating stands of multiple joints. A conventional triple, for example, has three joints at a time racked vertically in the derrick. Some modern rigs, called "super singles", trip pipe one at a time, laying it out on racks as they go.
This process is all facilitated by a drilling rig, which contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and rotate the pipe, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and generate on-site power for these operations.
Completion
Main article: Completion (oil and gas wells)
Modern drilling rig in Argentina
After drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'. Completion is the process in which the well is prepared to produce oil or gas.
In a cased-hole completion, small perforations are made in the portion of the casing across the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. In open hole completion, often a 'sand screen' or 'gravel pack' is installed in the last-drilled but uncased reservoir section. These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from the reservoir into the borehole. Screens also control the migration of formation sands into production tubulars, which can lead to washouts and other problems, particularly from unconsolidated sand formations.
After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids may be pumped into the well to fracture, clean, or otherwise prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to allow optimal production of hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Usually the area above the producing section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing. This arrangement provides a redundant barrier to leaks of hydrocarbons as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced. Also, the smaller cross-sectional area of the tubing gives reservoir fluids an increased velocity to minimize liquid fallback that would create additional back pressure, and shields the casing from corrosive well fluids.
In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low-permeability oil reservoirs. Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed. Common solutions include surface pump jacks, downhole hydraulic pumps or gas lift assistance. Many new systems in recent years have been introduced for well completion. Multiple packer systems with frac ports or port collars in an all-in-one system have cut completion costs and improved production, especially in the case of horizontal wells. These new systems allow casing to run into the lateral zone equipped with proper packer/frac-port placement for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.
Production
See also: Extraction of petroleum
A schematic of a typical oil well being produced by a pumpjack, which is used to produce the remaining recoverable oil after natural pressure is no longer sufficient to raise oil to the surface
The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life: when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and complete the well will have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or production tree. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.
As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.
Workovers are often necessary in older wells, which may need smaller diameter tubing, scale or paraffin removal, acid matrix jobs, or completion in new zones of interest in a shallower reservoir. Such remedial work can be performed using workover rigs – also known as pulling units, completion rigs or "service rigs" – to pull and replace tubing, or by the use of well intervention techniques utilizing coiled tubing. Depending on the type of lift system and wellhead a rod rig or flushby can be used to change a pump without pulling the tubing.
Enhanced recovery methods such as water flooding, steam flooding, or CO2 flooding may be used to increase reservoir pressure and provide a "sweep" effect to push hydrocarbons out of the reservoir. Such methods require the use of injection wells (often chosen from old production wells in a carefully determined pattern), and are used when facing problems with reservoir pressure depletion or high oil viscosity, sometimes being employed early in a field's life. In certain cases – depending on the reservoir's geomechanics – reservoir engineers may determine that ultimate recoverable oil may be increased by applying a waterflooding strategy early in the field's development rather than later. Such enhanced recovery techniques are often called Secondary or "tertiary recovery".
Abandonment
This section is an excerpt from Orphan wells.
Orphan, orphaned, or abandoned wells are oil or gas wells that have been abandoned by fossil fuel extraction industries. These wells may have been deactivated because had become uneconomic, failure to transfer ownerships (especially at bankruptcy of companies), or neglect, and thus no longer have legal owners responsible for their care. Decommissioning wells effectively can be expensive, costing several thousands of dollars for a shallow land well to millions of dollars for an offshore one. Thus the burden may fall on government agencies or surface landowners when a business entity can no longer be held responsible.
Orphan wells are a potent contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane emissions, contributing to climate change. Much of this leakage can be attributed to failure to have them plugged properly or leaking plugs. A 2020 estimate of abandoned wells in the United States was that methane emissions released from abandoned wells produced greenhouse gas impacts equivalent to three weeks of US oil consumption each year. The scale of leaking abandoned wells is well understood in the US and Canada because of public data and regulation; however, a Reuters investigation in 2020 could not find good estimates for Russia, Saudi Arabia and China—the next biggest oil and gas producers. However, they estimate there are 29 million abandoned wells internationally.
Abandoned wells have the potential to contaminate land, air and water, potentially harming ecosystems, wildlife, livestock, and humans. For example, many wells in the United States are situated on farmland, and if not maintained could contaminate soil and groundwater with toxic contaminants.
Types of wells
A natural gas well in the southeast Lost Hills Field, California, US.
Raising the derrick
Oil extraction in Boryslav in 1909
Burning of natural gases at an oil drilling site, presumably at Pangkalan Brandan, East Coast of Sumatra – circa 1905
By produced fluid
Wells that produce crude oil
Wells that produce crude oil and natural gas, or
Wells that only produce natural gas.
Natural gas, in a raw form known as associated petroleum gas, is almost always a by-product of producing oil. The short, light-gas carbon chains come out of solution when undergoing pressure reduction from the reservoir to the surface, similar to uncapping a bottle of soda where the carbon dioxide effervesces. If it escapes into the atmosphere intentionally it is known as vented gas, or if unintentionally as fugitive gas.
Unwanted natural gas can be a disposal problem at wells that are developed to produce oil. If there are no pipelines for natural gas near the wellhead it may be of no value to the oil well owner since it cannot reach the consumer markets. Such unwanted gas may then be burned off at the well site in a practice known as production flaring, but due to the energy resource waste and environmental damage concerns this practice is becoming less common.
Often, unwanted (or 'stranded' gas without a market) gas is returned back into the reservoir with an 'injection' well for storage or for re-pressurizing the producing formation. Another solution is to convert the natural gas to a liquid fuel. Gas to liquid (GTL) is a developing technology that converts stranded natural gas into synthetic gasoline, diesel or jet fuel through the Fischer–Tropsch process developed in World War II Germany. Like oil, such dense liquid fuels can be transported using conventional tankers for trucking to refineries or users. Proponents claim GTL fuels burn cleaner than comparable petroleum fuels. Most major international oil companies are in advanced development stages of GTL production, e.g. the 140,000 bbl/d (22,000 m3/d) Pearl GTL plant in Qatar, scheduled to come online in 2011. In locations such as the United States with a high natural gas demand, pipelines are usually favored to take the gas from the well site to the end consumer.
By location
Wells can be located:
Onshore, or
Offshore
Offshore wells can further be subdivided into
Wells with subsea wellheads, where the top of the well is sitting on the ocean floor under water, and often connected to a pipeline on the ocean floor.
Wells with 'dry' wellheads, where the top of the well is above the water on a platform or jacket, which also often contains processing equipment for the produced fluid.
While the location of the well will be a large factor in the type of equipment used to drill it, there is actually little downhole difference in the well itself. An offshore well targets a reservoir that happens to be underneath an ocean. Due to logistics and specialized equipment needed, drilling an offshore well is far more costly than a comparable onshore well. These wells dot the Southern and Central Great Plains, Southwestern United States, and are the most common wells in the Middle East.
By purpose
Another way to classify oil wells is by their purpose in contributing to the development of a resource. They can be characterized as:
wildcat wells that are drilled where little or no known geological information is available. The site may have been selected because of wells drilled some distance from the proposed location but to an underground structure that appeared similar to the proposed site. Individuals who drill wildcat wells are known as 'wildcatters'.
exploration wells are drilled purely for exploratory (information gathering) purposes in a new area. The site selection is usually based on seismic data, satellite surveys, etc. Details gathered in this well include the presence of hydrocarbon in the drilled location, the amount of fluid present and the depth at which oil or gas occurs.
appraisal wells may be needed to assess characteristics (such as flow rate, reservoir quantity) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation. Such wells reduce uncertainty about the characteristics and properties of the hydrocarbon present in the field.
production wells are drilled primarily for producing oil or gas, once the producing structure and characteristics are determined.
development wells are wells drilled for the production of oil or gas already proven by appraisal drilling to be suitable for exploitation.
abandoned wells are wells permanently plugged in the drilling phase for technical reasons, or that had failed to locate commercially valuable hydrocarbons.
At a producing well site, active wells may be further categorized as:
oil producers producing predominantly liquid hydrocarbons, but most include some associated gas.
gas producers producing almost entirely gaseous hydrocarbons, consisting mostly of natural gas.
water injectors injecting water into the formation to maintain reservoir pressure, or simply to dispose of water produced with the hydrocarbons because even after treatment, it would be too oily and too saline to be considered clean for dumping overboard offshore, let alone into a fresh water resource in the case of onshore wells. Water injection into the producing zone frequently has a beneficial element of reservoir management; however, often produced water disposal is into shallower zones safely beneath any fresh water zones.
aquifer producers intentionally producing water for re-injection to manage pressure. If possible this water will come from the reservoir itself. Using aquifer produced water rather than water from other sources is to preclude chemical incompatibility that might lead to reservoir-plugging precipitates. These wells will generally be needed only if produced water from the oil or gas producers is insufficient for reservoir management purposes.
gas injectors injecting gas into the reservoir often as a means of disposal or sequestering for later production, but also to maintain reservoir pressure.
Lahee classification
New Field Wildcat (NFW) – far from other producing fields and on a structure that has not previously produced.
New Pool Wildcat (NPW) – new pools on already producing structure.
Deeper Pool Test (DPT) – on already producing structure and pool, but on a deeper pay zone.
Shallower Pool Test (SPT) – on already producing structure and pool, but on a shallower pay zone.
Outpost (OUT) – usually two or more locations from nearest productive area.
Development Well (DEV) – can be on the extension of a pay zone, or between existing wells (Infill).
Cost
The cost to drill a well depends mainly on the daily rate of the drilling rig, the extra services required to drill the well, the duration of the well program (including downtime and weather time), and the remoteness of the location (logistic supply costs).
The daily rates of offshore drilling rigs vary by their depth capability, and the market availability. Rig rates reported by industry web service show that the deepwater water floating drilling rigs are over twice the daily cost of the shallow water fleet, and rates for jack-up fleet can vary by factor of 3 depending upon capability.
With deepwater drilling rig rates in 2015 of around $520,000/day, and similar additional spread costs, a deepwater well of a duration of 100 days can cost around US$100 million.
With high-performance jackup rig rates in 2015 of around $177,000, and similar service costs, a high pressure, high-temperature well of duration 100 days can cost about US$30 million.
Onshore wells can be considerably cheaper, particularly if the field is at a shallow depth, where costs range from less than $4.9 million to $8.3 million, and the average completion costing $2.9 million to $5.6 million per well. Completion makes up a larger portion of onshore well costs than offshore wells, which generally have the added cost burden of a surface platform.
The total costs mentioned do not include the those associated with the risk of explosion and leakage of oil. Those costs include the cost of protecting against such disasters, the cost of the cleanup effort, and the hard-to-calculate cost of damage to the company's image.
Impacts on wildlife
The impacts of oil exploration and drilling are often irreversible, particularly for wildlife. Research indicates that caribou in Alaska show a marked avoidance of areas near oil wells and seismic lines due to disturbances. Drilling often destroys wildlife habitat, causing wildlife stress, and breaks up large areas into smaller isolated ones, changing the environment, and forcing animals to migrate elsewhere. It can also bring in new species that compete with or prey on existing animals. Even though the actual area taken up by oil and gas equipment might be small, negative effects can spread. Animals like mule deer and elk try to stay away from the noise and activity of drilling sites, sometimes moving miles away to find peace. This movement and avoidance can lead to less space for these animals affecting their numbers and health.
The Sage-grouse is another example of an animal that tries to avoid areas with drilling, which can lead to fewer of them surviving and reproducing. Different studies show that drilling in their habitats negatively impacts sage-grouse populations. In Wyoming, sage grouse studied between 1984 and 2008 show a roughly 2.5 percent annual population decline in males, correlating with the density of oil and gas wells. Factors such as sagebrush cover and precipitation seemed to have little effect on count changes. These results align with other studies highlighting the detrimental impact of oil and gas development on sage-grouse populations.
See also
Fracking (hydraulic fracturing)
Hydro-slotted perforation
Offshore drilling
Oil spill
Petroleum industry
Thermomechanical cuttings cleaner
References
^ Groom N (2020-06-17). "Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ Geller D (13 July 2020). "More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus". Verisk.
^ "ASTM International – Standards Worldwide". astm.org.
^ a b Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater. "petroleum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
^ Robert James Forbes (1958). Studies in Early Petroleum History. Brill Archive. p. 180.
^ Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). The Miracle of Islam Science (2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0-911119-43-4.
^ Zayn Bilkadi (University of California, Berkeley), "The Oil Weapons", Saudi Aramco World, January–February 1995, pp. 20–27
^ Steil, Tim. Fantastic Filling Stations. Voyageur Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1610606295.
^ "A Brief History of Oil and Gas Drilling". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
^ Magdalena Puda-Blokesz, Ignacy Łukasiewicz: ojciec światowego przemysłu naftowego, działacz polityczny i patriota, filantrop i społecznik, przede wszystkim Człowiek Archived 2014-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ludwik Tomanek, Ignacy Łukasiewicz twórca przemysłu naftowego w Polsce, wielki inicjator – wielki jałmużnik. Miejsce Piastowe: Komitet Uczczenia Pamięci Ignacego Łukasiewicza. 1928
^ Warsaw University timeline Archived 2007-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ Frank, Alison Fleig (2005). Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01887-7.
^ "Canada Cool I North America's first commercial oil – Oil Springs". Canada Cool. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ "Location – Leverage Oilfield and Industrial Supply". Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ "How did the ingenious use of bamboo poles help drill the first oil wells?". OilNow. 2020-05-31. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ g
^ Kaiser MJ (2019). Decommissioning forecasting and operating cost estimation : Gulf of Mexico well trends, structure inventory and forecast models. Cambridge, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing. doi:10.1016/C2018-0-02728-0. ISBN 978-0-12-818113-3. S2CID 239358078.
^ a b c d e f Groom N (2020-06-17). "Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ Geller D (13 July 2020). "More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus". Verisk.
^ Allison E, Mandler B (14 May 2018). "Abandoned Wells. What happens to oil and gas wells when they are no longer productive?". Petroleum and Environment. American Geosciences Institute.
^ Croft, Cameron P. "How Do You Process Natural Gas?". croftsystems.net/. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ Emam, Eman A. (December 2015). "Gas Flaring in Industry: an Overview" (PDF). large.stanford.edu/.
^ "Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Activity". Energy Information Administration. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ International, Petrogav. Drilling Course for Hiring on Onshore Drilling Rigs. Petrogav International.
^ a b c Rigzone – Rig day rates : http://www.rigzone.com/data/dayrates/
^ Center, Petrogav International Oil & Gas Training (2020-07-02). The technological process on Offshore Drilling Rigs for fresher candidates. Petrogav International.
^ "Trends in U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Upstream Costs" (PDF). Energy Information Administration. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ "The Cost of Oil & Gas Wells". OilScams.org. Oil Scams. 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ "How Much Does an Oil & Gas Well Cost?| Oil & Gas Investing Advice". oilscams.org. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
^ a b c Lauren Bettino, Hank Moylan, Victoria Stukas. "Impacts of Oil Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge". UMass Amherst. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the potential impacts of oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c "Development of Oil and Gas". Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This resource provides comprehensive information on the impacts of oil and gas development on wildlife habitats within Wyoming.
^ "Study Quantifies Drilling Impacts on Mule Deer". High Country News. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This article discusses a study that quantifies the impacts of oil and gas drilling on mule deer populations.
^ Green, Adam W.; Aldridge, Cameron L.; O'Donnell, Michael S. (2016). "Impacts of Oil and Gas Development on Sage-Grouse Populations in Wyoming". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 81 (1). Wildlife Society Bulletin: 46–57. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21179. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This study examines the decline of sage-grouse populations in Wyoming
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oil wells.
Halliburton Technical Papers Archived 2018-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
Freemyer Industrial Pressure
Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
The History of the Oil Industry Archived 2013-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
"Black Gold" Popular Mechanics, January 1930 – photo article on oil drilling in the 1920s and 1930s
"World's Deepest Well" Popular Science, August 1938, article on the late 1930s technology of drilling oil wells
'Ancient Chinese Drilling' article from June 2004 CSEG Recorder
Brief history of oil and gas production
Mir-Babayev M.F. "Brief history of the first drilled oil well; and the people involved". Oil-Industry History (US), 2017, v. 18 #1, pp. 25–34
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG"},{"link_name":"pumpjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpjack"},{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"West Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas"},{"link_name":"boring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_(earth)"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"associated petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"oil or gas reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir"},{"link_name":"pumpjacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpjack"},{"link_name":"offshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"drilling rigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig"},{"link_name":"hydraulic fracturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing"},{"link_name":"peak oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil"},{"link_name":"climate policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels"},{"link_name":"wellheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellhead"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions"},{"link_name":"abandoned or orphaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_wells"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Groom_2020-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The pumpjack, such as this one located south of Midland, is a common sight in West TexasAn oil well is a drillhole boring in Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. Usually some natural gas is released as associated petroleum gas along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce only gas may be termed a gas well. Wells are created by drilling down into an oil or gas reserve and if necessary equipped with extraction devices such as pumpjacks. Creating the wells can be an expensive process, costing at least hundreds of thousands of dollars, and costing much more when in difficult-to-access locations, e.g., offshore. The process of modern drilling for wells first started in the 19th century but was made more efficient with advances to oil drilling rigs and technology during the 20th century.Wells are frequently sold or exchanged between different oil and gas companies as an asset – in large part because during falls in the price of oil and gas, a well may be unproductive, but if prices rise, even low-production wells may be economically valuable. Moreover, new methods, such as hydraulic fracturing (a process of injecting gas or liquid to force more oil or natural gas production) have made some wells viable. However, peak oil and climate policy surrounding fossil fuels have made fewer of these wells and costly techniques viable.However, a large number of neglected or poorly maintained wellheads is a large environmental issue: they may leak methane or other toxic substances into local air, water and soil systems. This pollution often becomes worse when wells are abandoned or orphaned – i.e., where wells no longer economically viable are no longer maintained by their (former) owners. A 2020 estimate by Reuters suggested that there were at least 29 million abandoned wells internationally, creating a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions worsening climate change.[1][2]","title":"Oil well"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earlyoilfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_China"},{"link_name":"bits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bit"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASTM-3"},{"link_name":"brine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes1958-5"},{"link_name":"distilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakar%C4%ABya_R%C4%81zi"},{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"alembic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ajram-6"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"kerosene lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lamp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arab and Persian chemists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"flammable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammability"},{"link_name":"Islamic Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"oil fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"naphtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha"},{"link_name":"petroleum industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"Marco Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galicja1881.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_well_burning_in_Bibi_Eibat.JPG"},{"link_name":"oil well fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well_fire"},{"link_name":"Bibi-Heybat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiheyb%C9%99t"},{"link_name":"Bibi-Heybat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiheyb%C9%99t"},{"link_name":"Absheron Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Łukasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puda-Blokesz-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomanek-11"},{"link_name":"pharmacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist"},{"link_name":"petroleum industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Bóbrka, Krosno County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3brka,_Krosno_County"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"oil refineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Oil Springs, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Springs,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Summerland Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerland_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig#Cable_tool_drilling"},{"link_name":"rotary drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_drilling"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kola Borehole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_Superdeep_Borehole"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"lithological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology"},{"link_name":"deviation survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviation_survey"},{"link_name":"directional drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_geology"}],"text":"Early oil field exploitation in Pennsylvania, around 1862The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 CE. These wells had depths of up to about 240 metres (790 ft) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.[3] The oil was burned to evaporate brine producing salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century.[4][5]According to Kasem Ajram, petroleum was distilled by the Persian alchemist Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (al-ambiq),[6][verification needed] and which was mainly used for kerosene lamps.[7] Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.[4]Some sources claim that from the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha for the petroleum industry. These places were described by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those oil wells as hundreds of shiploads. When Marco Polo in 1264 visited Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, he saw oil being collected from seeps. He wrote that \"on the confines toward Geirgine there is a fountain from which oil springs in great abundance, in as much as a hundred shiploads might be taken from it at one time.\"[8]Galician oil wells1904 oil well fire at Bibi-HeybatIn 1846, Baku (settlement Bibi-Heybat) the first ever well was drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 metres (69 ft) for oil exploration. In 1846–1848, the first modern oil wells were drilled on the Absheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer Vasily Semyonov applying the ideas of Nikolay Voskoboynikov.[9]Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish[10][11] pharmacist and petroleum industry pioneer drilled one of the world's first modern oil wells in 1854 in Polish village Bóbrka, Krosno County[12] who in 1856 built one of the world's first oil refineries.[13]In North America, the first commercial oil well entered operation in Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, while the first offshore oil well was drilled in 1896 in the Summerland Oil Field on the California Coast.[14]The earliest oil wells in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a bit on the bottom of a cable into the borehole. In the 20th century, cable tools were largely replaced with rotary drilling, which could drill boreholes to much greater depths and in less time.[15] The record-depth Kola Borehole used a mud motor while drilling to achieve a depth of over 12,000 metres (12 km; 39,000 ft; 7.5 mi).[16]Until the 1970s, most oil wells were essentially vertical, although lithological variations cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical (see deviation survey). However, modern directional drilling technologies allow for highly deviated wells that can, given sufficient depth and with the proper tools, actually become horizontal. This is of great value as the reservoir rocks that contain hydrocarbons are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal; a horizontal wellbore placed in a production zone has more surface area in the production zone than a vertical well, resulting in a higher production rate. The use of deviated and horizontal drilling has also made it possible to reach reservoirs several kilometers or miles away from the drilling location (extended reach drilling), allowing for the production of hydrocarbons located below locations that are difficult to place a drilling rig on, environmentally sensitive, or populated.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life of a well"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling"},{"link_name":"lithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithology"},{"link_name":"pore pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_pressure_gradient"},{"link_name":"porosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil"},{"link_name":"permeability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)"},{"link_name":"completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)"},{"link_name":"Bottom hole assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_hole_assembly"},{"link_name":"drilling fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid"}],"sub_title":"Planning","text":"Before a well is drilled, a geologic target is identified by a geologist or geophysicist to meet the objectives of the well.For a production well, the target is picked to optimize production from the well and manage reservoir drainage.\nFor an exploration or appraisal well, the target is chosen to confirm the existence of a viable hydrocarbon reservoir or to learn its extent.\nFor an injection well, the target is selected to locate the point of injection in a permeable zone that may support disposing of water or gas and/or pushing hydrocarbons into nearby production wells.The target (the endpoint of the well) will be matched with a surface location (the starting point of the well), and a trajectory between the two will be designed. There are many considerations to take into account when designing the trajectory such as the clearance from any nearby wells (anti-collision) or future wellpaths.When the well path is identified, a team of geoscientists and engineers will develop a set of presumed characteristics of the subsurface path that will be drilled through to reach the target. These properties may include lithology pore pressure, fracture gradient, wellbore stability, porosity and permeability. These assumptions are used by a well engineering team designing the casing and completion programs for the well. Also considered in the detailed planning are selection of the drill bits, Bottom hole assembly, and the drilling fluid Step-by-step procedures are written to provide guidelines for executing the well in a safe and cost-efficient manner.With the interplay with many of the elements in a well's design, trajectories and designs often go through several iterations before the plan is finalized.","title":"Life of a well"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boring (earth)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_(earth)"},{"link_name":"Oil well control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Well_Diagram.png"},{"link_name":"drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling"},{"link_name":"drill string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_string"},{"link_name":"casing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(borehole)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casing_%26_Temporary_Home.JPG"},{"link_name":"drill string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_string"},{"link_name":"Drilling fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mudlogging.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mud log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_log"},{"link_name":"cuttings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_cuttings"},{"link_name":"shakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_shakers"},{"link_name":"blowout preventers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_preventer"},{"link_name":"drill string","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_string"},{"link_name":"kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_drive"},{"link_name":"drilling rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig"}],"sub_title":"Drilling","text":"See also: Boring (earth) and Oil well controlAn annotated schematic of an oil well during a drilling phaseThe well is created by drilling a hole 12 cm to 1 meter (5 in to 40 in) in diameter into the earth with a drilling rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached. At depths during the process, sections of steel pipe (casing), slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole at that point, are placed in the hole. Cement slurry will be pumped down the inside to rise in the annulus between the borehole and the outside of the casing. The casing provides structural integrity to that portion of the newly drilled wellbore, in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from lower-pressure ones, and from the surface.With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the casing, the well can be drilled deeper (into potentially higher-pressure or more-unstable formations) with a smaller bit, and then cased with a smaller size pipe. Modern wells generally have two to as many as five sets of subsequently smaller hole sizes, each cemented with casing.To drill the wellWell CasingThe rotating drill bit, aided by the weight of the drill string above it, cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill bits; some cause the rock to disintegrate by compressive failure, while others shear slices off the rock as the bit turns.\nDrilling fluid, a.k.a. \"mud\", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe and exits at the drill bit. The principal components of drilling fluid are usually water and clay, but it also typically contains a complex mixture of fluids, solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored to provide the correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill the well. Particular functions of the drilling mud include cooling the bit, liftin[17] rock cuttings to the surface, preventing destabilisation (spalling) of the rock in the wellbore, and overcoming the pressure of fluids inside the rock so that these fluids do not enter the wellbore. Some oil wells are drilled with air or foam as the drilling fluid.Mud log in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling oil wellsThe generated rock \"cuttings\" are swept up by the drilling fluid as it circulates back to the surface inside the casing and outside of the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through \"shakers\" that screen the cuttings out of the fluid, which is returned to the pit for reuse. Watching for abnormalities in the returning cuttings and monitoring pit volume or rate of returning fluid are imperative to catch \"kicks\" early. A \"kick\" is when the formation pressure at the depth of the bit is greater than the hydrostatic head of the mud above, which if not controlled temporarily by closing the blowout preventers followed by increasing the density of the drilling fluid would allow formation fluids to enter the annulus uncontrollably.\nThe drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 9 m (30 ft) sections or \"joints\" of pipe under the kelly or top drive at the surface. This process is called \"making a connection\". The operation called \"tripping\" is when pulling the bit out of the hole to replace the bit (tripping out), and running back in with a new bit (tripping in). Joints are usually combined for more efficient tripping by creating stands of multiple joints. A conventional triple, for example, has three joints at a time racked vertically in the derrick. Some modern rigs, called \"super singles\", trip pipe one at a time, laying it out on racks as they go.This process is all facilitated by a drilling rig, which contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and rotate the pipe, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and generate on-site power for these operations.","title":"Life of a well"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H104.jpg"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"perforations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforation_(oil_well)"},{"link_name":"casing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(oil_well)"},{"link_name":"fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing"},{"link_name":"pump jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpjack"},{"link_name":"packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_packer"}],"sub_title":"Completion","text":"Modern drilling rig in ArgentinaAfter drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'. Completion is the process in which the well is prepared to produce oil or gas.In a cased-hole completion, small perforations are made in the portion of the casing across the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. In open hole completion, often a 'sand screen' or 'gravel pack' is installed in the last-drilled but uncased reservoir section. These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from the reservoir into the borehole. Screens also control the migration of formation sands into production tubulars, which can lead to washouts and other problems, particularly from unconsolidated sand formations.After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids may be pumped into the well to fracture, clean, or otherwise prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to allow optimal production of hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Usually the area above the producing section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing. This arrangement provides a redundant barrier to leaks of hydrocarbons as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced. Also, the smaller cross-sectional area of the tubing gives reservoir fluids an increased velocity to minimize liquid fallback that would create additional back pressure, and shields the casing from corrosive well fluids.In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low-permeability oil reservoirs. Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed. Common solutions include surface pump jacks, downhole hydraulic pumps or gas lift assistance. Many new systems in recent years have been introduced for well completion. Multiple packer systems with frac ports or port collars in an all-in-one system have cut completion costs and improved production, especially in the case of horizontal wells. These new systems allow casing to run into the lateral zone equipped with proper packer/frac-port placement for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.","title":"Life of a well"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Extraction of petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pump_Jack_labelled.png"},{"link_name":"pumpjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpjack"},{"link_name":"workover rigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workover"},{"link_name":"Christmas tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)"},{"link_name":"Workovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workover"},{"link_name":"well intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_intervention"},{"link_name":"coiled tubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiled_tubing"},{"link_name":"tertiary recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum#Tertiary_recovery"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"See also: Extraction of petroleumA schematic of a typical oil well being produced by a pumpjack, which is used to produce the remaining recoverable oil after natural pressure is no longer sufficient to raise oil to the surfaceThe production stage is the most important stage of a well's life: when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and complete the well will have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or production tree. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.Workovers are often necessary in older wells, which may need smaller diameter tubing, scale or paraffin removal, acid matrix jobs, or completion in new zones of interest in a shallower reservoir. Such remedial work can be performed using workover rigs – also known as pulling units, completion rigs or \"service rigs\" – to pull and replace tubing, or by the use of well intervention techniques utilizing coiled tubing. Depending on the type of lift system and wellhead a rod rig or flushby can be used to change a pump without pulling the tubing.Enhanced recovery methods such as water flooding, steam flooding, or CO2 flooding may be used to increase reservoir pressure and provide a \"sweep\" effect to push hydrocarbons out of the reservoir. Such methods require the use of injection wells (often chosen from old production wells in a carefully determined pattern), and are used when facing problems with reservoir pressure depletion or high oil viscosity, sometimes being employed early in a field's life. In certain cases – depending on the reservoir's geomechanics – reservoir engineers may determine that ultimate recoverable oil may be increased by applying a waterflooding strategy early in the field's development rather than later. Such enhanced recovery techniques are often called Secondary or \"tertiary recovery\".","title":"Life of a well"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orphan wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_wells"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orphan_wells&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Orphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_wells"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel extraction industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industries"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy of companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Groom_2020-19"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"methane emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Groom_2020-19"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Groom_2020-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Groom_2020-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Groom_2020-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Allison_2018-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orphan_wells_Groom_2020-19"}],"sub_title":"Abandonment","text":"This section is an excerpt from Orphan wells.[edit]\nOrphan, orphaned, or abandoned wells are oil or gas wells that have been abandoned by fossil fuel extraction industries. These wells may have been deactivated because had become uneconomic, failure to transfer ownerships (especially at bankruptcy of companies), or neglect, and thus no longer have legal owners responsible for their care. Decommissioning wells effectively can be expensive, costing several thousands of dollars for a shallow land well to millions of dollars for an offshore one.[18] Thus the burden may fall on government agencies or surface landowners when a business entity can no longer be held responsible.[19]\nOrphan wells are a potent contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane emissions, contributing to climate change. Much of this leakage can be attributed to failure to have them plugged properly or leaking plugs. A 2020 estimate of abandoned wells in the United States was that methane emissions released from abandoned wells produced greenhouse gas impacts equivalent to three weeks of US oil consumption each year.[19] The scale of leaking abandoned wells is well understood in the US and Canada because of public data and regulation; however, a Reuters investigation in 2020 could not find good estimates for Russia, Saudi Arabia and China—the next biggest oil and gas producers.[19] However, they estimate there are 29 million abandoned wells internationally.[19][20]\n\nAbandoned wells have the potential to contaminate land, air and water, potentially harming ecosystems, wildlife, livestock, and humans.[19][21] For example, many wells in the United States are situated on farmland, and if not maintained could contaminate soil and groundwater with toxic contaminants.[19]","title":"Life of a well"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NaturalGasWell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lost Hills Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Hills_Oil_Field"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raising_the_stern.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R00740,_Boryslaw,_Erd%C3%B6lgewinnung.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boryslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boryslav"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KITLV_-_26871_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Burning_of_natural_gases_at_an_oil_drilling_site,_presumably_at_Pangkalan_Brandan,_East_Coast_of_Sumatra_-_circa_1905.tif"}],"text":"A natural gas well in the southeast Lost Hills Field, California, US.Raising the derrickOil extraction in Boryslav in 1909Burning of natural gases at an oil drilling site, presumably at Pangkalan Brandan, East Coast of Sumatra – circa 1905","title":"Types of wells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"associated petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir"},{"link_name":"effervesces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effervesce"},{"link_name":"vented gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_venting"},{"link_name":"fugitive gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"wellhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellhead"},{"link_name":"production flaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_flaring"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"re-pressurizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_reinjection"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG"},{"link_name":"Gas to liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquid"},{"link_name":"Fischer–Tropsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch"},{"link_name":"Pearl GTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_GTL"},{"link_name":"end consumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_consumer"}],"sub_title":"By produced fluid","text":"Wells that produce crude oil\nWells that produce crude oil and natural gas, or\nWells that only produce natural gas.Natural gas, in a raw form known as associated petroleum gas, is almost always a by-product of producing oil.[22] The short, light-gas carbon chains come out of solution when undergoing pressure reduction from the reservoir to the surface, similar to uncapping a bottle of soda where the carbon dioxide effervesces. If it escapes into the atmosphere intentionally it is known as vented gas, or if unintentionally as fugitive gas.Unwanted natural gas can be a disposal problem at wells that are developed to produce oil. If there are no pipelines for natural gas near the wellhead it may be of no value to the oil well owner since it cannot reach the consumer markets. Such unwanted gas may then be burned off at the well site in a practice known as production flaring, but due to the energy resource waste and environmental damage concerns this practice is becoming less common.[23]Often, unwanted (or 'stranded' gas without a market) gas is returned back into the reservoir with an 'injection' well for storage or for re-pressurizing the producing formation. Another solution is to convert the natural gas to a liquid fuel. Gas to liquid (GTL) is a developing technology that converts stranded natural gas into synthetic gasoline, diesel or jet fuel through the Fischer–Tropsch process developed in World War II Germany. Like oil, such dense liquid fuels can be transported using conventional tankers for trucking to refineries or users. Proponents claim GTL fuels burn cleaner than comparable petroleum fuels. Most major international oil companies are in advanced development stages of GTL production, e.g. the 140,000 bbl/d (22,000 m3/d) Pearl GTL plant in Qatar, scheduled to come online in 2011. In locations such as the United States with a high natural gas demand, pipelines are usually favored to take the gas from the well site to the end consumer.","title":"Types of wells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Offshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"By location","text":"Wells can be located:Onshore, or\nOffshoreOffshore wells can further be subdivided intoWells with subsea wellheads, where the top of the well is sitting on the ocean floor under water, and often connected to a pipeline on the ocean floor.\nWells with 'dry' wellheads, where the top of the well is above the water on a platform or jacket, which also often contains processing equipment for the produced fluid.While the location of the well will be a large factor in the type of equipment used to drill it, there is actually little downhole difference in the well itself. An offshore well targets a reservoir that happens to be underneath an ocean. Due to logistics and specialized equipment needed, drilling an offshore well is far more costly than a comparable onshore well.[24] These wells dot the Southern and Central Great Plains, Southwestern United States, and are the most common wells in the Middle East.","title":"Types of wells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wildcatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcatter"},{"link_name":"exploration wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_well"},{"link_name":"abandoned wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandoned_wells"},{"link_name":"liquid hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"associated gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"injecting water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reservoir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060427165653/http://www.pttc.org/tech_sum/ts_v91_10.htm"}],"sub_title":"By purpose","text":"Another way to classify oil wells is by their purpose in contributing to the development of a resource. They can be characterized as:wildcat wells that are drilled where little or no known geological information is available. The site may have been selected because of wells drilled some distance from the proposed location but to an underground structure that appeared similar to the proposed site. Individuals who drill wildcat wells are known as 'wildcatters'.\nexploration wells are drilled purely for exploratory (information gathering) purposes in a new area. The site selection is usually based on seismic data, satellite surveys, etc. Details gathered in this well include the presence of hydrocarbon in the drilled location, the amount of fluid present and the depth at which oil or gas occurs.\nappraisal wells may be needed to assess characteristics (such as flow rate, reservoir quantity) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation. Such wells reduce uncertainty about the characteristics and properties of the hydrocarbon present in the field.\nproduction wells are drilled primarily for producing oil or gas, once the producing structure and characteristics are determined.\ndevelopment wells are wells drilled for the production of oil or gas already proven by appraisal drilling to be suitable for exploitation.\nabandoned wells are wells permanently plugged in the drilling phase for technical reasons, or that had failed to locate commercially valuable hydrocarbons.At a producing well site, active wells may be further categorized as:oil producers producing predominantly liquid hydrocarbons, but most include some associated gas.\ngas producers producing almost entirely gaseous hydrocarbons, consisting mostly of natural gas.\nwater injectors injecting water into the formation to maintain reservoir pressure, or simply to dispose of water produced with the hydrocarbons because even after treatment, it would be too oily and too saline to be considered clean for dumping overboard offshore, let alone into a fresh water resource in the case of onshore wells. Water injection into the producing zone frequently has a beneficial element of reservoir management; however, often produced water disposal is into shallower zones safely beneath any fresh water zones.\naquifer producers intentionally producing water for re-injection to manage pressure. If possible this water will come from the reservoir itself. Using aquifer produced water rather than water from other sources is to preclude chemical incompatibility that might lead to reservoir-plugging precipitates. These wells will generally be needed only if produced water from the oil or gas producers is insufficient for reservoir management purposes.\ngas injectors injecting gas into the reservoir often as a means of disposal or sequestering for later production, but also to maintain reservoir pressure.Lahee classification [1]New Field Wildcat (NFW) – far from other producing fields and on a structure that has not previously produced.\nNew Pool Wildcat (NPW) – new pools on already producing structure.\nDeeper Pool Test (DPT) – on already producing structure and pool, but on a deeper pay zone.\nShallower Pool Test (SPT) – on already producing structure and pool, but on a shallower pay zone.\nOutpost (OUT) – usually two or more locations from nearest productive area.\nDevelopment Well (DEV) – can be on the extension of a pay zone, or between existing wells (Infill).","title":"Types of wells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rigzone.com-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rigzone.com-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rigzone.com-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The cost to drill a well depends mainly on the daily rate of the drilling rig, the extra services required to drill the well, the duration of the well program (including downtime and weather time), and the remoteness of the location (logistic supply costs).[25]The daily rates of offshore drilling rigs vary by their depth capability, and the market availability. Rig rates reported by industry web service[26] show that the deepwater water floating drilling rigs are over twice the daily cost of the shallow water fleet, and rates for jack-up fleet can vary by factor of 3 depending upon capability.With deepwater drilling rig rates in 2015 of around $520,000/day,[26] and similar additional spread costs, a deepwater well of a duration of 100 days can cost around US$100 million.[27]With high-performance jackup rig rates in 2015 of around $177,000,[26] and similar service costs, a high pressure, high-temperature well of duration 100 days can cost about US$30 million.Onshore wells can be considerably cheaper, particularly if the field is at a shallow depth, where costs range from less than $4.9 million to $8.3 million, and the average completion costing $2.9 million to $5.6 million per well.[28] Completion makes up a larger portion of onshore well costs than offshore wells, which generally have the added cost burden of a surface platform.[29]The total costs mentioned do not include the those associated with the risk of explosion and leakage of oil. Those costs include the cost of protecting against such disasters, the cost of the cleanup effort, and the hard-to-calculate cost of damage to the company's image.[30]","title":"Cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umass1-31"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umass1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wgfd1-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umass1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wgfd1-32"},{"link_name":"elk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcn1-33"},{"link_name":"Sage-grouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_sage-grouse"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wgfd1-32"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-grouse-study-34"}],"text":"The impacts of oil exploration and drilling are often irreversible, particularly for wildlife.[31] Research indicates that caribou in Alaska show a marked avoidance of areas near oil wells and seismic lines due to disturbances.[31] Drilling often destroys wildlife habitat, causing wildlife stress, and breaks up large areas into smaller isolated ones, changing the environment, and forcing animals to migrate elsewhere.[32][31] It can also bring in new species that compete with or prey on existing animals.[32] Even though the actual area taken up by oil and gas equipment might be small, negative effects can spread. Animals like mule deer and elk try to stay away from the noise and activity of drilling sites, sometimes moving miles away to find peace. This movement and avoidance can lead to less space for these animals affecting their numbers and health.[33]The Sage-grouse is another example of an animal that tries to avoid areas with drilling, which can lead to fewer of them surviving and reproducing.[32] Different studies show that drilling in their habitats negatively impacts sage-grouse populations. In Wyoming, sage grouse studied between 1984 and 2008 show a roughly 2.5 percent annual population decline in males, correlating with the density of oil and gas wells.[34] Factors such as sagebrush cover and precipitation seemed to have little effect on count changes. These results align with other studies highlighting the detrimental impact of oil and gas development on sage-grouse populations.","title":"Impacts on wildlife"}]
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[{"image_text":"The pumpjack, such as this one located south of Midland, is a common sight in West Texas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG/300px-West_Texas_Pumpjack.JPG"},{"image_text":"Early oil field exploitation in Pennsylvania, around 1862","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Earlyoilfield.jpg/220px-Earlyoilfield.jpg"},{"image_text":"Galician oil wells","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Galicja1881.jpg/220px-Galicja1881.jpg"},{"image_text":"1904 oil well fire at Bibi-Heybat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Oil_well_burning_in_Bibi_Eibat.JPG/220px-Oil_well_burning_in_Bibi_Eibat.JPG"},{"image_text":"An annotated schematic of an oil well during a drilling phase","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Well_Diagram.png/220px-Well_Diagram.png"},{"image_text":"Well Casing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casing_%26_Temporary_Home.JPG/220px-Casing_%26_Temporary_Home.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mud log in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling oil wells","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mudlogging.JPG/220px-Mudlogging.JPG"},{"image_text":"Modern drilling rig in Argentina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/H104.jpg/220px-H104.jpg"},{"image_text":"A schematic of a typical oil well being produced by a pumpjack, which is used to produce the remaining recoverable oil after natural pressure is no longer sufficient to raise oil to the surface","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pump_Jack_labelled.png/220px-Pump_Jack_labelled.png"},{"image_text":"A natural gas well in the southeast Lost Hills Field, California, US.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NaturalGasWell.jpg/220px-NaturalGasWell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Raising the derrick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Raising_the_stern.JPG/220px-Raising_the_stern.JPG"},{"image_text":"Oil extraction in Boryslav in 1909","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R00740%2C_Boryslaw%2C_Erd%C3%B6lgewinnung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R00740%2C_Boryslaw%2C_Erd%C3%B6lgewinnung.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burning of natural gases at an oil drilling site, presumably at Pangkalan Brandan, East Coast of Sumatra – circa 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KITLV_-_26871_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Burning_of_natural_gases_at_an_oil_drilling_site%2C_presumably_at_Pangkalan_Brandan%2C_East_Coast_of_Sumatra_-_circa_1905.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Fracking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracking"},{"title":"Offshore drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling"},{"title":"Oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill"},{"title":"Petroleum industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry"},{"title":"Thermomechanical cuttings cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical_cuttings_cleaner"}]
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[{"reference":"Groom N (2020-06-17). \"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace\". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-drilling-abandoned-specialreport-idUSKBN23N1NL","url_text":"\"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace\""}]},{"reference":"Geller D (13 July 2020). \"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus\". Verisk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.verisk.com/insurance/covid-19/iso-insights/more-exposures-from-abandoned-oil-and-gas-wells-come-into-focus/","url_text":"\"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASTM International – Standards Worldwide\". astm.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html","url_text":"\"ASTM International – Standards Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater. \"petroleum\". 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ISBN 978-0-12-818113-3. S2CID 239358078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2018-0-02728-0","url_text":"10.1016/C2018-0-02728-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-818113-3","url_text":"978-0-12-818113-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239358078","url_text":"239358078"}]},{"reference":"Groom N (2020-06-17). \"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace\". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-drilling-abandoned-specialreport-idUSKBN23N1NL","url_text":"\"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace\""}]},{"reference":"Geller D (13 July 2020). \"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus\". Verisk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.verisk.com/insurance/covid-19/iso-insights/more-exposures-from-abandoned-oil-and-gas-wells-come-into-focus/","url_text":"\"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus\""}]},{"reference":"Allison E, Mandler B (14 May 2018). \"Abandoned Wells. What happens to oil and gas wells when they are no longer productive?\". Petroleum and Environment. American Geosciences Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americangeosciences.org/geoscience-currents/abandoned-wells","url_text":"\"Abandoned Wells. 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Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/drilling/pdf/upstream.pdf","url_text":"\"Trends in U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Upstream Costs\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cost of Oil & Gas Wells\". OilScams.org. Oil Scams. 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oilscams.org/how-much-does-oil-gas-well-cost","url_text":"\"The Cost of Oil & Gas Wells\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Much Does an Oil & Gas Well Cost?| Oil & Gas Investing Advice\". oilscams.org. Retrieved 2020-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oilscams.org/how-much-does-oil-gas-well-cost","url_text":"\"How Much Does an Oil & Gas Well Cost?| Oil & Gas Investing Advice\""}]},{"reference":"Lauren Bettino, Hank Moylan, Victoria Stukas. \"Impacts of Oil Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\". UMass Amherst. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the potential impacts of oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","urls":[{"url":"https://websites.umass.edu/natsci397a-eross/impacts-of-oil-drilling-in-the-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge/","url_text":"\"Impacts of Oil Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development of Oil and Gas\". Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This resource provides comprehensive information on the impacts of oil and gas development on wildlife habitats within Wyoming.","urls":[{"url":"https://wgfd.wyo.gov/Habitat/Habitat-Information/Development-of-Oil-and-Gas","url_text":"\"Development of Oil and Gas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Study Quantifies Drilling Impacts on Mule Deer\". High Country News. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This article discusses a study that quantifies the impacts of oil and gas drilling on mule deer populations.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hcn.org/articles/study-quantifies-drilling-impacts-on-mule-deer/","url_text":"\"Study Quantifies Drilling Impacts on Mule Deer\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Adam W.; Aldridge, Cameron L.; O'Donnell, Michael S. (2016). \"Impacts of Oil and Gas Development on Sage-Grouse Populations in Wyoming\". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 81 (1). Wildlife Society Bulletin: 46–57. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21179. Retrieved 2024-03-21. This study examines the decline of sage-grouse populations in Wyoming","urls":[{"url":"https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.21179","url_text":"\"Impacts of Oil and Gas Development on Sage-Grouse Populations in Wyoming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.21179","url_text":"10.1002/jwmg.21179"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovetail_(company)
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Dovetail (company)
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Australian software company
DovetailCompany typePrivateIndustrySoftwareFounded2017; 7 years ago (2017)FoundersBenjamin Humphrey, Bradley AyersHeadquartersSydney, AustraliaWebsitedovetail.com
Dovetail is an Australian software company.
Users create tags to perform transcription analysis and coding interpretation of interviews, survey responses and feedback, and create summarized insights from their research analysis.
In August 2021, Dovetail raised AU$5 million at a reported valuation of "more than AU$150 million"; raising its valuation fivefold from its prior fundraising round in 2020. Dovetail raised further Series A funding of US$63 million, led by Accel in January 2022.
History
The company was founded in 2017 in Sydney, Australia by Benjamin Humphrey and Bradley Ayers. Both had worked at software company Atlassian, and Humphrey claims he started Dovetail based on his experience working with researchers at the company.
Prior to the company's founding, Humphrey worked on the idea in his spare time, outsourcing the product's development and financing it with a AU$10,000 credit card debt. In 2017 he convinced Ayers to leave his role at Atlassian and join as co-founder.
In November 2017, Dovetail was awarded the AU$25,000 minimum viable product grant from the New South Wales Department of Industry Jobs for NSW program. The grant was awarded to fund investment in automatic sentiment analysis features.
In February 2020, Dovetail announced a AU$4 million seed fundraising round led by Blackbird Ventures, with participation from Felicis Ventures and Culture Amp's CEO and co-founder Didier Elzinga to accelerate revenue growth. This raise reportedly valued Dovetail at "close to AU$30 million".
In August 2021, Dovetail announced that it had raised AU$5 million from existing investors Blackbird Ventures, Felicis Ventures, along with participation from Mike Cannon-Brookes' investment vehicle, Grok Ventures.
In January 2022, Dovetail announced it had raised a US$63 million Series A led by Accel. New investors also included Webflow CEO and co-founder Vlad Magdalin, CEO and co-founder of Checkr, Daniel Yanisse, and CEO and co-founder of Slack, Stewart Butterfield.
In 2023, Dovetail's headquarters moved to a new office spanning 4,300 square metres over four levels located on Sydney's historic Oxford Street. In January 2024, Ayers left the company after stepping down to an engineering role in the previous year.
References
^ a b c d e f Redrup, Yolanda (16 February 2020). "Former Atlassian techies raise $4m to go it alone". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ Waters, Cara (3 August 2020). "Atlassian alumni launch next generation of startups". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ Li, Jennifer (6 April 2021). "The Market for User Research Platforms". Andreessen Horowitz. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
^ a b Palmer-Derrien, Stephanie (10 August 2021). "Dovetail bags $5 million in funding from cohort of influential Aussie leaders". SmartCompany. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ a b Waters, Cara (10 August 2021). "'Similar DNA to Canva, Atlassian': Buzz builds around customer feedback startup Dovetail". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ a b c Duran, Paulina (6 August 2021). "Australian startup Dovetail set for expansion as valuation hits $100 mln". Reuters. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
^ a b Wilhelm, Alex (19 January 2022). "Dovetail raises $63M to grow its researcher-focused software business". TechCrunch. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
^ Gillezeau, Natasha (1 February 2021). "At best, Australians are lukewarm on Bing". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ Gillezeau, Natasha (30 November 2020). "The quietly rising power of product managers". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ a b Palmer-Derrien, Stephanie (18 February 2020). "Atlassian alumni bag $4 million for new SaaS startup, including from Culture Amp chief Didier Elzinga". SmartCompany. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ a b Harkness, James (29 November 2017). "Dovetail's founders built their tech startup on the cultural values of ex-employer Atlassian". Dynamic Business. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ "Ex Atlassians take flight with Dovetail" (Press release). NSW Department of Industry. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ Humphrey, Benjamin; Ayers, Bradley (14 November 2017). "Dovetail awarded Jobs for NSW startup grant to fund automated analysis feature". Dovetail. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ "Our Series A in Dovetail: The Foundational Layer for Customer Research". Accel. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ "Announcing our $63M Series A, led by Accel". Dovetail. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ Lam, Joseph (11 August 2022). "Sydney's Oxford St revamp lands first tenants Lune Croissanterie, Dovetail". The Australian. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ Nicholls, Stephen (11 August 2022). "TOGA's Oxford & Foley project to be Sydney home of world-famous Lune Croissanterie". news.com.au. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ Thompson, Sarah; Sood, Kanika; Rapaport, Emma (2024-01-23). "Co-founder exits at $960m start-up Dovetail". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redrup2020-1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters2020-2"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li2021-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-Derrien2021-4"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters2021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duran2021-6"},{"link_name":"Series A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_round"},{"link_name":"Accel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_(company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilhelm2022-7"}],"text":"Dovetail is an Australian software company.[1][2]Users create tags to perform transcription analysis and coding interpretation of interviews, survey responses and feedback, and create summarized insights from their research analysis.[3][4][clarification needed]In August 2021, Dovetail raised AU$5 million at a reported valuation of \"more than AU$150 million\"; raising its valuation fivefold from its prior fundraising round in 2020.[5][6] Dovetail raised further Series A funding of US$63 million, led by Accel in January 2022.[7]","title":"Dovetail (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redrup2020-1-1"},{"link_name":"Atlassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlassian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redrup2020-1-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillezeau2021-1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillezeau2020-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redrup2020-1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redrup2020-1-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-Derrien2020-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harkness2017-11"},{"link_name":"minimum viable product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_product"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Department of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Industry_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSWDepartmentOfIndustry2017-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harkness2017-11"},{"link_name":"sentiment analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DovetailJobsforNSW-13"},{"link_name":"seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_money"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redrup2020-1-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-Derrien2020-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duran2021-6"},{"link_name":"Mike Cannon-Brookes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cannon-Brookes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waters2021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duran2021-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-Derrien2021-4"},{"link_name":"Accel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_(company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilhelm2022-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accel2022-14"},{"link_name":"Webflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webflow"},{"link_name":"Slack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)"},{"link_name":"Stewart Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dovetail2022-15"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lam2022-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls2022-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The company was founded in 2017 in Sydney, Australia by Benjamin Humphrey and Bradley Ayers.[1] Both had worked at software company Atlassian, and Humphrey claims he started Dovetail based on his experience working with researchers at the company.[1][8][9]Prior to the company's founding, Humphrey worked on the idea in his spare time, outsourcing the product's development and financing it with a AU$10,000 credit card debt.[1] In 2017 he convinced Ayers to leave his role at Atlassian and join as co-founder.[1][10][11]In November 2017, Dovetail was awarded the AU$25,000 minimum viable product grant from the New South Wales Department of Industry Jobs for NSW program.[12][11] The grant was awarded to fund investment in automatic sentiment analysis features.[13]In February 2020, Dovetail announced a AU$4 million seed fundraising round led by Blackbird Ventures, with participation from Felicis Ventures and Culture Amp's CEO and co-founder Didier Elzinga to accelerate revenue growth.[1][10] This raise reportedly valued Dovetail at \"close to AU$30 million\".[6]In August 2021, Dovetail announced that it had raised AU$5 million from existing investors Blackbird Ventures, Felicis Ventures, along with participation from Mike Cannon-Brookes' investment vehicle, Grok Ventures.[5][6][4]In January 2022, Dovetail announced it had raised a US$63 million Series A led by Accel.[7][14] New investors also included Webflow CEO and co-founder Vlad Magdalin, CEO and co-founder of Checkr, Daniel Yanisse, and CEO and co-founder of Slack, Stewart Butterfield.[15]In 2023, Dovetail's headquarters moved to a new office spanning 4,300 square metres over four levels located on Sydney's historic Oxford Street.[16][17] In January 2024, Ayers left the company after stepping down to an engineering role in the previous year.[18]","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Redrup, Yolanda (16 February 2020). \"Former Atlassian techies raise $4m to go it alone\". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/technology/former-atlassian-techies-raise-4m-to-go-it-alone-20200204-p53xqp","url_text":"\"Former Atlassian techies raise $4m to go it alone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"Waters, Cara (3 August 2020). \"Atlassian alumni launch next generation of startups\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/atlassian-alumni-launch-next-generation-of-startups-20200731-p55hd0.html","url_text":"\"Atlassian alumni launch next generation of startups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Li, Jennifer (6 April 2021). \"The Market for User Research Platforms\". Andreessen Horowitz. Retrieved 7 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://a16z.com/2021/04/06/the-market-for-user-research-platforms/","url_text":"\"The Market for User Research Platforms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreessen_Horowitz","url_text":"Andreessen Horowitz"}]},{"reference":"Palmer-Derrien, Stephanie (10 August 2021). \"Dovetail bags $5 million in funding from cohort of influential Aussie leaders\". SmartCompany. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/dovetail-funding-aussie-leaders-investors/","url_text":"\"Dovetail bags $5 million in funding from cohort of influential Aussie leaders\""}]},{"reference":"Waters, Cara (10 August 2021). \"'Similar DNA to Canva, Atlassian': Buzz builds around customer feedback startup Dovetail\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/entrepreneurship/similar-dna-to-canva-atlassian-buzz-builds-around-customer-feedback-startup-dovetail-20210809-p58h7o.html","url_text":"\"'Similar DNA to Canva, Atlassian': Buzz builds around customer feedback startup Dovetail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Duran, Paulina (6 August 2021). \"Australian startup Dovetail set for expansion as valuation hits $100 mln\". Reuters. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/australian-startup-dovetail-set-expansion-valuation-hits-100-mln-2021-08-09/","url_text":"\"Australian startup Dovetail set for expansion as valuation hits $100 mln\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Wilhelm, Alex (19 January 2022). \"Dovetail raises $63M to grow its researcher-focused software business\". TechCrunch. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/19/dovetail-raises-63m-to-grow-its-researcher-focused-software-business/","url_text":"\"Dovetail raises $63M to grow its researcher-focused software business\""}]},{"reference":"Gillezeau, Natasha (1 February 2021). \"At best, Australians are lukewarm on Bing\". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 4 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/technology/at-best-australians-are-lukewarm-on-bing-20210201-p56yge","url_text":"\"At best, Australians are lukewarm on Bing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"Gillezeau, Natasha (30 November 2020). \"The quietly rising power of product managers\". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/technology/the-quietly-rising-power-of-product-managers-20201014-p56544","url_text":"\"The quietly rising power of product managers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review","url_text":"Australian Financial Review"}]},{"reference":"Palmer-Derrien, Stephanie (18 February 2020). \"Atlassian alumni bag $4 million for new SaaS startup, including from Culture Amp chief Didier Elzinga\". SmartCompany. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/dovetail-funding-didier-elzinga/","url_text":"\"Atlassian alumni bag $4 million for new SaaS startup, including from Culture Amp chief Didier Elzinga\""}]},{"reference":"Harkness, James (29 November 2017). \"Dovetail's founders built their tech startup on the cultural values of ex-employer Atlassian\". Dynamic Business. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dynamicbusiness.com.au/topics/start-up-entrepreneur/dovetails-founders-built-their-tech-startup-on-the-cultural-values-of-ex-employer-atlassian.html","url_text":"\"Dovetail's founders built their tech startup on the cultural values of ex-employer Atlassian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex Atlassians take flight with Dovetail\" (Press release). NSW Department of Industry. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/media/releases/2017/2017-media-releases/ex-atlassians-take-flight-with-dovetail","url_text":"\"Ex Atlassians take flight with Dovetail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Industry_(New_South_Wales)","url_text":"NSW Department of Industry"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, Benjamin; Ayers, Bradley (14 November 2017). \"Dovetail awarded Jobs for NSW startup grant to fund automated analysis feature\". Dovetail. Retrieved 7 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dovetailapp.com/blog/2017/dovetail-awarded-jobs-for-nsw-startup-grant-to-fund-automated-analysis-features/","url_text":"\"Dovetail awarded Jobs for NSW startup grant to fund automated analysis feature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Series A in Dovetail: The Foundational Layer for Customer Research\". Accel. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accel.com/noteworthy/our-series-a-in-dovetail-the-foundational-layer-for-customer-research","url_text":"\"Our Series A in Dovetail: The Foundational Layer for Customer Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accel_(company)","url_text":"Accel"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing our $63M Series A, led by Accel\". Dovetail. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dovetailapp.com/inside/series-a/","url_text":"\"Announcing our $63M Series A, led by Accel\""}]},{"reference":"Lam, Joseph (11 August 2022). \"Sydney's Oxford St revamp lands first tenants Lune Croissanterie, Dovetail\". The Australian. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/property/sydneys-oxford-st-revamp-lands-first-tenants-lune-croissanterie-dovetail/news-story/a7a5ffea774b1fbc6663013006187132","url_text":"\"Sydney's Oxford St revamp lands first tenants Lune Croissanterie, Dovetail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"Nicholls, Stephen (11 August 2022). \"TOGA's Oxford & Foley project to be Sydney home of world-famous Lune Croissanterie\". news.com.au. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/finance/real-estate/togas-oxford-foley-project-to-be-sydney-home-of-worldfamous-lune-croissanterie/news-story/a382ed577a5ea5c67f38375eef1058a1","url_text":"\"TOGA's Oxford & Foley project to be Sydney home of world-famous Lune Croissanterie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Sarah; Sood, Kanika; Rapaport, Emma (2024-01-23). \"Co-founder exits at $960m start-up Dovetail\". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 2024-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/street-talk/960m-startup-dovetail-s-co-founder-out-of-the-door-20240123-p5ezfs","url_text":"\"Co-founder exits at $960m start-up Dovetail\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://dovetail.com/","external_links_name":"dovetail.com"},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/technology/former-atlassian-techies-raise-4m-to-go-it-alone-20200204-p53xqp","external_links_name":"\"Former Atlassian techies raise $4m to go it alone\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/atlassian-alumni-launch-next-generation-of-startups-20200731-p55hd0.html","external_links_name":"\"Atlassian alumni launch next generation of startups\""},{"Link":"https://a16z.com/2021/04/06/the-market-for-user-research-platforms/","external_links_name":"\"The Market for User Research Platforms\""},{"Link":"https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/dovetail-funding-aussie-leaders-investors/","external_links_name":"\"Dovetail bags $5 million in funding from cohort of influential Aussie leaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/business/entrepreneurship/similar-dna-to-canva-atlassian-buzz-builds-around-customer-feedback-startup-dovetail-20210809-p58h7o.html","external_links_name":"\"'Similar DNA to Canva, Atlassian': Buzz builds around customer feedback startup Dovetail\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/australian-startup-dovetail-set-expansion-valuation-hits-100-mln-2021-08-09/","external_links_name":"\"Australian startup Dovetail set for expansion as valuation hits $100 mln\""},{"Link":"https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/19/dovetail-raises-63m-to-grow-its-researcher-focused-software-business/","external_links_name":"\"Dovetail raises $63M to grow its researcher-focused software business\""},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/technology/at-best-australians-are-lukewarm-on-bing-20210201-p56yge","external_links_name":"\"At best, Australians are lukewarm on Bing\""},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/technology/the-quietly-rising-power-of-product-managers-20201014-p56544","external_links_name":"\"The quietly rising power of product managers\""},{"Link":"https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/dovetail-funding-didier-elzinga/","external_links_name":"\"Atlassian alumni bag $4 million for new SaaS startup, including from Culture Amp chief Didier Elzinga\""},{"Link":"https://dynamicbusiness.com.au/topics/start-up-entrepreneur/dovetails-founders-built-their-tech-startup-on-the-cultural-values-of-ex-employer-atlassian.html","external_links_name":"\"Dovetail's founders built their tech startup on the cultural values of ex-employer Atlassian\""},{"Link":"https://www.industry.nsw.gov.au/media/releases/2017/2017-media-releases/ex-atlassians-take-flight-with-dovetail","external_links_name":"\"Ex Atlassians take flight with Dovetail\""},{"Link":"https://dovetailapp.com/blog/2017/dovetail-awarded-jobs-for-nsw-startup-grant-to-fund-automated-analysis-features/","external_links_name":"\"Dovetail awarded Jobs for NSW startup grant to fund automated analysis feature\""},{"Link":"https://www.accel.com/noteworthy/our-series-a-in-dovetail-the-foundational-layer-for-customer-research","external_links_name":"\"Our Series A in Dovetail: The Foundational Layer for Customer Research\""},{"Link":"https://dovetailapp.com/inside/series-a/","external_links_name":"\"Announcing our $63M Series A, led by Accel\""},{"Link":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/property/sydneys-oxford-st-revamp-lands-first-tenants-lune-croissanterie-dovetail/news-story/a7a5ffea774b1fbc6663013006187132","external_links_name":"\"Sydney's Oxford St revamp lands first tenants Lune Croissanterie, Dovetail\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/finance/real-estate/togas-oxford-foley-project-to-be-sydney-home-of-worldfamous-lune-croissanterie/news-story/a382ed577a5ea5c67f38375eef1058a1","external_links_name":"\"TOGA's Oxford & Foley project to be Sydney home of world-famous Lune Croissanterie\""},{"Link":"https://www.afr.com/street-talk/960m-startup-dovetail-s-co-founder-out-of-the-door-20240123-p5ezfs","external_links_name":"\"Co-founder exits at $960m start-up Dovetail\""},{"Link":"https://dovetailapp.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgar_Howarth
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Elgar Howarth
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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English conductor, composer and trumpeter
Elgar Howarth in December 2012
Elgar Howarth (born 4 November 1935), is an English conductor, composer and trumpeter.
Biography
Howarth was born at Cannock, Staffordshire. He was educated in the 1950s at Manchester University and the Royal Manchester College of Music (the predecessor of the Royal Northern College of Music), where his fellow students included the composers Harrison Birtwistle, David Ellis, Alexander Goehr, Peter Maxwell Davies and the pianist John Ogdon. Together they formed New Music Manchester, a group dedicated to the performance of new music.
He has worked with all leading British orchestras, as well as many orchestras worldwide. He played the opening bars of Tippett's King Priam at its Coventry premiere in 1962, (conducting the whole work years later for English National Opera).
He has conducted many operas, and premiered György Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm in 1978 and four operas by Harrison Birtwistle: The Mask of Orpheus at English National Opera (1986), Yan Tan Tethera for Opera Factory (1986), Gawain at the Royal Opera House in London (1991) and The Second Mrs Kong at Glyndebourne (1994). He was Principal Guest Conductor of Opera North from 1985 to 1988, and Music Advisor to the company from 2002 to 2004.
As a composer and former trumpet player, he writes mainly for brass instruments. Swedish trumpeter Håkan Hardenberger has premiered several of his works on cornet, including his Cornet Concerto, Canto, and Capriccio. He has written arrangements such as The Carnival of Venice Variations for brass ensemble and Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition arranged for brass band. Composer Roy Newsome remarks that "Howarth's masterly rendition of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1979) dwarfed all previous transcriptions."
He was brought up in a brass band family and has maintained his interest in the art form. Howarth has made a huge contribution to the modern repertoire of brass band music. Many of his works are recorded, most notably by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band and the Eikanger-Bjørsvik band. He also was one of the trumpeters who performed with The Beatles on the song "Magical Mystery Tour".
A number of personal copies of works he has conducted (some including annotations) are catalogued at the University of East Anglia's School of Music.
In December 2003, he was revealed to have rejected a CBE.
References
^ Elgar Howarth. Royal Academy of Music.
^ Clark A. King Priam (review of English National Opera at the London Coliseum November 1999). Opera, January 2000, Vol 51 No 1, p104-107.
^ "Elgar Howarth". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
^ "The Carnival of Venice Variations". BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ Newsome, Roy (2006). The Modern Brass Band: From the 1930s to the New Millennium. Ashgate Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 9780754607175. Retrieved 16 August 2015. During the 1970s there was a spate of transcriptions of Tudor music, mainly by Elgar Howarth. However, Howarth's masterly rendition of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1979) dwarfed all previous transcriptions.
^ Elgar Howarth. Grimethorpe Colliery Band.
^ Elgar Howarth Scores. University of East Anglia. Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ School of Music. University of East Anglia.
^ "Honoured? No thanks, say elite of arts and TV". The Independent. 22 December 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
Cultural offices
Preceded byPaul Daniel(Music Director)
Music Advisor, Opera North 1997–1999
Succeeded bySteven Sloane(Music Director)
vteNew Music Manchester School
Harrison Birtwistle
Peter Maxwell Davies
Alexander Goehr
Elgar Howarth
John Ogdon
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Te Papa (New Zealand)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elgar_Howarth,_Halesworth,_Suffolk,_December_2012.jpeg"}],"text":"Elgar Howarth in December 2012Elgar Howarth (born 4 November 1935), is an English conductor, composer and trumpeter.","title":"Elgar Howarth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannock"},{"link_name":"Manchester University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University"},{"link_name":"Royal Northern College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"David Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ellis_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Goehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Goehr"},{"link_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"John Ogdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ogdon"},{"link_name":"New Music Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Music_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"King Priam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Priam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"György Ligeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti"},{"link_name":"Le Grand Macabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grand_Macabre"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"The Mask of Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mask_of_Orpheus"},{"link_name":"Yan Tan Tethera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Tan_Tethera"},{"link_name":"Gawain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawain_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"The Second Mrs Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Mrs_Kong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Opera North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_North"},{"link_name":"Håkan Hardenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Hardenberger"},{"link_name":"Carnival of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Venice_(song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Pictures at an Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Roy Newsome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Newsome"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"brass band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_band"},{"link_name":"Grimethorpe Colliery Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimethorpe_Colliery_Band"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eikanger-Bjørsvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikanger-Bj%C3%B8rsvik"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Magical Mystery Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour_(song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Howarth was born at Cannock, Staffordshire. He was educated in the 1950s at Manchester University and the Royal Manchester College of Music (the predecessor of the Royal Northern College of Music), where his fellow students included the composers Harrison Birtwistle, David Ellis, Alexander Goehr, Peter Maxwell Davies and the pianist John Ogdon. Together they formed New Music Manchester, a group dedicated to the performance of new music.[1]He has worked with all leading British orchestras, as well as many orchestras worldwide. He played the opening bars of Tippett's King Priam at its Coventry premiere in 1962, (conducting the whole work years later for English National Opera).[2]\nHe has conducted many operas, and premiered György Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm in 1978 and four operas by Harrison Birtwistle: The Mask of Orpheus at English National Opera (1986), Yan Tan Tethera for Opera Factory (1986), Gawain at the Royal Opera House in London (1991) and The Second Mrs Kong at Glyndebourne (1994).[3] He was Principal Guest Conductor of Opera North from 1985 to 1988, and Music Advisor to the company from 2002 to 2004.As a composer and former trumpet player, he writes mainly for brass instruments. Swedish trumpeter Håkan Hardenberger has premiered several of his works on cornet, including his Cornet Concerto, Canto, and Capriccio. He has written arrangements such as The Carnival of Venice Variations for brass ensemble [4] and Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition arranged for brass band. Composer Roy Newsome remarks that \"Howarth's masterly rendition of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1979) dwarfed all previous transcriptions.\"[5]He was brought up in a brass band family and has maintained his interest in the art form. Howarth has made a huge contribution to the modern repertoire of brass band music. Many of his works are recorded, most notably by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band[6] and the Eikanger-Bjørsvik band. He also was one of the trumpeters who performed with The Beatles on the song \"Magical Mystery Tour\".A number of personal copies of works he has conducted (some including annotations) are catalogued[7] at the University of East Anglia's School of Music.[8]In December 2003, he was revealed to have rejected a CBE.[9]","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Elgar Howarth in December 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Elgar_Howarth%2C_Halesworth%2C_Suffolk%2C_December_2012.jpeg/220px-Elgar_Howarth%2C_Halesworth%2C_Suffolk%2C_December_2012.jpeg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Elgar Howarth\". Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151003053533/http://www.nybbgb.com/alumni/musical-advisors-past-and-present/elgar-howarth","url_text":"\"Elgar Howarth\""},{"url":"http://www.nybbgb.com/alumni/musical-advisors-past-and-present/elgar-howarth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Carnival of Venice Variations\". BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/records/nngrph","url_text":"\"The Carnival of Venice Variations\""}]},{"reference":"Newsome, Roy (2006). The Modern Brass Band: From the 1930s to the New Millennium. Ashgate Publishing. p. 125. ISBN 9780754607175. Retrieved 16 August 2015. During the 1970s there was a spate of transcriptions of Tudor music, mainly by Elgar Howarth. However, Howarth's masterly rendition of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1979) dwarfed all previous transcriptions.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6-iHNQwga8C&dq=elgar+howarth+pictures+at+an+exhibition+brass+bbc&pg=PA125","url_text":"The Modern Brass Band: From the 1930s to the New Millennium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754607175","url_text":"9780754607175"}]},{"reference":"\"Honoured? No thanks, say elite of arts and TV\". The Independent. 22 December 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/honoured-no-thanks-say-elite-arts-and-tv-83635.html","url_text":"\"Honoured? No thanks, say elite of arts and TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.ram.ac.uk/find-people?pid=1967","external_links_name":"Elgar Howarth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151003053533/http://www.nybbgb.com/alumni/musical-advisors-past-and-present/elgar-howarth","external_links_name":"\"Elgar Howarth\""},{"Link":"http://www.nybbgb.com/alumni/musical-advisors-past-and-present/elgar-howarth","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/records/nngrph","external_links_name":"\"The Carnival of Venice Variations\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6-iHNQwga8C&dq=elgar+howarth+pictures+at+an+exhibition+brass+bbc&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"The Modern Brass Band: From the 1930s to the New Millennium"},{"Link":"http://www.grimethorpeband.com/history/elgar-howarth","external_links_name":"Elgar Howarth"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.mus.uea.ac.uk/scores/?browse=scores&catalogue_code=howarth","external_links_name":"Elgar Howarth Scores"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207021553/http://www.lib.mus.uea.ac.uk/scores/?browse=scores&catalogue_code=howarth","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uea.ac.uk/mus","external_links_name":"School of Music"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/honoured-no-thanks-say-elite-arts-and-tv-83635.html","external_links_name":"\"Honoured? No thanks, say elite of arts and TV\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/88019/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114462298","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64192060","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBVypbPxRB6kqX79PG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1094482","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13895363r","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13895363r","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12433542X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302845405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000195169","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14232494","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82028114","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt7bhmqf234t89w","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000104370&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0174374&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36198580","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070494037","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810703728305606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10656337?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d75b1a80-3d1f-4a6a-903a-a8c4627a5028","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1227826","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b28g5p","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/164094660","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/71709","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-box_design
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Car body configurations
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["1 One-box design","2 Two-box design","3 Three-box design","4 Car roof classification","5 Motorsport applications","6 See also","7 References"]
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Auto design layouts
Typical pillar configurations of a sedan/saloon (three box), station wagon/estate (two box), and hatchback (two box) from the same model range
The configuration of a car body is typically determined by the layout of the engine, passenger and luggage compartments, which can be shared or separately articulated. A key design feature is the car's roof-supporting pillars, designated from front to rear of the car as A-pillar, B-pillar, C-pillar and D-pillar.
Common car body configurations are one-box (e.g., a van/minivan/MPV), two-box (e.g., a hatchback/SUV) and three-box (e.g., a sedan/saloon) designs.
One-box design
A one-box design, the Renault Twingo (1998–2000)
A one-box design, also called a monospace, mono-box or monovolume configuration—approximates in shape a single volume comprising engine, cabin and cargo areas, in part by locating the base of a vehicle's A-pillars further forward.
One-box designs include light commercial vehicles, minivans, MPVs and mini MPVs. Passenger cars with a one-box design include the 1984 Renault Espace, 1992 Renault Twingo I, 2008 Tata Nano, 2005 Toyota Aygo/Citroën C1/Peugeot 107 and 1997 Mercedes-Benz A-Class.
Two-box design
Two-box designs articulate a volume for engine and a volume that combines passenger and cargo volumes, e.g., station wagon/estate or (three or five-door) hatchbacks like the Saab 900, and minivans like the Chrysler Pacifica, 2001 Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and 1999 Skoda Fabia Mk1.
Three-box design
A three-box coupé, the Fiat 124
A three-box hatchback, the European Ford Escort
A three-box sedan/saloon, the Renault Dauphine
Three-box design is a broad automotive styling term describing a coupé, sedan/saloon, notchback or hatchback where—when viewed in profile—principal volumes are articulated into three separate compartments or boxes: engine, passenger and cargo.
Three-box designs are highly variable. Hemmings Motor News said:
These three boxes, compartmentalized as they are, are used to denote distinct areas of an automobile—specifically a sedan. The engine under the hood and surrounding compartment is the first box. The passenger seating area is another, or second box. The last or third box is the cargo or trunk area. There is no rule as to which box needs to be where.
Where the Renault Dauphine is a three-box that carries its engine in the rear and its cargo up front, the styling of the Škoda Octavia integrates a hatchback with the articulation of a three-box. This style was later used by its larger Škoda Superb, which marketed as the TwinDoor, within the liftgate operable as a trunk lid or as a full hatchback. As with the third generation European Ford Escort (also a hatchback), the third box may be vestigial. And three-box styling does not need to be boxy: Car Design News calls the fluid and rounded Fiat Linea a three-box design—and most examples of the markedly bulbous styling of the ponton genre are three-box designs.
In 2012, Hemmings Motor News wrote "the three-box sedan design is seen as traditional or—worse—conventional."
By 2016 In the United States, the three-box sedan began to wane in popularity. In 2018, the Wall Street Journal wrote: "from gangster getaway cars and the Batmobile to the humble family sedan, the basic three-box configuration of a passenger car—low engine compartment, higher cabin, low trunk in the rear—has endured for decades as the standard shape of the automobile. Until now."
Sales and popularity of four-door notchback sedans/saloons began declining in Europe since mid-1990s, especially affordable ones. This is resulted in moving production of Volkswagen Jetta in Mexico, as well as the Peugeot abandoning that segment since 2001 when the production of Peugeot 306 ended. Other, predominantly European manufacturers followed suit, with the most recent generation of Opel Astra may no longer to be offered as the four-door notchback. Since 2018, Ford reduced sales of four-door Focus as well as Mondeo to Eastern Balkans markets. Again, Volkswagen stopped sales of Jetta in Europe around the same time due to too long dimensions, exceeding those with International Passat B8.
Car roof classification
A related classification is based on the style of roof in the car design. The DrivAer aerodynamics model of the Technical University of Munich classifies roof styles as (F) Fastback, (E) Estate Back, (N) Notchback/Sedan.
Motorsport applications
The bodies of stock cars can be modified for motorsport purposes while retaining their main characteristics. The DrivAer high-performance (hp) configuration, a parametric academic model, provides an open-source wind tunnel dataset and serves as a benchmark, particularly valuable when combined with the original DrivAer Fastback (F) variation variant for aerodynamic analysis. Aero kits applied are in line with those found in motorsport categories like European DTM and American NASCAR series.
See also
Ponton styling
Coke bottle styling
Glossary of automotive design
References
^ a b c d "Starting Out: Car Design Glossary - Part 2 pg 3". www.cardesignnews.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^ a b Mike Mueller (2003). American Cars of the '50s. Crestline Imprints. ISBN 0-7603-1712-7.
^ a b "Compartmentalized Cars, Boxes and boxes on boxes: the basis of the three-box design". Hemmings Motor News.
^ "Fiat Linea". Car Design News. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
^ a b "America Has Fallen Out of Love With the Sedan". Wall Street Journal.
^ "On the Death of the Sedan". Car and Driver.
^ "DrivAer Model". www.epc.ed.tum.de. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "DrivAer Model: Geometry". www.epc.ed.tum.de. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "SAE MOBILUS". saemobilus.sae.org. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png"},{"link_name":"pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(car)"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"pillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(car)"}],"text":"Typical pillar configurations of a sedan/saloon (three box), station wagon/estate (two box), and hatchback (two box) from the same model rangeThe configuration of a car body is typically determined by the layout of the engine, passenger and luggage compartments, which can be shared or separately articulated. A key design feature is the car's roof-supporting pillars, designated from front to rear of the car as A-pillar, B-pillar, C-pillar and D-pillar.Common car body configurations are one-box (e.g., a van/minivan/MPV), two-box (e.g., a hatchback/SUV) and three-box (e.g., a sedan/saloon) designs.","title":"Car body configurations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renault_Twingo_front_20080222.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renault Twingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Twingo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.cardesignnews.com-1"},{"link_name":"A-pillars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.cardesignnews.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike_Mueller_2003-2"},{"link_name":"light commercial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"minivans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivans"},{"link_name":"mini MPVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_MPV"},{"link_name":"Renault Espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Espace#Espace_I_(1984%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"Renault Twingo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Twingo#Twingo_I_(1992%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"Tata Nano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Nano"},{"link_name":"Toyota Aygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Aygo#First_generation_(AB10;_2005)"},{"link_name":"Citroën C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C1#First_generation_(2005)"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_107"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz A-Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class#First_generation_(W168;_1997)"}],"text":"A one-box design, the Renault Twingo (1998–2000)A one-box design, also called a monospace, mono-box or monovolume configuration[1]—approximates in shape a single volume comprising engine, cabin and cargo areas, in part by locating the base of a vehicle's A-pillars further forward.[1][2]One-box designs include light commercial vehicles, minivans, MPVs and mini MPVs. Passenger cars with a one-box design include the 1984 Renault Espace, 1992 Renault Twingo I, 2008 Tata Nano, 2005 Toyota Aygo/Citroën C1/Peugeot 107 and 1997 Mercedes-Benz A-Class.","title":"One-box design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"station wagon/estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"hatchbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"Saab 900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_900"},{"link_name":"Chrysler Pacifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Pacifica"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Polo Mk4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk4"},{"link_name":"Skoda Fabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda_Fabia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.cardesignnews.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mike_Mueller_2003-2"}],"text":"Two-box designs articulate a volume for engine and a volume that combines passenger and cargo volumes, e.g., station wagon/estate or (three or five-door) hatchbacks like the Saab 900, and minivans like the Chrysler Pacifica, 2001 Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and 1999 Skoda Fabia Mk1.[1][2]","title":"Two-box design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_box_notchback_Fiat_124.jpg"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Fiat 124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_124_Coup%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hatchback_three_box.jpg"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"European Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)#Ford_Escort_Mark_III_(1980%E2%80%931986)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three-box_%26_rear_engine.jpg"},{"link_name":"sedan/saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Renault Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Dauphine"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"sedan/saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"notchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notchback"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.cardesignnews.com-1"},{"link_name":"Hemmings Motor News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemmings_Motor_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worse-3"},{"link_name":"Renault Dauphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Dauphine"},{"link_name":"Škoda Octavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Octavia"},{"link_name":"hatchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchback"},{"link_name":"Škoda Superb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Superb#B6_Superb_(Typ_3T)_(2008-present)"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)#Ford_Escort_Mark_III_(1980%E2%80%931986)"},{"link_name":"Car Design News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Design_News"},{"link_name":"Fiat Linea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Linea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdn3-4"},{"link_name":"ponton genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponton_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Hemmings Motor News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemmings_Motor_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worse-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-love-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wane-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-love-5"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_306"},{"link_name":"Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus"},{"link_name":"Mondeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mondeo"},{"link_name":"Jetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta"},{"link_name":"Passat B8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_B8"}],"text":"A three-box coupé, the Fiat 124A three-box hatchback, the European Ford EscortA three-box sedan/saloon, the Renault DauphineThree-box design is a broad automotive styling term describing a coupé, sedan/saloon, notchback or hatchback where—when viewed in profile—principal volumes are articulated into three separate compartments or boxes: engine, passenger and cargo.[1]Three-box designs are highly variable. Hemmings Motor News said:These three boxes, compartmentalized as they are, are used to denote distinct areas of an automobile—specifically a sedan. The engine under the hood and surrounding compartment is the first box. The passenger seating area is another, or second box. The last or third box is the cargo or trunk area. There is no rule as to which box needs to be where.[3]Where the Renault Dauphine is a three-box that carries its engine in the rear and its cargo up front, the styling of the Škoda Octavia integrates a hatchback with the articulation of a three-box. This style was later used by its larger Škoda Superb, which marketed as the TwinDoor, within the liftgate operable as a trunk lid or as a full hatchback. As with the third generation European Ford Escort (also a hatchback), the third box may be vestigial. And three-box styling does not need to be boxy: Car Design News calls the fluid and rounded Fiat Linea a three-box design[4]—and most examples of the markedly bulbous styling of the ponton genre are three-box designs.In 2012, Hemmings Motor News wrote \"the three-box sedan design is seen as traditional or—worse—conventional.\"[3] \nBy 2016 In the United States, the three-box sedan began to wane in popularity.[5][6] In 2018, the Wall Street Journal wrote: \"from gangster getaway cars and the Batmobile to the humble family sedan, the basic three-box configuration of a passenger car—low engine compartment, higher cabin, low trunk in the rear—has endured for decades as the standard shape of the automobile. Until now.\"[5]Sales and popularity of four-door notchback sedans/saloons began declining in Europe since mid-1990s, especially affordable ones. This is resulted in moving production of Volkswagen Jetta in Mexico, as well as the Peugeot abandoning that segment since 2001 when the production of Peugeot 306 ended. Other, predominantly European manufacturers followed suit, with the most recent generation of Opel Astra may no longer to be offered as the four-door notchback. Since 2018, Ford reduced sales of four-door Focus as well as Mondeo to Eastern Balkans markets. Again, Volkswagen stopped sales of Jetta in Europe around the same time due to too long dimensions, exceeding those with International Passat B8.","title":"Three-box design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fastback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback"},{"link_name":"Estate Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_wagon"},{"link_name":"Notchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notchback"},{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A related classification is based on the style of roof in the car design. The DrivAer aerodynamics model of the Technical University of Munich[7] classifies roof styles as (F) Fastback, (E) Estate Back, (N) Notchback/Sedan.[8]","title":"Car roof classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DrivAer high-performance (hp)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cord.cranfield.ac.uk/collections/DrivAer_hp-F_the_CAD_geometry_pack/3969120"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fastback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback"}],"text":"The bodies of stock cars can be modified for motorsport purposes while retaining their main characteristics. The DrivAer high-performance (hp) configuration,[9] a parametric academic model, provides an open-source wind tunnel dataset and serves as a benchmark, particularly valuable when combined with the original DrivAer Fastback (F) variation variant for aerodynamic analysis. Aero kits applied are in line with those found in motorsport categories like European DTM and American NASCAR series.","title":"Motorsport applications"}]
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[{"image_text":"Typical pillar configurations of a sedan/saloon (three box), station wagon/estate (two box), and hatchback (two box) from the same model range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png/220px-Three_body_styles_with_pillars_and_boxes.png"},{"image_text":"A one-box design, the Renault Twingo (1998–2000)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Renault_Twingo_front_20080222.jpg/220px-Renault_Twingo_front_20080222.jpg"},{"image_text":"A three-box coupé, the Fiat 124","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Three_box_notchback_Fiat_124.jpg/220px-Three_box_notchback_Fiat_124.jpg"},{"image_text":"A three-box hatchback, the European Ford Escort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hatchback_three_box.jpg/220px-Hatchback_three_box.jpg"},{"image_text":"A three-box sedan/saloon, the Renault Dauphine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Three-box_%26_rear_engine.jpg/220px-Three-box_%26_rear_engine.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Ponton styling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponton_(automobile)"},{"title":"Coke bottle styling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_bottle_styling"},{"title":"Glossary of automotive design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_design"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Starting Out: Car Design Glossary - Part 2 pg 3\". www.cardesignnews.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123317/http://cardesignnews.com/articles/resources/2008/09/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2-pg-3","url_text":"\"Starting Out: Car Design Glossary - Part 2 pg 3\""},{"url":"http://cardesignnews.com/articles/resources/2008/09/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2-pg-3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mike Mueller (2003). American Cars of the '50s. Crestline Imprints. ISBN 0-7603-1712-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1712-7","url_text":"0-7603-1712-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Compartmentalized Cars, Boxes and boxes on boxes: the basis of the three-box design\". Hemmings Motor News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hmn/2012/07/Compartmentalized-Cars/3714651.html","url_text":"\"Compartmentalized Cars, Boxes and boxes on boxes: the basis of the three-box design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiat Linea\". Car Design News. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-08-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727201542/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/new_cars/display-item/store4/item54759/","url_text":"\"Fiat Linea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Design_News","url_text":"Car Design News"},{"url":"http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/new_cars/display-item/store4/item54759/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"America Has Fallen Out of Love With the Sedan\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-has-fallen-out-of-love-with-the-sedan-1535169698","url_text":"\"America Has Fallen Out of Love With the Sedan\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Death of the Sedan\". Car and Driver.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15100094/on-the-death-of-the-sedan-column/","url_text":"\"On the Death of the Sedan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_and_Driver","url_text":"Car and Driver"}]},{"reference":"\"DrivAer Model\". www.epc.ed.tum.de. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epc.ed.tum.de/en/aer/research-groups/automotive/drivaer/","url_text":"\"DrivAer Model\""}]},{"reference":"\"DrivAer Model: Geometry\". www.epc.ed.tum.de. Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epc.ed.tum.de/en/aer/research-groups/automotive/drivaer/geometry/","url_text":"\"DrivAer Model: Geometry\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAE MOBILUS\". saemobilus.sae.org. Retrieved 2023-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2018-01-0725/","url_text":"\"SAE MOBILUS\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://cord.cranfield.ac.uk/collections/DrivAer_hp-F_the_CAD_geometry_pack/3969120","external_links_name":"DrivAer high-performance (hp)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123317/http://cardesignnews.com/articles/resources/2008/09/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2-pg-3","external_links_name":"\"Starting Out: Car Design Glossary - Part 2 pg 3\""},{"Link":"http://cardesignnews.com/articles/resources/2008/09/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2/starting-out-car-design-glossary-part-2-pg-3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hmn/2012/07/Compartmentalized-Cars/3714651.html","external_links_name":"\"Compartmentalized Cars, Boxes and boxes on boxes: the basis of the three-box design\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727201542/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/new_cars/display-item/store4/item54759/","external_links_name":"\"Fiat Linea\""},{"Link":"http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/new_cars/display-item/store4/item54759/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-has-fallen-out-of-love-with-the-sedan-1535169698","external_links_name":"\"America Has Fallen Out of Love With the Sedan\""},{"Link":"https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15100094/on-the-death-of-the-sedan-column/","external_links_name":"\"On the Death of the Sedan\""},{"Link":"https://www.epc.ed.tum.de/en/aer/research-groups/automotive/drivaer/","external_links_name":"\"DrivAer Model\""},{"Link":"https://www.epc.ed.tum.de/en/aer/research-groups/automotive/drivaer/geometry/","external_links_name":"\"DrivAer Model: Geometry\""},{"Link":"https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/2018-01-0725/","external_links_name":"\"SAE MOBILUS\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qayoom_(cricketer)
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Abdul Qayoom (cricketer)
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["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]
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Indian cricketer
For other people with the same name, see Abdul Qayyum.
Abdul QayoomPersonal informationFull nameAbdul Qayoom BagawBorn (1967-03-02) 2 March 1967 (age 57)Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm fast-mediumRoleBowlerDomestic team information
YearsTeam1985/86–2002/03Jammu and Kashmir
Career statistics
Competition
FC
List A
Matches
47
25
Runs scored
796
170
Batting average
11.21
9.44
100s/50s
0/0
0/0
Top score
46
34*
Balls bowled
8,563
1,273
Wickets
152
31
Bowling average
30.67
32.67
5 wickets in innings
11
0
10 wickets in match
2
n/a
Best bowling
7/57
4/24
Catches/stumpings
17/–
10/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 9 February 2016
Abdul Qayoom Bagaw (born 2 March 1967) is an Indian former first-class cricketer who played for Jammu and Kashmir. Qayoom was regarded as the finest fast bowler from Jammu and Kashmir. He worked as a coach for the state association after his playing career.
Life and career
Qayoom started playing cricket as a wicket-keeper, before he became a fast bowler in 1982–83. He was a science graduate from the Bijbehara Degree College who later worked for Air India. He played for Air India cricket team and made his first-class debut for Jammu and Kashmir in 1985/86. In the 1989–90 Ranji Trophy, he was the third-highest wicket-taker of the tournament with 29 scalps. He made his List A debut for Wills XI in the Wills Trophy in 1990. He became captain of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time in 1993, and for the second time in 2000–01 when he led the team to its first-ever Ranji quarterfinal. He was one of the eight fast bowlers from the country to have trained at the MRF Pace Foundation Camp in 1994 under the mentorship of Dennis Lillee. He retired from cricket in 2003.
Qayoom was known for his pace and bounce as well as his ability to swing the ball and bowl "toe crushers". He was regarded as the "poster boy" of Jammu and Kashmir cricket and the finest fast bowler from the state. He became the first player from Kashmir Valley to be picked for a national-level squad when he played in the Wills Trophy.
Qayoom became a cricket coach soon after retirement. He was made the head coach of Jammu and Kashmir Ranji and under-19 teams for the 2004–05 season. He was appointed as assistant coach of Jammu and Kashmir in 2012–13, with Bishen Singh Bedi as the head coach. In 2013–14 Qayoom took over as the head coach and the team made it to the Ranji quarterfinals for a second time. He has been the mentor and coach of Parvez Rasool from his early days.
References
^ "Bowling in Ranji Trophy 1989/90 (Ordered by Wickets)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ a b c d Ibn Manzoor, Tahir (14 November 2015). "Abdul Qayoom Bhagaw: J&K's pace pioneer". Wisden India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ a b Khan, Abid (19 December 2013). "Qayoom Bagaw: Man behind JK's success". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Vivek, G. S. (1 March 2013). "Rasool's Line of Control". India Today. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ Ugra, Sharda (April 2015). "The bat wallahs". The Cricket Monthly. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
External links
Abdul Qayoom at ESPNcricinfo
Abdul Qayoom at CricketArchive (subscription required)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdul Qayyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Abdul Qayyum.Abdul Qayoom Bagaw (born 2 March 1967) is an Indian former first-class cricketer who played for Jammu and Kashmir. Qayoom was regarded as the finest fast bowler from Jammu and Kashmir. He worked as a coach for the state association after his playing career.","title":"Abdul Qayoom (cricketer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wicket-keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicket-keeper"},{"link_name":"Air India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India"},{"link_name":"1989–90 Ranji Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Ranji_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A"},{"link_name":"Wills Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Dennis Lillee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Lillee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisden-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisden-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gk-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kashmir Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bishen Singh Bedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishen_Singh_Bedi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisden-2"},{"link_name":"Parvez Rasool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvez_Rasool"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisden-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gk-3"}],"text":"Qayoom started playing cricket as a wicket-keeper, before he became a fast bowler in 1982–83. He was a science graduate from the Bijbehara Degree College who later worked for Air India. He played for Air India cricket team and made his first-class debut for Jammu and Kashmir in 1985/86. In the 1989–90 Ranji Trophy, he was the third-highest wicket-taker of the tournament with 29 scalps.[1] He made his List A debut for Wills XI in the Wills Trophy in 1990. He became captain of Jammu and Kashmir for the first time in 1993, and for the second time in 2000–01 when he led the team to its first-ever Ranji quarterfinal. He was one of the eight fast bowlers from the country to have trained at the MRF Pace Foundation Camp in 1994 under the mentorship of Dennis Lillee. He retired from cricket in 2003.[2]Qayoom was known for his pace and bounce as well as his ability to swing the ball and bowl \"toe crushers\".[2] He was regarded as the \"poster boy\" of Jammu and Kashmir cricket[3] and the finest fast bowler from the state.[4] He became the first player from Kashmir Valley to be picked for a national-level squad when he played in the Wills Trophy.[5]Qayoom became a cricket coach soon after retirement. He was made the head coach of Jammu and Kashmir Ranji and under-19 teams for the 2004–05 season. He was appointed as assistant coach of Jammu and Kashmir in 2012–13, with Bishen Singh Bedi as the head coach. In 2013–14 Qayoom took over as the head coach and the team made it to the Ranji quarterfinals for a second time.[2] He has been the mentor and coach of Parvez Rasool from his early days.[2][3]","title":"Life and career"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Bowling in Ranji Trophy 1989/90 (Ordered by Wickets)\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1989-90/Bowling_by_Wickets.html","url_text":"\"Bowling in Ranji Trophy 1989/90 (Ordered by Wickets)\""}]},{"reference":"Ibn Manzoor, Tahir (14 November 2015). \"Abdul Qayoom Bhagaw: J&K's pace pioneer\". Wisden India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151217180834/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/abdul-qayoom-bhagaw-jks-pace-pioneer/187475","url_text":"\"Abdul Qayoom Bhagaw: J&K's pace pioneer\""},{"url":"http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/abdul-qayoom-bhagaw-jks-pace-pioneer/187475","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Abid (19 December 2013). \"Qayoom Bagaw: Man behind JK's success\". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/qayoom-bagaw-man-behind-jk-s-success/160688.html","url_text":"\"Qayoom Bagaw: Man behind JK's success\""}]},{"reference":"Vivek, G. S. (1 March 2013). \"Rasool's Line of Control\". India Today. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/parveez-rasool-jammu-and-kashmir-cricketer-rasool/1/252226.html","url_text":"\"Rasool's Line of Control\""}]},{"reference":"Ugra, Sharda (April 2015). \"The bat wallahs\". The Cricket Monthly. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 8 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/854429/the-bat-wallahs","url_text":"\"The bat wallahs\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/32977.html","external_links_name":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1989-90/Bowling_by_Wickets.html","external_links_name":"\"Bowling in Ranji Trophy 1989/90 (Ordered by Wickets)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151217180834/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/abdul-qayoom-bhagaw-jks-pace-pioneer/187475","external_links_name":"\"Abdul Qayoom Bhagaw: J&K's pace pioneer\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/abdul-qayoom-bhagaw-jks-pace-pioneer/187475","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/qayoom-bagaw-man-behind-jk-s-success/160688.html","external_links_name":"\"Qayoom Bagaw: Man behind JK's success\""},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/parveez-rasool-jammu-and-kashmir-cricketer-rasool/1/252226.html","external_links_name":"\"Rasool's Line of Control\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/854429/the-bat-wallahs","external_links_name":"\"The bat wallahs\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32977.html","external_links_name":"Abdul Qayoom"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7880/7880.html","external_links_name":"Abdul Qayoom"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco_International_Airport
|
Acapulco International Airport
|
["1 History","1.1 Jetset era","1.2 21st century","2 Facilities","3 Airlines and destinations","3.1 Passenger","3.2 Destination maps","4 Statistics","4.1 Passengers","4.2 Annual traffic","4.3 Busiest routes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 16°45′21.7″N 99°45′05.8″W / 16.756028°N 99.751611°W / 16.756028; -99.751611International airport in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico
Acapulco International AirportAeropuerto Internacional de AcapulcoIATA: ACAICAO: MMAASummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorGrupo Aeroportuario Centro NorteServesAcapulco, Guerrero, MexicoTime zoneCST (UTC-06:00)Elevation AMSL4 m / 13 ftCoordinates16°45′21.7″N 99°45′05.8″W / 16.756028°N 99.751611°W / 16.756028; -99.751611Websitewww.oma.aero/es/pasajeros/acapulco/MapACALocation of the airport in GuerreroShow map of GuerreroACAACA (Mexico)Show map of MexicoRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
06/24
1,700
5,577
Concrete
10/28
3,302
10,832
Concrete
Statistics (2023)Total passengers894,012Ranking in Mexico29th 3Source: Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte
Acapulco International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional de Acapulco), officially Aeropuerto Internacional General Juan N. Álvarez (General Juan N. Álvarez International Airport) (IATA: ACA, ICAO: MMAA), is an international airport located in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. It serves as a gateway to Acapulco, a popular Mexican tourist destination. The airport also serves charter flights and facilitates various tourism-related activities, flight training, and general aviation. It is named in honor of Juan N. Álvarez, former President of Mexico. The airport is operated by Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte (OMA). In 2022, the airport handled 838,991 passengers, and in 2023 it handled 894,012 passengers.
History
Passenger terminal
Satellite view of the airport location
In 1929, commercial flights began in Acapulco, near Playa Hornos in the city center. Aeronaves de Mexico (now Aeromexico) initiated its operations in 1934, using a single Stinson SR aircraft for flights between Mexico City and Acapulco. However, the initial location posed safety challenges, leading to the construction of a safer airport in Pie de la Cuesta in 1945.
Jetset era
Acapulco Airport has played a significant role in the development of tourism in southern Mexico. Acapulco, a well-established coastal tourist destination in Mexico, experienced a period of high popularity from the 1940s to the 1970s. It became the preferred destination for the Jetset, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy individuals seeking exclusive beach vacations in an exotic setting. During this surge in popularity, the decision was made to construct a new airport and transfer the Pie de la Cuesta facilities to the Mexican Air Force, now known as Air Force Base No. 7.
The current Acapulco Airport, constructed in 1954, is situated 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) southeast of the city center, positioned between Tres Palos Lagoon and the Pacific Ocean in a zone known as Plan de los Amates. It was once considered a pioneering model for subsequent airport constructions due to its modern passenger terminal design and the fact that it was one of the first airports built with comprehensive planning and foresight.
Old terminal
The Acapulco Airport received flights from numerous international destinations, primarily from the United States and Canada. It was one of the few airports, apart from Mexico City, that was served by major United States airlines such as Eastern, Braniff, and American. For a brief period, it was a stopover on the Kangaroo air route connecting Australia and the United Kingdom via the Eastern Hemisphere. This route, known as the "Fiesta" route, involved flights from London to Sydney with layovers in Bermuda, Nassau, Mexico City, Acapulco, Tahiti, and Fiji in 1965. Several other airlines, including Delta, Alaska Airlines, Air Canada, Alitalia, LTU, Northwest, US Airways, Western, Mexicana, and Aeromar, have also operated at this airport.
Between 1970 and 1973, the airport underwent significant construction and improvement projects, including the construction of a new, air-conditioned passenger terminal, a new parking area, an access road, a control tower, an apron, taxiways, perimeter roads, fencing, and facilities for fuel storage.
21st century
However, in the 21st century, the Mexican Drug War has had a detrimental effect on tourism in Acapulco, resulting in a decline in the airport's importance as an international gateway. The airport reached its peak in terms of passenger numbers in 2008 but has since been experiencing a decline. In 2018, the terminal was renovated, with the construction of a new terminal building adjacent to the old one, with plans to eventually demolish the old structure.
Furthermore, the airport has been subjected to the impact of hurricanes on multiple occasions. In 2013, Tropical Storm Manuel led to severe flooding at the airport, which forced the suspension of airport activities for several days. In 2023, Hurricane Otis, classified as a Category 5 hurricane, caused extensive damage at the airport when it made landfall nearby.
Terminal diagram
Facilities
The airport covers an area of 450 hectares (1,100 acres). It is situated at an elevation of 4 metres (13 ft) above mean sea level. The airport has two runways: Runway 06/24, which is 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) long and 35 metres (115 ft) wide, and Runway 10/28, which is 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) long and 45 metres (148 ft) wide. Both runways can accommodate up to 40 operations per hour, and the airport can handle jets as large as the Boeing 747. Additionally, the airport has six taxiways leading to an apron with 18 parking positions.
The passenger terminal is a two-story building with a total floor area of 19,000 square metres (200,000 sq ft) and an annual passenger capacity of 1.3 million. It combines concrete and steel structures with extensive interior and exterior gardens, sleek windows, high ceilings, and steel accents in clear geometric shapes.Departures concourseThe main hall serves essential functions, including check-in and baggage handling on the eastern side, and the arrivals section on the west side, which includes customs and immigration facilities. The arrivals section also offers car rental services, taxi stands, snack bars, and souvenir shops. The upper floor of the terminal houses the security checkpoint and a 3,600 square metres (39,000 sq ft) departure lounge equipped with a food court, duty-free shops, a VIP lounge, and a concourse with six gates, three of which are equipped with jet bridges.
Adjacent to the terminal, there are other facilities such as civil aviation hangars, cargo and logistics companies, and courier services. Additionally, there is a dedicated general aviation terminal that supports various activities, including tourism, flight training, executive aviation, and general aviation.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinationsAeroméxico Mexico City
Aeroméxico ConnectMexico City
Air TransatSeasonal: Montréal–Trudeau
American EagleSeasonal: Dallas/Fort Worth
MagniMonterrey
Mexicana de Aviación Mexico City–AIFA
Sunwing AirlinesSeasonal: Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson
United ExpressSeasonal: Houston–Intercontinental
Viva Aerobus Mexico City–AIFA, Monterrey (resumes July 1, 2024)
Volaris Guadalajara, Mexico City, Tijuana
Destination maps
AcapulcoMonterreyMexico CityMexico City-AIFATijuanaGuadalajaraclass=notpageimage| Domestic destinations from Acapulco International Airport Red = Year-round destination Blue = Future destination Green = Seasonal destination
AcapulcoHouston–IntercontinentalToronto-PearsonDallas/Fort WorthMontréal-Trudeauclass=notpageimage| International destinations from Acapulco International Airport Red = Year-round destination Blue = Future destination Green = Seasonal destination
Statistics
Main hall
Passengers
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Acapulco Airport Passengers.
See Wikidata query.
Annual traffic
Check-in area
Check-in area
Baggage claim area
Departures lounge
Annual passenger traffic at Acapulco International Airport (2001–2022)
Year
Passengers
% change
Domestic passengers
% change
International passengers
% change
2001
940 197
7.6%
569 195
3.3%
371 002
20.6%
2002
793 420
15.6%
523 172
8.0%
270 248
27.1%
2003
774 349
2.4%
527 208
0.7%
247 141
8.5%
2004
821 301
6.0%
542 437
2.8%
278 864
12.8%
2005
880 190
7.1%
554 988
2.3%
325 202
16.6%
2006
994 393
13.0%
638 543
15.1%
355 850
9.4%
2007
1 057 332
6.3%
740 289
15.9%
317 043
10.9%
2008
1 087 974
2.9%
818 671
10.6%
269 303
15.1%
2009
839 048
22.9%
636 418
22.3%
202 630
24.8%
2010
736 878
12.2%
547 420
14.0%
189 458
6.5%
2011
596 326
19.1%
495 018
9.6%
101 308
46.5%
2012
546 951
8.2%
486 268
1.7%
60 683
40.1%
2013
617 079
12.9%
560 945
15.4%
56 134
7.5%
2014
631 570
2.3%
576 042
2.7%
55 528
1.1%
2015
730 382
15.7%
677 698
17.7%
52 684
5.1%
2016
718 493
1.7%
664 418
2.0%
54 075
2.6%
2017
673 809
6.2%
631 829
4.9%
53 295
1.4%
2018
739 120
9.7%
681 587
7.9%
57 533
8.0%
2019
875 315
18.4%
814 636
19.5%
60 679
5.5%
2020
395 948
54.8%
361 029
55.7%
34 919
42.5%
2021
670 239
69.3%
623 763
72.8%
46 476
33.1%
2022
838 991
25.2%
773 846
24.1%
65 145
40.2%
2023
894 012
6.6%
838 123
8.3%
55 889
14.2%
Busiest routes
Departures lounge
Busiest routes from Acapulco International Airport (2023)
Rank
City
Passengers
Ranking
Airline
1
Mexico City, Mexico City
230,260
Aeroméxico, Aeroméxico Connect, Volaris, Viva Aerobus
2
Baja California, Tijuana
74,300
Volaris
3
Jalisco, Guadalajara
43,154
1
Volaris
4
State of Mexico, Mexico City-AIFA
32,345
Aeroméxico Connect, Viva Aerobus, Volaris
5
Nuevo León, Monterrey
20,460
2
Magni, Viva Aerobus
6
Quintana Roo, Cancún
13,579
1
Viva Aerobus
7
Canada, Montréal-Trudeau
4,955
2
Air Transat, Sunwing Airlines
8
United States, Houston-Intercontinental
4,955
United Express
9
Guanajuato, León/El Bajío
3,128
Volaris
10
United States, Dallas/Fort Worth
2,752
2
American Eagle
See also
Baggage claim area
List of the busiest airports in Mexico
List of airports in Mexico
List of airports by ICAO code: M
List of busiest airports in North America
List of the busiest airports in Latin America
Transportation in Mexico
Tourism in Mexico
Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte
List of beaches in Mexico
Triangle of the Sun
Kangaroo Route
References
Baggage claim area
Terminal airside
^ a b "OMA's December 2023 Total Passenger Traffic" (PDF). oma.aero. Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte S.A.B. de C.V. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
^ "Stinson Reliant SR-5A, joya aeronáutica" (in Spanish).
^ "AEROPUERTOS. Historia de la construcción, operación y administración aeroportuaria en México" (PDF) (in Spanish).
^ "From Twelve Days To Non-Stop In 20 Hours".
^ "OMA invertirá 547 mdp en nueva terminal de Aeropuerto de Acapulco • Forbes México". Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish). 13 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^ "¡La nueva terminal del Aeropuerto de #Acapulco, a la altura de la belleza incomparable del puerto!". Mexican Government (in Spanish). 25 May 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^ "OMA opens new terminal in Mexico".
^ "Acapulco Airport Opens New Terminal". Travel Agent Central. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
^ "Acapulco Adding New Terminal to Airport".
^ "Acapulco recovers air connectivity with flights from Monterrey". ANEWS (in Spanish). May 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ "Investor Relations". Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte de México. January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ a b "Passenger's Traffic". Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte de México. January 2017. Archived from the original (XLS) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ "Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs" (in Spanish). Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil. January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
External links
Passenger terminal
Media related to Juan N. Álvarez International Airport, Acapulco at Wikimedia Commons
Official Website
Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte
Aeronautical chart and airport information for MMAA at SkyVector
Current weather for MMAA at NOAA/NWS
Acapulco Airport information at Great Circle Mapper
Accident history for ACA at Aviation Safety Network
Tourism in Acapulco
vteAirports in MexicoInternationalMajor
Cancún
Guadalajara
Los Cabos
Mexico City–Benito Juárez
Monterrey
Puerto Vallarta
Tijuana
Minor
Acapulco
Aguascalientes
Cabo San Lucas
Chihuahua
Cozumel
Culiacán
Durango
Hermosillo
Huatulco
Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo
León/El Bajío
Loreto
Manzanillo
Mazatlán
Mérida
Mexico City–Felipe Ángeles
Morelia
Oaxaca
Puebla
Querétaro
San Luis Potosí
Tampico
Torreón
Tulum
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Uruapan
Veracruz
Zacatecas
Domestic
Campeche
Chetumal
Ciudad del Carmen
Ciudad Juárez
Ciudad Obregón
Ciudad Victoria
Ciudad Constitución
Colima
Ensenada
Guasave Airfield
Guaymas
Guerrero Negro
Isla de Cedros
Ixtepec
La Paz
Los Mochis
Matamoros
Mexicali
Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos
Nuevo Laredo
Palenque
Piedras Negras
Poza Rica
Puerto Escondido
Puerto Peñasco
Reynosa
Tapachula
Tepic
Toluca/Mexico City
Villahermosa
Unscheduled
Acapulco-Pie de la Cuesta Air Force Base
Atlangatepec Air Force Station
Celaya
Chichen Itza
Chilpancingo Airfield
Ciudad Acuña
Ciudad Mante Airfield
Cuernavaca
El Fuerte Airfield
Isla Mujeres Airfield
Holbox Airstrip
Lagos de Moreno Airfield
Lázaro Cárdenas
Matehuala Airfield
Monclova
Monterrey-Del Norte
Navojoa Airfield
Nogales
Nuevo Casas Grandes Airfield
Pachuca
Pátzcuaro Airfield
Saltillo
San Felipe
Santa Gertrudis Air Force Base
Tamuín
Tehuacán
Tuxtla Gutierrez Air Force Base
Xalapa
Zapopan Air Force Base
Defunct
Ciudad Altamirano Airfield
Mexico City–Texcoco (never built)
Querétaro-Ing. Fernando Espinoza Gutiérrez
Salina Cruz Naval Air Base
San Cristóbal de las Casas
San Luis Río Colorado
Tecate
Tizimin Airfield
Related lists
Busiest airports in Mexico
List of airports in Mexico
List of airports by ICAO code: M
Busiest airports in North America
Busiest airports in Latin America
List of airports in Baja California
List of airports in Baja California Sur
Airfields and airstrips
Mexican Air Force
Mexican Naval Aviation
Transportation in Mexico
Tourism in Mexico
List of airlines of Mexico
Airline destinations: Mexico
StatisticsPortals: Mexico Aviation
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican tourist destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Juan N. Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"President of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Aeroportuario_Centro_Norte"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMA-1"}],"text":"International airport in Acapulco, Guerrero, MexicoAcapulco International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional de Acapulco), officially Aeropuerto Internacional General Juan N. Álvarez (General Juan N. Álvarez International Airport) (IATA: ACA, ICAO: MMAA), is an international airport located in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. It serves as a gateway to Acapulco, a popular Mexican tourist destination. The airport also serves charter flights and facilitates various tourism-related activities, flight training, and general aviation. It is named in honor of Juan N. Álvarez, former President of Mexico. The airport is operated by Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte (OMA). In 2022, the airport handled 838,991 passengers, and in 2023 it handled 894,012 passengers.[1]","title":"Acapulco International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeropuerto_Acapulco_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISS019-E-19021_-_View_of_Mexico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aeronaves de Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Stinson SR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinson_SR-10_Reliant"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pie de la Cuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_de_la_Cuesta,_Guerrero"}],"text":"Passenger terminalSatellite view of the airport locationIn 1929, commercial flights began in Acapulco, near Playa Hornos in the city center. Aeronaves de Mexico (now Aeromexico) initiated its operations in 1934, using a single Stinson SR aircraft for flights between Mexico City and Acapulco.[2] However, the initial location posed safety challenges, leading to the construction of a safer airport in Pie de la Cuesta in 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jetset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_set"},{"link_name":"Mexican Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Base No. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_de_la_Cuesta_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeropuerto_Internacional_de_Acapulco_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Braniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo air route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Route"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.F._Wade_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynden_Pindling_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faa%27a_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Alaska Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Air Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada"},{"link_name":"Alitalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alitalia"},{"link_name":"LTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTU_International"},{"link_name":"Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"US Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Aeromar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromar"}],"sub_title":"Jetset era","text":"Acapulco Airport has played a significant role in the development of tourism in southern Mexico. Acapulco, a well-established coastal tourist destination in Mexico, experienced a period of high popularity from the 1940s to the 1970s. It became the preferred destination for the Jetset, Hollywood celebrities, and wealthy individuals seeking exclusive beach vacations in an exotic setting. During this surge in popularity, the decision was made to construct a new airport and transfer the Pie de la Cuesta facilities to the Mexican Air Force, now known as Air Force Base No. 7.[3]The current Acapulco Airport, constructed in 1954, is situated 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) southeast of the city center, positioned between Tres Palos Lagoon and the Pacific Ocean in a zone known as Plan de los Amates. It was once considered a pioneering model for subsequent airport constructions due to its modern passenger terminal design and the fact that it was one of the first airports built with comprehensive planning and foresight.Old terminalThe Acapulco Airport received flights from numerous international destinations, primarily from the United States and Canada. It was one of the few airports, apart from Mexico City, that was served by major United States airlines such as Eastern, Braniff, and American. For a brief period, it was a stopover on the Kangaroo air route connecting Australia and the United Kingdom via the Eastern Hemisphere. This route, known as the \"Fiesta\" route, involved flights from London to Sydney with layovers in Bermuda, Nassau, Mexico City, Acapulco, Tahiti, and Fiji in 1965.[4] Several other airlines, including Delta, Alaska Airlines, Air Canada, Alitalia, LTU, Northwest, US Airways, Western, Mexicana, and Aeromar, have also operated at this airport.Between 1970 and 1973, the airport underwent significant construction and improvement projects, including the construction of a new, air-conditioned passenger terminal, a new parking area, an access road, a control tower, an apron, taxiways, perimeter roads, fencing, and facilities for fuel storage.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican Drug War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_drug_war"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Manuel"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Otis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acapulco_International_Airport_terminal.png"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"However, in the 21st century, the Mexican Drug War has had a detrimental effect on tourism in Acapulco, resulting in a decline in the airport's importance as an international gateway. The airport reached its peak in terms of passenger numbers in 2008 but has since been experiencing a decline. In 2018, the terminal was renovated, with the construction of a new terminal building adjacent to the old one, with plans to eventually demolish the old structure.[5][6]Furthermore, the airport has been subjected to the impact of hurricanes on multiple occasions. In 2013, Tropical Storm Manuel led to severe flooding at the airport, which forced the suspension of airport activities for several days. In 2023, Hurricane Otis, classified as a Category 5 hurricane, caused extensive damage at the airport when it made landfall nearby.Terminal diagram","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"apron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_apron"},{"link_name":"steel structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA6.jpg"},{"link_name":"check-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-in"},{"link_name":"VIP lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_lounge"},{"link_name":"jet bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_bridge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"hangars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"executive aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_aviation"}],"text":"The airport covers an area of 450 hectares (1,100 acres). It is situated at an elevation of 4 metres (13 ft) above mean sea level. The airport has two runways: Runway 06/24, which is 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) long and 35 metres (115 ft) wide, and Runway 10/28, which is 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) long and 45 metres (148 ft) wide. Both runways can accommodate up to 40 operations per hour, and the airport can handle jets as large as the Boeing 747. Additionally, the airport has six taxiways leading to an apron with 18 parking positions.The passenger terminal is a two-story building with a total floor area of 19,000 square metres (200,000 sq ft) and an annual passenger capacity of 1.3 million. It combines concrete and steel structures with extensive interior and exterior gardens, sleek windows, high ceilings, and steel accents in clear geometric shapes.[7][8]Departures concourseThe main hall serves essential functions, including check-in and baggage handling on the eastern side, and the arrivals section on the west side, which includes customs and immigration facilities. The arrivals section also offers car rental services, taxi stands, snack bars, and souvenir shops. The upper floor of the terminal houses the security checkpoint and a 3,600 square metres (39,000 sq ft) departure lounge equipped with a food court, duty-free shops, a VIP lounge, and a concourse with six gates, three of which are equipped with jet bridges.[9]Adjacent to the terminal, there are other facilities such as civil aviation hangars, cargo and logistics companies, and courier services. Additionally, there is a dedicated general aviation terminal that supports various activities, including tourism, flight training, executive aviation, and general aviation.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Destination maps","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA4.jpg"}],"text":"Main hall","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22ACA%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"sub_title":"Passengers","text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAcapulco Airport Passengers.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeropuerto_Acapulco_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA9.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Annual traffic","text":"Check-in areaCheck-in areaBaggage claim areaDepartures lounge","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA7.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Busiest routes","text":"Departures lounge","title":"Statistics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Passenger terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aeropuerto_Acapulco_03.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_Acapulco_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Satellite view of the airport location","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ISS019-E-19021_-_View_of_Mexico.jpg/220px-ISS019-E-19021_-_View_of_Mexico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aeropuerto_Internacional_de_Acapulco_01.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_Internacional_de_Acapulco_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal diagram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Acapulco_International_Airport_terminal.png/220px-Acapulco_International_Airport_terminal.png"},{"image_text":"Departures concourse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/MMAA6.jpg/220px-MMAA6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MMAA4.jpg/220px-MMAA4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Check-in area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MMAA5.jpg/220px-MMAA5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Check-in area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aeropuerto_Acapulco_02.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_Acapulco_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baggage claim area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MMAA1.jpg/220px-MMAA1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Departures lounge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MMAA9.jpg/220px-MMAA9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Departures lounge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/MMAA7.jpg/220px-MMAA7.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baggage claim area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MMAA2.jpg/220px-MMAA2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baggage claim area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MMAA3.jpg/220px-MMAA3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terminal airside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aeropuerto_Acapulco_01.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_Acapulco_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Passenger terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MMAA10.jpg/220px-MMAA10.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMAA2.jpg"},{"title":"List of the busiest airports in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Mexico"},{"title":"List of airports in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Mexico"},{"title":"List of airports by ICAO code: M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_ICAO_code:_M"},{"title":"List of busiest airports in North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_in_North_America"},{"title":"List of the busiest airports in Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Latin_America"},{"title":"Transportation in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Tourism in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Aeroportuario_Centro_Norte"},{"title":"List of beaches in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Triangle of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_of_the_Sun"},{"title":"Kangaroo Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Route"}]
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[{"reference":"\"OMA's December 2023 Total Passenger Traffic\" (PDF). oma.aero. Grupo Aeroportuario del Centro Norte S.A.B. de C.V. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.oma.aero/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/OMA_Reporte_Trafico_Dic23_vf_2.pdf","url_text":"\"OMA's December 2023 Total Passenger Traffic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stinson Reliant SR-5A, joya aeronáutica\" (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aeromexico.com/es-mx/blog-de-viajes-inspirate/stinson-reliant-sr-5a-joya-aeronautica","url_text":"\"Stinson Reliant SR-5A, joya aeronáutica\""}]},{"reference":"\"AEROPUERTOS. Historia de la construcción, operación y administración aeroportuaria en México\" (PDF) (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://recursosdeaviacion.files.wordpress.com/2020/02/aeropuertos-historia-de-construccion.pdf","url_text":"\"AEROPUERTOS. Historia de la construcción, operación y administración aeroportuaria en México\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Twelve Days To Non-Stop In 20 Hours\".","urls":[{"url":"https://londonairtravel.com/2022/05/02/history-of-flight-uk-australia/","url_text":"\"From Twelve Days To Non-Stop In 20 Hours\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMA invertirá 547 mdp en nueva terminal de Aeropuerto de Acapulco • Forbes México\". Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish). 13 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com.mx/oma-invertira-547-mdp-nueva-terminal-aeropuerto-acapulco/","url_text":"\"OMA invertirá 547 mdp en nueva terminal de Aeropuerto de Acapulco • Forbes México\""}]},{"reference":"\"¡La nueva terminal del Aeropuerto de #Acapulco, a la altura de la belleza incomparable del puerto!\". Mexican Government (in Spanish). 25 May 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gob.mx/sct/articulos/la-nueva-terminal-del-aeropuerto-de-acapulco-a-la-altura-de-la-belleza-incomparable-del-puerto","url_text":"\"¡La nueva terminal del Aeropuerto de #Acapulco, a la altura de la belleza incomparable del puerto!\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMA opens new terminal in Mexico\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airport-technology.com/news/oma-opens-new-terminal-mexico/?cf-view","url_text":"\"OMA opens new terminal in Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acapulco Airport Opens New Terminal\". Travel Agent Central. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelagentcentral.com/transportation/acapulco-airport-opens-new-terminal","url_text":"\"Acapulco Airport Opens New Terminal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acapulco Adding New Terminal to Airport\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelpulse.com/news/airlines-airports/acapulco-adding-new-terminal-to-airport","url_text":"\"Acapulco Adding New Terminal to Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acapulco recovers air connectivity with flights from Monterrey\". ANEWS (in Spanish). May 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://anews.mx/acapulco/recupera-acapulco-conectividad-aerea-con-vuelos-provenientes-de-monterrey/","url_text":"\"Acapulco recovers air connectivity with flights from Monterrey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investor Relations\". Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte de México. January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.oma.aero/releases.cfm","url_text":"\"Investor Relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passenger's Traffic\". Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte de México. January 2017. Archived from the original (XLS) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132641/http://www.oma.aero/assets/007/5886.xls","url_text":"\"Passenger's Traffic\""},{"url":"http://www.oma.aero/assets/007/5886.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs\" (in Spanish). Agencia Federal de Aviación Civil. January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gob.mx/afac/acciones-y-programas/estadisticas-280404","url_text":"\"Estadística operacional por origen-destino / Traffic Statistics by City Pairs\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hipp
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Paul Hipp
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Music","4 Discography","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","6 References","7 External links"]
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American actor, musician, and filmmaker
Paul HippBorn (1963-07-16) July 16, 1963 (age 60)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.Years active1987–present
Paul Hipp (born July 16, 1963) is an American actor, singer, songwriter and filmmaker.
Early life
Paul Hipp was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Warminster. He left Pennsylvania for New York City immediately after high school, starting his career playing guitar and singing for tips on the streets of Greenwich Village while studying acting with acting coach Mira Rostova and at HB Studio with William Hickey.
Career
Hipp found employment as a musician at various clubs. At the same time, he started landing roles on TV shows and commercials. He made his New York stage debut in the off-Broadway show Rockabilly Road at the West Bank Theater.
New York filmmaker Abel Ferrara saw one of Hipp's shows and asked him to audition for the role of Nino Valacci in his upcoming film China Girl. Hipp landed the role, and a decades-long collaboration began as he became a mainstay in Ferrara's core group of actors that includes Christopher Walken, Harvey Keitel and Willem Dafoe. During the filming of China Girl, Hipp wrote his first published song, “Midnight For You”, used as the film's end credit theme song.
Hipp then co-starred in the off-Broadway show A Minor Incident with Carole King. Hipp played “Midnight For You” for King, who later credited this song for inspiring her to come out of musical retirement. The two started writing songs together, and King often sat in with Hipp at his New York gigs. The two collaborated on songs for her Capitol Records release City Streets, including the song "I Can't Stop Thinking About You", which Hipp co-wrote and plays guitar and performs backing vocals on. A tour followed the LP release which featured Hipp joining King onstage for a duet on that song. While on stage with King at London's Royal Albert Hall, the producers of a new West End musical Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story saw Hipp. They invited him to audition for the role of Buddy Holly, and he was cast in the role. Buddy opened to rave reviews on 12 October 1989, at The Victoria Palace Theatre, and Hipp was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Musical. The following year, Hipp opened as 'Buddy' at Broadway's Shubert Theater in New York. He was nominated for a Tony Award for his performance and won a Theater World Award.
Hipp appeared in the films Fathers & Sons, with Jeff Goldblum, and as Jesus Christ opposite Harvey Keitel in Abel Ferrara's Bad Lieutenant, for which he also performed the title song, "Bad Lieutenant", with Ferrara. He also appeared as Gene Vincent opposite Donal Logue (as Eddie Cochran) in the play Be-Bop-A-Lula at Hollywood's Theater-Theater before returning to the London stage for the 25th anniversary revival of Hair at the Old Vic, in the role of Berger opposite John Barrowman as Claude. After the show closed, Hipp stayed in London, living in Notting Hill, studying painting, writing songs and performing at various venues in and around London.
Subsequent feature film roles include John Woo's Face Off, Waking The Dead, More Dogs Than Bones (in which Hipp and Joe Mantegna play a pair of bungling hit men), and Joe Odom in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. On TV, he was a series regular on NBC's Three Sisters, among other appearances. In 2000, Hipp made his feature film directorial debut with Death of a Dog, which stars Julie Kessler and Edie Falco, executive produced by Ferrara. Hipp wrote the script, soundtrack and score for the film.
In 2005 Hipp played the half-man-half-woman circus performer Bert/Bertha Hagenbach on the second season of the HBO series Carnivàle. He co-starred in Two Tickets to Paradise (2006) and appeared in South of Pico (2007). He also co-starred in the Showtime pilot Manchild. During the same decade, was a guest star on the TV shows ER, Scrubs, CSI: NY, CSI: Miami, The Closer, Without a Trace and Ugly Betty.
In 2006, for The Huffington Post, Hipp wrote a blog with videos that included satirical musical parodies like his take on Johnny Cash's "Folsom Prison Blues" (with Dick Cheney singing about his hunting mishap) and the Beatles' "I Am the Walrus" (a take-off of George W. Bush's "I’m the Decider" quote). Some of the videos created for The Huffington Post were picked up by national news outlets.
Hipp had a recurring role in the F/X series Terriers and appeared in The Last Godfather. Ferrara directed him in 4:44 Last Day on Earth as well as 2014's Welcome to New York. Hipp contributed the opening and closing credit themes of this film. Hipp guest-starred as guitar-slinging minister Reverend Tim Tom in the ABC's comedy The Middle from 2009 until 2018. He co-starred in and co-wrote the Argentine-American film No Somos Animales.
Music
Hipp wrote and produced several songs sung by Hilary Duff for the film War, Inc.
He wrote and recorded an album of songs culled from his work for The Huffington Post, called Blog of War. His song, We're Number 37 was circulated on social media and led to an appearance on The Dylan Ratigan Show.
Hipp released a CD of original music called The Remote Distance. Norman Lear appears in the video to "Happy Birthday to Me", the first single from the album.
He also released a CD of songs from and inspired by the film No Somos Animales, called Buenos Aires, in the fall of 2015.
Discography
Blog of War (2008)
The Remote Distance (2015)
Sometimes I'm Rudy (2017)
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987
China Girl
Nino
1988
Sticky Fingers
Michael
1992
Fathers & Sons
Doogy
1992
Lethal Weapon 3
Doctor
1992
Bad Lieutenant
Jesus
1992
Bad Channels
Dan O'Dare
Direct-to-video
1996
The Funeral
Ghouly
1997
Face/Off
Fitch
1997
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
Joe Odom
1997
Vicious Circles
Dylan
1998
Cleopatra's Second Husband
Robert Marrs
1998
Another Day in Paradise
Richard Johnson
2000
Waking the Dead
Danny Pierce
2000
More Dogs Than Bones
Quinn
2000
Death of a Dog
Dick
2006
Two Tickets to Paradise
Jason Klein
2007
South of Pico
Comma
2010
The Last Godfather
Rocco
2011
4:44 Last Day on Earth
Noah
2013
We Are Not Animals
Rudy Maravilla
2013
Jay & Silent Bob's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie!
Ring-Wearing Alien
Voice
2014
Welcome to New York
Guy
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987
The Equalizer
Jarret
Episode: "Inner View"
1988
Liberace: Behind the Music
Elvis Presley
Television film
1990
Nothing Like a Royal Show
Buddy Holly
1992
Tales from the Crypt
Nick Bosch
Episode: "On a Deadman's Chest"
1992
Parker Lewis Can't Lose
Harry
Episode: "Love Is Hell"
1993
The Hat Squad
McCauley
Episode: "Lifestyles of the Rich and Infamous"
1993
The Last Shot
Peter Tullis
Television film
1995
The Cosby Mysteries
Charlie Nevers
Episode: "Dial 'H' for Murder"
1996
Nash Bridges
Aaron Crow
Episode: "Vanishing Act"
1997
Pacific Blue
Lewis Abernathy
Episode: "Black Pearl"
1997
Men Behaving Badly
Simon
Episode: "Testing, Testing"
1997
Van Helsing Chronicles
Det. Ken Tugman
Television film
1998
Fantasy Island
Richard 'Freefall' Burns
Episode: "Pilot"
2000
The Chippendales Murder
Nick De Noia
Television film
2001
Cover Me
Lon Colomby
2 episodes
2001–2002
Three Sisters
Elliot Quinn
13 episodes
2002
Teenage Caveman
Shaman
Television film
2002
ER
Craig Turner
2 episodes
2005
CSI: Miami
Vince Fisher
Episode: "Game Over"
2005
Carnivàle
Bert Hagenbeck
3 episodes
2006
Scrubs
Marc Coleman
Episode: "My Chopped Liver"
2006
CSI: NY
William Mamet
Episode: "Stealing Home"
2006
The Closer
Dr. Woods
Episode: "Heroic Measures"
2006
Without a Trace
Detective Chris Pappas
Episode: "The Damage Done"
2007
Women's Murder Club
Miles Van Aiken
Episode: "Welcome to the Club"
2007
Girlfriends
Steve
Episode: "Snap Back"
2007
Manchild
Tom
Television film
2008
Ugly Betty
Phil Roth
Episode: "A Thousand Words Before Friday"
2009
Numbers
Gray McClaughlin
Episode: "Arrow of Time"
2010
Terriers
Barry
2 episodes
2010–2018
The Middle
Reverend TimTom
12 episodes
2013
Burn Notice
Al Sapienza
Episode: "Down Range"
2014
See Dad Run
Fred
Episode: "See Dad Roast the Toast"
2020
The Conners
Zach
2 episodes
References
^ Paul Hipp at Hollywood.com
^ "Paul Hipp". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ "Paul Hipp". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ "Bad Lieutenant Soundtrack". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
^ Hipp, Paul. "Paul Hipp". Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
^ Hipp, Paul (10 September 2009). "We're Number 37!". Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
^ "Happy Birthday To Me" - Paul Hipp, YouTube, July 22, 2015
External links
Paul Hipp at IMDb
Paul Hipp at the Internet Broadway Database
Paul Hipp official Facebook
Paul Hipp official YouTube
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Paul Hipp (born July 16, 1963) is an American actor, singer, songwriter and filmmaker.","title":"Paul Hipp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Warminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"Mira Rostova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Rostova"},{"link_name":"HB Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HB_Studio"},{"link_name":"William Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hickey_(actor)"}],"text":"Paul Hipp was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Warminster.[1] He left Pennsylvania for New York City immediately after high school, starting his career playing guitar and singing for tips on the streets of Greenwich Village while studying acting with acting coach Mira Rostova and at HB Studio with William Hickey.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Abel Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Harvey Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Willem Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"City Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Streets_(album)"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy:_The_Buddy_Holly_Story"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"Victoria Palace Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Palace_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Shubert Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubert_Theatre_(Broadway)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Theater World Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_World_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fathers & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathers_%26_Sons_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Goldblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Harvey Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Bad Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gene Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Donal Logue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Logue"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"John Barrowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrowman"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill"},{"link_name":"John Woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woo"},{"link_name":"Face Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face/Off"},{"link_name":"Waking The Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_the_Dead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Joe Mantegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mantegna"},{"link_name":"Joe Odom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Odom_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_in_the_Garden_of_Good_and_Evil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Three Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sisters_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Edie Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Falco"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Carnivàle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniv%C3%A0le"},{"link_name":"Two Tickets to Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Tickets_to_Paradise_(film)"},{"link_name":"South of Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Pico"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Manchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchild_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CSI: NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_NY"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"The Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Closer"},{"link_name":"Without a Trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_a_Trace"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Folsom Prison Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Prison_Blues"},{"link_name":"Dick Cheney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatles"},{"link_name":"I Am the Walrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_the_Walrus"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHonHP-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"F/X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/X"},{"link_name":"Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terriers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Last Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Godfather"},{"link_name":"4:44 Last Day on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4:44_Last_Day_on_Earth"},{"link_name":"Welcome to New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_New_York_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Reverend Tim Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_Tim_Tom"},{"link_name":"The Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middle_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"}],"text":"Hipp found employment as a musician at various clubs. At the same time, he started landing roles on TV shows and commercials. He made his New York stage debut in the off-Broadway show Rockabilly Road at the West Bank Theater.New York filmmaker Abel Ferrara saw one of Hipp's shows and asked him to audition for the role of Nino Valacci in his upcoming film China Girl. Hipp landed the role, and a decades-long collaboration began as he became a mainstay in Ferrara's core group of actors that includes Christopher Walken, Harvey Keitel and Willem Dafoe. During the filming of China Girl, Hipp wrote his first published song, “Midnight For You”, used as the film's end credit theme song.Hipp then co-starred in the off-Broadway show A Minor Incident with Carole King. Hipp played “Midnight For You” for King, who later credited this song for inspiring her to come out of musical retirement. The two started writing songs together, and King often sat in with Hipp at his New York gigs. The two collaborated on songs for her Capitol Records release City Streets, including the song \"I Can't Stop Thinking About You\", which Hipp co-wrote and plays guitar and performs backing vocals on. A tour followed the LP release which featured Hipp joining King onstage for a duet on that song. While on stage with King at London's Royal Albert Hall, the producers of a new West End musical Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story saw Hipp. They invited him to audition for the role of Buddy Holly, and he was cast in the role. Buddy opened to rave reviews on 12 October 1989, at The Victoria Palace Theatre, and Hipp was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Musical. The following year, Hipp opened as 'Buddy' at Broadway's Shubert Theater in New York. He was nominated for a Tony Award for his performance and won a Theater World Award.[2]Hipp appeared in the films Fathers & Sons, with Jeff Goldblum, and as Jesus Christ opposite Harvey Keitel in Abel Ferrara's Bad Lieutenant,[3] for which he also performed the title song, \"Bad Lieutenant\", with Ferrara.[4] He also appeared as Gene Vincent opposite Donal Logue (as Eddie Cochran) in the play Be-Bop-A-Lula at Hollywood's Theater-Theater before returning to the London stage for the 25th anniversary revival of Hair at the Old Vic, in the role of Berger opposite John Barrowman as Claude. After the show closed, Hipp stayed in London, living in Notting Hill, studying painting, writing songs and performing at various venues in and around London.Subsequent feature film roles include John Woo's Face Off, Waking The Dead, More Dogs Than Bones (in which Hipp and Joe Mantegna play a pair of bungling hit men), and Joe Odom in Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. On TV, he was a series regular on NBC's Three Sisters, among other appearances. In 2000, Hipp made his feature film directorial debut with Death of a Dog, which stars Julie Kessler and Edie Falco, executive produced by Ferrara. Hipp wrote the script, soundtrack and score for the film.In 2005 Hipp played the half-man-half-woman circus performer Bert/Bertha Hagenbach on the second season of the HBO series Carnivàle. He co-starred in Two Tickets to Paradise (2006) and appeared in South of Pico (2007). He also co-starred in the Showtime pilot Manchild. During the same decade, was a guest star on the TV shows ER, Scrubs, CSI: NY, CSI: Miami, The Closer, Without a Trace and Ugly Betty.In 2006, for The Huffington Post, Hipp wrote a blog with videos that included satirical musical parodies like his take on Johnny Cash's \"Folsom Prison Blues\" (with Dick Cheney singing about his hunting mishap) and the Beatles' \"I Am the Walrus\" (a take-off of George W. Bush's \"I’m the Decider\" quote).[5] Some of the videos created for The Huffington Post were picked up by national news outlets.[citation needed]Hipp had a recurring role in the F/X series Terriers and appeared in The Last Godfather. Ferrara directed him in 4:44 Last Day on Earth as well as 2014's Welcome to New York. Hipp contributed the opening and closing credit themes of this film. Hipp guest-starred as guitar-slinging minister Reverend Tim Tom in the ABC's comedy The Middle from 2009 until 2018. He co-starred in and co-wrote the Argentine-American film No Somos Animales.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilary Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Duff"},{"link_name":"War, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No37onHP-6"},{"link_name":"The Dylan Ratigan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dylan_Ratigan_Show"},{"link_name":"Norman Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Hipp wrote and produced several songs sung by Hilary Duff for the film War, Inc.He wrote and recorded an album of songs culled from his work for The Huffington Post, called Blog of War. His song, We're Number 37[6] was circulated on social media and led to an appearance on The Dylan Ratigan Show.Hipp released a CD of original music called The Remote Distance. Norman Lear appears in the video to \"Happy Birthday to Me\", the first single from the album.[7]He also released a CD of songs from and inspired by the film No Somos Animales, called Buenos Aires, in the fall of 2015.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Blog of War (2008)\nThe Remote Distance (2015)\nSometimes I'm Rudy (2017)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Paul Hipp\". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/paul-hipp-45226#Awards","url_text":"\"Paul Hipp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Hipp\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004272/","url_text":"\"Paul Hipp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Lieutenant Soundtrack\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0103759/soundtrack/?ref_=tt_trv_snd","url_text":"\"Bad Lieutenant Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"Hipp, Paul. \"Paul Hipp\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-hipp","url_text":"\"Paul Hipp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Hipp, Paul (10 September 2009). \"We're Number 37!\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-hipp/were-number-37_b_281979.html","url_text":"\"We're Number 37!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_de_Buffr%C3%A9nil
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Vivian de Buffrénil
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["1 References"]
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Vivian de BuffrénilBorn (1950-10-28) October 28, 1950 (age 73)Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, FranceNationalityFrenchEducationDoctorate 1980, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie UniversityOccupationHistologistEmployer(s)Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ParisTitleMaître de Conférences
Vivian de Buffrénil is a French histologist and paleobiologist who has worked at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris from 1982 to 2021. His doctorate (1980) and his doctorat d'état (1990), a diploma now replaced by the habilitation, were supervised by Armand de Ricqlès. His main fields of interest include basic histological descriptions, growth dynamics as recorded in bone growth marks, and adaptation (both histological and microanatomical) of the tetrapod skeleton to a secondarily aquatic lifestyle. He is also interested in life history and population dynamics of exploited or threatened reptile taxa, especially among Varanidae and Crocodilia. He has published at least 92 papers, including 76 research papers, 10 reports on exploited or threatened species, and six popular papers.
His first papers dealt with the skeletal growth marks in extant crocodilians, but very soon after that, he also tackled paleobiological issues, such as growth of an Eocene crocodilian then identified as Crocodylus cf. affinis. Other extinct taxa on which he has published include the Ypresian crocodilian Dyrosaurus phosphaticus, thalattosuchian crocodilians, the Triassic presumed ichthyosaur Omphalosaurus nisseri, other ichthyosaurs, the Permian diapsid Claudiosaurus germaini, champsosaurids, the placodont Placodus, Plesiosauria, the early snakes Simoliophis and Eupodophis, and the mosasaur Carentonosaurus mineaui among reptiles, and early cetaceans and sirenians among mammals. While his early papers typically dealt with only one or two taxa each, some of his most recent studies are based on comparative datasets including several taxa. His most recent contribution is a large co-edited book.
As a recognized leader in bone histology, he evaluates drafts regularly for several journals and serves on the editorial board (as Reviewing Editor) of the Comptes Rendus Palevol of the Académie des sciences (France). So far, his work has been cited 5077 times in scholarly works, according to Google Scholar.
References
^ Laurin M. 2011. A preliminary biography of Armand de Ricqlès (1938–), the great synthesizer of bone histology.Comptes rendus Palevol 10: 293–301.
^ Buffrénil, V. de. 1980. Données préliminaires sur la structure des marques de croissance squelettiques chez les crocodiliens actuels et fossiles. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 105 (2) : 355-361.
^ Buffrénil, V. de. 1980. Mise en évidence de l’incidence des conditions de milieu sur la croissance de Crocodylus siamensis (Schneider, 1801) et valeur des marques de croissance squelettiques pour l’évaluation de l’âge individuel. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 121 (1) : 63-76.
^ Buffrénil, V. de and E. Buffetaut. 1981. Skeletal growth lines in an Eocene crocodilian skull from Wyoming as an indicator of ontogenic age and paleoclimatic conditions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1:57-66.
^ Buffetaut, E.; Buffrénil, V. de; Ricqlès, A. de et Spinar, Z. V. 1982. Remarques anatomiques et paleohistologiques sur Dyrosaurus phosphaticus, crocodilien mésosuchien des phosphates Yprésiens de Tunisie. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 68 (4) : 327-341.
^ Hua, S. & Buffrénil, V. de. 1996. Bone histology as a clue in the interpretation of functional adaptations in the Thalattosuchia (Reptilia, Crocodylia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16 (4) : 703–717.
^ Buffrénil, V. de; Mazin, J-M. et Ricqlès, A. de. 1987. Caractères structuraux et mode de croissance du fémur d’Omphalosaurus nisseri, ichthyosaurien du Trias moyen du Spitsberg. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 73 : 195-216.
^ Buffrénil, V. de et Mazin, J-M. 1990. Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: comparative data and functional interpretation. Paleobiology 16 (4) : 435-476.
^ Buffrénil, V. de et Mazin, J-M. 1989. Bone histology of Claudiosaurus germaini (Reptilia, Claudiosauridae) and the problem of pachyostosis in aquatic tetrapods. Historical Biology 2 : 311-322.
^ Buffrénil, V. de; Ricqlès, A. de; Sigogneau-Russell, D. & Buffetaut, E. 1990. L’histologie osseuse des Champsosauridés : données descriptives et interprétation fonctionnelle. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés) 76 (4) : 255-275.
^ Buffrénil, V. de et Mazin, J-M. 1992. Contribution de l’histologie osseuse à l’interprétation paléobiologique du genre Placodus Agassiz, 1833 (Reptilia, Placodontia). Revue de Paléobiologie, 11 (2) : 397-407.
^ Wiffen, J., Buffrénil, V. de, Ricqlès, A. de and Mazin, J. M. 1995. Ontogenetic evolution of bone structure in Late Cretaceous Plesiosauria from New Zealand. Geobios, 28 (5) : 625-640.
^ Buffrénil, V. de et Rage, J-C. 1993. La « pachyostose » vertébrale de Simoliophis (Reptilia, Squamata) : données comparatives et considérations fonctionnelles. Annales de Paléontologie (Vertébrés), 79 (4) : 315-335.
^ Houssaye A., Xu F., Helfen L., Buffrénil V de & Tafforeau P. 2011. Three dimensional pelvis and limb anatomy of the Cenomanian Lebanese hind-limbed snake Eupodophis descouensis (Squamata, Ophidia) revealed by Synchrotron-radiation computed laminography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31(1):2–7.
^ Houssaye, A.; Buffrénil, V. de; Rage, J-C. & Bardet, N. 2008. An analysis of vertebral « pachyostosis » in Carentonosaurus mineaui (Mosasauroidea, Squamata) from the Cenomanian (early late Cretaceous) of France, with comments on its phylogenetic and functional significance. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28(3): 685-691.
^ Buffrénil, V. de; Ricqlès, A. de; C. E. Ray, & D. P. Domning. 1990. Bone histology of the ribs of the archaeocetes (Mammalia : Cetacea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 10 (4) : 455-466.
^ Buffrénil, V. de; Astibia, H.; Pereda Suberbiola, X.; Berreteaga, A. & Bardet, N. 2008. Bone histology of basal sirenians from the middle Eocene of western Europe. Geodiversitas, 30(2): 425-432.
^ Buffrénil V. de, Canoville A., D'Anastasio R, & Domning D. P. 2010.
Evolution of sirenian pachyosteosclerosis, a model-case for the study of bone structure in aquatic tetrapods. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 17: 101-120.
^ Dumont, M.; Laurin, M.; Jacques, F.; Pellé, E.; Dabin, W.; & Buffrénil, V. de. 2013. Inner architecture of vertebral centra in terrestrial and aquatic mammals: a two-dimensional comparative study. Journal of Morphology. 274 (5): 570–84.
^ Buffrénil, Vivian de; Ricqlès, Armand J. de; Zylberberg, Louise; Padian, Kevin (24 June 2021). Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-18957-6.
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"histologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologist"},{"link_name":"paleobiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology"},{"link_name":"Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_National_d%27Histoire_Naturelle"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"habilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"},{"link_name":"Armand de Ricqlès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_de_Ricql%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ML2011a-1"},{"link_name":"Varanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanidae"},{"link_name":"Crocodilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu80a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu80b-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu&Bu81-4"},{"link_name":"Dyrosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrosaurus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buetal82-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huetal96-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buetal87-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu&Ma90-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu&Bu89-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buetal90b-10"},{"link_name":"Placodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placodus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu&Ma92-11"},{"link_name":"Plesiosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiosauria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wietal95-12"},{"link_name":"Simoliophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simoliophis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bu&Ra93-13"},{"link_name":"Eupodophis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupodophis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoetal2011-14"},{"link_name":"Carentonosaurus mineaui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carentonosaurus_mineaui"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoetal2008-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buetal90a-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buetal2008-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buetal2010-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duetal2013-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buffr%C3%A9nil_et_al._2021-20"},{"link_name":"Comptes Rendus Palevol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/16310683"},{"link_name":"Académie des sciences (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences_(France)"},{"link_name":"Google Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholar.google.fr/citations?user=OHKOPOYAAAAJ&hl=fr"}],"text":"Vivian de Buffrénil is a French histologist and paleobiologist who has worked at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris from 1982 to 2021. His doctorate (1980) and his doctorat d'état (1990), a diploma now replaced by the habilitation, were supervised by Armand de Ricqlès.[1] His main fields of interest include basic histological descriptions, growth dynamics as recorded in bone growth marks, and adaptation (both histological and microanatomical) of the tetrapod skeleton to a secondarily aquatic lifestyle. He is also interested in life history and population dynamics of exploited or threatened reptile taxa, especially among Varanidae and Crocodilia. He has published at least 92 papers, including 76 research papers, 10 reports on exploited or threatened species, and six popular papers.His first papers dealt with the skeletal growth marks in extant crocodilians,[2][3] but very soon after that, he also tackled paleobiological issues, such as growth of an Eocene crocodilian then identified as Crocodylus cf. affinis.[4] Other extinct taxa on which he has published include the Ypresian crocodilian Dyrosaurus phosphaticus,[5] thalattosuchian crocodilians,[6] the Triassic presumed ichthyosaur Omphalosaurus nisseri,[7] other ichthyosaurs,[8] the Permian diapsid Claudiosaurus germaini,[9] champsosaurids,[10] the placodont Placodus,[11] Plesiosauria,[12] the early snakes Simoliophis[13] and Eupodophis,[14] and the mosasaur Carentonosaurus mineaui[15] among reptiles, and early cetaceans[16] and sirenians[17] among mammals. While his early papers typically dealt with only one or two taxa each, some of his most recent studies are based on comparative datasets including several taxa.[18][19] His most recent contribution is a large co-edited book.[20]As a recognized leader in bone histology, he evaluates drafts regularly for several journals and serves on the editorial board (as Reviewing Editor) of the Comptes Rendus Palevol of the Académie des sciences (France). So far, his work has been cited 5077 times in scholarly works, according to Google Scholar.","title":"Vivian de Buffrénil"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Buffrénil, Vivian de; Ricqlès, Armand J. de; Zylberberg, Louise; Padian, Kevin (24 June 2021). Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-18957-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tJcwEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-18957-6","url_text":"978-1-351-18957-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Home_and_Health_Department
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Scottish Office
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["1 History","1.1 Departments","2 Ministers","3 Management","4 Scottish government bodies","5 References"]
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Department of the United Kingdom Government from 1885 until 1999
For the department after 1999, see Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland.
Scottish OfficeRoyal Arms of HM Government in ScotlandDepartment overviewFormed1885Dissolved1999Superseding agency
Scotland Office (reserved or excepted functions)
Scottish Executive (devolved functions)
JurisdictionScotlandHeadquartersSt Andrew's HouseMinisters responsibleThe 23rd and 6th Earl of Mar, Secretary of State for Scotland (1707-1709; first)Donald Dewar, Secretary of State for Scotland (1997-1999)Child DepartmentVarious, see Departments
The Scottish Office was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom from 1885 until 1999, exercising a wide range of government functions in relation to Scotland under the control of the Secretary of State for Scotland. Following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, most of its work was transferred to the newly established Scottish Executive (now officially the Scottish Government), with a small residue of functions retained by the Scotland Office.
Scottish Office buildings in London & EdinburghSt Andrew's House, Calton Hill, EdinburghVictoria Quay, Scotland, Leith, EdinburghNew St. Andrew's House, New Town, EdinburghDover House, Whitehall, London
History
Following the Act of Union 1707 and the adjournment of the old Parliament of Scotland, the post of Secretary of State for Scotland was established within the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Secretary of State was entrusted with general responsibility for the governance of Scotland, with the Lord Advocate acting as chief law officer in Scotland. The post of Secretary of State for Scotland was abolished in 1746, and the Lord Advocate assumed responsibility for government business in Scotland. In 1828 the Home Secretary was formally put "in charge of Scotland", but the Lord Advocate continued to be the voice of Scotland in the government and took the lead in Scottish debates.
During the nineteenth century, the functions of government increased, particularly at a local level dealing with issues such as public health, poor law relief, roads and education, and local authorities were active in providing water supplies, drainage, hospitals and town planning. To exercise control over these local activities, a number of supervisory boards such as the Board of Supervision for Poor Relief (1845–1894), the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy (1857–1913) and the Scotch Education Department (a committee of the Privy Council) were established. However the accountability of these boards was not clear, they were staffed by amateurs and they increased the scope for government patronage. In 1869 Scottish MPs asked Gladstone to appoint a Scottish Secretary with responsibility for the boards, but the post of Secretary for Scotland, and with it, the Scottish Office, were not created until 1885.
Departments
By the time the Scottish Office was formed in 1885, a number of institutions of government existed exclusively for Scotland: the Board of Supervision for Poor Relief which had been established in 1828, the Fishery Board which had been limited to Scotland in 1849, the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy (established in 1857), the Scotch Education Department (established in 1872), and the Prisons Commission, created in 1877. In 1886, a Crofters Commission was established, and lasted until 1911. In 1894, the Board of Supervision for Poor Relief became the Local Government Board for Scotland, and three years later a Congested Districts Board was established and lasted until 1911. To these were added the Scottish Board of Agriculture in 1912, the Highlands and Islands Medical Services Board the following year, and the Scottish Insurance Commissioners in 1911.
These bodies were gradually consolidated and reformed thereafter. In 1919, a Board of Health was formed to bring together and extend the functions of the Insurance Commissioners, Highlands and Islands Medical Services Board, and the Local Government Board for Scotland. This Board, along with the Board of Agriculture and the Prisons Commission were abolished in 1928 and replaced with departments, for Health, Agriculture and Prisons respectively (by the Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928).
The next major phase of reorganisation occurred in 1939, following the Gilmour Committee Report on Scottish Administration; by the Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939, the Scottish Education Department (which is what the Scotch Education Department had been called since 1918), the Department of Health for Scotland, the Department of Agriculture for Scotland, the Prisons Department for Scotland, and the Fishery Board for Scotland had their functions transferred to the Secretary of State. The departments were reformed, with the functions of the Fishery Board and the Prisons Department merged into a new Scottish Home Department. Agriculture, Education and Health were left largely intact and reformed into Departments. The portfolios were widened when the Scottish Office received functions relating to the Crown Estates in 1943 and forestry in 1945, and after the Report of the Royal Commission on Scottish Affairs in 1954.
The departmental structure changed in 1960, when responsibility for fisheries was removed from the Home Office and added the Department of Agriculture (it then became the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries), and in 1962, when the Home and Health departments were merged (into the Scottish Home and Health Department). A new Development Department was also established in 1962. In 1973, they were joined by a new Scottish Economic Planning Department, which was renamed the Scottish Industry Department in 1983. All of the Departments had their names changed in 1991, when "Scottish Office" was prefixed to them, and at the same time the Development Department was renamed to the Scottish Office Environment Department.
The year 1995 brought further changes; the Industry Department was merged with Education to form the Scottish Office Education and Industry Department; the Environment Department reverted to its old name; the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries was renamed the Scottish Office Department for Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries; and the Home and Health Department was broken up: the new Scottish Office Home Department was still headed by a permanent secretary, but Scottish Office Health Department was not, instead comprising the Management Executive for NHS in Scotland, the Chief Scientist Office, the Public Health Policy Unit, Medical Services, and Nursing Services.
All of the Departments were abolished in 1999 and most of their functions transferred to the newly formed Scottish Executive.
Ministers
The post of Secretary for Scotland was established in 1885. From 1892 the holder sat in Cabinet and in 1926 the post was elevated to the rank of Principal Secretary of State and retitled Secretary of State for Scotland. The addition of responsibility for health functions in 1919 resulted in the creation of a junior ministerial post, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Health for Scotland, which in turn became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 1926.
Additional Parliamentary Under-Secretary posts were added in 1940 and 1951 and a Minister of State post was established in 1951. In 1969-70 one of the Under-Secretary posts was replaced by an additional Minister of State. From 1974 to 1979 there were two Ministers of State and three Under-Secretaries, reverting to one Minister of State in 1979.
Management
For a list of senior civil servants in the Scottish Office, see Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland.
When the political office of Secretary for Scotland was established in 1885, a permanent under-secretaryship was created, to be occupied by a civil servant. The first office-holder was Francis Sandford, who had previously been secretary to the Scotch Education Department. When the political office became the Secretary of State for Scotland in 1926, the permanent secretary also became formally styled Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland. This position was equivalent to Grade 1 in the Civil Service grading structure introduced in 1971.
The several separate Scottish departments which fell under remit of the Scottish Office were each headed by a Secretary (equivalent to Grade 2 in the 1971 structure) who was responsible directly to the Secretary of State, but would meet with the Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Scottish Office regularly.
In addition, another Grade-2 office – Deputy Secretary (Central Services) – ranked equally with the Secretaries of each of the Departments, and formed part of the Scottish Office's management group (along with the Secretaries and Permanent Under-Secretary). The office-holder was responsible for matters of devolution, as well as the financial management of the Office and local authority finance. The office was established in response to the devolution policies of the Labour Government of 1974–79; "it became imperative to create devolution units at high level but separate from the departments". The office was abolished in 1991. Responsibility for local government finance was then transferred to the Environment Department (formerly the Development Department), while management responsibilities were vested in Gerry Wilson, secretary of the Education Department; this latter arrangement was not intended to be permanent, but reflected the "relative workload" of the different Grade 2 officials.
Scottish government bodies
Board of Agriculture for Scotland
abolished and recreated as Department of Agriculture for Scotland in 1928.
merged with Scottish Office to form Scottish Home Department in 1939.
Fishery Board for Scotland
merged with Scottish Office to form Scottish Home Department in 1939.
Scottish Board of Health
abolished and recreated as Department of Health for Scotland in 1928.
Scotch Education Department, created in 1839 but only became active in 1872
renamed Scottish Education Department in 1918.
renamed Scottish Office Education Department in 1991.
renamed Scottish Office Education and Industry Department in 1995.
Scottish Home Department
created from the Prison Department, Agriculture Department & the Fishery Board for Scotland in 1939.
Prison Commission, created in 1877.
abolished and recreated as Prison Department in 1928.
merged with Scottish Office to form Scottish Home Department in 1939.
References
Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries (Birlinn 2006)
Memorandum by The National Archives, "Scottish World War II Administrative Records"
^ a b James G. Kellas, The Scottish Political System, 4th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 32.
^ Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939.
^ David Milne, The Scottish Office (London: Allen and Unwin, 1957), p. 19.
^ David Butler and Gareth Butler, Twentieth-Century British Political Facts, 1900–2000, 8th ed. (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000) p. 457.
^ Mary Macdonald and Adam Redpath, "The Scottish Office, 1954–1979", in Scottish Government Yearbook 1980 (University of Edinburgh Press, 1980), pp. 101–102.
^ Arthur F. Midwinter, Michael Keating and James Mitchell, Politics and Public Policy in Scotland (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), p. 55.
^ Richard Parry, "The structure of the Scottish Office 1991", in The Scottish Government Yearbook 1992 (University of Edinburgh, 1992), p. 247.
^ a b "New Scottish Office structure announced", The Local Government Chronicle, 7 August 1995. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "Secretary for Scotland Act 1885". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "Secretaries of State Act 1926". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ The office was established under the Secretary for Scotland Act 1885, section 2.
^ W. H. G. Armytage, "Francis Richard John Sandford, first Baron Sanford", The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, vol. 31 (1948), p. 114.
^ David Milne, The Scottish Office (London: Allen and Unwin, 1957), p. 217.
^ James G. Kellas, The Scottish Political System, 4th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 77.
^ Scottish Government Yearbook 1979, p. 208.
^ Richard Rose, Ministers and Ministries: A Function Analysis (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), pp. 127–128.
^ Richard Parry, "The structure of the Scottish Office 1991", in The Scottish Government Yearbook 1992, p. 249.
^ a b c "Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ a b c "Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "Scottish School Reforms of 1870s".
vteOffice of the Secretary of State for ScotlandHeadquarters: Dover House, Whitehall, LondonMelville Crescent, EdinburghSecretary of State
Alister Jack
Under-Secretaries of State
John Lamont
The Lord Cameron of Lochiel
Advocate General
The Lord Stewart of Dirleton
Predecessor: Scottish Office
Authority control databases International
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VIAF
National
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|
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In 1869 Scottish MPs asked Gladstone to appoint a Scottish Secretary with responsibility for the boards, but the post of Secretary for Scotland, and with it, the Scottish Office, were not created until 1885.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Supervision for Poor Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Supervision_for_Poor_Relief&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fishery Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fishery_Board&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioners_in_Lunacy_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotch Education Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Education_Department"},{"link_name":"Prisons Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Commission_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Crofters Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofters_Commission"},{"link_name":"Local Government Board 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Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Health_for_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Agriculture_for_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons_Department_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reorganisation_of_Offices_(Scotland)_Act_1928&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellas32-1"},{"link_name":"Gilmour Committee Report on Scottish Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilmour_Committee_Report_on_Scottish_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reorganisation_of_Offices_(Scotland)_Act_1939&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Scottish Home Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Home_Department"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Crown Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Estate"},{"link_name":"forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission on Scottish Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Commission_on_Scottish_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture and Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish Home and Health Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Home_and_Health_Department"},{"link_name":"Development Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Development_Department_(1973%E2%80%931999)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Economic Planning Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Economic_Planning_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scottish Industry Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Industry_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Scottish Office Environment Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Office_Environment_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scottish Office Education and Industry Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Office_Education_and_Industry_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgc-8"},{"link_name":"Scottish Office Department for Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Office_Department_for_Agriculture,_Environment_and_Fisheries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Office Home Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Office_Home_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Office Health Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Office_Health_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Management Executive for NHS in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_Executive_for_NHS_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chief Scientist Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientist_Office"},{"link_name":"Public Health Policy Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Health_Policy_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Medical Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nursing Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nursing_Services&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgc-8"},{"link_name":"Scottish Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Executive"}],"sub_title":"Departments","text":"By the time the Scottish Office was formed in 1885, a number of institutions of government existed exclusively for Scotland: the Board of Supervision for Poor Relief which had been established in 1828, the Fishery Board which had been limited to Scotland in 1849, the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy (established in 1857), the Scotch Education Department (established in 1872), and the Prisons Commission, created in 1877. In 1886, a Crofters Commission was established, and lasted until 1911. In 1894, the Board of Supervision for Poor Relief became the Local Government Board for Scotland, and three years later a Congested Districts Board was established and lasted until 1911. To these were added the Scottish Board of Agriculture in 1912, the Highlands and Islands Medical Services Board the following year, and the Scottish Insurance Commissioners in 1911.[1]These bodies were gradually consolidated and reformed thereafter. In 1919, a Board of Health was formed to bring together and extend the functions of the Insurance Commissioners, Highlands and Islands Medical Services Board, and the Local Government Board for Scotland. This Board, along with the Board of Agriculture and the Prisons Commission were abolished in 1928 and replaced with departments, for Health, Agriculture and Prisons respectively (by the Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928).[1]The next major phase of reorganisation occurred in 1939, following the Gilmour Committee Report on Scottish Administration; by the Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939, the Scottish Education Department (which is what the Scotch Education Department had been called since 1918), the Department of Health for Scotland, the Department of Agriculture for Scotland, the Prisons Department for Scotland, and the Fishery Board for Scotland had their functions transferred to the Secretary of State.[2] The departments were reformed, with the functions of the Fishery Board and the Prisons Department merged into a new Scottish Home Department.[3] Agriculture, Education and Health were left largely intact and reformed into Departments. The portfolios were widened when the Scottish Office received functions relating to the Crown Estates in 1943 and forestry in 1945, and after the Report of the Royal Commission on Scottish Affairs in 1954.[4]The departmental structure changed in 1960, when responsibility for fisheries was removed from the Home Office and added the Department of Agriculture (it then became the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries), and in 1962, when the Home and Health departments were merged (into the Scottish Home and Health Department). A new Development Department was also established in 1962. In 1973, they were joined by a new Scottish Economic Planning Department,[5] which was renamed the Scottish Industry Department in 1983.[6] All of the Departments had their names changed in 1991, when \"Scottish Office\" was prefixed to them, and at the same time the Development Department was renamed to the Scottish Office Environment Department.[7]The year 1995 brought further changes; the Industry Department was merged with Education to form the Scottish Office Education and Industry Department;[8] the Environment Department reverted to its old name; the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries was renamed the Scottish Office Department for Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries; and the Home and Health Department was broken up: the new Scottish Office Home Department was still headed by a permanent secretary, but Scottish Office Health Department was not, instead comprising the Management Executive for NHS in Scotland, the Chief Scientist Office, the Public Health Policy Unit, Medical Services, and Nursing Services.[8]All of the Departments were abolished in 1999 and most of their functions transferred to the newly formed Scottish Executive.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Health for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"}],"text":"The post of Secretary for Scotland was established in 1885.[9] From 1892 the holder sat in Cabinet and in 1926 the post was elevated to the rank of Principal Secretary of State and retitled Secretary of State for Scotland.[10] The addition of responsibility for health functions in 1919 resulted in the creation of a junior ministerial post, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Health for Scotland, which in turn became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland in 1926.Additional Parliamentary Under-Secretary posts were added in 1940 and 1951 and a Minister of State post was established in 1951. In 1969-70 one of the Under-Secretary posts was replaced by an additional Minister of State. From 1974 to 1979 there were two Ministers of State and three Under-Secretaries, reverting to one Minister of State in 1979.","title":"Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"civil servant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"Francis Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Sandford,_1st_Baron_Sandford"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milne-13"},{"link_name":"Civil Service grading structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)#Structure"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Labour Government of 1974–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_government,_1974%E2%80%931979"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"For a list of senior civil servants in the Scottish Office, see Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland.When the political office of Secretary for Scotland was established in 1885,[11] a permanent under-secretaryship was created, to be occupied by a civil servant. The first office-holder was Francis Sandford, who had previously been secretary to the Scotch Education Department.[12] When the political office became the Secretary of State for Scotland in 1926, the permanent secretary also became formally styled Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Scotland.[13] This position was equivalent to Grade 1 in the Civil Service grading structure introduced in 1971.The several separate Scottish departments which fell under remit of the Scottish Office were each headed by a Secretary (equivalent to Grade 2 in the 1971 structure) who was responsible directly to the Secretary of State, but would meet with the Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the Scottish Office regularly.[14]In addition, another Grade-2 office – Deputy Secretary (Central Services) – ranked equally with the Secretaries of each of the Departments, and formed part of the Scottish Office's management group (along with the Secretaries and Permanent Under-Secretary). The office-holder was responsible for matters of devolution, as well as the financial management of the Office and local authority finance.[15] The office was established in response to the devolution policies of the Labour Government of 1974–79; \"it became imperative to create devolution units at high level but separate from the departments\".[16] The office was abolished in 1991. Responsibility for local government finance was then transferred to the Environment Department (formerly the Development Department), while management responsibilities were vested in Gerry Wilson, secretary of the Education Department; this latter arrangement was not intended to be permanent, but reflected the \"relative workload\" of the different Grade 2 officials.[17]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Agriculture_for_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROA_1928-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROA_1939-19"},{"link_name":"Fishery Board for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery_Board_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROA_1939-19"},{"link_name":"Scottish Board of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Board_of_Health&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Department of Health for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROA_1928-18"},{"link_name":"Scotch Education Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Education_Department"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Fishery Board for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery_Board_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Prison Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Commission_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROA_1928-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROA_1939-19"}],"text":"Board of Agriculture for Scotland\nabolished and recreated as Department of Agriculture for Scotland in 1928.[18]\nmerged with Scottish Office to form Scottish Home Department in 1939.[19]\nFishery Board for Scotland\nmerged with Scottish Office to form Scottish Home Department in 1939.[19]\nScottish Board of Health\nabolished and recreated as Department of Health for Scotland in 1928.[18]\nScotch Education Department, created in 1839 but only became active in 1872[20]\nrenamed Scottish Education Department in 1918.\nrenamed Scottish Office Education Department in 1991.\nrenamed Scottish Office Education and Industry Department in 1995.\nScottish Home Department\ncreated from the Prison Department, Agriculture Department & the Fishery Board for Scotland in 1939.\nPrison Commission, created in 1877.\nabolished and recreated as Prison Department in 1928.[18]\nmerged with Scottish Office to form Scottish Home Department in 1939.[19]","title":"Scottish government bodies"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Secretary for Scotland Act 1885\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/48-49/61/section/5/enacted","url_text":"\"Secretary for Scotland Act 1885\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secretaries of State Act 1926\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/16-17/18/section/1/enacted","url_text":"\"Secretaries of State Act 1926\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/18-19/34/section/1/enacted","url_text":"\"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939\". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/2-3/20/section/1/enacted","url_text":"\"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish School Reforms of 1870s\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Education/scottish19c.html","url_text":"\"Scottish School Reforms of 1870s\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Scottish_World_War_II_Administrative_Records","external_links_name":"Scottish World War II Administrative Records"},{"Link":"http://www.scottishgovernmentyearbooks.ed.ac.uk/record/22812/1/1980_8_scottishoffice1954-79.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Scottish Office, 1954–1979\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottishgovernmentyearbooks.ed.ac.uk/record/23113?highlight=*:*","external_links_name":"\"The structure of the Scottish Office 1991\""},{"Link":"https://www.lgcplus.com/new-scottish-office-structure-announced/1590266.article","external_links_name":"\"New Scottish Office structure announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/48-49/61/section/5/enacted","external_links_name":"\"Secretary for Scotland Act 1885\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/16-17/18/section/1/enacted","external_links_name":"\"Secretaries of State Act 1926\""},{"Link":"https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1973&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Francis Richard John Sandford, first Baron Sanford\""},{"Link":"https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/9040/1979_ref%20sec%204_structure%20of%20the%20Scottish%20Office.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"Scottish Government Yearbook 1979"},{"Link":"http://www.scottishgovernmentyearbooks.ed.ac.uk/record/23113?highlight=*:*","external_links_name":"\"The structure of the Scottish Office 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/18-19/34/section/1/enacted","external_links_name":"\"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/2-3/20/section/1/enacted","external_links_name":"\"Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1939\""},{"Link":"http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Education/scottish19c.html","external_links_name":"\"Scottish School Reforms of 1870s\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012189366X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154763548","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90709437","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11883217b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11883217b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594795605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80013158","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.parliament.uk/8ziXGmw4","external_links_name":"UK Parliament"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026619490","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_Russell
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John Lewis Russell
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["1 References"]
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John Lewis RussellBorn(1808-12-02)December 2, 1808Salem, MassachusettsDiedJune 2, 1873(1873-06-02) (aged 64)Salem, Massachusetts
John Lewis Russell (2 December 1808 – 7 June 1873) was an American botanist and Unitarian minister. Born in Salem, Massachusetts, Russell attended Harvard University and received his early education in Salem, Newburyport and Amesbury. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1828 and a divinity degree in 1831 before becoming a minister, his profession until 1854. Russell had an interest in cryptogams (plants that reproduce using spores), and he was Professor of Botany and Horticultural Physiology for the Massachusetts Horticultural Society from 1831 until his death in 1873. The bolete fungus Boletellus russelli is named in his honor.
The standard author abbreviation J.L. Russell is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
References
^ The President and Fellows of Harvard College (1999). "Russell, John Lewis (1808-1873). Drawings of John Lewis Russell, 1852–1859: A Guide". Retrieved 2012-03-01.
^ International Plant Names Index. J.L. Russell.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Academics
International Plant Names Index
Other
SNAC
This article about an American botanist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Salem, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Newburyport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport"},{"link_name":"Amesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"cryptogams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptogam"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvard-1"},{"link_name":"bolete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolete"},{"link_name":"Boletellus russelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boletellus_russelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"John Lewis Russell (2 December 1808 – 7 June 1873) was an American botanist and Unitarian minister. Born in Salem, Massachusetts, Russell attended Harvard University and received his early education in Salem, Newburyport and Amesbury. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1828 and a divinity degree in 1831 before becoming a minister, his profession until 1854. Russell had an interest in cryptogams (plants that reproduce using spores), and he was Professor of Botany and Horticultural Physiology for the Massachusetts Horticultural Society from 1831 until his death in 1873.[1] The bolete fungus Boletellus russelli is named in his honor.The standard author abbreviation J.L. Russell is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[2]","title":"John Lewis Russell"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"The President and Fellows of Harvard College (1999). \"Russell, John Lewis (1808-1873). Drawings of John Lewis Russell, 1852–1859: A Guide\". Retrieved 2012-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~gra00047","url_text":"\"Russell, John Lewis (1808-1873). Drawings of John Lewis Russell, 1852–1859: A Guide\""}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. J.L. Russell.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=J.L.+Russell","url_text":"J.L. Russell"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~gra00047","external_links_name":"\"Russell, John Lewis (1808-1873). Drawings of John Lewis Russell, 1852–1859: A Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=J.L.+Russell","external_links_name":"J.L. Russell"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/221777/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029501520","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63118696","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRkxJ4kKMXVWRYkq9kXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88601991","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=J.L.Russell","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bv8mj6","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis_Russell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badger_Books
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Badger Books
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["1 History","2 Genres","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Badger Books" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Badger Books was an imprint used by the British publisher John Spencer & Co. between 1960 and 1967. Badger Books were published in a number of genres, predominantly war, westerns, romance, supernatural and science fiction. The best-known author of Badger Books is Lionel Fanthorpe, who wrote a large proportion of the supernatural and science fiction titles.
History
Badger Books SF-58 and SF-61, both dating from 1961 and bearing the byline "John E. Muller" -- but "The Mind Makers" is by Lionel Fanthorpe and "Alien" is by John Glasby.
Samuel Assael (born 1920) set up his London-based publishing company, John Spencer & Co., in 1947. Initially Spencer's output consisted of pulp magazines, mainly in the science fiction genre (with titles like Futuristic Science Stories, Tales of Tomorrow *and Wonders of the Spaceways). However, with the decline of the pulp magazine and rise of the paperback, Spencer switched to paperback publishing in the mid-1950s. He used a number of imprints, including "John Spencer", "Cobra" and "Badger", but the last of these has become the best known. The Badger Books imprint was discontinued in 1967 although Spencer continued to produce a small number of books (often reprints) until the late 1970s.
In common with other "pulp" or mass-market publishers of the time, Badger Books focused on quantity rather than quality. A new title in each of the major genres appeared each month, generally written to tight deadlines by low-paid authors. One of the most remarkable facts about Badger Books is that much of its outputs was produced by just two authors (using a range of house names and other pseudonyms): John Glasby (over 300 novels and short stories) and Lionel Fanthorpe (over 200 novels and stories).
The company was based in Shepherd’s Bush in West London . It ran on a shoestring with Mr Assael overseeing everything. The accounts were overseen by Assaels partner Maurice Nahum. Employees numbered only three, all young men. One worked in the office with Nahum and the other two packed books. David Andersen (the source of this information) worked for this company between 1961 and 1963 mostly in the office with Maurice Nahum.
Genres
The bulk of Badger Books' output fell into five genres as follows:
Westerns, published as "Lariat Westerns" (LW-1 to LW-77) and "Blazing Westerns" (BW-1 to B-60). Many of these novels appeared under the house name "Chuck Adams", which was used by John Glasby and others. At least two of the Chuck Adams books, and several of the other western titles, were written by E. C. Tubb, who later became better known as a science fiction author.
War stories (WW-1 to WW-163). Generally set during the Second World War, most of these novels were written by John Glasby using a wide range of pseudonyms.
Romance novels (RS-1 to RS-40). The bulk of these were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of D. K. Jennings.
Supernatural Stories (SN-1 to SN-109). Many of these were written by Lionel Fanthorpe under a variety of pseudonyms. Unlike the other series (which are mostly novels), the SN books started out as a paperback format magazine containing short stories and sometimes novelettes. Issues containing just one novella or a short novel started to appear as "Supernatural Specials" with issues 29, 32 and 35, and then all the even-numbered issues from SN-40 onwards.
Science Fiction (SF-1 to SF-118). Like the SN series, many of the SF books were written by Lionel Fanthorpe and also by John S. Glasby, the works of both often being published under pseudonyms. Many of these books appeared under house names, such as "John E. Muller", which was used by both Fanthorpe and Glasby.
In addition to these five main genres, there were several other short-lived series such as Crime stories (CS-1 to CS-13) and Spy stories (SP-1 to SP-6). The latter books, dating from 1965 to 1967, were intended to "cash-in" on the then-current James Bond craze. All six of the Spy books were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of Manning K. Robertson.
Further reading
Michael, Ashley (1979). A Complete Index and Annotated Commentary to the John Spencer Fantasy Publications (1950-66). Wallsend, England: Cosmos Literary Agency. OCLC 270863025.
Peter Haining (2001). The classic era of American pulp magazines. Chicago Review Press. p. 191.
References
^ a b Steve Holland, Badger Tracks: Exploring the publications of John Spencer & Co. Underworld Studios, Colchester 1997.
^ Debbie Cross, Down the Badger Hole: R. Lionel Fanthorpe: the Badger years. Wrigley Cross, Portland 1995.
^ a b Michael Ashley (2005). The history of the science-fiction magazine: the story of the science-fiction magazines from 1950 to 1970. Transformations, Volume 2. Vol. 2. Liverpool University Press. pp. 77–80. ISBN 0-85323-779-4.
^ a b "Authors : Nahum, Maurice : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia". www.sf-encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
External links
John Spencer & Co., Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Wiki
John Spencer, philsp.com
|
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Badger Books were published in a number of genres, predominantly war, westerns, romance, supernatural and science fiction. The best-known author of Badger Books is Lionel Fanthorpe, who wrote a large proportion of the supernatural and science fiction titles.[1][2]","title":"Badger Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badger_2mullers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lionel Fanthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Fanthorpe"},{"link_name":"John Glasby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glasby"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley-3"},{"link_name":"pulp magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holland-1"},{"link_name":"house names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name#Collective_names"},{"link_name":"John Glasby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glasby"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Lionel Fanthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Fanthorpe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashley-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Badger Books SF-58 and SF-61, both dating from 1961 and bearing the byline \"John E. Muller\" -- but \"The Mind Makers\" is by Lionel Fanthorpe and \"Alien\" is by John Glasby.Samuel Assael (born 1920) set up his London-based publishing company, John Spencer & Co., in 1947.[3] Initially Spencer's output consisted of pulp magazines, mainly in the science fiction genre (with titles like Futuristic Science Stories, Tales of Tomorrow *and Wonders of the Spaceways). However, with the decline of the pulp magazine and rise of the paperback, Spencer switched to paperback publishing in the mid-1950s. He used a number of imprints, including \"John Spencer\", \"Cobra\" and \"Badger\", but the last of these has become the best known. The Badger Books imprint was discontinued in 1967 although Spencer continued to produce a small number of books (often reprints) until the late 1970s.[1]In common with other \"pulp\" or mass-market publishers of the time, Badger Books focused on quantity rather than quality. A new title in each of the major genres appeared each month, generally written to tight deadlines by low-paid authors. One of the most remarkable facts about Badger Books is that much of its outputs was produced by just two authors (using a range of house names and other pseudonyms): John Glasby (over 300 novels and short stories) and Lionel Fanthorpe (over 200 novels and stories).The company was based in Shepherd’s Bush in West London .[3] It ran on a shoestring with Mr Assael overseeing everything. The accounts were overseen by Assaels partner Maurice Nahum.[4] Employees numbered only three, all young men. One worked in the office with Nahum and the other two packed books. David Andersen (the source of this information) worked for this company between 1961 and 1963 mostly in the office with Maurice Nahum.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E. C. Tubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Charles_Tubb"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"}],"text":"The bulk of Badger Books' output fell into five genres as follows:Westerns, published as \"Lariat Westerns\" (LW-1 to LW-77) and \"Blazing Westerns\" (BW-1 to B-60). Many of these novels appeared under the house name \"Chuck Adams\", which was used by John Glasby and others. At least two of the Chuck Adams books, and several of the other western titles, were written by E. C. Tubb, who later became better known as a science fiction author.\nWar stories (WW-1 to WW-163). Generally set during the Second World War, most of these novels were written by John Glasby using a wide range of pseudonyms.\nRomance novels (RS-1 to RS-40). The bulk of these were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of D. K. Jennings.\nSupernatural Stories (SN-1 to SN-109). Many of these were written by Lionel Fanthorpe under a variety of pseudonyms. Unlike the other series (which are mostly novels), the SN books started out as a paperback format magazine containing short stories and sometimes novelettes. Issues containing just one novella or a short novel started to appear as \"Supernatural Specials\" with issues 29, 32 and 35, and then all the even-numbered issues from SN-40 onwards.\nScience Fiction (SF-1 to SF-118). Like the SN series, many of the SF books were written by Lionel Fanthorpe and also by John S. Glasby, the works of both often being published under pseudonyms. Many of these books appeared under house names, such as \"John E. Muller\", which was used by both Fanthorpe and Glasby.In addition to these five main genres, there were several other short-lived series such as Crime stories (CS-1 to CS-13) and Spy stories (SP-1 to SP-6). The latter books, dating from 1965 to 1967, were intended to \"cash-in\" on the then-current James Bond craze. All six of the Spy books were written by John Glasby under the pseudonym of Manning K. Robertson.","title":"Genres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael, Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"270863025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/270863025"}],"text":"Michael, Ashley (1979). A Complete Index and Annotated Commentary to the John Spencer Fantasy Publications (1950-66). Wallsend, England: Cosmos Literary Agency. OCLC 270863025.\nPeter Haining (2001). The classic era of American pulp magazines. Chicago Review Press. p. 191.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_stitch
|
Scoubidou
|
["1 Thread","2 Knots","2.1 Square stitch","2.2 Barrel knot","2.3 Other numbers of strands","2.4 Double spiral","2.5 Cobra twist","2.6 The Chinese staircase","2.7 The butterfly stitch","2.8 Large stitches","3 Making objects","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Knotted handicraft
For other uses, see Scoubidou (disambiguation).
A fairly complex box stitch is shown here. Beginning at the left, it begins with quadruple box for 5 stitches, and then splits into single barrel (top) and double barrel (bottom) thus incorporating a window. After 11 stitches, the two independent barrels rejoin for another 13 stitches until the end (right).
Scoubidou (Craftlace, scoobies, lanyard, or gimp) is material used in knotting craft. It originated in France, where it became a fad in the late 1950s and has remained popular. It is named after the 1958 song of the same name by the French singer Sacha Distel.
Scoubidou returned to fashion in various countries, including United Kingdom countries, in 2004 and 2005. It uses commercially supplied plastic strips or tubes.
Thread
Stitching the thin thread requires concentration.
The most common kind of thread used for the craft is flat and comes in many colors, sometimes called "lanyard" or "gimp thread," often depending on region. Another kind of scoubidou thread is supple, round, and hollow plasticized PVC tubes usually about 80 centimetres in length. They are sold in various colors, sizes, and types, and are used to make items by binding them together with knots. On account of their elasticity and hollow cross-section — which enables them to collapse and deform when pulled — they form tight and stable knots. Key chains, friendship bands and other trinkets are most commonly woven, although more complicated shapes and figures can also be created.
Most of the knots used in scoubidou were already used in bast fibre, while the creations possible with scoubidou are similar to traditional corn dollies and macrame.
Knots
Square stitch
Single square stitch light and dark blue. This particular example starts in box, switches to barrel, and then returns to box.
Also known as a box stitch, the square stitch is the most common knot used in making keychains. It uses two strands of gimp. The square stitch is made by taking the end and crossing opposite ends, then taking one of the other ends and going over the first string and going under the second string. To finish, the last end is woven over the first strand and under the second strand.
More complex stitches can be made by using more strands and incorporating them adjacent to one another while sharing the same cross strand. Thus, one can have double, triple, quadruple and more, with the number of boxes being n-1, with n being the number of strands used (because one of the strands is used as the cross stitch). An endless variety of stitching can be made in this way, incorporating multiple rows, adding rows in the middle of the stitch, forming windows, switching to barrel, etc. Strands can also be added in perpendicular formation.
Barrel knot
By crossing the stitch, box can be made into a helical arrangement, often referred to as barrel or spiral, and the formed stitching becomes cylindrical as single barrel, but can take on quite interesting patterns when the stitch is a larger one, such as double, triple, or quadruple barrel.
Other numbers of strands
A three-strand scoubidou, with the first part done in a square knot and the second done in a spiral
A four-strand scoubidou, with three laces
A six-strand scoubidou
A ten-strand scoubidou
The square stitch uses four strands (resulting from the two ends of each of two scoubidous). Other numbers of strands may be used for the simple woven scoubidou chain, although with more than six the structure becomes difficult to support. Using even numbers of strands enables one end of the construction to be neatly terminated in the middle of a strand (as in the example of the square stitch).
As with the square stitch, each layer may be constructed either with the same direction of weave (leading to a chiral spiral structure) or as a mirror image of the previous layer (leading to a more angular appearance).
Double spiral
The double spiral, or twist, is the same concept as the spiral knot however the number of strings is doubled.
Cobra twist
The cobra stitch (or snake) involves tying two strands around two other strands back and forth. A super cobra (or king cobra) is created when the strands are tied around the cobra itself, making it wider and larger.
The Chinese staircase
One strand is tied around one or more other strands. The more strands that are used in the middle the fatter the Chinese staircase is. This is made with different colour strings.
The butterfly stitch
One loop strand is put through another and the latter loop pulled. The loops are then twisted together to resemble a butterfly.
Large stitches
A sixteen-strand scoubidou
Many scoubidou stitches which are commonly done with small numbers of strands can be generalized to use any number of strands. The Super-16 is a large scoubidou consisting of sixteen strands woven together. The Super-16 can be compared to the Square stitch but on a much larger scale.
Making objects
A dragon made with lanyard (scoubidou). More than 60 different strings were used to make it.
Creations such as dragons, Eiffel towers, bridges, and birds can be made by putting wires inside the stitch to keep it stable, and to enable bending the stitch and keeping it bent.
Gallery
Various knot types
Cobra in the foreground, double box / double barrel in the rear
See also
Lucet
Scooby-Doo
References
^ "UK | England | Suffolk | Scoubidous banned by school head". BBC News. 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Scoubidou Mega Guide". Scoobies.net. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Scoubidou strands, Knotting with Scoubidou strands, straight knot". Yoarra.nl. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Square (Box) Stitch – Starting". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Circle (Barrel) Stitch – Doing the Stitch". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Twist (Supercircle) Stitch – Doing the Stitch". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Cobra Stitch". YouTube. 2009-09-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Scoubidou Macramé knot, Knotting with Scoubidou strands". Yoarra.nl. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Super Cobra Stitch". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "How do you do the Chinese Staircase stitch?". Boondoggleman.com. 2001-07-30. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Butterfly Stitch". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
^ "Learn Scoubi-Doggle: learn to create the greatest styles ever!". Scoubi-doggle.flaresoftware.com. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scoubidou.
vteKnots
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Beginning at the left, it begins with quadruple box for 5 stitches, and then splits into single barrel (top) and double barrel (bottom) thus incorporating a window. After 11 stitches, the two independent barrels rejoin for another 13 stitches until the end (right).Scoubidou (Craftlace, scoobies, lanyard, or gimp) is material used in knotting craft. It originated in France, where it became a fad in the late 1950s and has remained popular. It is named after the 1958 song of the same name by the French singer Sacha Distel.Scoubidou returned to fashion in various countries, including United Kingdom countries, in 2004 and 2005. 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Another kind of scoubidou thread is supple, round, and hollow plasticized PVC tubes usually about 80 centimetres in length. They are sold in various colors, sizes, and types, and are used to make items by binding them together with knots. On account of their elasticity and hollow cross-section — which enables them to collapse and deform when pulled — they form tight and stable knots. Key chains, friendship bands and other trinkets are most commonly woven, although more complicated shapes and figures can also be created.[2]Most of the knots used in scoubidou were already used in bast fibre, while the creations possible with scoubidou are similar to traditional corn dollies and macrame.","title":"Thread"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elisheva%27s_lanyard_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular"}],"sub_title":"Square stitch","text":"Single square stitch light and dark blue. This particular example starts in box, switches to barrel, and then returns to box.Also known as a box stitch, the square stitch is the most common knot used in making keychains. It uses two strands of gimp. The square stitch is made by taking the end and crossing opposite ends, then taking one of the other ends and going over the first string and going under the second string. To finish, the last end is woven over the first strand and under the second strand.[3][4]More complex stitches can be made by using more strands and incorporating them adjacent to one another while sharing the same cross strand. Thus, one can have double, triple, quadruple and more, with the number of boxes being n-1, with n being the number of strands used (because one of the strands is used as the cross stitch). An endless variety of stitching can be made in this way, incorporating multiple rows, adding rows in the middle of the stitch, forming windows, switching to barrel, etc. Strands can also be added in perpendicular formation.","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Barrel knot","text":"By crossing the stitch, box can be made into a helical arrangement, often referred to as barrel or spiral, and the formed stitching becomes cylindrical as single barrel,[5] but can take on quite interesting patterns when the stitch is a larger one, such as double, triple, or quadruple barrel.","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoubidou_3_strands.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boondoggle_keychain2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoubidou_6_strands.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YellowDoggle.png"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral"}],"sub_title":"Other numbers of strands","text":"A three-strand scoubidou, with the first part done in a square knot and the second done in a spiralA four-strand scoubidou, with three lacesA six-strand scoubidouA ten-strand scoubidouThe square stitch uses four strands (resulting from the two ends of each of two scoubidous). Other numbers of strands may be used for the simple woven scoubidou chain, although with more than six the structure becomes difficult to support. Using even numbers of strands enables one end of the construction to be neatly terminated in the middle of a strand (as in the example of the square stitch).As with the square stitch, each layer may be constructed either with the same direction of weave (leading to a chiral spiral structure) or as a mirror image of the previous layer (leading to a more angular appearance).","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Double spiral","text":"The double spiral, or twist, is the same concept as the spiral knot however the number of strings is doubled.[6]","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Cobra twist","text":"The cobra stitch (or snake) involves tying two strands around two other strands back and forth.[7][8] A super cobra (or king cobra) is created when the strands are tied around the cobra itself, making it wider and larger.[9]","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"The Chinese staircase","text":"One strand is tied around one or more other strands. The more strands that are used in the middle the fatter the Chinese staircase is. This is made with different colour strings.[10]","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"The butterfly stitch","text":"One loop strand is put through another and the latter loop pulled. The loops are then twisted together to resemble a butterfly.[11]","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoubidous.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Large stitches","text":"A sixteen-strand scoubidouMany scoubidou stitches which are commonly done with small numbers of strands can be generalized to use any number of strands. The Super-16 is a large scoubidou consisting of sixteen strands woven together. The Super-16 can be compared to the Square stitch but on a much larger scale.[12]","title":"Knots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scoubidou_Dragon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eiffel towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"}],"text":"A dragon made with lanyard (scoubidou). More than 60 different strings were used to make it.Creations such as dragons, Eiffel towers, bridges, and birds can be made by putting wires inside the stitch to keep it stable, and to enable bending the stitch and keeping it bent.","title":"Making objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noam_%2B_Ezra%27s_Lanyard.png"}],"text":"Various knot types\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCobra in the foreground, double box / double barrel in the rear","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A fairly complex box stitch is shown here. Beginning at the left, it begins with quadruple box for 5 stitches, and then splits into single barrel (top) and double barrel (bottom) thus incorporating a window. After 11 stitches, the two independent barrels rejoin for another 13 stitches until the end (right).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dale%27s_lanyard_1.jpg/220px-Dale%27s_lanyard_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stitching the thin thread requires concentration.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Scout_Girl_in_Concentration.jpg/220px-Scout_Girl_in_Concentration.jpg"},{"image_text":"Single square stitch light and dark blue. This particular example starts in box, switches to barrel, and then returns to box.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Elisheva%27s_lanyard_1.jpg/220px-Elisheva%27s_lanyard_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A three-strand scoubidou, with the first part done in a square knot and the second done in a spiral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Scoubidou_3_strands.jpg/220px-Scoubidou_3_strands.jpg"},{"image_text":"A four-strand scoubidou, with three laces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Boondoggle_keychain2.JPG/220px-Boondoggle_keychain2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A six-strand scoubidou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Scoubidou_6_strands.jpg/220px-Scoubidou_6_strands.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ten-strand scoubidou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/YellowDoggle.png/220px-YellowDoggle.png"},{"image_text":"A sixteen-strand scoubidou","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scoubidous.jpg/220px-Scoubidous.jpg"},{"image_text":"A dragon made with lanyard (scoubidou). More than 60 different strings were used to make it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Scoubidou_Dragon.jpg/220px-Scoubidou_Dragon.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Lucet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucet"},{"title":"Scooby-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"UK | England | Suffolk | Scoubidous banned by school head\". BBC News. 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/suffolk/4581157.stm","url_text":"\"UK | England | Suffolk | Scoubidous banned by school head\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scoubidou Mega Guide\". Scoobies.net. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoobies.net/scoobie%20history.htm","url_text":"\"Scoubidou Mega Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scoubidou strands, Knotting with Scoubidou strands, straight knot\". Yoarra.nl. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yoarra.nl/eng/technieken-recht.php","url_text":"\"Scoubidou strands, Knotting with Scoubidou strands, straight knot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Square (Box) Stitch – Starting\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfOL0g1phsk","url_text":"\"Square (Box) Stitch – Starting\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/gfOL0g1phsk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Circle (Barrel) Stitch – Doing the Stitch\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO6OF5xJ1uQ","url_text":"\"Circle (Barrel) Stitch – Doing the Stitch\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/hO6OF5xJ1uQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Twist (Supercircle) Stitch – Doing the Stitch\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH4sNGEQRQQ","url_text":"\"Twist (Supercircle) Stitch – Doing the Stitch\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/MH4sNGEQRQQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cobra Stitch\". YouTube. 2009-09-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr2DE985MLc","url_text":"\"Cobra Stitch\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Tr2DE985MLc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scoubidou Macramé knot, Knotting with Scoubidou strands\". Yoarra.nl. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yoarra.nl/eng/weitas.php","url_text":"\"Scoubidou Macramé knot, Knotting with Scoubidou strands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Cobra Stitch\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR7vG0zR0WU","url_text":"\"Super Cobra Stitch\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/HR7vG0zR0WU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How do you do the Chinese Staircase stitch?\". Boondoggleman.com. 2001-07-30. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boondoggleman.com/prj_chinese_staircase.htm","url_text":"\"How do you do the Chinese Staircase stitch?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Butterfly Stitch\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2013-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hh6vThlt2Fk","url_text":"\"Butterfly Stitch\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Hh6vThlt2Fk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Learn Scoubi-Doggle: learn to create the greatest styles ever!\". Scoubi-doggle.flaresoftware.com. Retrieved 2013-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://scoubi-doggle.flaresoftware.com/learn.html","url_text":"\"Learn Scoubi-Doggle: learn to create the greatest styles ever!\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/suffolk/4581157.stm","external_links_name":"\"UK | England | Suffolk | Scoubidous banned by school head\""},{"Link":"http://www.scoobies.net/scoobie%20history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Scoubidou Mega Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.yoarra.nl/eng/technieken-recht.php","external_links_name":"\"Scoubidou strands, Knotting with Scoubidou strands, straight knot\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfOL0g1phsk","external_links_name":"\"Square (Box) Stitch – Starting\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/gfOL0g1phsk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO6OF5xJ1uQ","external_links_name":"\"Circle (Barrel) Stitch – Doing the Stitch\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/hO6OF5xJ1uQ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH4sNGEQRQQ","external_links_name":"\"Twist (Supercircle) Stitch – Doing the Stitch\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/MH4sNGEQRQQ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tr2DE985MLc","external_links_name":"\"Cobra Stitch\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Tr2DE985MLc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.yoarra.nl/eng/weitas.php","external_links_name":"\"Scoubidou Macramé knot, Knotting with Scoubidou strands\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR7vG0zR0WU","external_links_name":"\"Super Cobra Stitch\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/HR7vG0zR0WU","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.boondoggleman.com/prj_chinese_staircase.htm","external_links_name":"\"How do you do the Chinese Staircase stitch?\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hh6vThlt2Fk","external_links_name":"\"Butterfly Stitch\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Hh6vThlt2Fk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://scoubi-doggle.flaresoftware.com/learn.html","external_links_name":"\"Learn Scoubi-Doggle: learn to create the greatest styles ever!\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Samoa
|
Cabinet of Samoa
|
["1 XVII Cabinet","2 XVI Cabinet","3 XV Cabinet","4 XIV Cabinet","5 XIII Cabinet","6 References"]
|
Executive branch of Samoan government
Politics of Samoa
Constitution
Executive
O le Ao o le Malo (head of state)
Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
Council of Deputies
Prime Minister
Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
Deputy Prime Minister
Tuala Iosefo Ponifasio
Cabinet
Ministries
Legislative
Legislative Assembly
Speaker: Papali’i Li’o Taeu Masipau
Members
Judiciary
Court of Appeal of Samoa
Supreme Court
Chief Justice: Satiu Simativa Perese
Elections
Recent elections
General: 201120162021Next
Political parties
Administrative divisions
Divisions
Foreign relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Minister: Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
Diplomatic missions of / in Samoa
Nationality law
Passport
Visa requirements
Visa policy
Other countries
vte
The Cabinet is the executive branch of the government of the Independent State of Samoa.
Per article 31(1) of the Constitution, executive power is vested in the Head of State. Per article 26(1), however, "the Head of State in the performance of his functions shall act on the advice of Cabinet, the Prime Minister or the appropriate Minister, as the case may be". Article 32(1) provides that the Cabinet "shall have the general direction and control of the executive government" of Samoa.
The Cabinet is composed, per article 32(2), of the Prime Minister and "not fewer than eight nor more than twelve other Members of Parliament", appointed by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister.
XVII Cabinet
This Cabinet was appointed by Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa during the 2021 Samoan constitutional crisis following the April 2021 Samoan general election. The previous cabinet purported to continue in a caretaker role. On 23 July 2021 the Court of Appeal ruled that the swearing-in ceremony was constitutional and binding, and that FAST had been the government since 24 May.
Toeolesulusulu Cedric Schuster resigned on 3 June 2021 after being arrested for drink-driving. He returned to Cabinet on 20 October 2021, with the addition of the Tourism portfolio.
A cabinet reshuffle in September 2023 moved Mulipola Anarosa Ale Molioo to the Women, Community and Social Development portfolio. She was replaced as Minister of Finance by Lautimuia Uelese Vaʻai. Leota Laki Lamositele became Minister of Commerce, Industry of Labour, with Leatinuu Wayne So'oialo retaining only the public enterprises portfolio. Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell entered Cabinet as Minister for Sports & Recreation.
Portfolio
Minister
Constituency
Party
Prime Minister
Prime Minister and Cabinet
Foreign Affairs and Trade
Tourism
Samoa Public Commission
Fiamē Naomi Mata‘afa
Lotofaga
FAST
Deputy Prime Minister
Customs and Revenue
Tuala Iosefo Ponifasio
Gagaemauga No. 1
FAST
Agriculture and Fisheries
La'auli Leuatea Polataivao
Gagaifomauga No. 3
FAST
Works, Transport and Infrastructure
Olo Fiti Vaai
Salega No. 2
FAST
Public Enterprises
Faumuina Asi Pauli Wayne Fong
Faleata No. 2
FAST
Women, Community and Social Development
Mulipola Anarosa Ale Molioo
Palauli No. 1
FAST
Justice and Courts Administration
Matamua Vasati Pulufana
Faasaleleaga No. 1
FAST
Police and Prisons
Lefau Harry Schuster
Vaimauga No. 4
FAST
Natural Resources and Environment
Toeolesulusulu Cedric Schuster
Aana Alofi No. 4
FAST
Health
Valasi Toogamaga Tafito
Vaisigano No. 2
FAST
Education and Culture
Seuula Ioane
Alataua Sisifo
FAST
Communications and Information Technology
Toelupe Poumulinuku Onesemo
Falealili No. 1
FAST
Commerce, Industry and Labour
Leota Laki Lamositele
Palauli No. 2
FAST
Finance
Lautimuia Uelese Vaʻai
Vaimauga 3
FAST
Sports & Recreation
Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell
Safata No. 2
FAST
XVI Cabinet
This cabinet resulted from the March 2016 general election.
A cabinet reshuffle in April 2019 made the following ministerial changes:
Dr Tuitama Talalelei Tuitama moves from the Minister of Health to the Minister for Women, Community and Social Development
Hon Faimalotoa Kika Stowers moves from the Minister for Women, Community and Social Development to the Minister of Health
Portfolio
Minister
Constituency
Party
Prime Minister
Prime Minister and Cabinet
Foreign Affairs and Trade
Police
Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi
Lepa
HRPP
Deputy Prime Minister
Natural Resources and Environment
Fiamē Naomi Mata‘afa
Lotofaga
HRPP
Commerce, Industry and Labour
Public Enterprises
Lautafi Fio Selafi Purcell
Satupaitea
HRPP
Tourism
Sala Fata Pinati
Gagaemauga No.1
HRPP
Women, Community and Social Development
Tuitama Talalelei Tuitama
Aana Alofi No.1 East
HRPP
Works, Transport and Infrastructure
Papaliitele Niko Lee Hang
Urban East
HRPP
Agriculture and Fisheries
Lopao'o Natanielu Mua
Vaisigano No.1
HRPP
Finance
Sili Epa Tuioti
Faasaleleaga No.1 East
HRPP
Health
Faimalotoa Kika Stowers
Gagaifomauga No.1
HRPP
Revenue
Tialavea Tionisio Hunt
Vaa o Fonoti
HRPP
Communications and Information Technology
Afamasaga Rico Tupai
Aana Alofi No.3
HRPP
Education, Sports and Culture
Loau Solamalemalo Keneti Sio
Sagaga le Falefa
HRPP
Justice and Courts Administration
Faaolesa Katopau Ainuu
Vaimauga Sisifo No.2
HRPP
XV Cabinet
As of March 2011. This Cabinet results from the March 2011 general election, which saw the Human Rights Protection Party retain an absolute majority of seats in Parliament. Its term corresponds to that of the Fifteenth Parliament. The minister's matai title precedes his or her name.
In April 2014, Finance Minister Faumuina Tiatia Liuga resigned, after some twenty years in Cabinet, following "allegations of abuse in the performance of his ministerial duties". Prime Minister Malielegaoi took over the Finance portfolio himself.
Portfolio
Minister
Constituency
Party
Prime Minister
Foreign Affairs
Commerce
Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi
Lepa
HRPP
Deputy Prime Minister
Industry and Labour
Fonotoe Pierre Lauofo
Anoama'a West
HRPP
Women
Community and Social Development
Tolofuaivalelei Falemoe Leiʻataua
A'ana Alofi No. 2
HRPP
Police and Prisons
Sala Fata Pinati
Gagaemauga No. 1
HRPP
Public Works, Transportand Infrastructure
Manu'alesagalala Enokati Posala
Safata
HRPP
Natural resources and Environment
Faamoetauloa Ulaitino Faale Tumaalii
Gagaemauga No. 3
HRPP
Revenue
Tuiloma Pule Lameko
Falealili
HRPP
Health
Tuitama Talalelei Tuitama
A'ana Alofi No. 1
HRPP
Communication, Informationand Technology
Tuisugaletaua Sofara Aveau
Vaimauga East
HRPP
Education
Sports
Culture
Magele Mauiliu Magele
Fa'asalele'aga No. 1
HRPP
Justice
Courts administration
Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
Lotofaga
HRPP
Agriculture
Fisheries
Le Mamea Ropati
Lefaga & Falese'ela
HRPP
Finance
Faumuina Tiatia Liuga
Palauli-Le-Falefa
HRPP
XIV Cabinet
This Cabinet resulted from the 2006 Samoan general election.
Portfolio
Minister
Constituency
Party
Prime Minister
Foreign Affairs
Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi
Lepa
HRPP
Deputy Prime Minister
Trade, Commerce, Industry and Labour
Misa Telefoni Retzlaff
Falelatai & Samatau
HRPP
Finance
Niko Lee Hang
Individual Voters
HRPP
Health
Gatoloaifaana Amataga Alesana-Gidlow
Fa'asaleleaga No. 1
HRPP
Agriculture
Taua Kitiona Seuala
Aleipata-Itupa-I-luga
HRPP
Justice
Unasa Mesi Galo
Fa'asalele'aga No. 3
HRPP
Police and Prisons
Leaupepe Toleafoa Faafisi
Aana Alofi No. 1 West
HRPP
Women and Youth Affairs
Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
Lotofaga
HRPP
Communication, Informationand Technology
Mulitalo Siafausa Vui
Fa'asaleleaga No. 4
HRPP
Education
Toomata Alapati Poese
Salega
HRPP
Public Works
Tuisugaletaua Sofara Aveau
Vaimauga East
HRPP
Lands and Environment
Faumuina Tiatia Liuga
Palauli-Le-Falefa
HRPP
Revenue
Tuu'u Anasi'i Leota
Si'umu
HRPP
XIII Cabinet
This Cabinet resulted from the 2001 Samoan general election.
Tuu'u Anasi'i Leota was appointed Minister of Revenue and Ga'ina Tino was moved to Minister of Justice following the death of Seumanu Aita Ah Wa in January 2004.
Portfolio
Minister
Constituency
Party
Prime Minister
Foreign Affairs
Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi
Lepa
HRPP
Deputy Prime Minister
Finance
Misa Telefoni Retzlaff
Falelatai & Samatau
HRPP
Education
Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa
Lotofaga
HRPP
Tourism, Trade, Commerce, Industry and Labour
Hans Joachim Keil III
Individual Voters
HRPP
Lands and Environment
Tuala Tagaloa Sale Kerslake
Anoamaa West
HRPP
Health
Mulitalo Siafausa Vui
Fa'asaleleaga No. 4
HRPP
Transport
Palusalue Faʻapo II
Safata
HRPP
Women
Tuala Ainiu Iusitino
Gaga'emauga No. 1
HRPP
Public Works
Faumuina Tiatia Liuga
Palauli-Le-Falefa
HRPP
Agriculture
Tuisugaletaua Sofara Aveau
Vaimauga East
HRPP
Sports, Youth and Culture
Ulu Vaomalo Kini
Faleata West
HRPP
Justice
Seumanu Aita Ah Wa
Fa'asalele'aga No. 1
HRPP
Legislative Department & Audit (Revenue)
Ga'ina Tino
Gaga'ifomauga No. 1
HRPP
References
^ Constitution of Samoa Archived 2007-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
^ Marieta H Ilalio (25 May 2021). "Fiame Sworn in as Prime Minister under Marquees on Parliament Grounds". Samoa Global News. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ Sapeer Mayron (24 May 2021). "Samoa election turmoil: Samoa's caretaker PM Tuilaepa gives blistering speech as FAST Party's Fiame Naomi Mata'afa sworn in as new PM". Stuff. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
^ "Samoa incumbent leader rejects first female Prime Minister's swearing in as 'treason'". RNZ. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
^ Lanuola Tusani Tupufia - Ah Tong (23 July 2021). "F.A.S.T. declared new Government as appeal upheld". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
^ Joyetter Feagaimaali'i (3 June 2021). "Cabinet Minister-elect Toesulusulu resigns". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ Talaia Mika (20 October 2021). "New Clerk of Parliament and Cabinet Minister sworn in". Talamua. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
^ "Samoa Prime Minister Announces Cabinet Reshuffle: New Finance Minister and Two Additional Ministers". Samoa Global News. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
^ "Cabinet Ministers Swap Portfolios in a Reshuffle Announced by the PM". Samoa Global News. 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
^ "Members of the XVI Parliament". Parliament of Samoa. Archived from the original on 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
^ "Cabinet Ministers". Parliament of Samoa. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
^ "Samoa: Composition du gouvernement", French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
^ "MPS - 2011 to 2016" Archived March 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Office Of The Electoral Commissioner
^ "Samoa's PM new head of Finance Ministry", Radio New Zealand International, 26 April 2014
^ "Samoa Finance Minister resignation expected to mend party rift", Radio New Zealand International, 22 April 2014
^ "Five new faces in new Samoa cabinet". RNZ. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ "Misa becomes new Minister of Finance". Samoa Observer. 20 March 2001. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ "SAMOA'S TUILAEPA SAYS HE'S SAD TO SEE TUIATUA STEP DOWN". Pacific Islands Report. 26 March 2001. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ "Samoa cabinet swears in new minister". RNZ. 20 February 2004. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
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vteNational cabinets of OceaniaSovereign states
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_branch"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Independent State of Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Head of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Samoa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Cabinet is the executive branch of the government of the Independent State of Samoa.Per article 31(1) of the Constitution, executive power is vested in the Head of State. Per article 26(1), however, \"the Head of State in the performance of his functions shall act on the advice of Cabinet, the Prime Minister or the appropriate Minister, as the case may be\". Article 32(1) provides that the Cabinet \"shall have the general direction and control of the executive government\" of Samoa.The Cabinet is composed, per article 32(2), of the Prime Minister and \"not fewer than eight nor more than twelve other Members of Parliament\", appointed by the Head of State on the advice of the Prime Minister.[1]","title":"Cabinet of Samoa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa"},{"link_name":"2021 Samoan constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Samoan_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"April 2021 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2021_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOResolved-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mulipola Anarosa Ale Molioo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulipola_Anarosa_Ale_Molioo"},{"link_name":"Lautimuia Uelese Vaʻai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautimuia_Uelese_Va%CA%BBai"},{"link_name":"Leota Laki Lamositele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leota_Laki_Lamositele"},{"link_name":"Leatinuu Wayne So'oialo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faumuina_Asi_Pauli_Wayne_Fong"},{"link_name":"Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laumatiamanu_Ringo_Purcell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This Cabinet was appointed by Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa during the 2021 Samoan constitutional crisis following the April 2021 Samoan general election.[2] The previous cabinet purported to continue in a caretaker role.[3][4] On 23 July 2021 the Court of Appeal ruled that the swearing-in ceremony was constitutional and binding, and that FAST had been the government since 24 May.[5]Toeolesulusulu Cedric Schuster resigned on 3 June 2021 after being arrested for drink-driving.[6] He returned to Cabinet on 20 October 2021, with the addition of the Tourism portfolio.[7]A cabinet reshuffle in September 2023 moved Mulipola Anarosa Ale Molioo to the Women, Community and Social Development portfolio. She was replaced as Minister of Finance by Lautimuia Uelese Vaʻai. Leota Laki Lamositele became Minister of Commerce, Industry of Labour, with Leatinuu Wayne So'oialo retaining only the public enterprises portfolio. Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell entered Cabinet as Minister for Sports & Recreation.[8]","title":"XVII Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 2016 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"This cabinet resulted from the March 2016 general election.A cabinet reshuffle in April 2019 made the following ministerial changes:[9]Dr Tuitama Talalelei Tuitama moves from the Minister of Health to the Minister for Women, Community and Social Development\nHon Faimalotoa Kika Stowers moves from the Minister for Women, Community and Social Development to the Minister of Health[10][11]","title":"XVI Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 2011 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Protection Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Samoan_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"matai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27amatai"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Faumuina Tiatia Liuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faumuina_Tiatia_Liuga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"As of March 2011. This Cabinet results from the March 2011 general election, which saw the Human Rights Protection Party retain an absolute majority of seats in Parliament. Its term corresponds to that of the Fifteenth Parliament.[12] The minister's matai title precedes his or her name.[13]In April 2014, Finance Minister Faumuina Tiatia Liuga resigned, after some twenty years in Cabinet, following \"allegations of abuse in the performance of his ministerial duties\". Prime Minister Malielegaoi took over the Finance portfolio himself.[14][15]","title":"XV Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"This Cabinet resulted from the 2006 Samoan general election.[16]","title":"XIV Cabinet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 Samoan general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Samoan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tuu'u Anasi'i Leota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuu%27u_Anasi%27i_Leota"},{"link_name":"Ga'ina Tino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%27ina_Tino"},{"link_name":"Seumanu Aita Ah Wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumanu_Aita_Ah_Wa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"This Cabinet resulted from the 2001 Samoan general election.[17][18]Tuu'u Anasi'i Leota was appointed Minister of Revenue and Ga'ina Tino was moved to Minister of Justice following the death of Seumanu Aita Ah Wa in January 2004.[19]","title":"XIII Cabinet"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Marieta H Ilalio (25 May 2021). \"Fiame Sworn in as Prime Minister under Marquees on Parliament Grounds\". Samoa Global News. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://samoaglobalnews.com/fiame-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-under-marquees-on-parliament-grounds1/","url_text":"\"Fiame Sworn in as Prime Minister under Marquees on Parliament Grounds\""}]},{"reference":"Sapeer Mayron (24 May 2021). \"Samoa election turmoil: Samoa's caretaker PM Tuilaepa gives blistering speech as FAST Party's Fiame Naomi Mata'afa sworn in as new PM\". Stuff. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/125225024/samoa-election-turmoil-samoas-caretaker-pm-tuilaepa-gives-blistering-speech-as-fast-partys-fiame-naomi-mataafa-sworn-in-as-new-pm","url_text":"\"Samoa election turmoil: Samoa's caretaker PM Tuilaepa gives blistering speech as FAST Party's Fiame Naomi Mata'afa sworn in as new PM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samoa incumbent leader rejects first female Prime Minister's swearing in as 'treason'\". RNZ. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/443274/samoa-incumbent-leader-rejects-first-female-prime-minister-s-swearing-in-as-treason","url_text":"\"Samoa incumbent leader rejects first female Prime Minister's swearing in as 'treason'\""}]},{"reference":"Lanuola Tusani Tupufia - Ah Tong (23 July 2021). \"F.A.S.T. declared new Government as appeal upheld\". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/87898","url_text":"\"F.A.S.T. declared new Government as appeal upheld\""}]},{"reference":"Joyetter Feagaimaali'i (3 June 2021). \"Cabinet Minister-elect Toesulusulu resigns\". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 3 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/85138","url_text":"\"Cabinet Minister-elect Toesulusulu resigns\""}]},{"reference":"Talaia Mika (20 October 2021). \"New Clerk of Parliament and Cabinet Minister sworn in\". Talamua. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://talamua.com/2021/10/20/new-clerk-of-parliament-and-cabinet-minister-sworn-in/","url_text":"\"New Clerk of Parliament and Cabinet Minister sworn in\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samoa Prime Minister Announces Cabinet Reshuffle: New Finance Minister and Two Additional Ministers\". Samoa Global News. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://samoaglobalnews.com/samoa-prime-minister-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-new-finance-minister-and-two-additional-ministers/","url_text":"\"Samoa Prime Minister Announces Cabinet Reshuffle: New Finance Minister and Two Additional Ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cabinet Ministers Swap Portfolios in a Reshuffle Announced by the PM\". Samoa Global News. 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://samoaglobalnews.com/prime-minister-announced-reshuffle-of-cabinet-portfolios-swap-moh-mwcsd","url_text":"\"Cabinet Ministers Swap Portfolios in a Reshuffle Announced by the PM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa_Global_News&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Samoa Global News"}]},{"reference":"\"Members of the XVI Parliament\". Parliament of Samoa. Archived from the original on 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190818074624/http://www.palemene.ws/new/members-of-parliament/members-of-the-xvi-parliament/","url_text":"\"Members of the XVI Parliament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Samoa","url_text":"Parliament of Samoa"},{"url":"http://www.palemene.ws/new/members-of-parliament/members-of-the-xvi-parliament/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cabinet Ministers\". Parliament of Samoa. Retrieved 2019-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/directories/cabinet-ministers/","url_text":"\"Cabinet Ministers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Samoa","url_text":"Parliament of Samoa"}]},{"reference":"\"Five new faces in new Samoa cabinet\". RNZ. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/161651/five-new-faces-in-new-samoa-cabinet","url_text":"\"Five new faces in new Samoa cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Misa becomes new Minister of Finance\". Samoa Observer. 20 March 2001. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/19026","url_text":"\"Misa becomes new Minister of Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAMOA'S TUILAEPA SAYS HE'S SAD TO SEE TUIATUA STEP DOWN\". Pacific Islands Report. 26 March 2001. Retrieved 1 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2001/03/26/samoa%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s-tuilaepa-says-hes-sad-see-tuiatua-step-down","url_text":"\"SAMOA'S TUILAEPA SAYS HE'S SAD TO SEE TUIATUA STEP DOWN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samoa cabinet swears in new minister\". RNZ. 20 February 2004. Retrieved 29 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/147415/-samoa-cabinet-swears-in-new-minister","url_text":"\"Samoa cabinet swears in new minister\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/cotisows1960535/","external_links_name":"Constitution of Samoa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070708171858/http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/cotisows1960535/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://samoaglobalnews.com/fiame-sworn-in-as-prime-minister-under-marquees-on-parliament-grounds1/","external_links_name":"\"Fiame Sworn in as Prime Minister under Marquees on Parliament Grounds\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/125225024/samoa-election-turmoil-samoas-caretaker-pm-tuilaepa-gives-blistering-speech-as-fast-partys-fiame-naomi-mataafa-sworn-in-as-new-pm","external_links_name":"\"Samoa election turmoil: Samoa's caretaker PM Tuilaepa gives blistering speech as FAST Party's Fiame Naomi Mata'afa sworn in as new PM\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/443274/samoa-incumbent-leader-rejects-first-female-prime-minister-s-swearing-in-as-treason","external_links_name":"\"Samoa incumbent leader rejects first female Prime Minister's swearing in as 'treason'\""},{"Link":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/87898","external_links_name":"\"F.A.S.T. declared new Government as appeal upheld\""},{"Link":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/85138","external_links_name":"\"Cabinet Minister-elect Toesulusulu resigns\""},{"Link":"https://talamua.com/2021/10/20/new-clerk-of-parliament-and-cabinet-minister-sworn-in/","external_links_name":"\"New Clerk of Parliament and Cabinet Minister sworn in\""},{"Link":"https://samoaglobalnews.com/samoa-prime-minister-announces-cabinet-reshuffle-new-finance-minister-and-two-additional-ministers/","external_links_name":"\"Samoa Prime Minister Announces Cabinet Reshuffle: New Finance Minister and Two Additional Ministers\""},{"Link":"https://samoaglobalnews.com/prime-minister-announced-reshuffle-of-cabinet-portfolios-swap-moh-mwcsd","external_links_name":"\"Cabinet Ministers Swap Portfolios in a Reshuffle Announced by the PM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190818074624/http://www.palemene.ws/new/members-of-parliament/members-of-the-xvi-parliament/","external_links_name":"\"Members of the XVI Parliament\""},{"Link":"http://www.palemene.ws/new/members-of-parliament/members-of-the-xvi-parliament/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.samoagovt.ws/directories/cabinet-ministers/","external_links_name":"\"Cabinet Ministers\""},{"Link":"http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/samoa_583/presentation-samoa_13421/composition-du-gouvernement-du-samoa_3107.html","external_links_name":"\"Samoa: Composition du gouvernement\""},{"Link":"http://www.samoaelection.ws/newmps.cfm","external_links_name":"\"MPS - 2011 to 2016\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110309182822/http://www.samoaelection.ws/newmps.cfm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/242602/samoa's-pm-new-head-of-finance-ministry","external_links_name":"\"Samoa's PM new head of Finance Ministry\""},{"Link":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/242263/samoa-finance-minister-resignation-expected-to-mend-party-rift","external_links_name":"\"Samoa Finance Minister resignation expected to mend party rift\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/161651/five-new-faces-in-new-samoa-cabinet","external_links_name":"\"Five new faces in new Samoa cabinet\""},{"Link":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/samoa/19026","external_links_name":"\"Misa becomes new Minister of Finance\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2001/03/26/samoa%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s-tuilaepa-says-hes-sad-see-tuiatua-step-down","external_links_name":"\"SAMOA'S TUILAEPA SAYS HE'S SAD TO SEE TUIATUA STEP DOWN\""},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/147415/-samoa-cabinet-swears-in-new-minister","external_links_name":"\"Samoa cabinet swears in new minister\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Garden
|
Southwark Christchurch
|
["1 Toponymy","2 History","3 Geography","4 Maps","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 51°30′22″N 0°6′19″W / 51.50611°N 0.10528°W / 51.50611; -0.10528Historic parish in London
For the church, see Christ Church, Southwark.
ChristchurchParis GardenArea • 188177 acres (310,000 m2) • 192177 acres (310,000 m2)
Population • 188113,663 • 19218,296
History • OriginAncient manor • Abolished1930 • Succeeded bySouthwark
StatusLibertyCivil parish (1670–1930)GovernmentChristchurch Vestry (1670–1900)St Saviour's District Board of Works (1855–1900)Southwark Metropolitan Borough Council (1900–1930)Contained within • Ancient parishSt Margaret (until 1670) • HundredBrixton • CountySurrey (until 1889)London (1889–1930) • CountryEngland
Today part ofLondon Borough of Southwark
Christchurch was a civil parish in the metropolitan area of London, England. It was located south of the River Thames straddling either side of Blackfriars Road. It originated as the manor of Paris Garden in the parish of St Margaret, Southwark. The parish of St Margaret was replaced by St Saviour in 1541 and then in 1670 the area was split off as a parish in its own right when Christ Church was constructed. It was prone to flooding and was not heavily built upon until after 1809. In 1855 the parish was included in the metropolitan area of London where local government was reformed. The parish was united with St Saviour to form part of the St Saviour's District. When the district was abolished in 1900 the parish became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1930. The area now forms the northwestern part of the London Borough of Southwark.
Toponymy
The area is recorded as Wideflete in 1113. In 1420 the name "Parish Garden" was used.
The street called Paris Garden is the result of a renaming of Brunswick Street in the early 20th century.
History
The manor of Paris Garden was located adjacent to the ancient borough of Southwark, in the Brixton Hundred of the county of Surrey. It formed part of the ancient parish of St Margaret and despite being outside the borough of Southwark was generally considered to form part of "Southwark". The area enjoyed special privilege as a liberty, which helped contribute to the poor reputation of the area. It was possible to avoid arrest within the liberty. In 1541 the parish of St Margaret became the new parish of St Saviour. William Baseley was granted a 21 year lease of the manor in 1542. In 1547 he was licensed to organise bowls, dice and other legally forbidden recreations. Paris Garden became infamous for bear and bull baiting throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. When the City of London extended its authority south of Thames in 1550 the liberties of the Clink and Paris Garden were not part of the new jurisdiction of the ward of Bridge Without. Christ Church was constructed and the area was split off in 1670 as a new parish called Christchurch. The parish was included in the returns of the Bills of mortality from 1671, having previously been included in the returns for St Saviour.
When the Metropolitan Police was established in 1829 the parish was included in the initial Metropolitan Police District. In the 1831 United Kingdom census the parish is listed as being part of Southwark. Following the Reform Act 1832 it was added to the Parliamentary Borough of Southwark. For the administration of the New Poor Law the parish was united with St Saviour as the St Saviour's Union in 1836. The parish was small and, although the population had almost doubled in the first half of the 19th century, it was considered too small to form an administrative unit when local government in the metropolitan area of London was reformed in 1855. The parish came within the new Metropolitan Board of Works area and was joined with the parish of St Saviour (including the Clink) to form the St Saviour's District. Christchurch Vestry nominated 15 members to sit on the Board of Works of the St Saviour's District. The district board in turn nominated one member to sit on the Metropolitan Board of Works.
The parish became part of the newly formed County of London in 1889 and the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council. In 1895 the Christchurch vestry petitioned the Corporation of London for inclusion (with the parish of St Saviour) within an expanded City of London. In 1897 the vestry of Christchurch joined with that of St John, St Olave and St Thomas to promote a bill in parliament to abolish the St Saviour's and the St Olave's districts and include their former areas within the City of London. The city corporation did not support the bill and it did not pass into law because of considerable opposition. In 1900 Christchurch became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. Southwark Metropolitan Borough Council replaced the Christchurch Vestry and the St Saviours District Board of Works. The Christchurch parish continued to be used for the election of poor law guardians until this practice ended in 1930.
Geography
The northern boundary was in the middle of the River Thames between Old Barge House Stairs and Falcon Dock. When Blackfriars Bridge opened in 1769 the entire bridge was included within the City of London. The rest of the boundary was formed by a looping stream. It was low lying and formed part of the floodplain of the Thames. The area was not heavily built upon until after 1809 when the Surrey and Kent Commissioners for Sewers obtained the legal powers necessary to construct sewers.
Civil parish of Southwark Christchurch 1801-1921
Year
1801
1811
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
1911
1921
Population
9,933
11,050
13,339
13,705
14,616
16,022
17,069
14,573
13,663
13,264
11,263
9,514
8,296
Maps
A map of Christchurch, Surrey
A map showing the Christchurch ward of Southwark Metropolitan Borough as it appeared in 1916
References
^ "Paris Garden and Street :: Survey of English Place-Names".
^ "A-Z Old to New Street names".
^ "BASELEY, William (By 1521-73/74), of Lambeth and Southwark, Surr. And Garsdon, Wilts. | History of Parliament Online".
^ "Southwark Christchurch CP/ParLib through time | Census tables with data for the Parish-level Unit". www.visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
^ Reginald H. Adams (1971). The Parish Clerks of London. Phillimore.
^ "The borough of Southwark: Introduction | British History Online".
^ Bowers, R. W. (1905). Sketches of Southwark Old and New. United Kingdom: W. Wesley and Son.
^ "Paris Garden Manor | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
vteHistory of the formation of the London Borough of SouthwarkMetropolitan boroughs
Bermondsey
Camberwell
Southwark
District boards
St Saviour's
St Olave
Parishes
Bermondsey
Camberwell
Newington
Rotherhithe
Southwark Christchurch
Southwark St George the Martyr
Southwark St John Horsleydown
Southwark St Mary Overie
Southwark St Margaret
Southwark St Olave
Southwark St Saviour
Southwark St Thomas
Liberties
Clink
Mint
Paris Garden
51°30′22″N 0°6′19″W / 51.50611°N 0.10528°W / 51.50611; -0.10528
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christ Church, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Road"},{"link_name":"St Margaret, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_St_Margaret"},{"link_name":"St Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_St_Saviour"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"St Saviour's District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Saviour%27s_District_(Metropolis)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark"}],"text":"Historic parish in LondonFor the church, see Christ Church, Southwark.Christchurch was a civil parish in the metropolitan area of London, England. It was located south of the River Thames straddling either side of Blackfriars Road. It originated as the manor of Paris Garden in the parish of St Margaret, Southwark. The parish of St Margaret was replaced by St Saviour in 1541 and then in 1670 the area was split off as a parish in its own right when Christ Church was constructed. It was prone to flooding and was not heavily built upon until after 1809. In 1855 the parish was included in the metropolitan area of London where local government was reformed. The parish was united with St Saviour to form part of the St Saviour's District. When the district was abolished in 1900 the parish became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1930. The area now forms the northwestern part of the London Borough of Southwark.","title":"Southwark Christchurch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The area is recorded as Wideflete in 1113.[1] In 1420 the name \"Parish Garden\" was used.The street called Paris Garden is the result of a renaming of Brunswick Street in the early 20th century.[2]","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brixton Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Brixton"},{"link_name":"St Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_St_Margaret"},{"link_name":"St Saviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_St_Saviour"},{"link_name":"William Baseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baseley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear-baiting"},{"link_name":"bull baiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_baiting"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vision-4"},{"link_name":"Bills of mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills_of_mortality"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_District"},{"link_name":"1831 United Kingdom census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1831_United_Kingdom_census&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Borough of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New Poor Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Poor_Law"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Board of Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works"},{"link_name":"St Saviour's District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Saviour%27s_District_(Metropolis)"},{"link_name":"County of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_London"},{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Corporation of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_of_London"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Olave's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Olave_District_(Metropolis)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Southwark"}],"text":"The manor of Paris Garden was located adjacent to the ancient borough of Southwark, in the Brixton Hundred of the county of Surrey. It formed part of the ancient parish of St Margaret and despite being outside the borough of Southwark was generally considered to form part of \"Southwark\". The area enjoyed special privilege as a liberty, which helped contribute to the poor reputation of the area. It was possible to avoid arrest within the liberty. In 1541 the parish of St Margaret became the new parish of St Saviour. William Baseley was granted a 21 year lease of the manor in 1542.[3] In 1547 he was licensed to organise bowls, dice and other legally forbidden recreations. Paris Garden became infamous for bear and bull baiting throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. When the City of London extended its authority south of Thames in 1550 the liberties of the Clink and Paris Garden were not part of the new jurisdiction of the ward of Bridge Without. Christ Church was constructed and the area was split off in 1670 as a new parish called Christchurch.[4] The parish was included in the returns of the Bills of mortality from 1671, having previously been included in the returns for St Saviour.[5]When the Metropolitan Police was established in 1829 the parish was included in the initial Metropolitan Police District. In the 1831 United Kingdom census the parish is listed as being part of Southwark. Following the Reform Act 1832 it was added to the Parliamentary Borough of Southwark.[6] For the administration of the New Poor Law the parish was united with St Saviour as the St Saviour's Union in 1836. The parish was small and, although the population had almost doubled in the first half of the 19th century, it was considered too small to form an administrative unit when local government in the metropolitan area of London was reformed in 1855. The parish came within the new Metropolitan Board of Works area and was joined with the parish of St Saviour (including the Clink) to form the St Saviour's District. Christchurch Vestry nominated 15 members to sit on the Board of Works of the St Saviour's District. The district board in turn nominated one member to sit on the Metropolitan Board of Works.The parish became part of the newly formed County of London in 1889 and the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council. In 1895 the Christchurch vestry petitioned the Corporation of London for inclusion (with the parish of St Saviour) within an expanded City of London. In 1897 the vestry of Christchurch joined with that of St John, St Olave and St Thomas to promote a bill in parliament to abolish the St Saviour's and the St Olave's districts and include their former areas within the City of London. The city corporation did not support the bill and it did not pass into law because of considerable opposition.[7] In 1900 Christchurch became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark. Southwark Metropolitan Borough Council replaced the Christchurch Vestry and the St Saviours District Board of Works. The Christchurch parish continued to be used for the election of poor law guardians until this practice ended in 1930.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Surrey and Kent Commissioners for Sewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrey_and_Kent_Commissioners_for_Sewers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The northern boundary was in the middle of the River Thames between Old Barge House Stairs and Falcon Dock. When Blackfriars Bridge opened in 1769 the entire bridge was included within the City of London. The rest of the boundary was formed by a looping stream.[8] It was low lying and formed part of the floodplain of the Thames. The area was not heavily built upon until after 1809 when the Surrey and Kent Commissioners for Sewers obtained the legal powers necessary to construct sewers.Civil parish of Southwark Christchurch 1801-1921","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parish_of_Christchurch,_Surrey._Wellcome_L0009762.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southwark_Met._B_Ward_Map_1916.svg"}],"text":"A map of Christchurch, Surrey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA map showing the Christchurch ward of Southwark Metropolitan Borough as it appeared in 1916","title":"Maps"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Paris Garden and Street :: Survey of English Place-Names\".","urls":[{"url":"https://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/browse/Surrey/Southwark/53287105b47fc40c23000844","url_text":"\"Paris Garden and Street :: Survey of English Place-Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"A-Z Old to New Street names\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maps.thehunthouse.com/Streets/Old_to_New_Abolished_London_Street_Names.htm","url_text":"\"A-Z Old to New Street names\""}]},{"reference":"\"BASELEY, William (By 1521-73/74), of Lambeth and Southwark, Surr. And Garsdon, Wilts. | History of Parliament Online\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1509-1558/member/baseley-william-1521-7374","url_text":"\"BASELEY, William (By 1521-73/74), of Lambeth and Southwark, Surr. And Garsdon, Wilts. | History of Parliament Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southwark Christchurch CP/ParLib through time | Census tables with data for the Parish-level Unit\". www.visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10037827&c_id=10001043","url_text":"\"Southwark Christchurch CP/ParLib through time | Census tables with data for the Parish-level Unit\""}]},{"reference":"Reginald H. Adams (1971). The Parish Clerks of London. Phillimore.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The borough of Southwark: Introduction | British History Online\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol4/pp125-135","url_text":"\"The borough of Southwark: Introduction | British History Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris Garden Manor | British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol22/pp94-100","url_text":"\"Paris Garden Manor | British History Online\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southwark_Christchurch¶ms=51_30_22_N_0_6_19_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB-SWK","external_links_name":"51°30′22″N 0°6′19″W / 51.50611°N 0.10528°W / 51.50611; -0.10528"},{"Link":"https://epns.nottingham.ac.uk/browse/Surrey/Southwark/53287105b47fc40c23000844","external_links_name":"\"Paris Garden and Street :: Survey of English Place-Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.maps.thehunthouse.com/Streets/Old_to_New_Abolished_London_Street_Names.htm","external_links_name":"\"A-Z Old to New Street names\""},{"Link":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1509-1558/member/baseley-william-1521-7374","external_links_name":"\"BASELEY, William (By 1521-73/74), of Lambeth and Southwark, Surr. And Garsdon, Wilts. | History of Parliament Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10037827&c_id=10001043","external_links_name":"\"Southwark Christchurch CP/ParLib through time | Census tables with data for the Parish-level Unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/surrey/vol4/pp125-135","external_links_name":"\"The borough of Southwark: Introduction | British History Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol22/pp94-100","external_links_name":"\"Paris Garden Manor | British History Online\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southwark_Christchurch¶ms=51_30_22_N_0_6_19_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB-SWK","external_links_name":"51°30′22″N 0°6′19″W / 51.50611°N 0.10528°W / 51.50611; -0.10528"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hven
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Ven (Sweden)
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Representation in culture","4 Golf course","5 Sights","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°54′21″N 12°41′42″E / 55.90583°N 12.69500°E / 55.90583; 12.69500Island in the Öresund strait
VenVenVen seen from the eastGeographyLocationÖresund straitCoordinates55°54′28″N 12°41′48″E / 55.90778°N 12.69667°E / 55.90778; 12.69667Area7.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi)AdministrationSwedenDemographicsPopulation371
Ven (older Swedish spelling Hven), is a Swedish island in the Öresund strait laying between Skåne, Sweden and Zealand, Denmark. A part of Landskrona Municipality, Skåne County, the island has an area of 7.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi) and 371 inhabitants as of 2020. During the 1930s, the population was at its peak, with approximately 1,300 inhabitants. There are four villages on the island: Bäckviken, Tuna By, Norreborg and Kyrkbacken. The island is best known as the location of Danish Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe's observatories Uraniborg and Stjerneborg.
Geography
Typical landscape on Ven
The island is a single plateau that rises up to 45 meters above sea level. This highest point is located in the middle of the island, where the remains of Tycho Brahe's castle and observatory are now located. The landscape is fertile thanks to the soil and the mild climate for Nordic conditions. The soil is moraine clay and therefore well suited for agriculture. It is one of the northernmost places in Europe where it is possible to grow durum wheat (Triticum durum), which is used to make pasta.
Unlike the relatively flat islands Amager and Saltholm, Ven rises from the Öresund with steep and dramatic coastlines. This makes the island easily visible from both Zealand and Scania, as well as from all ships that sail in and out of the Baltic Sea. Its southern coastline resembles the White Cliffs of Dover, Møns Klint and Cape Arkona, but owing to a higher degree of sand and lower of chalk, the 50-metre-high (160-foot) cliffs are more yellow than white.
Along the entire coast, the island drops steeply towards the sea where the Öresund meets a rocky beach. This steep coast is called Backafall. Ven's backafall is a nature reserve established in 1990. There are no large forests, but smaller stands of trees occur closest to the coast the slightly higher altitude, the climate on the island in general is similar to that of the lower terrain coastal areas around Öresund.
The island has three smaller fishing ports: Bäckviken (where small ferries depart to Landskrona), Norreborg and Kyrkbacken. The last is located on the south-western coast just beneath the old church Sankt Ibb. This coast is known as Backafall.
History
Map of Ven from the Blaeu Atlas of 1663, based on maps drawn by Tycho Brahe the previous century. Uraniborg is visible close to the centre.The island was historically under Danish rule. Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) built two observatories there, Uraniborg and Stjerneborg, during 1576–1596. The observatories were built by the inhabitants of the island with Tycho Brahe as their Lord.
The Swedish took over control in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658. The transfer to Sweden was confirmed in 1660 by the Treaty of Copenhagen. The 350th anniversary of this transfer was commemorated on the island in 2010.
Two churches are located on this island. The older one, St Ibb's Church, is located at the top of a hill in the churchyard close to the west coast of the island, overlooking the Danish town of Rungsted. It was built in the 13th century and is a popular church for weddings. The younger church, which has been converted into a museum, is located in the middle of the island, near Uraniborg, one of the two observatories built by the astronomer Tycho Brahe. The asteroid 379 Huenna, which orbits halfway between Mars and Jupiter, is named for Ven.
Ven has ferries to Landskrona, and, in the summer only, to Helsingborg and Copenhagen. The ferries dock at Bäckviken. The island is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. It is sometimes called "The pearl of Öresund". As the earth is rich in till, it is good for agriculture. Durum wheat and grapes are grown there.
Representation in culture
Backafall on Ven is named in Gabriel Jönsson's poem Vid vakten. He also wrote the song "Flicka från Backafall" ("Girl from Backafall").
Golf course
The island is home to the St Ibb Golf Club, founded in 1972 by Gösta Carlsson, who also operated nearby Barsebäck G&CC. The nine-hole par-68 course hosted the St Ibb Open, a professional tournament on the Swedish Golf Tour 2000–2010.
Sights
The dramatic southern coast. The yellowish rather than white colour of the cliffs indicates more sand than chalk.
Backafall, the south-west coast of Ven
One of the fields of Ven
St Ibb's Church
The New Church of Ven, currently a museum
See also
List of islands of Sweden
References
^ "Min Karta". minkarta.lantmateriet.se. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
^ "Vens backafall". www.lansstyrelsen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-03-16.
^ Christianson, John Robert (2000). On Tycho's Island. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052165081X.
^ "Jubileum på Ven 2010" (Press release). Landskrona Stad (town of Landskrona). 2010-04-09.
^ Peebles, Curtis (2016), Asteroids: a History, Smithsonian, p. 159, ISBN 9781944466046.
^ "St Ibbs GK - En bortglömd pärla" (in Swedish). Svensk Golf #10/1986. p. 61. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^ "2000 Telia Tour". Svensk Golf #5/2000. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
External links
Media related to Ven (Oresund) at Wikimedia Commons
55°54′21″N 12°41′42″E / 55.90583°N 12.69500°E / 55.90583; 12.69500
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Sweden
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Öresund strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund"},{"link_name":"Skåne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Landskrona Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Skåne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Tycho Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe"},{"link_name":"observatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"Uraniborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniborg"},{"link_name":"Stjerneborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerneborg"}],"text":"Island in the Öresund straitVen (older Swedish spelling Hven), is a Swedish island in the Öresund strait laying between Skåne, Sweden and Zealand, Denmark. A part of Landskrona Municipality, Skåne County, the island has an area of 7.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi) and 371 inhabitants as of 2020. During the 1930s, the population was at its peak, with approximately 1,300 inhabitants. There are four villages on the island: Bäckviken, Tuna By, Norreborg and Kyrkbacken. The island is best known as the location of Danish Renaissance astronomer Tycho Brahe's observatories Uraniborg and Stjerneborg.","title":"Ven (Sweden)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ven_(19594630129).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amager"},{"link_name":"Saltholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltholm"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"White Cliffs of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cliffs_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Møns Klint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8ns_Klint"},{"link_name":"Cape Arkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arkona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Landskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona"}],"text":"Typical landscape on VenThe island is a single plateau that rises up to 45 meters above sea level.[1] This highest point is located in the middle of the island, where the remains of Tycho Brahe's castle and observatory are now located. The landscape is fertile thanks to the soil and the mild climate for Nordic conditions. The soil is moraine clay and therefore well suited for agriculture. It is one of the northernmost places in Europe where it is possible to grow durum wheat (Triticum durum), which is used to make pasta.Unlike the relatively flat islands Amager and Saltholm, Ven rises from the Öresund with steep and dramatic coastlines. This makes the island easily visible from both Zealand and Scania, as well as from all ships that sail in and out of the Baltic Sea. Its southern coastline resembles the White Cliffs of Dover, Møns Klint and Cape Arkona, but owing to a higher degree of sand and lower of chalk, the 50-metre-high (160-foot) cliffs are more yellow than white.Along the entire coast, the island drops steeply towards the sea where the Öresund meets a rocky beach. This steep coast is called Backafall. Ven's backafall is a nature reserve established in 1990.[2] There are no large forests, but smaller stands of trees occur closest to the coast the slightly higher altitude, the climate on the island in general is similar to that of the lower terrain coastal areas around Öresund.The island has three smaller fishing ports: Bäckviken (where small ferries depart to Landskrona), Norreborg and Kyrkbacken. The last is located on the south-western coast just beneath the old church Sankt Ibb. This coast is known as Backafall.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Hven_from_copper_etching_of_Blaeu_Atlas_1663.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blaeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blaeu"},{"link_name":"Tycho Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe"},{"link_name":"Uraniborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniborg"},{"link_name":"Tycho Brahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe"},{"link_name":"observatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory"},{"link_name":"Uraniborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniborg"},{"link_name":"Stjerneborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerneborg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Roskilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Copenhagen_(1660)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rungsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungsted"},{"link_name":"Uraniborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniborg"},{"link_name":"379 Huenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/379_Huenna"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peebles2016-5"},{"link_name":"Landskrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona"},{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingborg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"till","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till"},{"link_name":"Durum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durum"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapes"}],"text":"Map of Ven from the Blaeu Atlas of 1663, based on maps drawn by Tycho Brahe the previous century. Uraniborg is visible close to the centre.The island was historically under Danish rule. Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) built two observatories there, Uraniborg and Stjerneborg, during 1576–1596. The observatories were built by the inhabitants of the island with Tycho Brahe as their Lord.[3]The Swedish took over control in 1658, as the rest of Scania was ceded to Sweden by the Treaty of Roskilde. The island was not specifically mentioned in the treaty, and according to the Danes it was not part of Scania, but part of Zealand and therefore still under Danish rule. The Swedes did not agree with that interpretation, and sent troops to occupy the island on 6 May 1658. The transfer to Sweden was confirmed in 1660 by the Treaty of Copenhagen. The 350th anniversary of this transfer was commemorated on the island in 2010.[4]Two churches are located on this island. The older one, St Ibb's Church, is located at the top of a hill in the churchyard close to the west coast of the island, overlooking the Danish town of Rungsted. It was built in the 13th century and is a popular church for weddings. The younger church, which has been converted into a museum, is located in the middle of the island, near Uraniborg, one of the two observatories built by the astronomer Tycho Brahe. The asteroid 379 Huenna, which orbits halfway between Mars and Jupiter, is named for Ven.[5]Ven has ferries to Landskrona, and, in the summer only, to Helsingborg and Copenhagen. The ferries dock at Bäckviken. The island is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. It is sometimes called \"The pearl of Öresund\". As the earth is rich in till, it is good for agriculture. Durum wheat and grapes are grown there.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabriel Jönsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_J%C3%B6nsson"}],"text":"Backafall on Ven is named in Gabriel Jönsson's poem Vid vakten. He also wrote the song \"Flicka från Backafall\" (\"Girl from Backafall\").","title":"Representation in culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barsebäck G&CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barseb%C3%A4ck_Golf_%26_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Swedish Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Golf_Tour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The island is home to the St Ibb Golf Club, founded in 1972 by Gösta Carlsson, who also operated nearby Barsebäck G&CC.[6] The nine-hole par-68 course hosted the St Ibb Open, a professional tournament on the Swedish Golf Tour 2000–2010.[7]","title":"Golf course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_peak_of_Ven_(Hven)_island.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ven.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ven_Field.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Ibbs_church.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_New_Church_of_Ven.jpg"}],"text":"The dramatic southern coast. The yellowish rather than white colour of the cliffs indicates more sand than chalk.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBackafall, the south-west coast of Ven\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the fields of Ven\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSt Ibb's Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe New Church of Ven, currently a museum","title":"Sights"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Typical landscape on Ven","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ven_%2819594630129%29.jpg/220px-Ven_%2819594630129%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Ven from the Blaeu Atlas of 1663, based on maps drawn by Tycho Brahe the previous century. Uraniborg is visible close to the centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Map_of_Hven_from_copper_etching_of_Blaeu_Atlas_1663.jpg/250px-Map_of_Hven_from_copper_etching_of_Blaeu_Atlas_1663.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of islands of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sweden"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Min Karta\". minkarta.lantmateriet.se. Retrieved 2021-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://minkarta.lantmateriet.se/","url_text":"\"Min Karta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vens backafall\". www.lansstyrelsen.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/skane/besoksmal/naturreservat/landskrona/vens-backafall.html","url_text":"\"Vens backafall\""}]},{"reference":"Christianson, John Robert (2000). On Tycho's Island. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052165081X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ontychosislandty00chri","url_text":"On Tycho's Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052165081X","url_text":"052165081X"}]},{"reference":"\"Jubileum på Ven 2010\" [Ven Commemorative Celebration 2010] (Press release). Landskrona Stad (town of Landskrona). 2010-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/pressroom/landskrona_stad/pressrelease/view/jubileum-paa-ven-2010-393609","url_text":"\"Jubileum på Ven 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Peebles, Curtis (2016), Asteroids: a History, Smithsonian, p. 159, ISBN 9781944466046.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RbDkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159","url_text":"Asteroids: a History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781944466046","url_text":"9781944466046"}]},{"reference":"\"St Ibbs GK - En bortglömd pärla\" (in Swedish). Svensk Golf #10/1986. p. 61. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-magin.se/paper/xgszhmvb/paper/61#/paper/xgszhmvb/61","url_text":"\"St Ibbs GK - En bortglömd pärla\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Telia Tour\". Svensk Golf #5/2000. Retrieved 8 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-magin.se/paper/0dmn07d1/paper/248#/paper/0dmn07d1/248","url_text":"\"2000 Telia Tour\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearer_My_God_to_Thee_(Louvin_Brothers_album)
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Nearer My God to Thee (album)
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["1 Reissues","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
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1957 studio album by The Louvin BrothersNearer My God to TheeStudio album by The Louvin BrothersReleased1957GenreBluegrass gospelLabelCapitolProducerKen NelsonThe Louvin Brothers chronology
Tragic Songs of Life(1956)
Nearer My God to Thee(1957)
Ira and Charlie(1958)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Nearer My God to Thee is a bluegrass gospel album by American country music duo The Louvin Brothers, released in 1957.
It was the duo's first Gospel album for Capitol after the release of several Gospel singles from 1952-1955. All those single releases would later be collected on one album, The Family Who Prays.
Reissues
In 1992, all of the tracks from Nearer My God to Thee were included in the Close Harmony 8-CD box set issued by Bear Family Records.
In 2002, Nearer My God to Thee was reissued by King Records.
In 2007, Nearer My God to Thee was reissued by Capitol Nashville Records.
Track listing
"Are You Washed in the Blood?" (Mark Johnson, Traditional) – 2:25
"Nearer, My God, to Thee" (Lowell Mason, Traditional) – 2:49
"Wait a Little Longer, Please Jesus" (Hazel Houser, Smith) – 2:48
"I Can't Say No" (Ira Louvin, Charlie Louvin) – 2:37
"I Won't Have to Cross Jordan Alone" (C. E. Dunham, T. Ramsey) – 2:26
"There's No Excuse" (Louvin, Louvin) – 3:02
"This Little Light of Mine" (Traditional) – 2:32
"Praying" (Hazel Houser) – 2:43
"Thankful" (Louvin, Louvin) – 2:57
"Lord, I'm Coming Home" (Traditional) – 3:15
"Last Chance to Pray" (Louvin, Louvin) – 2:42
"I Steal Away and Pray" (Louvin, Louvin) – 2:28
Personnel
Charlie Louvin – vocals, guitar
Ira Louvin – vocals, mandolin
References
^ a b Allmusic review
^ Allmusic entry for Nearer My God to Thee Retrieved January 2010.
^ Wolfe, Charles K. (1996). In Close Harmony: The Story of the Louvin Brothers. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 91. ISBN 0-87805-892-3. satan is real louvin brothers.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bluegrass gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"The Louvin Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Louvin_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfe-3"},{"link_name":"The Family Who Prays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Who_Prays"}],"text":"Nearer My God to Thee is a bluegrass gospel album by American country music duo The Louvin Brothers, released in 1957.[2][3]It was the duo's first Gospel album for Capitol after the release of several Gospel singles from 1952-1955. All those single releases would later be collected on one album, The Family Who Prays.","title":"Nearer My God to Thee (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Close Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Harmony_(Louvin_Brothers_album)"},{"link_name":"Bear Family Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Family_Records"}],"text":"In 1992, all of the tracks from Nearer My God to Thee were included in the Close Harmony 8-CD box set issued by Bear Family Records.\nIn 2002, Nearer My God to Thee was reissued by King Records.\nIn 2007, Nearer My God to Thee was reissued by Capitol Nashville Records.","title":"Reissues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Are You Washed in the Blood?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Washed_in_the_Blood%3F"},{"link_name":"Nearer, My God, to Thee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearer,_My_God,_to_Thee"},{"link_name":"Lowell Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Mason"},{"link_name":"Ira Louvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Louvin"},{"link_name":"Charlie Louvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Louvin"},{"link_name":"This Little Light of Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine"}],"text":"\"Are You Washed in the Blood?\" (Mark Johnson, Traditional) – 2:25\n\"Nearer, My God, to Thee\" (Lowell Mason, Traditional) – 2:49\n\"Wait a Little Longer, Please Jesus\" (Hazel Houser, Smith) – 2:48\n\"I Can't Say No\" (Ira Louvin, Charlie Louvin) – 2:37\n\"I Won't Have to Cross Jordan Alone\" (C. E. Dunham, T. Ramsey) – 2:26\n\"There's No Excuse\" (Louvin, Louvin) – 3:02\n\"This Little Light of Mine\" (Traditional) – 2:32\n\"Praying\" (Hazel Houser) – 2:43\n\"Thankful\" (Louvin, Louvin) – 2:57\n\"Lord, I'm Coming Home\" (Traditional) – 3:15\n\"Last Chance to Pray\" (Louvin, Louvin) – 2:42\n\"I Steal Away and Pray\" (Louvin, Louvin) – 2:28","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Louvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Louvin"},{"link_name":"Ira Louvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Louvin"}],"text":"Charlie Louvin – vocals, guitar\nIra Louvin – vocals, mandolin","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Wolfe, Charles K. (1996). In Close Harmony: The Story of the Louvin Brothers. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 91. ISBN 0-87805-892-3. satan is real louvin brothers.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/incloseharmonyst00char","url_text":"In Close Harmony: The Story of the Louvin Brothers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/incloseharmonyst00char/page/91","url_text":"91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-892-3","url_text":"0-87805-892-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r93012","external_links_name":"Allmusic review"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r93012","external_links_name":"Allmusic entry for Nearer My God to Thee"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/incloseharmonyst00char","external_links_name":"In Close Harmony: The Story of the Louvin Brothers"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/incloseharmonyst00char/page/91","external_links_name":"91"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_arm
|
Arm
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["1 Structure","1.1 Bones","1.2 Muscles","1.3 Nerve supply","1.4 Blood supply","1.5 Veins","2 Society and culture","3 Clinical significance","4 Other animals","5 Additional images","6 See also","7 References"]
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Proximal part of the free upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
This article is about the upper part of the limb in humans and other animals. For the British semiconductor and software design company, see Arm Holdings. For other uses, see Arm (disambiguation).
ArmThe left arm of a human maleDetailsArteryAxillary arteryVeinAxillary veinNerveBrachial plexusIdentifiersLatinbrachiumAnatomical terminology
In human anatomy, the arm refers to the upper limb in common usage, although academically the term specifically means the upper arm between the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) and the elbow joint. The distal part of the upper limb between the elbow and the radiocarpal joint (wrist joint) is known as the forearm or "lower" arm, and the extremity beyond the wrist is the hand.
By anatomical definitions, the bones, ligaments and skeletal muscles of the shoulder girdle, as well as the axilla between them, is considered parts of the upper limb, and thus also components of the arm. The Latin term brachium, which serves as a root word for naming many anatomical structures, may refer to either the upper limb as a whole or to the upper arm on its own.
Structure
Bones
Bones of the upper limbs, together with shoulder girdles, that compose the human arm.
The humerus is one of the three long bones of the arm. It joins with the scapula at the shoulder joint and with the other long bones of the arm, the ulna and radius at the elbow joint. The elbow is a complex hinge joint between the end of the humerus and the ends of the radius and ulna.
Muscles
The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments: the anterior and the posterior compartments of the arm. The fascia merges with the periosteum (outer bone layer) of the humerus.
The anterior compartment contains three muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis muscles. They are all innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains only the triceps brachii muscle, supplied by the radial nerve.
Nerve supply
Further information: Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs
Cutaneous innervation of the right upper extremity.
The musculocutaneous nerve, from C5, C6, C7, is the main supplier of muscles of the anterior compartment. It originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus of nerves. It pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and gives off branches to the muscle, as well as to brachialis and biceps brachii. It terminates as the anterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm.
The radial nerve, which is from the fifth cervical spinal nerve to the first thoracic spinal nerve, originates as the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve enters the lower triangular space (an imaginary space bounded by, amongst others, the shaft of the humerus and the triceps brachii) of the arm and lies deep to the triceps brachii. Here it travels with the deep artery of the arm, which sits in the radial groove of the humerus. This fact is very important clinically as a fracture of the shaft of the bone here can cause lesions or even transections in the nerve.
Other nerves passing through give no supply to the arm. These include:
The median nerve, nerve origin C5-T1, which is a branch of the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus. This nerve continues in the arm, travelling in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the cubital fossa, this nerve is deep to the pronator teres muscle and is the most medial structure in the fossa. The nerve passes into the forearm.
The ulnar nerve, origin C8-T1, is a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve passes in the same plane as the median nerve, between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the elbow, this nerve travels posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. This means that condylar fractures can cause lesion to this nerve.
Blood supply
Main arteries of the arm.
The main artery in the arm is the brachial artery. This artery is a continuation of the axillary artery. The point at which the axillary becomes the brachial is distal to the lower border of teres major. The brachial artery gives off an unimportant branch, the deep artery of arm. This branching occurs just below the lower border of teres major.
The brachial artery continues to the cubital fossa in the anterior compartment of the arm. It travels in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles, the same as the median nerve and basilic vein. It is accompanied by venae comitantes (accompanying veins). It gives branches to the muscles of the anterior compartment. The artery is in between the median nerve and the tendon of the biceps muscle in the cubital fossa. It then continues into the forearm.
The deep artery of the arm travels through the lower triangular space with the radial nerve. From here onwards it has an intimate relationship with the radial nerve. They are both found deep to the triceps muscle and are located on the spiral groove of the humerus. Therefore, fracture of the bone may not only lead to lesion of the radial nerve, but also haematoma of the internal structures of the arm. The artery then continues on to anastamose with the recurrent radial branch of the brachial artery, providing a diffuse blood supply for the elbow joint.
Veins
The veins of the arm carry blood from the extremities of the limb, as well as drain the arm itself. The two main veins are the basilic and the cephalic veins. There is a connecting vein between the two, the median cubital vein, which passes through the cubital fossa and is clinically important for venepuncture (withdrawing blood).
The basilic vein travels on the medial side of the arm and terminates at the level of the seventh rib.
The cephalic vein travels on the lateral side of the arm and terminates as the axillary vein. It passes through the deltopectoral triangle, a space between the deltoid and the pectoralis major muscles.
Society and culture
In Hindu, Buddhist and Egyptian iconography the symbol of the arm is used to illustrate the power of the sovereign. In Hindu tradition gods are depicted with several arms which carry specific symbols of their powers. It is believed that several arms depict omnipotence of gods. In popular culture Thakur did not have arms in the movie Sholay.
In West Africa, the Bambara use forearm to symbolize the spirit, which is a link between God and man.
Three North Koreans surrender to USS Manchester by raising their arms
Symbolic gestures of raising both hands signal surrender, appeals for mercy, and justice.
The arm, as can be seen here, formed one component of hieroglyphs
Clinical significance
The cubital fossa is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement.
When the arm is fractured this may refer to a fracture of the humerus bone.
Veins on the arm may be taken when a coronary artery bypass graft is needed.
Other animals
In other animals, the term arm can also be used for homologous or analogous structures (such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods, respectively). In anatomical usage, the term arm may sometimes refer specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow, while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. This article uses the former definition; see upper limb for the wider definition.
In primates, the arm is adapted for precise positioning of the hand and thus assist in the hand's manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the structure of the two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at that level.
Additional images
Gross anatomy of the upper arm and elbow.
See also
This article uses anatomical terminology.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arm.
Look up arm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Axilla – also known as armpit, underarm or oxter
Common flexor tendon
References
^ Gray, Henry (1918). "The Humerus (Arm Bone)".
^ Forro, Stephen D. (July 31, 2021). "Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Arm Structure and Function". StatPearls. PMID 29939618.
^ a b "brachium – free dictionary". Retrieved December 2, 2013.
^ "Dictionary.com". Retrieved December 2, 2013.
^ Encyclopaedia britannica 2013.
^ Sam Jacob (2007). Human Anatomy: A Clinically-Orientated Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 5. ISBN 978-0443103735. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
^ Doral, Mahmut Nedim; Karlsson, Jon, eds. (2015-03-04). Sports injuries : prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Berlin. ISBN 9783642368011. OCLC 1111734654.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b Drake, Richard L. (Richard Lee) (15 November 2015). Gray's anatomy for students. Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M.; Gray, Henry (Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9780702051319. OCLC 881508489.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Moore, Keith L. (2013-02-13). Clinically oriented anatomy. Dalley, Arthur F., II,, Agur, A. M. R. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia. ISBN 978-1451119459. OCLC 813301028.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (Forty-first ed.). . ISBN 9780702052309. OCLC 920806541.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Elbow and Forearm". Kenhub. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
^ Tresidder, Jack (1997). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Symbols. London: Helicon. p. 16. ISBN 1-85986-059-1.
^ "How To Draw Blood Like A Pro: Step-By-Step Guide". nurse.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
^ "Arm". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-22.
^ Arm at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Preuschoft, Holger; Hohn, Bianca; Scherf, Heike; Schmidt, Manuela; Krause, Cornelia; Witzel, Ulrich (April 2010). "Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder". International Journal of Primatology. 31 (2): 301–320. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1. ISSN 0164-0291. PMC 2860095. PMID 20495602.
vteHuman regional anatomyBodySkinHead
Hair
Face
Forehead
Cheek
Chin
Eyebrow
Eye
Eyelid
Nose
Mouth
Lip
Tongue
Tooth
Ear
Jaw
Mandible
Occiput
Scalp
Temple
Neck
Adam's apple
Throat
Nape
Torso (Trunk)
Abdomen
Waist
Midriff
Navel
Vertebral column
Back
Thorax
Breast
Nipple
Pelvis
Genitalia
Penis
Scrotum
Vulva
Anus
LimbsArm
Shoulder
Axilla
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Finger
Fingernail
Thumb
Index
Middle
Ring
Little
Leg
Buttocks
Hip
Thigh
Knee
Calf
Foot
Ankle
Heel
Toe
Toenail
Sole
Anatomy of the arm
vteBones of the armShoulder girdle, clavicle
conoid tubercle
trapezoid line
costal tuberosity
subclavian groove
Scapula
fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous)
notches (suprascapular, great scapular)
glenoid fossa
tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid)
spine of scapula
acromion
coracoid process
angles (superior, inferior, lateral)
Humerus
upper extremity: necks (anatomical, surgical)
tubercles (greater, lesser)
bicipital groove
body: radial sulcus
deltoid tuberosity
lower extremity: capitulum
trochlea
epicondyles (lateral, medial)
supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial)
fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)
ForearmRadius
near elbow (head, tuberosity)
near wrist (ulnar notch, styloid process, Lister's tubercle)
Ulna
near elbow (tuberosity, olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch, trochlear notch)
near wrist (styloid process)
HandCarpal bones
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
hamulus
Metacarpal bones
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Phalanges
proximal
intermediate
distal
vteJoints and ligaments of the armShoulderSternoclavicular
Anterior sternoclavicular
Posterior sternoclavicular
Interclavicular
Costoclavicular
Acromioclavicular
Syndesmoses: Coracoacromial
Superior transverse scapular
Inferior transverse of scapula
Synovial: Acromioclavicular
Coracoclavicular (trapezoid
conoid)
Glenohumeral
Capsule
Coracohumeral
Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)
Transverse humeral
Glenoid labrum
ElbowHumeroradial
Radial collateral
Humeroulnar
Ulnar collateral
Proximal radioulnar
Anular
Oblique cord
Quadrate
ForearmDistal radioulnar
Palmar radioulnar
Dorsal radioulnar
Interosseous membrane of forearm
HandWrist/radiocarpal
Dorsal radiocarpal/Palmar radiocarpal
Dorsal ulnocarpal/Palmar ulnocarpal
Ulnar collateral/Radial collateral
Intercarpal
Midcarpal
Radiate carpal
Dorsal intercarpal
Palmar intercarpal
Interosseous intercarpal
Scapholunate
Pisiform joint (Pisohamate
Pisometacarpal)
Carpometacarpal
Dorsal carpometacarpal
Palmar carpometacarpal
thumb: Radial collateral
Ulnar collateral
Intermetacarpal
Deep transverse metacarpal
Superficial transverse metacarpal
Metacarpophalangeal
Collateral
Palmar
Interphalangeal
Collateral
Palmar
Other
Carpal tunnel
Ulnar canal
vteMuscles of the armShoulder
deltoid
rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
teres major
fascia:
deltoid fascia
supraspinous fascia
infraspinous fascia
Arm(compartments)anterior
coracobrachialis
biceps
brachialis
posterior
triceps brachii
anconeus
articularis cubiti
fascia
axillary sheath
axillary fascia
brachial fascia
intermuscular septa
lateral
medial
other
spaces
quadrangular space
triangular space
triangular interval
Forearm(compartments)anteriorsuperficial:
pronator teres
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum superficialis
deep:
pronator quadratus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
posterior superficial:
mobile wad
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deep:
supinator
anatomical snuffbox
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
fascia
bicipital aponeurosis
common tendons
extensor
flexor
antebrachial fascia
other
cubital tunnel
osborne's ligament
Handlateral volar
thenar
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis
medial volar
hypothenar
opponens digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
abductor digiti minimi
palmaris brevis
intermediate
lumbrical
interossei
dorsal
palmar
fasciaposterior:
extensor retinaculum
extensor expansion
anterior:
flexor retinaculum
palmar aponeurosis
vteArteries of the human armAxillaryShoulderbefore teres minor1st part
Superior thoracic artery
2nd part
Thoracoacromial artery
pectoral branch
acromial branch
clavicular branch
deltoid branch
Lateral thoracic artery
3rd part
Subscapular artery
scapular anastomosis
circumflex scapular artery
thoracodorsal artery
anterior humeral circumflex artery
posterior humeral circumflex artery
BrachialArmbefore cubital fossa
profunda brachii
radial collateral
medial collateral
ulnar collateral
superior
inferior
Radial arteryforearm
radial recurrent
wrist/carpus
Dorsal carpal branch
dorsal carpal arch
Palmar carpal branch
deep palmar arch
hand
Superficial palmar branch
princeps pollicis
radialis indicis artery
superficial palmar arch
Median artery
median artery
Ulnar arteryforearm
ulnar recurrent
anterior
posterior
common interosseous
anterior
posterior
interosseous recurrent
wrist/carpus
Dorsal carpal branch
dorsal carpal arch
Palmar carpal branch
superficial palmar arch
Arterial ArchesDorsal carpal arch
dorsal metacarpal
dorsal digital
Palmar carpal arch
superficial palmar arch
common palmar digital
proper palmar digital
deep palmar arch
palmar metacarpal
vteVeins of the human armGeneral
Subscapular
Axillary
Circumflex scapular
Superficialarm:
Cephalic
Accessory cephalic
Median cubital
Basilic
Median antebrachial
hand/forearm:
Dorsal network
Intercapitular
Dorsal metacarpal
Superficial palmar arch
Palmar digital
Deeparm:
Radial
Ulnar
Brachial
hand/forearm:
Deep palmar arch
Palmar metacarpal
vteAnatomy of the lymphatic systemHead and neckHeadBack
Occipital
Mastoid/retroauricular
Parotid
Superficial
Deep
preauricular
infra-auricular
intraglandular
Front
Facial
buccinator
nasolabial
Mandibular
Submandibular
Submental
CervicalSuperficial
anterior
lateral
Deep
Deep anterior cervical
pretracheal
paratracheal
prelaryngeal
thyroid
Deep lateral cervical
superior deep cervical
inferior deep cervical
retropharyngeal
jugulodigastric
jugulo-omohyoid
Other
Anterior cervical
Lateral cervical
Supraclavicular
Vessels
Jugular trunk
Arm and axillaNodes
Axillary
Brachial
Pectoral
Subscapular
Central
Apical
Arm
Supratrochlear
Deltopectoral
Vessels
Subclavian lymph trunk
ChestNodes
Parasternal
Intercostal
Superior diaphragmatic
Trachea and bronchi
superior
inferior
bronchopulmonary
paratracheal
intrapulmonary
Vessels
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
AbdomenNodes
Retroaortic
Paraaortic
Preaortic
Celiac
gastric
hepatic
splenic
Superior mesenteric
mesenteric
ileocolic
mesocolic
Inferior mesenteric
pararectal
Iliac
Common
external
internal
Sacral
Retroperitoneal
Vessels
Lumbar lymph trunk
Intestinal trunk
Cisterna chyli
Leg
Inguinal
deep
Cloquet's node
superficial
Popliteal
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Arm (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"human anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomy"},{"link_name":"upper limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_limb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"glenohumeral joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint"},{"link_name":"elbow joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow_joint"},{"link_name":"radiocarpal joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarpal_joint"},{"link_name":"wrist joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist"},{"link_name":"forearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm"},{"link_name":"hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"ligaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament"},{"link_name":"skeletal muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"shoulder girdle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_girdle"},{"link_name":"axilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilla"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"root word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_word"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Free_dictionary-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the upper part of the limb in humans and other animals. For the British semiconductor and software design company, see Arm Holdings. For other uses, see Arm (disambiguation).In human anatomy, the arm refers to the upper limb in common usage, although academically the term specifically means the upper arm[1][2] between the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) and the elbow joint. The distal part of the upper limb between the elbow and the radiocarpal joint (wrist joint) is known as the forearm or \"lower\" arm, and the extremity beyond the wrist is the hand.By anatomical definitions, the bones, ligaments and skeletal muscles of the shoulder girdle, as well as the axilla between them, is considered parts of the upper limb, and thus also components of the arm. The Latin term brachium, which serves as a root word for naming many anatomical structures, may refer to either the upper limb as a whole or to the upper arm on its own.[3][4][5]","title":"Arm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"upper limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_limbs"},{"link_name":"shoulder girdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_girdle"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"long bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bone"},{"link_name":"scapula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapula"},{"link_name":"shoulder joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint"},{"link_name":"ulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(bone)"},{"link_name":"elbow joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacob-6"},{"link_name":"hinge joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinge_joint"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Bones","text":"Bones of the upper limbs, together with shoulder girdles, that compose the human arm.The humerus is one of the three long bones of the arm. It joins with the scapula at the shoulder joint and with the other long bones of the arm, the ulna and radius at the elbow joint.[6] The elbow is a complex hinge joint between the end of the humerus and the ends of the radius and ulna.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fascial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia"},{"link_name":"intermuscular septa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_arm"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_arm"},{"link_name":"posterior compartments of the arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_arm"},{"link_name":"periosteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"biceps brachii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps"},{"link_name":"brachialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachialis"},{"link_name":"coracobrachialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracobrachialis_muscle"},{"link_name":"musculocutaneous nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculocutaneous_nerve"},{"link_name":"triceps brachii muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps"},{"link_name":"radial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_nerve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Muscles","text":"The arm is divided by a fascial layer (known as lateral and medial intermuscular septa) separating the muscles into two osteofascial compartments: the anterior and the posterior compartments of the arm. The fascia merges with the periosteum (outer bone layer) of the humerus.[8]The anterior compartment contains three muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachialis muscles. They are all innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment contains only the triceps brachii muscle, supplied by the radial nerve.[9][10][11]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_innervation_of_the_upper_limbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray812and814.PNG"},{"link_name":"musculocutaneous nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculocutaneous_nerve"},{"link_name":"brachial plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus"},{"link_name":"coracobrachialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracobrachialis"},{"link_name":"brachialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachialis"},{"link_name":"anterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cutaneous_nerve_of_the_forearm"},{"link_name":"lower triangular space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_triangular_space"},{"link_name":"deep artery of the arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_artery_of_arm"},{"link_name":"radial groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_groove"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"median nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_nerve"},{"link_name":"brachial plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus"},{"link_name":"pronator teres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronator_teres"},{"link_name":"forearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm"},{"link_name":"ulnar nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulnar_nerve"},{"link_name":"brachial plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus"},{"link_name":"median nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_nerve"},{"link_name":"medial epicondyle of the humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus"},{"link_name":"condylar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condyle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"fractures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"}],"sub_title":"Nerve supply","text":"Further information: Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbsCutaneous innervation of the right upper extremity.The musculocutaneous nerve, from C5, C6, C7, is the main supplier of muscles of the anterior compartment. It originates from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus of nerves. It pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and gives off branches to the muscle, as well as to brachialis and biceps brachii. It terminates as the anterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm.The radial nerve, which is from the fifth cervical spinal nerve to the first thoracic spinal nerve, originates as the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve enters the lower triangular space (an imaginary space bounded by, amongst others, the shaft of the humerus and the triceps brachii) of the arm and lies deep to the triceps brachii. Here it travels with the deep artery of the arm, which sits in the radial groove of the humerus. This fact is very important clinically as a fracture of the shaft of the bone here can cause lesions or even transections in the nerve.Other nerves passing through give no supply to the arm. These include:The median nerve, nerve origin C5-T1, which is a branch of the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus. This nerve continues in the arm, travelling in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the cubital fossa, this nerve is deep to the pronator teres muscle and is the most medial structure in the fossa. The nerve passes into the forearm.\nThe ulnar nerve, origin C8-T1, is a continuation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. This nerve passes in the same plane as the median nerve, between the biceps and triceps muscles. At the elbow, this nerve travels posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. This means that condylar fractures can cause lesion to this nerve.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1235.png"},{"link_name":"brachial artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery"},{"link_name":"axillary artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axillary_artery"},{"link_name":"brachial artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery"},{"link_name":"deep artery of arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_artery_of_arm"},{"link_name":"teres major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teres_major"},{"link_name":"cubital fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubital_fossa"},{"link_name":"biceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps"},{"link_name":"triceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceps"},{"link_name":"median nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_nerve"},{"link_name":"basilic vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilic_vein"},{"link_name":"venae comitantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venae_comitantes"},{"link_name":"median nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_nerve"},{"link_name":"biceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps_brachii"},{"link_name":"cubital fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubital_fossa"},{"link_name":"forearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm"},{"link_name":"lower triangular space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_triangular_space"},{"link_name":"radial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_nerve"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"radial nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_nerve"},{"link_name":"haematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematoma"},{"link_name":"anastamose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomosis"},{"link_name":"recurrent radial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_radial"},{"link_name":"brachial artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_artery"},{"link_name":"elbow joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow-joint"}],"sub_title":"Blood supply","text":"Main arteries of the arm.The main artery in the arm is the brachial artery. This artery is a continuation of the axillary artery. The point at which the axillary becomes the brachial is distal to the lower border of teres major. The brachial artery gives off an unimportant branch, the deep artery of arm. This branching occurs just below the lower border of teres major.The brachial artery continues to the cubital fossa in the anterior compartment of the arm. It travels in a plane between the biceps and triceps muscles, the same as the median nerve and basilic vein. It is accompanied by venae comitantes (accompanying veins). It gives branches to the muscles of the anterior compartment. The artery is in between the median nerve and the tendon of the biceps muscle in the cubital fossa. It then continues into the forearm.The deep artery of the arm travels through the lower triangular space with the radial nerve. From here onwards it has an intimate relationship with the radial nerve. They are both found deep to the triceps muscle and are located on the spiral groove of the humerus. Therefore, fracture of the bone may not only lead to lesion of the radial nerve, but also haematoma of the internal structures of the arm. The artery then continues on to anastamose with the recurrent radial branch of the brachial artery, providing a diffuse blood supply for the elbow joint.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilic_vein"},{"link_name":"cephalic veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalic_vein"},{"link_name":"median cubital vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_cubital_vein"},{"link_name":"cubital fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubital_fossa"},{"link_name":"venepuncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venepuncture"},{"link_name":"deltopectoral triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltopectoral_triangle"}],"sub_title":"Veins","text":"The veins of the arm carry blood from the extremities of the limb, as well as drain the arm itself. The two main veins are the basilic and the cephalic veins. There is a connecting vein between the two, the median cubital vein, which passes through the cubital fossa and is clinically important for venepuncture (withdrawing blood).The basilic vein travels on the medial side of the arm and terminates at the level of the seventh rib.The cephalic vein travels on the lateral side of the arm and terminates as the axillary vein. It passes through the deltopectoral triangle, a space between the deltoid and the pectoralis major muscles.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Korean_Communists_in_a_fishing_boat_are_captured_by_the_USS_Manchester_off_the_coast_of_Korea._-_NARA_-_520792.tif"},{"link_name":"USS Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Manchester_(CL-83)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abydos_KL_04-04_n23.jpg"},{"link_name":"hieroglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph"}],"text":"In Hindu, Buddhist and Egyptian iconography the symbol of the arm is used to illustrate the power of the sovereign. In Hindu tradition gods are depicted with several arms which carry specific symbols of their powers. It is believed that several arms depict omnipotence of gods. In popular culture Thakur did not have arms in the movie Sholay.In West Africa, the Bambara use forearm to symbolize the spirit, which is a link between God and man.Three North Koreans surrender to USS Manchester by raising their armsSymbolic gestures of raising both hands signal surrender, appeals for mercy, and justice.[12]The arm, as can be seen here, formed one component of hieroglyphs","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cubital fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubital_fossa"},{"link_name":"venepuncture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venepuncture"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"fractured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture"},{"link_name":"fracture of the humerus bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus_fracture"},{"link_name":"coronary artery bypass graft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_graft"}],"text":"The cubital fossa is clinically important for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement.[13]When the arm is fractured this may refer to a fracture of the humerus bone.Veins on the arm may be taken when a coronary artery bypass graft is needed.","title":"Clinical significance "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forelimbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forelimb"},{"link_name":"four-legged animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupedalism"},{"link_name":"arms of cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_arm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Free_dictionary-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"wrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrist"},{"link_name":"forearm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm"},{"link_name":"upper limb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_limb"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In other animals, the term arm can also be used for homologous or analogous structures (such as one of the paired forelimbs of a four-legged animal or the arms of cephalopods, respectively). In anatomical usage, the term arm may[3] sometimes refer specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow,[14][15] while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. This article uses the former definition; see upper limb for the wider definition.[8]In primates, the arm is adapted for precise positioning of the hand and thus assist in the hand's manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the structure of the two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at that level.[16]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arm_Bones.png"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"}],"text":"Gross anatomy of the upper arm and elbow.","title":"Additional images"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bones of the upper limbs, together with shoulder girdles, that compose the human arm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg/220px-Human_arm_bones_diagram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cutaneous innervation of the right upper extremity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray812and814.PNG/220px-Gray812and814.PNG"},{"image_text":"Main arteries of the arm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray1235.png/220px-Gray1235.png"},{"image_text":"Three North Koreans surrender to USS Manchester by raising their arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Three_Korean_Communists_in_a_fishing_boat_are_captured_by_the_USS_Manchester_off_the_coast_of_Korea._-_NARA_-_520792.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Three_Korean_Communists_in_a_fishing_boat_are_captured_by_the_USS_Manchester_off_the_coast_of_Korea._-_NARA_-_520792.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The arm, as can be seen here, formed one component of hieroglyphs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Abydos_KL_04-04_n23.jpg/220px-Abydos_KL_04-04_n23.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arm"},{"title":"arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/arm"},{"title":"Axilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilla"},{"title":"Common flexor tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_flexor_tendon"}]
|
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Retrieved December 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brachium","url_text":"\"Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"Encyclopaedia britannica 2013.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sam Jacob (2007). Human Anatomy: A Clinically-Orientated Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 5. ISBN 978-0443103735. Retrieved January 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=REKbRGsyStMC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Human Anatomy: A Clinically-Orientated Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier_Health_Sciences","url_text":"Elsevier Health Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0443103735","url_text":"978-0443103735"}]},{"reference":"Doral, Mahmut Nedim; Karlsson, Jon, eds. (2015-03-04). Sports injuries : prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Berlin. ISBN 9783642368011. OCLC 1111734654.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642368011","url_text":"9783642368011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1111734654","url_text":"1111734654"}]},{"reference":"Drake, Richard L. (Richard Lee) (15 November 2015). Gray's anatomy for students. Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M.; Gray, Henry (Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9780702051319. OCLC 881508489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702051319","url_text":"9780702051319"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881508489","url_text":"881508489"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Keith L. (2013-02-13). Clinically oriented anatomy. Dalley, Arthur F., II,, Agur, A. M. R. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia. ISBN 978-1451119459. OCLC 813301028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451119459","url_text":"978-1451119459"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/813301028","url_text":"813301028"}]},{"reference":"Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (Forty-first ed.). [Philadelphia]. ISBN 9780702052309. OCLC 920806541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702052309","url_text":"9780702052309"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/920806541","url_text":"920806541"}]},{"reference":"\"Elbow and Forearm\". Kenhub. Retrieved 2019-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/elbow-and-forearm","url_text":"\"Elbow and Forearm\""}]},{"reference":"Tresidder, Jack (1997). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Symbols. London: Helicon. p. 16. ISBN 1-85986-059-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85986-059-1","url_text":"1-85986-059-1"}]},{"reference":"\"How To Draw Blood Like A Pro: Step-By-Step Guide\". nurse.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://nurse.org/articles/how-nurses-professionally-draw-blood/","url_text":"\"How To Draw Blood Like A Pro: Step-By-Step Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arm\". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/arm/","url_text":"\"Arm\""}]},{"reference":"Preuschoft, Holger; Hohn, Bianca; Scherf, Heike; Schmidt, Manuela; Krause, Cornelia; Witzel, Ulrich (April 2010). \"Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder\". International Journal of Primatology. 31 (2): 301–320. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1. ISSN 0164-0291. PMC 2860095. PMID 20495602.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860095","url_text":"\"Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10764-010-9399-1","url_text":"10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0291","url_text":"0164-0291"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2860095","url_text":"2860095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20495602","url_text":"20495602"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Express_555
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State Express 555
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["1 History","2 Sport sponsorship","2.1 Rallying and Formula One","2.2 Other sponsorships","3 References"]
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British cigarette brand
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
State Express 555Product typeCigaretteOwnerBritish American TobaccoCountryUnited KingdomIntroducedWestminster, London (10 March 1896; 128 years ago (1896-03-10))MarketsSee MarketsPrevious ownersArdath Tobacco CompanyTaglineSmoothness Above All ElseCarcinogenicity: IARC group 1
State Express 555, known as 555 (Three-Fives), is a Westminster, London-based cigarette originally manufactured in the United Kingdom by the Ardath Tobacco Company. The overseas rights to the brand excluding the United Kingdom, were acquired by British American Tobacco (BAT) in 1925.
History
The idea for the State Express brand came from the United States in 1893. Sir Albert Levy (1864–1937), a London tobacco merchant and businessman, was visiting the United States. While in Manhattan, Levy was a passenger on the Empire State Express train, which allegedly broke land speed records as locomotive No.999, the "Queen of Speed" sped its way from New York City to Buffalo, New York.
Old tin of State Express 555
State Express was founded in London on 10 March 1896. The numerals (a series of triple numbers from 111 to 999) forming the other part of the trademark were registered under UK Registration No. 290529 on 18 February 1907. All of these numbers were used as different brands, each with a different blend or mix of tobacco: 444 was made with Macedonian leaf, and 777 was made with Turkish tobacco, for example. The numeric ranges for State Express cigarettes were not the only available variants in the market at that time. Other mark names included My Darling and Astorias, available in export catalogues. In addition to the cigarette business, cigars and tobaccos were available in the State Express range. But by far the most successful of these was the Virginia tobacco blend of State Express 555, introduced in 1896. It went on to become Ardath's flagship brand.
A poster shows Ardarth Tobacco offices and factories in 1914
The brand was originally owned by Ardath Tobacco Company. The company was created in the late 19th century in London, England, and was originally called Albert Levy & Thomas.
The Ardath Tobacco Company Limited was originally located at 62 Leadenhall Street in London and called La Casa de Habana (The House of Havana) until 1895, when it changed its name to the present day version. It is said that Sir Albert Levy derived the name Ardath from a book of the same name written by Marie Corelli. The title of the book is derived from numerous references in the Books of Esdras (in the Apocrypha) to the "Field of Ardath". On 31 July 1895 Levy registered the trademark Ardath in Ireland.
The name of the company was changed in 1901 to the "Ardath Tobacco Company", and was split in 1925 when it was sold; British American Tobacco acquired the overseas rights of Ardath, while the Imperial Tobacco Group retained the rights of sale within the United Kingdom and Ireland. The State Express brand proved to be a boon for B.A.T., where it was a huge success in China until the rise of communism there (though it has since been re-introduced). Ardath's brands continued to be sold in Britain; they were granted a Royal Warrant by King George VI in 1946 and again later by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1961, British American Tobacco bought out Imperial Tobacco's share of Ardath, thus gaining full control of Ardath's trademarks.
In the 1920s and 1930s BAT held a dominant position in the Chinese market with State Express 555 playing a key role. Sales of the brand exceeded 5 billion units in 1937. According to Mao Zedong's personal physician, 555 was the Chinese leader’s favorite cigarette. On the day of the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi reportedly smoked 555 cigarettes.
China National Tobacco and British American Tobacco formed a joint venture called CTBAT International Co. Ltd. in 2013, which own the worldwide rights to the brand.
Sport sponsorship
Rallying and Formula One
Subaru Impreza WRC with 555 visible on boot lidJenson Button driving for BAR at the 2005 Chinese Grand Prix. Note the special State Express 555 livery that's used instead of the traditional Lucky Strike livery
555 sponsors motorsports. 555 World Racing logos were seen on Hong Kong – Beijing Rally cars from 1985 to 1987 and Subaru World Rally Championship cars from 1993 to 2004. (the actual 555 brand placement became less frequent in the 21st century, being dropped in 2005). The Subaru 22B has been speculated that its name came from 555 as 22B is its hexadecimal equivalent. For rallies where tobacco advertising was forbidden, the 555 logos were replaced by three crescent moons.
Even after State Express 555 withdrew its sponsorship, Subaru continues to use the 555 blue and yellow colour scheme as its WRC livery until its withdrawal, but with the manufacturer's own logos in place of the 555 brand. The State Express 555 livery is now regarded as the brand's standard motorsport livery, Vermont SportsCar, which runs United States rally operations for Subaru, continues to use the State Express livery colours at events.
British American Racing in 1999 originally wanted to brand Ricardo Zonta's car in the blue & yellow livery of 555 World Racing, whilst branding Jacques Villeneuve's car with Lucky Strike colours. However, the move was blocked by the FIA, and they were forced to run two similar liveries. They opted to have the Lucky Strike brand on the left of the car and 555 World Racing on the right, with a zip going along the middle of the nose. It was highly unpopular, and so for the 2000 season, they chose to just display mostly Lucky Strike logos, with small 555 World Racing logos on the side and nose. Some years between 2000 and 2006 (After Honda had bought out BAR, and were under pressure to drop tobacco sponsorship under new EU legislation), they prominently displayed the 555 World Racing brand at the Chinese Grands Prix, where the 555 brand is better known. However, from 2007 until their withdrawal at the end of 2008, Honda adopted a livery with no sponsorship logos at all, but a livery depicted Earth to raise environmental awareness. In countries where tobacco sponsoring was banned, the 555 logos were replaced by three crescent moons.
Other sponsorships
In 1979 and 1982, 555 sponsored Badminton.
In 1980, 555 sponsored 1980 Summer Olympics.
The 1984 Challenge Cup was named the State Express Challenge Cup due to sponsorship from State Express.
In 1992, 555 (with Bentoel Group and Rothmans Group) sponsored the 1992 World Rally Championship season.
In 1996 Star Trek: The Next Generation on Myanmar TV was sponsored by 555.
References
^ The stories behind the brand names - ARDATH and STATE EXPRESS, Year unknown, BAT
^ a b c The State Express Story, BAT Outlook, Issue 16, 1992
^ a b c Article on The History of STATE EXPRESS 555, written for TMOA centenary 1986
^ The State Express Story, BAT Outlook, Issue 16, 1992,
^ 555 STATE EXPRESS of London, Marketing Brand Manual, Issue 01/93
^ a b "Subaru Manufacturer Profile & Rally History". Rallye-Info.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-06. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
^ "Subaru Motorsports USA". Vermont SportsCar. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Express 555.
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Ceylon Tobacco (Sri Lanka)
House of Prince (Netherlands)
Imperial Tobacco Canada
Pakistan Tobacco
P.J. Carroll (Ireland)
Reynolds American (USA)
Souza Cruz (Brazil)
Ten Motives (UK)
FormerIntegrated1
Batus Inc. (USA)
Brown & Williamson (USA)
Ente Tabacchi Italiani Italy
Murray, Sons and Company (UK)
Rothmans International (USA)
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Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft
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Gunston
HB
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Kent
Kim
King's
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Kool
Jadran
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Look
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Main
Mantano
MS
Newmore
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Parisienne
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Player's
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Prince
Ritz
Rothmans
Sax
State Express 555
Sweet Afton
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Sir Albert Levy (1864–1937), a London tobacco merchant and businessman, was visiting the United States. While in Manhattan, Levy was a passenger on the Empire State Express train, which allegedly broke land speed records as locomotive No.999, the \"Queen of Speed\" sped its way from New York City to Buffalo, New York.Old tin of State Express 555State Express was founded in London on 10 March 1896.[2] The numerals (a series of triple numbers from 111 to 999) forming the other part of the trademark were registered under UK Registration No. 290529 on 18 February 1907.[2] All of these numbers were used as different brands, each with a different blend or mix of tobacco: 444 was made with Macedonian leaf, and 777 was made with Turkish tobacco, for example. The numeric ranges for State Express cigarettes were not the only available variants in the market at that time. Other mark names included My Darling and Astorias, available in export catalogues. In addition to the cigarette business, cigars and tobaccos were available in the State Express range. But by far the most successful of these was the Virginia tobacco blend of State Express 555, introduced in 1896. It went on to become Ardath's flagship brand.A poster shows Ardarth Tobacco offices and factories in 1914The brand was originally owned by Ardath Tobacco Company. The company was created in the late 19th century in London, England, and was originally called Albert Levy & Thomas.[3]The Ardath Tobacco Company Limited was originally located at 62 Leadenhall Street in London and called La Casa de Habana (The House of Havana) until 1895, when it changed its name to the present day version.[3] It is said that Sir Albert Levy derived the name Ardath from a book of the same name written by Marie Corelli. The title of the book is derived from numerous references in the Books of Esdras (in the Apocrypha) to the \"Field of Ardath\". On 31 July 1895 Levy registered the trademark Ardath in Ireland.[3]The name of the company was changed in 1901 to the \"Ardath Tobacco Company\", and was split in 1925 when it was sold; British American Tobacco acquired the overseas rights of Ardath, while the Imperial Tobacco Group retained the rights of sale within the United Kingdom and Ireland. The State Express brand proved to be a boon for B.A.T., where it was a huge success in China until the rise of communism there (though it has since been re-introduced). Ardath's brands continued to be sold in Britain; they were granted a Royal Warrant by King George VI in 1946 and again later by Queen Elizabeth II.[4] In 1961, British American Tobacco bought out Imperial Tobacco's share of Ardath, thus gaining full control of Ardath's trademarks.[2]In the 1920s and 1930s BAT held a dominant position in the Chinese market with State Express 555 playing a key role. Sales of the brand exceeded 5 billion units in 1937. According to Mao Zedong's personal physician, 555 was the Chinese leader’s favorite cigarette. On the day of the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi reportedly smoked 555 cigarettes.[5]China National Tobacco and British American Tobacco formed a joint venture called CTBAT International Co. Ltd. in 2013, which own the worldwide rights to the brand.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iconic_Subaru_Imprezza_WRC_-_Flickr_-_Supermac1961.jpg"},{"link_name":"Subaru Impreza WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Impreza_WRC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jenson_Button_2005_China_(crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"BAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Racing"},{"link_name":"2005 Chinese Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Chinese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Lucky Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Strike"},{"link_name":"motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_World_Rally_Team"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smp-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smp-6"},{"link_name":"Vermont SportsCar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_SportsCar"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"British American Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_American_Racing"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Zonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Zonta"},{"link_name":"Jacques Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Lucky Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Strike"},{"link_name":"FIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA"},{"link_name":"2000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"sub_title":"Rallying and Formula One","text":"Subaru Impreza WRC with 555 visible on boot lidJenson Button driving for BAR at the 2005 Chinese Grand Prix. Note the special State Express 555 livery that's used instead of the traditional Lucky Strike livery555 sponsors motorsports. 555 World Racing logos were seen on Hong Kong – Beijing Rally cars from 1985 to 1987 and Subaru World Rally Championship cars from 1993 to 2004.[6] (the actual 555 brand placement became less frequent in the 21st century, being dropped in 2005). The Subaru 22B has been speculated that its name came from 555 as 22B is its hexadecimal equivalent. [6] For rallies where tobacco advertising was forbidden, the 555 logos were replaced by three crescent moons.Even after State Express 555 withdrew its sponsorship, Subaru continues to use the 555 blue and yellow colour scheme as its WRC livery until its withdrawal, but with the manufacturer's own logos in place of the 555 brand. The State Express 555 livery is now regarded as the brand's standard motorsport livery, Vermont SportsCar, which runs United States rally operations for Subaru, continues to use the State Express livery colours at events.[7]British American Racing in 1999 originally wanted to brand Ricardo Zonta's car in the blue & yellow livery of 555 World Racing, whilst branding Jacques Villeneuve's car with Lucky Strike colours. However, the move was blocked by the FIA, and they were forced to run two similar liveries. They opted to have the Lucky Strike brand on the left of the car and 555 World Racing on the right, with a zip going along the middle of the nose. It was highly unpopular, and so for the 2000 season, they chose to just display mostly Lucky Strike logos, with small 555 World Racing logos on the side and nose. Some years between 2000 and 2006 (After Honda had bought out BAR, and were under pressure to drop tobacco sponsorship under new EU legislation), they prominently displayed the 555 World Racing brand at the Chinese Grands Prix, where the 555 brand is better known. However, from 2007 until their withdrawal at the end of 2008, Honda adopted a livery with no sponsorship logos at all, but a livery depicted Earth to raise environmental awareness. In countries where tobacco sponsoring was banned, the 555 logos were replaced by three crescent moons.","title":"Sport sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1984 Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bentoel Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentoel_Group"},{"link_name":"Rothmans Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothmans_International"},{"link_name":"1992 World Rally Championship season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Other sponsorships","text":"In 1979 and 1982, 555 sponsored Badminton.\nIn 1980, 555 sponsored 1980 Summer Olympics.\nThe 1984 Challenge Cup was named the State Express Challenge Cup due to sponsorship from State Express.\nIn 1992, 555 (with Bentoel Group and Rothmans Group) sponsored the 1992 World Rally Championship season.\nIn 1996 Star Trek: The Next Generation on Myanmar TV was sponsored by 555.[citation needed]","title":"Sport sponsorship"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulation_checks
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Manipulation check
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["1 Overview","2 See also"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Manipulation check" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Manipulation check is a term in experimental research in the social sciences which refers to certain kinds of secondary evaluations of an experiment.
Overview
Manipulation checks are measured variables that show what the manipulated variables concurrently affect besides the dependent variable of interest.
In experiments, an experimenter manipulates some aspect of a process or task and randomly assigns subjects to different levels of the manipulation ("experimental conditions"). The experimenter then observes whether variation in the manipulated variables cause differences in the dependent variable. Manipulation checks are targeted at variables beside the dependent variable of interest.
Manipulations are not intended to verify that the manipulated factor caused variation in the dependent variable. This is verified by random assignment, manipulation before measurement of the dependent variable, and statistical tests of effect of the manipulated variable on the dependent variable. Thus, a failed manipulation check does not refute the hypothesis that the manipulation caused variation in the dependent variable.
In contrast, a successful manipulation check can help an experimenter rule out reasons that a manipulation may have failed to influence a dependent variable. When a manipulation creates significant differences between experimental conditions in both (1) the dependent variable and (2) the measured manipulation check variable, the interpretation is that (1) the manipulation "causes" variation in the dependent variable (the "effect") and (2) the manipulation also explains variation in some other, more theoretically obvious measured variable that it is expected to concurrently influence, which assists in interpreting the "cause" (i.e., it only help interpret the "cause"; it is not necessary to affirm that the "cause" causes an effect).
See also
Design of experiments
Instructional manipulation check
This statistics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederic_Handel
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George Frideric Handel
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["1 Early years","1.1 Family","1.2 Early education","1.3 Musical education","1.4 After the death of Handel's father","1.5 University","1.6 Halle compositions","2 From Hamburg to Italy","3 In London","3.1 Arrival","3.2 At Cannons (1717–19)","3.3 Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)","3.4 Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41)","3.5 Oratorio","4 Later years","5 Works","5.1 Overview","5.2 Catalogues","6 Legacy","6.1 Reception","6.2 Borrowings","6.3 Homages","6.4 Veneration","6.5 Fictional depictions","7 See also","8 Notes, references and sources","8.1 Notes","8.2 References","8.3 Sources","9 Further reading","10 External links","10.1 Scores and recordings"]
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German-British Baroque composer (1685–1759)
"Handel" redirects here. For other uses, see Handel (disambiguation).
George Frideric HandelPortrait of Handel, 1726–1728BornGeorg Friedrich Händel5 March 1685Halle, Duchy of Magdeburg, Brandenburg-PrussiaDied14 April 1759(1759-04-14) (aged 74)Westminster, Middlesex, EnglandBurial placeWestminster AbbeyWorksList of compositionsSignature
George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (/ˈhændəl/; baptised Georg Fried(e)rich Händel, German: ⓘ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos. Handel received his training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the bulk of his career and became a naturalised British subject in 1727. He was strongly influenced both by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition and by composers of the Italian Baroque. In turn, Handel's music forms one of the peaks of the "high baroque" style, bringing Italian opera to its highest development, creating the genres of English oratorio and organ concerto, and introducing a new style into English church music. He is consistently recognized as one of the greatest composers of his age.
Handel started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera. In 1737, he had a physical breakdown, changed direction creatively, addressed the middle class and made a transition to English choral works. After his success with Messiah (1742), he never composed an Italian opera again. His orchestral Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks remain steadfastly popular. One of his four coronation anthems, Zadok the Priest, has been performed at every British coronation since 1727. Almost blind, he died in 1759, a respected and rich man, and was given a state funeral at Westminster Abbey.
Handel composed more than forty opere serie over a period of more than thirty years. Since the late 1960s, interest in Handel's music has grown. The musicologist Winton Dean wrote that "Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order." His music was admired by Classical-era composers, especially Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.
Early years
Family
Handel's baptismal registration (Marienbibliothek in Halle)
Handel was born in 1685 (the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti) in Halle, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, then part of Brandenburg-Prussia. His parents were Georg Händel, aged 63, and Dorothea Taust. His father was an eminent barber-surgeon who served the court of Saxe-Weissenfels and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
Halle was a relatively prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry, a centre of trade, and a member of the Hanseatic League. The Margrave of Brandenburg became the administrator of the archepiscopal territories of Mainz, including Magdeburg when they converted, and by the early 17th century held his court in Halle, which attracted renowned musicians. Even the smaller churches all had "able organists and fair choirs", and humanities and the letters thrived (Shakespeare was performed in the theatres early in the 17th century). The Thirty Years' War brought extensive destruction to Halle, and by the 1680s it was impoverished. However, since the middle of the war the city had been under the administration of the Duke of Saxony, and soon after the end of the war he would bring musicians trained in Dresden to his court in Weissenfels.
Handel House, birthplace of Handel
The arts and music, however, flourished only among the higher strata (not only in Halle but throughout Germany), of which Handel's family was not a part. Georg Händel (senior) was born at the beginning of the war and was apprenticed to a barber in Halle at the age of 14 after his father died. When he was 20, he married the widow of the official barber-surgeon of a suburb of Halle, inheriting his practice. With this, Georg determinedly began the process of becoming self-made; by dint of his "conservative, steady, thrifty, unadventurous" lifestyle, he guided the five children he had with Anna who reached adulthood into the medical profession (except his youngest daughter, who married a government official). Anna died in 1682. Within a year Georg married again, this time to the daughter of a Lutheran minister, Pastor Georg Taust of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Giebichenstein, who himself came from a long line of Lutheran pastors. George Frideric was the second child of this marriage; the first son was stillborn. Two younger sisters arrived afterwards: Dorthea Sophia, born on 6 October 1687, and Johanna Christiana, born on 10 January 1690.
Early education
Halle, copper engraving, 1686
Early in his life Handel is reported to have attended the Gymnasium in Halle, where the headmaster, Johann Praetorius , was reputed to be an ardent musician. Whether Handel remained there, and if he did for how long, is unknown, but many biographers suggest that he was withdrawn from school by his father, based on the characterization of him by Handel's first biographer, John Mainwaring. Mainwaring is the source for almost all information (little as it is) of Handel's childhood, and much of that information came from J. C. Smith Jr., Handel's confidant and copyist. Whether it came from Smith or elsewhere, Mainwaring frequently relates misinformation. It is from Mainwaring that the portrait comes of Handel's father as implacably opposed to any musical education. Mainwaring writes that Georg Händel was "alarmed" at Handel's very early propensity for music, "took every measure to oppose it", including forbidding any musical instrument in the house and preventing Handel from going to any house where they might be found. This did nothing to dampen young Handel's inclination; in fact, it did the reverse. Mainwaring tells the story of Handel's secret attic spinet: Handel "found means to get a little clavichord privately convey'd to a room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep". Although both John Hawkins and Charles Burney credited this tale, Schoelcher found it nearly "incredible" and a feat of "poetic imagination" and Lang considers it one of the unproven "romantic stories" that surrounded Handel's childhood. But Handel had to have had some experience with the keyboard to have made the impression in Weissenfels that resulted in his receiving formal musical training.
Musical education
Sometime between the ages of seven and nine, Handel accompanied his father to Weissenfels, where he came under the notice of one whom Handel thereafter always regarded throughout life as his benefactor, Duke Johann Adolf I. Somehow Handel made his way to the court organ in the palace chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he surprised everyone with his playing. Overhearing this performance and noting the youth of the performer caused the Duke, whose suggestions were not to be disregarded, to recommend to Georg Händel that Handel be given musical instruction. Handel's father engaged the organist at the Halle parish church, the young Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, to instruct Handel. Zachow would be the only teacher that Handel ever had. Because of his church employment, Zachow was an organist "of the old school", revelling in fugues, canons, and counterpoint. But he was also familiar with developments in music across Europe and his own compositions "embraced the new concerted, dramatic style".
When Zachow discovered the talent of Handel, he introduced him "to a vast collection of German and Italian music, which he possessed, sacred and profane, vocal and instrumental compositions of different schools, different styles, and of every master". Many traits considered "Handelian" can be traced back to Zachow's music. At the same time Handel continued practice on the harpsichord, and learned violin and organ, but according to Burney his special affection was for the hautbois (oboe). Schoelcher speculates that his youthful devotion to the instrument explains the large number of pieces he composed for the oboe.
Marktkirche in Halle where Handel was baptised, and where Friedrich Zachow and Handel performed as organists
With respect to instruction in composition, in addition to having Handel apply himself to traditional fugue and cantus firmus work, Zachow, recognising Handel's precocious talents, systematically introduced Handel to the variety of styles and masterworks contained in his extensive library. He did this by requiring Handel to copy selected scores. "I used to write like the devil in those days", Handel recalled much later.
Much of this copying was entered into a notebook that Handel maintained for the rest of his life. Although it has since disappeared, the notebook has been sufficiently described to understand what pieces Zachow wished Handel to study. Among the chief composers represented in this exercise book were Johann Krieger, an "old master" in the fugue and prominent organ composer, Johann Caspar Kerll, a representative of the "southern style" after his teacher Girolamo Frescobaldi and imitated later by Handel, Johann Jakob Froberger, an "internationalist" also closely studied by Buxtehude and Bach, and Georg Muffat, whose amalgam of French and Italian styles and his synthesis of musical forms influenced Handel.
Mainwaring writes that during this time Zachow had begun to have Handel assume some of his church duties. Zachow, Mainwaring asserts, was "often" absent, "from his love of company, and a cheerful glass", and Handel, therefore, performed on organ frequently. What is more, according to Mainwaring, Handel began composing, at the age of nine, church services for voice and instruments "and from that time actually did compose a service every week for three years successively". Mainwaring ends this chapter of Handel's life by concluding that three or four years had been enough to allow Handel to surpass Zachow, and Handel had become "impatient for another situation"; "Berlin was the place agreed upon." Carelessness with dates or sequences (and possibly imaginative interpretation by Mainwaring) makes this period confused.
After the death of Handel's father
Handel's father died on 11 February 1697. It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg, and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to the liberal arts." At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School.
Mainwaring has Handel travelling to Berlin the next year, 1698. The problem with Mainwaring as an authority for this date, however, is that he tells of how Handel's father communicated with the "king" during Handel's stay, declining the Court's offer to send Handel to Italy on a stipend and that his father died "after his return from Berlin." But since Georg Händel died in 1697, either the date of the trip or Mainwaring's statements about Handel's father must be in error. Early biographers solved the problem by making the year of the trip 1696, then noting that at the age of 11, Handel would need a guardian, so they have Handel's father or a friend of the family accompany him, all the while puzzling over why the elder Handel, who wanted Handel to become a lawyer, would spend the sum to lead his son further into the temptation of music as a career. Schoelcher for example has Handel travelling to Berlin at 11, meeting both Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti in Berlin and then returning at the direction of his father. But Ariosti was not in Berlin before the death of Handel's father, and Handel could not have met Bononcini in Berlin before 1702. Modern biographers either accept the year as 1698, since most reliable older authorities agree with it, and discount what Mainwaring says about what took place during the trip or assume that Mainwaring conflated two or more visits to Berlin, as he did with Handel's later trips to Venice.
University
Perhaps to fulfil a promise to his father or simply because he saw himself as "dedicated to the liberal arts", on 10 February 1702 Handel matriculated at the University of Halle. That university had only recently been founded. In 1694, the Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III (later Prussian King Frederick I) created the school, largely to provide a lecture forum for the jurist Christian Thomasius who had been expelled from Leipzig for his liberal views. Handel did not enrol in the faculty of law, although he almost certainly attended lectures. Thomasius was an intellectual and academic crusader, who was the first German academic to lecture in German and also denounced witch trials. Lang believes that Thomasius instilled in Handel a "respect for the dignity and freedom of man's mind and the solemn majesty of the law", principles that would have drawn him to and kept him in England for half a century. Handel also there encountered theologian and professor of Oriental languages August Hermann Francke, who was particularly solicitous of children, especially orphans. The orphanage he founded became a model for Germany, and undoubtedly influenced Handel's own charitable impulse when he assigned the rights of Messiah to London's Foundling Hospital.
Halle Cathedral
Shortly after commencing his university education, Handel (though Lutheran) on 13 March 1702 accepted the position of organist at the Calvinist Cathedral in Halle, the Domkirche, replacing J. C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant. The position, which was a one-year probationary appointment, showed the foundation he had received from Zachow, for a church organist and cantor was a highly prestigious office. From it, he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg.
Around this same time, Handel made the acquaintance of Telemann. Four years Handel's senior, Telemann was studying law at Leipzig and was assisting cantor Johann Kuhnau (Bach's predecessor at the Thomaskirche there). Telemann recalled forty years later in an autobiography for Mattheson's Grundlage: "The writing of the excellent Johann Kuhnau served as a model for me in fugue and counterpoint; but in fashioning melodic movements and examining them Handel and I were constantly occupied, frequently visiting each other as well as writing letters."
Halle compositions
Although Mainwaring records that Handel wrote weekly when assistant to Zachow and as probationary organist at Domkirche part of his duty was to provide suitable music, no sacred compositions from his Halle period can now be identified. Mattheson, however, summarised his opinion of Handel's church cantatas written in Halle: "Handel in those days set very, very long arias and sheerly unending cantatas which, while not possessing the proper knack or correct taste, were perfect so far as harmony is concerned."
Early chamber works do exist, but it is difficult to date any of them to Handel's time in Halle. Many historians until recently followed Chrysander and designated the six trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo as his first known composition, supposedly written in 1696 (when Handel was 11). Lang doubts the dating based on a handwritten date of a copy (1700) and stylistic considerations. Lang writes that the works "show thorough acquaintance with the distilled sonata style of the Corelli school" and are notable for "the formal security and the cleanness of the texture." Hogwood considers all of the oboe trio sonatas spurious and even suggests that some parts cannot be performed on oboe. That authentic manuscript sources do not exist and that Handel never recycled any material from these works makes their authenticity doubtful. Other early chamber works were printed in Amsterdam in 1724 as opus 1, but it is impossible to tell which are early works in their original form, rather than later re-workings by Handel, a frequent practice of his.
From Hamburg to Italy
The Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt in 1726, where Handel was a musician
Handel's probationary appointment to Domkirche expired in March 1703. By July Handel was in Hamburg. Since he left no explanation for the move biographers have offered their own speculation.
Donald Burrows believes that the answer can be found by untangling Mainwaring's confused chronology of the trip to Berlin. Burrows dates this trip to 1702 or 1703 (after his father's death) and concludes that since Handel (through a "friend and relation" at the Berlin court) turned down Frederick's offer to subsidise his musical education in Italy (with the implicit understanding that he would become a court musician on his return), Handel was no longer able to expect preferment (whether as a musician, lawyer or otherwise) within Brandenburg-Prussia. Since he was attracted to secular, dramatic music (by meeting the Italians Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti and through the influence of Telemann), Hamburg, a free city with an established opera company, was the logical choice.
The question remains, however, why Handel rejected the King's offer, given that Italy was the centre of opera. Lang suggests that influenced by the teachings of Thomasius, Handel's character was such that he was unable to make himself subservient to anyone, even a king. Lang sees Handel as someone who could not accept class distinctions that required him to regard himself as a social inferior. "What Handel craved was personal freedom to raise himself out of his provincial milieu to a life of culture." Burrows notes that, like his father, Handel was able to accept royal (and aristocratic) favours without considering himself a court servant; and so, given the embarrassed financial condition of his mother, Handel set off for Hamburg to obtain experience while supporting himself.
In 1703, he accepted a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt. There he met the composers Johann Mattheson, Christoph Graupner and Reinhard Keiser. Handel's first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced in 1705. He produced two other operas, Daphne and Florindo, performed in 1708.
According to Mainwaring, in 1706 Handel travelled to Italy at the invitation of Ferdinando de' Medici. (Other sources say Handel was invited by Gian Gastone de' Medici, whom Handel had met in 1703–04 in Hamburg.) Ferdinando, who had a keen interest in opera, was trying to make Florence Italy's musical capital by attracting the leading talents of his day. In Italy, Handel met librettist Antonio Salvi, with whom he later collaborated. Handel left for Rome and since opera was (temporarily) banned in the Papal States, composed sacred music for the Roman clergy. His famous Dixit Dominus (1707) is from this era. He also composed cantatas in pastoral style for musical gatherings in the palaces of duchess Aurora Sanseverino (whom Mainwaring called "Donna Laura") one of the most influential patrons from the Kingdom of Naples, and cardinals Pietro Ottoboni, Benedetto Pamphili and Carlo Colonna. Two oratorios, La resurrezione and Il trionfo del tempo, were produced in a private setting for Ruspoli and Ottoboni in 1709 and 1710, respectively. Rodrigo, his first all-Italian opera, was produced in the Cocomero theatre in Florence in 1707. Agrippina was first produced in 1709 at Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice, owned by the Grimanis. The opera, with a libretto by Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani, ran for 27 nights successively. The audience, thunderstruck with the grandeur and sublimity of his style, applauded for Il caro Sassone ("the dear Saxon" – referring to Handel's German origins).
In London
Arrival
Handel (centre) and King George I on the River Thames, 17 July 1717, by Edouard Hamman (1819–88)
In June 1710, Handel became Kapellmeister to German prince George, the Elector of Hanover, but left at the end of the year. It is likely he was also invited by Charles Montagu the former ambassador in Venice to visit England. He visited Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and her husband in Düsseldorf on his way to London. With his opera Rinaldo, based on La Gerusalemme Liberata by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso, Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works. This work contains one of Handel's favourite arias, Cara sposa, amante cara, and the famous Lascia ch'io pianga.
Handel went back to Halle twice, to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter, but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. In the summer of 1713, he lived at Mr. Mathew Andrews' estate in Barn Elms, Surrey. He received a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne after composing for her the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate, first performed in 1713.
One of his most important patrons was the 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork, a young and extremely wealthy member of an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family. While living in the mansion of Lord Burlington, Handel wrote Amadigi di Gaula, a "magic" opera, about a damsel in distress, based on the tragedy by Antoine Houdar de la Motte.
The conception of an opera as a coherent structure was slow to capture Handel's imagination and he composed no operas for five years. In July 1717, Handel's Water Music was performed more than three times on the River Thames for King George I and his guests. It is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post.
At Cannons (1717–19)
Main article: Handel at Cannons
In 1717, Handel became house composer at Cannons in Middlesex, where he laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the Chandos Anthems. Romain Rolland wrote that these anthems (or Psalms) stood in relation to Handel's oratorios, much the same way that the Italian cantatas stood to his operas: "splendid sketches of the more monumental works." Another work, which he wrote for The 1st Duke of Chandos, the owner of Cannons, was Acis and Galatea: during Handel's lifetime, it was his most performed work. Winton Dean wrote that "the music catches breath and disturbs the memory".
In 1719, the Duke of Chandos became one of the composer's important patrons and a primary subscriber to his new opera company, the Royal Academy of Music, though his patronage declined after Chandos lost large sums of money in the South Sea Bubble, which burst in 1720 in one of history's greatest financial cataclysms. Handel himself invested in the South Sea Company in 1716, when its share prices were low and sold them before the "bubble" burst in 1720. In 1720, Handel invested in the slave-trading Royal African Company (RAC), following in the steps of his patron (the Duke of Chandos was one of the leading investors in the RAC). As noted by music historian David Hunter, 32 per cent of the subscribers and investors in the Royal Academy of Music, or their close family members, held investments in the RAC as well.
Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)
Main article: Royal Academy of Music (company)
The Chandos portrait of Händel by James Thornhill, c. 1720, held in the Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge
In May 1719, The 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Lord Chamberlain, ordered Handel to look for new singers. Handel travelled to Dresden to attend the newly built opera. He saw Teofane by Antonio Lotti, and engaged members of the cast for the Royal Academy of Music, founded by a group of aristocrats to assure themselves a constant supply of baroque opera or opera seria. Handel may have invited John Smith, his fellow student in Halle, and his son Johann Christoph Schmidt, to become his secretary and amanuensis. By 1723 he had moved into a Georgian house at 25 Brook Street, which he rented for the rest of his life. This house, where he rehearsed, copied music, and sold tickets, is now the Handel House Museum. During twelve months between 1724 and 1725, Handel wrote three successful operas, Giulio Cesare, Tamerlano and Rodelinda. Handel's operas are filled with da capo arias, such as Svegliatevi nel core. After composing Silete venti, he concentrated on opera and stopped writing cantatas. Scipio, from which the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards is derived, was performed as a stopgap, waiting for the arrival of Faustina Bordoni.
In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the Coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been played at every British coronation ceremony since. The words to Zadok the Priest are taken from the King James Bible. In 1728, John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, which made fun of the type of Italian opera Handel had popularised in London, premiered at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the longest run in theatre history up to that time. After nine years the Royal Academy of Music ceased to function but Handel soon started a new company.
Handel House Museum at 25 Brook Street, Mayfair, London, with a close up of the English Heritage blue plaque on the wall
The Queen's Theatre at the Haymarket (now His Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh, quickly became an opera house. Between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas premièred there. In 1729, Handel became joint manager of the theatre with John James Heidegger.
Handel travelled to Italy to engage new singers and also composed seven more operas, among them the comic masterpiece Partenope and the "magic" opera Orlando. After two commercially successful English oratorios Esther and Deborah, he was able to invest again in the South Sea Company. Handel reworked his Acis and Galatea which then became his most successful work ever. Handel failed to compete with the Opera of the Nobility, who engaged musicians such as Johann Adolph Hasse, Nicolo Porpora and the famous castrato Farinelli. The strong support by Frederick, Prince of Wales caused conflicts in the royal family. In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem This is the day which the Lord hath made, and a serenata Parnasso in Festa for Anne, Princess Royal.
Despite the problems the Opera of the Nobility was causing him at the time, Handel's neighbour in Brook Street, Mary Delany, reported on a party she invited Handel to at her house on 12 April 1734 where he was in good spirits:I had Lady Rich and her daughter, Lady Cath. Hanmer and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Percival, Sir John Stanley and my brother, Mrs. Donellan, Strada and Mr. Coot. Lord Shaftesbury begged of Mr. Percival to bring him, and being a profess'd friend of Mr. Handel (who was here also) was admitted; I never was so well entertained at an opera! Mr. Handel was in the best humour in the world, and played lessons and accompanied Strada and all the ladies that sang from seven o'clock till eleven. I gave them tea and coffee, and about half an hour after nine had a salver brought in of chocolate, mulled white wine, and biscuits. Everybody was easy and seemed pleased.
Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41)
Engraving of the interior of the Covent Garden Theatre in London in 1808
In 1733, the Earl of Essex received a letter with the following sentence: "Handel became so arbitrary a prince, that the Town murmurs." The board of chief investors expected Handel to retire when his contract ended, but Handel immediately looked for another theatre. In cooperation with John Rich he started his third company at Covent Garden Theatre. Rich was renowned for his spectacular productions. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce the dancing of Marie Sallé, for whom Handel composed Terpsicore. In 1735, he introduced organ concertos between the acts. For the first time, Handel allowed Gioacchino Conti, who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias. Financially, Ariodante was a failure, although he introduced ballet suites at the end of each act. Alcina, his last opera with a magic content, and Alexander's Feast or the Power of Music based on John Dryden's Alexander's Feast starred Anna Maria Strada del Pò and John Beard.
Early 1737 he produced Arminio and Giustino, completed Berenice, revived Partenope, and continued with Il Parnasso in Festa, Alexander's Feast, and the revised The Triumph of Time and Truth which premiered on 23 March. In April Handel suffered a mild stroke, or rheumatic palsy, resulting in temporary paralysis in his right hand and arm. After brief signs of a recovery, he had a relapse in May, with an accompanying deterioration in his mental capacities. He had strong competition from John Frederick Lampe; The Dragon of Wantley was first performed at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in London on 16 May 1737. It was a parody of the Italian opera seria.
In Autumn 1737 the fatigued Handel reluctantly followed the advice of his physicians and went to take the cure in the spa towns of Royal Tunbridge Wells, Aix-la-Chapelle (Burtscheid) in September. All the symptoms of his "disorder" vanished by November. On Christmas Eve Handel finished the score of Faramondo, but its composition was interrupted by that of the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline. On Boxing Day he began the composition of Serse, the only comic opera that Handel ever wrote and worked with Elisabeth Duparc.
A harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by John Walsh. He composed music for a musical clock with a pipe organ built by Charles Clay; it was bought by Gerrit Braamcamp and was in 2016 acquired by the Museum Speelklok in Utrecht. Deidamia, his last opera, a co-production with the Earl of Holderness, was performed three times in 1741. Handel gave up the opera business, while he enjoyed more success with his English oratorios.
Oratorio
Further information: List of compositions by George Frideric Handel § Oratorios
Portrait of Handel next to his harpsichord, painted by Philip Mercier (c. 1730)Handel's harpsichord made by William Smith (18th c.) Bate Collection at the Faculty of Music, University of Oxford
Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno, an allegory, Handel's first oratorio was composed in Italy in 1707, followed by La resurrezione in 1708 which uses material from the Bible. The circumstances of Esther and its first performance, possibly in 1718, are obscure. Another 12 years had passed when an act of piracy caused him to take up Esther once again. Three earlier performances aroused such interest that they naturally prompted the idea of introducing it to a larger public. Next came Deborah, strongly coloured by the coronation anthems and Athaliah, his third English Oratorio. In these three oratorios Handel laid the foundation for the traditional use of the chorus which marks his later oratorios. Handel became sure of himself, broader in his presentation, and more diverse in his composition.
It is evident how much he learned from Arcangelo Corelli about writing for instruments, and from Alessandro Scarlatti about writing for the solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus. Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists with English ones. The most significant reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas. Thus a tradition was created for oratorios which was to govern their future performance. The performances were given without costumes and action; the singers appeared in their own clothes.
In 1736, Handel produced Alexander's Feast. John Beard appeared for the first time as one of Handel's principal singers and became Handel's permanent tenor soloist for the rest of Handel's life. The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works. In Saul, Handel was collaborating with Charles Jennens and experimenting with three trombones, a carillon and extra-large military kettledrums (from the Tower of London), to be sure "...it will be most excessive noisy". Saul and Israel in Egypt, both from 1739, head the list of great, mature oratorios, in which the da capo aria became the exception and not the rule. Israel in Egypt consists of little else but choruses, borrowing from the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline. In his next works, Handel changed his course. In these works he laid greater stress on the effects of orchestra and soloists; the chorus retired into the background. L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato has a rather diverting character; the work is light and fresh.
Hallelujah Chorus, from Messiah (1741)
Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, from Solomon (1748)
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During the summer of 1741, the 3rd Duke of Devonshire invited Handel to Dublin, capital of the Kingdom of Ireland, to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals. His Messiah was first performed at the New Music Hall in Fishamble Street on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating. Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. In 1747, Handel wrote his oratorio Alexander Balus. This work was produced at Covent Garden Theatre in London, on 23 March 1748, and to the aria Hark! hark! He strikes the golden lyre, Handel wrote the accompaniment for mandolin, harp, violin, viola, and violoncello. Another of his English oratorios, Solomon, was first performed on 17 March 1749 at the Covent Garden Theatre. Solomon contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two oboes and strings in act 3, known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba".
The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of Samson. The work is highly theatrical. The role of the chorus became increasingly important in his later oratorios. Jephtha was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works.
Later years
Further information: Will of George Frideric Handel
Uncompleted admission ticket for the May 1750 performance of Messiah, including the arms of the venue, the Foundling Hospital in London
In 1749, Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks; 12,000 people attended the first performance. In 1750, he arranged a performance of Messiah to benefit the Foundling Hospital, a children's home in London. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. In recognition of his patronage, Handel was made a governor of the Hospital the day after his initial concert. He bequeathed a copy of Messiah to the institution upon his death. His involvement with the Foundling Hospital is today commemorated with a permanent exhibition in London's Foundling Museum, which also holds the Gerald Coke Handel Collection. In addition to the Foundling Hospital, Handel also gave to a charity that assisted impoverished musicians and their families.
In August 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between The Hague and Haarlem in the Netherlands. In 1751, one eye started to fail. The cause was a cataract which was operated on by the great charlatan Chevalier Taylor. This did not improve his eyesight and possibly made it worse. He was completely blind by 1752. He died in 1759 at home in Brook Street, at the age of 74. The last performance he attended was of Messiah. Handel was buried in Westminster Abbey. More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours.
Handel never married and kept his personal life private. His initial will bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his niece Johanna, but four codicils distributed much of his estate to other relations, servants, friends and charities.
Handel owned an art collection that was auctioned posthumously in 1760. The auction catalogue listed approximately seventy paintings and ten prints (other paintings were bequeathed).
Works
Main articles: List of compositions by George Frideric Handel and List of operas by George Frideric Handel
Senesino, the famous castrato from Siena
Overview
Handel's compositions include 42 operas, 24 oratorios, more than 120 cantatas, trios and duets, numerous arias, odes and serenatas, solo and trio sonatas, 18 concerti grossi, and 12 organ concertos. His most famous work, the oratorio Messiah with its "Hallelujah" chorus, is among the most popular works in choral music. The Lobkowicz Palace in Prague holds Mozart's copy of Messiah, complete with handwritten annotations. Among the works with opus numbers published and popularised in his lifetime are the Organ concertos Op. 4 and Op. 7, together with the Opus 3 and Opus 6 Concerti grossi; the latter incorporates an earlier organ concerto, The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, in which birdsong is imitated in the upper registers of the organ. Also notable are his 16 keyboard suites, especially The Harmonious Blacksmith.
Catalogues
Handel in 1733, by Balthasar Denner (1685–1749)
The first published catalogue of Handel's works appeared as an appendix to Mainwaring's Memoirs. Between 1787 and 1797 Samuel Arnold compiled a 180-volume collection of Handel's works—however, it was far from complete. Also incomplete was the collection produced between 1843 and 1858 by the English Handel Society (founded by Sir George Macfarren).
The 105-volume Händel-Gesellschaft ("Handel Society") edition was published between 1858 and 1902 – mainly due to the efforts of Friedrich Chrysander. For modern performance, the realisation of the basso continuo reflects 19th-century practice. Vocal scores drawn from the edition were published by Novello in London, but some scores, such as the vocal score to Samson, are incomplete.
The continuing Hallische Händel-Ausgabe edition was first inaugurated in 1955 in the Halle region in Saxony-Anhalt, East Germany. It did not start as a critical edition, but after heavy criticism of the first volumes, which were performing editions without a critical apparatus (for example, the opera Serse was published with the title character recast as a tenor, reflecting pre-war German practice), it repositioned itself as a critical edition. Influenced in part by cold-war realities, editorial work was inconsistent: misprints were found in abundance and editors failed to consult important sources. In 1985, a committee was formed to establish better standards for the edition. The reunification of Germany in 1990 removed communication problems, and the volumes issued have since shown a significant improvement in standards.
Between 1978 and 1986 the German academic Bernd Baselt catalogued Handel's works in his Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis publication. The catalogue has achieved wide acceptance and is used as the modern numbering system, with each of Handel's works designated an "HWV" number – for example, Messiah is catalogued as "HWV 56".
Legacy
A Masquerade at the King's Theatre, Haymarket (c. 1724), attributed to Giuseppe Grisoni
Handel's works were collected and preserved by two men: Sir Samuel Hellier, a country squire whose musical acquisitions form the nucleus of the Shaw–Hellier Collection, and the abolitionist Granville Sharp. The catalogue accompanying the National Portrait Gallery exhibition marking the tercentenary of the composer's birth calls them two men of the late eighteenth century "who have left us solid evidence of the means by which they indulged their enthusiasm". With his English oratorios, such as Messiah and Solomon, the coronation anthems, and other works including Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks, Handel became a national icon in Britain, and featured in the BBC series The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero.
A carved marble statue of Handel at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, created in 1738 by Louis-François Roubiliac
After his death, Handel's Italian operas fell into obscurity, except for selections such as the aria from Serse, "Ombra mai fu". The oratorios continued to be performed but not long after Handel's death they were thought to need some modernisation, and Mozart orchestrated German versions of Messiah and other works. Throughout the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, particularly in the Anglophone countries, his reputation rested primarily on his English oratorios, which were customarily performed by choruses of amateur singers on solemn occasions. The centenary of his death, in 1859, was celebrated by a performance of Messiah at The Crystal Palace, involving 2,765 singers and 460 instrumentalists, who played for an audience of about 10,000 people.
Zadok the Priest (1727)
Composed for the coronation of King George II in 1727, Zadok the Priest has been performed at every subsequent British coronation
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Recent decades have revived his secular cantatas and what one might call 'secular oratorios' or 'concert operas'. Of the former, Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (1739) (set to texts by John Dryden) and Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne (1713) are noteworthy. For his secular oratorios, Handel turned to classical mythology for subjects, producing such works as Acis and Galatea (1719), Hercules (1745) and Semele (1744). These works have a close kinship with the sacred oratorios, particularly in the vocal writing for the English-language texts. They also share the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. As such, they are sometimes fully staged as operas. With the rediscovery of his theatrical works, Handel, in addition to his renown as instrumentalist, orchestral writer, and melodist, is now perceived as being one of opera's great musical dramatists.
Reception
Handel has generally been accorded high esteem by fellow composers, both in his own time and since. Johann Sebastian Bach attempted, unsuccessfully, to meet Handel while he was visiting Halle. (Handel was born in the same year as Bach and Domenico Scarlatti.) Mozart is reputed to have said of him, "Handel understands affect better than any of us. When he chooses, he strikes like a thunder bolt." To Beethoven he was "the master of us all... the greatest composer that ever lived. I would uncover my head and kneel before his tomb." Beethoven emphasised above all the simplicity and popular appeal of Handel's music when he said, "Go to him to learn how to achieve great effects, by such simple means."
Borrowings
Since 1831, when William Crotch raised the issue in his Substance of Several Lectures on Music, scholars have extensively studied Handel's "borrowing" of music from other composers. Summarising the field in 2005, Richard Taruskin wrote that Handel "seems to have been the champion of all parodists, adapting both his own works and those of other composers in unparalleled numbers and with unparalleled exactitude." Among the composers whose music has been shown to have been re-used by Handel are Alessandro Stradella, Gottlieb Muffat, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico Scarlatti Giacomo Carissimi, Georg Philipp Telemann, Carl Heinrich Graun, Leonardo Vinci, Jacobus Gallus, Francesco Antonio Urio, Reinhard Keiser, Francesco Gasparini, Giovanni Bononcini, William Boyce, Henry Lawes, Michael Wise, Agostino Steffani, Franz Johann Habermann, and numerous others.
In an essay published in 1985, John H. Roberts demonstrated that Handel's borrowings were unusually frequent even for his own era, enough to have been criticised by contemporaries (notably Johann Mattheson); Roberts suggested several reasons for Handel's practice, including Handel's attempts to make certain works sound more up-to-date and more radically, his "basic lack of facility in inventing original ideas" – though Roberts took care to argue that this does not "diminish Handel's stature", which should be "judged not by his methods, still less by his motives in employing them, but solely by the effects he achieves."
Homages
The chorus, orchestra and organ in Westminster Abbey, London during the Handel Commemoration in 1784Handel's monument in the Abbey with the plaque recording his commemoration
After Handel's death, many composers wrote works based on or inspired by his music. The first movement from Louis Spohr's Symphony No. 6, Op. 116, "The Age of Bach and Handel", resembles two melodies from Handel's Messiah. In 1797, Ludwig van Beethoven published the 12 Variations in G major on "See the conqu’ring hero comes" from Judas Maccabaeus by Handel, for cello and piano. In 1822, Beethoven composed the overture The Consecration of the House, which also bears the influence of Handel. Guitar virtuoso Mauro Giuliani composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel, Op. 107 for guitar, based on Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major, HWV 430, for harpsichord.
In 1861, using a theme from the second of Handel's harpsichord suites, Johannes Brahms wrote the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, Op. 24, one of his most successful works (praised by Richard Wagner). Several works by the French composer Félix-Alexandre Guilmant use Handel's themes; for example, his March on a Theme by Handel uses a theme from Messiah. French composer and flautist Philippe Gaubert wrote his Petite marche for flute and piano based on the fourth movement of Handel's Trio Sonata, Op. 5, No. 2, HWV 397. Argentine composer Luis Gianneo composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano. In 1911, Australian-born composer and pianist Percy Grainger based one of his most famous works on the final movement of Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major (just like Giuliani). He first wrote some variations on the theme, which he titled Variations on Handel's 'The Harmonious Blacksmith' . Then he used the first sixteen bars of his set of variations to create Handel in the Strand, one of his most beloved pieces, of which he made several versions (for example, the piano solo version from 1930). Arnold Schoenberg's Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra in B-flat major (1933) was composed after Handel's Concerto Grosso, Op. 6/7.
Veneration
In the Lutheran Calendar of Saints Handel and Bach share the date 28 July with Heinrich Schütz, and Handel and Bach are commemorated in the calendar of saints prepared by the Order of Saint Luke for the use of the United Methodist Church. The Book of Common Worship of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (Westminster John Knox Press, 2018) commemorates him on 20 April.
Fictional depictions
Main page: Category:George Frideric Handel in fiction
In 1942, Handel was the subject of the British biographical film The Great Mr. Handel directed by Norman Walker and starring Wilfrid Lawson. It was made at Denham Studios by the Rank Organisation, and shot in Technicolor. He is also the central character in the television films God Rot Tunbridge Wells! (1985) and Handel's Last Chance (1996) and the stage play All the Angels (2015). Handel was portrayed by Jeroen Krabbé as the antagonist in the film Farinelli (1994).
See also
Gottlieb Muffat
Handel Reference Database
Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel
Publications by Friedrich Chrysander
Valentine Snow
Drexel 5856
Notes, references and sources
Notes
^ "Handel" entry in Collins English Dictionary gives the common variant "George Frederick" (used in his will and on his funeral monument) alongside the pronunciation of his last name. The spelling "Frideric" is used on his 1727 application for British citizenship.
^ According to baptismal records in Halle's parish church, the Lutheran Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen, although he used the form Friedrich, which is universally used in German. The records of that church also show that the family name was spelt on various occasions at least four other ways: Hendel, Händeler, Hendeler and Hendtler, but most commonly Händel. In Italy, he spelt it Hendel, as it is pronounced in German. From the time he arrived in England, however, he consistently signed his name as George Frideric Handel.
^ Handel's tomb in Westminster has the Old Style birth date of February XXIIII, MDCLXXXIV, giving the day of his baptism and using its Annunciation style of counting the new year from 25 March.
^ Georg Händel (senior) was the son of a coppersmith, Valentin Händel (1582–1636), who had emigrated from Eisleben in 1608 with his first wife Anna Belching, the daughter of a master coppersmith. They were Protestants and chose reliably Protestant Saxony over Silesia, a Habsburg possession, as religious tensions mounted in the years before the Thirty Years' War.
^ Among the court musicians of Halle were Samuel Scheidt (who also was organist at the Moritzkirche), William Brade and Michael Praetorius.
^ Halle also was noted for the quality of its organ-builders. In 1712, Bach was intrigued by the organ at Marktkirche, and applied for the position that Zachow, Handel's teacher, vacated. He decided on Weimar, however.
^ This barber, Andreas Berger, happened to be the son-in-law of English émigré William Brade, court musician to Augustus in Weissenfels.
^ Both Landon and Hogwood point out and to the extent possible correct the more obvious misstatements of facts and dates and inconsistencies of Mainwaring. See Landon 1984, pp. 9–19; Hogwood 1984, pp. 11–17.
^ Schoelcher suggests that Handel's "doctor" father observed Handel making musical sounds even before he could talk and this in the eyes of the son of a coppersmith "discovered instincts of so low an order …"
^ The year and purpose of the visit and why the meeting occurred are variously given. Schoelcher and Bone have it that Handel was seven and they were visiting a son by Georg's first marriage, who was in service to the Duke. Friedrich Chrysander states that they were visiting the younger Handel's nephew, Carl (ten years his senior) who was the Duke's valet.
Lang writes that Handel was nine and Handel's father, holding a court position, must have frequently travelled to Weissenfels, where the Duke had established a residence after Prussia had annexed the city of Halle. Young Handel was taken along because he could be cared for by relatives of his late wife.
^ "His cantatas, often highly dramatic, are distinguished by very imaginative choral writing, colourful orchestration, and skilful handling of the concerted element."
^ Handel not only applied Kerll's techniques and phrases in later compositions, he imported an entire movement composed by Kerll into Israel in Egypt.
^ Both Landon and Hogwood point out and to the extent possible correct the more obvious misstatements of facts and dates and inconsistencies of Mainwaring. See Landon 1984, pp. 9–19; Hogwood 1984, pp. 11–17.
^ There was no "king" in Berlin until 18 January 1701 when Frederick III, the Elector of Brandenburg, became Frederick I, the first King in Prussia.
^ Among the careful authorities who accepted the trip taking place in 1698 were Handel's friend Johann Mattheson and Burney.
^ Records of the Marktkirche show that he took communion there in April of the years 1701–03.
^ Handel was required by the terms of his appointment, among other things, "to play the organ fittingly at Divine Service, and for this purpose to pre-intone the prescribed Psalms and Spiritual Songs, and to have due care to whatever might be needful to the support of beautiful harmony …"
^ The first mention of Handel from the time he took his last communion at the Marktkirche on 23 April is in Mattheson's annotated translation of Mainwaring (published in 1761) where he writes that he met Handel in the Organ loft of the Church of St. Mary Magdalena in Hamburg. In his earlier Grunlage (published in 1740), he fixes the date as 9 July.
^ Mainwaring gives the cryptic explanation that since he had to earn a living from his profession, he had to find a place less distant than Berlin. Given that Hamburg's opera house was second only to Berlin's in repute, "it was resolved to send him thither on his own bottom, and chiefly with a view to improvement". The passage suggests that Handel had already determined on secular dramatic music as a career, but who it was "to send him thither" is not explained.
^ In 2000, the upper stories of 25 Brook Street were leased to the Handel House Trust, and after extensive restoration, the Handel House Museum opened to the public, with events including concerts of baroque music.
References
^ "HÄNDEL-Haus in Halle an der Saale - HANDSCHRIFTLICHE DOKUMENTE". Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.
^ Hogwood 1984, p. 1.
^ Hicks 1998, p. 614.
^ George Frederic Handel. Archived 29 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Westminster Abbey.
^ "British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel". Parliament.uk. 14 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ Burrows 2007
^ Hicks 2013
^ Buelow 2004, p. 476.
^ Dean 1969, p. 19.
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 1
^ Adams & Hofestädt 2005, pp. 144–46.
^ a b c Adams & Hofestädt 2005, p. 144.
^ Adams & Hofestädt 2005, p. 144; Burrows 1994, p. 1.
^ Burrows 1994, p. 1.
^ a b c Lang 1966, p. 20.
^ Burrows 1994, pp. 1–2.
^ Lang 1966, pp. 25–26.
^ a b Lang 1966, p. 10.
^ Adams & Hofestädt 2005, pp. 144–45.
^ Landon 1984, p. 9.
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 6.
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 2; Landon 1984, p. 9.
^ Dreyhaupt 1755, p. 625.
^ Maitland & Squire 1890, p. 277.
^ Landon 1984, p. 10; Schoelcher 1857, p. 7 n.1.
^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 3.
^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 4–5.
^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 5.
^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 4.
^ a b c Lang 1966, p. 11.
^ Dent 2004, pp. 3–4.
^ a b c Schoelcher 1857, p. 5.
^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 4; Bone 1914, p. 141.
^ Chrysander 1858: Buch 1: 2. Kindheit.
^ Schoelcher 1857, pp. 4–5; Bone 1914, p. 141; Lang 1966, p. 11.
^ Lang 1966, p. 11; Bone 1914, p. 141; Schoelcher 1857, p. 5.
^ Lang 1966, pp. 11–12.
^ Lang 1966, p. 12; Landon 1984, p. 15. See also Seiffert, Max (1905). "Preface to Volumes 21, 21 (Zachow)". Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härte.
^ Schoelcher 1857, pp. 5–6. See also Bone 1914, pp. 141–42.
^ a b Schoelcher 1857, p. 6.
^ Lang 1966, p. 12.
^ Lang 1966, p. 14.
^ Lang 1966, pp. 13–16.
^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 15.
^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 16.
^ a b Mainwaring 1760, p. 18.
^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 6; Deutsch 1955, pp. 5–6 (inscription on Georg Händel's tombstone).
^ a b Lang 1966, p. 19.
^ Deutsch 1955, pp. 6–8 (containing the poem and English translation).
^ Landon 1984, p. 30 n.5.
^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 24–25.
^ a b Mainwaring 1760, p. 29.
^ a b Lang 1966, p. 166.
^ Schoelcher 1857, pp. 6–7.
^ Landon 1984, p. 31 n.8.
^ Landon 1984, p. 31 n.7.
^ Landon 1984, pp. 31 n.7 & 53.
^ Dean 1982, p. 2; Deutsch 1955, p. 8.
^ Lang 1966, p. 20; Dent 2004, p. 2
^ Lang 1966, pp. 20–21.
^ Lang 1966, p. 21.
^ Burrows 1994, p. 10; Deutsch 1955, pp. 8, 9, 10.
^ Dent 2004, p. 2.
^ Burrows 1994, p. 20.
^ Burrows 1994, pp. 10–11 translating Mattheson 1740, p. 359.
^ a b Deutsch 1955, p. 9.
^ Lang 1966, p. 22 n.2.
^ Lang 1966, p. 22 translating Mattheson 1740, p. 93.
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 4 n.1.
^ a b Lang 1966, p. 23.
^ Hogwood 1984, p. 21.
^ Best 1985, pp. 486–89.
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 10.
^ Mattheson 1740, pp. 29, 191.
^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 27–28.
^ Burrows 1994, pp. 11–13.
^ Lang 1966, p. 26.
^ Burrows 1994, p. 12.
^ Burrows 1994, p. 18
^ Burrows 1994, p. 19
^ Harris 2001, p. 37.
^ Annette Landgraf, David Vickers, The Cambridge Handel Encyclopedia, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 2
^ Burrows 1994, pp. 29–30
^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 52.
^ Dean & Knapp 1987, p. 129
^ Burrows 1994, p. 38
^ Dean & Knapp 1987, pp. 173, 180
^ "Handel, George Frederick". Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 – via Wikisource.
^ Burrows, Donald; Coffey, Helen; Greenacombe, John; Hicks, Anthony (20 February 2014). George Frideric Handel: Volume 1, 1609–1725: Collected Documents. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107470118. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 – via Google Books.
^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 88
^ There is a tantalising suggestion by Handel's biographer, Jonathan Keates, that he may have come to London in 1710 and settled in 1712 as a spy for the eventual Hanoverian successor to Queen Anne, George I. Day, Peter (12 April 2009). "How Handel played the markets". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 92
^ Dean & Knapp 1987, p. 286
^ Burrows 1994, p. 77.
^ Bukofzer 1947, pp. 333–35.
^ Rolland 1916, p. 71.
^ Dean & Knapp 1987, p. 209
^ Deutsch 1955, pp. 70–71
^ "Handel's Finances" Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, on bbc.co.uk
^ Hunter, David (14 June 2015). "Handel and the Royal African Company". Musicology Now. American Musicological Society. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
^ "Royal Academy of Music to 'decolonise' collection as composer linked to slave trade". Classic FM. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
^ Antonia Quirke, “In Search of the Black Mozart: A Revealing Look at Handel’s Investment in the Slave Trade,” New Statesman (4 June 2015), Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine; David Hunter, "Handel Manuscripts and the Profits of Slavery: The 'Granville' Collection at the British Library and the First Performing Score of Messiah Reconsidered," in Notes 76, no. 1 (Sept 2019): 27ff Archived 21 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine; "Artists respond to Handel’s investment in the transatlantic slave trade," St Paul Chamber Orchestra Blog (11 December 2020) Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 89
^ Dean 2006, p. 226 According to Dean they could not have reached London before 1716. In 1743, Smith wrote in a letter that he had been in Handel's service for 24 years.
^ Burrows 1994, p. 387
^ Deutsch 1955, p. 194
^ Imogen Levy (2 June 1953). "Guide to the Coronation Service". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^ "George Frideric Handel – Zadok the Priest". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
^ "Stage Beauty". www.stagebeauty.net. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ theatrical monopoly in Banham, Martin The Cambridge guide to theatre pp. 1105 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) ISBN 0-521-43437-8
^ Handel's Compositions Archived 30 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine GFHandel.org, Retrieved 21 December 2007
^ Dent 2004, p. .
^ Dent 2004, p. 33
^ "Synopsis of Arianna in Creta". Handelhouse.org. Handel House Museum. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
^ Dean 2006, pp. 274–84
^ Dean 2006, p. 288
^ a b CHRISSOCHOIDIS, I. (2008). HANDEL RECOVERING: FRESH LIGHT ON HIS AFFAIRS IN 1737. Eighteenth Century Music, 5(2), 237–244. doi:10.1017/S1478570608001504
^ "Koninklijke speelklok van wereldklasse aangekocht" Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Museum Speelklok, 14 November 2016 (in Dutch); "Georg Friedrich Händel and the Braamcamp clock" Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Erma Hermens, 22 November 2018
^ Ditto, Charles (July–September 1997). "Handel's Musical Clock Music". Fontes Artis Musicae . 44 (3): 266–280. JSTOR 23508494.
^ A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres, 1660–1760 by Eleanor Selfridge-Field, p. 492
^ a b c Hicks 2013.
^ Michael Cole (1993). "A Handel harpsichord" (PDF). Early Music. XXI (February 1993): 99–110. doi:10.1093/em/XXI.1.99. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022. illus.1 Single-manual harpsichord by William Smith (Bate Collection, University of Oxford)
^ Marx 1998, p. 243.
^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 157
^ Larsen 1972, p. 15 Handels Messiah. A distinguished authority on Handel discusses the origins, composition, and sources of one of the great choral works of western civilization.
^ Larsen 1972, p. 26
^ Marx 1998, p. 48.
^ Larsen 1972, p. 66
^ Larsen 1972, p. 49
^ Larsen 1972, p. 40
^ Larsen 1972, p. 33
^ Burrows 1994, p. 217.
^ Larsen 1972, p. 37
^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 165
^ Larsen 1972, pp. 16, 39–41
^ Larsen 1972, p. 78
^ Dent 2004, pp. 40–41
^ Young 1966, p. 48
^ Bone 1914, pp. 142–44.
^ "G. F. Handel's Compositions". The Handel Institute. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
^ "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba". Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ Burrows 1994, pp. 354–55
^ Burrows 1994, pp. 297–98
^ Young 1966, p. 56
^ Dent 2004, p. 63
^ Young 1966, p. 60
^ The Letters and Writings of George Frideric Handel by Erich H. Müller, 1935
^ a b McGeary, Thomas (November 2009). "Handel as art collector: art, connoisseurship and taste in Hanoverian Britain". Early Music. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 533–576. doi:10.1093/em/cap107.
^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 145–55.
^ Dean 1982, p. 116.
^ The Halle Handel Edition. "A short history of editing Handel". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ Handel, George Freidrich. Schering, Arnold; Soldan, Kurt (eds.). Messiah: Oratorio in Three Parts, HWV 56. Leipzig: C.F. Peters. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ Best, Terence, ed. Handel collections and their history, a collection of conference papers given by the international panel of distinguished Handel scholars. Clarendon Press, 1993
^ Prince Hoare, ed. (1820). Memoirs of Granville Sharp. Colburn. p. XII. ...he had a voluminous collection of Handel's scores...
^ Jacob Simon (1985). Handel, a celebration of his life and times, 1685–1759. p. 239. National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain)
^ "The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero". BBC. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017.
^ Blyth, Alan (2007). Choral Music on Record. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
^ "BBC Press Release". Bbc.co.uk. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
^ Dent 2004, p. 23
^ a b Young, Percy Marshall (1 April 1975) . Handel (Master Musician series). J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 177. ISBN 0-460-03161-9.
^ Richard Taruskin, The Oxford History of Western Music, Oxford University Press, 2005, vol. 2, chapter 26, p. 329, ISBN 0-19-522271-7
^ Alexander Silbiger, "Scarlatti Borrowings in Handel's Grand Concertos", The Musical Times, v. 125, 1984, pp. 93–94
^ A comprehensive bibliography through 2005 can be found in Mary Anne Parker, G. F. Handel: A Guide to Research, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 1-136-78359-8, pp. 114–135
^ John H. Roberts, "Why Did Handel Borrow?", in Handel: Tercentary Collection, edited by Stanley Sadie and Anthony Hicks, Royal Musical Association, 1985, pp. 83–92, ISBN 0-8357-1833-6
^ Auner Joseph H. (1996), "Schoenberg's Handel Concerto and the Ruins of Tradition", Journal of the American Musicological Society, and also Robert Schumann tried to compose an additional piece for a theme of Handel in his Album for the Young. 49: 264–313
^ For All the Saints: A Calendar of Commemorations for United Methodists, ed. by Clifton F. Guthrie (Order of Saint Luke Publications, 1995, ISBN 1-878009-25-7) p. 161.
Sources
Adams, Aileen K.; Hofestädt, B. (August 2005). "Georg Händel (1622–97): The Barber-Surgeon Father of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)". Journal of Medical Biography. 13 (3): 142–49. doi:10.1177/096777200501300308. PMID 16059526. S2CID 208323027.
Best, Terence (November 1985). "Handel's Chamber Music: Sources, Chronology and Authenticity". Early Music. 13 (4): 476–499. doi:10.1093/em/13.4.476. JSTOR 3127226.
Bone, Philip J. (1914). The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers for these Instruments. London: Schott & Co.
Buelow, George J. (2004). A History of Baroque Music. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34365-8.
Bukofzer, Manfred F. (1947). 'Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-09745-5.
Burrows, Donald (1994). Handel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816470-X.
Burrows, Donald (2007). "Handel, George Frideric (1685–1759)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12192. Retrieved 10 January 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Chrysander, Friedrich (1858). G.F. Händel. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010. Consisting of three volumes (separately hosted online by zeno.org): Buch 1 Archived 15 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine: Jugendzeit und Lehrjahre in Deutschland (1685–1706); Buch 2 Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine: Die große Wanderung (1707–1720).
Dean, Winton (1969). Handel and the Opera Seria. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01438-1.
Dean, Winton (1982). The New Grove Handel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-30086-2.
Dean, Winton; Knapp, John Merrill (1987). Handel's Operas, 1704–1726. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.
Dean, Winton (2006). Handel's Operas, 1726–1741. The Boydell Press. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2006.
Dent, Edward Joseph (2004). Handel. R A Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-2275-4.
Deutsch, Otto Erich (1955). Handel: A Documentary Biography. London: Adam and Charles Black.
Dreyhaupt, Johann Christoph von (1755). Pagus neletici et nudzici oder ausführliche diplomatisch-historische Beschreibun des … Saal-Creises. Vol. 2. Halle: Verlag des Waysenhauses. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
Harris, Ellen T. (2001). Handel as Orpheus. Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00617-8.
Hicks, Anthony (2013), "Handel, George Frideric", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40060, ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 10 January 2022
Hicks, Anthony (1998). "Handel, George Frederick". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 614–26. ISBN 1-56159-228-5.
Hogwood, Christopher (1984). Handel. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01355-1.
Landon, H.C. Robbins (1984). Handel and his World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-78498-6.
Lang, Paul Henry (1966). George Frideric Handel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. LCCN 66011793/MN/r842.
Larsen, J. P. (1972). Handel's Messiah. London: Adams and Charles Black Limited.
Leopold, Silke. Händel, Die Opern Bärenreiter 2009, ISBN 978-3-7618-1991-3
Mainwaring, John (1760). Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Frederic Handel. London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley.
Maitland, J. A. Fuller; Squire, W. Barclay (1890). "Handel, George Friederick". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XXIV Haile–Harriott. New York: Macmillan and Co. pp. 277–91.
Marx, Hans Joachim (1998). Händels Oratorien, Oden und Serenaten: Ein Kompendium. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-27815-2.
Mattheson, Johann (1740). Grundlage einer Ehren-pforte, woran der tüchtigsten Capellmeister, Componisten, Musikgelehrten, Tonkünstler &c. Leben, Wercke, Verdienste &c. erscheinen sollen. Hamburg: For the author. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Meynell, Hugo. The Art of Handel's Operas, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press (1986) ISBN 0-88946-425-1
National Portrait Gallery. Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759.
Rolland, Romain (1916) . Handel. Translated by Hull, A. Eaglefield. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
Schoelcher, Victor (1857). The Life of Handel. Translated by Lowe, James. London: Robert Cocks & Co.
Young, Percy Marshall (1966). Handel. New York: David White Company.
Further reading
Burrows, Donald (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Handel. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45613-4.
Chrysander, Friedrich (1860). G. F. Händel. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Buch 3: Zwanzig Jahre bei der italienischen Oper in London.
Chrysander, Friedrich (1867). G. F. Händel. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Buch 4: Übergang zum Oratorium.
Cudworth, C. (1972). Handel. London. ISBN 9780208010681. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Frosch, William A. (14 September 1989). "The Case of George Frideric Handel". The New England Journal of Medicine. 321 (11): 765–69. doi:10.1056/NEJM198909143211120. PMID 2671732.
Frosch, William A. (1990). "Moods, Madness, and Music. II. Was Handel Insane?". The Musical Quarterly. 74 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1093/mq/74.1.31. JSTOR 741903.
Hicks, Anthony (1976–1977). "Handel's Early Musical Development". Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. 103: 80–89. doi:10.1093/jrma/103.1.80. JSTOR 765887.
Hogg, Katharine (July–September 2008). "Handel and the Fundling Hospital: The Gerald Coke Handel Collection at the Foundling Museum". Fontes Artis Musicae. 55 (3): 435–47. JSTOR 23512496.
Hume, Robert D. (October 1986). "Handel and Opera Management in London in the 1730s". Music & Letters. 67 (4): 347–62. doi:10.1093/ml/67.4.347. JSTOR 735134.
Hunter, David (November 2001). "Handel among the Jacobites". Music & Letters. 82 (4): 543–56. doi:10.1093/ml/82.4.543. JSTOR 3526275.
Joncus, Berta (2006). "Handel at Drury Lane: Ballad Opera and the Production of Kitty Clive". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 131 (2): 179–226. doi:10.1093/jrma/fkl013. JSTOR 30161399. S2CID 154560136.
Keates, Jonathan (1985). Handel: The Man and His Music. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-35846-6.
Keynes, Milo (September 1982). "Handel and His Illnesses". The Musical Times. 123 (1675): 613–14. doi:10.2307/963285. JSTOR 963285.
King, Richard G. (August 1991). "Handel's Travels in the Netherlands in 1750". Music & Letters. 72 (3): 372–86. doi:10.1093/ml/72.3.372. JSTOR 736214.
MacArdle, Donald (January 1960). "Beethoven and Handel". Music & Letters. 41 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1093/ml/41.1.33. JSTOR 729686.
McGeary, Thomas (2011). "Handel and Homosexuality: Burlington House and Cannons Revisited". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 136 (1): 33–71. doi:10.1080/02690403.2011.562718. JSTOR 41300166. S2CID 161457448.
McGeary, Thomas (2013). The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00988-2.
Streatfeild, R. A. (1910). Handel (Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co.
Winemiller, John T. (Autumn 1997). "Recontextualizing Handel's Borrowing". The Journal of Musicology. 15 (4): 444–70. doi:10.2307/764003. JSTOR 764003.
White, Harry (1987). "Handel in Dublin: A Note". Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 2: 182–86. doi:10.3828/eci.1987.14. JSTOR 30070846. S2CID 256131717.
External links
Library resources about George Frideric Handel
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Handel Reference Database
"Discovering Handel". BBC Radio 3.
Works by George Frideric Handel at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about George Frideric Handel at Internet Archive
Works by George Frideric Handel at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Handel Houses:
Händel-Haus in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Handel's birthplace (archived 5 December 2008)
The Handel House Museum, Handel's home in London
Scores and recordings
Free scores by George Frideric Handel at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP): includes Complete Works Edition (Ausgabe der Deutschen Händelgesellschaft)
Free scores by George Frideric Handel in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
The Mutopia Project provides free downloading of sheet music and MIDI files for some of Handel's works.
Digitized images of Old English Songs, containing works by Handel, housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections
George Frideric Handel cylinder recordings, from the UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
KunstDerFuge .mid files: George Frideric Handel – MIDI files
vteGeorge Frideric Handel
List of operas
List of compositions
Operas
Handel's lost Hamburg operas (Florindo, Daphne)
Almira
Rodrigo
Agrippina
Rinaldo
Il pastor fido
Teseo
Silla
Amadigi di Gaula
Acis and Galatea
Radamisto
Muzio Scevola
Floridante
Ottone
Flavio
Giulio Cesare
Tamerlano
Rodelinda
Scipione
Alessandro
Admeto
Riccardo Primo
Siroe
Tolomeo
Lotario (Handel)
Partenope
Poro
Ezio
Sosarme
Catone
Orlando
Arianna in Creta
Parnasso in festa
Oreste
Ariodante
Alcina
Atalanta
Arminio
Giustino
Berenice
Faramondo
Alessandro Severo
Serse
Giove in Argo
Imeneo
Deidamia
Opera excerpts
"Lascia ch'io pianga"
"Ombra mai fu"
"Svegliatevi nel core"
"Va tacito e nascosto"
Incidental music
The Alchemist
Comus
Alceste
Oratorios
Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno / Il trionfo del Tempo e della Verità / The Triumph of Time and Truth
La resurrezione
Brockes Passion
Esther
Deborah
Athalia
Saul
Israel in Egypt
L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato
Messiah
Structure
Part I
Part II
Part III
Der Messias (Mozart arr.)
Scratch Messiah
Samson
Semele
Joseph and his Brethren
Hercules
Belshazzar
Occasional Oratorio
Judas Maccabaeus
Joshua
Alexander Balus
Susanna
Solomon
Theodora
The Choice of Hercules
Jephtha
Odes and masques
Aci, Galatea e Polifemo
Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne
Alexander's Feast
Ode For St. Cecilia's Day
Cantatas
Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarà pur vero
Allor ch'io dissi addio
Aure soavi e lieti
Clori, Tirsi e Fileno
Dalla guerra amorosa
Del bell'idolo mio
Apollo e Dafne
O lucenti, o sereni occhi
Ero e Leandro
Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio)
Un'alma innamorata
Latin church music
Dixit Dominus
Gloria
Nisi Dominus
Salve Regina
Anthems
As Pants the Hart
Zadok the Priest
Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline
Sing Unto God
Chandos Anthems
Wedding anthem for Princess Anne
Foundling Hospital Anthem
Canticles
Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate
Dettingen Te Deum
Queen Caroline Te Deum
Chandos Jubilate
Oboe concertos
Oboe Concerto No. 3
Oboe Concerto No. 1
Oboe Concerto No. 2
Orchestral suites
Water Music
Music for the Royal Fireworks
Flute, solo and XV solo sonatas
358
"Fitzwilliam"
359a
359b
360
361
362
363a
363b
364a
364b
365
366
367a
367b
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
378
379
Opus
Organ concertos, Op. 4
Organ concertos, Op. 7
Concerti grossi, Op. 3
Concerti grossi, Op. 6
Other
Germanico
Nabal
Gideon
The Harmonious Blacksmith
Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)
Catalogs and collections
Handel Reference Database
Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis
Händel-Gesellschaft
Hallische Händel-Ausgabe
Festivals
Göttingen
Halle
London
Related articles
British citizenship
Letters and writings
Will
Handel at Cannons
Handel House
Handel & Hendrix in London
Georg Händel
Händel-Jahrbuch
Category
Commons
Audio
vteGeorge Frideric Handel's Messiah (1741)Parts
Structure of Handel's Messiah
Part I
Part II
Part III
Versions
Der Messias (Mozart, 1789)
Rock Messiah (1971)
Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration (1992)
"Hallelujah!"
Performances
Scratch Messiah
Messiah (1959)
The Young Messiah (1982)
Messiah (1999)
Parodies
Scheissmessiah! (2004)
Story within a story
It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown (1992)
Handel's Last Chance (1996)
Coram Boy (2005)
All the Angels (2015)
Category
Audio
vteBaroque musicList of Baroque composersTransitionaland early (c. 1600)
Allegri
G. Caccini
Coelho
J. Dowland
Franck
Frescobaldi
Gabrieli
V. Galilei
C. Gibbons
O. Gibbons
d'India
Kapsberger
Landi
Lawes
Michna
Merula
Monteverdi
Peri
M. Praetorius
Rossi
Scheidt
Schein
Schütz
Sweelinck
Middle (c. 1650)
Amodei
d'Anglebert
Bassani
H. I. F. Biber
Blow
Buxtehude
Cabanilles
Carissimi
Cavalli
Cesti
Charpentier
Clarke
Corelli
Diletsky
Froberger
Kerll
Legrenzi
J.-B. Lully
M. Marais
Muffat
J. Pachelbel
J. Playford
H. Purcell
Reincken
Sabini
Sanz
A. Scarlatti
Stradella
Strozzi
Torelli
Torrejón y Velasco
Vejvanovský
Late (c. 1700)
Albinoni
J. S. Bach
Bodin de Boismortier
G. B. Bononcini
Caldara
Campra
F. Couperin
Delalande
Fasch
Fischer
Fux
Geminiani
Gorczycki
Graupner
Handel
Heinichen
Jacquet de La Guerre
Leclair l'aîné
Locatelli
Lotti
A. Marcello
Pepusch
Pergolesi
Pisendel
Porpora
Quantz
Rameau
D. Scarlatti
Seixas
Tartini
Telemann
Vinci
Vivaldi
Weiss
Zelenka
de Zumaya
Galant (c. 1720)
Arne
C. P. E. Bach
J. C. Bach
W. F. Bach
F. Benda
Boccherini
Boyce
F. Brixi
Corrette
Frederick the Great
Galuppi
Hasse
Padre Martini
Mysliveček
Mondonville
L. Mozart
Quantz
Sammartini
Soler
Telemann
Zach
MusicalInstruments
bassoon
carillon
cello
clavichord
cornett
double bass
drum
flute
fortepiano
guitar
harp
harpsichord
lautenwerck
lute
oboe
organ
recorder
sackbut
theorbo
trumpet
viol
viola
violin
violone
Ensembles
Baroque orchestra
Basso continuo
Musical forms
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈhændəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg/De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998614-5"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music"},{"link_name":"operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera#Baroque_era"},{"link_name":"oratorios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthem"},{"link_name":"concerti grossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_grosso"},{"link_name":"organ concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concerto"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"became a naturalised British subject in 1727","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel%27s_Naturalisation_Act_1727"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"polyphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"Italian Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Baroque"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Water Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music"},{"link_name":"Music for the Royal Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuelow2004476-11"},{"link_name":"coronation anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Anthems_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Zadok the Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest"},{"link_name":"British coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"opere serie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria"},{"link_name":"Winton Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Dean"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean196919-12"},{"link_name":"Classical-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"}],"text":"\"Handel\" redirects here. For other uses, see Handel (disambiguation).George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (/ˈhændəl/;[a] baptised Georg Fried(e)rich Händel,[b] German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩] ⓘ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759)[3][c] was a German-British Baroque composer well known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concertos. Handel received his training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the bulk of his career and became a naturalised British subject in 1727.[5] He was strongly influenced both by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition and by composers of the Italian Baroque. In turn, Handel's music forms one of the peaks of the \"high baroque\" style, bringing Italian opera to its highest development, creating the genres of English oratorio and organ concerto, and introducing a new style into English church music. He is consistently recognized as one of the greatest composers of his age.[6][7]Handel started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera. In 1737, he had a physical breakdown, changed direction creatively, addressed the middle class and made a transition to English choral works. After his success with Messiah (1742), he never composed an Italian opera again. His orchestral Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks remain steadfastly popular.[8] One of his four coronation anthems, Zadok the Priest, has been performed at every British coronation since 1727. Almost blind, he died in 1759, a respected and rich man, and was given a state funeral at Westminster Abbey.Handel composed more than forty opere serie over a period of more than thirty years. Since the late 1960s, interest in Handel's music has grown. The musicologist Winton Dean wrote that \"Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order.\"[9] His music was admired by Classical-era composers, especially Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.","title":"George Frideric Handel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Domenico Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Georg Händel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_H%C3%A4ndel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"barber-surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeon"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Weissenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weissenfels"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofest%C3%A4dt2005144%E2%80%9346-14"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofest%C3%A4dt2005144-15"},{"link_name":"Duke of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Weissenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941%E2%80%932-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Handel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_House"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196625%E2%80%9326-23"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196610-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofest%C3%A4dt2005144%E2%80%9345-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon19849-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196610-25"},{"link_name":"stillborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19556-28"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Handel's baptismal registration (Marienbibliothek in Halle)Handel was born in 1685 (the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti) in Halle, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, then part of Brandenburg-Prussia. His parents were Georg Händel, aged 63, and Dorothea Taust.[10] His father was an eminent barber-surgeon who served the court of Saxe-Weissenfels and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.[11][d]Halle was a relatively prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry, a centre of trade, and a member of the Hanseatic League.[13] The Margrave of Brandenburg became the administrator of the archepiscopal territories of Mainz, including Magdeburg when they converted, and by the early 17th century held his court in Halle, which attracted renowned musicians.[e] Even the smaller churches all had \"able organists and fair choirs\",[f] and humanities and the letters thrived (Shakespeare was performed in the theatres early in the 17th century).[15] The Thirty Years' War brought extensive destruction to Halle, and by the 1680s it was impoverished.[12] However, since the middle of the war the city had been under the administration of the Duke of Saxony, and soon after the end of the war he would bring musicians trained in Dresden to his court in Weissenfels.[16]Handel House, birthplace of HandelThe arts and music, however, flourished only among the higher strata (not only in Halle but throughout Germany),[17] of which Handel's family was not a part. Georg Händel (senior) was born at the beginning of the war and was apprenticed to a barber in Halle at the age of 14 after his father died.[g] When he was 20, he married the widow of the official barber-surgeon of a suburb of Halle, inheriting his practice. With this, Georg determinedly began the process of becoming self-made; by dint of his \"conservative, steady, thrifty, unadventurous\" lifestyle,[18] he guided the five children he had with Anna who reached adulthood into the medical profession (except his youngest daughter, who married a government official).[19] Anna died in 1682. Within a year Georg married again, this time to the daughter of a Lutheran minister, Pastor Georg Taust of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Giebichenstein,[20] who himself came from a long line of Lutheran pastors.[18] George Frideric was the second child of this marriage; the first son was stillborn.[21] Two younger sisters arrived afterwards: Dorthea Sophia, born on 6 October 1687, and Johanna Christiana, born on 10 January 1690.[22]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyhaupt1755625-30"},{"link_name":"Johann Praetorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Praetorius_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Praetorius_(Musiker)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaitlandSquire1890277-31"},{"link_name":"John Mainwaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mainwaring"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17604%E2%80%935-36"},{"link_name":"spinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinet"},{"link_name":"clavichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavichord"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17605-37"},{"link_name":"John Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)"},{"link_name":"Charles Burney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burney"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18574-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent20043%E2%80%934-40"}],"sub_title":"Early education","text":"Halle, copper engraving, 1686Early in his life Handel is reported to have attended the Gymnasium in Halle,[23] where the headmaster, Johann Praetorius [de], was reputed to be an ardent musician.[24] Whether Handel remained there, and if he did for how long, is unknown, but many biographers suggest that he was withdrawn from school by his father, based on the characterization of him by Handel's first biographer, John Mainwaring. Mainwaring is the source for almost all information (little as it is) of Handel's childhood, and much of that information came from J. C. Smith Jr., Handel's confidant and copyist.[25] Whether it came from Smith or elsewhere, Mainwaring frequently relates misinformation.[h] It is from Mainwaring that the portrait comes of Handel's father as implacably opposed to any musical education. Mainwaring writes that Georg Händel was \"alarmed\" at Handel's very early propensity for music,[i] \"took every measure to oppose it\", including forbidding any musical instrument in the house and preventing Handel from going to any house where they might be found.[27] This did nothing to dampen young Handel's inclination; in fact, it did the reverse. Mainwaring tells the story of Handel's secret attic spinet: Handel \"found means to get a little clavichord privately convey'd to a room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep\".[28] Although both John Hawkins and Charles Burney credited this tale, Schoelcher found it nearly \"incredible\" and a feat of \"poetic imagination\"[29] and Lang considers it one of the unproven \"romantic stories\" that surrounded Handel's childhood.[30] But Handel had to have had some experience with the keyboard to have made the impression in Weissenfels that resulted in his receiving formal musical training.[31]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weissenfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissenfels"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41"},{"link_name":"Duke Johann Adolf I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adolf_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zachow"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"},{"link_name":"Burney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burney"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marktkirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktkirche_Unser_Lieben_Frauen"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Zachow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zachow"},{"link_name":"fugue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue"},{"link_name":"cantus firmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantus_firmus"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196612-52"},{"link_name":"Johann Krieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Krieger"},{"link_name":"Johann Caspar Kerll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll"},{"link_name":"Girolamo Frescobaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Johann Jakob Froberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger"},{"link_name":"Buxtehude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Georg Muffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Muffat"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196613%E2%80%9316-55"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176015-56"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176016-57"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018-58"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Musical education","text":"Sometime between the ages of seven and nine, Handel accompanied his father to Weissenfels, where he came under the notice of one whom Handel thereafter always regarded throughout life as his benefactor,[32] Duke Johann Adolf I.[j] Somehow Handel made his way to the court organ in the palace chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he surprised everyone with his playing.[35] Overhearing this performance and noting the youth of the performer caused the Duke, whose suggestions were not to be disregarded, to recommend to Georg Händel that Handel be given musical instruction.[36] Handel's father engaged the organist at the Halle parish church, the young Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, to instruct Handel. Zachow would be the only teacher that Handel ever had.[30] Because of his church employment, Zachow was an organist \"of the old school\", revelling in fugues, canons, and counterpoint.[32] But he was also familiar with developments in music across Europe and his own compositions \"embraced the new concerted, dramatic style\".[k]When Zachow discovered the talent of Handel, he introduced him \"to a vast collection of German and Italian music, which he possessed, sacred and profane, vocal and instrumental compositions of different schools, different styles, and of every master\".[32] Many traits considered \"Handelian\" can be traced back to Zachow's music.[38] At the same time Handel continued practice on the harpsichord, and learned violin and organ, but according to Burney his special affection was for the hautbois (oboe).[39] Schoelcher speculates that his youthful devotion to the instrument explains the large number of pieces he composed for the oboe.[40]Marktkirche in Halle where Handel was baptised, and where Friedrich Zachow and Handel performed as organistsWith respect to instruction in composition, in addition to having Handel apply himself to traditional fugue and cantus firmus work, Zachow, recognising Handel's precocious talents, systematically introduced Handel to the variety of styles and masterworks contained in his extensive library. He did this by requiring Handel to copy selected scores. \"I used to write like the devil in those days\", Handel recalled much later.[41]Much of this copying was entered into a notebook that Handel maintained for the rest of his life. Although it has since disappeared, the notebook has been sufficiently described to understand what pieces Zachow wished Handel to study. Among the chief composers represented in this exercise book were Johann Krieger, an \"old master\" in the fugue and prominent organ composer, Johann Caspar Kerll, a representative of the \"southern style\" after his teacher Girolamo Frescobaldi and imitated later by Handel,[l] Johann Jakob Froberger, an \"internationalist\" also closely studied by Buxtehude and Bach, and Georg Muffat, whose amalgam of French and Italian styles and his synthesis of musical forms influenced Handel.[43]Mainwaring writes that during this time Zachow had begun to have Handel assume some of his church duties. Zachow, Mainwaring asserts, was \"often\" absent, \"from his love of company, and a cheerful glass\", and Handel, therefore, performed on organ frequently.[44] What is more, according to Mainwaring, Handel began composing, at the age of nine, church services for voice and instruments \"and from that time actually did compose a service every week for three years successively\".[45] Mainwaring ends this chapter of Handel's life by concluding that three or four years had been enough to allow Handel to surpass Zachow, and Handel had become \"impatient for another situation\"; \"Berlin was the place agreed upon.\"[46] Carelessness with dates or sequences (and possibly imaginative interpretation by Mainwaring) makes this period confused.[m]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196619-61"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196619-61"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018-58"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176024%E2%80%9325-65"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029-66"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1966166-67"},{"link_name":"Bononcini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini"},{"link_name":"Attilio Ariosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Ariosti"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576%E2%80%937-68"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.8-69"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7-70"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7_&_53-72"}],"sub_title":"After the death of Handel's father","text":"Handel's father died on 11 February 1697.[47] It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg,[48] and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) \"dedicated to the liberal arts.\"[49] At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School.[48]Mainwaring has Handel travelling to Berlin the next year, 1698.[46] The problem with Mainwaring as an authority for this date, however, is that he tells of how Handel's father communicated with the \"king\"[n] during Handel's stay, declining the Court's offer to send Handel to Italy on a stipend[51] and that his father died \"after his return from Berlin.\"[52] But since Georg Händel died in 1697, either the date of the trip or Mainwaring's statements about Handel's father must be in error. Early biographers solved the problem by making the year of the trip 1696, then noting that at the age of 11, Handel would need a guardian, so they have Handel's father or a friend of the family accompany him, all the while puzzling over why the elder Handel, who wanted Handel to become a lawyer, would spend the sum to lead his son further into the temptation of music as a career.[53] Schoelcher for example has Handel travelling to Berlin at 11, meeting both Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti in Berlin and then returning at the direction of his father.[54] But Ariosti was not in Berlin before the death of Handel's father,[55] and Handel could not have met Bononcini in Berlin before 1702.[56] Modern biographers either accept the year as 1698, since most reliable older authorities agree with it,[o] and discount what Mainwaring says about what took place during the trip or assume that Mainwaring conflated two or more visits to Berlin, as he did with Handel's later trips to Venice.[57]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Christian Thomasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Thomasius"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_University"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620%E2%80%9321-75"},{"link_name":"August Hermann Francke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke"},{"link_name":"Foundling Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196621-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dom_Halle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Halle Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[p]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Calvinist Cathedral in Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent20042-79"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199420-80"},{"link_name":"Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Johann Kuhnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Thomaskirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomaskirche"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"University","text":"Perhaps to fulfil a promise to his father or simply because he saw himself as \"dedicated to the liberal arts\", on 10 February 1702 Handel matriculated at the University of Halle.[58] That university had only recently been founded. In 1694, the Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III (later Prussian King Frederick I) created the school, largely to provide a lecture forum for the jurist Christian Thomasius who had been expelled from Leipzig for his liberal views.[15] Handel did not enrol in the faculty of law, although he almost certainly attended lectures.[59] Thomasius was an intellectual and academic crusader, who was the first German academic to lecture in German and also denounced witch trials. Lang believes that Thomasius instilled in Handel a \"respect for the dignity and freedom of man's mind and the solemn majesty of the law\", principles that would have drawn him to and kept him in England for half a century.[60] Handel also there encountered theologian and professor of Oriental languages August Hermann Francke, who was particularly solicitous of children, especially orphans. The orphanage he founded became a model for Germany, and undoubtedly influenced Handel's own charitable impulse when he assigned the rights of Messiah to London's Foundling Hospital.[61]Halle CathedralShortly after commencing his university education, Handel (though Lutheran[p]) on 13 March 1702 accepted the position of organist at the Calvinist Cathedral in Halle, the Domkirche, replacing J. C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant.[63] The position, which was a one-year probationary appointment, showed the foundation he had received from Zachow, for a church organist and cantor was a highly prestigious office. From it, he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg. [64]Around this same time, Handel made the acquaintance of Telemann. Four years Handel's senior, Telemann was studying law at Leipzig and was assisting cantor Johann Kuhnau (Bach's predecessor at the Thomaskirche there). Telemann recalled forty years later in an autobiography for Mattheson's Grundlage: \"The writing of the excellent Johann Kuhnau served as a model for me in fugue and counterpoint; but in fashioning melodic movements and examining them Handel and I were constantly occupied, frequently visiting each other as well as writing letters.\"[65]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[q]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196622_n.2-84"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19554_n.1-86"},{"link_name":"Corelli school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196623-87"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogwood198421-88"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest1985486%E2%80%9389-89"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196623-87"}],"sub_title":"Halle compositions","text":"Although Mainwaring records that Handel wrote weekly when assistant to Zachow and as probationary organist at Domkirche part of his duty was to provide suitable music,[q] no sacred compositions from his Halle period can now be identified.[67] Mattheson, however, summarised his opinion of Handel's church cantatas written in Halle: \"Handel in those days set very, very long arias and sheerly unending cantatas which, while not possessing the proper knack or correct taste, were perfect so far as harmony is concerned.\"[68]Early chamber works do exist, but it is difficult to date any of them to Handel's time in Halle. Many historians until recently followed Chrysander and designated the six trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo as his first known composition, supposedly written in 1696 (when Handel was 11).[69] Lang doubts the dating based on a handwritten date of a copy (1700) and stylistic considerations. Lang writes that the works \"show thorough acquaintance with the distilled sonata style of the Corelli school\" and are notable for \"the formal security and the cleanness of the texture.\"[70] Hogwood considers all of the oboe trio sonatas spurious and even suggests that some parts cannot be performed on oboe.[71] That authentic manuscript sources do not exist and that Handel never recycled any material from these works makes their authenticity doubtful.[72] Other early chamber works were printed in Amsterdam in 1724 as opus 1, but it is impossible to tell which are early works in their original form, rather than later re-workings by Handel, a frequent practice of his.[70]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburgs_Oper.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Oper am Gänsemarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_am_G%C3%A4nsemarkt"},{"link_name":"[r]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Donald Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Burrows_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199411%E2%80%9313-95"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196626-96"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199412-97"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029-66"},{"link_name":"Oper am Gänsemarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_am_G%C3%A4nsemarkt"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Johann Mattheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mattheson"},{"link_name":"Christoph Graupner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Graupner"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Keiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser"},{"link_name":"Almira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almira"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel%27s_lost_Hamburg_operas#Florindo_and_Daphne"},{"link_name":"Florindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florindo"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_(III)_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Gian Gastone de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200137-100"},{"link_name":"librettist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librettist"},{"link_name":"Antonio Salvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Salvi"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Dixit Dominus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixit_Dominus_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"cantatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"pastoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral"},{"link_name":"Aurora Sanseverino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Sanseverino"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Pietro Ottoboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ottoboni_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Pamphili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Pamphili"},{"link_name":"Carlo Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family"},{"link_name":"oratorios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"},{"link_name":"La resurrezione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_resurrezione"},{"link_name":"Il trionfo del tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_tempo_e_del_disinganno"},{"link_name":"Ruspoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Marescotti_Ruspoli,_1st_Prince_of_Cerveteri"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Cocomero theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatres_in_Florence"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Agrippina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippina_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Malibran"},{"link_name":"Grimanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimani_family"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Grimani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Grimani"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176052-103"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"text":"The Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt in 1726, where Handel was a musicianHandel's probationary appointment to Domkirche expired in March 1703. By July[r] Handel was in Hamburg. Since he left no explanation for the move[s] biographers have offered their own speculation.Donald Burrows believes that the answer can be found by untangling Mainwaring's confused chronology of the trip to Berlin. Burrows dates this trip to 1702 or 1703 (after his father's death) and concludes that since Handel (through a \"friend and relation\" at the Berlin court) turned down Frederick's offer to subsidise his musical education in Italy (with the implicit understanding that he would become a court musician on his return), Handel was no longer able to expect preferment (whether as a musician, lawyer or otherwise) within Brandenburg-Prussia. Since he was attracted to secular, dramatic music (by meeting the Italians Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti and through the influence of Telemann), Hamburg, a free city with an established opera company, was the logical choice.[76]The question remains, however, why Handel rejected the King's offer, given that Italy was the centre of opera. Lang suggests that influenced by the teachings of Thomasius, Handel's character was such that he was unable to make himself subservient to anyone, even a king. Lang sees Handel as someone who could not accept class distinctions that required him to regard himself as a social inferior. \"What Handel craved was personal freedom to raise himself out of his provincial milieu to a life of culture.\"[77] Burrows notes that, like his father, Handel was able to accept royal (and aristocratic) favours without considering himself a court servant;[78] and so, given the embarrassed financial condition of his mother,[52] Handel set off for Hamburg to obtain experience while supporting himself.In 1703, he accepted a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt.[79] There he met the composers Johann Mattheson, Christoph Graupner and Reinhard Keiser. Handel's first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced in 1705.[80] He produced two other operas, Daphne and Florindo, performed in 1708.According to Mainwaring, in 1706 Handel travelled to Italy at the invitation of Ferdinando de' Medici. (Other sources say Handel was invited by Gian Gastone de' Medici, whom Handel had met in 1703–04 in Hamburg.[81]) Ferdinando, who had a keen interest in opera, was trying to make Florence Italy's musical capital by attracting the leading talents of his day. In Italy, Handel met librettist Antonio Salvi, with whom he later collaborated. Handel left for Rome and since opera was (temporarily) banned in the Papal States, composed sacred music for the Roman clergy. His famous Dixit Dominus (1707) is from this era. He also composed cantatas in pastoral style for musical gatherings in the palaces of duchess Aurora Sanseverino (whom Mainwaring called \"Donna Laura\")[82] one of the most influential patrons from the Kingdom of Naples, and cardinals Pietro Ottoboni, Benedetto Pamphili and Carlo Colonna. Two oratorios, La resurrezione and Il trionfo del tempo, were produced in a private setting for Ruspoli and Ottoboni in 1709 and 1710, respectively. Rodrigo, his first all-Italian opera, was produced in the Cocomero theatre in Florence in 1707.[83] Agrippina was first produced in 1709 at Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice, owned by the Grimanis. The opera, with a libretto by Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani, ran for 27 nights successively.[84] The audience, thunderstruck with the grandeur and sublimity of his style,[85] applauded for Il caro Sassone (\"the dear Saxon\" – referring to Handel's German origins).","title":"From Hamburg to Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In London"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg"},{"link_name":"King George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Edouard Hamman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Hamman"},{"link_name":"Kapellmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapellmeister"},{"link_name":"Elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Charles Montagu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Duke_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Luisa_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Rinaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)"},{"link_name":"La Gerusalemme Liberata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered"},{"link_name":"Torquato Tasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquato_Tasso"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Lascia ch'io pianga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascia_ch%27io_pianga"},{"link_name":"Barn Elms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_Elms"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Te_Deum_and_Jubilate"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington_and_4th_Earl_of_Cork"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish"},{"link_name":"aristocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Amadigi di Gaula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadigi_di_Gaula"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)"},{"link_name":"damsel in distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsel_in_distress"},{"link_name":"Antoine Houdar de la Motte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Houdar_de_la_Motte"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Water Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199477-113"}],"sub_title":"Arrival","text":"Handel (centre) and King George I on the River Thames, 17 July 1717, by Edouard Hamman (1819–88)In June 1710, Handel became Kapellmeister to German prince George, the Elector of Hanover, but left at the end of the year.[86] It is likely he was also invited by Charles Montagu the former ambassador in Venice to visit England. He visited Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and her husband in Düsseldorf on his way to London. With his opera Rinaldo, based on La Gerusalemme Liberata by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso, Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works.[87] This work contains one of Handel's favourite arias, Cara sposa, amante cara, and the famous Lascia ch'io pianga.Handel went back to Halle twice, to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter, but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. In the summer of 1713, he lived at Mr. Mathew Andrews' estate in Barn Elms, Surrey.[88][89] He received a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne after composing for her the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate, first performed in 1713.[90][91]One of his most important patrons was the 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork, a young and extremely wealthy member of an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family.[92] While living in the mansion of Lord Burlington, Handel wrote Amadigi di Gaula, a \"magic\" opera, about a damsel in distress, based on the tragedy by Antoine Houdar de la Motte.The conception of an opera as a coherent structure was slow to capture Handel's imagination[93] and he composed no operas for five years. In July 1717, Handel's Water Music was performed more than three times on the River Thames for King George I and his guests. It is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post.[94]","title":"In London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons_(house)"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Chandos Anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandos_Anthems"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947333%E2%80%9335-114"},{"link_name":"Romain Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland191671-115"},{"link_name":"The 1st Duke of Chandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brydges,_1st_Duke_of_Chandos"},{"link_name":"Acis and Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Winton Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Dean"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_(company)"},{"link_name":"South Sea Bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"slave-trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Royal African Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"At Cannons (1717–19)","text":"In 1717, Handel became house composer at Cannons in Middlesex, where he laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the Chandos Anthems.[95] Romain Rolland wrote that these anthems (or Psalms) stood in relation to Handel's oratorios, much the same way that the Italian cantatas stood to his operas: \"splendid sketches of the more monumental works.\"[96] Another work, which he wrote for The 1st Duke of Chandos, the owner of Cannons, was Acis and Galatea: during Handel's lifetime, it was his most performed work. Winton Dean wrote that \"the music catches breath and disturbs the memory\".[97]In 1719, the Duke of Chandos became one of the composer's important patrons and a primary subscriber to his new opera company, the Royal Academy of Music, though his patronage declined after Chandos lost large sums of money in the South Sea Bubble, which burst in 1720 in one of history's greatest financial cataclysms. Handel himself invested in the South Sea Company in 1716, when its share prices were low[98] and sold them before the \"bubble\" burst in 1720.[99] In 1720, Handel invested in the slave-trading Royal African Company (RAC), following in the steps of his patron (the Duke of Chandos was one of the leading investors in the RAC). As noted by music historian David Hunter, 32 per cent of the subscribers and investors in the Royal Academy of Music, or their close family members, held investments in the RAC as well.[100][101][102]","title":"In London"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Thornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thornhill"},{"link_name":"Fitzwilliam Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"The 1st Duke of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Antonio Lotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lotti"},{"link_name":"opera seria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria"},{"link_name":"Johann Christoph Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Smith"},{"link_name":"amanuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanuensis"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Brook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Street"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Handel House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"[t]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Giulio Cesare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare"},{"link_name":"Tamerlano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlano"},{"link_name":"Rodelinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodelinda_(opera)"},{"link_name":"da capo arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_capo_aria"},{"link_name":"Svegliatevi nel core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svegliatevi_nel_core"},{"link_name":"Scipio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Faustina Bordoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustina_Bordoni"},{"link_name":"Coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"},{"link_name":"King George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Zadok the Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"King James Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Bible"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"The Beggar's Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisle%27s_Tennis_Court"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_Handel_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg"},{"link_name":"Handel House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Brook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Street"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"Queen's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Vanbrugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"John James Heidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"Partenope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partenope"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (August_2019)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-132"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"South Sea Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company"},{"link_name":"Opera of the Nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_of_the_Nobility"},{"link_name":"Johann Adolph Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse"},{"link_name":"Nicolo Porpora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolo_Porpora"},{"link_name":"Farinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"This is the day which the Lord hath made","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_anthem_for_Princess_Anne"},{"link_name":"serenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenata"},{"link_name":"Parnasso in Festa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnasso_in_Festa"},{"link_name":"Anne, Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Mary Delany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Delany"},{"link_name":"Sir John Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Stanley,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Strada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Strada"},{"link_name":"Lord Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_4th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)","text":"The Chandos portrait of Händel by James Thornhill, c. 1720, held in the Fitzwilliam Museum, University of CambridgeIn May 1719, The 1st Duke of Newcastle, the Lord Chamberlain, ordered Handel to look for new singers.[103] Handel travelled to Dresden to attend the newly built opera. He saw Teofane by Antonio Lotti, and engaged members of the cast for the Royal Academy of Music, founded by a group of aristocrats to assure themselves a constant supply of baroque opera or opera seria. Handel may have invited John Smith, his fellow student in Halle, and his son Johann Christoph Schmidt, to become his secretary and amanuensis.[104] By 1723 he had moved into a Georgian house at 25 Brook Street, which he rented for the rest of his life.[105] This house, where he rehearsed, copied music, and sold tickets, is now the Handel House Museum.[t] During twelve months between 1724 and 1725, Handel wrote three successful operas, Giulio Cesare, Tamerlano and Rodelinda. Handel's operas are filled with da capo arias, such as Svegliatevi nel core. After composing Silete venti, he concentrated on opera and stopped writing cantatas. Scipio, from which the regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards is derived,[106] was performed as a stopgap, waiting for the arrival of Faustina Bordoni.In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the Coronation ceremony of King George II. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been played at every British coronation ceremony since.[107] The words to Zadok the Priest are taken from the King James Bible.[108] In 1728, John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, which made fun of the type of Italian opera Handel had popularised in London, premiered at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the longest run in theatre history up to that time.[109] After nine years the Royal Academy of Music ceased to function but Handel soon started a new company.Handel House Museum at 25 Brook Street, Mayfair, London, with a close up of the English Heritage blue plaque on the wallThe Queen's Theatre at the Haymarket (now His Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh, quickly became an opera house.[110] Between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas premièred there.[111] In 1729, Handel became joint manager of the theatre with John James Heidegger.Handel travelled to Italy to engage new singers and also composed seven more operas, among them the comic masterpiece Partenope and the \"magic\" opera Orlando.[112] After two commercially successful English oratorios Esther and Deborah, he was able to invest again in the South Sea Company. Handel reworked his Acis and Galatea which then became his most successful work ever. Handel failed to compete with the Opera of the Nobility, who engaged musicians such as Johann Adolph Hasse, Nicolo Porpora and the famous castrato Farinelli. The strong support by Frederick, Prince of Wales caused conflicts in the royal family. In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem This is the day which the Lord hath made, and a serenata Parnasso in Festa for Anne, Princess Royal.[113]Despite the problems the Opera of the Nobility was causing him at the time, Handel's neighbour in Brook Street, Mary Delany, reported on a party she invited Handel to at her house on 12 April 1734 where he was in good spirits:I had Lady Rich and her daughter, Lady Cath. Hanmer and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Percival, Sir John Stanley and my brother, Mrs. Donellan, Strada [star soprano of Handel's operas] and Mr. Coot. Lord Shaftesbury begged of Mr. Percival to bring him, and being a profess'd friend of Mr. Handel (who was here also) was admitted; I never was so well entertained at an opera! Mr. Handel was in the best humour in the world, and played lessons and accompanied Strada and all the ladies that sang from seven o'clock till eleven. I gave them tea and coffee, and about half an hour after nine had a salver brought in of chocolate, mulled white wine, and biscuits. Everybody was easy and seemed pleased.[114]","title":"In London"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Capell,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"John Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Marie Sallé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Sall%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Terpsicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpsicore"},{"link_name":"Gioacchino Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioacchino_Conti"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Ariodante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariodante"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Alcina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcina"},{"link_name":"Alexander's Feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Alexander's Feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Dryden)"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Strada del Pò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Strada_del_P%C3%B2"},{"link_name":"John Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beard_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"The Triumph of Time and Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Time_and_Truth"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008-137"},{"link_name":"John Frederick Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Lampe"},{"link_name":"The Dragon of Wantley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dragon_of_Wantley_(opera)"},{"link_name":"opera seria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_seria"},{"link_name":"spa towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_town"},{"link_name":"Royal Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Aix-la-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Burtscheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtscheid"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008-137"},{"link_name":"Faramondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faramondo"},{"link_name":"Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ways_of_Zion_Do_Mourn_/_Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline"},{"link_name":"Serse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serse"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Duparc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Duparc"},{"link_name":"John Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walsh_(printer)"},{"link_name":"musical clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_clock"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Braamcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Braamcamp"},{"link_name":"Museum Speelklok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Speelklok"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Deidamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deidamia_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Earl of Holderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_4th_Earl_of_Holderness"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-141"}],"sub_title":"Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41)","text":"Engraving of the interior of the Covent Garden Theatre in London in 1808In 1733, the Earl of Essex received a letter with the following sentence: \"Handel became so arbitrary a prince, that the Town murmurs.\" The board of chief investors expected Handel to retire when his contract ended, but Handel immediately looked for another theatre. In cooperation with John Rich he started his third company at Covent Garden Theatre. Rich was renowned for his spectacular productions. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce the dancing of Marie Sallé, for whom Handel composed Terpsicore. In 1735, he introduced organ concertos between the acts. For the first time, Handel allowed Gioacchino Conti, who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias.[115] Financially, Ariodante was a failure, although he introduced ballet suites at the end of each act.[116] Alcina, his last opera with a magic content, and Alexander's Feast or the Power of Music based on John Dryden's Alexander's Feast starred Anna Maria Strada del Pò and John Beard.Early 1737 he produced Arminio and Giustino, completed Berenice, revived Partenope, and continued with Il Parnasso in Festa, Alexander's Feast, and the revised The Triumph of Time and Truth which premiered on 23 March.[117] In April Handel suffered a mild stroke, or rheumatic palsy, resulting in temporary paralysis in his right hand and arm. After brief signs of a recovery, he had a relapse in May, with an accompanying deterioration in his mental capacities. He had strong competition from John Frederick Lampe; The Dragon of Wantley was first performed at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in London on 16 May 1737. It was a parody of the Italian opera seria.In Autumn 1737 the fatigued Handel reluctantly followed the advice of his physicians and went to take the cure in the spa towns of Royal Tunbridge Wells, Aix-la-Chapelle (Burtscheid) in September.[117] All the symptoms of his \"disorder\" vanished by November. On Christmas Eve Handel finished the score of Faramondo, but its composition was interrupted by that of the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline. On Boxing Day he began the composition of Serse, the only comic opera that Handel ever wrote and worked with Elisabeth Duparc.A harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by John Walsh. He composed music for a musical clock with a pipe organ built by Charles Clay; it was bought by Gerrit Braamcamp and was in 2016 acquired by the Museum Speelklok in Utrecht.[118][119] Deidamia, his last opera, a co-production with the Earl of Holderness,[120] was performed three times in 1741. Handel gave up the opera business, while he enjoyed more success with his English oratorios.[121]","title":"In London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of compositions by George Frideric Handel § Oratorios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel#Oratorios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip Mercier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mercier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handel_harpsichord_(first_quarter_of_the_18th_century,_London)_by_William_Smith,_with_an_inscription_Gulielmus_Smith_Londini_fecit_-_Bate_Collection,_University_of_Oxford_(2007-01-17_@pxhere_1344710).jpg"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cole1993-142"},{"link_name":"Bate Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bate_Collection_of_Musical_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Music,_University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_tempo_e_del_disinganno"},{"link_name":"allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx1998243-143"},{"link_name":"La resurrezione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_resurrezione"},{"link_name":"Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Deborah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Athaliah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athalia_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx199848-147"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Arcangelo Corelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1994217-152"},{"link_name":"Alexander's Feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"John Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beard_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Charles Jennens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jennens"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Israel in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ways_of_Zion_Do_Mourn_/_Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Allegro,_il_Penseroso_ed_il_Moderato"},{"link_name":"Hallelujah Chorus, from Messiah (1741)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg"},{"link_name":"Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, from Solomon (1748)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"3rd Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"New Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neale%27s_Musick_Hall,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Fishamble Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishamble_Street"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"violoncello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violoncello"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBone1914142%E2%80%9344-159"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handel_Institute-160"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Jephtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Oratorio","text":"Further information: List of compositions by George Frideric Handel § OratoriosPortrait of Handel next to his harpsichord, painted by Philip Mercier (c. 1730)Handel's harpsichord made by William Smith (18th c.)[122] Bate Collection at the Faculty of Music, University of OxfordIl trionfo del tempo e del disinganno, an allegory, Handel's first oratorio[123] was composed in Italy in 1707, followed by La resurrezione in 1708 which uses material from the Bible. The circumstances of Esther and its first performance, possibly in 1718, are obscure.[124] Another 12 years had passed when an act of piracy caused him to take up Esther once again.[125] Three earlier performances aroused such interest that they naturally prompted the idea of introducing it to a larger public. Next came Deborah, strongly coloured by the coronation anthems[126] and Athaliah, his third English Oratorio.[127] In these three oratorios Handel laid the foundation for the traditional use of the chorus which marks his later oratorios.[128] Handel became sure of himself, broader in his presentation, and more diverse in his composition.[129]It is evident how much he learned from Arcangelo Corelli about writing for instruments, and from Alessandro Scarlatti about writing for the solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus.[130] Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists with English ones. The most significant reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas.[131] Thus a tradition was created for oratorios which was to govern their future performance. The performances were given without costumes and action; the singers appeared in their own clothes.[132]In 1736, Handel produced Alexander's Feast. John Beard appeared for the first time as one of Handel's principal singers and became Handel's permanent tenor soloist for the rest of Handel's life.[133] The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works. In Saul, Handel was collaborating with Charles Jennens and experimenting with three trombones, a carillon and extra-large military kettledrums (from the Tower of London), to be sure \"...it will be most excessive noisy\".[134] Saul and Israel in Egypt, both from 1739, head the list of great, mature oratorios, in which the da capo aria became the exception and not the rule.[135] Israel in Egypt consists of little else but choruses, borrowing from the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline. In his next works, Handel changed his course. In these works he laid greater stress on the effects of orchestra and soloists; the chorus retired into the background.[136] L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato has a rather diverting character; the work is light and fresh.Hallelujah Chorus, from Messiah (1741)\n\n\nArrival of the Queen of Sheba, from Solomon (1748)\n\n\nProblems playing these files? See media help.During the summer of 1741, the 3rd Duke of Devonshire invited Handel to Dublin, capital of the Kingdom of Ireland, to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals.[137] His Messiah was first performed at the New Music Hall in Fishamble Street on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating.[138] Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. In 1747, Handel wrote his oratorio Alexander Balus. This work was produced at Covent Garden Theatre in London, on 23 March 1748, and to the aria Hark! hark! He strikes the golden lyre, Handel wrote the accompaniment for mandolin, harp, violin, viola, and violoncello.[139] Another of his English oratorios, Solomon, was first performed on 17 March 1749 at the Covent Garden Theatre.[140] Solomon contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two oboes and strings in act 3, known as \"The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba\".[141]The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of Samson. The work is highly theatrical. The role of the chorus became increasingly important in his later oratorios. Jephtha was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works.[142]","title":"In London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will of George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_George_Frideric_Handel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_(BM_1858,0417.578).jpg"},{"link_name":"Foundling Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Music for the Royal Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Foundling Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Foundling Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Museum"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"cataract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract"},{"link_name":"Chevalier Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(oculist)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-141"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_of_George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"codicils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codicil_(will)"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muller-167"},{"link_name":"art collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel%27s_art_collection"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-em.oxfordjournals.com_%E2%80%93_McGeary-168"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-em.oxfordjournals.com_%E2%80%93_McGeary-168"}],"text":"Further information: Will of George Frideric HandelUncompleted admission ticket for the May 1750 performance of Messiah, including the arms of the venue, the Foundling Hospital in LondonIn 1749, Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks; 12,000 people attended the first performance.[143] In 1750, he arranged a performance of Messiah to benefit the Foundling Hospital, a children's home in London. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. In recognition of his patronage, Handel was made a governor of the Hospital the day after his initial concert. He bequeathed a copy of Messiah to the institution upon his death.[144] His involvement with the Foundling Hospital is today commemorated with a permanent exhibition in London's Foundling Museum, which also holds the Gerald Coke Handel Collection. In addition to the Foundling Hospital, Handel also gave to a charity that assisted impoverished musicians and their families.In August 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between The Hague and Haarlem in the Netherlands.[145] In 1751, one eye started to fail. The cause was a cataract which was operated on by the great charlatan Chevalier Taylor. This did not improve his eyesight and possibly made it worse.[121] He was completely blind by 1752. He died in 1759 at home in Brook Street, at the age of 74. The last performance he attended was of Messiah. Handel was buried in Westminster Abbey.[146] More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours.Handel never married and kept his personal life private. His initial will bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his niece Johanna, but four codicils distributed much of his estate to other relations, servants, friends and charities.[147]Handel owned an art collection that was auctioned posthumously in 1760.[148] The auction catalogue listed approximately seventy paintings and ten prints (other paintings were bequeathed).[148]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senesino.jpg"},{"link_name":"Senesino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senesino"},{"link_name":"castrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"}],"text":"Senesino, the famous castrato from Siena","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Lobkowicz Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobkowicz_Palace"},{"link_name":"Mozart's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Organ concertos Op. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._4_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Op. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._7_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Opus 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerti_Grossi,_Op._3_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Opus 6 Concerti grossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerti_grossi,_Op._6_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"The Cuckoo and the Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cuckoo_and_the_Nightingale_(concerto)"},{"link_name":"The Harmonious Blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harmonious_Blacksmith"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"Handel's compositions include 42 operas, 24 oratorios, more than 120 cantatas, trios and duets, numerous arias, odes and serenatas, solo and trio sonatas, 18 concerti grossi, and 12 organ concertos. His most famous work, the oratorio Messiah with its \"Hallelujah\" chorus, is among the most popular works in choral music. The Lobkowicz Palace in Prague holds Mozart's copy of Messiah, complete with handwritten annotations. Among the works with opus numbers published and popularised in his lifetime are the Organ concertos Op. 4 and Op. 7, together with the Opus 3 and Opus 6 Concerti grossi; the latter incorporates an earlier organ concerto, The Cuckoo and the Nightingale, in which birdsong is imitated in the upper registers of the organ. Also notable are his 16 keyboard suites, especially The Harmonious Blacksmith.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haendel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Denner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Denner"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring1760145%E2%80%9355-169"},{"link_name":"Samuel Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean1982116-170"},{"link_name":"Sir George Macfarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Macfarren"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Händel-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Chrysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander"},{"link_name":"Novello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novello_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"Hallische Händel-Ausgabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallische_H%C3%A4ndel-Ausgabe"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(region)"},{"link_name":"Saxony-Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-141"},{"link_name":"Bernd Baselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Baselt"},{"link_name":"Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Werke-Verzeichnis"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"Catalogues","text":"Handel in 1733, by Balthasar Denner (1685–1749)The first published catalogue of Handel's works appeared as an appendix to Mainwaring's Memoirs.[149] Between 1787 and 1797 Samuel Arnold compiled a 180-volume collection of Handel's works—however, it was far from complete.[150] Also incomplete was the collection produced between 1843 and 1858 by the English Handel Society (founded by Sir George Macfarren).[151]The 105-volume Händel-Gesellschaft (\"Handel Society\") edition was published between 1858 and 1902 – mainly due to the efforts of Friedrich Chrysander. For modern performance, the realisation of the basso continuo reflects 19th-century practice. Vocal scores drawn from the edition were published by Novello in London, but some scores, such as the vocal score to Samson, are incomplete.The continuing Hallische Händel-Ausgabe edition was first inaugurated in 1955 in the Halle region in Saxony-Anhalt, East Germany. It did not start as a critical edition, but after heavy criticism of the first volumes, which were performing editions without a critical apparatus (for example, the opera Serse was published with the title character recast as a tenor, reflecting pre-war German practice), it repositioned itself as a critical edition. Influenced in part by cold-war realities, editorial work was inconsistent: misprints were found in abundance and editors failed to consult important sources. In 1985, a committee was formed to establish better standards for the edition. The reunification of Germany in 1990 removed communication problems, and the volumes issued have since shown a significant improvement in standards.[121]Between 1978 and 1986 the German academic Bernd Baselt catalogued Handel's works in his Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis publication. The catalogue has achieved wide acceptance and is used as the modern numbering system, with each of Handel's works designated an \"HWV\" number – for example, Messiah is catalogued as \"HWV 56\".[152]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg"},{"link_name":"King's Theatre, Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Haymarket"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Grisoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Grisoni"},{"link_name":"Sir Samuel Hellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Hellier"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Granville Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville_Sharp"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"coronation anthems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_anthem#Handel's_coronation_anthems"},{"link_name":"Water Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music"},{"link_name":"Music for the Royal Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HandelVA.jpg"},{"link_name":"marble statue of Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Handel_(Roubiliac)"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"Louis-François Roubiliac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roubiliac"},{"link_name":"Serse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serse"},{"link_name":"Ombra mai fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombra_mai_fu"},{"link_name":"Anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world"},{"link_name":"The Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Zadok the Priest (1727)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handel_-_Zadok_the_Priest,_HWV_258_(St_Matthew%27s_Concert_Choir,_Giromella).oga"},{"link_name":"King George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Zadok the Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest"},{"link_name":"British coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_coronation"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Ode for St. Cecilia's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_for_St._Cecilia%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"John Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_for_the_Birthday_of_Queen_Anne"},{"link_name":"Acis and Galatea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Semele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semele_(Handel)"}],"text":"A Masquerade at the King's Theatre, Haymarket (c. 1724), attributed to Giuseppe GrisoniHandel's works were collected and preserved by two men: Sir Samuel Hellier, a country squire whose musical acquisitions form the nucleus of the Shaw–Hellier Collection,[153] and the abolitionist Granville Sharp.[154] The catalogue accompanying the National Portrait Gallery exhibition marking the tercentenary of the composer's birth calls them two men of the late eighteenth century \"who have left us solid evidence of the means by which they indulged their enthusiasm\".[155] With his English oratorios, such as Messiah and Solomon, the coronation anthems, and other works including Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks, Handel became a national icon in Britain, and featured in the BBC series The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero.[156]A carved marble statue of Handel at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, created in 1738 by Louis-François RoubiliacAfter his death, Handel's Italian operas fell into obscurity, except for selections such as the aria from Serse, \"Ombra mai fu\". The oratorios continued to be performed but not long after Handel's death they were thought to need some modernisation, and Mozart orchestrated German versions of Messiah and other works. Throughout the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, particularly in the Anglophone countries, his reputation rested primarily on his English oratorios, which were customarily performed by choruses of amateur singers on solemn occasions. The centenary of his death, in 1859, was celebrated by a performance of Messiah at The Crystal Palace, involving 2,765 singers and 460 instrumentalists, who played for an audience of about 10,000 people.[157]Zadok the Priest (1727)\n\nComposed for the coronation of King George II in 1727, Zadok the Priest has been performed at every subsequent British coronation\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Recent decades have revived his secular cantatas and what one might call 'secular oratorios' or 'concert operas'. Of the former, Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (1739) (set to texts by John Dryden) and Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne (1713) are noteworthy. For his secular oratorios, Handel turned to classical mythology for subjects, producing such works as Acis and Galatea (1719), Hercules (1745) and Semele (1744). These works have a close kinship with the sacred oratorios, particularly in the vocal writing for the English-language texts. They also share the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. As such, they are sometimes fully staged as operas. With the rediscovery of his theatrical works, Handel, in addition to his renown as instrumentalist, orchestral writer, and melodist, is now perceived as being one of opera's great musical dramatists.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Domenico Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"affect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoungMM-180"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YoungMM-180"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"Handel has generally been accorded high esteem by fellow composers, both in his own time and since.[158] Johann Sebastian Bach attempted, unsuccessfully, to meet Handel while he was visiting Halle.[159] (Handel was born in the same year as Bach and Domenico Scarlatti.) Mozart is reputed to have said of him, \"Handel understands affect better than any of us. When he chooses, he strikes like a thunder bolt.\"[160] To Beethoven he was \"the master of us all... the greatest composer that ever lived. I would uncover my head and kneel before his tomb.\"[160] Beethoven emphasised above all the simplicity and popular appeal of Handel's music when he said, \"Go to him to learn how to achieve great effects, by such simple means.\"","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Crotch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crotch"},{"link_name":"Richard Taruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taruskin"},{"link_name":"parodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_music"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Stradella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Muffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Muffat"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"Domenico Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Carissimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"Carl Heinrich Graun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Gallus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Gallus"},{"link_name":"Francesco Antonio Urio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Urio"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Keiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser"},{"link_name":"Francesco Gasparini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Gasparini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bononcini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini"},{"link_name":"William Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Lawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lawes"},{"link_name":"Michael Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wise_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Agostino Steffani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Steffani"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Johann Mattheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mattheson"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"}],"sub_title":"Borrowings","text":"Since 1831, when William Crotch raised the issue in his Substance of Several Lectures on Music, scholars have extensively studied Handel's \"borrowing\" of music from other composers. Summarising the field in 2005, Richard Taruskin wrote that Handel \"seems to have been the champion of all parodists, adapting both his own works and those of other composers in unparalleled numbers and with unparalleled exactitude.\"[161] Among the composers whose music has been shown to have been re-used by Handel are Alessandro Stradella, Gottlieb Muffat, Alessandro Scarlatti, Domenico Scarlatti[162] Giacomo Carissimi, Georg Philipp Telemann, Carl Heinrich Graun, Leonardo Vinci, Jacobus Gallus, Francesco Antonio Urio, Reinhard Keiser, Francesco Gasparini, Giovanni Bononcini, William Boyce, Henry Lawes, Michael Wise, Agostino Steffani, Franz Johann Habermann, and numerous others.[163]In an essay published in 1985, John H. Roberts demonstrated that Handel's borrowings were unusually frequent even for his own era, enough to have been criticised by contemporaries (notably Johann Mattheson); Roberts suggested several reasons for Handel's practice, including Handel's attempts to make certain works sound more up-to-date and more radically, his \"basic lack of facility in inventing original ideas\" – though Roberts took care to argue that this does not \"diminish Handel's stature\", which should be \"judged not by his methods, still less by his motives in employing them, but solely by the effects he achieves.\"[164]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Handel Commemoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_Commemoration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Handel-Westminster.png"},{"link_name":"Louis Spohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Spohr"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"The Consecration of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Consecration_of_the_House_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Mauro Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Félix-Alexandre Guilmant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Alexandre_Guilmant"},{"link_name":"Philippe Gaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Gaubert"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_people"},{"link_name":"Luis Gianneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Gianneo"},{"link_name":"Percy Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"}],"sub_title":"Homages","text":"The chorus, orchestra and organ in Westminster Abbey, London during the Handel Commemoration in 1784Handel's monument in the Abbey with the plaque recording his commemorationAfter Handel's death, many composers wrote works based on or inspired by his music. The first movement from Louis Spohr's Symphony No. 6, Op. 116, \"The Age of Bach and Handel\", resembles two melodies from Handel's Messiah. In 1797, Ludwig van Beethoven published the 12 Variations in G major on \"See the conqu’ring hero comes\" from Judas Maccabaeus by Handel, for cello and piano. In 1822, Beethoven composed the overture The Consecration of the House, which also bears the influence of Handel. Guitar virtuoso Mauro Giuliani composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel, Op. 107 for guitar, based on Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major, HWV 430, for harpsichord.In 1861, using a theme from the second of Handel's harpsichord suites, Johannes Brahms wrote the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, Op. 24, one of his most successful works (praised by Richard Wagner). Several works by the French composer Félix-Alexandre Guilmant use Handel's themes; for example, his March on a Theme by Handel uses a theme from Messiah. French composer and flautist Philippe Gaubert wrote his Petite marche for flute and piano based on the fourth movement of Handel's Trio Sonata, Op. 5, No. 2, HWV 397. Argentine composer Luis Gianneo composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano. In 1911, Australian-born composer and pianist Percy Grainger based one of his most famous works on the final movement of Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major (just like Giuliani). He first wrote some variations on the theme, which he titled Variations on Handel's 'The Harmonious Blacksmith' . Then he used the first sixteen bars of his set of variations to create Handel in the Strand, one of his most beloved pieces, of which he made several versions (for example, the piano solo version from 1930). Arnold Schoenberg's Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra in B-flat major (1933) was composed after Handel's Concerto Grosso, Op. 6/7.[165]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran Calendar of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Order of Saint Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Luke"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"sub_title":"Veneration","text":"In the Lutheran Calendar of Saints Handel and Bach share the date 28 July with Heinrich Schütz, and Handel and Bach are commemorated in the calendar of saints prepared by the Order of Saint Luke for the use of the United Methodist Church.[166] The Book of Common Worship of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (Westminster John Knox Press, 2018) commemorates him on 20 April.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:George Frideric Handel in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Frideric_Handel_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"The Great Mr. Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Mr._Handel"},{"link_name":"Norman Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Walker_(director)"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Lawson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Denham Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham_Studios"},{"link_name":"Rank Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"God Rot Tunbridge Wells!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Rot_Tunbridge_Wells!"},{"link_name":"Handel's Last Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel%27s_Last_Chance"},{"link_name":"All the Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Angels"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Krabbé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Farinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Fictional depictions","text":"Main page: Category:George Frideric Handel in fictionIn 1942, Handel was the subject of the British biographical film The Great Mr. Handel directed by Norman Walker and starring Wilfrid Lawson. It was made at Denham Studios by the Rank Organisation, and shot in Technicolor. He is also the central character in the television films God Rot Tunbridge Wells! (1985) and Handel's Last Chance (1996) and the stage play All the Angels (2015). Handel was portrayed by Jeroen Krabbé as the antagonist in the film Farinelli (1994).","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Handel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/handel"},{"link_name":"Collins English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktkirche_Unser_Lieben_Frauen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogwood19841-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"coppersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppersmith"},{"link_name":"Eisleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisleben"},{"link_name":"Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofest%C3%A4dt2005144-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Samuel Scheidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt"},{"link_name":"William Brade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brade"},{"link_name":"Michael Praetorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Praetorius"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofest%C3%A4dt2005144-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Landon 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLandon1984"},{"link_name":"Hogwood 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHogwood1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Schoelcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18573-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Chrysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611%E2%80%9312-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Israel in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196614-53"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"Landon 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLandon1984"},{"link_name":"Hogwood 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHogwood1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"Frederick I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"King in Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_in_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198430_n.5-63"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"Johann Mattheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mattheson"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1966166-67"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559-82"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch195510-90"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheson174029,_191-91"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176027%E2%80%9328-93"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"Brook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Street"},{"link_name":"Handel House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_House_Museum"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ \"Handel\" entry in Collins English Dictionary gives the common variant \"George Frederick\" (used in his will and on his funeral monument) alongside the pronunciation of his last name. The spelling \"Frideric\" is used on his 1727 application for British citizenship.\n\n^ According to baptismal records in Halle's parish church,[1] the Lutheran Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen, although he used the form Friedrich, which is universally used in German. The records of that church also show that the family name was spelt on various occasions at least four other ways: Hendel, Händeler, Hendeler and Hendtler, but most commonly Händel. In Italy, he spelt it Hendel, as it is pronounced in German. From the time he arrived in England, however, he consistently signed his name as George Frideric Handel.[2]\n\n^ Handel's tomb in Westminster has the Old Style birth date of February XXIIII, MDCLXXXIV, giving the day of his baptism and using its Annunciation style of counting the new year from 25 March.[4]\n\n^ Georg Händel (senior) was the son of a coppersmith, Valentin Händel (1582–1636), who had emigrated from Eisleben in 1608 with his first wife Anna Belching, the daughter of a master coppersmith. They were Protestants and chose reliably Protestant Saxony over Silesia, a Habsburg possession, as religious tensions mounted in the years before the Thirty Years' War.[12] \n\n^ Among the court musicians of Halle were Samuel Scheidt (who also was organist at the Moritzkirche), William Brade and Michael Praetorius.[14]\n\n^ Halle also was noted for the quality of its organ-builders. In 1712, Bach was intrigued by the organ at Marktkirche, and applied for the position that Zachow, Handel's teacher, vacated. He decided on Weimar, however.[15]\n\n^ This barber, Andreas Berger, happened to be the son-in-law of English émigré William Brade, court musician to Augustus in Weissenfels.[12]\n\n^ Both Landon and Hogwood point out and to the extent possible correct the more obvious misstatements of facts and dates and inconsistencies of Mainwaring. See Landon 1984, pp. 9–19; Hogwood 1984, pp. 11–17.\n\n^ Schoelcher suggests that Handel's \"doctor\" father observed Handel making musical sounds even before he could talk and this in the eyes of the son of a coppersmith \"discovered instincts of so low an order …\"[26]\n\n^ The year and purpose of the visit and why the meeting occurred are variously given. Schoelcher and Bone have it that Handel was seven and they were visiting a son by Georg's first marriage, who was in service to the Duke.[33] Friedrich Chrysander states that they were visiting the younger Handel's nephew, Carl (ten years his senior) who was the Duke's valet.[34] \n\nLang writes that Handel was nine and Handel's father, holding a court position, must have frequently travelled to Weissenfels, where the Duke had established a residence after Prussia had annexed the city of Halle. Young Handel was taken along because he could be cared for by relatives of his late wife.[30]\n\n^ \"His cantatas, often highly dramatic, are distinguished by very imaginative choral writing, colourful orchestration, and skilful handling of the concerted element.\"[37]\n\n^ Handel not only applied Kerll's techniques and phrases in later compositions, he imported an entire movement composed by Kerll into Israel in Egypt.[42]\n\n^ Both Landon and Hogwood point out and to the extent possible correct the more obvious misstatements of facts and dates and inconsistencies of Mainwaring. See Landon 1984, pp. 9–19; Hogwood 1984, pp. 11–17.\n\n^ There was no \"king\" in Berlin until 18 January 1701 when Frederick III, the Elector of Brandenburg, became Frederick I, the first King in Prussia.[50]\n\n^ Among the careful authorities who accepted the trip taking place in 1698 were Handel's friend Johann Mattheson[53] and Burney.[40]\n\n^ Records of the Marktkirche show that he took communion there in April of the years 1701–03.[62]\n\n^ Handel was required by the terms of his appointment, among other things, \"to play the organ fittingly at Divine Service, and for this purpose to pre-intone the prescribed Psalms and Spiritual Songs, and to have due care to whatever might be needful to the support of beautiful harmony …\"[66]\n\n^ The first mention of Handel from the time he took his last communion at the Marktkirche on 23 April[66] is in Mattheson's annotated translation of Mainwaring (published in 1761) where he writes that he met Handel in the Organ loft of the Church of St. Mary Magdalena in Hamburg.[73] In his earlier Grunlage (published in 1740), he fixes the date as 9 July.[74]\n\n^ Mainwaring gives the cryptic explanation that since he had to earn a living from his profession, he had to find a place less distant than Berlin. Given that Hamburg's opera house was second only to Berlin's in repute, \"it was resolved to send him thither on his own bottom, and chiefly with a view to improvement\".[75] The passage suggests that Handel had already determined on secular dramatic music as a career, but who it was \"to send him thither\" is not explained.\n\n^ In 2000, the upper stories of 25 Brook Street were leased to the Handel House Trust, and after extensive restoration, the Handel House Museum opened to the public, with events including concerts of baroque music.","title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"HÄNDEL-Haus in Halle an der Saale - HANDSCHRIFTLICHE DOKUMENTE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130519130520/http://www.haendelhaus.de/de/Haendel/Ausgestellte_Dokumente/#8"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.haendelhaus.de/de/Haendel/Ausgestellte_Dokumente/#8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogwood19841_3-0"},{"link_name":"Hogwood 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHogwood1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1998614_5-0"},{"link_name":"Hicks 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHicks1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"George Frederic Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/george-frederic-handel"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190529061513/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/george-frederic-handel"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/handel-and-naturalisation/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120504101508/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/handel-and-naturalisation/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_9-0"},{"link_name":"Burrows 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurrows2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Hicks 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHicks2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuelow2004476_11-0"},{"link_name":"Buelow 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Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.\n\n^ Hogwood 1984, p. 1.\n\n^ Hicks 1998, p. 614.\n\n^ George Frederic Handel. Archived 29 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Westminster Abbey.\n\n^ \"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel\". Parliament.uk. 14 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.\n\n^ Burrows 2007\n\n^ Hicks 2013\n\n^ Buelow 2004, p. 476.\n\n^ Dean 1969, p. 19.\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 1\n\n^ Adams & Hofestädt 2005, pp. 144–46.\n\n^ a b c Adams & Hofestädt 2005, p. 144.\n\n^ Adams & Hofestädt 2005, p. 144; Burrows 1994, p. 1.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 1.\n\n^ a b c Lang 1966, p. 20.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, pp. 1–2.\n\n^ Lang 1966, pp. 25–26.\n\n^ a b Lang 1966, p. 10.\n\n^ Adams & Hofestädt 2005, pp. 144–45.\n\n^ Landon 1984, p. 9.\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 6.\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 2; Landon 1984, p. 9.\n\n^ Dreyhaupt 1755, p. 625.\n\n^ Maitland & Squire 1890, p. 277.\n\n^ Landon 1984, p. 10; Schoelcher 1857, p. 7 n.1.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 3.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 5.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 4.\n\n^ a b c Lang 1966, p. 11.\n\n^ Dent 2004, pp. 3–4.\n\n^ a b c Schoelcher 1857, p. 5.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 4; Bone 1914, p. 141.\n\n^ Chrysander 1858: Buch 1: 2. Kindheit.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, pp. 4–5; Bone 1914, p. 141; Lang 1966, p. 11.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 11; Bone 1914, p. 141; Schoelcher 1857, p. 5.\n\n^ Lang 1966, pp. 11–12.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 12; Landon 1984, p. 15. See also Seiffert, Max (1905). \"Preface to Volumes 21, 21 (Zachow)\". Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härte.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, pp. 5–6. See also Bone 1914, pp. 141–42.\n\n^ a b Schoelcher 1857, p. 6.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 12.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 14.\n\n^ Lang 1966, pp. 13–16.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 15.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 16.\n\n^ a b Mainwaring 1760, p. 18.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, p. 6; Deutsch 1955, pp. 5–6 (inscription on Georg Händel's tombstone).\n\n^ a b Lang 1966, p. 19.\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, pp. 6–8 (containing the poem and English translation).\n\n^ Landon 1984, p. 30 n.5.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 24–25.\n\n^ a b Mainwaring 1760, p. 29.\n\n^ a b Lang 1966, p. 166.\n\n^ Schoelcher 1857, pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Landon 1984, p. 31 n.8.\n\n^ Landon 1984, p. 31 n.7.\n\n^ Landon 1984, pp. 31 n.7 & 53.\n\n^ Dean 1982, p. 2; Deutsch 1955, p. 8.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 20; Dent 2004, p. 2\n\n^ Lang 1966, pp. 20–21.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 21.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 10; Deutsch 1955, pp. 8, 9, 10.\n\n^ Dent 2004, p. 2.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 20.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, pp. 10–11 translating Mattheson 1740, p. 359.\n\n^ a b Deutsch 1955, p. 9.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 22 n.2.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 22 translating Mattheson 1740, p. 93.\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 4 n.1.\n\n^ a b Lang 1966, p. 23.\n\n^ Hogwood 1984, p. 21.\n\n^ Best 1985, pp. 486–89.\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 10.\n\n^ Mattheson 1740, pp. 29, 191.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 27–28.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, pp. 11–13.\n\n^ Lang 1966, p. 26.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 12.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 18\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 19\n\n^ Harris 2001, p. 37.\n\n^ Annette Landgraf, David Vickers, The Cambridge Handel Encyclopedia, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 2\n\n^ Burrows 1994, pp. 29–30\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, p. 52.\n\n^ Dean & Knapp 1987, p. 129\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 38\n\n^ Dean & Knapp 1987, pp. 173, 180\n\n^ \"Handel, George Frederick\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 – via Wikisource.\n\n^ Burrows, Donald; Coffey, Helen; Greenacombe, John; Hicks, Anthony (20 February 2014). George Frideric Handel: Volume 1, 1609–1725: Collected Documents. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107470118. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 – via Google Books.\n\n^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 88\n\n^ There is a tantalising suggestion by Handel's biographer, Jonathan Keates, that he may have come to London in 1710 and settled in 1712 as a spy for the eventual Hanoverian successor to Queen Anne, George I. Day, Peter (12 April 2009). \"How Handel played the markets\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.\n\n^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 92\n\n^ Dean & Knapp 1987, p. 286\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 77.\n\n^ Bukofzer 1947, pp. 333–35.\n\n^ Rolland 1916, p. 71.\n\n^ Dean & Knapp 1987, p. 209\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, pp. 70–71\n\n^ \"Handel's Finances\" Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, on bbc.co.uk\n\n^ Hunter, David (14 June 2015). \"Handel and the Royal African Company\". Musicology Now. American Musicological Society. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.\n\n^ \"Royal Academy of Music to 'decolonise' collection as composer linked to slave trade\". Classic FM. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.\n\n^ Antonia Quirke, “In Search of the Black Mozart: A Revealing Look at Handel’s Investment in the Slave Trade,” New Statesman (4 June 2015), [1] Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine; David Hunter, \"Handel Manuscripts and the Profits of Slavery: The 'Granville' Collection at the British Library and the First Performing Score of Messiah Reconsidered,\" in Notes 76, no. 1 (Sept 2019): 27ff [2] Archived 21 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine; \"Artists respond to Handel’s investment in the transatlantic slave trade,\" St Paul Chamber Orchestra Blog (11 December 2020) [3] Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 89\n\n^ Dean 2006, p. 226 According to Dean they could not have reached London before 1716. In 1743, Smith wrote in a letter that he had been in Handel's service for 24 years.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 387\n\n^ Deutsch 1955, p. 194\n\n^ Imogen Levy (2 June 1953). \"Guide to the Coronation Service\". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2012.\n\n^ \"George Frideric Handel – Zadok the Priest\". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.\n\n^ \"Stage Beauty\". www.stagebeauty.net. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2013.\n\n^ theatrical monopoly in Banham, Martin The Cambridge guide to theatre pp. 1105 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) ISBN 0-521-43437-8\n\n^ Handel's Compositions Archived 30 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine GFHandel.org, Retrieved 21 December 2007\n\n^ Dent 2004, p. [page needed].\n\n^ Dent 2004, p. 33\n\n^ \"Synopsis of Arianna in Creta\". Handelhouse.org. Handel House Museum. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.\n\n^ Dean 2006, pp. 274–84\n\n^ Dean 2006, p. 288\n\n^ a b CHRISSOCHOIDIS, I. (2008). HANDEL RECOVERING: FRESH LIGHT ON HIS AFFAIRS IN 1737. Eighteenth Century Music, 5(2), 237–244. doi:10.1017/S1478570608001504\n\n^ \"Koninklijke speelklok van wereldklasse aangekocht\" Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Museum Speelklok, 14 November 2016 (in Dutch); \"Georg Friedrich Händel and the Braamcamp clock\" Archived 1 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine by Erma Hermens, 22 November 2018\n\n^ Ditto, Charles (July–September 1997). \"Handel's Musical Clock Music\". Fontes Artis Musicae [Wikidata]. 44 (3): 266–280. JSTOR 23508494.\n\n^ A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres, 1660–1760 by Eleanor Selfridge-Field, p. 492\n\n^ a b c Hicks 2013.\n\n^ Michael Cole (1993). \"A Handel harpsichord\" (PDF). Early Music. XXI (February 1993): 99–110. doi:10.1093/em/XXI.1.99. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022. illus.1 Single-manual harpsichord by William Smith (Bate Collection, University of Oxford)\n\n^ Marx 1998, p. 243.\n\n^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 157\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 15 Handels Messiah. A distinguished authority on Handel discusses the origins, composition, and sources of one of the great choral works of western civilization.\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 26\n\n^ Marx 1998, p. 48.\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 66\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 49\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 40\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 33\n\n^ Burrows 1994, p. 217.\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 37\n\n^ National Portrait Gallery, p. 165\n\n^ Larsen 1972, pp. 16, 39–41\n\n^ Larsen 1972, p. 78\n\n^ Dent 2004, pp. 40–41\n\n^ Young 1966, p. 48\n\n^ Bone 1914, pp. 142–44.\n\n^ \"G. F. Handel's Compositions\". The Handel Institute. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.\n\n^ \"The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba\". Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.\n\n^ Burrows 1994, pp. 354–55\n\n^ Burrows 1994, pp. 297–98\n\n^ Young 1966, p. 56\n\n^ Dent 2004, p. 63\n\n^ Young 1966, p. 60\n\n^ The Letters and Writings of George Frideric Handel by Erich H. Müller, 1935\n\n^ a b McGeary, Thomas (November 2009). \"Handel as art collector: art, connoisseurship and taste in Hanoverian Britain\". Early Music. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 533–576. doi:10.1093/em/cap107.\n\n^ Mainwaring 1760, pp. 145–55.\n\n^ Dean 1982, p. 116.\n\n^ The Halle Handel Edition. \"A short history of editing Handel\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.\n\n^ Handel, George Freidrich. Schering, Arnold; Soldan, Kurt (eds.). Messiah: Oratorio in Three Parts, HWV 56. Leipzig: C.F. Peters. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.\n\n^ Best, Terence, ed. Handel collections and their history, a collection of conference papers given by the international panel of distinguished Handel scholars. Clarendon Press, 1993\n\n^ Prince Hoare, ed. (1820). Memoirs of Granville Sharp. Colburn. p. XII. ...he had a voluminous collection of Handel's scores...\n\n^ Jacob Simon (1985). Handel, a celebration of his life and times, 1685–1759. p. 239. National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain)\n\n^ \"The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero\". BBC. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017.\n\n^ Blyth, Alan (2007). Choral Music on Record. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.\n\n^ \"BBC Press Release\". Bbc.co.uk. 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2012.\n\n^ Dent 2004, p. 23\n\n^ a b Young, Percy Marshall (1 April 1975) [1947]. Handel (Master Musician series). J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 177. ISBN 0-460-03161-9.\n\n^ Richard Taruskin, The Oxford History of Western Music, Oxford University Press, 2005, vol. 2, chapter 26, p. 329, ISBN 0-19-522271-7\n\n^ Alexander Silbiger, \"Scarlatti Borrowings in Handel's Grand Concertos\", The Musical Times, v. 125, 1984, pp. 93–94\n\n^ A comprehensive bibliography through 2005 can be found in Mary Anne Parker, G. F. Handel: A Guide to Research, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 1-136-78359-8, pp. 114–135\n\n^ John H. Roberts, \"Why Did Handel Borrow?\", in Handel: Tercentary Collection, edited by Stanley Sadie and Anthony Hicks, Royal Musical Association, 1985, pp. 83–92, ISBN 0-8357-1833-6\n\n^ Auner Joseph H. (1996), \"Schoenberg's Handel Concerto and the Ruins of Tradition\", Journal of the American Musicological Society, and also Robert Schumann tried to compose an additional piece for a theme of Handel in his Album for the Young. 49: 264–313\n\n^ For All the Saints: A Calendar of Commemorations for United Methodists, ed. by Clifton F. Guthrie (Order of Saint Luke Publications, 1995, ISBN 1-878009-25-7) p. 161.","title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adams, Aileen K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileen_Adams"},{"link_name":"Journal of Medical Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/096777200501300308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F096777200501300308"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16059526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16059526"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"208323027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208323027"},{"link_name":"Early Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/em/13.4.476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2F13.4.476"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3127226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3127226"},{"link_name":"Bone, Philip J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bone"},{"link_name":"The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers for these Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/guitarmandolinbi00bone"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-253-34365-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34365-8"},{"link_name":"Bukofzer, Manfred F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer"},{"link_name":"'Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/musicinbaroqueer00buko"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-09745-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5"},{"link_name":"Burrows, Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Burrows_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-816470-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816470-X"},{"link_name":"\"Handel, George Frideric (1685–1759)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/12192"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/12192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12192"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"Chrysander, Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander"},{"link_name":"G.F. 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(August 2005). \"Georg Händel (1622–97): The Barber-Surgeon Father of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)\". Journal of Medical Biography. 13 (3): 142–49. doi:10.1177/096777200501300308. PMID 16059526. S2CID 208323027.\nBest, Terence (November 1985). \"Handel's Chamber Music: Sources, Chronology and Authenticity\". Early Music. 13 (4): 476–499. doi:10.1093/em/13.4.476. JSTOR 3127226.\nBone, Philip J. (1914). The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers for these Instruments. London: Schott & Co.\nBuelow, George J. (2004). A History of Baroque Music. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34365-8.\nBukofzer, Manfred F. (1947). 'Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-09745-5.\nBurrows, Donald (1994). Handel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816470-X.\nBurrows, Donald (2007). \"Handel, George Frideric (1685–1759)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12192. Retrieved 10 January 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nChrysander, Friedrich (1858). G.F. Händel. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010. Consisting of three volumes (separately hosted online by zeno.org): Buch 1 Archived 15 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine: Jugendzeit und Lehrjahre in Deutschland (1685–1706); Buch 2 Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine: Die große Wanderung (1707–1720).\nDean, Winton (1969). Handel and the Opera Seria. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01438-1.\nDean, Winton (1982). The New Grove Handel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-30086-2.\nDean, Winton; Knapp, John Merrill (1987). Handel's Operas, 1704–1726. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.\nDean, Winton (2006). Handel's Operas, 1726–1741. The Boydell Press. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2006.\nDent, Edward Joseph (2004). Handel. R A Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-2275-4.\nDeutsch, Otto Erich (1955). Handel: A Documentary Biography. London: Adam and Charles Black.\nDreyhaupt, Johann Christoph von (1755). Pagus neletici et nudzici oder ausführliche diplomatisch-historische Beschreibun des … Saal-Creises. Vol. 2. Halle: Verlag des Waysenhauses. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.\nHarris, Ellen T. (2001). Handel as Orpheus. Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00617-8.\nHicks, Anthony (2013), \"Handel, George Frideric\", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40060, ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 10 January 2022\nHicks, Anthony (1998). \"Handel, George Frederick\". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 614–26. ISBN 1-56159-228-5.\nHogwood, Christopher (1984). Handel. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01355-1.\nLandon, H.C. Robbins (1984). Handel and his World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-78498-6.\nLang, Paul Henry (1966). George Frideric Handel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. LCCN 66011793/MN/r842.\nLarsen, J. P. (1972). Handel's Messiah. London: Adams and Charles Black Limited.\nLeopold, Silke. Händel, Die Opern Bärenreiter 2009, ISBN 978-3-7618-1991-3\nMainwaring, John (1760). Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Frederic Handel. London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley.\nMaitland, J. A. Fuller; Squire, W. Barclay (1890). \"Handel, George Friederick\". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XXIV Haile–Harriott. New York: Macmillan and Co. pp. 277–91.\nMarx, Hans Joachim (1998). Händels Oratorien, Oden und Serenaten: Ein Kompendium. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-27815-2.\nMattheson, Johann (1740). Grundlage einer Ehren-pforte, woran der tüchtigsten Capellmeister, Componisten, Musikgelehrten, Tonkünstler &c. Leben, Wercke, Verdienste &c. erscheinen sollen. Hamburg: For the author. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.\nMeynell, Hugo. The Art of Handel's Operas, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press (1986) ISBN 0-88946-425-1\nNational Portrait Gallery. Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759.\nRolland, Romain (1916) [1910]. Handel. Translated by Hull, A. Eaglefield. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2017.\nSchoelcher, Victor (1857). The Life of Handel. Translated by Lowe, James. London: Robert Cocks & Co.\nYoung, Percy Marshall (1966). Handel. New York: David White Company.","title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge Companions to Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-45613-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45613-4"},{"link_name":"Chrysander, Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander"},{"link_name":"G. F. Händel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/2.+Band"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160307025231/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/2.+Band"},{"link_name":"Chrysander, Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander"},{"link_name":"G. F. Händel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/3.+Band"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170930131026/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/3.+Band"},{"link_name":"Cudworth, C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cudworth"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-vAYAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780208010681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780208010681"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230321044335/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vAYAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"The New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1056/NEJM198909143211120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198909143211120"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2671732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2671732"},{"link_name":"The Musical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/mq/74.1.31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F74.1.31"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"741903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/741903"},{"link_name":"Hicks, Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/jrma/103.1.80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F103.1.80"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"765887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/765887"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23512496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23512496"},{"link_name":"Music & Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ml/67.4.347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F67.4.347"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"735134","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/735134"},{"link_name":"Music & Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ml/82.4.543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F82.4.543"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3526275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3526275"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Musical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/jrma/fkl013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2Ffkl013"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30161399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30161399"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154560136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154560136"},{"link_name":"Keates, Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Keates"},{"link_name":"Handel: The Man and His Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/handelmanhismusi0000keat_o6l4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-35846-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-35846-6"},{"link_name":"The Musical Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/963285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F963285"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/963285"},{"link_name":"Music & Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ml/72.3.372","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F72.3.372"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"736214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/736214"},{"link_name":"Music & Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ml/41.1.33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F41.1.33"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"729686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/729686"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Musical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/02690403.2011.562718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F02690403.2011.562718"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41300166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41300166"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161457448","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161457448"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-00988-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00988-2"},{"link_name":"Streatfeild, R. A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_A_Streatfeild"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/handel00stre"},{"link_name":"The Journal of Musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/764003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F764003"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"764003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/764003"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth-Century_Ireland_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3828/eci.1987.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.1987.14"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30070846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/30070846"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"256131717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256131717"}],"text":"Burrows, Donald (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Handel. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45613-4.\nChrysander, Friedrich (1860). G. F. Händel. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Buch 3: Zwanzig Jahre bei der italienischen Oper in London.\nChrysander, Friedrich (1867). G. F. Händel. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Buch 4: Übergang zum Oratorium.\nCudworth, C. (1972). Handel. London. ISBN 9780208010681. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nFrosch, William A. (14 September 1989). \"The Case of George Frideric Handel\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 321 (11): 765–69. doi:10.1056/NEJM198909143211120. PMID 2671732.\nFrosch, William A. (1990). \"Moods, Madness, and Music. II. Was Handel Insane?\". The Musical Quarterly. 74 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1093/mq/74.1.31. JSTOR 741903.\nHicks, Anthony (1976–1977). \"Handel's Early Musical Development\". Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. 103: 80–89. doi:10.1093/jrma/103.1.80. JSTOR 765887.\nHogg, Katharine (July–September 2008). \"Handel and the Fundling Hospital: The Gerald Coke Handel Collection at the Foundling Museum\". Fontes Artis Musicae. 55 (3): 435–47. JSTOR 23512496.\nHume, Robert D. (October 1986). \"Handel and Opera Management in London in the 1730s\". Music & Letters. 67 (4): 347–62. doi:10.1093/ml/67.4.347. JSTOR 735134.\nHunter, David (November 2001). \"Handel among the Jacobites\". Music & Letters. 82 (4): 543–56. doi:10.1093/ml/82.4.543. JSTOR 3526275.\nJoncus, Berta (2006). \"Handel at Drury Lane: Ballad Opera and the Production of Kitty Clive\". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 131 (2): 179–226. doi:10.1093/jrma/fkl013. JSTOR 30161399. S2CID 154560136.\nKeates, Jonathan (1985). Handel: The Man and His Music. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-35846-6.\nKeynes, Milo (September 1982). \"Handel and His Illnesses\". The Musical Times. 123 (1675): 613–14. doi:10.2307/963285. JSTOR 963285.\nKing, Richard G. (August 1991). \"Handel's Travels in the Netherlands in 1750\". Music & Letters. 72 (3): 372–86. doi:10.1093/ml/72.3.372. JSTOR 736214.\nMacArdle, Donald (January 1960). \"Beethoven and Handel\". Music & Letters. 41 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1093/ml/41.1.33. JSTOR 729686.\nMcGeary, Thomas (2011). \"Handel and Homosexuality: Burlington House and Cannons Revisited\". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 136 (1): 33–71. doi:10.1080/02690403.2011.562718. JSTOR 41300166. S2CID 161457448.\nMcGeary, Thomas (2013). The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00988-2.\nStreatfeild, R. A. (1910). Handel (Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co.\nWinemiller, John T. (Autumn 1997). \"Recontextualizing Handel's Borrowing\". The Journal of Musicology. 15 (4): 444–70. doi:10.2307/764003. JSTOR 764003.\nWhite, Harry (1987). \"Handel in Dublin: A Note\". Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 2: 182–86. doi:10.3828/eci.1987.14. JSTOR 30070846. S2CID 256131717.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Handel's baptismal registration (Marienbibliothek in Halle)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg/220px-George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handel House, birthplace of Handel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg/220px-Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Halle, copper engraving, 1686","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG/260px-HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG"},{"image_text":"Marktkirche in Halle where Handel was baptised, and where Friedrich Zachow and Handel performed as organists","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg/240px-Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Halle Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dom_Halle.jpg/240px-Dom_Halle.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt in 1726, where Handel was a musician","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hamburgs_Oper.jpg/290px-Hamburgs_Oper.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handel (centre) and King George I on the River Thames, 17 July 1717, by Edouard Hamman (1819–88)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg/260px-GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Chandos portrait of Händel by James Thornhill, c. 1720, held in the Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg/180px-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Engraving of the interior of the Covent Garden Theatre in London in 1808","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg/240px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Uncompleted admission ticket for the May 1750 performance of Messiah, including the arms of the venue, the Foundling Hospital in London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg/220px-Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senesino, the famous castrato from Siena","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Senesino.jpg/170px-Senesino.jpg"},{"image_text":"Handel in 1733, by Balthasar Denner (1685–1749)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haendel.jpg/200px-Haendel.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Masquerade at the King's Theatre, Haymarket (c. 1724), attributed to Giuseppe Grisoni","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg/240px-Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg"},{"image_text":"A carved marble statue of Handel at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, created in 1738 by Louis-François Roubiliac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/200px-HandelVA.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Gottlieb Muffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Muffat"},{"title":"Handel Reference Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_Reference_Database"},{"title":"Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_and_writings_of_George_Frideric_Handel"},{"title":"Publications by Friedrich Chrysander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publications_by_Friedrich_Chrysander"},{"title":"Valentine Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Snow"},{"title":"Drexel 5856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_5856"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"HÄNDEL-Haus in Halle an der Saale - HANDSCHRIFTLICHE DOKUMENTE\". Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130519130520/http://www.haendelhaus.de/de/Haendel/Ausgestellte_Dokumente/#8","url_text":"\"HÄNDEL-Haus in Halle an der Saale - HANDSCHRIFTLICHE DOKUMENTE\""},{"url":"http://www.haendelhaus.de/de/Haendel/Ausgestellte_Dokumente/#8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel\". Parliament.uk. 14 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/handel-and-naturalisation/","url_text":"\"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504101508/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/handel-and-naturalisation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Seiffert, Max (1905). \"Preface to Volumes 21, 21 (Zachow)\". Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härte.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkm%C3%A4ler_deutscher_Tonkunst","url_text":"Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst"}]},{"reference":"\"Handel, George Frederick\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006144650/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Handel,_George_Frederick_%28DNB00%29","url_text":"\"Handel, George Frederick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Handel,_George_Frederick_(DNB00)","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burrows, Donald; Coffey, Helen; Greenacombe, John; Hicks, Anthony (20 February 2014). George Frideric Handel: Volume 1, 1609–1725: Collected Documents. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107470118. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222094024/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ycAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT678&ots=e6uQ1ZEY4n&dq=Barn%20Elms%20Matthew%20Andrews&hl=nl&pg=PT678","url_text":"George Frideric Handel: Volume 1, 1609–1725: Collected Documents"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107470118","url_text":"9781107470118"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ycAwAAQBAJ&dq=Barn+Elms+Matthew+Andrews&pg=PT678","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Day, Peter (12 April 2009). \"How Handel played the markets\". BBC News. 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(August 2005). \"Georg Händel (1622–97): The Barber-Surgeon Father of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)\". Journal of Medical Biography. 13 (3): 142–49. doi:10.1177/096777200501300308. PMID 16059526. 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ISBN 0-253-34365-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34365-8","url_text":"0-253-34365-8"}]},{"reference":"Bukofzer, Manfred F. (1947). 'Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-09745-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer","url_text":"Bukofzer, Manfred F."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/musicinbaroqueer00buko","url_text":"'Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5","url_text":"0-393-09745-5"}]},{"reference":"Burrows, Donald (1994). Handel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816470-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Burrows_(musicologist)","url_text":"Burrows, Donald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816470-X","url_text":"0-19-816470-X"}]},{"reference":"Burrows, Donald (2007). \"Handel, George Frideric (1685–1759)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12192. 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Händel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004082244/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Winton (1969). Handel and the Opera Seria. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01438-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_Dean","url_text":"Dean, Winton"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handeloperaseria00wint","url_text":"Handel and the Opera Seria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01438-1","url_text":"978-0-520-01438-1"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Winton (1982). The New Grove Handel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-30086-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovehandel00wint","url_text":"The New Grove Handel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30086-2","url_text":"0-393-30086-2"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Winton; Knapp, John Merrill (1987). Handel's Operas, 1704–1726. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-816441-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Merrill_Knapp","url_text":"Knapp, John Merrill"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handelsoperas1700000dean","url_text":"Handel's Operas, 1704–1726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816441-6","url_text":"0-19-816441-6"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Winton (2006). Handel's Operas, 1726–1741. The Boydell Press. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090926214736/http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM","url_text":"Handel's Operas, 1726–1741"},{"url":"http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dent, Edward Joseph (2004). Handel. R A Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-2275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent","url_text":"Dent, Edward Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-2275-4","url_text":"1-4191-2275-4"}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, Otto Erich (1955). Handel: A Documentary Biography. London: Adam and Charles Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Deutsch","url_text":"Deutsch, Otto Erich"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handeldocumentar00deut","url_text":"Handel: A Documentary Biography"}]},{"reference":"Dreyhaupt, Johann Christoph von (1755). Pagus neletici et nudzici oder ausführliche diplomatisch-historische Beschreibun des … Saal-Creises. Vol. 2. Halle: Verlag des Waysenhauses. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdid=book-XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdot=1","url_text":"Pagus neletici et nudzici oder ausführliche diplomatisch-historische Beschreibun des … Saal-Creises"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170917/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdid=book-XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdot=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Ellen T. (2001). Handel as Orpheus. Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00617-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handelasorpheusv0000harr","url_text":"Handel as Orpheus. Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00617-8","url_text":"0-674-00617-8"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Anthony (2013), \"Handel, George Frideric\", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40060, ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 10 January 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hicks","url_text":"Hicks, Anthony"},{"url":"https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040060","url_text":"\"Handel, George Frideric\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Music_Online","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40060","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0","url_text":"978-1-56159-263-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220110164104/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040060","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Anthony (1998). \"Handel, George Frederick\". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 614–26. ISBN 1-56159-228-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hicks","url_text":"Hicks, Anthony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5","url_text":"1-56159-228-5"}]},{"reference":"Hogwood, Christopher (1984). Handel. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01355-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood","url_text":"Hogwood, Christopher"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handel0000hogw_p5s6","url_text":"Handel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01355-1","url_text":"0-500-01355-1"}]},{"reference":"Landon, H.C. Robbins (1984). Handel and his World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-78498-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._C._Robbins_Landon","url_text":"Landon, H.C. Robbins"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handelhisworld0000land","url_text":"Handel and his World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78498-6","url_text":"0-297-78498-6"}]},{"reference":"Lang, Paul Henry (1966). George Frideric Handel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. LCCN 66011793/MN/r842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Henry_Lang","url_text":"Lang, Paul Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/georgefridericha00lang","url_text":"George Frideric Handel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66011793/MN/r842","url_text":"66011793/MN/r842"}]},{"reference":"Larsen, J. P. (1972). Handel's Messiah. London: Adams and Charles Black Limited.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mainwaring, John (1760). Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Frederic Handel. London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mainwaring","url_text":"Mainwaring, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoirslifeofge00maingoog","url_text":"Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Frederic Handel"}]},{"reference":"Maitland, J. A. Fuller; Squire, W. Barclay (1890). \"Handel, George Friederick\". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XXIV Haile–Harriott. New York: Macmillan and Co. pp. 277–91.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland","url_text":"Maitland, J. A. Fuller"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati25stepuoft","url_text":"\"Handel, George Friederick\""}]},{"reference":"Marx, Hans Joachim (1998). Händels Oratorien, Oden und Serenaten: Ein Kompendium. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-27815-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Joachim_Marx","url_text":"Marx, Hans Joachim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-27815-2","url_text":"3-525-27815-2"}]},{"reference":"Mattheson, Johann (1740). Grundlage einer Ehren-pforte, woran der tüchtigsten Capellmeister, Componisten, Musikgelehrten, Tonkünstler &c. Leben, Wercke, Verdienste &c. erscheinen sollen. Hamburg: For the author. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Mattheson","url_text":"Mattheson, Johann"},{"url":"http://imslp.org/wiki/Grundlage_einer_Ehren-Pforte_(Mattheson,_Johann)","url_text":"Grundlage einer Ehren-pforte, woran der tüchtigsten Capellmeister, Componisten, Musikgelehrten, Tonkünstler &c. Leben, Wercke, Verdienste &c. erscheinen sollen"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420213546/http://imslp.org/wiki/Grundlage_einer_Ehren-Pforte_(Mattheson,_Johann)","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Portrait Gallery. Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rolland, Romain (1916) [1910]. Handel. Translated by Hull, A. Eaglefield. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland","url_text":"Rolland, Romain"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4324812","url_text":"Handel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203041926/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4324812","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schoelcher, Victor (1857). The Life of Handel. Translated by Lowe, James. London: Robert Cocks & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher","url_text":"Schoelcher, Victor"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifehandelvolum00lowegoog","url_text":"The Life of Handel"}]},{"reference":"Young, Percy Marshall (1966). Handel. New York: David White Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_M._Young","url_text":"Young, Percy Marshall"}]},{"reference":"Burrows, Donald (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Handel. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45613-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music","url_text":"Cambridge Companions to Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45613-4","url_text":"0-521-45613-4"}]},{"reference":"Chrysander, Friedrich (1860). G. F. Händel. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander","url_text":"Chrysander, Friedrich"},{"url":"http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/2.+Band","url_text":"G. F. Händel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307025231/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/2.+Band","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chrysander, Friedrich (1867). G. F. Händel. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander","url_text":"Chrysander, Friedrich"},{"url":"http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/3.+Band","url_text":"G. F. Händel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131026/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/3.+Band","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cudworth, C. (1972). Handel. London. ISBN 9780208010681. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cudworth","url_text":"Cudworth, C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-vAYAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Handel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780208010681","url_text":"9780208010681"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321044335/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vAYAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frosch, William A. (14 September 1989). \"The Case of George Frideric Handel\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 321 (11): 765–69. doi:10.1056/NEJM198909143211120. PMID 2671732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine","url_text":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198909143211120","url_text":"10.1056/NEJM198909143211120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2671732","url_text":"2671732"}]},{"reference":"Frosch, William A. (1990). \"Moods, Madness, and Music. II. Was Handel Insane?\". The Musical Quarterly. 74 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1093/mq/74.1.31. JSTOR 741903.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly","url_text":"The Musical Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F74.1.31","url_text":"10.1093/mq/74.1.31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/741903","url_text":"741903"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Anthony (1976–1977). \"Handel's Early Musical Development\". Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association. 103: 80–89. doi:10.1093/jrma/103.1.80. 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JSTOR 3526275.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters","url_text":"Music & Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F82.4.543","url_text":"10.1093/ml/82.4.543"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3526275","url_text":"3526275"}]},{"reference":"Joncus, Berta (2006). \"Handel at Drury Lane: Ballad Opera and the Production of Kitty Clive\". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 131 (2): 179–226. doi:10.1093/jrma/fkl013. JSTOR 30161399. S2CID 154560136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Musical Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2Ffkl013","url_text":"10.1093/jrma/fkl013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30161399","url_text":"30161399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154560136","url_text":"154560136"}]},{"reference":"Keates, Jonathan (1985). Handel: The Man and His Music. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-35846-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Keates","url_text":"Keates, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handelmanhismusi0000keat_o6l4","url_text":"Handel: The Man and His Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-35846-6","url_text":"0-312-35846-6"}]},{"reference":"Keynes, Milo (September 1982). \"Handel and His Illnesses\". The Musical Times. 123 (1675): 613–14. doi:10.2307/963285. JSTOR 963285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F963285","url_text":"10.2307/963285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/963285","url_text":"963285"}]},{"reference":"King, Richard G. (August 1991). \"Handel's Travels in the Netherlands in 1750\". Music & Letters. 72 (3): 372–86. doi:10.1093/ml/72.3.372. JSTOR 736214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters","url_text":"Music & Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F72.3.372","url_text":"10.1093/ml/72.3.372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/736214","url_text":"736214"}]},{"reference":"MacArdle, Donald (January 1960). \"Beethoven and Handel\". Music & Letters. 41 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1093/ml/41.1.33. JSTOR 729686.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Letters","url_text":"Music & Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F41.1.33","url_text":"10.1093/ml/41.1.33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/729686","url_text":"729686"}]},{"reference":"McGeary, Thomas (2011). \"Handel and Homosexuality: Burlington House and Cannons Revisited\". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 136 (1): 33–71. doi:10.1080/02690403.2011.562718. JSTOR 41300166. S2CID 161457448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Musical Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02690403.2011.562718","url_text":"10.1080/02690403.2011.562718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41300166","url_text":"41300166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161457448","url_text":"161457448"}]},{"reference":"McGeary, Thomas (2013). The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 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JSTOR 764003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology","url_text":"The Journal of Musicology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F764003","url_text":"10.2307/764003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/764003","url_text":"764003"}]},{"reference":"White, Harry (1987). \"Handel in Dublin: A Note\". Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr. 2: 182–86. doi:10.3828/eci.1987.14. JSTOR 30070846. S2CID 256131717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth-Century_Ireland_(journal)","url_text":"Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.1987.14","url_text":"10.3828/eci.1987.14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30070846","url_text":"30070846"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256131717","url_text":"256131717"}]},{"reference":"\"Discovering Handel\". BBC Radio 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://bbc.co.uk/handel","url_text":"\"Discovering Handel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3","url_text":"BBC Radio 3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooving_Kingston_12
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Grooving Kingston 12
|
["1 Reception","2 Track list","2.1 Disc 1","2.2 Disc 2","2.3 Disc 3","3 Notes","4 References"]
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2004 compilation album by The WailersGrooving Kingston 12Compilation album by The WailersReleased2004Recorded1967–1972GenreReggaeLabelUniversal RecordsJAD RecordsProducerBob Marley & The WailersLeslie KongBunny LeeLee Perry
Grooving Kingston 12 is a 3 disc box set of Bob Marley and the Wailers material from the 1967-1972 period released in 2004 by Universal and JAD Records. An update of the Complete Wailers series along with Fy-Ah Fy-Ah and "Man To Man", it contains remastered versions of almost everything released during that period. These compilations were released to put an end to bootlegging and provide royalties to surviving artists and their families, and also to provide the complete discography without buying several separate CDs.
Kingston 12 in the title is in reference to the numbered postal zones established by the national post office of Jamaica. Trench Town, the home of Bob Marley and The Wailers' musical roots, is serviced under the aforementioned postal zone name. "Grooving Kingston 12" is a lyric from the song "Trench Town Rock."
Reception
According to Jack Frost, writing for BBC Music, "Grooving Kingston 12 is an essential purchase for anyone wanting to understand the roots of reggae." Raoul Hernandez of the Austin Chronicle gave the album three out of five stars and writes that "Grooving Kingston 12 is mostly recanned material, but the selection and sequencing was canny." AllMusic gives the compilation 4 out of 5 stars.
Track list
Disc 1
Concrete Jungle 1971 (3:09)
Screw Face 1971 (2:21)
Lively Up Yourself 1971 (2:56)
Redder Than Red 1971 (3:10)
Craven Choke Puppy 1971 (2:52)
Do Good (Craven Version) (Craven Choke Puppy (DJ version)) 1973 (2:47)
Trench Town Rock 1971 (3:29)
Kingston 12 Shuffle (Trench Town Rock (DJ version)) 1971 (2:47)
Lick Samba 1971 (2:34)
Guava Jelly 1971 (2:16)
Satisfy My Soul Jah Jah 1971 (2:30)
Run For Cover 1970 (3:12)
Pour Down The Sunshine 1971 (2:19)
Send Me That Love 1971 (3:21)
Love Light 1971 (3:01)
Ammunition (Concrete Jungle (version)) 1971 (3:06)
Face Man (Screw Face (version2)) 1971 (2:56)
Live (Lively Up Yourself (version)) 1971 (2:53)
Red (Redder Than Red (version 1)) 1971 (2:47)
Choke (Craven Choke Puppy (version)) 1971 (2:36)
Grooving Kingston 12 (Trench Town Rock (version)) 1971 (2:57)
Samba (Lick Samba (version)) 1971 (2:34)
Jelly (Guava Jelly (version)) 1971 (2:14)
Satisfy Version (Satisfy My Soul Jah Jah (version)) 1971 (2:35)
Disc 2
Kaya 1971 (2:38)
African Herbsman 1971 (2:19)
Mr Brown 1970 (3:33)
My Cup 1970 (3:33)
Downpresser 1971 (3:12)
Small Axe 1971 (4:00)
Dreamland 1970 (2:43)
Fussing And Fighting 1971 (2:27)
Keep On Moving 1971 (3:04)
Second Hand 1971 (3:56)
All In One 1971 (3:38)
Black Progress (version) 1970 (2:37)
Kaya (version 1) 1971 (2:36)
African Herbsman (version) 1971 (2:23)
Dracula (Mr Brown (version)) 1970 (2:52)
Downpresser (version) 1971 (3:09)
Battle Axe (Small Axe (version 1)) 1971 (3:30)
Dreamland (version) 1970 (2:37)
My Cup (version) 1970 (3:12)
Keep On Moving (version) 1971 (3:05)
Second Hand (version) 1971 (3:06)
Disc 3
Black Progress 1970 (2:29)
Acoustic Medley: Guava Jelly 1971 (0:42) 0232
Acoustic Medley: This Train 1972 (1:46)
Acoustic Medley: Corner Stone 1972 (1:55)
Acoustic Medley: Comma Comma 1972 (1:24)
Acoustic Medley: Dewdrops 1972 (2:24)
Acoustic Medley: Stir It Up 1972 (2:08)
Acoustic Medley: I'm Hurting Inside 1972 (1:51)
Cry To Me (acoustic) 1971 (1:30)
Sun Is Shining 1970 (2:11)
Heathen's Rage (Sun Is Shining (DJ version)) 1970 (2:03)
Satisfy My Soul Babe 1971 (2:06)
Don't Rock My Boat 1971 (2:49)
I Like It Like This (Don't Rock My Boat (DJ version)) 1971 (2:49)
Hold On To This Feeling 1970 (2:54)
Rock To The Rock (1968' New York Mix) 1968 (2:24)
Rocking Steady (1968' New York Mix) 1968 (2:03)
I'm Hurting Inside 1972 (3:36)
Music Gonna Teach 1969 (3:03)
I'm Still Waiting 1969 (2:53)
Babe Version (Satisfy My Soul Babe (dub version)) 1971 (2:56)
Sun Is Shining (version 1) 1970 (2:10)
Hold On To This Feeling (version) 1970 (2:50)
Music Gonna Teach (version) 1969 (3:14)
Notes
^ a b c d Previously unreleased
References
^ a b Jack Smith (2004). "Bob Marley and the Wailers Grooving Kingston 12 Review". BBC Music. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ Raoul Hernandez (7 May 2004). "Bob Marley & the Wailers: Grooving Kingston 12 (JAD / Hip-O)". Austin Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ Steve Leggett. "Bob Marley / Bob Marley & the Wailers: Grooving Kingston 12: Jad Masters 1970-1972". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
vteBob Marley and the Wailers
Bob Marley
Peter Tosh
Bunny Wailer
Other vocalists: Junior Braithwaite
Cherry Smith
Beverley Kelso
Constantine "Vision" Walker
Rita Marley
Marcia Griffiths
Judy Mowatt
Musicians: Aston "Family Man" Barrett
Carlton Barrett
Earl Lindo
Tyrone Downie
Alvin "Seeco" Patterson
Al Anderson
Earl "Chinna" Smith
Donald Kinsey
Junior Marvin
Studio albums
The Wailing Wailers (1965)
Soul Rebels (1970)
Soul Revolution Part II (1971)
The Best of the Wailers (1971)
Catch a Fire (1973)
Burnin' (1973)
Natty Dread (1974)
Rastaman Vibration (1976)
Exodus (1977)
Kaya (1978)
Survival (1979)
Uprising (1980)
Confrontation (1983)
Compilations
African Herbsman (1973)
Rasta Revolution (1974)
Legend (1984)
Rebel Music (1986)
Natural Mystic: The Legend Lives On (1995)
21 Winners: The Best of Bob Marley and the Wailers (1997)
One Love: The Very Best of Bob Marley & The Wailers (2001)
Gold (2005)
Africa Unite: The Singles Collection (2005)
Live albums
Live! (1975)
Babylon by Bus (1978)
Talkin' Blues (1991)
Live at the Roxy (2003)
Live Forever: September 23, 1980 • Stanley Theatre • Pittsburgh, PA (2011)
Easy Skanking in Boston '78 (2015)
Remix albums
Chances Are (1981)
Chant Down Babylon (1999)
B Is for Bob (2009)
Box sets
Songs of Freedom (1992)
The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967–1972 (1997–2002)
Singles
"Judge Not"
"Simmer Down"
"Guava Jelly"
"Stir It Up"
"Get Up, Stand Up"
"I Shot the Sheriff"
"No Woman, No Cry (Live '75)"
"Jah Live"
"Exodus"
"Waiting in Vain"
"Jamming"/"Punky Reggae Party"
"Is This Love"
"Satisfy My Soul"
"So Much Trouble in the World"
"Could You Be Loved"
"Redemption Song"
"Three Little Birds"
"Forever Loving Jah"
"Buffalo Soldier"
"One Love/People Get Ready"
"Iron Lion Zion"
"Sun Is Shining"
"Turn Your Lights Down Low"
"Slogans"
"Is This Love"
Other songs
"One Love"
"Rude Boy"
"Mr Brown"
"Small Axe"
"No Woman, No Cry"
"Turn Your Lights Down Low"
"Sun Is Shining"
"One Drop"
"War"
"Hammer"
Performances
Smile Jamaica Concert (1976)
Exodus Tour (1977)
One Love Peace Concert (1978)
Uprising Tour (1980)
Associated acts
The Skatalites
The Upsetters
Word, Sound and Power
The Wailers Band
The Original Wailers
Related people
Chris Blackwell
Errol Brown
Allan Cole
Coxsone Dodd
Vincent Ford
Neville Garrick
Joe Higgs
Lee Jaffe
Arthur Jenkins
King Sporty
Leslie Kong
Johnny Nash
Jimmy Norman
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Mortimer Planno
Karl Pitterson
Alex Sadkin
Related articles
Discography
Band members
Outline of Bob Marley
1976 assassination attempt
Marley Natural
Upsetter Records
Tuff Gong
Bob Marley Museum
Statue of Bob Marley
Tribute to the Legend: Bob Marley
Marley
soundtrack
Hall of Fame: A Tribute to Bob Marley's 50th Anniversary
Time Will Tell: A Tribute to Bob Marley
One Love: The Bob Marley Musical
Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical
Bob Marley: One Love
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Marley and the Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Records"},{"link_name":"JAD Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAD_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"}],"text":"2004 compilation album by The WailersGrooving Kingston 12 is a 3 disc box set of Bob Marley and the Wailers material from the 1967-1972 period released in 2004 by Universal and JAD Records.[1] An update of the Complete Wailers series along with Fy-Ah Fy-Ah and \"Man To Man\", it contains remastered versions of almost everything released during that period. These compilations were released to put an end to bootlegging and provide royalties to surviving artists and their families, and also to provide the complete discography without buying several separate CDs.Kingston 12 in the title is in reference to the numbered postal zones established by the national post office of Jamaica. Trench Town, the home of Bob Marley and The Wailers' musical roots, is serviced under the aforementioned postal zone name. \"Grooving Kingston 12\" is a lyric from the song \"Trench Town Rock.\"","title":"Grooving Kingston 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austin-2"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-3"}],"text":"According to Jack Frost, writing for BBC Music, \"Grooving Kingston 12 is an essential purchase for anyone wanting to understand the roots of reggae.\"[1] Raoul Hernandez of the Austin Chronicle gave the album three out of five stars and writes that \"Grooving Kingston 12 is mostly recanned material, but the selection and sequencing was canny.\"[2] AllMusic gives the compilation 4 out of 5 stars.[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-4"}],"sub_title":"Disc 1","text":"Concrete Jungle 1971 (3:09)\nScrew Face 1971 (2:21)\nLively Up Yourself 1971 (2:56)\nRedder Than Red 1971 (3:10)\nCraven Choke Puppy 1971 (2:52)\nDo Good (Craven Version) (Craven Choke Puppy (DJ version)) 1973[notes 1] (2:47)\nTrench Town Rock 1971 (3:29)\nKingston 12 Shuffle (Trench Town Rock (DJ version)) 1971 (2:47)\nLick Samba 1971 (2:34)\nGuava Jelly 1971 (2:16)\nSatisfy My Soul Jah Jah 1971 (2:30)\nRun For Cover 1970 (3:12)\nPour Down The Sunshine 1971 (2:19)\nSend Me That Love 1971 (3:21)\nLove Light 1971 (3:01)\nAmmunition (Concrete Jungle (version)) 1971 (3:06)\nFace Man (Screw Face (version2)) 1971 (2:56)\nLive (Lively Up Yourself (version)) 1971 (2:53)\nRed (Redder Than Red (version 1)) 1971 (2:47)\nChoke (Craven Choke Puppy (version)) 1971 (2:36)\nGrooving Kingston 12 (Trench Town Rock (version)) 1971 (2:57)\nSamba (Lick Samba (version)) 1971 (2:34)\nJelly (Guava Jelly (version)) 1971 (2:14)\nSatisfy Version (Satisfy My Soul Jah Jah (version)) 1971 (2:35)","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Disc 2","text":"Kaya 1971 (2:38)\nAfrican Herbsman 1971 (2:19)\nMr Brown 1970 (3:33)\nMy Cup 1970 (3:33)\nDownpresser 1971 (3:12)\nSmall Axe 1971 (4:00)\nDreamland 1970 (2:43)\nFussing And Fighting 1971 (2:27)\nKeep On Moving 1971 (3:04)\nSecond Hand 1971 (3:56)\nAll In One 1971 (3:38)\nBlack Progress (version) 1970 (2:37)\nKaya (version 1) 1971 (2:36)\nAfrican Herbsman (version) 1971 (2:23)\nDracula (Mr Brown (version)) 1970 (2:52)\nDownpresser (version) 1971 (3:09)\nBattle Axe (Small Axe (version 1)) 1971 (3:30)\nDreamland (version) 1970 (2:37)\nMy Cup (version) 1970 (3:12)\nKeep On Moving (version) 1971 (3:05)\nSecond Hand (version) 1971 (3:06)","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-4"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-4"},{"link_name":"[notes 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-4"}],"sub_title":"Disc 3","text":"Black Progress 1970 (2:29)\nAcoustic Medley: Guava Jelly 1971 (0:42) 0232\nAcoustic Medley: This Train 1972 (1:46)\nAcoustic Medley: Corner Stone 1972 (1:55)\nAcoustic Medley: Comma Comma 1972 (1:24)\nAcoustic Medley: Dewdrops 1972 (2:24)\nAcoustic Medley: Stir It Up 1972 (2:08)\nAcoustic Medley: I'm Hurting Inside 1972 (1:51)\nCry To Me (acoustic) 1971 (1:30)\nSun Is Shining 1970 (2:11)\nHeathen's Rage (Sun Is Shining (DJ version)) 1970 (2:03)\nSatisfy My Soul Babe 1971 (2:06)\nDon't Rock My Boat 1971 (2:49)\nI Like It Like This (Don't Rock My Boat (DJ version)) 1971 (2:49)\nHold On To This Feeling 1970 (2:54)\nRock To The Rock (1968' New York Mix) 1968 (2:24)\nRocking Steady (1968' New York Mix) 1968 (2:03)\nI'm Hurting Inside 1972 (3:36)\nMusic Gonna Teach 1969[notes 1] (3:03)\nI'm Still Waiting 1969[notes 1] (2:53)\nBabe Version (Satisfy My Soul Babe (dub version)) 1971 (2:56)\nSun Is Shining (version 1) 1970 (2:10)\nHold On To This Feeling (version) 1970 (2:50)\nMusic Gonna Teach (version) 1969[notes 1] (3:14)","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-first_4-3"}],"text":"^ a b c d Previously unreleased","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jack Smith (2004). \"Bob Marley and the Wailers Grooving Kingston 12 Review\". BBC Music. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/4bmq/","url_text":"\"Bob Marley and the Wailers Grooving Kingston 12 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music","url_text":"BBC Music"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210316143047/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/4bmq/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raoul Hernandez (7 May 2004). \"Bob Marley & the Wailers: Grooving Kingston 12 (JAD / Hip-O)\". Austin Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2004-05-07/209733/","url_text":"\"Bob Marley & the Wailers: Grooving Kingston 12 (JAD / Hip-O)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"Austin Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210328233321/https://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2004-05-07/209733/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steve Leggett. \"Bob Marley / Bob Marley & the Wailers: Grooving Kingston 12: Jad Masters 1970-1972\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/grooving-kingston-12-jad-masters-1970-1972-mw0000327692","url_text":"\"Bob Marley / Bob Marley & the Wailers: Grooving Kingston 12: Jad Masters 1970-1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190418205109/https://www.allmusic.com/album/grooving-kingston-12-jad-masters-1970-1972-mw0000327692","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Toda
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Erika Toda
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 TV dramas","3.2 Films","3.3 Music videos","3.4 Voice acting","3.5 Gravure films","3.6 Documentaries","4 Awards","5 Bibliography","5.1 Magazines","5.2 Photobooks","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Japanese actress (born 1988)
Erika Toda戸田 恵梨香Toda in 2022Born (1988-08-17) August 17, 1988 (age 35)Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo, JapanOccupationActressYears active2000–presentKnown for
Death Note
Liar Game
Spouse
Tori Matsuzaka (m. 2020)Children1Websitewww.flamme.co.jp/ErikaToda/
Erika Toda (戸田 恵梨香, Toda Erika, born August 17, 1988) is a Japanese actress.
Career
Toda has starred in many Japanese television dramas, including Liar Game, Code Blue, Ryusei no Kizuna, and Keizoku 2: SPEC. She has also had supporting roles in many other popular TV dramas, such as Boss, Nobuta wo Produce, Engine, and Gal Circle. In the manga adaptation movie, Death Note, she played the role of Misa Amane.
Personal life
In 2020, Toda married actor Tori Matsuzaka, who co-starred in the 2015 film April Fools.
On November 28, 2022, the agency announced that Toda was pregnant. On May 4, 2023, Toda gave birth to her first child.
Filmography
TV dramas
Audrey (NHK, 2000), Takino Yoshioka
Division 1 (Fuji TV, 2004), Sae Imai
Engine (Fuji TV, 2005), Harumi Hida
Calling You (2005)
Zutto Ai Takatta (Fuji TV, 2005)
Nobuta wo Produce (NTV, 2005), Mariko Uehara
The Queen's Classroom Special Part 1 (NTV, 2006), Ai Ikeuchi
Gal Circle (NTV, 2006), Saki
Kiseki no Dōbutsuen: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2006), Sawako Izumi
Mō Hitotsu no Sugar & Spice (Fuji TV, 2006), Minami Inoue
Tatta Hitotsu no Koi (NTV, 2006), Yūko Motomiya
Tsubasa no Oreta Tenshitachi 2 Sakura (Fuji TV, 2007), Haruka Saitō
Kiseki no Dōbutsuen 2007: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2007), Sawako Izumi
Hana Yori Dango 2 (TBS, 2007), Umi Nakajima
Liar Game (Fuji TV, 2007), Kanzaki Nao
Ushi ni Negai o: Love & Farm (Fuji TV, 2007), Kazumi Chiba
Yukinojo Henge (NHK, 2008), Namiji
Kiseki no Dōbutsuen 2008: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2008), Sawako Izumi
Code Blue (Fuji TV, 2008), Mihoko Hiyama
Arigato, Okan (KTV, 2008)
Ryūsei no Kizuna (TBS, 2008), Shizuna Ariake
Code Blue Shinshun SP (Fuji TV, 2009), Mihoko Hiyama
Boss (Fuji TV, 2009), Mami Kimoto
Liar Game: Season 2 (Fuji TV, 2009), Kanzaki Nao
Kiseki no Dōbutsuen 2010: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2010), Sawako Izumi
Code Blue 2 (Fuji TV, 2010), Mihoko Hiyama
Unubore Keiji (TBS, 2010), Yūko Hashiba & Yuri Akishima
Keizoku 2: SPEC (TBS, 2010), Tōma Saya
Taisetsu na Koto wa Subete Kimi ga Oshiete Kureta (Fuji TV, 2011), Uemura Natsumi
Boss 2 (Fuji TV, 2011), Mami Kimoto
Kagi no Kakatta Heya (Fuji TV, 2012), Aoto Junko
SPEC: Zero SP (TBS, 2013), Tōma Saya
Summer Nude (Fuji TV, 2013), Hanao Taniyama
Hana no Kusari (Fuji TV, 2013), Satsuki Takano
Umi no Ue no Shinryōjo (Fuji TV, 2013), Hikaru Hatori
Mitani Kōki Daikūkou 2013 (Wowow, 2013), Yuriko Kurashina
Yokokuhan: The Pain (Wowow, 2015), Erika Yoshino
Risk no Kamisama (Fuji TV, 2015), Kaori Kamikari
Kono Machi no Inochi ni (Wowow, 2016), Aki Hataeda
Reverse (TBS, 2017), Mihoko Ochi
Code Blue 3 (Fuji TV, 2017), Mihoko Hiyama
Gakeppuchi Hotel (NTV, 2018), Sakurai Sana
Scarlet (NHK, 2019–20)
Police in a Pod (NTV, 2021), Seiko Fuji
Films
Death Note (2006) as Misa Amane
Death Note 2: The Last Name (2006) as Misa Amane
Tengoku wa Matte Kureru (2007) as Minako Ueno
Ten Nights of Dream (2007) as Mikiko Yagi
Arthur and the Minimoys (2007) as The Princess Selenia
Uni Senbei (2007) as Haduki Matsushita
L: Change the World (2008) as Misa Amane (Cameo Appearance)
Tea Fight (2008) as Mikiko
Koikyokusei (2009) as Kashiwagi Natsuki
Goemon (2009) as Tayū Yūgiri
Amalfi: Megami No 50-Byou (2009) as Kanae Adachi
Shizumanu Taiyo (2009) as Junko Onchi
Ōarai ni mo Hoshi wa Furu Nari (2009) as Eriko
Liar Game: The Final Stage (2010) as Nao Kanzaki
Hankyū Densha (2011) as Misa
Andalucia: Revenge of the Goddess (2011) as Kanae Adachi
Dog×Police (2011) as Natsuki Mizuno
SPEC: Ten (2012) as Tōma Saya
SPEC: Close (2013) as Tōma Saya
April Fools (2015) as Ayumi Nitta
Kakekomi (2015) as Jogo
Yokokuhan (2015) as Erika Yoshino
The Emperor in August (2015) as Reiko (special appearance)
Death Note: Light Up the New World (2016) as Misa Amane
Blade of the Immortal (2017) as Makie Otono-Tachibanau
The Day's Organ (2019)
Almost a Miracle (2019) as Aoi Yoshitaka
The First Supper (2019)
Motherhood (2022) as Rumiko
Music videos
Naohito Fujiki "Hey! Friends"
Yurika Oyama "Sayonara", "Haruiro"
May "Sarai no Kaze"
Funky Monkey Babys "Mō Kimi ga Inai"
Mika Nakashima "Orion"
Voice acting
Genji: Days of the Blade as Shizuka Gozen (PS3)
Arthur and the Minimoys as Princess Selenia
Gravure films
Sweet (first release date 2002-12-25, limited edition 2005-09-30)
Note (FDGD-0158, release date 2007-05-25)
Documentaries
NHK BS Premium: Artist Document: Scandal (2012) (narrator)
Awards
2007
Oricon Survey "Fresh Star Ranking" : 7th Place for Female
Oricon Survey "Most Prominent 18-year-old" : 3rd Place for Female
Nikkan Sports "Which actress would you want as the heroine of a mobile novel?"
2008
Oricon Survey "Beautiful skin" : 7th Place
2009
Elan d'or Awards: Newcomer of the Year
59th Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress - Ryūsei no Kizuna
2nd Tokyo Drama Awards: Best Supporting Actress for Ryūsei no Kizuna
2011
67th Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Actress for Keizoku 2: SPEC
2012
73rd Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress - Kagi no Kakatta Heya
2013
16th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix (Spring 2012): Best Supporting Actress for Kagi no Kakatta Heya
2020
23rd Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix: Best Actress for Scarlet
Bibliography
Magazines
Myojo (Shueisha), The December 2006 issue, "Best Friends: Dare mo Shiranakatta Toda Erika Monogatari"
Photobooks
Sanwa Mook Naisho na Jumon (Sanwa Publishing, January 2002). ISBN 4883568776.
Hajimete Kimi to Deatta Natsuyasumi. (Saibunkan, November 2002). ISBN 4916115937.
nature (Bunka Publishing, August 2003). ISBN 4821125471.
Sanwa Mook Umareta Izumi (Sanwa Publishing, August 2004). ISBN 477690036X.
Sei Kore Ism 3 (Shueisha, October 2004). ISBN 4081020515.
Erika x Cecil McBee Vivace (Shueisha, April 2009). ISBN 4081020787.
Iqueen Vol.7 (Parco Entertainment, March 2012). ISBN 4891949465.
References
^ 戸田恵梨香のプロフィール (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ 戸田恵梨香、「SPEC」続編の可能性に言及 モデルプレスインタビュー (in Japanese). modelpress. October 24, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ a b "Toda Erika holds Liar Game event". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ "Toda Erika & Kase Ryo to star in upcoming drama 'Keizoku 2'". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
^ a b デスノート (in Japanese). eiga.com inc. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ "松坂桃李&戸田恵梨香、結婚を発表「お互いに支え合い豊かな時間を」<コメント全文>". Modelpress. December 6, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ "戸田恵梨香 第1子妊娠を報告「今は心身ともに穏やかな毎日」 20年に松坂桃李と結婚 - スポニチ Sponichi Annex 芸能". スポニチ Sponichi Annex (in Japanese). Retrieved November 28, 2022.
^ "戸田恵梨香、第1子出産「新しい命を目の前に、心を動かされる日々を過ごしております」松坂桃李がパパに". スポーツ報知 (in Japanese). May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
^ Calling you (ビクターエンタテインメント): 2005 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 野ブタ。をプロデュース (バップ): 2006 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ "Giants Tv" 女王の教室スペシャル エピソード1 (in Japanese). Nippon Television Network Corporation. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ ギャルサー (バップ): 2006 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 奇跡の動物園 旭山動物園物語 (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2006 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ もうひとつのシュガー&スパイス (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2007 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ たったひとつの恋 (バップ): 2007 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 翼の折れた天使たち2 (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2007 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 奇跡の動物園2007 旭山動物園物語 (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2007 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ TV 花より男子2 (リターンズ). allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 牛に願いをlove & farm (関西テレビ放送): 2007 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 雪之丞変化 (NHKエンタープライズ): 2008 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 奇跡の動物園2008 旭山動物園物語 (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2008 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 山下智久主演・新月9『コード・ブルー』続編、初回視聴率18.8% (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ TVM ありがとう、オカン. allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 『流星の絆』の戸田恵梨香の事務所が「はままつ映画祭」とコラボで新人発掘 (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ TVM コード・ブルー ドクターヘリ緊急救命 新春スペシャル. allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ TV BOSS. allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ "Toda Erika holds Liar Game event". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ TVM 奇跡の動物園2010 旭山動物園物語. allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 【週刊 寺島進】「コード・ブルー ~ドクターヘリ緊急救命~」現場特集! (in Japanese). Cinematoday Inc. July 8, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ TV うぬぼれ刑事(でか). allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ "Toda Erika discusses her acting philosophy for upcoming drama SPEC". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ "Two more teasers revealed for "Taisetsu na Koto"". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ "Amami Yuki attends press conference for screening of "BOSS"". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
^ "Toda Erika chosen as the heroine for Ohno Satoshi's upcoming drama". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
^ 戸田恵梨香&加瀬亮『SPEC』コンビ再び 来秋SPドラマ&映画第2弾で完結 (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
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^ 中谷美紀×松下奈緒×戸田恵梨香トリプル主演!湊かなえ「花の鎖」をドラマ化 (in Japanese). Cinematoday Inc. July 3, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
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^ Nagasawa, teen golfer Ishikawa top 'Fresh Star Ranking'
^ Oricon survey: most prominent 18-year-old
^ 2nd Mobile Phone Novel Awards presented
^ Oricon: beautiful skin
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External links
Erika Toda at FLaMme (in Japanese)
Erika Toda at IMDb
Erika Toda at JDorama Archived October 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Awards
vteNikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix Best Supporting Actress
Izumi Inamori (1998)
Kyoko Fukada (1999)
Miki Mizuno (2000)
Mayo Suzukaze (2001)
Yūki Amami (2002)
Akiko Yada (2003)
Koyuki (2004)
Aya Okamoto (2005)
Hiroko Yakushimaru (2006)
Kyōka Suzuki (2007)
Yuu Kashii (2008)
Juri Ueno (2009)
Aya Ōmasa (2010)
Anne Watanabe (2012)
Erika Toda (2013)
Ko Shibasaki (2014)
Fumino Kimura (2015)
Chiaki Kuriyama (2016)
Eiko Koike (2017)
Fumino Kimura (2018)
Rio Uchida (2019)
Nanao (2020)
Fumi Nikaido (2021)
Aju Makita (2022)
Yuina Kuroshima (2023)
Ai Yoshikawa (2024)
vteTokyo Drama Award for Best Supporting Actress
Emi Wakui (2008)
Erika Toda (2009)
Machiko Ono (2010)
Hikari Mitsushima (2011)
Anne Watanabe (2012)
Kyoko Koizumi (2013)
Satomi Ishihara (2014)
Yō Yoshida (2015)
Yoshino Kimura (2016)
Riisa Naka (2017)
Sawako Agawa (2018)
Haru Kuroki (2019)
Sairi Ito (2020)
Noriko Eguchi (2021)
Wakana Matsumoto (2022)
Kaho (2023)
vteNikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix Best Actress
Takako Tokiwa (1998)
Makiko Esumi (1999)
Takako Tokiwa (2000)
Rie Tomosaka (2001)
Eri Fukatsu (2002)
Yūko Takeuchi (2003)
Yūko Takeuchi (2004)
Yūki Amami (2005)
Yūki Amami (2006)
Mao Inoue (2007)
Maki Horikita (2008)
Aoi Miyazaki (2009)
Yūki Amami (2010)
Nanako Matsushima (2012)
Maki Horikita (2013)
Rena Nōnen (2014)
Haruka Ayase (2015)
Satomi Ishihara (2016)
Yui Aragaki (2017)
Satomi Ishihara (2018)
Haruka Ayase (2019)
Erika Toda (2020)
Haruka Ayase (2021)
Haru (2022)
Sakura Ando (2023)
Nao (2024)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Japanese actress (born 1988)Erika Toda (戸田 恵梨香, Toda Erika, born August 17, 1988) is a Japanese actress.[1][2]","title":"Erika Toda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liar Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar_Game_(2007_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liargame-3"},{"link_name":"Code Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Blue_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ryusei no Kizuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryusei_no_Kizuna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nobuta wo Produce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuta_wo_Produce"},{"link_name":"Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gal Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Circle"},{"link_name":"Death Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Misa Amane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misa_Amane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deathnote-5"}],"text":"Toda has starred in many Japanese television dramas, including Liar Game,[3] Code Blue, Ryusei no Kizuna, and Keizoku 2: SPEC.[4] She has also had supporting roles in many other popular TV dramas, such as Boss, Nobuta wo Produce, Engine, and Gal Circle. In the manga adaptation movie, Death Note, she played the role of Misa Amane.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tori Matsuzaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Matsuzaka"},{"link_name":"April Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2020, Toda married actor Tori Matsuzaka, who co-starred in the 2015 film April Fools.[6]On November 28, 2022, the agency announced that Toda was pregnant.[7] On May 4, 2023, Toda gave birth to her first child.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"},{"link_name":"Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nobuta wo Produce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuta_wo_Produce"},{"link_name":"NTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Queen's Classroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Classroom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gal Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Circle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tatta Hitotsu no Koi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatta_Hitotsu_no_Koi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hana Yori Dango 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Yori_Dango_Returns_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System_Television"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Liar Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar_Game_(2007_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liargame-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Yukinojo Henge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukinojo_Henge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Code Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Blue_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arigato, Okan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arigato,_Okan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_Telecasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ryūsei no Kizuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABsei_no_Kizuna"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Code Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Blue_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Liar Game: Season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar_Game:_Season_2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Code Blue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Blue_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Keizoku 2: SPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keizoku_2:_SPEC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Kagi no Kakatta Heya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagi_no_Kakatta_Heya"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"SPEC: Zero SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPEC:_Zero_SP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Summer Nude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Nude"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Wowow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wowow"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Code Blue 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Blue_3"},{"link_name":"Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Police in a Pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_in_a_Pod"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"TV dramas","text":"Audrey (NHK, 2000), Takino Yoshioka\nDivision 1 (Fuji TV, 2004), Sae Imai\nEngine (Fuji TV, 2005), Harumi Hida\nCalling You (2005)[9]\nZutto Ai Takatta (Fuji TV, 2005)\nNobuta wo Produce (NTV, 2005), Mariko Uehara[10]\nThe Queen's Classroom Special Part 1 (NTV, 2006), Ai Ikeuchi[11]\nGal Circle (NTV, 2006), Saki[12]\nKiseki no Dōbutsuen: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2006), Sawako Izumi[13]\nMō Hitotsu no Sugar & Spice (Fuji TV, 2006), Minami Inoue[14]\nTatta Hitotsu no Koi (NTV, 2006), Yūko Motomiya[15]\nTsubasa no Oreta Tenshitachi 2 Sakura (Fuji TV, 2007), Haruka Saitō[16]\nKiseki no Dōbutsuen 2007: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2007), Sawako Izumi[17]\nHana Yori Dango 2 (TBS, 2007), Umi Nakajima[18]\nLiar Game (Fuji TV, 2007), Kanzaki Nao[3]\nUshi ni Negai o: Love & Farm (Fuji TV, 2007), Kazumi Chiba[19]\nYukinojo Henge (NHK, 2008), Namiji[20]\nKiseki no Dōbutsuen 2008: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2008), Sawako Izumi[21]\nCode Blue (Fuji TV, 2008), Mihoko Hiyama[22]\nArigato, Okan (KTV, 2008)[23]\nRyūsei no Kizuna (TBS, 2008), Shizuna Ariake[24]\nCode Blue Shinshun SP (Fuji TV, 2009), Mihoko Hiyama[25]\nBoss (Fuji TV, 2009), Mami Kimoto[26]\nLiar Game: Season 2 (Fuji TV, 2009), Kanzaki Nao[27]\nKiseki no Dōbutsuen 2010: Asahiyama Dōbutsuen Monogatari (Fuji TV, 2010), Sawako Izumi[28]\nCode Blue 2 (Fuji TV, 2010), Mihoko Hiyama[29]\nUnubore Keiji (TBS, 2010), Yūko Hashiba & Yuri Akishima[30]\nKeizoku 2: SPEC (TBS, 2010), Tōma Saya[31]\nTaisetsu na Koto wa Subete Kimi ga Oshiete Kureta (Fuji TV, 2011), Uemura Natsumi[32]\nBoss 2 (Fuji TV, 2011), Mami Kimoto[33]\nKagi no Kakatta Heya (Fuji TV, 2012), Aoto Junko[34]\nSPEC: Zero SP (TBS, 2013), Tōma Saya[35]\nSummer Nude (Fuji TV, 2013), Hanao Taniyama[36]\nHana no Kusari (Fuji TV, 2013), Satsuki Takano[37]\nUmi no Ue no Shinryōjo (Fuji TV, 2013), Hikaru Hatori[38]\nMitani Kōki Daikūkou 2013 (Wowow, 2013), Yuriko Kurashina[39]\nYokokuhan: The Pain (Wowow, 2015), Erika Yoshino[40]\nRisk no Kamisama (Fuji TV, 2015), Kaori Kamikari[41]\nKono Machi no Inochi ni (Wowow, 2016), Aki Hataeda\nReverse (TBS, 2017), Mihoko Ochi\nCode Blue 3 (Fuji TV, 2017), Mihoko Hiyama\nGakeppuchi Hotel (NTV, 2018), Sakurai Sana\nScarlet (NHK, 2019–20)\nPolice in a Pod (NTV, 2021), Seiko Fuji[42]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Death Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Misa Amane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misa_Amane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deathnote-5"},{"link_name":"Death Note 2: The Last Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note_2:_The_Last_Name"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Tengoku wa Matte Kureru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tengoku_wa_Matte_Kureru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Ten Nights of Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Nights_of_Dream"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Arthur and the Minimoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_and_the_Minimoys"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Uni Senbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uni_Senbei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"L: Change the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L:_Change_the_World"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tea Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tea_Fight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Koikyokusei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koikyokusei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Goemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goemon_(film)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Amalfi: Megami No 50-Byou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfi:_Megami_No_50-Byou"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Shizumanu Taiyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizumanu_Taiyo"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ōarai ni mo Hoshi wa Furu Nari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Carai_ni_mo_Hoshi_wa_Furu_Nari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Liar Game: The Final Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liar_Game:_The_Final_Stage"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Hankyū Densha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanky%C5%AB_Densha"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Andalucia: Revenge of the Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalucia:_Revenge_of_the_Goddess"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Dog×Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%C3%97Police"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"SPEC: Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEC:_Ten"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"SPEC: Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEC:_Close"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"April Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Kakekomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakekomi"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Yokokuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokokuhan"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"The Emperor in August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor_in_August"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Death Note: Light Up the New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Note:_Light_Up_the_New_World"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animenewsnetwork-66"},{"link_name":"Blade of the Immortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_of_the_Immortal"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Almost a Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_a_Miracle"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"Death Note (2006) as Misa Amane[5]\nDeath Note 2: The Last Name (2006) as Misa Amane[43]\nTengoku wa Matte Kureru (2007) as Minako Ueno[44]\nTen Nights of Dream (2007) as Mikiko Yagi[45]\nArthur and the Minimoys (2007) as The Princess Selenia[46]\nUni Senbei (2007) as Haduki Matsushita[47]\nL: Change the World (2008) as Misa Amane (Cameo Appearance)[48]\nTea Fight (2008) as Mikiko[49]\nKoikyokusei (2009) as Kashiwagi Natsuki[50]\nGoemon (2009) as Tayū Yūgiri[51]\nAmalfi: Megami No 50-Byou (2009) as Kanae Adachi[52]\nShizumanu Taiyo (2009) as Junko Onchi[53]\nŌarai ni mo Hoshi wa Furu Nari (2009) as Eriko[54]\nLiar Game: The Final Stage (2010) as Nao Kanzaki[55]\nHankyū Densha (2011) as Misa[56]\nAndalucia: Revenge of the Goddess (2011) as Kanae Adachi[57]\nDog×Police (2011) as Natsuki Mizuno[58]\nSPEC: Ten (2012) as Tōma Saya[59]\nSPEC: Close (2013) as Tōma Saya[60]\nApril Fools (2015) as Ayumi Nitta[61]\nKakekomi (2015) as Jogo[62]\nYokokuhan (2015) as Erika Yoshino[63][64]\nThe Emperor in August (2015) as Reiko (special appearance)[65]\nDeath Note: Light Up the New World (2016) as Misa Amane[66]\nBlade of the Immortal (2017) as Makie Otono-Tachibanau [67]\nThe Day's Organ (2019)\nAlmost a Miracle (2019) as Aoi Yoshitaka\nThe First Supper (2019)\nMotherhood (2022) as Rumiko[68]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naohito Fujiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naohito_Fujiki"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Funky Monkey Babys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_Monkey_Babys"},{"link_name":"Mika Nakashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Nakashima"}],"sub_title":"Music videos","text":"Naohito Fujiki \"Hey! Friends\"\nYurika Oyama \"Sayonara\", \"Haruiro\"\nMay \"Sarai no Kaze\"\nFunky Monkey Babys \"Mō Kimi ga Inai\"\nMika Nakashima \"Orion\"","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genji: Days of the Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genji:_Days_of_the_Blade"},{"link_name":"Shizuka Gozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuka_Gozen"},{"link_name":"PS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Arthur and the Minimoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_and_the_Minimoys"}],"sub_title":"Voice acting","text":"Genji: Days of the Blade as Shizuka Gozen (PS3)\nArthur and the Minimoys as Princess Selenia","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gravure films","text":"Sweet (first release date 2002-12-25, limited edition 2005-09-30)\nNote (FDGD-0158, release date 2007-05-25)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_(Japanese_band)"}],"sub_title":"Documentaries","text":"NHK BS Premium: Artist Document: Scandal (2012) (narrator)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Elan d'or Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elan_d%27or_Awards"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"2007Oricon Survey \"Fresh Star Ranking\" : 7th Place for Female[69]\nOricon Survey \"Most Prominent 18-year-old\" : 3rd Place for Female[70]\nNikkan Sports \"Which actress would you want as the heroine of a mobile novel?\"[71]2008Oricon Survey \"Beautiful skin\" : 7th Place[72]2009Elan d'or Awards: Newcomer of the Year[73]\n59th Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress - Ryūsei no Kizuna[74]\n2nd Tokyo Drama Awards: Best Supporting Actress for Ryūsei no Kizuna[75]201167th Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Actress for Keizoku 2: SPEC[76]201273rd Television Drama Academy Awards: Best Supporting Actress - Kagi no Kakatta Heya[77]201316th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix (Spring 2012): Best Supporting Actress for Kagi no Kakatta Heya[78]202023rd Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix: Best Actress for Scarlet","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shueisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shueisha"}],"sub_title":"Magazines","text":"Myojo (Shueisha), The December 2006 issue, \"Best Friends: Dare mo Shiranakatta Toda Erika Monogatari\"","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4883568776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4883568776"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4916115937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4916115937"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4821125471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4821125471"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"477690036X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/477690036X"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4081020515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4081020515"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4081020787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4081020787"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4891949465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4891949465"}],"sub_title":"Photobooks","text":"Sanwa Mook Naisho na Jumon (Sanwa Publishing, January 2002).[79] ISBN 4883568776.\nHajimete Kimi to Deatta Natsuyasumi. (Saibunkan, November 2002).[80] ISBN 4916115937.\nnature (Bunka Publishing, August 2003).[81] ISBN 4821125471.\nSanwa Mook Umareta Izumi (Sanwa Publishing, August 2004).[82] ISBN 477690036X.\nSei Kore Ism 3 (Shueisha, October 2004).[83] ISBN 4081020515.\nErika x Cecil McBee Vivace (Shueisha, April 2009).[84] ISBN 4081020787.\nIqueen Vol.7 (Parco Entertainment, March 2012).[85] ISBN 4891949465.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
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[{"reference":"戸田恵梨香のプロフィール [Erika Toda Profile] (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/310676/profile/","url_text":"戸田恵梨香のプロフィール"}]},{"reference":"戸田恵梨香、「SPEC」続編の可能性に言及 モデルプレスインタビュー [Erika Toda Modelpress Interview] (in Japanese). modelpress. October 24, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mdpr.jp/interview/detail/1293464","url_text":"戸田恵梨香、「SPEC」続編の可能性に言及 モデルプレスインタビュー"}]},{"reference":"\"Toda Erika holds Liar Game event\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2010/06/toda-erika-holds-liar-game-event/feed/","url_text":"\"Toda Erika holds Liar Game event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toda Erika & Kase Ryo to star in upcoming drama 'Keizoku 2'\". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. Retrieved May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyohive.com/article/2010/08/toda-erika-kase-ryo-to-star-in-upcoming-drama-keizoku-2/comment-page-1/","url_text":"\"Toda Erika & Kase Ryo to star in upcoming drama 'Keizoku 2'\""}]},{"reference":"デスノート [Death Note] (in Japanese). eiga.com inc. Retrieved May 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/33420/","url_text":"デスノート"}]},{"reference":"\"松坂桃李&戸田恵梨香、結婚を発表「お互いに支え合い豊かな時間を」<コメント全文>\". Modelpress. December 6, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/2343782","url_text":"\"松坂桃李&戸田恵梨香、結婚を発表「お互いに支え合い豊かな時間を」<コメント全文>\""}]},{"reference":"\"戸田恵梨香 第1子妊娠を報告「今は心身ともに穏やかな毎日」 20年に松坂桃李と結婚 - スポニチ Sponichi Annex 芸能\". スポニチ Sponichi Annex (in Japanese). Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2022/11/28/kiji/20221128s00041000467000c.html","url_text":"\"戸田恵梨香 第1子妊娠を報告「今は心身ともに穏やかな毎日」 20年に松坂桃李と結婚 - スポニチ Sponichi Annex 芸能\""}]},{"reference":"\"戸田恵梨香、第1子出産「新しい命を目の前に、心を動かされる日々を過ごしております」松坂桃李がパパに\". スポーツ報知 (in Japanese). May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hochi.news/articles/20230504-OHT1T51207.html","url_text":"\"戸田恵梨香、第1子出産「新しい命を目の前に、心を動かされる日々を過ごしております」松坂桃李がパパに\""}]},{"reference":"Calling you (ビクターエンタテインメント): 2005 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000008000596-00","url_text":"Calling you (ビクターエンタテインメント): 2005"}]},{"reference":"野ブタ。をプロデュース (バップ): 2006 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000008179449-00","url_text":"野ブタ。をプロデュース (バップ): 2006"}]},{"reference":"\"Giants Tv\" 女王の教室スペシャル エピソード1 (in Japanese). Nippon Television Network Corporation. Retrieved June 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://vod.ntv.co.jp/program/jyoou_sp1/","url_text":"\"Giants Tv\" 女王の教室スペシャル エピソード1"}]},{"reference":"ギャルサー (バップ): 2006 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000008354060-00","url_text":"ギャルサー (バップ): 2006"}]},{"reference":"奇跡の動物園 旭山動物園物語 (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2006 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. Retrieved June 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000008331728-00","url_text":"奇跡の動物園 旭山動物園物語 (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2006"}]},{"reference":"もうひとつのシュガー&スパイス (フジテレビ映像企画部): 2007 (in Japanese). National Diet Library. 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Peace_Prize
|
Albert Einstein Peace Prize
|
["1 References"]
|
Former peace prize
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2016)
The Albert Einstein Peace Prize was a peace prize awarded annually since 1980 by the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation. The Foundation dates from 1979, the centenary of the birth of Albert Einstein, and evokes the Russell–Einstein Manifesto which urges nuclear disarmament. It was established, with the sponsorship of the trustees of Einstein's estate, by William M. Swartz (1912–87) a wealthy businessman and the grandfather of activist Aaron Swartz. William M. Swartz was involved in the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and established the Foundation in part to support Pugwash. Prize winners, mainly active in nuclear disarmament, receive(d) $50,000.
Winners of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize
Year
Winner
Notes
Refs
1980
Alva Myrdal
For "her outspoken insistence on action by the great powers toward control over their nuclear competition and for her major contributions to the achievement of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1969, and agreements prohibiting the deployment of nuclear weapons on the seabed and in space."
1981
George F. Kennan
"For his continuing efforts to reduce tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and the world in general." Kennan had not heard of the prize when informed he had won it. His conferral ceremony was attended by members of the Reagan administration and Anatoly Dobrynin.
1982
McGeorge Bundy, Robert McNamara, Gerard C. Smith
Joint award for opposing pre-emptive nuclear strikes
1983
Joseph Bernardin
for his part in drafting the U.S. bishops' pastoral letter calling for new arms agreements
1984
Pierre Trudeau
for working to promote disarmament
1985
Willy Brandt
1986
Olof Palme
Awarded posthumously for "wide-ranging efforts on behalf of peace"
1988
Andrei Sakharov
1990
Mikhail Gorbachev
1992
Joseph Rotblat and Hans Bethe
Conferred at a conference marking the fiftieth anniversary of Chicago Pile-1.
References
^ Cousins, Norman (14 December 1979). "Letter from the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation to Joshua Lederberg" (PDF). The Joshua Lederberg Papers. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Guy, Sandra (15 January 2013). "Aaron Swartz was 'killed by government,' father says at funeral". Sun-Times. Chicago. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ a b c Heise, Kenan (November 13, 1987). "William Swartz, Peace Agency Founder". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ "William M. Swartz, 1912–1987". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 42 January–February 1988. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ Yang, Wesley (February 8, 2013). "The Life and Afterlife of Aaron Swartz". New York Magazine.
^ a b "William Swartz; 1912–1987". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 5 (5): 2. June 1988.
^ Mitchell-Greene, Bonnie L. (2008-09-05). "Peace Prizes". Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123739858.
^ "NAMES & FACES" in Boston Globe March 14, 1980. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Recipient of the first Albert Einstein Peace Prize of $50,000 is...Alva Myrdal for her service to her country and to the world". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1980. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Krebs, Albin and Thomas, Robert McG.: "NOTES ON PEOPLE; Kennan Wins Peace Prize" in The New York Times March 17, 1981. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Recipient of the second Albert Einstein Peace Prize". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1981. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013-04-23). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 9781440800955. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "Briefing: How High Is High?". The New York Times. October 2, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "McNamara Urges Shift In U.S. Atomic Strategy". The New York Times. October 8, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Bernardin, Joseph (February 1984). "Pacem in terris: twenty years later". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 11.
^ Whitaker, Reg (2 June 2017). "Pierre Elliott Trudeau". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1985. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc. 1984. p. 33. ISBN 0-911818-71-5.
^ Clarity, James F. and Weaver Jr., Warren: "Brandt Packs His Bags Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine" in The New York Times October 4, 1985. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Palme honoured". Ottawa Citizen. September 30, 1986. p. A10. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ Rhéaume, Charles (18–22 July 2005). "Echoing Citizen Einstein in the East: Andrei Sakharov". Conference Proceedings. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
^ ROSENTHAL, ANDREW (June 2, 1990). "Summit in Washington; Bush and Gorbachev sign major accords on missiles, chemical weapons and trade". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2016. In the afternoon, Mr. Gorbachev received ... the award of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation.
^ Pugwash Online. Retrieved June 6, 2006.
^ "Einstein Peace Prize Award". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 5 December 1992. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
vteAlbert EinsteinPhysics
Theory of relativity
Special relativity
General relativity
Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)
Brownian motion
Photoelectric effect
Einstein coefficients
Einstein solid
Equivalence principle
Einstein field equations
Einstein radius
Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
Cosmological constant
Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein statistics
Bose–Einstein correlations
Einstein–Cartan theory
Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations
Einstein–de Haas effect
EPR paradox
Bohr–Einstein debates
Teleparallelism
Thought experiments
Unsuccessful investigations
Wave–particle duality
Gravitational wave
Tea leaf paradox
Works
Annus mirabilis papers (1905)
"Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement" (1905)
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (1916)
The Meaning of Relativity (1922)
The World as I See It (1934)
The Evolution of Physics (1938)
"Why Socialism?" (1949)
Russell–Einstein Manifesto (1955)
In popularculture
Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie (1922 documentary)
The Einstein Theory of Relativity (1923 documentary)
Relics: Einstein's Brain (1994 documentary)
Insignificance (1985 film)
Picasso at the Lapin Agile (1993 play)
I.Q. (1994 film)
Einstein's Gift (2003 play)
Einstein and Eddington (2008 TV film)
Genius (2017 series)
Oppenheimer (2023 film)
Prizes
Albert Einstein Award
Albert Einstein Medal
Kalinga Prize
Albert Einstein Peace Prize
Albert Einstein World Award of Science
Einstein Prize for Laser Science
Einstein Prize (APS)
Books aboutEinstein
Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel
Einstein and Religion
Einstein for Beginners
Einstein: His Life and Universe
Einstein's Cosmos
I Am Albert Einstein
Introducing Relativity
Subtle is the Lord
Family
Mileva Marić (first wife)
Elsa Einstein (second wife; cousin)
Lieserl Einstein (daughter)
Hans Albert Einstein (son)
Pauline Koch (mother)
Hermann Einstein (father)
Maja Einstein (sister)
Eduard Einstein (son)
Robert Einstein (cousin)
Bernhard Caesar Einstein (grandson)
Evelyn Einstein (granddaughter)
Thomas Martin Einstein (great-grandson)
Siegbert Einstein (distant cousin)
Related
Awards and honors
Brain
House
Memorial
Political views
Religious views
Things named after
Albert Einstein Archives
Einstein's Blackboard
Einstein Papers Project
Einstein refrigerator
Einsteinhaus
Einsteinium
Max Talmey
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peace prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_prize"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Russell–Einstein Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"nuclear disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament"},{"link_name":"trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustee"},{"link_name":"estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aaron Swartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heise1987-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-basv5n5p2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Albert Einstein Peace Prize was a peace prize awarded annually since 1980 by the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation. The Foundation dates from 1979, the centenary of the birth of Albert Einstein, and evokes the Russell–Einstein Manifesto which urges nuclear disarmament. It was established, with the sponsorship of the trustees of Einstein's estate,[1] by William M. Swartz (1912–87) a wealthy businessman and the grandfather of activist Aaron Swartz.[2][3][4][5] William M. Swartz was involved in the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and established the Foundation in part to support Pugwash.[6] Prize winners, mainly active in nuclear disarmament,[7] receive(d) $50,000.","title":"Albert Einstein Peace Prize"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cousins, Norman (14 December 1979). \"Letter from the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation to Joshua Lederberg\" (PDF). The Joshua Lederberg Papers. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Cousins","url_text":"Cousins, Norman"},{"url":"http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/A/P/L/A/_/bbapla.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter from the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation to Joshua Lederberg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine","url_text":"United States National Library of Medicine"}]},{"reference":"Guy, Sandra (15 January 2013). \"Aaron Swartz was 'killed by government,' father says at funeral\". Sun-Times. Chicago. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118040220/http://www.suntimes.com/business/17594002-420/aaron-swartz-killed-by-government-his-father-says-at-funeral.html","url_text":"\"Aaron Swartz was 'killed by government,' father says at funeral\""},{"url":"http://www.suntimes.com/business/17594002-420/aaron-swartz-killed-by-government-his-father-says-at-funeral.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heise, Kenan (November 13, 1987). \"William Swartz, Peace Agency Founder\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-11-13/news/8703250765_1_albert-einstein-peace-prize-nuclear-weapons-mr-swartz","url_text":"\"William Swartz, Peace Agency Founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"William M. Swartz, 1912–1987\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 42 January–February 1988. Retrieved 10 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5gUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42","url_text":"\"William M. Swartz, 1912–1987\""}]},{"reference":"Yang, Wesley (February 8, 2013). \"The Life and Afterlife of Aaron Swartz\". New York Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/news/features/aaron-swartz-2013-2/index2.html","url_text":"\"The Life and Afterlife of Aaron Swartz\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Swartz; 1912–1987\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 5 (5): 2. June 1988.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5AUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP2","url_text":"\"William Swartz; 1912–1987\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell-Greene, Bonnie L. (2008-09-05). \"Peace Prizes\". Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123739858.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EBzxsURb4-cC&pg=PT4713","url_text":"\"Peace Prizes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123739858","url_text":"9780123739858"}]},{"reference":"\"Recipient of the first Albert Einstein Peace Prize of $50,000 is...Alva Myrdal for her service to her country and to the world\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1980. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nwoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"\"Recipient of the first Albert Einstein Peace Prize of $50,000 is...Alva Myrdal for her service to her country and to the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recipient of the second Albert Einstein Peace Prize\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 7 May 1981. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SgoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA7","url_text":"\"Recipient of the second Albert Einstein Peace Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Richard Dean; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2013-04-23). A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 566. ISBN 9781440800955. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EX2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA566","url_text":"A Global History of the Nuclear Arms Race: Weapons, Strategy, and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440800955","url_text":"9781440800955"}]},{"reference":"\"Briefing: How High Is High?\". The New York Times. October 2, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/02/us/briefing-193488.html","url_text":"\"Briefing: How High Is High?\""}]},{"reference":"\"McNamara Urges Shift In U.S. Atomic Strategy\". The New York Times. October 8, 1982. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/08/world/mcnamara-urges-shift-in-us-atomic-strategy.html","url_text":"\"McNamara Urges Shift In U.S. Atomic Strategy\""}]},{"reference":"Bernardin, Joseph (February 1984). \"Pacem in terris: twenty years later\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0QUAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11","url_text":"\"Pacem in terris: twenty years later\""}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Reg (2 June 2017). \"Pierre Elliott Trudeau\". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pierre-elliott-trudeau","url_text":"\"Pierre Elliott Trudeau\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada","url_text":"Historica Canada"}]},{"reference":"The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1985. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc. 1984. p. 33. ISBN 0-911818-71-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911818-71-5","url_text":"0-911818-71-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Palme honoured\". Ottawa Citizen. September 30, 1986. p. A10. Retrieved 10 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-L4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bu8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2740%2C4410781","url_text":"\"Palme honoured\""}]},{"reference":"Rhéaume, Charles (18–22 July 2005). \"Echoing Citizen Einstein in the East: Andrei Sakharov\". Conference Proceedings. American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130223190429/http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/861/1/1139_1?isAuthorized=no","url_text":"\"Echoing Citizen Einstein in the East: Andrei Sakharov\""},{"url":"http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/861/1/1139_1?isAuthorized=no","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ROSENTHAL, ANDREW (June 2, 1990). \"Summit in Washington; Bush and Gorbachev sign major accords on missiles, chemical weapons and trade\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2016. In the afternoon, Mr. Gorbachev received ... the award of the Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/02/world/summit-washington-bush-gorbachev-sign-major-accords-missiles-chemical-weapons.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Summit in Washington; Bush and Gorbachev sign major accords on missiles, chemical weapons and trade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einstein Peace Prize Award\". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 5 December 1992. Retrieved 11 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fQsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5","url_text":"\"Einstein Peace Prize Award\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Calva
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Diego Calva
|
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]
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Mexican actor
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Calva and the second or maternal family name is Hernández.
Diego CalvaCalva in 2023BornDiego Calva Hernández (1992-03-16) 16 March 1992 (age 32)Mexico City, MexicoOccupationActorYears active2015–present
Diego Calva Hernández (born 16 March 1992) is a Mexican actor best known for starring in the crime drama television series Narcos: Mexico (2021) and the period comedy film Babylon (2022). For the latter, he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.
Biography
Calva was born on 16 March 1992, in Mexico City. He attended the Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica and studied directing and screenwriting. During his time in film school, he worked as a caterer, set dresser, boom mic operator, and production assistant. He directed a few short films before fully getting into acting.
Calva landed his first lead role in 2015 in the independent film I Promise You Anarchy by filmmaker Julio Hernández Cordón, which premiered at the 68th Locarno International Film Festival and screened at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. He won Best Lead Actor with his co-star Eduardo Eliseo Martínez at the 2015 Havana Film Festival for his role in this film. In 2021, he joined the cast of the television series Narcos: Mexico, playing Arturo Beltrán Leyva.
In 2022, he played the role of Manny Torres in Damien Chazelle's 2022 film Babylon, co-starring alongside Brad Pitt and Margot Robbie.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2015
I Promise You Anarchy
Miguel
2022
Babylon
Manuel "Manny" Torres
2023
Bird Box Barcelona
Octavio
2024
City of Dreams
Carlitos
TBA
On Swift Horses
Henry
Post-production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2018
The Inmate
El Rubio
12 episodes
2020
Unstoppable
Joshua
8 episodes
2021
Narcos: Mexico
Arturo Beltrán Leyva
6 episodes
TBA
The Night Manager
TBA
Main cast (Season 2)
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2015
Havana Film Festival
Best Actor (shared with Eduardo Eliseo Martinez)
I Promise You Anarchy
Won
2022
Greater Western New York Film Critics Association
Best Lead Actor
Babylon
Nominated
2023
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical
Nominated
Satellite Awards
Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical
Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Nominated
References
^ "Mexico's Diego Calva stars in latest movie by Damien Chazelle". Al Día News. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ "Golden Globes 2023: Nominations List". Variety. 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
^ "¿Quién es Diego Calva, el mexicano que protagoniza Babylon junto a Margot Robbie y Brad Pitt?". Cine PREMIERE (in Spanish). 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ a b Cartter, Eileen (29 November 2022). "The Very Big Hollywood Debut of Diego Calva, Who Was Hand-Picked for Movie Stardom". GQ. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Fuente, Anna Marie de la (16 April 2021). "Diego Calva Talks Damian Chazelle's 'Babylon,' Netflix's 'Narcos'". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Dalton, Stephen (11 September 2015). "'I Promise You Anarchy' ('Te prometo anarquia'): TIFF Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Bergeson, Samantha (29 November 2022). "Diego Calva Criticizes 'Narcos: Mexico' for Glorifying Drug Culture: 'There's a Lot of Lies'". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Danoff, Owen (5 December 2022). "Brad Pitt, Margot Robbie & Diego Calva Interview: Babylon". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Mitchell, Harriet (9 May 2023). "Netflix confirms new Bird Box movie release date with intense teaser". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ Hibbs, James (9 May 2023). "Bird Box Barcelona spin-off coming to Netflix – watch the teaser". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^ "Daisy Edgar-Jones, Jacob Elordi and Diego Calva to Star in Historical Drama 'On Swift Horses'". The Wrap. 28 February 2023. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ "Diego Calva". IMDb. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "THE 2022 GWNYFCA FILM AWARDS NOMINEES" (Press release). Greater Western New York Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ "Golden Globes 2023: Nominations for the 80th Golden Globes Have Been Announced" (Press release). Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "2022 Nominees" (Press release). International Press Academy. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED FOR THE 29TH ANNUAL SCREEN ACTORS GUILD AWARDS®" (Press release). Screen Actors Guild. 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
External links
Diego Calva at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Narcos: Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcos:_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg22-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Calva and the second or maternal family name is Hernández.Diego Calva Hernández (born 16 March 1992) is a Mexican actor best known for starring in the crime drama television series Narcos: Mexico (2021) and the period comedy film Babylon (2022).[1] For the latter, he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.[2]","title":"Diego Calva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Capacitaci%C3%B3n_Cinematogr%C3%A1fica"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"I Promise You Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Promise_You_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"Julio Hernández Cordón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Cord%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"68th Locarno International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Festival"},{"link_name":"2015 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Havana Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arturo Beltrán Leyva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Beltr%C3%A1n_Leyva"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Damien Chazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Chazelle"},{"link_name":"Brad Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Pitt"},{"link_name":"Margot Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Robbie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Calva was born on 16 March 1992, in Mexico City. He attended the Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica and studied directing and screenwriting.[3][4] During his time in film school, he worked as a caterer, set dresser, boom mic operator, and production assistant. He directed a few short films before fully getting into acting.[5][4]Calva landed his first lead role in 2015 in the independent film I Promise You Anarchy by filmmaker Julio Hernández Cordón, which premiered at the 68th Locarno International Film Festival and screened at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. He won Best Lead Actor with his co-star Eduardo Eliseo Martínez at the 2015 Havana Film Festival for his role in this film.[6] In 2021, he joined the cast of the television series Narcos: Mexico, playing Arturo Beltrán Leyva.[7]In 2022, he played the role of Manny Torres in Damien Chazelle's 2022 film Babylon, co-starring alongside Brad Pitt and Margot Robbie.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mexico's Diego Calva stars in latest movie by Damien Chazelle\". Al Día News. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://aldianews.com/en/culture/screen/diego-calva-stars-babylon","url_text":"\"Mexico's Diego Calva stars in latest movie by Damien Chazelle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207100023/https://aldianews.com/en/culture/screen/diego-calva-stars-babylon","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Globes 2023: Nominations List\". Variety. 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-2-1235455667/","url_text":"\"Golden Globes 2023: Nominations List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230104191341/https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-2-1235455667/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"¿Quién es Diego Calva, el mexicano que protagoniza Babylon junto a Margot Robbie y Brad Pitt?\". Cine PREMIERE (in Spanish). 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/diego-calva-actor-mexicano-babylon.html","url_text":"\"¿Quién es Diego Calva, el mexicano que protagoniza Babylon junto a Margot Robbie y Brad Pitt?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207100029/https://www.cinepremiere.com.mx/diego-calva-actor-mexicano-babylon.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cartter, Eileen (29 November 2022). \"The Very Big Hollywood Debut of Diego Calva, Who Was Hand-Picked for Movie Stardom\". GQ. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. 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Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/i-promise-you-anarchy-te-822075/","url_text":"\"'I Promise You Anarchy' ('Te prometo anarquia'): TIFF Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207100018/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/i-promise-you-anarchy-te-822075/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bergeson, Samantha (29 November 2022). \"Diego Calva Criticizes 'Narcos: Mexico' for Glorifying Drug Culture: 'There's a Lot of Lies'\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. 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Retrieved 11 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/trailers/a43838003/netflix-bird-box-barcelona-release-date-teaser/","url_text":"\"Netflix confirms new Bird Box movie release date with intense teaser\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230510230921/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/trailers/a43838003/netflix-bird-box-barcelona-release-date-teaser/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hibbs, James (9 May 2023). \"Bird Box Barcelona spin-off coming to Netflix – watch the teaser\". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. 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Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3886586/awards/","url_text":"\"Diego Calva\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221217075739/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3886586/awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"THE 2022 GWNYFCA FILM AWARDS NOMINEES\" (Press release). Greater Western New York Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gwnyfilmcritics.com/portfolio/awards-2022/","url_text":"\"THE 2022 GWNYFCA FILM AWARDS NOMINEES\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101050420/https://gwnyfilmcritics.com/portfolio/awards-2022/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Globes 2023: Nominations for the 80th Golden Globes Have Been Announced\" (Press release). Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/golden-globes-2023-nominations-80th-golden-globes-have-been-announced","url_text":"\"Golden Globes 2023: Nominations for the 80th Golden Globes Have Been Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Foreign_Press_Association","url_text":"Hollywood Foreign Press Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230225091717/https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/golden-globes-2023-nominations-80th-golden-globes-have-been-announced","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Nominees\" (Press release). International Press Academy. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. 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Retrieved 11 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sagawards.org/media/news/releases/nominations-announced-29th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awardsr","url_text":"\"NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED FOR THE 29TH ANNUAL SCREEN ACTORS GUILD AWARDS®\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild","url_text":"Screen Actors Guild"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227164129/https://www.sagawards.org/media/news/releases/nominations-announced-29th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awardsr","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGF2BP2
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IGF2BP2
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["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
IGF2BP2Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2CQHIdentifiersAliasesIGF2BP2, IMP-2, IMP2, VICKZ2, insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2External IDsOMIM: 608289; MGI: 1890358; HomoloGene: 4774; GeneCards: IGF2BP2; OMA:IGF2BP2 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 3 (human)Band3q27.2Start185,643,130 bpEnd185,825,042 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 16 (mouse)Band16|16 B1Start21,877,759 bpEnd21,982,049 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inbuccal mucosa cellventricular zonesural nervestromal cell of endometriumembryoganglionic eminenceamniotic fluidbronchial epithelial cellmucosa of paranasal sinuscartilage tissueTop expressed inprimitive streakmedullary collecting ductprimary oocytePaneth cellfossarenal corpusclecondyletail of embryogenital tubercleabdominal wallMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
mRNA 5'-UTR binding
protein binding
mRNA binding
translation regulator activity
mRNA 3'-UTR binding
nucleic acid binding
RNA binding
Cellular component
cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
nucleus
cytosol
Biological process
anatomical structure morphogenesis
negative regulation of translation
mRNA transport
regulation of translation
regulation of mRNA stability
transport
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez10644319765EnsemblENSG00000073792ENSMUSG00000033581UniProtQ9Y6M1Q5SF07RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001007225NM_001291869NM_001291872NM_001291873NM_001291874NM_001291875NM_006548NM_183029RefSeq (protein)NP_001007226NP_001278798NP_001278801NP_001278802NP_001278803NP_001278804NP_006539NP_898850Location (UCSC)Chr 3: 185.64 – 185.83 MbChr 16: 21.88 – 21.98 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF2BP2 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the IGF-II mRNA-binding protein (IMP) family. The protein encoded by this gene contains four KH domains and two RRM domains. It functions by binding to the 5' UTR of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA and regulating IGF2 translation. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
See also
IGF2BP1
IGF2BP3
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000073792 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033581 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Zhang JY, Chan EK, Peng XX, Tan EM (May 1999). "A novel cytoplasmic protein with RNA-binding motifs is an autoantigen in human hepatocellular carcinoma". J Exp Med. 189 (7): 1101–10. doi:10.1084/jem.189.7.1101. PMC 2193003. PMID 10190901.
^ Nielsen J, Christiansen J, Lykke-Andersen J, Johnsen AH, Wewer UM, Nielsen FC (Feb 1999). "A family of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding proteins represses translation in late development". Mol Cell Biol. 19 (2): 1262–70. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.2.1262. PMC 116055. PMID 9891060.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: IGF2BP2 insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2".
Further reading
Yisraeli JK (2005). "VICKZ proteins: a multi-talented family of regulatory RNA-binding proteins". Biol. Cell. 97 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1042/BC20040151. PMID 15601260. S2CID 8767105.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Moraes KC, Quaresma AJ, Maehnss K, Kobarg J (2003). "Identification and characterization of proteins that selectively interact with isoforms of the mRNA binding protein AUF1 (hnRNP D)". Biol. Chem. 384 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1515/BC.2003.004. PMID 12674497. S2CID 30993043.
Brants JR, Ayoubi TA, Chada K, et al. (2004). "Differential regulation of the insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein genes by architectural transcription factor HMGA2". FEBS Lett. 569 (1–3): 277–83. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.075. PMID 15225648. S2CID 31167314.
Ping S, Wang S, Zhang J, Peng X (2005). "Effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on mRNA binding protein p62 in human gastric cancer cells". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37 (3): 616–27. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.007. PMID 15618018.
Hammer NA, Hansen TO, Byskov AG, et al. (2005). "Expression of IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) in gonads and testicular cancer". Reproduction. 130 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1530/rep.1.00664. PMID 16049158.
Natkunam Y, Vainer G, Chen J, et al. (2007). "Expression of the RNA-binding protein VICKZ in normal hematopoietic tissues and neoplasms". Haematologica. 92 (2): 176–83. doi:10.3324/haematol.10724. PMID 17296566.
Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, et al. (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.
Cleynen I, Brants JR, Peeters K, et al. (2007). "HMGA2 regulates transcription of the Imp2 gene via an intronic regulatory element in cooperation with nuclear factor-kappaB". Mol. Cancer Res. 5 (4): 363–72. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0331. PMID 17426251. S2CID 21026667.
vtePDB gallery
2cqh: Solution structure of the RNA binding domain of IGF-II mRNA-binding protein 2
This article on a gene on human chromosome 3 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_3"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IGF2BP2&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-3-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-3-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-3-stub"}],"text":"Yisraeli JK (2005). \"VICKZ proteins: a multi-talented family of regulatory RNA-binding proteins\". Biol. Cell. 97 (1): 87–96. doi:10.1042/BC20040151. PMID 15601260. S2CID 8767105.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nMoraes KC, Quaresma AJ, Maehnss K, Kobarg J (2003). \"Identification and characterization of proteins that selectively interact with isoforms of the mRNA binding protein AUF1 (hnRNP D)\". Biol. Chem. 384 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1515/BC.2003.004. PMID 12674497. S2CID 30993043.\nBrants JR, Ayoubi TA, Chada K, et al. (2004). \"Differential regulation of the insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein genes by architectural transcription factor HMGA2\". FEBS Lett. 569 (1–3): 277–83. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.05.075. PMID 15225648. S2CID 31167314.\nPing S, Wang S, Zhang J, Peng X (2005). \"Effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on mRNA binding protein p62 in human gastric cancer cells\". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37 (3): 616–27. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.08.007. PMID 15618018.\nHammer NA, Hansen TO, Byskov AG, et al. (2005). \"Expression of IGF-II mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) in gonads and testicular cancer\". Reproduction. 130 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1530/rep.1.00664. PMID 16049158.\nNatkunam Y, Vainer G, Chen J, et al. (2007). \"Expression of the RNA-binding protein VICKZ in normal hematopoietic tissues and neoplasms\". Haematologica. 92 (2): 176–83. doi:10.3324/haematol.10724. PMID 17296566.\nEwing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, et al. (2007). \"Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry\". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.\nCleynen I, Brants JR, Peeters K, et al. (2007). \"HMGA2 regulates transcription of the Imp2 gene via an intronic regulatory element in cooperation with nuclear factor-kappaB\". Mol. Cancer Res. 5 (4): 363–72. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-06-0331. PMID 17426251. S2CID 21026667.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2cqh: Solution structure of the RNA binding domain of IGF-II mRNA-binding protein 2This article on a gene on human chromosome 3 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"IGF2BP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGF2BP1"},{"title":"IGF2BP3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGF2BP3"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Toyama)
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List of Cultural Properties of Japan - paintings (Toyama)
|
["1 National Cultural Properties","2 Prefectural Cultural Properties","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of paintings (絵画, kaiga) for the Prefecture of Toyama.
National Cultural Properties
As of 1 January 2015, three Important Cultural Properties have been designated, being of national significance.
Property
Date
Municipality
Ownership
Comments
Image
Dimensions
Coordinates
Ref.
Lotus Sutra Mandala, colour on silk絹本著色法華経曼荼羅図kenpon chakushoku Hoke-kyō mandara zu
1326-28
Toyama
Honpō-ji (本法寺)
21 scrolls
36°33′11″N 137°09′45″E / 36.553120°N 137.162547°E / 36.553120; 137.162547 (Honpōji)
Scenes in and around the Capital, colours on paper with gold ground紙本金地著色洛中洛外図〈/六曲屏風〉shihon kinji chakushoku rakuchū rakugai zu (rokkyoku byōbu)
Momoyama period
Takaoka
Shōkō-ji (勝興寺)(kept at the Takaoka Municipal Museum (高岡市立博物館))
pair of six-panel screens
36°44′47″N 137°01′16″E / 36.746450°N 137.021055°E / 36.746450; 137.021055 (Takaoka Municipal Museum)
Ittō Ryōson (one stupa two deities) - Nichiren - Kishimojin and the Ten Rasetsunyo - Thirty Guardian Deitiescolour on silk, by Hasegawa Tōhaku紙本著色一塔両尊像〈長谷川信春筆/〉紙本著色日蓮像〈長谷川信春筆/〉紙本著色鬼子母神十羅刹女像〈長谷川信春筆/〉絹本著色三十番神像〈長谷川信春筆/〉kenpon chakushoku ittō ryōson zō (Hasegawa Tōhaku hitsu)kenpon chakushoku Nichiren zō (Hasegawa Tōhaku hitsu)kenpon chakushoku Kishimojin jū-rasetsunyo zō (Hasegawa Tōhaku hitsu)kenpon chakushoku sanjū banshin zō (Hasegawa Tōhaku hitsu)
1564-66
Takaoka
Daihō-ji (大法寺)
four scrolls
86.0 centimetres (2 ft 9.9 in) by 40.0 centimetres (1 ft 3.7 in); 85.7 centimetres (2 ft 9.7 in) by 40.5 centimetres (1 ft 3.9 in); 86.4 centimetres (2 ft 10.0 in) by 39.9 centimetres (1 ft 3.7 in); 94.7 centimetres (3 ft 1.3 in) by 39.0 centimetres (1 ft 3.4 in)
36°44′48″N 137°00′27″E / 36.746648°N 137.007483°E / 36.746648; 137.007483 (Daihōji)
This list is complete and up to date as of January 2015.
Prefectural Cultural Properties
As of 1 January 2015, twelve properties have been designated at a prefectural level.
Property
Date
Municipality
Ownership
Comments
Image
Dimensions
Coordinates
Ref.
Monju Bosatsu Riding a Lion, colour on silk絹本著色騎獅文殊菩薩像kenpon chakushoku kishi Monju bosatsu zō
early Kamakura period
Toyama
Raikō-ji (来迎寺)
36°40′59″N 137°13′16″E / 36.683125°N 137.220987°E / 36.683125; 137.220987 (Raikōji)
Shōtoku Taishi Aged 16, colour on silk絹本著色聖徳太子孝養像図kenpon chakushoku Shōtoku Taishi kōyō-zō zu
Toyama
private
36°41′02″N 137°12′54″E / 36.683770°N 137.214893°E / 36.683770; 137.214893 (Nishinakanomachi, Toyama)
Nichiren Shū Honzon Mandala, colour on silk絹本著色日蓮宗本尊曼荼羅図kenpon chakushoku Nichiren-shū honzon mandara zu
Momoyama period
Takaoka
Daihō-ji (大法寺)
the title of the 南無妙法蓮華経; by Hasegawa Tōhaku
36°44′48″N 137°00′27″E / 36.746648°N 137.007483°E / 36.746648; 137.007483 (Daihōji)
Pure Land based on the Amitayurdhyana Sutra, colour on silk絹本著色観経浄土変相図kenpon chakushoku kangyō jōdo hensō zu
Kamakura period
Imizu
Mandara-ji (曼陀羅寺)
36°46′46″N 137°05′21″E / 36.779446°N 137.089269°E / 36.779446; 137.089269 (Mandaraji)
Blue Fudō, colour on silk絹本著色青不動kenpon chakushoku ao Fudō
late Kamakura period
Imizu
Mandara-ji (曼陀羅寺)
36°46′46″N 137°05′21″E / 36.779446°N 137.089269°E / 36.779446; 137.089269 (Mandaraji)
Standing Yakushi Nyorai, colour on silk絹本著色薬師如来立像kenpon chakushoku Yakushi Nyorai ryū-zō
Kamakura period
Tonami
Jōfuku-ji (常福寺)
36°39′14″N 136°58′59″E / 36.653865°N 136.983075°E / 36.653865; 136.983075 (Mandaraji)
Daiitoku Myōō, colour on silk絹本著色大威徳明王図kenpon chakushoku Daiitoku Myōō zu
early Muromachi period
Tonami
Senkō-ji (千光寺)
36°38′10″N 137°01′55″E / 36.636158°N 137.031806°E / 36.636158; 137.031806 (Senkōji)
Mandala of the Two Realms, colour on silk絹本著色両界曼荼羅図kenpon chakushoku ryōkai mandara zu
late Kamakura period
Tonami
Senkō-ji (千光寺)
pair of scrolls with supplementary scroll
36°38′10″N 137°01′55″E / 36.636158°N 137.031806°E / 36.636158; 137.031806 (Senkōji)
Nirvana Painting, colour on silk絹本著色仏涅槃図kenpon chakushoku Butsu nehan zu
Nanboku-chō period
Toyama
Ōyama Centre for Administration (大山総合行政センター)
36°36′08″N 136°53′08″E / 36.602110°N 136.885679°E / 36.602110; 136.885679 (Ōyama Centre for Administration)
Ema at Angō-ji安居寺の絵馬Angōji no ema
Momoyama period
Nanto
Angō-ji (安居寺)
three ema; said to be the work of Kanō Eitoku and his pupil Sanraku
36°36′08″N 136°53′08″E / 36.602110°N 136.885679°E / 36.602110; 136.885679 (Angōji)
Kitano Shrine Okuni Kabuki Byōbu北野神社阿国歌舞伎図Kitano Jinja Okuni kabuki zu
early Edo period
Nanto
Fukuno Shimeisha (福野神明社)
36°35′36″N 136°55′19″E / 36.593419°N 136.921996°E / 36.593419; 136.921996 (Fukuno Shinmeisha)
Three Thousand Buddhas, colour on silk絹本著色三千仏図kenpon chakushoku sanzen butsu zu
Muromachi period
Toyama
split between Tairyū-ji (帝龍寺), Ōyama Historical Folk Material Museum (富山市大山歴史民俗資料館), and Ōyama Centre for Administration (大山総合行政センター)
three scrolls
36°33′48″N 137°13′52″E / 36.563272°N 137.231244°E / 36.563272; 137.231244 (Tairyūji)
This list is complete and up to date as of January 2015.
vteCultural Properties of Japan - paintingsHokkaidō
Hokkaidō
Tōhoku
Aomori
Iwate
Miyagi
Akita
Yamagata
Fukushima
Kantō
Ibaraki
Tochigi
Gunma
Saitama
Chiba
Tōkyō
Kanagawa
Chūbu
Niigata
Toyama
Ishikawa
Fukui
Yamanashi
Nagano
Gifu
Shizuoka
Aichi
Kansai
Mie
Shiga
Kyōto
Ōsaka
Hyōgo
Nara
Wakayama
Chūgoku
Tottori
Shimane
Okayama
Hiroshima
Yamaguchi
Shikoku
Tokushima
Kagawa
Ehime
Kōchi
Kyūshū
Fukuoka
Saga
Nagasaki
Kumamoto
Ōita
Miyazaki
Kagoshima
Okinawa
Okinawa
1
See also
Cultural Properties of Japan
List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
Japanese painting
List of Cultural Properties of Japan - historical materials (Toyama)
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Toyama)
References
^ "Cultural Properties for Future Generations". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ 国宝・重要文化財 (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ "Database of National Cultural Properties: 国宝・重要文化財(美術品)(絵画 富山県)" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
^ 絵画 (in Japanese). Toyama Prefecture. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
External links
(in Japanese) Cultural Properties in Toyama Prefecture
(in Japanese) Cultural Properties in Toyama Prefecture
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paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Hokkaid%C5%8D)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eleven-faced_Goddess_of_Mercy_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tōhoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region"},{"link_name":"Aomori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Aomori)"},{"link_name":"Iwate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Iwate)"},{"link_name":"Miyagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Miyagi)"},{"link_name":"Akita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Akita)"},{"link_name":"Yamagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Yamagata)"},{"link_name":"Fukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Fukushima)"},{"link_name":"Kantō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Ibaraki)"},{"link_name":"Tochigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Tochigi)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gunma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Gunma)"},{"link_name":"Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Saitama)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Chiba)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tōkyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Tokyo)"},{"link_name":"Kanagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Kanagawa)"},{"link_name":"Chūbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region"},{"link_name":"Niigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Niigata)"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Ishikawa)"},{"link_name":"Fukui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Fukui)"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Yamanashi)"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Nagano)"},{"link_name":"Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Gifu)"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Shizuoka)"},{"link_name":"Aichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Aichi)"},{"link_name":"Kansai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_region"},{"link_name":"Mie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Mie)"},{"link_name":"Shiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Shiga)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kyōto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Kyoto)"},{"link_name":"Ōsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Osaka)"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Hy%C5%8Dgo)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Nara)"},{"link_name":"Wakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Wakayama)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chūgoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_region"},{"link_name":"Tottori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Tottori)"},{"link_name":"Shimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Shimane)"},{"link_name":"Okayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Okayama)"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Hiroshima)"},{"link_name":"Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Yamaguchi)"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Tokushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Tokushima)"},{"link_name":"Kagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Kagawa)"},{"link_name":"Ehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Ehime)"},{"link_name":"Kōchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(K%C5%8Dchi)"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Fukuoka)"},{"link_name":"Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Saga)"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Nagasaki)"},{"link_name":"Kumamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Kumamoto)"},{"link_name":"Ōita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(%C5%8Cita)"},{"link_name":"Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Miyazaki)"},{"link_name":"Kagoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Kagoshima)"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_paintings_(Okinawa)"}],"text":"As of 1 January 2015, twelve properties have been designated at a prefectural level.[4]This list is complete and up to date as of January 2015.vteCultural Properties of Japan - paintingsHokkaidō\nHokkaidō\nTōhoku\nAomori\nIwate\nMiyagi\nAkita\nYamagata\nFukushima\nKantō\nIbaraki\nTochigi\nGunma\nSaitama\nChiba\nTōkyō\nKanagawa\nChūbu\nNiigata\nToyama\nIshikawa\nFukui\nYamanashi\nNagano\nGifu\nShizuoka\nAichi\nKansai\nMie\nShiga\nKyōto\nŌsaka\nHyōgo\nNara\nWakayama\nChūgoku\nTottori\nShimane\nOkayama\nHiroshima\nYamaguchi\nShikoku\nTokushima\nKagawa\nEhime\nKōchi\nKyūshū\nFukuoka\nSaga\nNagasaki\nKumamoto\nŌita\nMiyazaki\nKagoshima\nOkinawa\nOkinawa\n1","title":"Prefectural Cultural Properties"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cultural Properties of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Properties_of_Japan"},{"title":"List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(paintings)"},{"title":"Japanese painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_painting"},{"title":"List of Cultural Properties of Japan - historical materials (Toyama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_Japan_-_historical_materials_(Toyama)"},{"title":"List of Historic Sites of Japan (Toyama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Toyama)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cultural Properties for Future Generations\". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026091238/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pamphlet_en.html","url_text":"\"Cultural Properties for Future Generations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pamphlet_en.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"国宝・重要文化財 [Number of National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties by Prefecture] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110630172754/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/shitei.html","url_text":"国宝・重要文化財"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/shitei.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Database of National Cultural Properties: 国宝・重要文化財(美術品)(絵画 富山県)\" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151204191137/http://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index_pc.asp","url_text":"\"Database of National Cultural Properties: 国宝・重要文化財(美術品)(絵画 富山県)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"},{"url":"http://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index_pc.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"絵画 [Paintings] (in Japanese). Toyama Prefecture. Retrieved 5 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pref.toyama.jp/sections/3009/3007/dokuhon/miyou/miyou-index2.htm","url_text":"絵画"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture","url_text":"Toyama Prefecture"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesemaker
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Cheesemaking
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["1 History","1.1 Ancient cheesemaking","2 Process","2.1 Culturing","2.2 Coagulation","2.3 Draining","2.4 Scalding","2.5 Mould-ripening","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Craft of making cheese
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
During industrial production of Emmental cheese, the as-yet-undrained curd is broken by rotating mixers.
A cheesemaking workshop with goats at Maker Faire 2011. The sign declares, "Eat your Zipcode", in reference to the locavore movement.
Cheesemaking (or caseiculture) is the craft of making cheese. The production of cheese, like many other food preservation processes, allows the nutritional and economic value of a food material, in this case milk, to be preserved in concentrated form. Cheesemaking allows the production of the cheese with diverse flavors and consistencies.
History
Cheesemaking is documented in Egyptian tomb drawings and in ancient Greek literature.
Cheesemaking may have originated from nomadic herdsmen who stored milk in vessels made from sheep's and goats' stomachs. Because their stomach linings contain a mix of lactic acid, bacteria as milk contaminants and rennet, the milk would ferment and coagulate. A product reminiscent of yogurt would have been produced, which through gentle agitation and the separation of curds from whey would have resulted in the production of cheese; the cheese being essentially a concentration of the major milk protein, casein, and milk fat. The whey proteins, other major milk proteins, and lactose are all removed in the cheese whey. Another theory is offered by David Asher, who wrote that the origins actually lie within the "sloppy milk bucket in later European culture, it having gone unwashed and containing all of the necessary bacteria to facilitate the ecology of cheese".
Ancient cheesemaking
One of the ancient cheesemakers' earliest tools for cheesemaking, cheese molds or strainers, can be found throughout Europe, dating back to the Bronze Age. Baskets were used to separate the cheese curds, but as technology advanced, these cheese molds would be made of wood or pottery. The cheesemakers placed the cheese curds inside of the mold, secured the mold with a lid, then added pressure to separate the whey, which would drain out from the holes in the mold. The more whey that was drained, the less moisture retained in the cheese. Less moisture meant that the cheese would be firmer. In Ireland, some cheeses ranged from a dry and hard cheese (mullahawn) to a semi-liquid cheese (millsén).
The designs and patterns were often used to decorate the cheeses and differentiate between them. Since many monastic establishments and abbeys owned their share of milk animals at the time, it was commonplace for the cheeses they produced to bear a cross in the middle.
Although the common perception of cheese today is made from cow's milk, goat's milk was actually the preferred base of ancient cheesemakers, due to the fact that goats are smaller animals than cows. This meant that goats required less food and were easier to transport and herd. Moreover, goats can breed any time of the year as opposed to sheep, who also produce milk, but mating season only came around during fall and winter.
Before the age of pasteurization, cheesemakers knew that certain cheeses could cause constipation or kidney stones, so they advised their customers to supplement these side effects by eating in moderation along with other foods and consuming walnuts, almonds, or horseradish.
Process
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The production of Gruyère cheese at the cheesemaking factory of Gruyères, Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland
The goal of cheese making is to control the spoiling of milk into cheese. The milk is traditionally from a cow, goat, sheep, or buffalo, although, in theory, cheese could be made from the milk of any mammal. Cow's milk is most commonly used worldwide. The cheesemaker's goal is a consistent product with specific characteristics (appearance, aroma, taste, texture). The process used to make a Camembert will be similar to, but not quite the same as, that used to make Cheddar.
Some cheeses may be deliberately left to ferment from naturally airborne spores and bacteria; this approach generally leads to a less consistent product but one that is valuable in a niche market.
Culturing
Cheese is made by bringing milk (possibly pasteurised) in the cheese vat to a temperature required to promote the growth of the bacteria that feed on lactose and thus ferment the lactose into lactic acid. These bacteria in the milk may be wild, as is the case with unpasteurised milk, added from a culture, frozen or freeze dried concentrate of starter bacteria. Bacteria which produce only lactic acid during fermentation are homofermentative; those that also produce lactic acid and other compounds such as carbon dioxide, alcohol, aldehydes and ketones are heterofermentative. Fermentation using homofermentative bacteria is important in the production of cheeses such as Cheddar, where a clean, acid flavour is required. For cheeses such as Emmental the use of heterofermentative bacteria is necessary to produce the compounds that give characteristic fruity flavours and, importantly, the gas that results in the formation of bubbles in the cheese ('eye holes').
Starter cultures are chosen to give a cheese its specific characteristics. In the case of mould-ripened cheese such as Stilton, Roquefort or Camembert, mould spores (fungal spores) may be added to the milk in the cheese vat or can be added later to the cheese curd.
Coagulation
During the fermentation process, once sufficient lactic acid has been developed, rennet is added to cause the casein to precipitate. Rennet contains the enzyme chymosin which converts κ-casein to para-κ-caseinate (the main component of cheese curd, which is a salt of one fragment of the casein) and glycomacropeptide, which is lost in the cheese whey. As the curd is formed, milk fat is trapped in a casein matrix. After adding the rennet, the cheese milk is left to form curds over a period of time.
Fresh chevre hanging in cheesecloth to drain.
Draining
Once the cheese curd is judged to be ready, the cheese whey must be released. As with many foods the presence of water and the bacteria in it encourages decomposition. To prevent such decomposition it is necessary to remove most of the water (whey) from the cheese milk, and hence cheese curd, to make a partial dehydration of the curd. There are several ways to separate the curd from the whey.
Maturing cheese in a cheese cellar
Scalding
In making Cheddar (or many other hard cheeses) the curd is cut into small cubes and the temperature is raised to approximately 39 °C (102 °F) to 'scald' the curd particles. Syneresis occurs and cheese whey is expressed from the particles. The Cheddar curds and whey are often transferred from the cheese vat to a cooling table which contains screens that allow the whey to drain, but which trap the curd. The curd is cut using long, blunt knives and 'blocked' (stacked, cut and turned) by the cheesemaker to promote the release of cheese whey in a process known as 'cheddaring'. During this process the acidity of the curd increases to a desired level. The curd is then milled into ribbon shaped pieces and salt is mixed into it to arrest acid development. The salted green cheese curd is put into cheese moulds lined with cheesecloths and pressed overnight to allow the curd particles to bind together. The pressed blocks of cheese are then removed from the cheese moulds and are either bound with muslin-like cloth, or waxed or vacuum packed in plastic bags to be stored for maturation. Vacuum packing removes oxygen and prevents mould (fungal) growth during maturation, which depending on the wanted final product may be a desirable characteristic or not.
Mould-ripening
Main article: Cheese ripening
In contrast to cheddaring, making cheeses like Camembert requires a gentler treatment of the curd. It is carefully transferred to cheese hoops and the whey is allowed to drain from the curd by gravity, generally overnight. The cheese curds are then removed from the hoops to be brined by immersion in a saturated salt solution. The salt absorption stops bacteria growing, as with Cheddar. If white mould spores have not been added to the cheese milk it is applied to the cheese either by spraying the cheese with a suspension of mould spores in water or by immersing the cheese in a bath containing spores of, e.g., Penicillium candida.
By taking the cheese through a series of maturation stages where temperature and relative humidity are carefully controlled, allowing the surface mould to grow and the mould-ripening of the cheese by fungi to occur. Mould-ripened cheeses ripen very quickly compared to hard cheeses (weeks against months or years). This is because the fungi used are biochemically very active when compared with starter bacteria. Some cheeses are surface-ripened by moulds, such as Camembert and Brie, some are ripened internally, such as Stilton, which is pierced with stainless steel wires, to admit air to promote mould spore germination and growth, as with Penicillium roqueforti. Surface ripening of some cheeses, such as Saint-Nectaire, may also be influenced by yeasts which contribute flavour and coat texture. Others are allowed to develop bacterial surface growths which give characteristic colours and appearances, e.g., by the growth of Brevibacterium linens which gives an orange coat to cheeses.
See also
Food portal
List of cheesemakers
References
^ a b Elisabeth Eugster, Ernst Jakob, Daniel Wechsler. "Cheese, Processed Cheese, and Whey". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_163.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Kats, Sandor Ellix; Pollan, Michael (2015). The Art of Fermentation an In-depth Exploration of Essential Concepts and Processes from around the World. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
^ Asher, David (2015). The Art of Natural Cheesemaking. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
^ Papademas, Photis (2018). Papademas, Photis; Bintsis, Thomas (eds.). Global Cheesemaking Technology: Cheese Quality and Characteristics. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119046165. ISBN 9781119046158.
^ O'Sullivan, Muiris (Winter 2018). "CHEESE-MAKING". Archaeology Ireland. 32 – via JSTOR Ireland.
^ Wilson, Avice R. (1995). Forgotten Harvest: The Story of Cheesemaking in Wiltshire. Britain: Cromwell Press. p. 32. ISBN 0952654407.
^ Gobbetti, Marco (2018). The Cheeses of Italy : Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89854-4. ISBN 978-3-319-89853-7. S2CID 44128087.
Bibliography
Winstein, Merryl (2017). SUCCESSFUL CHEESEMAKING™, Step-by-Step Directions and Photos for Making Nearly Every Type of Cheese, (670pp, 800 photos). St. Louis, Missouri: Smooth Stone Press. ISBN 978-0998595955.
Robinson, R.K.; Wilbey, R.A. (1998). Cheesemaking practice (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Banks, J (1998). Cheese (2nd ed.).
Early, R. The technology of dairy products. London: Chapman and Hall.
Jenkins, Steven (1996). Cheese Primer. New York: Workman Publishing.
Tannahill, Reay (2008). Food in History. New York: Three Rivers Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheesemaking.
Cheese Terminology and Classifications
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The sign declares, \"Eat your Zipcode\", in reference to the locavore movement.Cheesemaking (or caseiculture) is the craft of making cheese. The production of cheese, like many other food preservation processes, allows the nutritional and economic value of a food material, in this case milk, to be preserved in concentrated form. 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Because their stomach linings contain a mix of lactic acid, bacteria as milk contaminants and rennet, the milk would ferment and coagulate.[2] A product reminiscent of yogurt would have been produced, which through gentle agitation and the separation of curds from whey would have resulted in the production of cheese; the cheese being essentially a concentration of the major milk protein, casein, and milk fat. The whey proteins, other major milk proteins, and lactose are all removed in the cheese whey. 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The cheesemakers placed the cheese curds inside of the mold, secured the mold with a lid, then added pressure to separate the whey, which would drain out from the holes in the mold. The more whey that was drained, the less moisture retained in the cheese. Less moisture meant that the cheese would be firmer. In Ireland, some cheeses ranged from a dry and hard cheese (mullahawn) to a semi-liquid cheese (millsén).[5]The designs and patterns were often used to decorate the cheeses and differentiate between them. Since many monastic establishments and abbeys owned their share of milk animals at the time, it was commonplace for the cheeses they produced to bear a cross in the middle.Although the common perception of cheese today is made from cow's milk, goat's milk was actually the preferred base of ancient cheesemakers, due to the fact that goats are smaller animals than cows. This meant that goats required less food and were easier to transport and herd. Moreover, goats can breed any time of the year as opposed to sheep, who also produce milk, but mating season only came around during fall and winter.Before the age of pasteurization, cheesemakers knew that certain cheeses could cause constipation or kidney stones, so they advised their customers to supplement these side effects by eating in moderation along with other foods and consuming walnuts, almonds, or horseradish.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fromagerie_gruy%C3%A8res-%C3%A9gouttage-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gruyère cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8re_cheese"},{"link_name":"Gruyères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruy%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Canton of Fribourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovinae"},{"link_name":"Camembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"Cheddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar_cheese"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"}],"text":"The production of Gruyère cheese at the cheesemaking factory of Gruyères, Canton of Fribourg, SwitzerlandThe goal of cheese making is to control the spoiling of milk into cheese. The milk is traditionally from a cow, goat, sheep, or buffalo, although, in theory, cheese could be made from the milk of any mammal. Cow's milk is most commonly used worldwide. The cheesemaker's goal is a consistent product with specific characteristics (appearance, aroma, taste, texture). The process used to make a Camembert will be similar to, but not quite the same as, that used to make Cheddar.Some cheeses may be deliberately left to ferment from naturally airborne spores and bacteria; this approach generally leads to a less consistent product but one that is valuable in a niche market.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pasteurised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization"},{"link_name":"ferment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture"},{"link_name":"freeze dried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_drying"},{"link_name":"starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starter_(fermentation)"},{"link_name":"homofermentative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homofermentative"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"aldehydes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehydes"},{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketones"},{"link_name":"heterofermentative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterofermentative"},{"link_name":"acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid"},{"link_name":"Emmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmental_cheese"},{"link_name":"mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"Stilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilton_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"Roquefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roquefort"},{"link_name":"Camembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert_(cheese)"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"}],"sub_title":"Culturing","text":"Cheese is made by bringing milk (possibly pasteurised) in the cheese vat to a temperature required to promote the growth of the bacteria that feed on lactose and thus ferment the lactose into lactic acid. These bacteria in the milk may be wild, as is the case with unpasteurised milk, added from a culture, frozen or freeze dried concentrate of starter bacteria. Bacteria which produce only lactic acid during fermentation are homofermentative; those that also produce lactic acid and other compounds such as carbon dioxide, alcohol, aldehydes and ketones are heterofermentative. Fermentation using homofermentative bacteria is important in the production of cheeses such as Cheddar, where a clean, acid flavour is required. For cheeses such as Emmental the use of heterofermentative bacteria is necessary to produce the compounds that give characteristic fruity flavours and, importantly, the gas that results in the formation of bubbles in the cheese ('eye holes').Starter cultures are chosen to give a cheese its specific characteristics. In the case of mould-ripened cheese such as Stilton, Roquefort or Camembert, mould spores (fungal spores) may be added to the milk in the cheese vat or can be added later to the cheese curd.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennet"},{"link_name":"casein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein"},{"link_name":"precipitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"chymosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymosin"},{"link_name":"κ-casein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A-casein"},{"link_name":"cheese curd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_curd"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_salt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresh_chevre_hanging_in_a_farmstead_dairy.jpg"},{"link_name":"chevre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevre"},{"link_name":"cheesecloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecloth"}],"sub_title":"Coagulation","text":"During the fermentation process, once sufficient lactic acid has been developed, rennet is added to cause the casein to precipitate. Rennet contains the enzyme chymosin which converts κ-casein to para-κ-caseinate (the main component of cheese curd, which is a salt of one fragment of the casein) and glycomacropeptide, which is lost in the cheese whey. As the curd is formed, milk fat is trapped in a casein matrix. After adding the rennet, the cheese milk is left to form curds over a period of time.Fresh chevre hanging in cheesecloth to drain.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition"},{"link_name":"dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Gaalen_cheese_cellar,_South_Africa.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Draining","text":"Once the cheese curd is judged to be ready, the cheese whey must be released. As with many foods the presence of water and the bacteria in it encourages decomposition. To prevent such decomposition it is necessary to remove most of the water (whey) from the cheese milk, and hence cheese curd, to make a partial dehydration of the curd. There are several ways to separate the curd from the whey.Maturing cheese in a cheese cellar","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syneresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syneresis_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife"},{"link_name":"acidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidity"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_salt"},{"link_name":"green cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_cheese"},{"link_name":"muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin"},{"link_name":"waxed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax"},{"link_name":"vacuum packed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_packing"},{"link_name":"plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"}],"sub_title":"Scalding","text":"In making Cheddar (or many other hard cheeses) the curd is cut into small cubes and the temperature is raised to approximately 39 °C (102 °F) to 'scald' the curd particles. Syneresis occurs and cheese whey is expressed from the particles. The Cheddar curds and whey are often transferred from the cheese vat to a cooling table which contains screens that allow the whey to drain, but which trap the curd. The curd is cut using long, blunt knives and 'blocked' (stacked, cut and turned) by the cheesemaker to promote the release of cheese whey in a process known as 'cheddaring'. During this process the acidity of the curd increases to a desired level. The curd is then milled into ribbon shaped pieces and salt is mixed into it to arrest acid development. The salted green cheese curd is put into cheese moulds lined with cheesecloths and pressed overnight to allow the curd particles to bind together. The pressed blocks of cheese are then removed from the cheese moulds and are either bound with muslin-like cloth, or waxed or vacuum packed in plastic bags to be stored for maturation. Vacuum packing removes oxygen and prevents mould (fungal) growth during maturation, which depending on the wanted final product may be a desirable characteristic or not.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"brined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brining"},{"link_name":"solution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold_(fungus)"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Penicillium candida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_candida"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air"},{"link_name":"Penicillium roqueforti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_roqueforti"},{"link_name":"Saint-Nectaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nectaire"},{"link_name":"yeasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasts"}],"sub_title":"Mould-ripening","text":"In contrast to cheddaring, making cheeses like Camembert requires a gentler treatment of the curd. It is carefully transferred to cheese hoops and the whey is allowed to drain from the curd by gravity, generally overnight. The cheese curds are then removed from the hoops to be brined by immersion in a saturated salt solution. The salt absorption stops bacteria growing, as with Cheddar. If white mould spores have not been added to the cheese milk it is applied to the cheese either by spraying the cheese with a suspension of mould spores in water or by immersing the cheese in a bath containing spores of, e.g., Penicillium candida.By taking the cheese through a series of maturation stages where temperature and relative humidity are carefully controlled, allowing the surface mould to grow and the mould-ripening of the cheese by fungi to occur. Mould-ripened cheeses ripen very quickly compared to hard cheeses (weeks against months or years). This is because the fungi used are biochemically very active when compared with starter bacteria. Some cheeses are surface-ripened by moulds, such as Camembert and Brie, some are ripened internally, such as Stilton, which is pierced with stainless steel wires, to admit air to promote mould spore germination and growth, as with Penicillium roqueforti. Surface ripening of some cheeses, such as Saint-Nectaire, may also be influenced by yeasts which contribute flavour and coat texture. Others are allowed to develop bacterial surface growths which give characteristic colours and appearances, e.g., by the growth of Brevibacterium linens which gives an orange coat to cheeses.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0998595955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0998595955"}],"text":"Winstein, Merryl (2017). SUCCESSFUL CHEESEMAKING™, Step-by-Step Directions and Photos for Making Nearly Every Type of Cheese, (670pp, 800 photos). St. Louis, Missouri: Smooth Stone Press. ISBN 978-0998595955.\nRobinson, R.K.; Wilbey, R.A. (1998). Cheesemaking practice (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.\nBanks, J (1998). Cheese (2nd ed.).\nEarly, R. The technology of dairy products. London: Chapman and Hall.\nJenkins, Steven (1996). Cheese Primer. New York: Workman Publishing.\nTannahill, Reay (2008). Food in History. New York: Three Rivers Press.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"During industrial production of Emmental cheese, the as-yet-undrained curd is broken by rotating mixers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_cheese_1.jpg/250px-Production_of_cheese_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cheesemaking workshop with goats at Maker Faire 2011. The sign declares, \"Eat your Zipcode\", in reference to the locavore movement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Goats_and_cheesemaking_workshop%2C_Maker_Faire_2011.jpg/250px-Goats_and_cheesemaking_workshop%2C_Maker_Faire_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"The production of Gruyère cheese at the cheesemaking factory of Gruyères, Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fromagerie_gruy%C3%A8res-%C3%A9gouttage-4.jpg/220px-Fromagerie_gruy%C3%A8res-%C3%A9gouttage-4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresh chevre hanging in cheesecloth to drain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fresh_chevre_hanging_in_a_farmstead_dairy.jpg/220px-Fresh_chevre_hanging_in_a_farmstead_dairy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maturing cheese in a cheese cellar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Van_Gaalen_cheese_cellar%2C_South_Africa.jpg/170px-Van_Gaalen_cheese_cellar%2C_South_Africa.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"List of cheesemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheesemakers"}]
|
[{"reference":"Elisabeth Eugster, Ernst Jakob, Daniel Wechsler. \"Cheese, Processed Cheese, and Whey\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_163.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a06_163.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a06_163.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]},{"reference":"Papademas, Photis (2018). Papademas, Photis; Bintsis, Thomas (eds.). Global Cheesemaking Technology: Cheese Quality and Characteristics. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119046165. ISBN 9781119046158.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119046165","url_text":"10.1002/9781119046165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119046158","url_text":"9781119046158"}]},{"reference":"O'Sullivan, Muiris (Winter 2018). \"CHEESE-MAKING\". Archaeology Ireland. 32 – via JSTOR Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=185c6eae-4c10-4456-a64e-df3db7afe974%40pdc-v-sessmgr06","url_text":"\"CHEESE-MAKING\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Avice R. (1995). Forgotten Harvest: The Story of Cheesemaking in Wiltshire. Britain: Cromwell Press. p. 32. ISBN 0952654407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952654407","url_text":"0952654407"}]},{"reference":"Gobbetti, Marco (2018). The Cheeses of Italy : Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89854-4. ISBN 978-3-319-89853-7. S2CID 44128087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-89854-4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-89854-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-89853-7","url_text":"978-3-319-89853-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44128087","url_text":"44128087"}]},{"reference":"Winstein, Merryl (2017). SUCCESSFUL CHEESEMAKING™, Step-by-Step Directions and Photos for Making Nearly Every Type of Cheese, (670pp, 800 photos). St. Louis, Missouri: Smooth Stone Press. ISBN 978-0998595955.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0998595955","url_text":"978-0998595955"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, R.K.; Wilbey, R.A. (1998). Cheesemaking practice (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Banks, J (1998). Cheese (2nd ed.).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Early, R. The technology of dairy products. London: Chapman and Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Steven (1996). Cheese Primer. New York: Workman Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tannahill, Reay (2008). Food in History. New York: Three Rivers Press.","urls":[]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telkom-3
|
Telkom-3
|
["1 Launch","1.1 Investigation","2 Telkom-3S","2.1 Return and reentry","3 References"]
|
Indonesian communications satellite
Telkom-3Mission typeCommunicationsOperatorPT TelkomCOSPAR ID2012-044A SATCAT no.38744Mission duration15 years (planned)Failed on orbit (achieved)
Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftTelkom-3Spacecraft typeEkspressBusEkspress-1000HManufacturerISS Reshetnev (bus)Alcatel Space (payload)Launch mass1,903 kg (4,195 lb)Power7.6 kW
Start of missionLaunch date6 August 2012, 19:31:00 UTCRocketProton-M / Briz-MLaunch siteBaikonur, Site 81/24ContractorKhrunichev State Research and Production Space CenterEntered serviceFailed on orbit
End of missionDisposalDecayedDecay date5 February 2021
Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentric orbitRegimeGeostationary orbit (planned)Medium Earth orbit (achieved)Longitude118° East (planned) Perigee altitude266 kmApogee altitude5015 kmInclination49.9°Period100.0 minutes
TranspondersBand48 transponders:32 C-band16 Ku-bandCoverage areaIndonesia
Palapa constellation← Telkom-2Telkom-3S →
Telkom-3 is an Indonesian communications satellite which failed to reach its target orbit due to a launch failure on 6 August 2012. It was built by ISS Reshetnev for Indonesian telecommunications provider PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia. It was based on the Ekspress-1000H bus and had 32 C band transponders and 16 Ku-band transponders. It was due to be located in geosynchronous orbit at 118° East above the equator. The satellite reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed on 5 February 2021.
Launch
See also: Ekspress-MD2
Telkom-3 was launched along with Ekspress-MD2 by a Proton-M rocket with Briz-M upper stage on 6 August 2012 at 19:31:00 UTC. The satellites were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first three stages of the Proton launched worked as expected and the satellites were attached to the Briz-M upper stage which would transfer them into geosynchronous orbit. The Briz-M undertakes a series of four burns with coasting stages to do this. The third burn was due to be 18 minutes long but the engines cut out after 7 seconds, leaving the satellites in an unusable orbit. of 266 x 5015 km x 49.9°. Telkom-3 manufacturer ISS Reshetnev announced that the satellite was under control with its solar panels extended but would not be able to be used for its intended purpose as it was in the wrong orbit.
Investigation
Ground track of Telkom-3
This was the second launch failure caused by a Briz-M within twelve months as Ekspress-AM4 was lost in August 2011 due to a computer error. Other recent launch failures included three GLONASS satellites in 2011 and Mars probe Fobos-Grunt. All Proton-M launches were suspended and all Briz-M stages were recalled. This triggered discussion on the crisis in the Russian space industry with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev quoted as saying "We are losing authority and billions of rubles" due to the frequent launch failures. Medvedev chaired a meeting on the issue on 14 August 2012 and President Vladimir Putin had a meeting on organisational issues. One of the suggestions is that Roscosmos could be transformed into a corporation similar to Rosatom.
Russian president Vladimir Putin with Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin (right) and Dmitry Rogozin (left) in a meeting on problems in the space industry, August 2012.
An investigation was set up by Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin and was headed by O.P. Skorobogatov from TsNIIMash. It was reported in early August 2012 by Russian newspaper Kommersant that the failure was caused by a fault in the fuel pipe in the Briz-M. The Khrunichev Failure Review Oversight Board found that it was caused by a faulty component in the pressurisation system. On 16 October 2012, the Briz-M exploded into eighty pieces.
The director general of Khrunichev, Vladimir Nesterov, was dismissed from his post by President Vladimir Putin. The Proton-M returned to flight on 14 October 2012, carrying Intelsat 23. It had been postponed from August 2012 due to the launch failure.
Telkom-3S
The replacement satellite, named Telkom-3S, was contract awarded to its satellite competitor, Thales Alenia Space on 28 July 2014. Telkom-3S was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais on 14 February 2017 and commissioned into service on 17 April 2017.
Return and reentry
In early 2021, concerns arose about the imminent reentry of Telkom-3 to the Atmosphere of Earth after over eight years in orbit. The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) reported that they started an intensive study of the reentry since mid-January 2021. By 1 January 2021, the satellite's orbit had decayed to 217 x 555 km x 49.9°. The orbital inclination of 49.9° meant that it could reenter anywhere between latitude 49.9° North and 49.9° South, and it was calculated to have a 1:140000 casualty risk. The satellite's orbit was tracked by U.S. radars throughout its time in orbit, and Space-Track reported
that it reentered between 09:26 and 09:42 UTC on 5 February 2021, somewhere on an arc from Kazakhstan through southern Mongolia and northern China. The Indonesian government reported that although Telkom-3 had returned to Earth's surface, the exact location was unknown and there were no reports of debris being found.
References
Spaceflight portal
^ a b c "Telkom-3". Gunter's Space Page. 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ a b c d "2012-044". zarya.info. 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ a b c "Space-Track". US Space Force. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b "Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension". Space Safety Magazine. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ a b c d "Proton Launch Failure 2012 August 6". zarya.info. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ McDowell, Jonathan (2012). "Jonathan's Space Report, No. 664". planet4589.org. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
^ "Работа со спутником TELKOM-3 на нерасчетной орбите" (in Russian). Reshetnev. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ "Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin". kremlin.ru. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ "Russia's Prime Minister Wants Space Agency Overhaul By September 2012". SPACE.com. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ "Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation". Satellite Today. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ "Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3 / Express-MD2 Failure". Khrunichev. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ Zak, Anatoly (12 September 2012). "Telkom-3 / Ekspress-MD2 launch failure". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
^ "SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time". zarya.info. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ "On Khrunichev CEO". Khrunichev. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ "Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch". spaceflight101. 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
^ "Kontrak Thales Aleniaspace untuk Satelit Telkom 3S Capai US$119.7 juta". IndoTelko. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ "Arianespace orbits two digital HDTV satellites, SKY Brasil-1 and Telkom 3S, on Ariane 5's 77th successful launch in a row".
^ Wijaya, Yulius. "Peresmian Pengoperasian Satelit Telkom 3S (in Indonesian)". antaranews.com (in Indonesian). Antara News.
^ "Pemantauan reentry satelit Telkom-3" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ "Telkom-3 Satellite Returns To Earth After 8 Years Of Disappearance". Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ Haryanto, Agus Tri. "Satelit Telkom-3 Sudah Jatuh ke Bumi, Tapi Jadi Misteri". inet.detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2021.
vte← 2011Orbital launches in 20122013 →January
Ziyuan III-01, VesselSat-2
Fengyun 2-07
USA-233
Progress M-14M
February
Navid
LARES, ALMASat-1, Xatcobeo, UniCubeSat-GG, ROBUSTA, e-st@r, Goliat, MaSat-1, PW-Sat
SES-4
Compass-G5
MUOS-1
March
Edoardo Amaldi ATV
Intelsat 22
Kosmos 2479
Apstar 7
April
USA-234
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3
Progress M-15M
YahSat-1B
RISAT-1
Compass-M3, Compass-M4
May
USA-235
Tianhui 1B
Yaogan 14, Tiantuo 1
Soyuz TMA-04M
JCSAT-13, Vinasat-2
Kosmos 2480
Shizuku, Kompsat 3, SDS-4, Horyu 2
Nimiq 6
SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2, New Frontier
Fajr
ChinaSat 2A
Yaogan 15
June
Intelsat 19
NuSTAR
Shenzhou 9
USA-236 / Quasar 18
USA-237 / Orion 8
July
EchoStar XVII, MSG-3
SES-5
Soyuz TMA-05M
Kounotori 3 (Raiko, We-Wish, Niwaka, TechEdSat, F-1)
Kanopus-V1, BelKA-2, Zond-PP, TET-1, exactView-1
Tianlian I-03
Gonets-M No.3, Gonets-M No.4, Kosmos 2481, MiR
August
Progress M-16M (Sfera-53)
Intelsat 20, HYLAS 2
Telkom-3, Ekspress-MD2
Intelsat 21
RBSP-A, RBSP-B
September
SPOT 6, PROITERES, mRESINS
USA-238, SMDC-ONE 1.1, SMDC-ONE 1.2, AeroCube 4, AeroCube 4A, AeroCube 4B, Aeneas, Re, CSSWE, CP5, CXBN, CINEMA 1
MetOp-B
Compass-M5, Compass-M6
Astra 2F, GSAT-10
VRSS-1
October
USA-239
SpaceX CRS-1, Orbcomm-2
David, Sif
Shijian 9-01, Shijian 9-02
Intelsat 23
Soyuz TMA-06M
Compass G6
Progress M-17M
November
Luch 5B, Yamal-300K
Eutelsat 21B, Star One C3
Meridian 6
Huanjing 1C
EchoStar XVI
Yaogan 16A, Yaogan 16B, Yaogan 16C
ChinaSat 12
December
Pléiades-HR 1B
Eutelsat 70B
Yamal-402
USA-240
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2
Göktürk-2
Soyuz TMA-07M
Skynet 5D, Mexsat Bicentenario
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
vteTelkom IndonesiaCorporate directors
Ririek Adriansyah (CEO)
Subsidiaries
Telin
Telin Singapore
Telkomsel
Mitratel
Telkom Akses
Pramindo
Multimedia Nusantara
TelkomProperty
Telkomsigma
Finnet
Napsindo
Digiserve
Joint ventures, affiliates, and investments
Scicom
Patrakom
Bangtelindo
Pasifik Satelit Nusantara (PSN)
Citra Sari Makmur
Batam Bintan Telekomunikasi
Products and services
Telkomsel Orbit
IndiHome
Miscellaneous
Telkom-2
Telkom-3S
SEA Today
Telkom Foundation
Telkom University
vteIndonesian Space ProgramSatellitesPast and current
Palapa-A1 (1976)
Palapa-A2 (1977)
Palapa-B1 (1983)
Palapa-B2 (1984)
Palapa-B2P (1987)
Palapa-B2R (1990)
Palapa-B4 (1992)
Palapa-C1 (1996)
Palapa-C2 (1996)
IndoStar-1 (1997)
Telkom-1 (1999)
Garuda 1 (2000)
Telkom-2 (2005)
INASAT-1 (2006)
LAPAN-A1/TUBSat (2007)
IndoStar-2 (2009)
Palapa-D (2009)
Telkom-3† (2012)
LippoStar-1 (2012)
LAPAN-A2/ORARI (2015)
BRIsat (2016)
LAPAN-A3 (2016)
Telkom-3S (2017)
Merah Putih (2018)
Nusantara Satu (2019)
Palapa N1† (2020)
In development
LAPAN-A4/ITS (2020)
SATRIA (2023)
Palapa N1R/HTS-113BT (2024)
Planned
LAPAN-A5 (2022)
LAPAN-B1
LAPAN-C1
Abandoned
Palapa E (2016)
SatKomHan 1 (2021)
Signs † indicate launch failures.
RocketsPast and current
Roket Eksperimental
RX-75
RX-100
RX-150
RX-250-LPN
RX-320
RX-420
RX-450
In development
RX-550
Roket Pengorbit Satelit (RPS)
Abandoned
RPS-420 (Pengorbitan-1)
Launch sitesCurrent
Pameungpeuk Spaceport
Planned
Biak Spaceport
Enggano Satellite Launchpad
Morotai Spaceport
|
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It was built by ISS Reshetnev for Indonesian telecommunications provider PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia. It was based on the Ekspress-1000H bus and had 32 C band transponders and 16 Ku-band transponders. It was due to be located in geosynchronous orbit at 118° East above the equator.[1][2] The satellite reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed on 5 February 2021.[4]","title":"Telkom-3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekspress-MD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspress-MD2"},{"link_name":"Ekspress-MD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspress-MD2"},{"link_name":"Proton-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-M"},{"link_name":"Briz-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briz-M"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"Site 81/24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81"},{"link_name":"Baikonur Cosmodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarya-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacesafety-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarya-prot-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsr664-7"},{"link_name":"solar panels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reshetnev-8"}],"text":"See also: Ekspress-MD2Telkom-3 was launched along with Ekspress-MD2 by a Proton-M rocket with Briz-M upper stage on 6 August 2012 at 19:31:00 UTC. The satellites were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first three stages of the Proton launched worked as expected and the satellites were attached to the Briz-M upper stage which would transfer them into geosynchronous orbit. The Briz-M undertakes a series of four burns with coasting stages to do this. The third burn was due to be 18 minutes long but the engines cut out after 7 seconds, leaving the satellites in an unusable orbit.[2][5][6] of 266 x 5015 km x 49.9°.[7] Telkom-3 manufacturer ISS Reshetnev announced that the satellite was under control with its solar panels extended but would not be able to be used for its intended purpose as it was in the wrong orbit.[8]","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_track_telkom_3_oct_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ground track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_track"},{"link_name":"Ekspress-AM4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspress-AM4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarya-prot-6"},{"link_name":"GLONASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"},{"link_name":"Fobos-Grunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobos-Grunt"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"Rosatom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosatom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacesafety-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kremlin-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-space-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sattoday-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Putin,_Rogozin,_Popovkin_august_2012.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Roscosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Popovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Popovkin"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Rogozin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Rogozin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Popovkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Popovkin"},{"link_name":"TsNIIMash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TsNIIMash"},{"link_name":"Kommersant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommersant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarya-prot-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khrunichev-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruspaceweb-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarya2-14"},{"link_name":"Khrunichev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrunichev"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khrunichev2-15"},{"link_name":"Intelsat 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zarya-prot-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spaceflight101-16"}],"sub_title":"Investigation","text":"Ground track of Telkom-3This was the second launch failure caused by a Briz-M within twelve months as Ekspress-AM4 was lost in August 2011 due to a computer error.[6] Other recent launch failures included three GLONASS satellites in 2011 and Mars probe Fobos-Grunt. All Proton-M launches were suspended and all Briz-M stages were recalled. This triggered discussion on the crisis in the Russian space industry with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev quoted as saying \"We are losing authority and billions of rubles\" due to the frequent launch failures. Medvedev chaired a meeting on the issue on 14 August 2012 and President Vladimir Putin had a meeting on organisational issues. One of the suggestions is that Roscosmos could be transformed into a corporation similar to Rosatom.[5][9][10][11]Russian president Vladimir Putin with Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin (right) and Dmitry Rogozin (left) in a meeting on problems in the space industry, August 2012.An investigation was set up by Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin and was headed by O.P. Skorobogatov from TsNIIMash. It was reported in early August 2012 by Russian newspaper Kommersant that the failure was caused by a fault in the fuel pipe in the Briz-M. The Khrunichev Failure Review Oversight Board found that it was caused by a faulty component in the pressurisation system.[6][12][13] On 16 October 2012, the Briz-M exploded into eighty pieces.[14]The director general of Khrunichev, Vladimir Nesterov, was dismissed from his post by President Vladimir Putin.[15] The Proton-M returned to flight on 14 October 2012, carrying Intelsat 23. It had been postponed from August 2012 due to the launch failure.[6][16]","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telkom-3S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telkom-3S"},{"link_name":"Thales Alenia Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Centre Spatial Guyanais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The replacement satellite, named Telkom-3S, was contract awarded to its satellite competitor, Thales Alenia Space on 28 July 2014.[17] Telkom-3S was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais on 14 February 2017 [18] and commissioned into service on 17 April 2017.[19]","title":"Telkom-3S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atmosphere of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Aeronautics and Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strk-4"},{"link_name":"orbital inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Space-Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Tracking_and_Surveillance_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strk-4"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Return and reentry","text":"In early 2021, concerns arose about the imminent reentry of Telkom-3 to the Atmosphere of Earth after over eight years in orbit. The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) reported that they started an intensive study of the reentry since mid-January 2021.[20] By 1 January 2021, the satellite's orbit had decayed to 217 x 555 km x 49.9°.[4] The orbital inclination of 49.9° meant that it could reenter anywhere between latitude 49.9° North and 49.9° South, and it was calculated to have a 1:140000 casualty risk.[21] The satellite's orbit was tracked by U.S. radars throughout its time in orbit, and Space-Track[4] reported\nthat it reentered between 09:26 and 09:42 UTC on 5 February 2021, somewhere on an arc from Kazakhstan through southern Mongolia and northern China. The Indonesian government reported that although Telkom-3 had returned to Earth's surface, the exact location was unknown and there were no reports of debris being found.[22]","title":"Telkom-3S"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ground track of Telkom-3","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ground_track_telkom_3_oct_12.jpg/220px-Ground_track_telkom_3_oct_12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russian president Vladimir Putin with Roscosmos head Vladimir Popovkin (right) and Dmitry Rogozin (left) in a meeting on problems in the space industry, August 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Putin%2C_Rogozin%2C_Popovkin_august_2012.jpeg/220px-Putin%2C_Rogozin%2C_Popovkin_august_2012.jpeg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Telkom-3\". Gunter's Space Page. 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/telkom-3.htm","url_text":"\"Telkom-3\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012-044\". zarya.info. 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044","url_text":"\"2012-044\""}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"Launch Log\". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt","url_text":"\"Launch Log\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space-Track\". US Space Force. 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space-track.org/","url_text":"\"Space-Track\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension\". Space Safety Magazine. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2012/08/08/russian-satellite-launch-failure-eclipsed-mars-science-lab-success/","url_text":"\"Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proton Launch Failure 2012 August 6\". zarya.info. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150558/http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php","url_text":"\"Proton Launch Failure 2012 August 6\""},{"url":"http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan (2012). \"Jonathan's Space Report, No. 664\". planet4589.org. Retrieved 28 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.664.txt","url_text":"\"Jonathan's Space Report, No. 664\""}]},{"reference":"\"Работа со спутником TELKOM-3 на нерасчетной орбите\" [Work with the satellite TELKOM-3 in an unplanned orbit] (in Russian). Reshetnev. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iss-reshetnev.ru/?cid=news&nid=1542","url_text":"\"Работа со спутником TELKOM-3 на нерасчетной орбите\""}]},{"reference":"\"Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin\". kremlin.ru. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/4344","url_text":"\"Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's Prime Minister Wants Space Agency Overhaul By September 2012\". SPACE.com. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.space.com/17155-russia-space-agency-rocket-failures.html","url_text":"\"Russia's Prime Minister Wants Space Agency Overhaul By September 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation\". Satellite Today. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.satellitetoday.com/twitter/39337.html","url_text":"\"Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3 / Express-MD2 Failure\". Khrunichev. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=783","url_text":"\"Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3 / Express-MD2 Failure\""}]},{"reference":"Zak, Anatoly (12 September 2012). \"Telkom-3 / Ekspress-MD2 launch failure\". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html","url_text":"\"Telkom-3 / Ekspress-MD2 launch failure\""}]},{"reference":"\"SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time\". zarya.info. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130218060337/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140","url_text":"\"SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time\""},{"url":"http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"On Khrunichev CEO\". Khrunichev. 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781","url_text":"\"On Khrunichev CEO\""},{"url":"http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&nid=781","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch\". spaceflight101. 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130212022602/http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html","url_text":"\"Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch\""},{"url":"http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kontrak Thales Aleniaspace untuk Satelit Telkom 3S Capai US$119.7 juta\". IndoTelko. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indotelko.com/kanal?c=rm&it=kontrak-satelit-telkom-3s-us-119-7-juta","url_text":"\"Kontrak Thales Aleniaspace untuk Satelit Telkom 3S Capai US$119.7 juta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arianespace orbits two digital HDTV satellites, SKY Brasil-1 and Telkom 3S, on Ariane 5's 77th successful launch in a row\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/arianespace-orbits-two-digital-hdtv-satellites-sky-brasil-1-and-telkom-3s-on-ariane-5s-77th-successful-launch-in-a-row/","url_text":"\"Arianespace orbits two digital HDTV satellites, SKY Brasil-1 and Telkom 3S, on Ariane 5's 77th successful launch in a row\""}]},{"reference":"Wijaya, Yulius. \"Peresmian Pengoperasian Satelit Telkom 3S (in Indonesian)\". antaranews.com (in Indonesian). Antara News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antaranews.com/foto/107553/peresmian-pengoperasian-satelit-telkom-3s","url_text":"\"Peresmian Pengoperasian Satelit Telkom 3S (in Indonesian)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pemantauan reentry satelit Telkom-3\" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://orbit.brin.go.id/index.php/berita/161-reentry-satelit-telkom-3","url_text":"\"Pemantauan reentry satelit Telkom-3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telkom-3 Satellite Returns To Earth After 8 Years Of Disappearance\". Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://voi.id/en/technology/31270/telkom-3-satellite-returns-to-earth-after-8-years-of-disappearance","url_text":"\"Telkom-3 Satellite Returns To Earth After 8 Years Of Disappearance\""}]},{"reference":"Haryanto, Agus Tri. \"Satelit Telkom-3 Sudah Jatuh ke Bumi, Tapi Jadi Misteri\". inet.detik.com (in Indonesian). 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Garis
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Hugo de Garis
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["1 Evolvable hardware","2 Past research","3 Employment history","4 The Artilect War","5 Quotes","6 Writings","7 Misogyny and anti-semitism","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Australian AI researcher
Hugo de GarisDe Garis in 2006Born1947 (age 76–77)Sydney, AustraliaOccupationAI expert
Hugo de Garis (born 1947) is an Australian retired researcher in the sub-field of artificial intelligence (AI) known as evolvable hardware. He became known in the 1990s for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve artificial neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays. He claimed that this approach would enable the creation of what he terms "artificial brains" which would quickly surpass human levels of intelligence.
He has been noted for his belief that a major war between the supporters and opponents of intelligent machines, resulting in billions of deaths, is almost inevitable before the end of the 21st century. He suggests AI systems may simply eliminate the human race, and humans would be powerless to stop them because of technological singularity. This prediction has attracted debate and criticism from the AI research community, and some of its more notable members, such as Kevin Warwick, Bill Joy, Ken MacLeod, Ray Kurzweil, and Hans Moravec, have voiced their opinions on whether or not this future is likely.
De Garis originally studied theoretical physics, but he abandoned this field in favour of artificial intelligence. In 1992 he received his PhD from Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. He worked as a researcher at ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, 国際電気通信基礎技術研究所), Japan from 1994–2000, a researcher at Starlab, Brussels from 2000–2001, and associate professor of computer science at Utah State University from 2001–2006. Until his retirement in late 2010 he was a professor at Xiamen University, where he taught theoretical physics and computer science, and ran the Artificial Brain Lab.
Evolvable hardware
From 1993 to 2000 de Garis participated in a research project at ATR's Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) which aimed to create a billion-neuron artificial brain by the year 2001. The project was known as "cellular automata machine brain," or "CAM-Brain." During this 8-year span he and his fellow researchers published a series of papers in which they discussed the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural structures inside 3D cellular automata. They argued that existing neural models had failed to produce intelligent behaviour because they were too small, and that in order to create "artificial brains" it was necessary to manually assemble tens of thousands of evolved neural modules together, with the billion neuron "CAM-Brain" requiring around 10 million modules; this idea was rejected by Igor Aleksander, who said "The point is that these puzzles are not puzzles because our neural models are not large enough."
Though it was initially envisaged that these cellular automata would run on special computers, such as MIT's "Cellular Automata Machine-8" (CAM-8), by 1996 it was realised that the model originally proposed, which required cellular automata with thousands of states, was too complex to be realised in hardware. The design was considerably simplified, and in 1997 the "collect and distribute 1 bit" ("CoDi-1Bit") model was published, and work began on a hardware implementation using Xilinx XC6264 FPGAs. This was to be known as the "CAM Brain Machine" (CBM).
The researchers evolved cellular automata for several tasks (using software simulation, not hardware):
Reproducing the XOR function.
Generating a bitstream that alternates between 0 and 1 three times (i.e. 000..111..000..).
Generated a bitstream where the output alternates, but can be changed from a majority of 1s to a majority of 0s by toggling an input.
Discriminating between two square wave inputs with a different period.
Discriminating between horizontal lines (input on a 2D grid) and random noise.
Ultimately the project failed to produce a functional robot control system, and ATR terminated it along with the closure of ATR-HIP in February 2001.
The original aim of de Garis' work was to establish the field of "brain building" (a term of his invention) and to "create a trillion dollar industry within 20 years". Throughout the 90s his papers claimed that by 2001 the ATR "Robokoneko" (translation: kitten robot) project would develop a billion-neuron "cellular automata machine brain" (CAM-brain), with "computational power equivalent to 10,000 pentiums" that could simulate the brain of a real cat. De Garis received a US$0.4 million "fat brain building grant" to develop this. The first "CAM-brain" was delivered to ATR in 1999. After receiving a further US$1 million grant at Starlab de Garis failed to deliver a working "brain" before Starlab's bankruptcy. At USU de Garis announced he was establishing a "brain builder" group to create a second generation "CAM-brain".
Past research
De Garis published his last "CAM-Brain" research paper in 2002. He still works on evolvable hardware. Using a Celoxica FPGA board he says he can create up to 50,000 neural network modules for less than $3000.
Since 2002 he has co-authored several papers on evolutionary algorithms.
He believes that topological quantum computing is about to revolutionize computer science, and hopes that his teaching will help his students to understand its principles.
In 2008 de Garis received a 3 million Chinese yuan grant (around $436,000) to build an artificial brain for China (the China-Brain Project), as part of the Brain Builder Group at Wuhan University.
Hugo de Garis retired in 2010. Before that he was director of the artificial brains lab at Xiamen University in China. In 2013 he was studying Maths and Physics at PhD level and over the next 20 years plans to publish 500 graduate level free lecture videos. This is called "degarisMPC" and some lectures are already available.
Employment history
De Garis's original work on "CAM-brain" machines was part of an 8-year research project, from 1993 to 2000, at the ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. De Garis left in 2000, and ATR-HIP was closed on 28 February 2001. De Garis then moved to Starlab in Brussels, where he received a million dollars in funding from the government of Belgium ("over a third of the Brussels government's total budget for scientific research", according to de Garis). Starlab went bankrupt in June 2001. A few months later de Garis was employed as an associate professor at the computer science department of Utah State University. In May 2006 he became a professor at Wuhan University's international school of software, teaching graduate level pure mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science.
Since June 2006 he has been a member of the advisory board of Novamente, a commercial company which aims to create artificial general intelligence.
The Artilect War
Hugo de Garis believes that a major war before the end of the 21st century, resulting in billions of deaths, is almost inevitable.: 234 Intelligent machines (or "artilects", a shortened form of "artificial intellects") will be far more intelligent than humans and will threaten to attain world domination, resulting in a conflict between "Cosmists", who support the artilects, and "Terrans", who oppose them (both of these are terms of his invention). He describes this conflict as a "gigadeath" war, reinforcing the point that billions of people will be killed. This scenario has been criticised by other AI researchers, including Chris Malcolm, who described it as "entertaining science fiction horror stories which happen to have caught the attention of the popular media". Kevin Warwick called it a "hellish nightmare, as portrayed in films such as the Terminator".: back cover
In 2005, de Garis published a book describing his views on this topic entitled The Artilect War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines.
Cosmism is a moral philosophy that favours building or growing strong artificial intelligence and ultimately leaving Earth to the Terrans, who oppose this path for humanity. The first half of the book describes technologies which he believes will make it possible for computers to be billions or trillions of times more intelligent than humans. He predicts that as artificial intelligence improves and becomes progressively more human-like, differing views will begin to emerge regarding how far such research should be allowed to proceed. Cosmists will foresee the massive, truly astronomical potential of substrate-independent cognition, and will therefore advocate unlimited growth in the designated fields, in the hopes that "super intelligent" machines might one day colonise the universe. It is this "cosmic" view of history, in which the fate of one single species, on one single planet, is seen as insignificant next to the fate of the known universe, that gives the Cosmists their name. Hugo identifies with that group and noted that it "would be a cosmic tragedy if humanity freezes evolution at the puny human level".
Terrans, on the other hand, will have a more "terrestrial" Earth-centred view, in which the fate of the Earth and its species (like humanity) are seen as being all-important. To Terrans, a future without humans is to be avoided at all costs, as it would represent the worst-case scenario. As such, Terrans will find themselves unable to ignore the possibility that super intelligent machines might one day cause the destruction of the human race—being very immensely intelligent and so cosmically inclined, these artilect machines may have no more moral or ethical difficulty in exterminating humanity than humans do in using medicines to cure diseases. So, Terrans will see themselves as living during the closing of a window of opportunity, to disable future artilects before they are built, after which humans will no longer have a say in the affairs of intelligent machines.
It is these two extreme ideologies which de Garis believes may herald a new world war, wherein one group with a "grand plan" (the Cosmists) will be rabidly opposed by another which feels itself to be under deadly threat from that plan (the Terrans). The factions, he predicts, may eventually war to the death because of this, as the Terrans will come to view the Cosmists as "arch-monsters" when they begin seriously discussing acceptable risks, and the probabilities of large percentages of Earth-based life going extinct. In response to this, the Cosmists will come to view the Terrans as being reactionary extremists, and will stop treating them and their ideas seriously, further aggravating the situation, possibly beyond reconciliation.
Throughout his book, de Garis states that he is ambivalent about which viewpoint he ultimately supports, and attempts to make convincing cases for both sides. He elaborates towards the end of the book that the more he thinks about it, the more he feels like a Cosmist, because he feels that despite the horrible possibility that humanity might ultimately be destroyed, perhaps inadvertently or at least indifferently, by the artilects, he cannot ignore the fact that the human species is just another link in the evolutionary chain, and must become extinct in their current form anyway, whereas the artilects could very well be the next link in that chain and therefore would be excellent candidates to carry the torch of science and exploration forward into the rest of the universe.
He relates a morally isomorphic scenario in which extraterrestrial intelligences visit the earth three billion years ago and discover two domains of life living there, one domain which is older but simpler and contemporarily dominant, but which upon closer study appears to be incapable of much further evolutionary development; and one younger domain which is struggling to survive, but which upon further study displays the potential to evolve into all the varieties of life existing on the Earth today, including humanity, and then queries the reader as to whether they would feel ethically compelled to destroy the dominant domain of life to ensure the survival of the younger one, or to destroy the younger one in order to ensure the survival of the older and more populous domain which was "there first". He states that he believes that, like himself, most of the public would feel torn or at least ambivalent about the outcome of artilects at first, but that as the technology advances, the issue would be forced and most would feel compelled to choose a side, and that as such the public consciousness of the coming issue should be raised now so that society can choose, hopefully before the factions becomes irreconcilably polarised, which outcome it prefers.
He also predicts a third group that will emerge between the two. He refers to this third party as Cyborgians or Cyborgs, because they will not be opposed to artilects as such, but desire to become artilects themselves by adding components to their own human brains, rather than falling into obsolescence. They will seek to become artilects by gradually merging themselves with machines and think that the dichotomy between the Cosmists and Terrans can be avoided because all human beings would become artilects.
The transhumanist movement are usually identified as Cyborgians.
His concept of the Cyborgians might have stemmed from a conversation with Kevin Warwick: in 2000, de Garis noted, "Just out of curiosity, I asked Kevin Warwick whether he was a Terran or a Cosmist. He said he was against the idea of artilects being built (i.e., he is Terran). I was surprised, and felt a shiver go up my spine. That moment reminded me of a biography of Lenin that I had read in my 20s in which the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks first started debating the future government of Russia. What began as an intellectual difference ended up as a Russian Civil War after 1917 between the white and the red Russians".
Quotes
"Humans should not stand in the way of a higher form of evolution. These machines are godlike. It is human destiny to create them."
— as quoted in New York Times Magazine of 1 August 1999, speaking of the 'artilects' of the future.
"I believe that the ideological disagreements between these two groups on this issue will be so strong, that a major "artilect" war, killing billions of people, will be almost inevitable before the end of the 21st century.": 234
— speaking in 2005 of the Cosmist/Terran conflict.
"Twenty years from now, the author envisages the brain builder industry as being one of the world's top industries, comparable with oil, automobile, and construction."
— prediction made in 1996.
Writings
de Garis, Hugo (28 February 2005). The Artilect War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines. ETC Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-88280-153-7.
de Garis, Hugo (18 March 2010). Multis and Monos : What the Multicultured Can Teach the Monocultured : Towards the Creation of a Global State. ETC Publications. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-88280-162-9.
de Garis, Hugo (November 2010). Artificial Brains : An Evolved Neural Net Module Approach. World Scientific. p. 400. ISBN 978-981-4304-28-3.
Misogyny and anti-semitism
In recent years, de Garis has become vocal in the Masculist and Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW) movements. He is a believer in anti-semitic conspiracy theories and has written (and presented on YouTube) a series of essays on the subject. Because of the danger of generalized anti-semitism (as manifested in Nazi Germany from 1932 to 1945), de Garis is not opposed to "all Jews," just those whom he denotes as "massively evil" (ME) or "ME Jews," which he claims are "a small subset of overall Jews who have sought totalitarian power," much as the Nazis were a small subset of "overall Germans who had attained totalitarian power," and one does not properly call "anti-Nazi conspiracy theorists" by the name "anti-German conspiracy theorists."
See also
Artificial brain
References
^ a b c Hugo de Garis (1996). "CAM-BRAIN: The Evolutionary Engineering of a Billion Neuron Artificial Brain by 2001 Which Grows Evolves at Electronic Speeds Inside a Cellular Automata Machine (CAM)" (PDF). Towards Evolvable Hardware; the Evolutionary Engineering Approach: 76–98. one could use planetoid size asteroids to build huge 3D brain like computers containing ten to power 40 components with one bit per atom. Hence late into the 21st century, the author predicts that human beings will be confronted with the "artilect" (artificial intellect) with a brain vastly superior to the human brain with its pitiful trillion neurons.
^ "CITE2010_OrganizingCommittee Information". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
^ Michael Korkin; Hugo de Garis; Felix Gers; Hitoshi Hemmi (1999). "CBM (CAM-Brain Machine): A hardware tool which evolves a neural net module in a fraction of a second and runs a million neuron artificial brain in real time" (PDF). Genetic Programming 1997: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference.
^ BBC News (7 January 1999). "Best brain boosts artificial life". Retrieved 5 January 2010.
^ a b Hugo de Garis (1999). "ATR's Artificial Brain ("CAM-Brain") Project: A Sample of What Individual "CoDi-1Bit" Model Evolved Neural Net Modules Can Do with Digital and Analog I/O" (PDF). Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: 13–17.
^ "HIP World Wide Web Server". Archived from the original on 6 July 2006. The project of ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) was closed on 28 February 2001
^ Hugo de Garis (2002). "Prof. de Garis creates the Planet's First Brain Building Center (BBC) (at USU)". Archived from the original on 2 August 2007. The BBC is submitting research grant proposals to the usual sources hoping to get a fat brain building grant comparable to the $400K given for this work by the Japanese when I was at ATR in Kyoto, and the $1M given by the Brussels Government before the bankruptcy of my previous lab Starlab.
^ Hugo de Garis; Michael Korkin (2002). "The CAM-Brain Machine (CBM): an FPGA-based hardware tool that evolves a 1000 neuron-net circuit module in seconds and updates a 75 million neuron artificial brain for real-time robot control" (PDF). Neurocomputing. 42 (1–4): 35–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.29.400. doi:10.1016/S0925-2312(01)00593-8.
^ "Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis". 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007.
^ The China-Brain Project : Building China's Artificial Brain using an Evolved Neural Net Module Approach (PDF), Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016, Prof. Hugo de Garis has recently received a 3 million RMB, 4-year grant to build China's first artificial brain, starting in 2008
^ Hugo De Garis (2012). "deGarisMPC". wordpress.com. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^ Hugo De Garis (2012). "profhugodegaris". youtube.com. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^ Nicola Danaylov, Prof Hugo de Garis (26 June 2012). Hugo de Garis on Singularity 1 on 1 (Webcast). youtube.com: Nicola Danaylov. Event occurs at 1:27. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
^ Hugo de Garis (2000). "de Garis/STARLAB Gets $Million Brain Building Grant and Meets President of Brussels Government". Archived from the original on 2 August 2007. I heard officially that this grant was accepted, and to the tune of a million dollars (US) equivalent, over a third of the Brussels government's total budget for scientific research.
^ a b c d Hugo de Garis (2005). The Artilect War: Cosmists Vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines. Palm Springs, CA: ETC Publications. ISBN 978-0-88280-154-4.
^ "Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis". 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. gigadeath – the characteristic number of people that would be killed in any major late 21st century war, if one extrapolates up the graph of the number of people killed in major wars over the past 2 centuries
^ a b Garis, Hugo de. "The Artilect War - Cosmists vs. Terrans" (PDF). agi-conf.org. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Chris Malcolm (2000). "Why Robots Won't Rule the World". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010.
^ a b Hugo de Garis (2002). "First shot in Artilect war fired". Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
^ "Prof. Dr. Hugo de Garis is creating Masculist MGTOW Flyers (Short Essays, Written, Spoken, Videoed)".
^ "Profhugodegaris (@profhugodegaris)".
^ "100 Best Hugo de Garis Videos | Meta-Guide.com". meta-guide.com.
^ "The "MJP"" (PDF). profhugodegaris.files.wordpress.com. 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "The Clashing Agendas of the Jewish Banksters and the Mgtow/Masculists". 23 March 2016.
^ "HUGO de GARIS on the (ME) Jewish Banking Network".
^ "HUGO de GARIS on the (ME) Jewish Banking Network".
External links
De Garis on the editorial board of Engineering Letters
Hugo de Garis at IMDb
Notes from de Garis' presentation to the artificial general intelligence research institute
Man vs. Machine – article from Utah local newspaper
Building Gods – rough cut of a documentary which details, amongst other things, the personal beliefs of Hugo de Garis and Kevin Warwick on the possibilities of artificial life
Human v 2.0 – programme from the BBC Horizon series featuring discussion between Ray Kurzweil and Hugo de Garis
Cosmism and brainbuilding. Archived 17 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Article by de Garis.
Interview
Interview from 2007 at Machines Like Us
Interview with H+ Magazine
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Academics
Association for Computing Machinery
DBLP
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"evolvable hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolvable_hardware"},{"link_name":"genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithms"},{"link_name":"artificial neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network"},{"link_name":"cellular automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata"},{"link_name":"field programmable gate arrays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_programmable_gate_array"},{"link_name":"surpass human levels of intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Super_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-degaris96-1"},{"link_name":"technological singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity"},{"link_name":"Kevin Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Bill Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy"},{"link_name":"Ken MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Ray Kurzweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil"},{"link_name":"Hans Moravec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"Université Libre de Bruxelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Libre_de_Bruxelles"},{"link_name":"国際電気通信基礎技術研究所","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80"},{"link_name":"Starlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlab"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Xiamen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen_University"},{"link_name":"theoretical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"}],"text":"Hugo de Garis (born 1947) is an Australian retired researcher in the sub-field of artificial intelligence (AI) known as evolvable hardware. He became known in the 1990s for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve artificial neural networks using three-dimensional cellular automata inside field programmable gate arrays. He claimed that this approach would enable the creation of what he terms \"artificial brains\" which would quickly surpass human levels of intelligence.[1]He has been noted for his belief that a major war between the supporters and opponents of intelligent machines, resulting in billions of deaths, is almost inevitable before the end of the 21st century. He suggests AI systems may simply eliminate the human race, and humans would be powerless to stop them because of technological singularity. This prediction has attracted debate and criticism from the AI research community, and some of its more notable members, such as Kevin Warwick, Bill Joy, Ken MacLeod, Ray Kurzweil, and Hans Moravec, have voiced their opinions on whether or not this future is likely.[citation needed]De Garis originally studied theoretical physics, but he abandoned this field in favour of artificial intelligence. In 1992 he received his PhD from Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. He worked as a researcher at ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, 国際電気通信基礎技術研究所), Japan from 1994–2000, a researcher at Starlab, Brussels from 2000–2001, and associate professor of computer science at Utah State University from 2001–2006. Until his retirement in late 2010[2] he was a professor at Xiamen University, where he taught theoretical physics and computer science, and ran the Artificial Brain Lab.","title":"Hugo de Garis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-degaris96-1"},{"link_name":"genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm"},{"link_name":"cellular automata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Igor Aleksander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Aleksander"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"FPGAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-codi1bit-5"},{"link_name":"software simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-codi1bit-5"},{"link_name":"XOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or"},{"link_name":"bitstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream"},{"link_name":"square wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_wave"},{"link_name":"period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_period"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"From 1993 to 2000 de Garis participated in a research project at ATR's Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) which aimed to create a billion-neuron artificial brain by the year 2001.[1] The project was known as \"cellular automata machine brain,\" or \"CAM-Brain.\" During this 8-year span he and his fellow researchers published a series of papers in which they discussed the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural structures inside 3D cellular automata. They argued that existing neural models had failed to produce intelligent behaviour because they were too small, and that in order to create \"artificial brains\" it was necessary to manually assemble tens of thousands of evolved neural modules together, with the billion neuron \"CAM-Brain\" requiring around 10 million modules;[3] this idea was rejected by Igor Aleksander, who said \"The point is that these puzzles are not puzzles because our neural models are not large enough.\"[4]Though it was initially envisaged that these cellular automata would run on special computers, such as MIT's \"Cellular Automata Machine-8\" (CAM-8), by 1996 it was realised that the model originally proposed, which required cellular automata with thousands of states, was too complex to be realised in hardware. The design was considerably simplified, and in 1997 the \"collect and distribute 1 bit\" (\"CoDi-1Bit\") model was published, and work began on a hardware implementation using Xilinx XC6264 FPGAs. This was to be known as the \"CAM Brain Machine\" (CBM).[5]The researchers evolved cellular automata for several tasks (using software simulation, not hardware):[5]Reproducing the XOR function.\nGenerating a bitstream that alternates between 0 and 1 three times (i.e. 000..111..000..).\nGenerated a bitstream where the output alternates, but can be changed from a majority of 1s to a majority of 0s by toggling an input.\nDiscriminating between two square wave inputs with a different period.\nDiscriminating between horizontal lines (input on a 2D grid) and random noise.Ultimately the project failed to produce a functional robot control system, and ATR terminated it along with the closure of ATR-HIP in February 2001.[6]The original aim of de Garis' work was to establish the field of \"brain building\" (a term of his invention) and to \"create a trillion dollar industry within 20 years\". Throughout the 90s his papers claimed that by 2001 the ATR \"Robokoneko\" (translation: kitten robot) project would develop a billion-neuron \"cellular automata machine brain\" (CAM-brain), with \"computational power equivalent to 10,000 pentiums\" that could simulate the brain of a real cat. De Garis received a US$0.4 million \"fat brain building grant\" to develop this.[7] The first \"CAM-brain\" was delivered to ATR in 1999. After receiving a further US$1 million grant at Starlab de Garis failed to deliver a working \"brain\" before Starlab's bankruptcy. At USU de Garis announced he was establishing a \"brain builder\" group to create a second generation \"CAM-brain\".","title":"Evolvable hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"topological quantum computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_quantum_computing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chinese yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_yuan"},{"link_name":"Wuhan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-degarisMPC-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-degarisYoutube-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-degarisRetired-13"}],"text":"De Garis published his last \"CAM-Brain\" research paper in 2002.[8] He still works on evolvable hardware. Using a Celoxica FPGA board he says he can create up to 50,000 neural network modules for less than $3000.Since 2002 he has co-authored several papers on evolutionary algorithms.He believes that topological quantum computing is about to revolutionize computer science, and hopes that his teaching will help his students to understand its principles.[9]In 2008 de Garis received a 3 million Chinese yuan grant (around $436,000) to build an artificial brain for China (the China-Brain Project), as part of the Brain Builder Group at Wuhan University.[10]Hugo de Garis retired in 2010. Before that he was director of the artificial brains lab at Xiamen University in China. In 2013 he was studying Maths and Physics at PhD level and over the next 20 years plans to publish 500 graduate level free lecture videos. This is called \"degarisMPC\" and some lectures are already available.[11][12][13]","title":"Past research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoto Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Starlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlab"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"Wuhan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_University"},{"link_name":"pure mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"artificial general intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence"}],"text":"De Garis's original work on \"CAM-brain\" machines was part of an 8-year research project, from 1993 to 2000, at the ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. De Garis left in 2000, and ATR-HIP was closed on 28 February 2001. De Garis then moved to Starlab in Brussels, where he received a million dollars in funding from the government of Belgium (\"over a third of the Brussels government's total budget for scientific research\", according to de Garis).[14] Starlab went bankrupt in June 2001. A few months later de Garis was employed as an associate professor at the computer science department of Utah State University. In May 2006 he became a professor at Wuhan University's international school of software, teaching graduate level pure mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science.Since June 2006 he has been a member of the advisory board of Novamente, a commercial company which aims to create artificial general intelligence.","title":"Employment history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aw-15"},{"link_name":"world domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony#Supercomputer_world_domination"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artiwar-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Terminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aw-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aw-15"},{"link_name":"strong artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence"},{"link_name":"cosmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"dichotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichotomy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artiwar-17"},{"link_name":"transhumanist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kevin Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Mensheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menshevik"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_movement"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_army"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first-19"}],"text":"Hugo de Garis believes that a major war before the end of the 21st century, resulting in billions of deaths, is almost inevitable.[15]: 234 Intelligent machines (or \"artilects\", a shortened form of \"artificial intellects\") will be far more intelligent than humans and will threaten to attain world domination, resulting in a conflict between \"Cosmists\", who support the artilects, and \"Terrans\", who oppose them (both of these are terms of his invention). He describes this conflict as a \"gigadeath\" war, reinforcing the point that billions of people will be killed.[16][17] This scenario has been criticised by other AI researchers, including Chris Malcolm, who described it as \"entertaining science fiction horror stories which happen to have caught the attention of the popular media\".[18] Kevin Warwick called it a \"hellish nightmare, as portrayed in films such as the Terminator\".[15]: back cover \nIn 2005, de Garis published a book describing his views on this topic entitled The Artilect War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines.[15]Cosmism is a moral philosophy that favours building or growing strong artificial intelligence and ultimately leaving Earth to the Terrans, who oppose this path for humanity. The first half of the book describes technologies which he believes will make it possible for computers to be billions or trillions of times more intelligent than humans. He predicts that as artificial intelligence improves and becomes progressively more human-like, differing views will begin to emerge regarding how far such research should be allowed to proceed. Cosmists will foresee the massive, truly astronomical potential of substrate-independent cognition, and will therefore advocate unlimited growth in the designated fields, in the hopes that \"super intelligent\" machines might one day colonise the universe. It is this \"cosmic\" view of history, in which the fate of one single species, on one single planet, is seen as insignificant next to the fate of the known universe, that gives the Cosmists their name. Hugo identifies with that group and noted that it \"would be a cosmic tragedy if humanity freezes evolution at the puny human level\".[19]Terrans, on the other hand, will have a more \"terrestrial\" Earth-centred view, in which the fate of the Earth and its species (like humanity) are seen as being all-important. To Terrans, a future without humans is to be avoided at all costs, as it would represent the worst-case scenario. As such, Terrans will find themselves unable to ignore the possibility that super intelligent machines might one day cause the destruction of the human race—being very immensely intelligent and so cosmically inclined, these artilect machines may have no more moral or ethical difficulty in exterminating humanity than humans do in using medicines to cure diseases. So, Terrans will see themselves as living during the closing of a window of opportunity, to disable future artilects before they are built, after which humans will no longer have a say in the affairs of intelligent machines.It is these two extreme ideologies which de Garis believes may herald a new world war, wherein one group with a \"grand plan\" (the Cosmists) will be rabidly opposed by another which feels itself to be under deadly threat from that plan (the Terrans). The factions, he predicts, may eventually war to the death because of this, as the Terrans will come to view the Cosmists as \"arch-monsters\" when they begin seriously discussing acceptable risks, and the probabilities of large percentages of Earth-based life going extinct. In response to this, the Cosmists will come to view the Terrans as being reactionary extremists, and will stop treating them and their ideas seriously, further aggravating the situation, possibly beyond reconciliation.Throughout his book, de Garis states that he is ambivalent about which viewpoint he ultimately supports, and attempts to make convincing cases for both sides. He elaborates towards the end of the book that the more he thinks about it, the more he feels like a Cosmist, because he feels that despite the horrible possibility that humanity might ultimately be destroyed, perhaps inadvertently or at least indifferently, by the artilects, he cannot ignore the fact that the human species is just another link in the evolutionary chain, and must become extinct in their current form anyway, whereas the artilects could very well be the next link in that chain and therefore would be excellent candidates to carry the torch of science and exploration forward into the rest of the universe.He relates a morally isomorphic[citation needed] scenario in which extraterrestrial intelligences visit the earth three billion years ago and discover two domains of life living there, one domain which is older but simpler and contemporarily dominant, but which upon closer study appears to be incapable of much further evolutionary development; and one younger domain which is struggling to survive, but which upon further study displays the potential to evolve into all the varieties of life existing on the Earth today, including humanity, and then queries the reader as to whether they would feel ethically compelled to destroy the dominant domain of life to ensure the survival of the younger one, or to destroy the younger one in order to ensure the survival of the older and more populous domain which was \"there first\". He states that he believes that, like himself, most of the public would feel torn or at least ambivalent about the outcome of artilects at first, but that as the technology advances, the issue would be forced and most would feel compelled to choose a side, and that as such the public consciousness of the coming issue should be raised now so that society can choose, hopefully before the factions becomes irreconcilably polarised, which outcome it prefers.He also predicts a third group that will emerge between the two. He refers to this third party as Cyborgians or Cyborgs, because they will not be opposed to artilects as such, but desire to become artilects themselves by adding components to their own human brains, rather than falling into obsolescence. They will seek to become artilects by gradually merging themselves with machines and think that the dichotomy between the Cosmists and Terrans can be avoided because all human beings would become artilects.[17]\nThe transhumanist movement are usually identified as Cyborgians.[citation needed]His concept of the Cyborgians might have stemmed from a conversation with Kevin Warwick: in 2000, de Garis noted, \"Just out of curiosity, I asked Kevin Warwick whether he was a Terran or a Cosmist. He said he was against the idea of artilects being built (i.e., he is Terran). I was surprised, and felt a shiver go up my spine. That moment reminded me of a biography of Lenin that I had read in my 20s in which the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks first started debating the future government of Russia. What began as an intellectual difference ended up as a Russian Civil War after 1917 between the white and the red Russians\".[19]","title":"The Artilect War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aw-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-degaris96-1"}],"text":"\"Humans should not stand in the way of a higher form of evolution. These machines are godlike. It is human destiny to create them.\"— as quoted in New York Times Magazine of 1 August 1999, speaking of the 'artilects' of the future.\"I believe that the ideological disagreements between these two groups on this issue will be so strong, that a major \"artilect\" war, killing billions of people, will be almost inevitable before the end of the 21st century.\"[15]: 234— speaking in 2005 of the Cosmist/Terran conflict.\"Twenty years from now, the author envisages the brain builder industry as being one of the world's top industries, comparable with oil, automobile, and construction.\"[1]— prediction made in 1996.","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de Garis, Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88280-153-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88280-153-7"},{"link_name":"de Garis, Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88280-162-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88280-162-9"},{"link_name":"de Garis, Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-4304-28-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4304-28-3"}],"text":"de Garis, Hugo (28 February 2005). The Artilect War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines. ETC Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-88280-153-7.\nde Garis, Hugo (18 March 2010). Multis and Monos : What the Multicultured Can Teach the Monocultured : Towards the Creation of a Global State. ETC Publications. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-88280-162-9.\nde Garis, Hugo (November 2010). Artificial Brains : An Evolved Neural Net Module Approach. World Scientific. p. 400. ISBN 978-981-4304-28-3.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masculist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculist"},{"link_name":"Men Going Their Own Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Going_Their_Own_Way"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"anti-semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"In recent years, de Garis has become vocal in the Masculist and Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW) movements.[20][21] He is a believer in anti-semitic conspiracy theories and has written (and presented on YouTube[22]) a series[23][24] of essays[25] on the subject. Because of the danger of generalized anti-semitism (as manifested in Nazi Germany from 1932 to 1945), de Garis is not opposed to \"all Jews,\" just those whom he denotes as \"massively evil\" (ME) or \"ME Jews,\" which he claims are \"a small subset of overall Jews who have sought totalitarian power,\" much as the Nazis were a small subset of \"overall Germans who had attained totalitarian power,\" and one does not properly call \"anti-Nazi conspiracy theorists\" by the name \"anti-German conspiracy theorists.\"[26]","title":"Misogyny and anti-semitism"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Artificial brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_brain"}]
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[{"reference":"de Garis, Hugo (28 February 2005). The Artilect War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines. ETC Publications. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-88280-153-7.","urls":[{"url_text":"de Garis, Hugo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88280-153-7","url_text":"978-0-88280-153-7"}]},{"reference":"de Garis, Hugo (18 March 2010). Multis and Monos : What the Multicultured Can Teach the Monocultured : Towards the Creation of a Global State. ETC Publications. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-88280-162-9.","urls":[{"url_text":"de Garis, Hugo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88280-162-9","url_text":"978-0-88280-162-9"}]},{"reference":"de Garis, Hugo (November 2010). Artificial Brains : An Evolved Neural Net Module Approach. World Scientific. p. 400. ISBN 978-981-4304-28-3.","urls":[{"url_text":"de Garis, Hugo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4304-28-3","url_text":"978-981-4304-28-3"}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis (1996). \"CAM-BRAIN: The Evolutionary Engineering of a Billion Neuron Artificial Brain by 2001 Which Grows Evolves at Electronic Speeds Inside a Cellular Automata Machine (CAM)\" (PDF). Towards Evolvable Hardware; the Evolutionary Engineering Approach: 76–98. one could use planetoid size asteroids to build huge 3D brain like computers containing ten to power 40 components with one bit per atom. Hence late into the 21st century, the author predicts that human beings will be confronted with the \"artilect\" (artificial intellect) with a brain vastly superior to the human brain with its pitiful trillion neurons.","urls":[{"url":"http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rd/0%2C4213%2C1%2C0.25%2CDownload/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/2145/http:zSzzSzwww.hip.atr.co.jpzSz%7EdegariszSzpaperszSzWWW-Nagoya-95.pdf/degaris96cambrain.pdf","url_text":"\"CAM-BRAIN: The Evolutionary Engineering of a Billion Neuron Artificial Brain by 2001 Which Grows Evolves at Electronic Speeds Inside a Cellular Automata Machine (CAM)\""}]},{"reference":"\"CITE2010_OrganizingCommittee Information\". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172837/http://www.ciseng.org/cite2010/ShowOrganizerDetails.aspx?personID=1214","url_text":"\"CITE2010_OrganizingCommittee Information\""},{"url":"http://www.ciseng.org/cite2010/ShowOrganizerDetails.aspx?personID=1214","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Korkin; Hugo de Garis; Felix Gers; Hitoshi Hemmi (1999). \"CBM (CAM-Brain Machine): A hardware tool which evolves a neural net module in a fraction of a second and runs a million neuron artificial brain in real time\" (PDF). Genetic Programming 1997: Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference.","urls":[{"url":"http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rd/0%2C52183%2C1%2C0.25%2CDownload/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/2145/http:zSzzSzwww.hip.atr.co.jpzSz%7EdegariszSzpaperszSzGP97final.pdf/cbm-cam-brain-machine.pdf","url_text":"\"CBM (CAM-Brain Machine): A hardware tool which evolves a neural net module in a fraction of a second and runs a million neuron artificial brain in real time\""}]},{"reference":"BBC News (7 January 1999). \"Best brain boosts artificial life\". Retrieved 5 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/250343.stm","url_text":"\"Best brain boosts artificial life\""}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis (1999). \"ATR's Artificial Brain (\"CAM-Brain\") Project: A Sample of What Individual \"CoDi-1Bit\" Model Evolved Neural Net Modules Can Do with Digital and Analog I/O\" (PDF). Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: 13–17.","urls":[{"url":"http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rd/40250453%2C22456%2C1%2C0.25%2CDownload/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/2947/http:zSzzSzwww.hip.atr.co.jpzSz%7EdegariszSzpaperszSzjpl.pdf/atr-s-artificial-brain.pdf","url_text":"\"ATR's Artificial Brain (\"CAM-Brain\") Project: A Sample of What Individual \"CoDi-1Bit\" Model Evolved Neural Net Modules Can Do with Digital and Analog I/O\""}]},{"reference":"\"HIP World Wide Web Server\". Archived from the original on 6 July 2006. The project of ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) was closed on 28 February 2001","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060706083452/http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/","url_text":"\"HIP World Wide Web Server\""},{"url":"http://www.hip.atr.co.jp/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis (2002). \"Prof. de Garis creates the Planet's First Brain Building Center (BBC) (at USU)\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2007. The BBC is submitting research grant proposals to the usual sources hoping to get a fat brain building grant comparable to the $400K given for this work by the Japanese when I was at ATR in Kyoto, and the $1M given by the Brussels Government before the bankruptcy of my previous lab Starlab.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070802131539/http://www.iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/news/center.html","url_text":"\"Prof. de Garis creates the Planet's First Brain Building Center (BBC) (at USU)\""},{"url":"http://www.iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/news/center.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis; Michael Korkin (2002). \"The CAM-Brain Machine (CBM): an FPGA-based hardware tool that evolves a 1000 neuron-net circuit module in seconds and updates a 75 million neuron artificial brain for real-time robot control\" (PDF). Neurocomputing. 42 (1–4): 35–68. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.29.400. doi:10.1016/S0925-2312(01)00593-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rd/40250453%2C404160%2C1%2C0.25%2CDownload/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/19599/http:zSzzSzfoobar.starlab.netzSz%7EdegariszSzpaperszSzmyjrnl.pdf/degaris02cambrain.pdf","url_text":"\"The CAM-Brain Machine (CBM): an FPGA-based hardware tool that evolves a 1000 neuron-net circuit module in seconds and updates a 75 million neuron artificial brain for real-time robot control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.400","url_text":"10.1.1.29.400"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-2312%2801%2900593-8","url_text":"10.1016/S0925-2312(01)00593-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis\". 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007081149/http://www.machineslikeus.com/cms/interview-hugo-de-garis.html","url_text":"\"Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis\""},{"url":"http://www.machineslikeus.com/cms/interview-hugo-de-garis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The China-Brain Project : Building China's Artificial Brain using an Evolved Neural Net Module Approach (PDF), Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016, Prof. Hugo de Garis has recently received a 3 million RMB, 4-year grant to build China's first artificial brain, starting in 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203908/https://www.agiri.org/docs/China-BrainProject.pdf","url_text":"The China-Brain Project : Building China's Artificial Brain using an Evolved Neural Net Module Approach"},{"url":"http://www.agiri.org/docs/China-BrainProject.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hugo De Garis (2012). \"deGarisMPC\". wordpress.com. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://profhugodegaris.wordpress.com/mathphysics-lectures/","url_text":"\"deGarisMPC\""}]},{"reference":"Hugo De Garis (2012). \"profhugodegaris\". youtube.com. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/profhugodegaris/videos","url_text":"\"profhugodegaris\""}]},{"reference":"Nicola Danaylov, Prof Hugo de Garis (26 June 2012). Hugo de Garis on Singularity 1 on 1 (Webcast). youtube.com: Nicola Danaylov. Event occurs at 1:27. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEaAidCmxus","url_text":"Hugo de Garis on Singularity 1 on 1"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/lEaAidCmxus","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis (2000). \"de Garis/STARLAB Gets $Million Brain Building Grant and Meets President of Brussels Government\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2007. I heard officially that this grant was accepted, and to the tune of a million dollars (US) equivalent, over a third of the Brussels government's total budget for scientific research.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070802132046/http://www.iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/news/million.html","url_text":"\"de Garis/STARLAB Gets $Million Brain Building Grant and Meets President of Brussels Government\""},{"url":"http://www.iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/news/million.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis (2005). The Artilect War: Cosmists Vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines. Palm Springs, CA: ETC Publications. ISBN 978-0-88280-154-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88280-154-4","url_text":"978-0-88280-154-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis\". 3 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. gigadeath – the characteristic number of people that would be killed in any major late 21st century war, if one extrapolates up the graph of the number of people killed in major wars over the past 2 centuries","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007081149/http://www.machineslikeus.com/cms/interview-hugo-de-garis.html","url_text":"\"Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis\""},{"url":"http://www.machineslikeus.com/cms/interview-hugo-de-garis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garis, Hugo de. \"The Artilect War - Cosmists vs. Terrans\" (PDF). agi-conf.org. Retrieved 14 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://agi-conf.org/2008/artilectwar.pdf","url_text":"\"The Artilect War - Cosmists vs. Terrans\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Malcolm (2000). \"Why Robots Won't Rule the World\". Archived from the original on 22 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014446/http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/Robots_Wont_Rule2.shtml","url_text":"\"Why Robots Won't Rule the World\""},{"url":"http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/homes/cam/Robots_Wont_Rule2.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hugo de Garis (2002). \"First shot in Artilect war fired\". Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071017165724/http://iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/news/zurich.html","url_text":"\"First shot in Artilect war fired\""},{"url":"http://www.iss.whu.edu.cn/degaris/news/zurich.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prof. Dr. Hugo de Garis is creating Masculist MGTOW Flyers (Short Essays, Written, Spoken, Videoed)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patreon.com/profhugodegaris","url_text":"\"Prof. Dr. Hugo de Garis is creating Masculist MGTOW Flyers (Short Essays, Written, Spoken, Videoed)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profhugodegaris (@profhugodegaris)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minds.com/profhugodegaris/","url_text":"\"Profhugodegaris (@profhugodegaris)\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Best Hugo de Garis Videos | Meta-Guide.com\". meta-guide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://meta-guide.com/videography/100-best-hugo-de-garis-videos","url_text":"\"100 Best Hugo de Garis Videos | Meta-Guide.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The \"MJP\"\" (PDF). profhugodegaris.files.wordpress.com. 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://profhugodegaris.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/mjp.pdf","url_text":"\"The \"MJP\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Clashing Agendas of the Jewish Banksters and the Mgtow/Masculists\". 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://profhugodegaris.wordpress.com/the-clashing-agendas-of-the-jewish-banksters-and-the-mgtowmasculists/","url_text":"\"The Clashing Agendas of the Jewish Banksters and the Mgtow/Masculists\""}]},{"reference":"\"HUGO de GARIS on the (ME) Jewish Banking Network\".","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/109129280","url_text":"\"HUGO de GARIS on the (ME) Jewish Banking Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"HUGO de GARIS on the (ME) Jewish Banking Network\".","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/109129280","url_text":"\"HUGO de GARIS on the (ME) Jewish Banking Network\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_Grey_Friary
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Great Yarmouth Grey Friary
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°36′18″N 1°43′34″E / 52.6051°N 1.7262°E / 52.6051; 1.7262
The remains of Greyfriars in Great Yarmouth
Great Yarmouth Grey Friary was a Franciscan monastic house in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England which was under the Custody of Cambridge.
The monastery was founded c.1226 by Sir William Garbridge, enlarged in 1285 and 1290, and dissolved in 1538 as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII. It was then granted to Richard Williams (alias Cromwell), in 1541/2, leased in 1582 as a lodging for important visitors, and part used by local civilian militia. The site was sold to John Woodroffe in 1657, later divided and sold and the monastic remains incorporated into 17th century and later buildings. The remains of the cloister were opened up in the late 19th century, with other remains restored in 1945 and thereafter.
The ruins, comprising the west range of the cloisters and fragments of the south wall of the church, are Grade I listed.
References
^ "GREYFRIARS HOUSE AND ATTACHED REMAINS OF GREYFRIARS CHURCH". Historic England. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^ "GREAT YARMOUTH ROW HOUSES AND GREYFRIARS' CLOISTERS". English Heritage. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
52°36′18″N 1°43′34″E / 52.6051°N 1.7262°E / 52.6051; 1.7262
This article about a Norfolk building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a British Christian monastery, abbey, priory or other religious house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Yarmouth_Greyfriars.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Great Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)"},{"link_name":"Dissolution of the Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Richard Williams (alias Cromwell)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(alias_Cromwell)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The remains of Greyfriars in Great YarmouthGreat Yarmouth Grey Friary was a Franciscan monastic house in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England which was under the Custody of Cambridge.The monastery was founded c.1226 by Sir William Garbridge, enlarged in 1285 and 1290, and dissolved in 1538 as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII.[1] It was then granted to Richard Williams (alias Cromwell), in 1541/2, leased in 1582 as a lodging for important visitors, and part used by local civilian militia. The site was sold to John Woodroffe in 1657, later divided and sold and the monastic remains incorporated into 17th century and later buildings. The remains of the cloister were opened up in the late 19th century, with other remains restored in 1945 and thereafter.[2]The ruins, comprising the west range of the cloisters and fragments of the south wall of the church, are Grade I listed.","title":"Great Yarmouth Grey Friary"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The remains of Greyfriars in Great Yarmouth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Great_Yarmouth_Greyfriars.jpg/220px-Great_Yarmouth_Greyfriars.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"GREYFRIARS HOUSE AND ATTACHED REMAINS OF GREYFRIARS CHURCH\". Historic England. Retrieved 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1245826","url_text":"\"GREYFRIARS HOUSE AND ATTACHED REMAINS OF GREYFRIARS CHURCH\""}]},{"reference":"\"GREAT YARMOUTH ROW HOUSES AND GREYFRIARS' CLOISTERS\". English Heritage. Retrieved 15 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/great-yarmouth-row-houses-and-greyfriars-cloisters/","url_text":"\"GREAT YARMOUTH ROW HOUSES AND GREYFRIARS' CLOISTERS\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Yarmouth_Grey_Friary¶ms=52.6051_N_1.7262_E_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°36′18″N 1°43′34″E / 52.6051°N 1.7262°E / 52.6051; 1.7262"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1245826","external_links_name":"\"GREYFRIARS HOUSE AND ATTACHED REMAINS OF GREYFRIARS CHURCH\""},{"Link":"https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/great-yarmouth-row-houses-and-greyfriars-cloisters/","external_links_name":"\"GREAT YARMOUTH ROW HOUSES AND GREYFRIARS' CLOISTERS\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Yarmouth_Grey_Friary¶ms=52.6051_N_1.7262_E_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°36′18″N 1°43′34″E / 52.6051°N 1.7262°E / 52.6051; 1.7262"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Yarmouth_Grey_Friary&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Yarmouth_Grey_Friary&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Serenade
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Italian Serenade (Wolf)
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["1 History","2 Structure","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"]
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The Italian Serenade is a piece of music written by Hugo Wolf in 1887. It was originally written for string quartet and named simply "Serenade in G major". By April 1890, he was referring to it in his letters as Italian Serenade. In 1892, he arranged it for string orchestra with an important solo viola part. It is one of his few works other than Lieder.
History
The work was written between 2 and 4 May 1887. One of its inspirations was his concurrent work on setting various poems by Joseph Eichendorff to music, and the first of them "Der Soldat I" has a theme that is similar to that of the Serenade. That poem's subject is similar to that of Eichendorff's novella Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing, and it may be that Wolf was as much influenced by this work as he was by the poem. The novella includes a section about an Italian serenade played by a small orchestra. The hero of the novella is a young violinist who leaves home to seek his fortune further afield, and this could well have been something that Wolf could relate to.
It was originally planned as part of a work in three movements. However, Wolf later abandoned this plan in favor of a self-contained, one-movement work. His father died only a week after he wrote the Italian Serenade, and he wrote no more music for the remainder of 1887.
When Wolf orchestrated the work in 1892, he was intending it as the first movement of a four-movement suite. He did sketch a slow movement in G minor, but never finished it. In his letters, he mentions another movement that he claimed to have completed, but that score has never come to light, only 45 measures of sketches being extant. In 1897, he sketched a few pages of a Tarantella to complete the suite, but he was committed to an insane asylum before he could finish it. In summary, all that remains of the projected suite is the Italian Serenade. Throughout his time in the asylum, where he remained for the rest of his life, he planned to complete the suite, but this never eventuated. Wolf died in February 1903.
The quartet version was first performed in May 1890 in Mannheim. The orchestra version was first played in Graz on January 29, 1904, eleven months after Wolf's death, by local orchestra conducted by Richard Wickenhauser.
Structure
The Italian Serenade is quite short, taking only about 7 minutes, and has a lilting and varied theme, played over a pizzicato figure. The main theme is said to have been based on an old Italian melody played on an obsolete form of oboe called the piffero. Its lively and optimistic manner is an evocation of the Italianate spirit, realised through melodic richness. Robert W. Gutman has written that "The essence of the delicious Italian Serenade is its antithesis of romantic sentiment and mocking wit".
Legacy
The Italian Serenade has been recorded many times; it is a favourite encore piece for string quartets, and it has been arranged by other hands for combinations of instruments such as a wind quintet.
References
^ Schubertiade in Cincinnati
^ a b Diabo Regional Arts Association
^ Frank Walker. Hugo Wolf’s 'Italian Serenade': The Facts and a New Theory // The Musical Times, Vol. 82, No. 1179 (May, 1941), p. 182.
^ Hugo Wolf. «Italienische Serenade» («Italian Serenade») for small orchestra // Wiener Symphoniker
^ amazon.com
^ Hyperion: Favourite Encores for String Quartet
^ Richmond Symphony
^ Score Exchange
External links
Italian Serenade (Wolf): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
vteHugo WolfOperas
Der Corregidor
Chamber music
Italian Serenade
Lieder collections
Italienisches Liederbuch
Spanisches Liederbuch
Other
"Dem Vaterland"
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italian Serenade (Wolf)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Eichendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff"},{"link_name":"Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Good-for-Nothing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diablo-2"},{"link_name":"Tarantella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantella"},{"link_name":"Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Richard Wickenhauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wickenhauser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The work was written between 2 and 4 May 1887. One of its inspirations was his concurrent work on setting various poems by Joseph Eichendorff to music, and the first of them \"Der Soldat I\" has a theme that is similar to that of the Serenade. That poem's subject is similar to that of Eichendorff's novella Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing, and it may be that Wolf was as much influenced by this work as he was by the poem. The novella includes a section about an Italian serenade played by a small orchestra. The hero of the novella is a young violinist who leaves home to seek his fortune further afield, and this could well have been something that Wolf could relate to.It was originally planned as part of a work in three movements. However, Wolf later abandoned this plan in favor of a self-contained, one-movement work.[2] His father died only a week after he wrote the Italian Serenade, and he wrote no more music for the remainder of 1887.When Wolf orchestrated the work in 1892, he was intending it as the first movement of a four-movement suite. He did sketch a slow movement in G minor, but never finished it. In his letters, he mentions another movement that he claimed to have completed, but that score has never come to light, only 45 measures of sketches being extant. In 1897, he sketched a few pages of a Tarantella to complete the suite, but he was committed to an insane asylum before he could finish it. In summary, all that remains of the projected suite is the Italian Serenade. Throughout his time in the asylum, where he remained for the rest of his life, he planned to complete the suite, but this never eventuated. Wolf died in February 1903.The quartet version was first performed in May 1890 in Mannheim.[3] The orchestra version was first played in Graz on January 29, 1904, eleven months after Wolf's death, by local orchestra conducted by Richard Wickenhauser.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"piffero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piffero"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diablo-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orchesterwerke_Romantik_Themen.pdf&page=1021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orchesterwerke_Romantik_Themen.pdf&page=1022"}],"text":"The Italian Serenade is quite short, taking only about 7 minutes, and has a lilting and varied theme, played over a pizzicato figure.[5] The main theme is said to have been based on an old Italian melody played on an obsolete form of oboe called the piffero.[2] Its lively and optimistic manner is an evocation of the Italianate spirit, realised through melodic richness.[6] Robert W. Gutman has written that \"The essence of the delicious Italian Serenade is its antithesis of romantic sentiment and mocking wit\".[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Italian Serenade has been recorded many times; it is a favourite encore piece for string quartets, and it has been arranged by other hands for combinations of instruments such as a wind quintet.[8]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_and_Potiphar%27s_Wife_(etching)
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Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (etching)
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["1 Description","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
Joseph and Potiphar's WifeArtistRembrandtYear1634TypeetchingDimensions9.1 cm × 11.4 cm (3.6 in × 4.5 in)
Joseph and Potiphar's Wife is a 1634 etching by Rembrandt (Bartsch 39). It depicts a story from the Bible, wherein Potiphar's Wife attempts to seduce Joseph. It is signed and dated "Rembrandt f. 1634" (f. for fecit or "made this"), and exists in two states.
Description
According to the Book of Genesis 39:1–20, Joseph was bought as a slave by the Egyptian Potiphar, an officer of the Pharaoh. Potiphar's Wife tried to seduce Joseph, who eluded her advances. As Joseph repelled her attempt to lure him into her bed, she grabbed him by his coat: "And it came to pass about this time, that Joseph went into the house to do his business; and there was none of the men of the house there within. And she caught him by his garment, saying, Lie with me: and he left his garment in her hand, and fled, and got him out" (Genesis 39: 11–12). Citing his garment as evidence, Potiphar's wife falsely accused Joseph of having assaulted her, and he was sent to prison.
Rembrandt's etching is a dramatic presentation of the moment Potiphar's wife grabs the fleeing Joseph. Considered "unprecedented in its erotic candor", it shows Joseph averting his eyes from the frankly depicted nude lower body of his master's wife. Only an etching of 1600 by Antonio Tempesta had portrayed a comparable sexual aggressiveness. Despite compositional similarities to the Tempesta, Rembrandt's depiction of human emotions—Joseph's revulsion and the desperation of Potiphar's wife—is unique to him, and the work is more blunt in its suggestion of the woman's physical appetite. As in his 1638 etching of Adam and Eve, the explicit depiction of the female's vulva is unusual, and emphasizes the seductress's lasciviousness; a persistent notion from antiquity to 17th century Holland was that a woman's genitals hungered insatiably for the male's seed. Of some 300 etchings that Rembrandt produced, Joseph and Potiphar's Wife was one of only four or five that may be classified as erotica; these prints were not widely disseminated during his life.
The original copper plate of Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, on loan to the Rembrandthuis.
A context for Rembrandt's unidealized interpretation of the nude was proposed by Kenneth Clark, who noted that the artist's female figures from the early 1630s marked a break with the abundant exuberance of his contemporary, Peter Paul Rubens, and were at stark contrast with the classicism of the conventional nude. Rembrandt's etchings offered a "defiant truthfulness", as well as a sense of pity for physical imperfections, the fat and wrinkles of the human body.
Rembrandt may have intended moral implications in the dramatic use of light and shadow, with Joseph seen radiantly illuminated on the left side of the print and Potiphar's wife surrounded by the darkness of her bedchamber on the right. The rich tonal quality Rembrandt achieved in early etchings like Joseph and Potiphar's Wife was produced by his building dark areas with multiple overlays of hatched lines, gained through repeated work on successive states of the print.
The original printing plate survives in a private collection. The changes between the two states are minor, with some extra touches being added to the bed and bedding. Rembrandt made etchings of two earlier episodes in Joseph's story, in B 37 (1638) and B 38 (c. 1633), which are similar sizes but in a vertical "portrait" format.
Notes
^ Schwartz, B 39
^ a b c d British Museum
^ a b c Perlove, Silver, 99
^ a b Fitzwilliam, 6
^ Sluijter, 287
^ Rohleder
^ a b Clark, 338–340
^ Ward, 204
^ Schwartz, under those numbers.
References
Clark, Kenneth. The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form, 1984. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01788-3
Perlove, Shelley; Silver, Larry. Rembrandt's faith: church and temple in the Dutch golden age, 2009. University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-03406-5
Rohleder, Anna. Rembrandt's Dirty Secrets, Forbes.com
Sluijter, Eric Jan. Rembrandt and the Female Nude, 2006. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-837-8
Ward, Gerald W. R. The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art, 2008. New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531391-8
Rembrandt and the Nude: Prints by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), 1996. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum.
Schwartz, Gary, The Complete Etchings of Rembrandt, Reproduced in Original Size, 1994 (Dover Edn.), Dover Books, New York
The British Museum
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (Rembrandt print).
vteRembrandtLists of drawings, etchings, paintings, self-portraitsPaintings
The Senses (1624–25)
The Stoning of Saint Stephen (1625)
Suffer little children to come unto me (1620s)
History Painting (1626)
Balaam and the Ass (1626)
The Baptism of the Eunuch (1626)
Bust of a Man Wearing a Gorget and Plumed Beret (1626)
Tobit and Anna with the Kid (c. 1626)
The Flight into Egypt (1627)
The Parable of the Rich Fool (1627)
The Artist in his Studio (1628)
Samson and Delilah (1629–30)
Anna and the Blind Tobit (c. 1630)
The Raising of Lazarus (c. 1630–1632)
Andromeda Chained to the Rocks (1631)
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1631)
Christ with a Staff (1631)
Christ on the Cross (1631)
Old Man with a Gold Chain (c. 1631)
Philosopher in Meditation (1632)
The Abduction of Europa (1632)
Adoration of the Magi (1632–1633)
The Shipbuilder and his Wife (1633)
The Storm on the Sea of Galilee (1633) 2
A Lady and Gentleman in Black (1633)
Raising of the Cross (1633)
Descent from the Cross (1633)
Diana Bathing with her Nymphs with Actaeon and Callisto (1634)
Flora (1634)
Artemisia (1634)
Pendant portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit (1634)
Descent from the Cross (1634)
Belshazzar's Feast (1635)
Minerva (1635)
The Prodigal Son in the Brothel (c. 1635)
Raising of the Cross (study) (c. 1635)
The Rape of Ganymede (1635)
The Entombment of Christ (1635)
Samson Threatening His Father-In-Law (1635)
The Standard Bearer (1636)
Danaë (1636)
The Blinding of Samson (1636)
Landscape with Arched Bridge (c. 1636-1637)
The Preacher Eleazar Swalmius (1637)
The Archangel Raphael Leaving Tobias' Family (1637)
The Stone Bridge (1637)
The Wedding Feast of Samson (1638)
Landscape with the Good Samaritan (1638)
Still Life with Peacocks (c. 1639)
The Girl in a Picture Frame (1641)
The Scholar at the Lectern (1641)
The Night Watch (1642)
Concord of the State (1642)
David and Jonathan (1642)
Boaz and Ruth (1643)
The Woman Taken in Adultery (1644)
Joseph's Dream (1645)
The Holy Family with Angels (1645)
The Mill (1645–1648)
Abraham Serving the Three Angels (1646)
Susanna and the Elders (1647)
Head of Christ (1648)
The Kitchen Maid (1651)
Descent from the Cross (1650–1652)
Saul and David (c. 1652) 1
Aristotle with a Bust of Homer (1653)
A Woman Bathing in a Stream (1654)
Bathsheba at Her Bath (1654)
The Polish Rider (1655) 1
Slaughtered Ox (1655)
Pallas Athene (c. 1655)
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman (1656)
Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph (1656)
Courtesan at her Mirror (1657)
Saint Bartholomew (1657)
Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659)
Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther (1660)
The Denial of Saint Peter (1660)
Titus as a Monk (1660)
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis (1661)
Saint Matthew and the Angel (1661)
Syndics of the Drapers' Guild (1662)
Homer Dictating his Verses (1663)
The Jewish Bride (1664)
Lucretia (1664) 1
David and Uriah (c. 1665)
Young Woman with a Lapdog (1665)
Lucretia (1666)
The Return of the Prodigal Son (1662–1669)
Landscape with a Castle
Portraits
Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts (1631)
Portrait of a Man (1632)
Portrait of a Woman (1632)
Portrait of Jacob de Gheyn III (1632)
Aeltje Pietersdr Uylenburgh (1632)
Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair (1633)
Oval Portrait of a Woman (1633)
Portrait of Marten Soolmans (1634)
Portrait of Oopjen Coppit (1634)
Portrait of Petronella Buys (1635)
A Polish Nobleman (1637)
Portrait of Maria Trip (1639)
Portrait of Jan Six (1654)
Portrait of Catharina Hooghsaet (1657)
Portrait of a Man (1657)
Portrait of a Man with Arms Akimbo (1658)
Portrait of Dirck van Os (c. 1662)
Self-portraits
Self-Portrait with Dishevelled Hair (1628)
Rembrandt Laughing (1628)
Self-Portrait (1629)
Self-Portrait in a Gorget (c.1629)
Portrait of a Young Man with a Golden Chain (1635) (disputed)
Self-Portrait Wearing a White Feathered Bonnet (1635)
Self-Portrait at the Age of 34 (1640)
Self-Portrait (1652)
Self-Portrait in a Black Beret and Gold Chain (1654)
Self-Portrait (1658)
Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar (1659)
Self-Portrait (1660)
Self-Portrait as the Apostle Paul (1662)
Self-Portrait as Zeuxis Laughing (1662)
Self-Portrait with Two Circles (1665–1669)
Self-Portrait (c. 1669)
Self-Portrait at the Age of 63 (1669)
Drawings and prints (including etchings)
Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (1634)
Bearded Old Man (1634)
River with Trees (1634)
The Artist and his Model (1639)
The Death of the Virgin (1639)
The Mill (1641)
The Three Trees (1643)
The State Bed (1646)
Portrait of Jan Six (1647)
Hundred Guilder Print (1647–1649)
Conus Marmoreus (1650)
Goldweigher's Field (1651)
Doctor Fautrieus (1652)
Descent from the Cross by Torchlight (1652)
The Three Crosses (1653)
The Virgin and Child with a Cat (1654)
Christ Presented to the People (1655)
Mughal drawings
Works aboutRembrandt
Bibliography of Rembrandt
Cultural depictions of Rembrandt
Rembrandt (1936 film)
Rembrandt (1940 film)
Rembrandt (1942 film)
Rembrandt: A Self-Portrait (1954 documentary film)
Rembrandt fecit 1669 (1977 film)
The Anatomy Lesson (1995 novel)
Rembrandt (1999 film)
Stealing Rembrandt (2003 film)
Nightwatching (2007 film )
Rembrandt's J'Accuse (2008 documentary)
I Am Rembrandt's Daughter (2008 novel)
The Rembrandt Affair (2010 novel)
Namesakes
Rembrandt, Iowa
Rembrandtplein
Rembrandtpark
Rembrandt (crater)
Rembrandt (train)
Vereniging Rembrandt (foundation)
1 Contested
2 Stolen in 1990
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rembrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt"},{"link_name":"Bartsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bartsch"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Potiphar's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuleika_(tradition)"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(printmaking)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Joseph and Potiphar's Wife is a 1634 etching by Rembrandt (Bartsch 39). It depicts a story from the Bible, wherein Potiphar's Wife attempts to seduce Joseph. It is signed and dated \"Rembrandt f. 1634\" (f. for fecit or \"made this\"), and exists in two states.[1]","title":"Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (etching)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Book of Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis"},{"link_name":"Potiphar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiphar"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Potiphar's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiphar%27s_Wife"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-3"},{"link_name":"Antonio Tempesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tempesta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_Joseph_and_Potiphar%27s_wife,_1634_-_copperplate_(B39).JPG"},{"link_name":"Rembrandthuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandthuis"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clark"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"According to the Book of Genesis 39:1–20, Joseph was bought as a slave by the Egyptian Potiphar, an officer of the Pharaoh. Potiphar's Wife tried to seduce Joseph, who eluded her advances. As Joseph repelled her attempt to lure him into her bed, she grabbed him by his coat: \"And it came to pass about this time, that Joseph went into the house to do his business; and there was none of the men of the house there within. And she caught him by his garment, saying, Lie with me: and he left his garment in her hand, and fled, and got him out\" (Genesis 39: 11–12).[2] Citing his garment as evidence, Potiphar's wife falsely accused Joseph of having assaulted her, and he was sent to prison.Rembrandt's etching is a dramatic presentation of the moment Potiphar's wife grabs the fleeing Joseph. Considered \"unprecedented in its erotic candor\",[3] it shows Joseph averting his eyes from the frankly depicted nude lower body of his master's wife. Only an etching of 1600 by Antonio Tempesta had portrayed a comparable sexual aggressiveness.[3] Despite compositional similarities to the Tempesta, Rembrandt's depiction of human emotions—Joseph's revulsion and the desperation of Potiphar's wife—is unique to him, and the work is more blunt in its suggestion of the woman's physical appetite.[2][3][4] As in his 1638 etching of Adam and Eve, the explicit depiction of the female's vulva is unusual, and emphasizes the seductress's lasciviousness; a persistent notion from antiquity to 17th century Holland was that a woman's genitals hungered insatiably for the male's seed.[5] Of some 300 etchings that Rembrandt produced, Joseph and Potiphar's Wife was one of only four or five that may be classified as erotica; these prints were not widely disseminated during his life.[6]The original copper plate of Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, on loan to the Rembrandthuis.A context for Rembrandt's unidealized interpretation of the nude was proposed by Kenneth Clark, who noted that the artist's female figures from the early 1630s marked a break with the abundant exuberance of his contemporary, Peter Paul Rubens, and were at stark contrast with the classicism of the conventional nude.[7] Rembrandt's etchings offered a \"defiant truthfulness\", as well as a sense of pity for physical imperfections, the fat and wrinkles of the human body.[7]Rembrandt may have intended moral implications in the dramatic use of light and shadow, with Joseph seen radiantly illuminated on the left side of the print and Potiphar's wife surrounded by the darkness of her bedchamber on the right.[2][4] The rich tonal quality Rembrandt achieved in early etchings like Joseph and Potiphar's Wife was produced by his building dark areas with multiple overlays of hatched lines, gained through repeated work on successive states of the print.[8]The original printing plate survives in a private collection. The changes between the two states are minor, with some extra touches being added to the bed and bedding.[2] Rembrandt made etchings of two earlier episodes in Joseph's story, in B 37 (1638) and B 38 (c. 1633), which are similar sizes but in a vertical \"portrait\" format.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_2-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-P_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-P_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-P_3-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-F_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-F_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S1_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-R_6-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Schwartz, B 39\n\n^ a b c d British Museum\n\n^ a b c Perlove, Silver, 99\n\n^ a b Fitzwilliam, 6\n\n^ Sluijter, 287\n\n^ Rohleder\n\n^ a b Clark, 338–340\n\n^ Ward, 204\n\n^ Schwartz, under those numbers.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QNKD95p_8HMC&dq=rembrandt+joseph+and+potiphar%27s+wife+etching&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Perlove, Shelley; Silver, Larry. Rembrandt's faith: church and temple in the Dutch golden age, 2009. University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press."},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2001/02/14/0214hot.html","external_links_name":"Rohleder, Anna. Rembrandt's Dirty Secrets, Forbes.com"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8FFH0vMv3DYC&dq=rembrandt+joseph+and+potiphar%27s+wife+etching&pg=PA288","external_links_name":"Sluijter, Eric Jan. Rembrandt and the Female Nude, 2006. Amsterdam University Press."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mkJfbdTS--UC&dq=rembrandt+joseph+and+potiphar%27s+wife+etching&pg=PA204","external_links_name":"Ward, Gerald W. R. The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art, 2008. New York, Oxford University Press."},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JUXIAk6-Qz8J:www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/dept/pdp/onlinepublications/rembrandt/RembrandtNudeHandlist.pdf+rembrandt+joseph+and+potiphar%27s+wife+etching&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiB97CsITZEKcknY9UnHf1yPkTtH3lwc7yb8zBoJQZOb2iNIsKwLSj1Oyrue_IxXfBLFmL_4kY-S9DhKmLsBqO3Wt43hxRpfN18b3YaN-HW6A0em_EJOz7S5pyqLJPExfZ-_lmZ&sig=AHIEtbQzcKt8iK5QBR4DAwnIF0TxK9tX2A","external_links_name":"Rembrandt and the Nude: Prints by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), 1996. Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum."},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=683737&partid=1&output=People%2F!!%2FOR%2F!!%2F80953%2F!%2F80953-1-7%2F!%2FRepresentation+of+Zuleika%2C+wife+of+Potiphar%2F!%2F%2F!!%2F%2F!!!%2F&orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fadvanced_search.aspx¤tPage=1&numpages=10","external_links_name":"The British Museum"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_E4
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EMC E4
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["1 Original owners","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
EMC E4SAL #3003 leads the Orange Blossom Special into Plant City, Florida, in December 1938, inaugurating diesel service in the Southeast.Type and originPower typeDiesel-electricBuilderElectro-Motive Corporation (EMC)ModelE4Build date1938 – 1940Total produced14 A units, 5 B unitsSpecificationsConfiguration: • AARA1A-A1AGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Prime moverEMC 12-567, 2 offEngine typeV12 Two stroke diesel × 2Cylinders12 × 2Performance figuresPower output2,000 hp (1,500 kW)CareerOperatorsSeaboard Air LineDispositionAll scrapped
The EMC E4 was a 2,000 horsepower (1,500 kW), A1A-A1A passenger train-hauling diesel locomotive built by the Electro-Motive Corporation of La Grange, Illinois. All were built for the Seaboard Air Line Railway. The E4 was the fifth model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units.
The 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) was achieved with two EMC model 567 V12 engines developing 1,000 hp (750 kW), each engine driving its own electrical generator to power the traction motors.
The front noses of the EA, E1A, E3A, E4A, E5A, and E6A cab units had a pronounced slant when viewed from the side. Therefore, these six models have been nicknamed "slant nose" units. Later E-unit models received the same blunted "bulldog nose" as the F-units.
Ironically, the E4 was produced before the E3. Both models were identical, save for the E4 having a pneumatically-operated nose door passageway in order to facilitate crew movement between units in a locomotive consist.
All the E4s were retired and scrapped by 1964.
Original owners
Railroad
QuantityA units
QuantityB units
Road numbers
Notes
Electro-Motive Corporation (demonstrator)
1
—
1939
to SAL 3013
Electro-Motive Corporation (demonstrator)
—
1
1939B
renumbered EMC 1940B,to SAL 3104
Seaboard Air Line Railway
13
—
3000–3012
Seaboard Air Line Railway
—
4
3100–3103
See also
Trains portal
List of GM-EMD locomotives
References
Lamb, J. Parker (2007). Evolution of the American Diesel Locomotive. Railroads Past and Present. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34863-0.
Marre, Louis A. (1995). Diesel Locomotives: The First 50 Years: A Guide to Diesels Built Before 1972. Railroad Reference Series. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89024-258-2.
Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. EMD–121– to EMD–123. ISBN 978-0-89024-026-7.
Schafer, Mike (1998). Vintage Diesel Locomotives. Enthusiast Color Series. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-0507-2.
Solomon, Brian (2000). The American Diesel Locomotive. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7603-0666-6.
Solomon, Brian (2006). EMD Locomotives. St. Paul, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2396-0.
Solomon, Brian (2010). Vintage Diesel Power. Minneapolis, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-3795-0.
Solomon, Brian (2011). Electro-Motive E-Units and F-Units: The Illustrated History of North America's Favorite Locomotives. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4007-3.
Solomon, Brian (2012). North American Locomotives: A Railroad-by-Railroad Photohistory. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4370-8.
Wilson, Jeff (2002). E Units: Electro-Motive's Classic Streamliners. Classic Trains / Golden Years of Railroading series. Waukesha, WI, USA: Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN 0890246068.
External links
Media related to EMC E4 locomotives at Wikimedia Commons
vteDiesel cab and cowl locomotives built by GM-EMDPassenger cab units(E-units)
TA
EA/EB
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
AA
AB6
Freight cab units(F-units)
FT
F2
F3
F7
FP7
F9
FP9
FL9
Cowl units
FP45
F45
SDP40F
F40C
F40PH
F40PH-2
F40PH-2C
F40PH-2M
SD40-2F
SD50F
SD60F
F69PHAC
F59PH
F59PHI
DE30AC, DM30AC
F125
See also: List of GM-EMD locomotives
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A1A-A1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement#A1A-A1A"},{"link_name":"passenger train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_train"},{"link_name":"diesel locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Electro-Motive Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Motive_Diesel"},{"link_name":"La Grange, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grange,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Air Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line"},{"link_name":"EMD E-units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_E-units"},{"link_name":"V12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V12_engine"},{"link_name":"electrical generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator"},{"link_name":"traction motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_motor"},{"link_name":"EA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_EA/EB"},{"link_name":"E1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_E1"},{"link_name":"E3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_E3"},{"link_name":"E5A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_E5"},{"link_name":"E6A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_E6"},{"link_name":"bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldog"},{"link_name":"F-units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_F-units"},{"link_name":"pneumatically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic"}],"text":"The EMC E4 was a 2,000 horsepower (1,500 kW), A1A-A1A passenger train-hauling diesel locomotive built by the Electro-Motive Corporation of La Grange, Illinois. All were built for the Seaboard Air Line Railway. The E4 was the fifth model in a long line of passenger diesels of similar design known as EMD E-units.The 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) was achieved with two EMC model 567 V12 engines developing 1,000 hp (750 kW), each engine driving its own electrical generator to power the traction motors.The front noses of the EA, E1A, E3A, E4A, E5A, and E6A cab units had a pronounced slant when viewed from the side. Therefore, these six models have been nicknamed \"slant nose\" units. Later E-unit models received the same blunted \"bulldog nose\" as the F-units.Ironically, the E4 was produced before the E3. Both models were identical, save for the E4 having a pneumatically-operated nose door passageway in order to facilitate crew movement between units in a locomotive consist.All the E4s were retired and scrapped by 1964.","title":"EMC E4"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original owners"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"List of GM-EMD locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_GM-EMD_locomotives"}]
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[{"reference":"Lamb, J. Parker (2007). Evolution of the American Diesel Locomotive. Railroads Past and Present. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34863-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34863-0","url_text":"978-0-253-34863-0"}]},{"reference":"Marre, Louis A. (1995). Diesel Locomotives: The First 50 Years: A Guide to Diesels Built Before 1972. Railroad Reference Series. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89024-258-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing","url_text":"Kalmbach Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-258-2","url_text":"978-0-89024-258-2"}]},{"reference":"Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing. pp. EMD–121– to EMD–123. ISBN 978-0-89024-026-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Media","url_text":"Kalmbach Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89024-026-7","url_text":"978-0-89024-026-7"}]},{"reference":"Schafer, Mike (1998). Vintage Diesel Locomotives. Enthusiast Color Series. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-0507-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schafer_(author)","url_text":"Schafer, Mike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0507-2","url_text":"978-0-7603-0507-2"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Brian (2000). The American Diesel Locomotive. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7603-0666-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing_Company","url_text":"MBI Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-0666-6","url_text":"978-0-7603-0666-6"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Brian (2006). EMD Locomotives. St. Paul, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2396-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageur_Press","url_text":"Voyageur Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2396-0","url_text":"978-0-7603-2396-0"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Brian (2010). Vintage Diesel Power. Minneapolis, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-3795-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-3795-0","url_text":"978-0-7603-3795-0"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Brian (2011). Electro-Motive E-Units and F-Units: The Illustrated History of North America's Favorite Locomotives. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4007-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4007-3","url_text":"978-0-7603-4007-3"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Brian (2012). North American Locomotives: A Railroad-by-Railroad Photohistory. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4370-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4370-8","url_text":"978-0-7603-4370-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Jeff (2002). E Units: Electro-Motive's Classic Streamliners. Classic Trains / Golden Years of Railroading series. Waukesha, WI, USA: Kalmbach Publishing. ISBN 0890246068.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890246068","url_text":"0890246068"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Milo
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Antonio Milo
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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This biography of a living person includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Antonio Milo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Italian politician
Antonio MiloMember of the SenateIn office15 March 2013 – 22 March 2018ConstituencyCampaniaMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office29 April 2008 – 14 March 2013ConstituencyCampania 1
Personal detailsBorn (1959-12-05) 5 December 1959 (age 64)Agerola, Campania, ItalyPolitical partyDC (until 1994)PPI (1994–1995)CDU (1995–1998)CCD (1998–2002)UDC (2002–2008)MpA (2008–2010)NS (2010–present)CoR (2015–2016)ALA (2016–2018)ProfessionPolitician, entrepreneur
Antonio Milo (born 5 December 1959 in Agerola) is an Italian politician.
Biography
In 1995 he was elected for the first time regional councilor in Campania, as member of the CDU (within the Forza Italia list); in 1998 it then passed to the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD), being re-elected with the latter party in the subsequent regional election of 2000.
In the 2001 general election he was a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies, on the CCD-CDU list, in the proportional Campania 1 constituency, but he was not elected because the list did not exceed the 4% threshold.
In 2002 he joined the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) and with it he was re-elected for the third time regional councilor in the 2005 regional election.
In the 2008 political elections he was elected in the Chamber of Deputies, on the list of the Movement for Autonomy (MpA); at the same time, he resigned as regional councilor in Campania.
In January 2010, after being expelled along with five other deputies from the MpA (for not having passed to the opposition of the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, as requested by the party), he founded, together with Arturo Iannaccone, the new center-right party We the South (NS). On January 20, 2011, as a member of NS, he joined the parliamentary group Responsible Initiative (composed of the "responsible" deputies for supporting the Berlusconi government).
In the 2013 general election he was elected to the Senate of the Republic, on the People of Freedom (PdL) list. He initially joined the parliamentary group of the PdL, then passed on 4 December 2013 to the parliamentary group "Great Autonomies and Freedom (GAL).
On 30 May 2015 he left the GAL group to join the Conservatives and Reformists (CoR), the new party of Raffaele Fitto.
On 1 May 2016 he also left CoR to join the Liberal Popular Alliance – Autonomies (ALA) group, a centrist formation of senators led by Denis Verdini who left the centre-right to support the Renzi and Gentiloni governments.
References
^ "Mpa: espulsi Scotti, Milo e Iannaccone - la Repubblica.it". Archivio - la Repubblica.it (in Italian). 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
^ "Nasce "Noi Sud" di Scotti e Iannaccone, ecco il simbolo". Irpinianews.it (in Italian). 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
^ "Senato, nasce il gruppo "Conservatori e Riformisti"". www.iltempo.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agerola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerola"}],"text":"Italian politicianAntonio Milo (born 5 December 1959 in Agerola) is an Italian politician.","title":"Antonio Milo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"CDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Christian_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forza_Italia"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Centre"},{"link_name":"CCD-CDU list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Flower"},{"link_name":"Union of Christian and Centre Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Movement for Autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Berlusconi IV Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlusconi_IV_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arturo Iannaccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Iannaccone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"We the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_South"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Responsible Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_Initiative"},{"link_name":"People of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Great Autonomies and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Autonomies_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Conservatives and Reformists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatives_and_Reformists_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Fitto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Liberal Popular Alliance – Autonomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Popular_Alliance_%E2%80%93_Autonomies"},{"link_name":"Denis Verdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Verdini"}],"text":"In 1995 he was elected for the first time regional councilor in Campania, as member of the CDU (within the Forza Italia list); in 1998 it then passed to the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD), being re-elected with the latter party in the subsequent regional election of 2000.In the 2001 general election he was a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies, on the CCD-CDU list, in the proportional Campania 1 constituency, but he was not elected because the list did not exceed the 4% threshold.In 2002 he joined the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) and with it he was re-elected for the third time regional councilor in the 2005 regional election.In the 2008 political elections he was elected in the Chamber of Deputies, on the list of the Movement for Autonomy (MpA); at the same time, he resigned as regional councilor in Campania.In January 2010, after being expelled along with five other deputies from the MpA (for not having passed to the opposition of the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, as requested by the party),[1] he founded, together with Arturo Iannaccone, the new center-right party We the South (NS).[2] On January 20, 2011, as a member of NS, he joined the parliamentary group Responsible Initiative (composed of the \"responsible\" deputies for supporting the Berlusconi government).In the 2013 general election he was elected to the Senate of the Republic, on the People of Freedom (PdL) list. He initially joined the parliamentary group of the PdL, then passed on 4 December 2013 to the parliamentary group \"Great Autonomies and Freedom (GAL).On 30 May 2015 he left the GAL group to join the Conservatives and Reformists (CoR), the new party of Raffaele Fitto.[3]On 1 May 2016 he also left CoR to join the Liberal Popular Alliance – Autonomies (ALA) group, a centrist formation of senators led by Denis Verdini who left the centre-right to support the Renzi and Gentiloni governments.","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Mpa: espulsi Scotti, Milo e Iannaccone - la Repubblica.it\". Archivio - la Repubblica.it (in Italian). 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2023-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2010/01/21/mpa-espulsi-scotti-milo-iannaccone.html","url_text":"\"Mpa: espulsi Scotti, Milo e Iannaccone - la Repubblica.it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nasce \"Noi Sud\" di Scotti e Iannaccone, ecco il simbolo\". Irpinianews.it (in Italian). 2010-01-22. Retrieved 2023-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irpinianews.it/nasce-noi-sud-di-scotti-e-iannaccone-ecco-il-simbolo/","url_text":"\"Nasce \"Noi Sud\" di Scotti e Iannaccone, ecco il simbolo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senato, nasce il gruppo \"Conservatori e Riformisti\"\". www.iltempo.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iltempo.it/politica/2015/06/03/news/senato-nasce-il-gruppo-conservatori-e-riformisti-978490/","url_text":"\"Senato, nasce il gruppo \"Conservatori e Riformisti\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorat_House
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Glorat House
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 55°58′26″N 4°10′43″W / 55.974°N 4.1785°W / 55.974; -4.1785
Glorat House is a 19th-century mansion house in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is located in Milton of Campsie, in the former county of Stirlingshire. The house is a category B listed building.
Glorat was the home of the Stirling family of Glorat, created baronets in 1680. A tower house stood on the site in 1510. In the 17th century the tower was replaced by a larger house: a lintel survives dated 1625 and bearing the initials MS for Mungo Stirling. The house was extensively rebuilt in the Scots Baronial style in 1869, though some 17th-century masonry remains. In 1879 a tower was added. The 60-hectare (150-acre) gardens were laid out in the first half of the 19th century.
References
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Glorat (Category B Listed Building) (LB4356)". Retrieved 25 March 2019.
^ "Glorat House". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
^ "Glorat House, Lennoxtown, Scotland". Parks & Gardens UK. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
55°58′26″N 4°10′43″W / 55.974°N 4.1785°W / 55.974; -4.1785
This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golem_(Meyrink_novel)
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The Golem (Meyrink novel)
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["1 Plot","2 Main characters","2.1 Minor characters","3 Reception","4 English translations","5 Adaptation for film and theatre","6 References","7 External links"]
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1915 novel by Gustav Meyrink
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Golem" Meyrink novel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Golem First Edition, Kurt Wolff, Leipzig 1915/16AuthorGustav MeyrinkOriginal titleDer GolemLanguageGermanGenreFantasy, horrorPublisherKurt WolffPublication date1915Publication placeGermany
The Golem (original German title: Der Golem) is a novel written by Gustav Meyrink between 1907 and 1914. First published in serial form from December 1913 to August 1914 in the periodical Die Weißen Blätter, The Golem was published in book form in 1915 by Kurt Wolff, Leipzig. The Golem was Meyrink's first novel. It sold over 200,000 copies in 1915. It became his most popular and successful literary work, and is generally described as the most "accessible" of his full-length novels. It was first translated into English in 1928.
Plot
The novel centers on the life of Athanasius Pernath, a jeweler and art restorer who lives in the ghetto of Prague. But his story is experienced by an anonymous narrator, who, during a visionary dream, assumes Pernath's identity thirty years before. This dream was perhaps induced because he inadvertently swapped his hat with the real (old) Pernath's. While the novel is generally focused on Pernath's own musings and adventures, it also chronicles the lives, the characters, and the interactions of his friends and neighbors. The Golem, though rarely seen, is central to the novel as a representative of the ghetto's own spirit and consciousness, brought to life by the suffering and misery that its inhabitants have endured over the centuries.
The story itself has a disjointed and often elliptical feel, as it was originally published in serial form and is intended to convey the mystical associations and interests that the author himself was exploring at the time. The reality of the narrator's experiences is often called into question, as some of them may simply be dreams or hallucinations, and others may be metaphysical or transcendent events that are taking place outside the "real" world. Similarly, it is revealed over the course of the book that Pernath apparently suffered from a mental breakdown on at least one occasion, but has no memory of any such event; he is also unable to remember his childhood and most of his youth, a fact that may or may not be attributable to his previous breakdown. His mental stability is constantly called into question by his friends and neighbors, and the reader is left to wonder whether anything that has taken place in the narrative actually happened.
Main characters
Athanasius Pernath: the ostensible protagonist, a jeweler who resides in the ghetto of Prague
The Golem: while connected with the Golem legend of Rabbi Judah Loew, the Golem is cast as a sort of gestalt entity, a physical manifestation of the ghetto's inhabitants' collective psyche, as well as of the ghetto's own "self".
Schemajah Hillel: a wise and gentle Jewish neighbor of Pernath, learned in the Torah and Talmud; serves as a protector and instructor for Pernath as the jeweler begins to walk the path of mysticism.
Miriam: Hillel's compassionate and noble daughter.
Aaron Wassertrum: another of Pernath's neighbors, this one a junk dealer and possibly a murderer. He is the antithesis of Hillel, embodying all of the then-popular negative stereotypes surrounding Jews.
Rosina: a 14-year-old red-haired prostitute and neighbor of Pernath, apparently a relation of Wassertrum though no one is ever able to determine what kind; described by Pernath as repulsive, but figures prominently as the object of men's desires and is promiscuous.
Innocence Charousek: a consumptive, poverty-stricken student consumed with hatred for Wassertrum and his son, Dr. Wassory.
Zwakh: a puppeteer; Pernath's friend and landlord.
Amadeus Laponder: Pernath's cellmate in prison. He is a somnambulist who in his sleep assumes the role of various people of the ghetto, allowing Pernath to communicate with the outside world.
Dr. Savioli: a wealthy neighbor of Pernath's who rents a room in the ghetto from Zwakh; there he carries on illicit affairs with married women.
Minor characters
The Regiment
Dr. Wassory
Angelina
Reception
In his "Supernatural Horror in Literature" essay, H. P. Lovecraft said the novel is one of the "best examples" of Jewish folklore inspired weird fiction. Also, in a letter, he called it, "he most magnificent weird thing I've come across in aeons!"
Dave Langford reviewed The Golem for White Dwarf #80, and stated that "It's the sort of nightmare you might have after an evening of too much lobster and Kafka. Very strange."
The Guardian writer David Barnett said in his article about the novel that it is "one of the most absorbing, atmospheric and mind-boggling slices of fantasy ever committed to print," and " century after its first publication, The Golem endures as a piece of modernist fantasy that deserves to take its place alongside Kafka."
English translations
Since The Golem was first published in German, there have been at least three translations into English:
Madge Pemberton (1928): First published by Houghton Mifflin Co. and Victor Gollancz Ltd. Published by Mudra in 1972. Published by Dover Publications in 1976. Published by Dedalus Ltd in 1985. Published by Centipede Press in 2012.
Mike Mitchell (1995): First published by Ariadne Press. Published by Dedalus Ltd in 2000. Published by Tartarus Press in 2004. Published by Folio Society in 2010.
Isabel Cole (2007): Published by Vitalis.
The Dover Publications edition was edited by E. F. Bleiler, who made some alterations to Pemberton's translation.
Adaptation for film and theatre
The novel was the basis for the following movies:
Golem, directed by Piotr Szulkin, made in 1979, released in 1980.
Le Golem (1967), film for television directed by Jean Kerchbron
The novel was adapted for the theatre by Daniel Flint, and received a world premiere in 2013.
However, it was not the basis for three films of the same title by Paul Wegener, which, rather, adapt the original Golem legend:
The first, The Golem, directed by Paul Wegener, filmed in 1914, released in 1915, has been lost;
The second, The Golem and the Dancing Girl, directed by Paul Wegener, filmed in 1917, has been lost;
The third, The Golem: How He Came into the World, directed by Paul Wegener, made in 1920, survives;
Nor was it the basis for the operas of Eugen d'Albert (Der Golem (opera)) or Nicolae Bretan (Golem (Bretan opera)).
References
^ a b c Barnett, David (January 30, 2014). "Meyrink's The Golem: where fact and fiction collide". The Guardian. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ a b Barnett, David (March 21, 2018). "Gustav Meyrink: The mysterious life of Kafka's contemporary". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ Lovecraft, H. P. "Spectral Literature on the Continent" . Supernatural Horror in Literature – via Wikisource.
^ Roland, Paul (December 22, 2014). "Lovecraft's Library". Pan MacMillan. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ Langford, Dave (August 1986). "Critical Mass". White Dwarf. No. 80. Games Workshop. p. 9.
^ Bleiler, E. F. (1976). "Acknowledgements". The Golem. By Meyrink, Gustav. Dover Publications. p. xix. ISBN 9780486250250. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
^ Styles, Hunter (May 3, 2013). "The Golem – a bracingly bizarre chiller". DC Theatre Scene.
^ Isenberg, Noah (2009). Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era. Columbia University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-231-13055-4.
^ Kellner, Douglas. Passion and Rebellion: The Expressionist Heritage. p. 384.
^ Scheunemann, Dietrich (2003). Expressionist Film: New Perspectives. Camden House. p. 273. ISBN 978-1571133502.
Sources
Matei Chihaia: Der Golem-Effekt. Orientierung und phantastische Immersion im Zeitalter des Kinos transcript, Bielefeld 2011 ISBN 978-3-8376-1714-6
External links
Meyrink's original text in German (Der Golem)
vteGustav MeyrinkNovels
The Golem (1915)
The Green Face (1916)
The Angel of the West Window (1927)
Short stories
"The Hot Soldier" (1903)
Screenplays
Doctor Sacrobosco (1923)
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gustav Meyrink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Meyrink"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheGuardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheGuardian-1"},{"link_name":"Die Weißen Blätter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wei%C3%9Fen_Bl%C3%A4tter"},{"link_name":"Kurt Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Wolff_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheIndependent-2"}],"text":"The Golem (original German title: Der Golem) is a novel written by Gustav Meyrink between 1907 and 1914.[1] First published in serial form from December 1913 to August 1914[1] in the periodical Die Weißen Blätter, The Golem was published in book form in 1915 by Kurt Wolff, Leipzig. The Golem was Meyrink's first novel. It sold over 200,000 copies in 1915.[2] It became his most popular and successful literary work,[2] and is generally described as the most \"accessible\" of his full-length novels. It was first translated into English in 1928.","title":"The Golem (Meyrink novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"text":"The novel centers on the life of Athanasius Pernath, a jeweler and art restorer who lives in the ghetto of Prague. But his story is experienced by an anonymous narrator, who, during a visionary dream, assumes Pernath's identity thirty years before. This dream was perhaps induced because he inadvertently swapped his hat with the real (old) Pernath's. While the novel is generally focused on Pernath's own musings and adventures, it also chronicles the lives, the characters, and the interactions of his friends and neighbors. The Golem, though rarely seen, is central to the novel as a representative of the ghetto's own spirit and consciousness, brought to life by the suffering and misery that its inhabitants have endured over the centuries.The story itself has a disjointed and often elliptical feel, as it was originally published in serial form and is intended to convey the mystical associations and interests that the author himself was exploring at the time. The reality of the narrator's experiences is often called into question, as some of them may simply be dreams or hallucinations, and others may be metaphysical or transcendent events that are taking place outside the \"real\" world. Similarly, it is revealed over the course of the book that Pernath apparently suffered from a mental breakdown on at least one occasion, but has no memory of any such event; he is also unable to remember his childhood and most of his youth, a fact that may or may not be attributable to his previous breakdown. His mental stability is constantly called into question by his friends and neighbors, and the reader is left to wonder whether anything that has taken place in the narrative actually happened.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golem legend of Rabbi Judah Loew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem#The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"gestalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gestalt"},{"link_name":"somnambulist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnambulism"}],"text":"Athanasius Pernath: the ostensible protagonist, a jeweler who resides in the ghetto of Prague\nThe Golem: while connected with the Golem legend of Rabbi Judah Loew, the Golem is cast as a sort of gestalt entity, a physical manifestation of the ghetto's inhabitants' collective psyche, as well as of the ghetto's own \"self\".\nSchemajah Hillel: a wise and gentle Jewish neighbor of Pernath, learned in the Torah and Talmud; serves as a protector and instructor for Pernath as the jeweler begins to walk the path of mysticism.\nMiriam: Hillel's compassionate and noble daughter.\nAaron Wassertrum: another of Pernath's neighbors, this one a junk dealer and possibly a murderer. He is the antithesis of Hillel, embodying all of the then-popular negative stereotypes surrounding Jews.\nRosina: a 14-year-old red-haired prostitute and neighbor of Pernath, apparently a relation of Wassertrum though no one is ever able to determine what kind; described by Pernath as repulsive, but figures prominently as the object of men's desires and is promiscuous.\nInnocence Charousek: a consumptive, poverty-stricken student consumed with hatred for Wassertrum and his son, Dr. Wassory.\nZwakh: a puppeteer; Pernath's friend and landlord.\nAmadeus Laponder: Pernath's cellmate in prison. He is a somnambulist who in his sleep assumes the role of various people of the ghetto, allowing Pernath to communicate with the outside world.\nDr. Savioli: a wealthy neighbor of Pernath's who rents a room in the ghetto from Zwakh; there he carries on illicit affairs with married women.","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minor characters","text":"The Regiment\nDr. Wassory\nAngelina","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supernatural Horror in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_Horror_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"weird fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dave Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Langford"},{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD80-5"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"David Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Barnett_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheGuardian-1"}],"text":"In his \"Supernatural Horror in Literature\" essay, H. P. Lovecraft said the novel is one of the \"best examples\" of Jewish folklore inspired weird fiction.[3] Also, in a letter, he called it, \"[t]he most magnificent weird thing I've come across in aeons!\"[4]Dave Langford reviewed The Golem for White Dwarf #80, and stated that \"It's the sort of nightmare you might have after an evening of too much lobster and Kafka. Very strange.\"[5]The Guardian writer David Barnett said in his article about the novel that it is \"one of the most absorbing, atmospheric and mind-boggling slices of fantasy ever committed to print,\" and \"[a] century after its first publication, The Golem endures as a piece of modernist fantasy that deserves to take its place alongside Kafka.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Victor Gollancz Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"Centipede Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede_Press"},{"link_name":"Tartarus Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus_Press"},{"link_name":"Folio Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio_Society"},{"link_name":"E. F. Bleiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Bleiler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since The Golem was first published in German, there have been at least three translations into English:Madge Pemberton (1928): First published by Houghton Mifflin Co. and Victor Gollancz Ltd. Published by Mudra in 1972. Published by Dover Publications in 1976. Published by Dedalus Ltd in 1985. Published by Centipede Press in 2012.\nMike Mitchell (1995): First published by Ariadne Press. Published by Dedalus Ltd in 2000. Published by Tartarus Press in 2004. Published by Folio Society in 2010.\nIsabel Cole (2007): Published by Vitalis.The Dover Publications edition was edited by E. F. Bleiler, who made some alterations to Pemberton's translation.[6]","title":"English translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Piotr Szulkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Szulkin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Golem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golem_(1915_film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wegener"},{"link_name":"The Golem and the Dancing Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golem_and_the_Dancing_Girl"},{"link_name":"Paul Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wegener"},{"link_name":"The Golem: How He Came into the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golem:_How_He_Came_into_the_World"},{"link_name":"Paul Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wegener"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Eugen d'Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_d%27Albert"},{"link_name":"Der Golem (opera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Golem_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Bretan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Bretan"},{"link_name":"Golem (Bretan opera)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem_(Bretan_opera)"}],"text":"The novel was the basis for the following movies:Golem, directed by Piotr Szulkin, made in 1979, released in 1980.\nLe Golem (1967), film for television directed by Jean KerchbronThe novel was adapted for the theatre by Daniel Flint, and received a world premiere in 2013.[7]However, it was not the basis for three films of the same title by Paul Wegener, which, rather, adapt the original Golem legend:The first, The Golem, directed by Paul Wegener, filmed in 1914, released in 1915, has been lost;\nThe second, The Golem and the Dancing Girl, directed by Paul Wegener, filmed in 1917, has been lost;\nThe third, The Golem: How He Came into the World, directed by Paul Wegener, made in 1920, survives;[8][9][10]Nor was it the basis for the operas of Eugen d'Albert (Der Golem (opera)) or Nicolae Bretan (Golem (Bretan opera)).","title":"Adaptation for film and theatre"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Immaculatae
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Militia Immaculatae
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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Catholic Association of the faithful
Maximilian Kolbe commemorated on a West German stamp from 1973. Issued by Deutsche BundespostMilitia ImmaculataeTypeAssociation of the faithfulEstablishedOctober 16, 1917Religious affiliationCatholic ChurchFounderSt. Maximilian Kolbe, OFM Conv.Post-nominalsMIWebsitehttps://militiaoftheimmaculata.com/
The Militia Immaculatae (meaning the "Army of the Immaculate One"), called in English the Knights of the Immaculata, is a worldwide Catholic evangelization movement founded by St. Maximilian Kolbe in 1917.
History
The Militia of the Immaculata (or MI) was founded in Rome at the "St. Bonaventure" Pontifical Theological Faculty (now the International College of the Conventual Franciscans) by a Conventual Franciscan, Saint Maximilian Kolbe. The MI is open to all Catholics and encourages intercession to the Virgin Mary for the conversion of sinners.
Kolbe presented the idea of forming the MI to his Jesuit spiritual director, as well as to his Franciscan Superior at the house of studies in Rome, and was encouraged to proceed. The purpose of the MI is to draw souls back to the knowledge and importance of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and to how every soul can easily enter into this consoling mystery through their own personal Act of Consecration to the Immaculata.
It was established as a pious union on January 2, 1922, by the Vicariate of Rome.
Joining the MI involves making a personal act of consecration to Mary. Members wear the Miraculous Medal as an outward sign of their consecration.
The purpose of the Knights is contained in these words: to do all you can for the conversion of sinners, heretics, schismatics and so on, above all the Masons, and for the sanctification of all persons under the sponsorship of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Immaculate Mediatrix. - Fr. Maximilian Kolbe, 1938.
The association grew and spread to different countries. On October 16, 1997, the Pontifical Council for the Laity decreed the "Milizia dell'Immacolata" to be an international association of the faithful of pontifical right. MI claims to have over 3 million members in 48 countries.
The organization publishes Miles Immaculatae, a six-monthly magazine of Marian culture and Kolbian formation. Founded by St. Maximilian Kolbe, specifically for priests and pastoral workers, it is now the official publication of the International Center.
See also
Immaculate Conception
Immaculata prayer
Niepokalanów
Catholic Marian movements and societies
References
^ The Militia Immaculatae of St. Maximilian Kolbe, EWTN
^ "Militia Immaculatae - Knight of the Immaculate". 19 September 2019.
^ Josemaria, Anthony.The Blessed Virgin Mary in England Vol. 1 2008 ISBN 0-595-50074-9 p. 411
^ a b c "Militia of the Immaculata", Pontifical Council for the Laity
^ a b "Militia of the Immaculata", Zenit, Vatican City, June 15, 2006 Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography
Smith, Jeremiah J., Saint Maximilian Kolbe: Knight of the Immaculata, 2008 ISBN 0-89555-619-7
Manteau-Bonamy, H. M., Immaculate Conception and the Holy Spirit: The Marian Teachings of St. Maximilian Kolbe, 2008 ISBN 978-0913382004
External links
Official website (in English and Italian)
M.I. center at Niepokalanów (in Polish)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DBP_1973_771_Maximilian_Kolbe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Kolbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bundespost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWTN-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Kolbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Maximilian Kolbe commemorated on a West German stamp from 1973. Issued by Deutsche BundespostThe Militia Immaculatae (meaning the \"Army of the Immaculate One\"), called in English the Knights of the Immaculata,[1][2] is a worldwide Catholic evangelization movement founded by St. Maximilian Kolbe in 1917.[3]","title":"Militia Immaculatae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conventual Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventual_Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Kolbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pontifical-4"},{"link_name":"intercession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercession_of_saints"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vicariate of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicariate_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pontifical-4"},{"link_name":"consecration to Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary"},{"link_name":"Miraculous Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_Medal"},{"link_name":"Mediatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediatrix"},{"link_name":"association of the faithful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_faithful"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zenit-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pontifical-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zenit-5"}],"text":"The Militia of the Immaculata (or MI) was founded in Rome at the \"St. Bonaventure\" Pontifical Theological Faculty (now the International College of the Conventual Franciscans) by a Conventual Franciscan, Saint Maximilian Kolbe.[4] The MI is open to all Catholics and encourages intercession to the Virgin Mary for the conversion of sinners.[citation needed]Kolbe presented the idea of forming the MI to his Jesuit spiritual director, as well as to his Franciscan Superior at the house of studies in Rome, and was encouraged to proceed. The purpose of the MI is to draw souls back to the knowledge and importance of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and to how every soul can easily enter into this consoling mystery through their own personal Act of Consecration to the Immaculata.[citation needed]It was established as a pious union on January 2, 1922, by the Vicariate of Rome.[4]Joining the MI involves making a personal act of consecration to Mary. Members wear the Miraculous Medal as an outward sign of their consecration.The purpose of the Knights is contained in these words: to do all you can for the conversion of sinners, heretics, schismatics and so on, above all the Masons, and for the sanctification of all persons under the sponsorship of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Immaculate Mediatrix. - Fr. Maximilian Kolbe, 1938.The association grew and spread to different countries. On October 16, 1997, the Pontifical Council for the Laity decreed the \"Milizia dell'Immacolata\" to be an international association of the faithful of pontifical right.[5] MI claims to have over 3 million members in 48 countries.[4]The organization publishes Miles Immaculatae, a six-monthly magazine of Marian culture and Kolbian formation. Founded by St. Maximilian Kolbe, specifically for priests and pastoral workers, it is now the official publication of the International Center.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89555-619-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89555-619-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0913382004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913382004"}],"text":"Smith, Jeremiah J., Saint Maximilian Kolbe: Knight of the Immaculata, 2008 ISBN 0-89555-619-7\nManteau-Bonamy, H. M., Immaculate Conception and the Holy Spirit: The Marian Teachings of St. Maximilian Kolbe, 2008 ISBN 978-0913382004","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Maximilian Kolbe commemorated on a West German stamp from 1973. Issued by Deutsche Bundespost","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/DBP_1973_771_Maximilian_Kolbe.jpg/300px-DBP_1973_771_Maximilian_Kolbe.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"title":"Immaculata prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculata_prayer"},{"title":"Niepokalanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niepokalan%C3%B3w"},{"title":"Catholic Marian movements and societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Militia Immaculatae - Knight of the Immaculate\". 19 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sspx.org/en/militia-immaculatae-knight-immaculate-1","url_text":"\"Militia Immaculatae - Knight of the Immaculate\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-German_war_of_978%E2%80%93980
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Franco-German war of 978–980
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["1 Background","2 Course","2.1 French invasion","2.2 German counter-invasion","3 Peace","4 Notes","5 Bibliography"]
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European war over territory
Franco-German warOtto's troops drowning in the Aisne while attacked by Lothair's (from the 14th-century Grandes chroniques de France)Date978–980LocationLotharingia, West FranciaResult
Status quo ante bellumBelligerents
West Francia
Holy Roman EmpireCommanders and leaders
King Lothair
Emperor Otto IIStrength
20,000 (Richer of Reims)
30,000 (Annals of Saint Gall)
Contemporary strength figures are exaggerated.
The Franco-German war of 978–980 was fought over possession of Lotharingia and over personal honour. In the summer of 978, King Lothair of West Francia (France) launched a surprise attack on Aachen, almost capturing the Emperor Otto II, king of East Francia (Germany) and of Italy. By autumn Lothair had returned to West Francia, while Otto had convoked a diet and assembled an army. To avenge his honour, Otto invaded West Francia. Unable to take Paris after a brief siege, he returned to Lotharingia. During his retreat, after the bulk of his army had crossed the river Aisne, the West Franks caught up to his baggage train and slaughtered it. In 980, the kings made peace. Lothair renounced his claim to Lotharingia.
Background
In the years 976–978, Otto II was beset by simultaneous unrest in the southeast and northwest of Germany and by the machinations of his West Frankish neighbour. It is probable that there was some coordination between his opponents. In 977, Otto was victorious in the War of the Three Henries. That same year, he appointed Lothair's exiled brother Charles to the duchy of Lower Lotharingia. This was an insult to Lothair, who had his own claims to Lotharingia. Perhaps also perceived as a slight at Lothair's court at this time was the sidelining by Otto of his mother, Adelaide, who was also the mother of Lothair's queen, Emma, Otto's half-sister.
In 978, Otto turned against the Reginarids in the northwest. This campaign ended in a compromise with the brothers Reginar and Lambert, who claimed the county of Hainaut. Otto was resting in Aachen after this campaign when he was surprised by the West Frankish invasion. The Annals of Niederaltaich claim that Reginar and Lambert instigated Lothair to attack, a claim which may find support in a letter of Gerbert of Aurillac.
The earliest narrative account of the war is found in the Annals of Saint Gall, according to which Lothair was disputing the border between his kingdom and Otto's when he decided to invade Lotharingia. Lotharingia had been annexed by East Francia from West Francia in 925. It was divided into Lower Lotharingia and Upper Lotharingia in 959. In May 978, the duke of Upper Lotharingia, Frederick I, died and was succeeded by his underage son, Theoderic I. This created an opportunity for Lothair to attack. It also brought Lothair's interests into alignment with those of Hugh Capet, his most powerful subject, whose sister, Beatrice, was the widow of Duke Frederick and who therefore regarded Charles as a rival of his nephew in Lotharingia. By contrast, in conflicts in 940 and 946 between Lothair's father (Louis IV) and Otto's father (Otto I), Hugh's father (Hugh the Great) had sided with Otto.
Course
French invasion
Contemporary depiction of Otto II
Lothair, with a large suite of bishops, visited Dijon, the seat of Hugh's brother, Duke Henry I of Burgundy, in March 978. Shortly after, he convoked an assembly at Laon to approve his planned invasion of Lotharingia. It was approved without debate. The target, Aachen, was to be kept secret from the troops until the last moment. According to Richer of Reims, the assembled army numbered 20,000, which is certainly an exaggeration.
In August 978, Lothair launched a surprise invasion of Lotharingia, striking for Aachen to capture the Emperor Otto II and Empress Theophanu. He was accompanied by his most powerful vassals, Hugh Capet and Henry of Burgundy. It is not clear from the sources if seizing the imperial couple was Lothair's original intention, or if in striking towards Aachen he was merely taking advantage of the couple's presence during a broader effort to seize all of Lotharingia. According to Richer, Lothair was more offended that Otto "did not hesitate to approach his borders" than that the latter was in occupation of the disputed territory. That this was Lothair's primary motivation, however, seems unlikely, since Otto is known to have visited Aachen in July 973 and Easter 975 without incident.
When Otto was first alerted the invasion, he did not believe the reports. It was only when Lothair was almost at the gates of the city that he and Theophanu made their escape to Cologne. Lothair occupied the palace of Aachen without resistance. According to the History of the Franks of Sens, he met no resistance. He permitted his troops to loot the palace and he ordered the bronze eagle on the roof turned to face the other way. According to Richer, the Germans had made it face west as an indication of their ability to invade West Francia at any time; Lothair turned it back to the east to indicate the opposite. Thietmar of Merseburg, on the other hand, says that Lothair turned it to face west, since whoever held Aachen traditionally made the eagle to face their kingdom. It is clear from the conflicting accounts that while the intent of Lothair's gesture was well-known, the particular meaning of it was not and the directionality of the eagle probably had no real traditional significance.
A lack of provisions forced Lothair to abandon Aachen after three days. He pillaged the palace before leaving. Having lain claim to all the land between the Moselle and the Rhine after his victory, according to the Annals of Saint Gall, he tried and failed to take Metz. There he was opposed by the bishop, Theoderic, who wrote a letter urging Otto II to respond in kind to Lothair's insolence. By the autumn, Lothair had retreated to West Francia with the intention of returning to Lotharingia. The History of the Franks of Sens indicates that the Germans did not pursue him.
German counter-invasion
According to the Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium, Otto swore revenge on Lothair. He convoked a general assembly of the whole empire. According to Alpert of Metz, noblemen from every region, including Italy, attended. They agreed that West Francia could not be allowed to raid the empire with impunity and counselled Otto to respond. The Gesta reports that the emperor sent an envoy to Lothair with what amounted to a declaration of war, promising to invade his kingdom on 1 October.
According to the Annals of Saint Gall, Otto invaded West Francia with 30,000 horsemen. When he crossed the border, Lothair retreated to Étampes. Otto sacked the royal palaces at Compiègne and Attigny, seized Laon and was unopposed at Reims and Soissons. The Annals depict the Germans ravaging the West Frankish countryside. The Gesta, however, contrasts the good conduct of the German army with the pillaging and carousing of the West Franks. It credits Otto with sparing churches and even giving them donations. On this last point, the West Frankish historian Richer agrees, praising Otto for his good treatment of the churches and describing his anger when his troops destroyed the nunnery of Sainte-Balthilde-de-Chelles.
Otto set up Charles as king in opposition to Lothair, a fact known only from a pair of angry letters exchanged between Charles and Bishop Theoderic of Metz in 984. Both letters were written by Gerbert of Aurillac, who later apologized to Theoderic for the tone of Charles's letter. Otto's failed attempt to replace Lothair is ignored in all the narrative accounts of the war, but it may explain why Hugh Capet remained loyal to the latter in 978.
Otto devastated the suburbs of Paris, pitched his camp on Montmartre and began a siege. He had a priestly choir chant the Alleluia in front of the city to demonstrate his glory. What happened at the siege is a matter of disagreement. According to the History of the Franks of Sens, one of Otto's nephews promised to break his lance on the doors only to be killed at the gate. Lothair, Hugh and Henry then sallied and put the Germans to flight, pursuing them as far as Soissons, killing multitudes. Richer, probably in mere imitation of classical models, records an instance single combat before the gates of Paris. This story became amplified in legend and incorporated into the Gesta consulum Andegavorum and Chronique de Nantes, the family histories of the dukes of Brittany and the counts of Anjou.
19th-century painting, by Charles Durupt, depicting Lothair falling on Otto's troops at the Aisne
Unable to take Paris, Otto retreated to Lotharingia in November 978. The bulk of his army had crossed the river Aisne when some West Frankish pursuers fell on the baggage train. In the resultant chaos, many lives were lost. According to the History of the Franks of Sens, so many were the corpses that they clogged the river and it overran its banks. Brun of Querfurt blames the slaughter on the troops' gluttony and drunkenness.
Peace
In 979, Lothair was preoccupied by a local dispute in Flanders. In 980, Otto sued for peace. The kings met at Margut on the border and Lothair renounced any claim on Lotharingia. Thietmar writes that Lothair obtained Otto's friendship by going to him with gifts. According to Richer, Lothair reconciled with Otto to gain his support against his main internal rival, Hugh Capet. The exclusion of Hugh from the terms of the treaty reached at Margut meant that he remained unreconciled to Charles and at odds with Lothair for the remainder of the latter's reign.
The peace did not long outlive Otto II, who died in 983. Lothair attended the court held at Quedlinburg during Easter 984 by Henry the Quarrelsome, regent for the young Otto III. In 985, he violated the peace and seized Verdun. His death the following year (986), followed closely by that of his son, Louis V (987), ended the conflict over Lotharingia. Hugh Capet was elected king of West Francia and handed back Verdun.
Notes
^ a b c Reuter 1993, p. 176.
^ a b c d e f g h i Dunbabin 2000, p. 388.
^ a b c Poole 1922, p. 207.
^ a b c d e f Riches 2008, p. 201.
^ a b Lot 1891, p. 93.
^ a b c d Riches 2008, p. 195.
^ Kohn 2007.
^ Phillips & Axelrod 2005.
^ a b c Parisse 2000, p. 320.
^ a b Riches 2008, pp. 193 n. 10 and 195 n. 20.
^ Lot 1891, p. 92.
^ a b c d e f Riches 2008, pp. 191–192.
^ a b c Riches 2008, p. 197.
^ a b c d e Riches 2008, p. 200.
^ Poole 1922, p. 207n.
^ a b c d e Halphen 1922, p. 80.
^ a b c Riches 2008, p. 199.
^ a b Poole 1922, p. 208.
^ Riches 2008, p. 196.
^ a b Riches 2008, p. 198.
^ Dunbabin 2000, pp. 388–389.
^ Reuter 1993, p. 185.
^ Reuter 1993, p. 212.
Bibliography
Dunbabin, Jean (1985). France in the Making, 843–1180. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dunbabin, Jean (2000). "West Francia: The Kingdom". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–397. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.
Fields, Nic (2002). "Franco-German War (978–980)". In Stanley Sandler (ed.). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 291.
Halphen, Louis (1922). "France, the Last Carolingians and the Accession of Hugh Capet (888–987)". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. M.; Previté-Orton, C. W. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–98.
Kohn, George Childs (2007) . "Franco-German War of 978–980 C.E.". Dictionary of Wars (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 190.
Lot, Ferdinand (1890). "Geoffroi Grisegonelle dans l'épopée". Romania. 19 (75): 377–393. doi:10.3406/roma.1890.6114.
Lot, Ferdinand (1891). Les derniers Carolingiens: Lothaire, Louis V, Charles de Lorraine (954–991). Paris: Émile Bouillon.
McKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman.
Mohr, Walter (1957). "Die lothringische Frage unter Otto II. und Lothar". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 35 (3–4): 705–725. doi:10.3406/rbph.1957.2046.
Parisse, Michel (2000). "Lotharingia". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 310–327. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.
Poole, Austin Lane (1922). "Germany: Otto II and Otto III". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. M.; Previté-Orton, C. W. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–214.
Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005). "Franco-German War (978–980)". Encyclopedia of Wars. New York: Facts on File. pp. 464–465.
Reuter, Timothy (1993). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800–1056. London: Longman.
Riches, Theo (2008). "The Carolingian Capture of Aachen in 978 and Its Historiographical Footprint". In Paul Fouracre; David Ganz (eds.). Frankland: The Franks and the World of the Early Middle Ages. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 191–208.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Lothair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_of_France"},{"link_name":"West Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Otto_II"},{"link_name":"East Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoftag"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"river Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Aisne"}],"text":"The Franco-German war of 978–980 was fought over possession of Lotharingia and over personal honour. In the summer of 978, King Lothair of West Francia (France) launched a surprise attack on Aachen, almost capturing the Emperor Otto II, king of East Francia (Germany) and of Italy. By autumn Lothair had returned to West Francia, while Otto had convoked a diet and assembled an army. To avenge his honour, Otto invaded West Francia. Unable to take Paris after a brief siege, he returned to Lotharingia. During his retreat, after the bulk of his army had crossed the river Aisne, the West Franks caught up to his baggage train and slaughtered it. In 980, the kings made peace. Lothair renounced his claim to Lotharingia.","title":"Franco-German war of 978–980"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of the Three Henries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henries_(976%E2%80%93978)"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"duchy of Lower Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lower_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1993176-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207-3"},{"link_name":"Reginarids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginarids"},{"link_name":"Reginar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginar_IV,_Count_of_Mons"},{"link_name":"Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_I,_Count_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"county of Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1993176-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008201-4"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008201-4"},{"link_name":"Annals of Niederaltaich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Altahenses"},{"link_name":"Gerbert of Aurillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbert_of_Aurillac"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELot189193-5"},{"link_name":"Annals of Saint Gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Sangallenses_maiores"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008195-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2007-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipsAxelrod2005-8"},{"link_name":"Upper Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Frederick I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Upper_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Theoderic I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_I,_Duke_of_Upper_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParisse2000320-9"},{"link_name":"Hugh Capet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Capet"},{"link_name":"Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"Louis IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Hugh the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008193_n._10_and_195_n._20-10"}],"text":"In the years 976–978, Otto II was beset by simultaneous unrest in the southeast and northwest of Germany and by the machinations of his West Frankish neighbour. It is probable that there was some coordination between his opponents. In 977, Otto was victorious in the War of the Three Henries. That same year, he appointed Lothair's exiled brother Charles to the duchy of Lower Lotharingia.[1] This was an insult to Lothair, who had his own claims to Lotharingia.[2] Perhaps also perceived as a slight at Lothair's court at this time was the sidelining by Otto of his mother, Adelaide, who was also the mother of Lothair's queen, Emma, Otto's half-sister.[3]In 978, Otto turned against the Reginarids in the northwest. This campaign ended in a compromise with the brothers Reginar and Lambert, who claimed the county of Hainaut.[1][2][4] Otto was resting in Aachen after this campaign when he was surprised by the West Frankish invasion.[4] The Annals of Niederaltaich claim that Reginar and Lambert instigated Lothair to attack, a claim which may find support in a letter of Gerbert of Aurillac.[5]The earliest narrative account of the war is found in the Annals of Saint Gall, according to which Lothair was disputing the border between his kingdom and Otto's when he decided to invade Lotharingia.[6] Lotharingia had been annexed by East Francia from West Francia in 925.[7][8] It was divided into Lower Lotharingia and Upper Lotharingia in 959. In May 978, the duke of Upper Lotharingia, Frederick I, died and was succeeded by his underage son, Theoderic I. This created an opportunity for Lothair to attack.[9] It also brought Lothair's interests into alignment with those of Hugh Capet, his most powerful subject, whose sister, Beatrice, was the widow of Duke Frederick and who therefore regarded Charles as a rival of his nephew in Lotharingia.[2] By contrast, in conflicts in 940 and 946 between Lothair's father (Louis IV) and Otto's father (Otto I), Hugh's father (Hugh the Great) had sided with Otto.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_des_Registrum_Gregorii_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"link_name":"Henry I of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELot189192-11"},{"link_name":"Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laon"},{"link_name":"Richer of Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richer_of_Reims"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELot189193-5"},{"link_name":"Theophanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008197-13"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207-3"},{"link_name":"palace of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192-12"},{"link_name":"History of the Franks of Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Franks_of_Sens"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008200-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008197-13"},{"link_name":"Thietmar of Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008200-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207n-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207-3"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008195-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParisse2000320-9"},{"link_name":"Theoderic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_I_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008199-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008200-14"}],"sub_title":"French invasion","text":"Contemporary depiction of Otto IILothair, with a large suite of bishops, visited Dijon, the seat of Hugh's brother, Duke Henry I of Burgundy, in March 978.[11] Shortly after, he convoked an assembly at Laon to approve his planned invasion of Lotharingia. It was approved without debate. The target, Aachen, was to be kept secret from the troops until the last moment. According to Richer of Reims, the assembled army numbered 20,000, which is certainly an exaggeration.[5]In August 978, Lothair launched a surprise invasion of Lotharingia, striking for Aachen to capture the Emperor Otto II and Empress Theophanu.[2][12] He was accompanied by his most powerful vassals, Hugh Capet and Henry of Burgundy.[2] It is not clear from the sources if seizing the imperial couple was Lothair's original intention, or if in striking towards Aachen he was merely taking advantage of the couple's presence during a broader effort to seize all of Lotharingia.[12] According to Richer, Lothair was more offended that Otto \"did not hesitate to approach his borders\" than that the latter was in occupation of the disputed territory. That this was Lothair's primary motivation, however, seems unlikely, since Otto is known to have visited Aachen in July 973 and Easter 975 without incident.[13]When Otto was first alerted the invasion, he did not believe the reports. It was only when Lothair was almost at the gates of the city that he and Theophanu made their escape to Cologne.[3] Lothair occupied the palace of Aachen without resistance.[2][12] According to the History of the Franks of Sens, he met no resistance.[14] He permitted his troops to loot the palace and he ordered the bronze eagle on the roof turned to face the other way. According to Richer, the Germans had made it face west as an indication of their ability to invade West Francia at any time; Lothair turned it back to the east to indicate the opposite.[13] Thietmar of Merseburg, on the other hand, says that Lothair turned it to face west, since whoever held Aachen traditionally made the eagle to face their kingdom. It is clear from the conflicting accounts that while the intent of Lothair's gesture was well-known, the particular meaning of it was not and the directionality of the eagle probably had no real traditional significance.[14][15]A lack of provisions forced Lothair to abandon Aachen after three days.[16] He pillaged the palace before leaving.[3] Having lain claim to all the land between the Moselle and the Rhine after his victory, according to the Annals of Saint Gall, he tried and failed to take Metz.[6][9] There he was opposed by the bishop, Theoderic, who wrote a letter urging Otto II to respond in kind to Lothair's insolence.[17] By the autumn, Lothair had retreated to West Francia with the intention of returning to Lotharingia.[2][12] The History of the Franks of Sens indicates that the Germans did not pursue him.[14]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_episcoporum_Cameracensium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008201-4"},{"link_name":"Alpert of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpert_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008199-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008201-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008195-6"},{"link_name":"Étampes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tampes"},{"link_name":"Compiègne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne"},{"link_name":"Attigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attigny,_Ardennes"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissons"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1922208-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008195-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008201-4"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Balthilde-de-Chelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Balthilde-de-Chelles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008197-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008193_n._10_and_195_n._20-10"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Montmartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmartre"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280-16"},{"link_name":"Alleluia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleluia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008201-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008200-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008196-19"},{"link_name":"Gesta consulum Andegavorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_consulum_Andegavorum"},{"link_name":"Chronique de Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronique_de_Nantes"},{"link_name":"dukes of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"counts of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:978_Soissons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Durupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Durupt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280-16"},{"link_name":"river Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Aisne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008200-14"},{"link_name":"Brun of Querfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_of_Querfurt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008198-20"}],"sub_title":"German counter-invasion","text":"According to the Gesta episcoporum Cameracensium, Otto swore revenge on Lothair.[4] He convoked a general assembly of the whole empire. According to Alpert of Metz, noblemen from every region, including Italy, attended.[17] They agreed that West Francia could not be allowed to raid the empire with impunity and counselled Otto to respond. The Gesta reports that the emperor sent an envoy to Lothair with what amounted to a declaration of war, promising to invade his kingdom on 1 October.[4]According to the Annals of Saint Gall, Otto invaded West Francia with 30,000 horsemen.[6] When he crossed the border, Lothair retreated to Étampes. Otto sacked the royal palaces at Compiègne and Attigny, seized Laon and was unopposed at Reims and Soissons.[18] The Annals depict the Germans ravaging the West Frankish countryside.[6] The Gesta, however, contrasts the good conduct of the German army with the pillaging and carousing of the West Franks. It credits Otto with sparing churches and even giving them donations.[4] On this last point, the West Frankish historian Richer agrees, praising Otto for his good treatment of the churches and describing his anger when his troops destroyed the nunnery of Sainte-Balthilde-de-Chelles.[13]Otto set up Charles as king in opposition to Lothair, a fact known only from a pair of angry letters exchanged between Charles and Bishop Theoderic of Metz in 984. Both letters were written by Gerbert of Aurillac, who later apologized to Theoderic for the tone of Charles's letter. Otto's failed attempt to replace Lothair is ignored in all the narrative accounts of the war, but it may explain why Hugh Capet remained loyal to the latter in 978.[10]Otto devastated the suburbs of Paris, pitched his camp on Montmartre and began a siege.[16] He had a priestly choir chant the Alleluia in front of the city to demonstrate his glory.[4][16] What happened at the siege is a matter of disagreement. According to the History of the Franks of Sens, one of Otto's nephews promised to break his lance on the doors only to be killed at the gate. Lothair, Hugh and Henry then sallied and put the Germans to flight, pursuing them as far as Soissons, killing multitudes.[14] Richer, probably in mere imitation of classical models, records an instance single combat before the gates of Paris.[19] This story became amplified in legend and incorporated into the Gesta consulum Andegavorum and Chronique de Nantes, the family histories of the dukes of Brittany and the counts of Anjou.[2]19th-century painting, by Charles Durupt, depicting Lothair falling on Otto's troops at the AisneUnable to take Paris, Otto retreated to Lotharingia in November 978.[16] The bulk of his army had crossed the river Aisne when some West Frankish pursuers fell on the baggage train. In the resultant chaos, many lives were lost.[12] According to the History of the Franks of Sens, so many were the corpses that they clogged the river and it overran its banks.[14] Brun of Querfurt blames the slaughter on the troops' gluttony and drunkenness.[20]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1922208-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388-2"},{"link_name":"Margut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1993176-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008199-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2008198-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388%E2%80%93389-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParisse2000320-9"},{"link_name":"Quedlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg"},{"link_name":"Henry the Quarrelsome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Otto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1993185-22"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun"},{"link_name":"Louis V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuter1993212-23"}],"text":"In 979, Lothair was preoccupied by a local dispute in Flanders.[18] In 980, Otto sued for peace.[2] The kings met at Margut on the border and Lothair renounced any claim on Lotharingia.[1][12][16] Thietmar writes that Lothair obtained Otto's friendship by going to him with gifts.[17] According to Richer, Lothair reconciled with Otto to gain his support against his main internal rival, Hugh Capet.[20] The exclusion of Hugh from the terms of the treaty reached at Margut meant that he remained unreconciled to Charles and at odds with Lothair for the remainder of the latter's reign.[21]The peace did not long outlive Otto II, who died in 983.[9] Lothair attended the court held at Quedlinburg during Easter 984 by Henry the Quarrelsome, regent for the young Otto III.[22] In 985, he violated the peace and seized Verdun. His death the following year (986), followed closely by that of his son, Louis V (987), ended the conflict over Lotharingia. Hugh Capet was elected king of West Francia and handed back Verdun.[23]","title":"Peace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter1993176_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter1993176_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter1993176_1-2"},{"link_name":"Reuter 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReuter1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388_2-8"},{"link_name":"Dunbabin 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDunbabin2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207_3-2"},{"link_name":"Poole 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPoole1922"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008201_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008201_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008201_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008201_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008201_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008201_4-5"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELot189193_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELot189193_5-1"},{"link_name":"Lot 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLot1891"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008195_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008195_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008195_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008195_6-3"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2007_7-0"},{"link_name":"Kohn 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKohn2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipsAxelrod2005_8-0"},{"link_name":"Phillips & Axelrod 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPhillipsAxelrod2005"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParisse2000320_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParisse2000320_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParisse2000320_9-2"},{"link_name":"Parisse 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParisse2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008193_n._10_and_195_n._20_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008193_n._10_and_195_n._20_10-1"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELot189192_11-0"},{"link_name":"Lot 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLot1891"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008191%E2%80%93192_12-5"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008197_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008197_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008197_13-2"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008200_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008200_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008200_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008200_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008200_14-4"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole1922207n_15-0"},{"link_name":"Poole 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPoole1922"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280_16-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280_16-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalphen192280_16-4"},{"link_name":"Halphen 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalphen1922"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008199_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008199_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008199_17-2"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole1922208_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole1922208_18-1"},{"link_name":"Poole 1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPoole1922"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008196_19-0"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008198_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2008198_20-1"},{"link_name":"Riches 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRiches2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbabin2000388%E2%80%93389_21-0"},{"link_name":"Dunbabin 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDunbabin2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter1993185_22-0"},{"link_name":"Reuter 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReuter1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuter1993212_23-0"},{"link_name":"Reuter 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReuter1993"}],"text":"^ a b c Reuter 1993, p. 176.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Dunbabin 2000, p. 388.\n\n^ a b c Poole 1922, p. 207.\n\n^ a b c d e f Riches 2008, p. 201.\n\n^ a b Lot 1891, p. 93.\n\n^ a b c d Riches 2008, p. 195.\n\n^ Kohn 2007.\n\n^ Phillips & Axelrod 2005.\n\n^ a b c Parisse 2000, p. 320.\n\n^ a b Riches 2008, pp. 193 n. 10 and 195 n. 20.\n\n^ Lot 1891, p. 92.\n\n^ a b c d e f Riches 2008, pp. 191–192.\n\n^ a b c Riches 2008, p. 197.\n\n^ a b c d e Riches 2008, p. 200.\n\n^ Poole 1922, p. 207n.\n\n^ a b c d e Halphen 1922, p. 80.\n\n^ a b c Riches 2008, p. 199.\n\n^ a b Poole 1922, p. 208.\n\n^ Riches 2008, p. 196.\n\n^ a b Riches 2008, p. 198.\n\n^ Dunbabin 2000, pp. 388–389.\n\n^ Reuter 1993, p. 185.\n\n^ Reuter 1993, p. 212.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunbabin, Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dunbabin"},{"link_name":"Reuter, Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Reuter"},{"link_name":"The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521364478"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-13905572-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905572-7"},{"link_name":"Halphen, Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Halphen"},{"link_name":"\"France, the Last Carolingians and the Accession of Hugh Capet (888–987)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva0003unse/page/70/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Whitney, J. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Whitney"},{"link_name":"Tanner, J. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Tanner"},{"link_name":"Gwatkin, H. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Melvill_Gwatkin"},{"link_name":"Previté-Orton, C. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Medieval History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History"},{"link_name":"Lot, Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot"},{"link_name":"\"Geoffroi Grisegonelle dans l'épopée\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1890_num_19_75_6114"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/roma.1890.6114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1890.6114"},{"link_name":"Les derniers Carolingiens: Lothaire, Louis V, Charles de Lorraine (954–991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pJxWAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"McKitterick, Rosamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick"},{"link_name":"\"Die lothringische Frage unter Otto II. und Lothar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1957_num_35_3_2046"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/rbph.1957.2046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.1957.2046"},{"link_name":"Parisse, Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Parisse"},{"link_name":"Reuter, Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Reuter"},{"link_name":"The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521364478"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-13905572-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905572-7"},{"link_name":"Poole, Austin Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Lane_Poole"},{"link_name":"\"Germany: Otto II and Otto III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva0003unse/page/204/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Whitney, J. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Whitney"},{"link_name":"Tanner, J. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Tanner"},{"link_name":"Gwatkin, H. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Melvill_Gwatkin"},{"link_name":"Previté-Orton, C. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Medieval History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History"},{"link_name":"Reuter, Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Reuter"}],"text":"Dunbabin, Jean (1985). France in the Making, 843–1180. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nDunbabin, Jean (2000). \"West Francia: The Kingdom\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–397. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.\nFields, Nic (2002). \"Franco-German War (978–980)\". In Stanley Sandler (ed.). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 291.\nHalphen, Louis (1922). \"France, the Last Carolingians and the Accession of Hugh Capet (888–987)\". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. M.; Previté-Orton, C. W. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–98.\nKohn, George Childs (2007) [1986]. \"Franco-German War of 978–980 C.E.\". Dictionary of Wars (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 190.\nLot, Ferdinand (1890). \"Geoffroi Grisegonelle dans l'épopée\". Romania. 19 (75): 377–393. doi:10.3406/roma.1890.6114.\nLot, Ferdinand (1891). Les derniers Carolingiens: Lothaire, Louis V, Charles de Lorraine (954–991). Paris: Émile Bouillon.\nMcKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman.\nMohr, Walter (1957). \"Die lothringische Frage unter Otto II. und Lothar\". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 35 (3–4): 705–725. doi:10.3406/rbph.1957.2046.\nParisse, Michel (2000). \"Lotharingia\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 310–327. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.\nPoole, Austin Lane (1922). \"Germany: Otto II and Otto III\". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. M.; Previté-Orton, C. W. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–214.\nPhillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005). \"Franco-German War (978–980)\". Encyclopedia of Wars. New York: Facts on File. pp. 464–465.\nReuter, Timothy (1993). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800–1056. London: Longman.\nRiches, Theo (2008). \"The Carolingian Capture of Aachen in 978 and Its Historiographical Footprint\". In Paul Fouracre; David Ganz (eds.). Frankland: The Franks and the World of the Early Middle Ages. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 191–208.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Contemporary depiction of Otto II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meister_des_Registrum_Gregorii_001.jpg/220px-Meister_des_Registrum_Gregorii_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"19th-century painting, by Charles Durupt, depicting Lothair falling on Otto's troops at the Aisne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/978_Soissons.jpg/330px-978_Soissons.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Dunbabin, Jean (1985). France in the Making, 843–1180. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dunbabin","url_text":"Dunbabin, Jean"}]},{"reference":"Dunbabin, Jean (2000). \"West Francia: The Kingdom\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–397. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Reuter","url_text":"Reuter, Timothy"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521364478","url_text":"The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905572-7","url_text":"978-1-13905572-7"}]},{"reference":"Fields, Nic (2002). \"Franco-German War (978–980)\". In Stanley Sandler (ed.). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 291.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Halphen, Louis (1922). \"France, the Last Carolingians and the Accession of Hugh Capet (888–987)\". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. M.; Previté-Orton, C. W. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Halphen","url_text":"Halphen, Louis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva0003unse/page/70/mode/2up","url_text":"\"France, the Last Carolingians and the Accession of Hugh Capet (888–987)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Whitney","url_text":"Whitney, J. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Tanner","url_text":"Tanner, J. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Melvill_Gwatkin","url_text":"Gwatkin, H. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton","url_text":"Previté-Orton, C. W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History","url_text":"The Cambridge Medieval History"}]},{"reference":"Kohn, George Childs (2007) [1986]. \"Franco-German War of 978–980 C.E.\". Dictionary of Wars (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 190.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lot, Ferdinand (1890). \"Geoffroi Grisegonelle dans l'épopée\". Romania. 19 (75): 377–393. doi:10.3406/roma.1890.6114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lot","url_text":"Lot, Ferdinand"},{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1890_num_19_75_6114","url_text":"\"Geoffroi Grisegonelle dans l'épopée\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1890.6114","url_text":"10.3406/roma.1890.6114"}]},{"reference":"Lot, Ferdinand (1891). Les derniers Carolingiens: Lothaire, Louis V, Charles de Lorraine (954–991). Paris: Émile Bouillon.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pJxWAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Les derniers Carolingiens: Lothaire, Louis V, Charles de Lorraine (954–991)"}]},{"reference":"McKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick","url_text":"McKitterick, Rosamond"}]},{"reference":"Mohr, Walter (1957). \"Die lothringische Frage unter Otto II. und Lothar\". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 35 (3–4): 705–725. doi:10.3406/rbph.1957.2046.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1957_num_35_3_2046","url_text":"\"Die lothringische Frage unter Otto II. und Lothar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.1957.2046","url_text":"10.3406/rbph.1957.2046"}]},{"reference":"Parisse, Michel (2000). \"Lotharingia\". In Reuter, Timothy (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 310–327. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Parisse","url_text":"Parisse, Michel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Reuter","url_text":"Reuter, Timothy"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521364478","url_text":"The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905572-7","url_text":"978-1-13905572-7"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Austin Lane (1922). \"Germany: Otto II and Otto III\". In Whitney, J. P.; Tanner, J. R.; Gwatkin, H. M.; Previté-Orton, C. W. (eds.). The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3: Germany and the Western Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Lane_Poole","url_text":"Poole, Austin Lane"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva0003unse/page/204/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Germany: Otto II and Otto III\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Whitney","url_text":"Whitney, J. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._Tanner","url_text":"Tanner, J. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Melvill_Gwatkin","url_text":"Gwatkin, H. M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton","url_text":"Previté-Orton, C. W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History","url_text":"The Cambridge Medieval History"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005). \"Franco-German War (978–980)\". Encyclopedia of Wars. New York: Facts on File. pp. 464–465.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reuter, Timothy (1993). Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800–1056. London: Longman.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Reuter","url_text":"Reuter, Timothy"}]},{"reference":"Riches, Theo (2008). \"The Carolingian Capture of Aachen in 978 and Its Historiographical Footprint\". In Paul Fouracre; David Ganz (eds.). Frankland: The Franks and the World of the Early Middle Ages. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 191–208.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota
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1952 United States Senate election in North Dakota
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["1 General election","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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US Election
1952 United States Senate election in North Dakota
← 1946
November 4, 1952
1958 →
Nominee
William Langer
Harold Morrison
Fred G. Aandahl
Party
Republican
Democratic
Independent
Popular vote
157,907
55,347
24,741
Percentage
66.35%
23.26%
10.40%
County resultsLanger: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
Senator before election
William Langer
Republican
Elected Senator
William Langer
Republican
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vte
The 1952 United States Senate election in North Dakota took place on November 4, 1952, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of North Dakota, concurrently with other Class 1 elections to the Senate and various other federal, state, and local elections.
Incumbent Republican-NPL Senator William Langer was re-elected to a third term with 66.35% of the vote, defeating Democratic candidate Harold A. Morrison with 23.26% of the vote and independent candidate Fred G. Aandahl with 10.40% of the vote. Aandahl, the 23rd Governor of North Dakota, ran as an independent after having failed to defeat Langer in the Republican primary.
General election
1952 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Republican
William Langer (incumbent)
157,907
66.35%
+13.01%
Democratic
Harold Morrison
55,347
23.26%
+0.06%
Write-In
Fred G. Aandahl
24,741
10.40%
+10.40%
Majority
102,560
43.09%
+13.21%
Total votes
237,995
100.00%
N/A
Republican hold
Notes
^ Earl Rockwood; Lyle O. Snader, eds. (May 12, 1953). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1952" (PDF). Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2006. Retrieved November 14, 2006.
External links
1952 North Dakota U.S. Senate Election results
vte(1951←) 1952 United States elections (→1953)President
1952 United States presidential election
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vteElections in North DakotaGeneral
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U.S. Senate
1889
1891
1893
1897
1899
1903
1905
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1911
1911 (special)
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1920
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1926
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U.S. House
1889
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1896
1898
1900
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1908
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1914
1916
1918
1920
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See also: Political party strength in North Dakota
vteNotable third-party performances in United States elections* Third party is endorsed by a major partyPresidential
1788–89*
1792*
1832
1848
1856
1860
1872*
1892
1896*
1912
1924
1948
1960
1968
1980
1992
1996
Senatorial (since 1940)
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Arkansas 1948
Alabama 1950
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California 1952
Maine 1952
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North Dakota 1952
Virginia 1952
South Carolina 1954 (Democratic write-in)
Virginia 1954
Utah 1958
Virginia 1958
Virginia 1960
Virginia 1964
Mississippi 1966
Virginia 1966
Virginia 1966
Alabama 1968
Alaska 1968
Maryland 1968
New York 1968
Connecticut 1970
Mississippi 1970
New York 1970
Virginia 1970
Louisiana 1972
Florida 1974
Hawaii 1974
Nevada 1974
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Utah 1974
Minnesota 1976
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Alabama 1978
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Connecticut 2006
Indiana 2006
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Vermont 2006*
Arkansas 2008
Idaho 2008
Minnesota 2008
Oregon 2008
Alaska 2010 (Republican write-in)
Florida 2010
Indiana 2010
South Carolina 2010
Utah 2010
Indiana 2012
Maine 2012
Maryland 2012
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Vermont 2012*
Kansas 2014
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Alaska 2016
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Maine 2018
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Vermont 2018*
Alaska 2020*
Arkansas 2020
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Nebraska 2020
Idaho 2022
North Dakota 2022
Utah 2022*
Gubernatorial (since 1940)
Minnesota 1940
Wisconsin 1940
Connecticut 1942
Minnesota 1942
New York 1942
Wisconsin 1942
North Dakota 1944
Wisconsin 1944
California 1946
Tennessee 1950
Maine 1952
Vermont 1952
Tennessee 1954
Nebraska 1956
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Oklahoma 1958
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North Dakota 1960
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Virginia 1965
Alabama 1966
Georgia 1966
Idaho 1966
Maryland 1966
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Alaska 2022
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Territorial Governors (since 1970)
U.S. Virgin Islands 1970
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This North Dakota–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325th_Fighter-Interceptor_Wing
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325th Fighter Wing
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["1 Mission","2 Units","3 History","3.1 F-15 Eagle","3.2 F-22 Raptor","3.3 F-35 Lightning II","4 Lineage","4.1 Assignments","4.2 Components","4.3 Stations","4.4 Aircraft assigned","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Bibliography","5.3 Further reading","6 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "325th Fighter Wing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
325th Fighter Wing
An F-22 Raptor and two F-15 Eagles from Tyndall Air Force Base refuel from a KC-135 Stratotanker of the Mississippi Air National Guard over eastern Florida, 22 September 2008.Active1948–1952; 1956–1968; 1981–presentCountry United StatesBranchUnited States Air ForcePart ofAir Combat Command
Fifteenth Air Force
Garrison/HQTyndall Air Force BaseMotto(s)Locare et Liquidare Latin Locate and LiquidateDecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit AwardCommandersCurrentcommanderColonel George R. WatkinsNotablecommandersRichard MyersDonavon F. SmithInsignia325th Fighter Wing emblem (approved 5 March 1957)Military unit
The 325th Fighter Wing (325 FW) is a wing of the United States Air Force based in Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.
Mission
The 325th Fighter Wing's primary mission is to project unrivaled combat airpower for America. The wing is currently transitioning to the F-35A Lightning II. When the transition is complete, the 325th Fighter Wing will become the Air Force’s newest operational fighter wing with three F-35A squadrons tasked to maintain combat readiness in support of national defense.
The 325th FW is host to 20 tenant organizations from multiple Major Commands and across several military mission sets located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Fla. The wing comprises the 325th Operations Group, 325th Maintenance Group, 325th Mission Support Group and 325th Medical Group.
Tyndall Air Force Base is currently undergoing a $4.7 billion dollar rebuild after sustaining a direct hit from Hurricane Michael in 2018. When the rebuild is complete, Tyndall will be the Air Force’s first 21st Century “Installation of the Future.”
Units
325th Operations Group (325 OG)
2d Fighter Training Squadron (2 FTS)
43d Fighter Squadron (43 FS)
95th Fighter Squadron (95 FS)
325th Operations Support Squadron (325 OSS)
325th Training Support Squadron (325 TRSS)
325th Maintenance Group (325 MXG)
95th Fighter Generation Squadron (95 FGS)
325th Maintenance Squadron (325 MXS)
325th Munitions Squadron (325 MUNS)
325th Mission Support Group (325 MSG)
325th Civil Engineer Squadron (325 CES)
325th Communications Squadron (325 CS)
325th Contracting Squadron (325 CONS)
325th Force Support Squadron (325 FSS)
325th Security Forces Squadron (325 SFS)
325th Logistics Readiness Squadron (325 LRS)
325th Medical Group (325 MDG)
325th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron (325 OMRS)
325th Medical Support Squadron (325 MDSS)
History
QF-100 Super Sabre target drones on the Tyndall AFB flight line
The 325th Fighter Wing was established on 10 May 1948 and activated on 9 June 1948. It conducted air defense of the U.S. west coast, 1948–1952 and 1956–1968. Beginning in spring 1949, the 325th conducted the All Weather Combat Crew Training School. During 1950, the wing also controlled a troop carrier squadron and from May 1950 to June 1951, provided training for elements of a troop carrier wing. On 6 February 1952 the Wing was inactivated and replaced by the 4704th Air Defense Wing, which assumed most of its operational role, while the 567th Air Base Group assumed its host base functions.
An Air Defense Command program to reactivate historic units named "Project Arrow" resulted in the reactivation of the 325th Fighter Group (Air Defense) on 18 August 1955. The 325th group assumed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 567th Air Defense Group. The 325th served as the "host" unit at McChord Air Force Base until October 1956. From February to July 1968, the wing operated an air defense detachment at Osan Air Base, South Korea. The 325th was again inactivated in late 1968. The 325th Fighter Wing was activated on 18 October 1956 and was assigned the 325th group as a subordinate unit controlling its operational squadrons.
On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the wing dispersed a portion of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Paine Air Force Base at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis. These planes returned to McChord after the crisis.
On 15 March 1963 two Soviet bombers overflew Alaska and Alaskan Air Command F-102s were unable to intercept them. The response to this intrusion was to deploy ten F-106s from the wing to Alaska in what was called Operation White Shoes. However, maintaining these aircraft for an extended period of time put a strain on the wing's combat readiness back at McChord, and eventually a detachment of maintenance personnel was established to maintain the planes in Alaska. The wing got relief from this commitment while it was upgrading its F-106s from the 1st Fighter Wing, which relieved it from March to June 1964. Operation White Shoes terminated in 1965 and the unit's planes returned home.
The wing was reactivated at Tyndall Air Force Base in 1981 as the 325th Fighter Weapons Wing, providing the Air Defense Weapons Center with operational and technical advice on air defense and tactics from 1981–1983. It also provided test and evaluation new air defense equipment, including use of the PQM-102 and QF-100, former operational aircraft modified to function as unmanned drones known as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT). This FSAT mission would later transfer to what is now the 53rd Weapons Evaluation Group (53 WEG) of the 53rd Wing (53 WG).
F-15 Eagle
In October 1983, the wing was renamed the 325th Tactical Training Wing and assumed a new mission of conducting qualification training of F-15 tactical aircrews. Beginning in 1983 it deployed T-33 and later, F-15 aircraft to USAF, Air National Guard, Marine Corps, and Navy air units to provide electronic countermeasures and dissimilar air combat training (DACT) and to increase aircrew combat proficiency. The wing also performed continental air defense alert duties from 1988–1990, intercepting unidentified aircraft, assisting the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration in anti-smuggling efforts, and augmenting similarly tasked fighter units in the Louisiana Air National Guard and Florida Air National Guard. It became the host wing at Tyndall Air Force Base in September 1991 and was renamed the 325th Fighter Wing the following month.
F-22 Raptor
In 1998, the 325th divested the F-15A/B Formal Training Unit mission, transferring it to the 173d Fighter Wing (173 FW) of the Oregon Air National Guard. In 2003, the 325th added the 43d Fighter Squadron to conduct F-22 training in addition to the F-15C/D training mission. Until 2010, the 325 FW conducted both F-15C/D and F-22A training when the 173 FW fully assumed the F-15C/D FTU role for both the Regular Air Force and the Air National Guard.
The 325th has conducted the Air Force's basic course and transition training for the F-22A since 2003, training pilots from the Regular Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG) in the aircraft. In October 2012, the wing was reassigned from Air Education and Training Command (AETC) to Air Combat Command (ACC), since it had added a combat coded F-22 squadron by reactivating the 95th Fighter Squadron (95 FS), formerly an F-15C squadron at Tyndall, in addition to its F-22 and T-38 training units. The 95 FS and other elements of the wing completed their first six-month long combat deployment with the Raptor in May 2015.
In the wake of the devastating damage to Tyndall AFB by Hurricane Michael in late 2018, F-22 and T-38 flight training operations were shifted to the former Strike Fighter Squadron 101 (VFA-101) F-35C training facility recently vacated by the U.S. Navy at Eglin AFB, Florida. Concurrently, the combat-coded F-22A aircraft of the 95 FS were redistributed to other F-22 units in Virginia, Hawaii and Alaska and the squadron placed in cadre status.
F-35 Lightning II
Following over two years of speculation, the Air Force announced in 2021 that 325th is set to be equipped with the F-35A Lightning II, the USAF's newest combat fighter. The wing will host three F-35 squadrons, altogether making up 72 aircraft. The first tranche of F-35A aircraft are expected to begin arriving at Tyndall in September or October of 2023. In August 2023, the 95th Fighter Generation Squadron recovered the first 4 325th FW assigned aircraft.
Lineage
Established as the 325th Fighter Wing, All Weather on 10 May 1948
Activated on 9 June 1948
Redesignated 325th Fighter-All Weather Wing on 20 January 1950
Redesignated 325th Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 1 May 1951
Inactivated on 6 February 1952
Redesignated 325th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 14 September 1956
Activated on 18 October 1956
Discontinued and inactivated on 1 July 1968
Redesignated 325th Fighter Weapons Wing on 17 June 1981
Activated on 1 July 1981
Redesignated 325th Tactical Training Wing on 15 October 1983
Redesignated 325th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991
Assignments
Fourth Air Force, 9 June 1948
Attached to Western Air Defense Force, 10 November 1949 – 31 July 1950
Western Air Defense Force, 1 August 1950 – 6 February 1952
25th Air Division, 18 October 1956
Seattle Air Defense Sector, 10 February 1960
25th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 1 July 1968
USAF Air Defense Weapons Center, 1 July 1981
First Air Force, 12 September 1991
Nineteenth Air Force, 1 July 1993
Ninth Air Force, 1 October 2012 – 20 August 2020
Fifteenth Air Force, 20 August 2020 – present
Components
Wings
302d Troop Carrier: attached 6 May 1950 – 8 June 1951
Groups
325th Fighter (later, 325th Fighter-Interceptor; 325th Fighter; 325th Operations): 9 June 1948 – 6 February 1952; 18 October 1956 – 25 March 1960; 1 September 1991–present
Squadrons
1st Tactical Fighter Training: 1 January 1984 – 15 December 2006
2d Fighter-Interceptor Training (later, 2d Fighter Weapons; 2d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; 2d Fighter Training Squadron): 1 July 1981 – 11 May 2010; 22 Aug 2014 - present
4th Troop Carrier: attached 1 May – 17 July 1950
43rd Fighter Squadron: 1 Oct 2002–present
82d Tactical Aerial Target (later, 82d Tactical Aerial Targets): 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983
95th Fighter Interceptor Training (later, 95th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; 95th Fighter Squadron): 1 July 1981 – present
123d Fighter: attached 10–12 February 1951
317th Fighter Interceptor Squadron: attached 18 October 1956-c. June 1957
318th Fighter Interceptor Squadron: attached 18 October 1956-c. June 1957; assigned 25 March 1960 – 1 July 1968
325th Air Control Squadron: 15 October 1983 – 3 October 2012 (redesignated 337th ACS on 3 October 2012 and remains at Tyndall as a geographically separated unit of the 33d Fighter Wing at Eglin Air Force Base)
460th Fighter-Interceptor Training Squadron: 15 January – 15 October 1982
475th Test Squadron: 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983
498th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 18 October 1956-c. June 1957; 1 July 1963 – 25 June 1966
4756th Air Defense: 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983
School
USAF Interceptor Weapons: 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983.
Stations
Hamilton Air Force Base, California, 9 June 1948
Moses Lake Air Force Base, Washington, 23 November 1948
McChord Air Force Base, Washington, 20 April 1950 – 6 February 1952
McChord Air Force Base, Washington, 18 October 1956 – 1 July 1968
Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, 1 July 1981 – present
Aircraft assigned
P-61 Black Widow (1947–1948)
F-82 Twin Mustang (1948–1951)
F-94 Starfire (1950–1952)
C-54 Skymaster (1950)
P-51 Mustang (1951–1952)
F-86 Sabre (1955–1957)
F-102 Delta Dagger (1956–1960)
F-106 Delta Dart (1960, 1981–1983)
F-101 Voodoo (1981–1982)
T-33 Shooting Star (1981–1988)
TF/QF/PQM-102 (1981–1983)
QF-100 (1982–1983)
F-15 Eagle (1983–2010)
F-22 Raptor (2003–present)
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Notes
^ Ravenstein, pp. 176–177
^ Aircraft are North American QF-100 Super Sabre target drones on 25 April 1990. The first five aircraft are single-seat QF-100Ds (serials 55-3784, 56-3365, 56-3112, 55-3741, and 56-3093) and a two-seat QF-100F (serial 56-3865)
^ McMullen, pp. 10–12
^ McMullen, p. 27
^ McMullen, pp. 28–29
^ McMullen, pp. 32–34
^ Elsea, SSG Rachelle (4 October 2012). "325th FW reassigned to ACC in ceremony". 325th Fighter Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ Echols, SRA Alec (14 May 2015). "Tyndall completes first combat deployment". Air Combat Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ "Three New F-35 Squadrons to be Based at Florida's Previously Storm-Ravaged Tyndall Air Force Base".
^ "Tyndall AFB selected to host three F-35 squadrons".
^ "95th FGS catches history".
^ Haulman, Daniel (18 May 2015). "325 Fighter Wing (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
^ Ream, Margaret E. (9 November 2020). "Fifteenth Air Force (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
Bibliography
McMullen, Richard F. (1964) "The Fighter Interceptor Force 1962–1964" ADC Historical Study No. 27, Air Defense Command, Ent Air Force Base, CO (Confidential, declassified 22 March 2000)
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
Further reading
Green, Herschel H. Herky! The Memoirs of a Checkertail Ace. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7643-0073-3
Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
External links
Tyndall AFB Home Page
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(air_force_unit)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"text":"Military unitThe 325th Fighter Wing (325 FW) is a wing of the United States Air Force based in Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.","title":"325th Fighter Wing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F-35A Lightning II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35A_Lightning_II"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Air_Force_Base"}],"text":"The 325th Fighter Wing's primary mission is to project unrivaled combat airpower for America. The wing is currently transitioning to the F-35A Lightning II. When the transition is complete, the 325th Fighter Wing will become the Air Force’s newest operational fighter wing with three F-35A squadrons tasked to maintain combat readiness in support of national defense.The 325th FW is host to 20 tenant organizations from multiple Major Commands and across several military mission sets located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Fla. The wing comprises the 325th Operations Group, 325th Maintenance Group, 325th Mission Support Group and 325th Medical Group.Tyndall Air Force Base is currently undergoing a $4.7 billion dollar rebuild after sustaining a direct hit from Hurricane Michael in 2018. When the rebuild is complete, Tyndall will be the Air Force’s first 21st Century “Installation of the Future.”","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"325th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"2d Fighter Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2d_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"43d Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43d_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"95th Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Fighter_Squadron"}],"text":"325th Operations Group (325 OG)\n\n2d Fighter Training Squadron (2 FTS)\n43d Fighter Squadron (43 FS)\n95th Fighter Squadron (95 FS)\n325th Operations Support Squadron (325 OSS)\n325th Training Support Squadron (325 TRSS)\n325th Maintenance Group (325 MXG)\n\n95th Fighter Generation Squadron (95 FGS)\n325th Maintenance Squadron (325 MXS)\n325th Munitions Squadron (325 MUNS)\n\n\n325th Mission Support Group (325 MSG)\n\n325th Civil Engineer Squadron (325 CES)\n325th Communications Squadron (325 CS)\n325th Contracting Squadron (325 CONS)\n325th Force Support Squadron (325 FSS)\n325th Security Forces Squadron (325 SFS)\n325th Logistics Readiness Squadron (325 LRS)\n325th Medical Group (325 MDG)\n\n325th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron (325 OMRS)\n325th Medical Support Squadron (325 MDSS)","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QF-100_Super_Sabres_at_Tyndall_AFB_1990.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"4704th Air Defense Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4704th_Air_Defense_Wing"},{"link_name":"567th Air Base Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/567th_Air_Base_Group"},{"link_name":"McChord Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McChord_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Osan Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osan_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Paine Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paine_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alaskan Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskan_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1st Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Air Defense Weapons Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Weapons_Center"},{"link_name":"53rd Weapons Evaluation Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Weapons_Evaluation_Group"},{"link_name":"53rd Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Wing"}],"text":"QF-100 Super Sabre target drones on the Tyndall AFB flight line[2]The 325th Fighter Wing was established on 10 May 1948 and activated on 9 June 1948. It conducted air defense of the U.S. west coast, 1948–1952 and 1956–1968. Beginning in spring 1949, the 325th conducted the All Weather Combat Crew Training School. During 1950, the wing also controlled a troop carrier squadron and from May 1950 to June 1951, provided training for elements of a troop carrier wing. On 6 February 1952 the Wing was inactivated and replaced by the 4704th Air Defense Wing, which assumed most of its operational role, while the 567th Air Base Group assumed its host base functions.An Air Defense Command program to reactivate historic units named \"Project Arrow\" resulted in the reactivation of the 325th Fighter Group (Air Defense) on 18 August 1955. The 325th group assumed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 567th Air Defense Group. The 325th served as the \"host\" unit at McChord Air Force Base until October 1956. From February to July 1968, the wing operated an air defense detachment at Osan Air Base, South Korea. The 325th was again inactivated in late 1968. The 325th Fighter Wing was activated on 18 October 1956 and was assigned the 325th group as a subordinate unit controlling its operational squadrons.On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the wing dispersed a portion of its force, equipped with nuclear tipped missiles to Paine Air Force Base at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis.[3] These planes returned to McChord after the crisis.On 15 March 1963 two Soviet bombers overflew Alaska and Alaskan Air Command F-102s were unable to intercept them.[4] The response to this intrusion was to deploy ten F-106s from the wing to Alaska in what was called Operation White Shoes.[5] However, maintaining these aircraft for an extended period of time put a strain on the wing's combat readiness back at McChord, and eventually a detachment of maintenance personnel was established to maintain the planes in Alaska. The wing got relief from this commitment while it was upgrading its F-106s from the 1st Fighter Wing, which relieved it from March to June 1964. Operation White Shoes terminated in 1965 and the unit's planes returned home.[6]The wing was reactivated at Tyndall Air Force Base in 1981 as the 325th Fighter Weapons Wing, providing the Air Defense Weapons Center with operational and technical advice on air defense and tactics from 1981–1983. It also provided test and evaluation new air defense equipment, including use of the PQM-102 and QF-100, former operational aircraft modified to function as unmanned drones known as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT). This FSAT mission would later transfer to what is now the 53rd Weapons Evaluation Group (53 WEG) of the 53rd Wing (53 WG).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Florida Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Air_National_Guard"}],"sub_title":"F-15 Eagle","text":"In October 1983, the wing was renamed the 325th Tactical Training Wing and assumed a new mission of conducting qualification training of F-15 tactical aircrews. Beginning in 1983 it deployed T-33 and later, F-15 aircraft to USAF, Air National Guard, Marine Corps, and Navy air units to provide electronic countermeasures and dissimilar air combat training (DACT) and to increase aircrew combat proficiency. The wing also performed continental air defense alert duties from 1988–1990, intercepting unidentified aircraft, assisting the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration in anti-smuggling efforts, and augmenting similarly tasked fighter units in the Louisiana Air National Guard and Florida Air National Guard. It became the host wing at Tyndall Air Force Base in September 1991 and was renamed the 325th Fighter Wing the following month.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"173d Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/173d_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Oregon Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air Education and Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Education_and_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"95th Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACCassign-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michael"},{"link_name":"VFA-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-101"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Eglin AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_AFB"}],"sub_title":"F-22 Raptor","text":"In 1998, the 325th divested the F-15A/B Formal Training Unit mission, transferring it to the 173d Fighter Wing (173 FW) of the Oregon Air National Guard. In 2003, the 325th added the 43d Fighter Squadron to conduct F-22 training in addition to the F-15C/D training mission. Until 2010, the 325 FW conducted both F-15C/D and F-22A training when the 173 FW fully assumed the F-15C/D FTU role for both the Regular Air Force and the Air National Guard.The 325th has conducted the Air Force's basic course and transition training for the F-22A since 2003, training pilots from the Regular Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the Air National Guard (ANG) in the aircraft. In October 2012, the wing was reassigned from Air Education and Training Command (AETC) to Air Combat Command (ACC), since it had added a combat coded F-22 squadron by reactivating the 95th Fighter Squadron (95 FS), formerly an F-15C squadron at Tyndall, in addition to its F-22 and T-38 training units.[7] The 95 FS and other elements of the wing completed their first six-month long combat deployment with the Raptor in May 2015.[8]In the wake of the devastating damage to Tyndall AFB by Hurricane Michael in late 2018, F-22 and T-38 flight training operations were shifted to the former Strike Fighter Squadron 101 (VFA-101) F-35C training facility recently vacated by the U.S. Navy at Eglin AFB, Florida. Concurrently, the combat-coded F-22A aircraft of the 95 FS were redistributed to other F-22 units in Virginia, Hawaii and Alaska and the squadron placed in cadre status.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F-35A Lightning II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35A_Lightning_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"F-35 Lightning II","text":"Following over two years of speculation, the Air Force announced in 2021 that 325th is set to be equipped with the F-35A Lightning II, the USAF's newest combat fighter. The wing will host three F-35 squadrons, altogether making up 72 aircraft.[9] The first tranche of F-35A aircraft are expected to begin arriving at Tyndall in September or October of 2023.[10] In August 2023, the 95th Fighter Generation Squadron recovered the first 4 325th FW assigned aircraft.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Established as the 325th Fighter Wing, All Weather on 10 May 1948Activated on 9 June 1948\nRedesignated 325th Fighter-All Weather Wing on 20 January 1950\nRedesignated 325th Fighter-Interceptor Wing on 1 May 1951\nInactivated on 6 February 1952Redesignated 325th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 14 September 1956Activated on 18 October 1956\nDiscontinued and inactivated on 1 July 1968Redesignated 325th Fighter Weapons Wing on 17 June 1981Activated on 1 July 1981\nRedesignated 325th Tactical Training Wing on 15 October 1983\nRedesignated 325th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Western Air Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Air_Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"25th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"Seattle Air Defense Sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Air_Defense_Sector"},{"link_name":"First Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Nineteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ninth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force_(2009%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"Fourth Air Force, 9 June 1948Attached to Western Air Defense Force, 10 November 1949 – 31 July 1950Western Air Defense Force, 1 August 1950 – 6 February 1952\n25th Air Division, 18 October 1956\nSeattle Air Defense Sector, 10 February 1960\n25th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 1 July 1968\nUSAF Air Defense Weapons Center, 1 July 1981\nFirst Air Force, 12 September 1991\nNineteenth Air Force, 1 July 1993\nNinth Air Force, 1 October 2012 – 20 August 2020[12]\nFifteenth Air Force, 20 August 2020 – present[13]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"302d Troop Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/302d_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"325th Fighter (later, 325th Fighter-Interceptor; 325th Fighter; 325th Operations)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"1st Tactical Fighter Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"2d Fighter-Interceptor Training (later, 2d Fighter Weapons; 2d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; 2d Fighter Training Squadron)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2d_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"4th Troop Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"43rd Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"82d Tactical Aerial Target (later, 82d Tactical Aerial Targets)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82d_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"95th Fighter Interceptor Training (later, 95th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; 95th Fighter Squadron)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"123d Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123d_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron"},{"link_name":"317th Fighter Interceptor Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317th_Fighter_Interceptor_Squadron"},{"link_name":"318th Fighter Interceptor Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/318th_Fighter_Interceptor_Squadron"},{"link_name":"325th Air Control Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325th_Air_Control_Squadron"},{"link_name":"33d Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33d_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Eglin Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"460th Fighter-Interceptor Training Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460th_Fighter-Interceptor_Training_Squadron"},{"link_name":"475th Test Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475th_Test_Squadron"},{"link_name":"498th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/498th_Fighter-Interceptor_Squadron"}],"sub_title":"Components","text":"Wings302d Troop Carrier: attached 6 May 1950 – 8 June 1951Groups325th Fighter (later, 325th Fighter-Interceptor; 325th Fighter; 325th Operations): 9 June 1948 – 6 February 1952; 18 October 1956 – 25 March 1960; 1 September 1991–presentSquadrons1st Tactical Fighter Training: 1 January 1984 – 15 December 2006\n2d Fighter-Interceptor Training (later, 2d Fighter Weapons; 2d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; 2d Fighter Training Squadron): 1 July 1981 – 11 May 2010; 22 Aug 2014 - present\n4th Troop Carrier: attached 1 May – 17 July 1950\n43rd Fighter Squadron: 1 Oct 2002–present\n82d Tactical Aerial Target (later, 82d Tactical Aerial Targets): 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983\n95th Fighter Interceptor Training (later, 95th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; 95th Fighter Squadron): 1 July 1981 – present\n123d Fighter: attached 10–12 February 1951\n317th Fighter Interceptor Squadron: attached 18 October 1956-c. June 1957\n318th Fighter Interceptor Squadron: attached 18 October 1956-c. June 1957; assigned 25 March 1960 – 1 July 1968\n325th Air Control Squadron: 15 October 1983 – 3 October 2012 (redesignated 337th ACS on 3 October 2012 and remains at Tyndall as a geographically separated unit of the 33d Fighter Wing at Eglin Air Force Base)\n460th Fighter-Interceptor Training Squadron: 15 January – 15 October 1982\n475th Test Squadron: 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983\n498th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached 18 October 1956-c. June 1957; 1 July 1963 – 25 June 1966\n4756th Air Defense: 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983SchoolUSAF Interceptor Weapons: 1 July 1981 – 15 October 1983.","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Moses Lake Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Lake_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"McChord Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McChord_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Tyndall Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall_Air_Force_Base"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Hamilton Air Force Base, California, 9 June 1948\nMoses Lake Air Force Base, Washington, 23 November 1948\nMcChord Air Force Base, Washington, 20 April 1950 – 6 February 1952\nMcChord Air Force Base, Washington, 18 October 1956 – 1 July 1968\nTyndall Air Force Base, Florida, 1 July 1981 – present","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P-61 Black Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-61_Black_Widow"},{"link_name":"F-82 Twin Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-82_Twin_Mustang"},{"link_name":"F-94 Starfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-94_Starfire"},{"link_name":"C-54 Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"P-51 Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-51_Mustang"},{"link_name":"F-86 Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-86_Sabre"},{"link_name":"F-102 Delta Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-102_Delta_Dagger"},{"link_name":"F-106 Delta Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-106_Delta_Dart"},{"link_name":"F-101 Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-101_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"T-33 Shooting Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-33_Shooting_Star"},{"link_name":"F-15 Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-15_Eagle"},{"link_name":"F-22 Raptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft assigned","text":"P-61 Black Widow (1947–1948)\nF-82 Twin Mustang (1948–1951)\nF-94 Starfire (1950–1952)\nC-54 Skymaster (1950)\nP-51 Mustang (1951–1952)\nF-86 Sabre (1955–1957)\nF-102 Delta Dagger (1956–1960)\n\n\nF-106 Delta Dart (1960, 1981–1983)\nF-101 Voodoo (1981–1982)\nT-33 Shooting Star (1981–1988)\nTF/QF/PQM-102 (1981–1983)\nQF-100 (1982–1983)\nF-15 Eagle (1983–2010)\nF-22 Raptor (2003–present)","title":"Lineage"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/ACC_Shield.svg/60px-ACC_Shield.svg.png"},{"image_text":"QF-100 Super Sabre target drones on the Tyndall AFB flight line[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/QF-100_Super_Sabres_at_Tyndall_AFB_1990.jpeg/220px-QF-100_Super_Sabres_at_Tyndall_AFB_1990.jpeg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Elsea, SSG Rachelle (4 October 2012). \"325th FW reassigned to ACC in ceremony\". 325th Fighter Wing Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224080126/http://www.tyndall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123320467","url_text":"\"325th FW reassigned to ACC in ceremony\""},{"url":"http://www.tyndall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123320467","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Echols, SRA Alec (14 May 2015). \"Tyndall completes first combat deployment\". Air Combat Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 18 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123448048&source=GovD","url_text":"\"Tyndall completes first combat deployment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three New F-35 Squadrons to be Based at Florida's Previously Storm-Ravaged Tyndall Air Force Base\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39991/now-its-official-three-new-f-35-squadrons-for-floridas-tyndall-air-force-base","url_text":"\"Three New F-35 Squadrons to be Based at Florida's Previously Storm-Ravaged Tyndall Air Force Base\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyndall AFB selected to host three F-35 squadrons\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2555020/tyndall-afb-selected-to-host-three-f-35-squadrons/","url_text":"\"Tyndall AFB selected to host three F-35 squadrons\""}]},{"reference":"\"95th FGS catches history\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tyndall.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3500546/95th-fgs-catches-history/","url_text":"\"95th FGS catches history\""}]},{"reference":"Haulman, Daniel (18 May 2015). \"325 Fighter Wing (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_L._Haulman","url_text":"Haulman, Daniel"},{"url":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/862228/325-fighter-wing-acc/","url_text":"\"325 Fighter Wing (ACC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency","url_text":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"Ream, Margaret E. (9 November 2020). \"Fifteenth Air Force (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 12 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433462/fifteenth-air-force-acc/","url_text":"\"Fifteenth Air Force (ACC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency","url_text":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Brian. (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, UK: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-197-0","url_text":"1-85780-197-0"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22325th+Fighter+Wing%22","external_links_name":"\"325th Fighter Wing\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22325th+Fighter+Wing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22325th+Fighter+Wing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22325th+Fighter+Wing%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22325th+Fighter+Wing%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22325th+Fighter+Wing%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224080126/http://www.tyndall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123320467","external_links_name":"\"325th FW reassigned to ACC in ceremony\""},{"Link":"http://www.tyndall.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123320467","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.acc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123448048&source=GovD","external_links_name":"\"Tyndall completes first combat deployment\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39991/now-its-official-three-new-f-35-squadrons-for-floridas-tyndall-air-force-base","external_links_name":"\"Three New F-35 Squadrons to be Based at Florida's Previously Storm-Ravaged Tyndall Air Force Base\""},{"Link":"https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2555020/tyndall-afb-selected-to-host-three-f-35-squadrons/","external_links_name":"\"Tyndall AFB selected to host three F-35 squadrons\""},{"Link":"https://www.tyndall.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3500546/95th-fgs-catches-history/","external_links_name":"\"95th FGS catches history\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/862228/325-fighter-wing-acc/","external_links_name":"\"325 Fighter Wing (ACC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433462/fifteenth-air-force-acc/","external_links_name":"\"Fifteenth Air Force (ACC)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","external_links_name":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"Link":"http://www.tyndall.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Tyndall AFB Home Page"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Defense_Command_Emblems","external_links_name":"Air Defense Command Emblem Gallery"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoGrid
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GoGrid
|
["1 Awards & recognitions","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
GoGridDeveloper(s)GoGrid, LLC2 Harrison St. Suite 200San Francisco, CA 94105TypeCloud infrastructureLicenseProprietary
GoGrid was a cloud infrastructure service, hosting Linux and Windows virtual machines managed by a multi-server control panel and a RESTful API. In January 2015, Datapipe announced the acquisition of GoGrid.
Awards & recognitions
In July 2008, GoGrid was selected as a Finalist for LinuxWorld 2008 Product Excellence Award
by IDG World Expo and LinuxWorld.com.
In June 2010, GoGrid won “Best Channel Incentives” Award at 2010 ASCII Group Reseller Success Summit.
In March 2012, GoGrid selected as a winner of the Cloud-Infrastructure Category in OnDemand 2012, by AlwaysOn.
In 2011-2014, GoGrid appeared on the Gartner Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) Magic Quadrant.
See also
Cloud infrastructure
Cloud computing
References
^ Datapipe Acquires GoGrid – A Roundup of Reactions
^ "GoGrid selected as a Finalist for LinuxWorld 2008 Product Excellence Award". Archived from the original on 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
^ "GoGrid Wins "Best Channel Incentives" Award at 2010 ASCII Reseller Success Summit". Archived from the original on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
^ "GoGrid Recognized among OnDemand Top 100". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
External links
Official site Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
vteCloud computingBusiness models
Content as a service
Data as a service
Desktop as a service
Function as a service
Infrastructure as a service
Integration platform as a service
Backend as a service
Network as a service
Platform as a service
Security as a service
Software as a service
Technologies
Cloud database
Cloud-native computing
Cloud storage
Cloud storage gateways
Data centers
Dew computing
Distributed file system for cloud
Hardware virtualization
Internet
Mobile cloud computing
Native cloud application
Networking
Personal cloud
Security
Serverless computing
Structured storage
Virtual appliance
Web APIs
Virtual private cloud
Applications
Box
Dropbox
Google
Workspace
Drive
HP Cloud (closed)
IBM Cloud
Microsoft
Office 365
OneDrive
Nextcloud
Oracle Cloud
Owncloud
Rackspace
Salesforce
Seafile
Workday
Zoho
Platforms
Alibaba Cloud
Amazon Web Services
AppScale
Box
CloudBolt
Cloud Foundry
Cocaine (PaaS)
Creatio
Engine Yard
Helion
GE Predix
Google App Engine
GreenQloud
Heroku
IBM Cloud
Inktank
Jelastic
Microsoft Azure
MindSphere
Netlify
Oracle Cloud
OutSystems
openQRM
OpenShift
PythonAnywhere
RightScale
Scalr
Force.com
SAP Cloud Platform
Splunk
Vercel
vCloud Air
WaveMaker
Infrastructure
Alibaba Cloud
Amazon Web Services
Abiquo Enterprise Edition
CloudStack
Citrix Cloud
Deft
DigitalOcean
EMC Atmos
Eucalyptus
Fujitsu
Google Cloud Platform
GreenButton
GreenQloud
IBM Cloud
iland
Joyent
Linode
Lunacloud
Microsoft Azure
Mirantis
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Nimbula
Nimbus
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libguestfs
OVirt
Virtual Machine Manager
Wakame-vdc
Vercel
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Category
Commons
This Web-software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cloud infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"virtual machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"control panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_panel_(computer)"},{"link_name":"RESTful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RESTful"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"Datapipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapipe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"GoGrid was a cloud infrastructure service, hosting Linux and Windows virtual machines managed by a multi-server control panel and a RESTful API. In January 2015, Datapipe announced the acquisition of GoGrid.[1]","title":"GoGrid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IDG World Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDG_World_Expo"},{"link_name":"LinuxWorld.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxWorld.com"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ASCII Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_Group"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In July 2008, GoGrid was selected as a Finalist for LinuxWorld 2008 Product Excellence Award\nby IDG World Expo and LinuxWorld.com.[2]In June 2010, GoGrid won “Best Channel Incentives” Award at 2010 ASCII Group Reseller Success Summit.[3]In March 2012, GoGrid selected as a winner of the Cloud-Infrastructure Category in OnDemand 2012, by AlwaysOn.[4]In 2011-2014, GoGrid appeared on the Gartner Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) Magic Quadrant.","title":"Awards & recognitions"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Cloud infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_infrastructure"},{"title":"Cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"GoGrid selected as a Finalist for LinuxWorld 2008 Product Excellence Award\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2010-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100810120833/http://www.servepath.com/company/press-releases/gogrid-linuxworld-finalist-2008.php","url_text":"\"GoGrid selected as a Finalist for LinuxWorld 2008 Product Excellence Award\""},{"url":"http://www.servepath.com/company/press-releases/gogrid-linuxworld-finalist-2008.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GoGrid Wins \"Best Channel Incentives\" Award at 2010 ASCII Reseller Success Summit\". Archived from the original on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100622014645/http://technews.am/conversations/gogrid/gogrid_wins_best_channel_incentives_award_at_2010_ascii_reseller_success_summit","url_text":"\"GoGrid Wins \"Best Channel Incentives\" Award at 2010 ASCII Reseller Success Summit\""},{"url":"http://technews.am/conversations/gogrid/gogrid_wins_best_channel_incentives_award_at_2010_ascii_reseller_success_summit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GoGrid Recognized among OnDemand Top 100\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002154/http://www.cdn-advisor.com/gogrid-recognized-among-ondemand-top-100/","url_text":"\"GoGrid Recognized among OnDemand Top 100\""},{"url":"http://www.cdn-advisor.com/gogrid-recognized-among-ondemand-top-100/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://blog.rackspace.com/datapipe-acquires-gogrid-analysis-reactions","external_links_name":"Datapipe Acquires GoGrid – A Roundup of Reactions"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100810120833/http://www.servepath.com/company/press-releases/gogrid-linuxworld-finalist-2008.php","external_links_name":"\"GoGrid selected as a Finalist for LinuxWorld 2008 Product Excellence Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.servepath.com/company/press-releases/gogrid-linuxworld-finalist-2008.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100622014645/http://technews.am/conversations/gogrid/gogrid_wins_best_channel_incentives_award_at_2010_ascii_reseller_success_summit","external_links_name":"\"GoGrid Wins \"Best Channel Incentives\" Award at 2010 ASCII Reseller Success Summit\""},{"Link":"http://technews.am/conversations/gogrid/gogrid_wins_best_channel_incentives_award_at_2010_ascii_reseller_success_summit","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002154/http://www.cdn-advisor.com/gogrid-recognized-among-ondemand-top-100/","external_links_name":"\"GoGrid Recognized among OnDemand Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdn-advisor.com/gogrid-recognized-among-ondemand-top-100/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gogrid.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827061812/http://www.gogrid.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoGrid&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice
|
Universal House of Justice
|
["1 History","2 Election process","3 Responsibilities","3.1 Jurisdiction","4 Publications","5 Current members","6 Past members","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 32°48′42″N 34°59′15″E / 32.81167°N 34.98750°E / 32.81167; 34.98750Elected institution governing the worldwide Baháʼí community
This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Part of a series on theBaháʼí Faith
Central figures
Baháʼu'lláh
The Báb
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
Basics
Teachings
Unity of God
Unity of humanity
Unity of religion
Laws
Prayer
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Nineteen Day Feast
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Categoryvte
Seat of the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel
The Universal House of Justice (Persian: بیتالعدل اعظم) is the nine-member supreme ruling body of the Baháʼí Faith. It was envisioned by Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, as an institution that could legislate on issues not already addressed in the Baháʼí writings, providing flexibility for the Baháʼí Faith to adapt to changing conditions. It was first elected in 1963, and subsequently every five years, by delegates consisting of the members of Baháʼí National Spiritual Assemblies throughout the world.
The Universal House of Justice, as the head of the religion, has provided direction to the worldwide Baháʼí community primarily through a series of multi-year plans, as well as through annual messages delivered during the Ridván festival. The messages have focused on increasing the number of Local Spiritual Assemblies, translating Baháʼí literature, establishing Baháʼí Centres, completing Baháʼí Houses of Worship, holding international conferences, and developing educational systems to enhance literacy, the role of women, spirituality for children and youth, family life, social and economic development, and communal worship. The Universal House of Justice has also played a role in responding to systemic persecution of Baháʼís in Iran by garnering worldwide media attention.
The books and documents published by the Universal House of Justice are considered authoritative and its decisions are considered infallible by Baháʼís. Although it is empowered to legislate on matters that are not addressed in the Baha'i holy writings, the Universal House of Justice has rarely exercised this function.
The Seat of the Universal House of Justice and its members reside in Haifa, Israel, on the slope of Mount Carmel. The most recent election was 29 April 2023. Although all other elected and appointed roles in the Baháʼí Faith are open to men and women, membership on the Universal House of Justice is male-only; the Baháʼí writings indicate that the reason for this will become clear in the future.
History
Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, in his book the Kitáb-i-Aqdas first ordains the institution of the House of Justice and defines its functions. The institution's responsibilities are also expanded on and referred to in several other of Baháʼu'lláh's writings including in his Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh. In those writings Baháʼu'lláh writes that the Universal House of Justice would assume authority over the religion, and would consider matters that had not been covered by himself; he stated that the members of the institution would be assured of divine inspiration, and have the regard for all peoples and safe-guard their honour.
Later, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Baháʼu'lláh's son and successor, in his Will and Testament, elaborated on its functioning, its composition and outlined the method for its election. He wrote that the Universal House of Justice would be under Baháʼu'lláh's protection, that it would be freed of error, and that obedience to it would be obligatory. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first used the term "Universal House of Justice" to distinguish the supreme body from those local 'Houses of Justice' to be established in each community, and the secondary 'Houses of Justice' (current Baháʼí national spiritual assemblies). He also stated that the institution's decisions could be by majority vote, but that unanimous decisions were preferred, and that it would be elected by the members of the secondary Houses of Justice. He also confirmed Baháʼu'lláh's statements that although women and men are spiritually equal, membership on the Universal House of Justice would be confined to men, and that the wisdom behind this decision would become apparent in the future (see Baháʼí Faith and gender equality).
While both ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi, heads of the religion after Baháʼu'lláh, considered establishing the Universal House of Justice, they both declined to do so. Shoghi Effendi's reason was due to his belief in the weakness of the existing Baháʼí institutions — there were a very limited number of national spiritual assemblies and local spiritual assemblies. Thus during his lifetime, Shoghi Effendi prepared for the election of the Universal House of Justice, by establishing a strong administrative structure at the local and national levels. In 1951 when there were 9 National Spiritual Assemblies, Shoghi Effendi appointed members to the International Baháʼí Council, and described it as an embryonic international House of Justice. After Shoghi Effendi's unexpected death in 1957, the Hands of the Cause directed the affairs of the religion and announced that the election of the Universal House of Justice would occur in 1963 at the end of the Ten Year Crusade, an international teaching plan instituted by Shoghi Effendi.
In 1961 the International Baháʼí Council was changed to an elected body, with members of all National Spiritual Assemblies voting for its members. Then in April 1963, the first Universal House of Justice was elected, six years after the passing of Shoghi Effendi, by 56 National Spiritual Assemblies. The date of the election coincided with the completion of the Ten Year Crusade and also with the first centenary anniversary of the public declaration of Baháʼu'lláh in the Garden of Ridván in April 1863. Since then the Universal House of Justice has acted as the head of the religion – individual members have no authority, only as an assembly do they have authority. In 1972 it published its constitution.
Election process
The Universal House of Justice is elected through secret ballot and plurality vote in a three-stage election by adult Baháʼís throughout the world. The House of Justice is elected without nominations or campaigning and all adult male members of the Baháʼí Faith are eligible for election to the House. The body is elected every five years during a convention of the members of the various National or Regional Spiritual Assemblies (NSAs) across the world. Each member of the various NSAs, who were themselves elected by the Baháʼís of their country, votes for nine adult male Baháʼís. Absentee ballots are mailed or carried by delegates. The nine people who have the most votes are elected onto the Universal House of Justice.
In 2013, in addition to those present in Haifa, approximately 400 absentee ballots were cast, taking the total number of ballots cast to over 1500. This election marked the 50th anniversary of the first election of the Universal House of Justice in 1963.
The most recent full election was on 29 April 2023.
Responsibilities
Seat of the Universal House of Justice
The Universal House of Justice today guides the growth and development of the global Baháʼí community. The general functions of the Universal House of Justice, as stated by Baháʼu'lláh, include to promulgate the cause of God, to preserve the law, to administer social affairs, to educate the people's souls, to guarantee the education of children, to make the entire world prosperous (eliminate extremes of wealth and poverty), and to care for the elderly and the ill who are in poverty. According to the constitution of the Universal House of Justice, some of its powers and duties include:
Promoting the spiritual qualities that characterize Baháʼí life individually and collectively
Preserving, translating and publishing Baháʼí sacred texts
Defending and protecting the global Baháʼí community from repression and persecution
Preserving and developing the world spiritual and administrative centre of the Baháʼí Faith
Encouraging the growth and maturation of the Baháʼí community and administration
Safeguarding individual personal rights, freedoms and initiatives
Applying Baháʼí principles and laws
Developing, abrogating and changing laws that are not recorded in the Baháʼí sacred texts, according to the requirements of the time
Pronouncing sanctions against violations of Baháʼí law
Adjudicating and arbitrating of disputes referred to it
Administrating all religious funds and endowments such as Huqúqu'lláh that are entrusted to its care
Furthermore, the Universal House of Justice is instructed by Baháʼu'lláh to exert a positive influence on the general welfare of humankind, to promote a permanent peace among the nations of the world, ensure the "training of peoples, the up building of nations, the protection of man and the safeguarding of his honour".
Jurisdiction
Seat of the Universal House of Justice
The Universal House of Justice is also given the responsibility of adapting the Baháʼí Faith as society progresses, and is thus given the power to legislate on matters not explicitly covered in the Baháʼí sacred texts. While the Universal House of Justice is authorized to change or repeal its own legislation as conditions change, it cannot dissolve or change any of the laws which are explicitly written in the sacred texts.
Publications
While being empowered to legislate on matters, the Universal House of Justice has, since its inception in 1963, limited its exercise of this function. Instead, it has provided general guidance to Baháʼís around the world, and not specific laws; this guidance has generally been through the form of letters and messages, much like Shoghi Effendi's communications. Many of these letters have been published in compilations and are regarded as divinely empowered and authoritative; its decisions are considered infallible to Baháʼís. The letters cover a range of subjects including teaching, prayer, family life, education and Baháʼí administration. Each year on the first day of Ridván (which may be on April 20 or 21 depending on the dating of Naw-Rúz), the Universal House of Justice addresses a message to the worldwide Baháʼí community, known as Ridván messages.
The institution has also collected and published extracts from the writings of the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In 1992 they published the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Baháʼu'lláh's book of laws in English, and further translations have since been published. During these endeavours, they established departments of research and archives at the Baháʼí World Centre, and, as of 1983, have collected over 60,000 letters of Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi. These collected works have been used as a base in the deliberations of the Universal House of Justice.
The Promise of World Peace (1985)
Statement addressed "To the Peoples of the World", presented to over 160 heads of state and government. It outlines the major prerequisites for, as well as the obstacles working against, the establishment of world peace.
Baháʼu'lláh (1992)
Marking the centenary of the passing of Baháʼu'lláh, this statement is a review of his life and work.
The Prosperity of Humankind (1995)
A statement on the concept of global prosperity in the context of the Baháʼí Teachings.
Century of Light (2001)
Review of the 20th century, focusing on dramatic changes and the emergence of the Baha'i Faith from obscurity.
Letter to the World's Religious Leaders (2002)
Letter addressing the disease of sectarian hatreds. Calling on all religious movements to "rise above fixed conceptions inherited from a distant past."
One Common Faith (2005)
Document primarily intended for a Baháʼí audience, in which it identifies as a major challenge for the Baháʼí community the inculcation of the principle of the oneness of religion and the overcoming of religious prejudices.
Current members
All of the current members of the Universal House of Justice previously served as members of the International Teaching Centre. They are:
Paul Lample (2005)
Payman Mohajer (2005)
Shahriar Razavi (2008)
Ayman Rouhani (2013)
Chuungu Malitonga (2013)
Juan Francisco Mora (2018)
Praveen Mallik (2018)
Albert Nshisu Nsunga (2023)
Andrej Donoval (2023)
Past members
The initial election in 1963 drew five members from the International Baháʼí Council, two from the National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) of the United States, one from the NSA of Britain, and one from the NSA of India.
Members are entered in the table under the year when they were first elected. Starting with the first election in 1963, regular elections of the entire membership have occurred every five years, and there have been five by-elections, noted in the table with italics, in 1982, 1987, 2000, 2005 and 2010. All members have continued to serve after re-election in subsequent conventions. Amoz Gibson, Charles Wolcott, and Adib Taherzadeh died while in office while the other former members were allowed to retire.
1963
1968
1973
1978
1982
1983
1987
1988
1993
1998
2000
2003
2005
2008
2010
2013
2018
2023
Lutfu'lláh Hakím
David Ruhe
Farzam Arbab*
Ayman Rouhani
Amoz Gibson
Glenford Mitchell
Gustavo Correa
Praveen Mallik
Charles Wolcott
Peter Khan
Stephen Hall
Andrej Donoval
David Hofman
Hooper Dunbar
Stephen Birkland
Albert Nshisu Nsunga
Borrah Kavelin
Adib Taherzadeh
Kiser Barnes
Chuungu Malitonga
Hugh Chance
J. Douglas Martin
Paul Lample
Alí Nakhjavání
Hartmut Grossmann
Shahriar Razavi
Hushmand Fatheazam
Firaydoun Javaheri
Juan Francisco Mora
Ian Semple
Payman Mohajer
Farzam Arbab (October 27, 1941 – September 25, 2020), born in Tehran, Iran was a member from 1993 until he relinquished his membership in 2013, at the age of 71.
See also
Baháʼí administration
Notes
^ a b c d e f g Smith 2000, pp. 346–350.
^ Smith 2000, p. 348.
^ Javaheri, Firaydoun (December 2018). "Constructive Resilience". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 28 (4). Association for Bahá'í Studies: 7–22. doi:10.31581/jbs-28.4.2(2018). ISSN 0838-0430. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved Jan 5, 2023.
^ a b The World of the Bahá'í Faith… The Universal House of Justice 2022.
^ Khan, Peter J. (Dec 1999). "Some Aspects of Bahá'í Scholarship". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 9 (4). Association for Bahá'í Studies: 51. doi:10.31581/jbs-9.4.3(1999). ISSN 0838-0430. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved Jan 5, 2023.
^ Baháʼí International Community 2018.
^ Smith 2000, p. 359.
^ UHJ 1972.
^ World 1995.
^ http: name=BWC//news.bahai.org/story/950
^ Bahá'í International Community (2013-04-29). "Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice". Bahá'í World News Service. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
^ Bahá’í International Community (2013-04-30). "Universal House of Justice Elected". Bahá’í World News Service. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
^ "13th International Convention: Representatives from 176 countries cast ballots to elect Universal House of Justice | BWNS". Bahá’í World News Service. 2023-04-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
^ i24NEWS (2023-05-01). "Over 1,300 representatives convene from 170 countries for Baha'i convention in Israel". I24news. Archived from the original on 2023-07-17. Retrieved 2023-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d Momen 1989.
^ Baháʼu'lláh 1994, p. 125.
^ a b c d Smith 2000, pp. 350.
^ "Ridván Messages". Baháʼí International Community. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
^ Smith, Todd (2021-11-26), "The Writings of the Universal House of Justice", The World of the Bahá'í Faith (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 151, doi:10.4324/9780429027772-14, ISBN 978-0-429-02777-2, retrieved 2023-07-17
^ "13th International Convention: Universal House of Justice elected | BWNS". Bahá’í World News Service. 2023-05-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
^ Smith 2000, p. 347.
^ "Douglas Martin, 1927–2020". Baháʼí World Centre. Baháʼí World News Service. 2020-09-29. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
^ "Obituary: Douglas Martin 1927 – 2020". The Globe and Mail. 2020-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-10-18. born February 24, 1927, and raised in Chatham, Ontario... passed away ... September 28, 2020... Elizabeth, his wife, passed away in 1999. He leaves no children... In 1993, he was elected to ... Universal House of Justice, serving until his retirement in 2005. ... co-authored, with Dr. William Hatcher, "The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion"
^ "Farzam Arbab, 1941–2020 | BWNS". Bahá’í World News Service. 2020-09-26. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
^ "Two members of Universal House of Justice leaving after years of service". Baháʼí World News Service. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-07-13. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
References
Smith, Todd (2022). "Ch. 11: The Universal House of Justice". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 134–144. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.
Baháʼu'lláh (1994) . Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.
Baháʼí International Community (2013b). "Universal House of Justice Elected". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Baháʼí International Community (2018-04-30). "Universal House of Justice Elected". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
The Baháʼí World 1993–94: an international record. Baha'i World Centre. 1995. p. 51. ISBN 0-85398-990-7.
Momen, Moojan (1989). "Bayt-al-ʻAdl (House of Justice)". Encyclopædia Iranica.
Schaefer, Udo (2000) . "Infallible Institutions?". Baháʼí Studies Review. 9. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
Smith, Peter (2000). "Universal House of Justice". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 346–350. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
Universal House of Justice (1972). "The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice". bahai.org. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
Further reading
Compilation (2021). The Universal House of Justice.
Baháʼu'lláh (1992) . The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.
Baháʼí International Community (2013a). "Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
Effendi, Shoghi (1974). Baháʼí Administration. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-166-3.
Effendi, Shoghi (1976). Principles of Baháʼí Administration (4th ed.). London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-13-6.
Effendi, Shoghi (1938). The World Order of Baháʼu'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0-87743-231-7.
Universal House of Justice (1996). Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963–86. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 84. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seat of the Universal House of Justice.
Official website
Bahai.org: Messages of the Universal House of Justice
Ridván Messages – A complete historical reference (multilingual)
Messages of the Universal House of Justice (includes letters to the Baháʼís of Iran; in English and Persian)
Timeline of the Members of the Universal House of Justice
Bahai Library: Documents related to the Universal House of Justice
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It was envisioned by Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, as an institution that could legislate on issues not already addressed in the Baháʼí writings, providing flexibility for the Baháʼí Faith to adapt to changing conditions.[1] It was first elected in 1963, and subsequently every five years, by delegates consisting of the members of Baháʼí National Spiritual Assemblies throughout the world.The Universal House of Justice, as the head of the religion, has provided direction to the worldwide Baháʼí community primarily through a series of multi-year plans, as well as through annual messages delivered during the Ridván festival. The messages have focused on increasing the number of Local Spiritual Assemblies, translating Baháʼí literature, establishing Baháʼí Centres, completing Baháʼí Houses of Worship, holding international conferences, and developing educational systems to enhance literacy, the role of women, spirituality for children and youth, family life, social and economic development, and communal worship.[2] The Universal House of Justice has also played a role in responding to systemic persecution of Baháʼís in Iran by garnering worldwide media attention.[3]The books and documents published by the Universal House of Justice are considered authoritative and its decisions are considered infallible by Baháʼís.[4] Although it is empowered to legislate on matters that are not addressed in the Baha'i holy writings, the Universal House of Justice has rarely exercised this function.[5]The Seat of the Universal House of Justice and its members reside in Haifa, Israel, on the slope of Mount Carmel.[1] The most recent election was 29 April 2023.[6] Although all other elected and appointed roles in the Baháʼí Faith are open to men and women, membership on the Universal House of Justice is male-only; the Baháʼí writings indicate that the reason for this will become clear in the future.[7]","title":"Universal House of Justice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kitáb-i-Aqdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas"},{"link_name":"Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablets_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350-1"},{"link_name":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Will and Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_and_Testament_of_%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"national spiritual assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Spiritual_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith and gender equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350-1"},{"link_name":"Shoghi Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"Shoghi Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"International Baháʼí Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Council"},{"link_name":"Hands of the Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_of_the_Cause"},{"link_name":"Ten Year Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Year_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350-1"},{"link_name":"public declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Garden of Ridván","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Ridv%C3%A1n,_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUHJ1972-8"}],"text":"Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, in his book the Kitáb-i-Aqdas first ordains the institution of the House of Justice and defines its functions. The institution's responsibilities are also expanded on and referred to in several other of Baháʼu'lláh's writings including in his Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh. In those writings Baháʼu'lláh writes that the Universal House of Justice would assume authority over the religion, and would consider matters that had not been covered by himself; he stated that the members of the institution would be assured of divine inspiration, and have the regard for all peoples and safe-guard their honour.[1]Later, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Baháʼu'lláh's son and successor, in his Will and Testament, elaborated on its functioning, its composition and outlined the method for its election. He wrote that the Universal House of Justice would be under Baháʼu'lláh's protection, that it would be freed of error, and that obedience to it would be obligatory. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first used the term \"Universal House of Justice\" to distinguish the supreme body from those local 'Houses of Justice' to be established in each community, and the secondary 'Houses of Justice' (current Baháʼí national spiritual assemblies). He also stated that the institution's decisions could be by majority vote, but that unanimous decisions were preferred, and that it would be elected by the members of the secondary Houses of Justice. He also confirmed Baháʼu'lláh's statements that although women and men are spiritually equal, membership on the Universal House of Justice would be confined to men, and that the wisdom behind this decision would become apparent in the future (see Baháʼí Faith and gender equality).[1]While both ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi, heads of the religion after Baháʼu'lláh, considered establishing the Universal House of Justice, they both declined to do so. Shoghi Effendi's reason was due to his belief in the weakness of the existing Baháʼí institutions — there were a very limited number of national spiritual assemblies and local spiritual assemblies. Thus during his lifetime, Shoghi Effendi prepared for the election of the Universal House of Justice, by establishing a strong administrative structure at the local and national levels. In 1951 when there were 9 National Spiritual Assemblies, Shoghi Effendi appointed members to the International Baháʼí Council, and described it as an embryonic international House of Justice. After Shoghi Effendi's unexpected death in 1957, the Hands of the Cause directed the affairs of the religion and announced that the election of the Universal House of Justice would occur in 1963 at the end of the Ten Year Crusade, an international teaching plan instituted by Shoghi Effendi.[1]In 1961 the International Baháʼí Council was changed to an elected body, with members of all National Spiritual Assemblies voting for its members. Then in April 1963, the first Universal House of Justice was elected, six years after the passing of Shoghi Effendi, by 56 National Spiritual Assemblies. The date of the election coincided with the completion of the Ten Year Crusade and also with the first centenary anniversary of the public declaration of Baháʼu'lláh in the Garden of Ridván in April 1863. Since then the Universal House of Justice has acted as the head of the religion – individual members have no authority, only as an assembly do they have authority. In 1972 it published its constitution.[1][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld1995-9"},{"link_name":"National or Regional Spiritual Assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Spiritual_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Absentee ballots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absentee_ballot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWC-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013election-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Universal House of Justice is elected through secret ballot and plurality vote in a three-stage election by adult Baháʼís throughout the world. The House of Justice is elected without nominations or campaigning and all adult male members of the Baháʼí Faith are eligible for election to the House.[9] The body is elected every five years during a convention of the members of the various National or Regional Spiritual Assemblies (NSAs) across the world. Each member of the various NSAs, who were themselves elected by the Baháʼís of their country, votes for nine adult male Baháʼís. Absentee ballots are mailed or carried by delegates. The nine people who have the most votes are elected onto the Universal House of Justice.In 2013, in addition to those present in Haifa, approximately 400 absentee ballots were cast, taking the total number of ballots cast to over 1500.[10] This election marked the 50th anniversary of the first election of the Universal House of Justice in 1963.[11][12]The most recent full election was on 29 April 2023.[13][14]","title":"Election process"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baha%27i_arc_from_archives.jpg"},{"link_name":"souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_(spirit)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1989-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1989-15"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí sacred texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature"},{"link_name":"persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"spiritual and administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_administration"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_laws"},{"link_name":"Huqúqu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huq%C3%BAqu%27ll%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1989-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBah%C3%A1%CA%BCu'll%C3%A1h1994125-16"}],"text":"Seat of the Universal House of JusticeThe Universal House of Justice today guides the growth and development of the global Baháʼí community. The general functions of the Universal House of Justice, as stated by Baháʼu'lláh, include to promulgate the cause of God, to preserve the law, to administer social affairs, to educate the people's souls, to guarantee the education of children, to make the entire world prosperous (eliminate extremes of wealth and poverty), and to care for the elderly and the ill who are in poverty.[15] According to the constitution of the Universal House of Justice, some of its powers and duties include:[15]Promoting the spiritual qualities that characterize Baháʼí life individually and collectively\nPreserving, translating and publishing Baháʼí sacred texts\nDefending and protecting the global Baháʼí community from repression and persecution\nPreserving and developing the world spiritual and administrative centre of the Baháʼí Faith\nEncouraging the growth and maturation of the Baháʼí community and administration\nSafeguarding individual personal rights, freedoms and initiatives\nApplying Baháʼí principles and laws\nDeveloping, abrogating and changing laws that are not recorded in the Baháʼí sacred texts, according to the requirements of the time\nPronouncing sanctions against violations of Baháʼí law\nAdjudicating and arbitrating of disputes referred to it\nAdministrating all religious funds and endowments such as Huqúqu'lláh that are entrusted to its careFurthermore, the Universal House of Justice is instructed by Baháʼu'lláh to exert a positive influence on the general welfare of humankind, to promote a permanent peace among the nations of the world, ensure the \"training of peoples, the up building of nations, the protection of man and the safeguarding of his honour\".[15][16]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seat_of_the_Universal_House_of_Justice_IMG_0888.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1989-15"}],"sub_title":"Jurisdiction","text":"Seat of the Universal House of JusticeThe Universal House of Justice is also given the responsibility of adapting the Baháʼí Faith as society progresses, and is thus given the power to legislate on matters not explicitly covered in the Baháʼí sacred texts. While the Universal House of Justice is authorized to change or repeal its own legislation as conditions change, it cannot dissolve or change any of the laws which are explicitly written in the sacred texts.[1][15]","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000350-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_World_of_the_Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD_Faith%E2%80%A6_The_Universal_House_of_Justice2022-4"},{"link_name":"prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000350-17"},{"link_name":"Ridván","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Naw-Rúz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Naw-R%C3%BAz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Báb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b"},{"link_name":"Kitáb-i-Aqdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000350-17"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí World Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000350-17"},{"link_name":"The Promise of World Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promise_of_World_Peace"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bahai.org/library/other-literature/official-statements-commentaries/bahaullah"},{"link_name":"The Prosperity of Humankind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bahai.org/library/other-literature/official-statements-commentaries/prosperity-humankind"},{"link_name":"Century of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bahai.org/library/other-literature/official-statements-commentaries/century-light"},{"link_name":"Letter to the World's Religious Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/the-universal-house-of-justice/messages/20020401_001/1#024035169"},{"link_name":"One Common Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bahai.org/library/other-literature/official-statements-commentaries/one-common-faith"}],"text":"While being empowered to legislate on matters, the Universal House of Justice has, since its inception in 1963, limited its exercise of this function. Instead, it has provided general guidance to Baháʼís around the world, and not specific laws; this guidance has generally been through the form of letters and messages, much like Shoghi Effendi's communications. Many of these letters have been published in compilations and are regarded as divinely empowered and authoritative; its decisions are considered infallible to Baháʼís.[17][4] The letters cover a range of subjects including teaching, prayer, family life, education and Baháʼí administration.[17] Each year on the first day of Ridván (which may be on April 20 or 21 depending on the dating of Naw-Rúz), the Universal House of Justice addresses a message to the worldwide Baháʼí community, known as Ridván messages.[18]The institution has also collected and published extracts from the writings of the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. In 1992 they published the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Baháʼu'lláh's book of laws in English, and further translations have since been published.[17] During these endeavours, they established departments of research and archives at the Baháʼí World Centre, and, as of 1983, have collected over 60,000 letters of Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi. These collected works have been used as a base in the deliberations of the Universal House of Justice.[17]The Promise of World Peace (1985) [19]Statement addressed \"To the Peoples of the World\", presented to over 160 heads of state and government. It outlines the major prerequisites for, as well as the obstacles working against, the establishment of world peace.Baháʼu'lláh (1992)Marking the centenary of the passing of Baháʼu'lláh, this statement is a review of his life and work.The Prosperity of Humankind (1995)A statement on the concept of global prosperity in the context of the Baháʼí Teachings.Century of Light (2001)Review of the 20th century, focusing on dramatic changes and the emergence of the Baha'i Faith from obscurity.Letter to the World's Religious Leaders (2002)Letter addressing the disease of sectarian hatreds. Calling on all religious movements to \"rise above fixed conceptions inherited from a distant past.\"One Common Faith (2005)Document primarily intended for a Baháʼí audience, in which it identifies as a major challenge for the Baháʼí community the inculcation of the principle of the oneness of religion and the overcoming of religious prejudices.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Teaching Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Teaching_Centre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"All of the current members of the Universal House of Justice previously served as members of the International Teaching Centre. They are:[20]Paul Lample (2005)\nPayman Mohajer (2005)\nShahriar Razavi (2008)\nAyman Rouhani (2013)\nChuungu Malitonga (2013)\nJuan Francisco Mora (2018)\nPraveen Mallik (2018)\nAlbert Nshisu Nsunga (2023)\nAndrej Donoval (2023)","title":"Current members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Baháʼí Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Council"},{"link_name":"Spiritual Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000347-21"},{"link_name":"Amoz Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoz_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Charles Wolcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wolcott"},{"link_name":"Adib Taherzadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Taherzadeh"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The initial election in 1963 drew five members from the International Baháʼí Council, two from the National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) of the United States, one from the NSA of Britain, and one from the NSA of India.[21]Members are entered in the table under the year when they were first elected. Starting with the first election in 1963, regular elections of the entire membership have occurred every five years, and there have been five by-elections, noted in the table with italics, in 1982, 1987, 2000, 2005 and 2010. All members have continued to serve after re-election in subsequent conventions. Amoz Gibson, Charles Wolcott, and Adib Taherzadeh died while in office while the other former members were allowed to retire.Farzam Arbab (October 27, 1941 – September 25, 2020), born in Tehran, Iran was a member from 1993 until he relinquished his membership in 2013, at the age of 71.[24][25]","title":"Past members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000346%E2%80%93350_1-6"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000348_2-0"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Constructive Resilience\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/30"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.31581/jbs-28.4.2(2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-28.4.2%282018%29"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0838-0430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0838-0430"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230105125751/https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/30"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_World_of_the_Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD_Faith%E2%80%A6_The_Universal_House_of_Justice2022_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_World_of_the_Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD_Faith%E2%80%A6_The_Universal_House_of_Justice2022_4-1"},{"link_name":"The World of the Bahá'í Faith… The Universal House of Justice 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThe_World_of_the_Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD_Faith%E2%80%A6_The_Universal_House_of_Justice2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Some Aspects of Bahá'í Scholarship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.31581/jbs-9.4.3(1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-9.4.3%281999%29"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0838-0430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0838-0430"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230105124518/https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_International_Community2018_6-0"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí International Community 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_International_Community2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000359_7-0"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUHJ1972_8-0"},{"link_name":"UHJ 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFUHJ1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld1995_9-0"},{"link_name":"World 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWorld1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BWC_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bahai.org/story/950"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230505225816/https://news.bahai.org/story/950"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2013election_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Universal House of Justice Elected\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bahai.org/story/951"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230706040742/https://news.bahai.org/story/951"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"13th International Convention: Representatives from 176 countries cast ballots to elect Universal House of Justice | BWNS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.bahai.org/story/1658/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230521194517/https://news.bahai.org/story/1658/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Over 1,300 representatives convene from 170 countries for Baha'i convention in Israel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/culture/1682942056-over-1-300-representatives-convene-from-170-countries-for-baha-i-convention-in-israel"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230717122641/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/culture/1682942056-over-1-300-representatives-convene-from-170-countries-for-baha-i-convention-in-israel"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1989_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1989_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1989_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1989_15-3"},{"link_name":"Momen 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMomen1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBah%C3%A1%CA%BCu'll%C3%A1h1994125_16-0"},{"link_name":"Baháʼu'lláh 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBah%C3%A1%CA%BCu'll%C3%A1h1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000350_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000350_17-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000350_17-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000350_17-3"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Ridván Messages\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//universalhouseofjustice.bahai.org/ridvan-messages/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230321171548/https://universalhouseofjustice.bahai.org/ridvan-messages/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"The Writings of the Universal House of Justice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429027772/chapters/10.4324/9780429027772-14"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4324/9780429027772-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429027772-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-429-02777-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02777-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"13th International Convention: Universal House of Justice elected | BWNS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.bahai.org/story/1661/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230604181502/https://news.bahai.org/story/1661"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000347_21-0"},{"link_name":"Smith 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Douglas Martin, 1927–2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.bahai.org/story/1455/"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí World Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201020004547/https://news.bahai.org/story/1455/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Obituary: Douglas Martin 1927 – 2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?n=douglas-martin&pid=196892458"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201019211811/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?n=douglas-martin&pid=196892458"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"Farzam Arbab, 1941–2020 | BWNS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.bahai.org/story/1453/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201009213819/https://news.bahai.org/story/1453"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Two members of Universal House of Justice leaving after years of service\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bahai.org/story/948/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170713081431/http://news.bahai.org/story/948/"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g Smith 2000, pp. 346–350.\n\n^ Smith 2000, p. 348.\n\n^ Javaheri, Firaydoun (December 2018). \"Constructive Resilience\". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 28 (4). Association for Bahá'í Studies: 7–22. doi:10.31581/jbs-28.4.2(2018). ISSN 0838-0430. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved Jan 5, 2023.\n\n^ a b The World of the Bahá'í Faith… The Universal House of Justice 2022.\n\n^ Khan, Peter J. (Dec 1999). \"Some Aspects of Bahá'í Scholarship\". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 9 (4). Association for Bahá'í Studies: 51. doi:10.31581/jbs-9.4.3(1999). ISSN 0838-0430. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved Jan 5, 2023.\n\n^ Baháʼí International Community 2018.\n\n^ Smith 2000, p. 359.\n\n^ UHJ 1972.\n\n^ World 1995.\n\n^ http: name=BWC//news.bahai.org/story/950\n\n^ Bahá'í International Community (2013-04-29). \"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\". Bahá'í World News Service. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2013-05-01.\n\n^ Bahá’í International Community (2013-04-30). \"Universal House of Justice Elected\". Bahá’í World News Service. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-30.\n\n^ \"13th International Convention: Representatives from 176 countries cast ballots to elect Universal House of Justice | BWNS\". Bahá’í World News Service. 2023-04-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-07-17.\n\n^ i24NEWS (2023-05-01). \"Over 1,300 representatives convene from 170 countries for Baha'i convention in Israel\". I24news. Archived from the original on 2023-07-17. Retrieved 2023-07-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b c d Momen 1989.\n\n^ Baháʼu'lláh 1994, p. 125.\n\n^ a b c d Smith 2000, pp. 350.\n\n^ \"Ridván Messages\". Baháʼí International Community. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2014.\n\n^ Smith, Todd (2021-11-26), \"The Writings of the Universal House of Justice\", The World of the Bahá'í Faith (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 151, doi:10.4324/9780429027772-14, ISBN 978-0-429-02777-2, retrieved 2023-07-17\n\n^ \"13th International Convention: Universal House of Justice elected | BWNS\". Bahá’í World News Service. 2023-05-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-07-17.\n\n^ Smith 2000, p. 347.\n\n^ \"Douglas Martin, 1927–2020\". Baháʼí World Centre. Baháʼí World News Service. 2020-09-29. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-18.\n\n^ \"Obituary: Douglas Martin 1927 – 2020\". The Globe and Mail. 2020-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-10-18. born February 24, 1927, and raised in Chatham, Ontario... passed away [Toronto, Ontario] ... September 28, 2020... Elizabeth, his wife, passed away in 1999. He leaves no children... In 1993, he was elected to ... Universal House of Justice, serving until his retirement in 2005. ... co-authored, with Dr. William Hatcher, \"The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion\"\n\n^ \"Farzam Arbab, 1941–2020 | BWNS\". Bahá’í World News Service. 2020-09-26. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-09-27.\n\n^ \"Two members of Universal House of Justice leaving after years of service\". Baháʼí World News Service. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-07-13. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Universal House of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bahai-library.com/uhj_compilation_uhj"},{"link_name":"Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h"},{"link_name":"The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85398-999-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-999-0"},{"link_name":"\"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bahai.org/story/950"},{"link_name":"Effendi, Shoghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bahaiadministrat0000shog"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87743-166-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-166-3"},{"link_name":"Effendi, Shoghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-900125-13-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900125-13-6"},{"link_name":"Effendi, Shoghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi"},{"link_name":"The World Order of Baháʼu'lláh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/index.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87743-231-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-231-7"},{"link_name":"Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bahai-library.com/uhj_messages_1963-86_full&chapter=3#83"}],"text":"Compilation (2021). The Universal House of Justice.\nBaháʼu'lláh (1992) [Composed 1873]. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.\nBaháʼí International Community (2013a). \"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.\nEffendi, Shoghi (1974). Baháʼí Administration. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-166-3.\nEffendi, Shoghi (1976). Principles of Baháʼí Administration (4th ed.). London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-13-6.\nEffendi, Shoghi (1938). The World Order of Baháʼu'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0-87743-231-7.\nUniversal House of Justice (1996). Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963–86. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 84. Retrieved 2014-09-29.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Seat of the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg/250px-Seat_of_the_House_of_Justice.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seat of the Universal House of Justice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baha%27i_arc_from_archives.jpg/250px-Baha%27i_arc_from_archives.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seat of the Universal House of Justice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seat_of_the_Universal_House_of_Justice_IMG_0888.JPG/250px-Seat_of_the_Universal_House_of_Justice_IMG_0888.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Baháʼí administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_administration"}]
|
[{"reference":"Javaheri, Firaydoun (December 2018). \"Constructive Resilience\". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 28 (4). Association for Bahá'í Studies: 7–22. doi:10.31581/jbs-28.4.2(2018). ISSN 0838-0430. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved Jan 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/30","url_text":"\"Constructive Resilience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-28.4.2%282018%29","url_text":"10.31581/jbs-28.4.2(2018)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0838-0430","url_text":"0838-0430"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105125751/https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/30","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Peter J. (Dec 1999). \"Some Aspects of Bahá'í Scholarship\". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 9 (4). Association for Bahá'í Studies: 51. doi:10.31581/jbs-9.4.3(1999). ISSN 0838-0430. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved Jan 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/9","url_text":"\"Some Aspects of Bahá'í Scholarship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31581%2Fjbs-9.4.3%281999%29","url_text":"10.31581/jbs-9.4.3(1999)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0838-0430","url_text":"0838-0430"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105124518/https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bahá'í International Community (2013-04-29). \"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\". Bahá'í World News Service. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2013-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/950","url_text":"\"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230505225816/https://news.bahai.org/story/950","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bahá’í International Community (2013-04-30). \"Universal House of Justice Elected\". Bahá’í World News Service. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/951","url_text":"\"Universal House of Justice Elected\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230706040742/https://news.bahai.org/story/951","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"13th International Convention: Representatives from 176 countries cast ballots to elect Universal House of Justice | BWNS\". Bahá’í World News Service. 2023-04-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bahai.org/story/1658/","url_text":"\"13th International Convention: Representatives from 176 countries cast ballots to elect Universal House of Justice | BWNS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230521194517/https://news.bahai.org/story/1658/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"i24NEWS (2023-05-01). \"Over 1,300 representatives convene from 170 countries for Baha'i convention in Israel\". I24news. Archived from the original on 2023-07-17. Retrieved 2023-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/culture/1682942056-over-1-300-representatives-convene-from-170-countries-for-baha-i-convention-in-israel","url_text":"\"Over 1,300 representatives convene from 170 countries for Baha'i convention in Israel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230717122641/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/culture/1682942056-over-1-300-representatives-convene-from-170-countries-for-baha-i-convention-in-israel","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ridván Messages\". Baháʼí International Community. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://universalhouseofjustice.bahai.org/ridvan-messages/","url_text":"\"Ridván Messages\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321171548/https://universalhouseofjustice.bahai.org/ridvan-messages/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Todd (2021-11-26), \"The Writings of the Universal House of Justice\", The World of the Bahá'í Faith (1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 151, doi:10.4324/9780429027772-14, ISBN 978-0-429-02777-2, retrieved 2023-07-17","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429027772/chapters/10.4324/9780429027772-14","url_text":"\"The Writings of the Universal House of Justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429027772-14","url_text":"10.4324/9780429027772-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-02777-2","url_text":"978-0-429-02777-2"}]},{"reference":"\"13th International Convention: Universal House of Justice elected | BWNS\". Bahá’í World News Service. 2023-05-01. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bahai.org/story/1661/","url_text":"\"13th International Convention: Universal House of Justice elected | BWNS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181502/https://news.bahai.org/story/1661","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas Martin, 1927–2020\". Baháʼí World Centre. Baháʼí World News Service. 2020-09-29. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bahai.org/story/1455/","url_text":"\"Douglas Martin, 1927–2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre","url_text":"Baháʼí World Centre"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004547/https://news.bahai.org/story/1455/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Douglas Martin 1927 – 2020\". The Globe and Mail. 2020-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 2020-10-18. born February 24, 1927, and raised in Chatham, Ontario... passed away [Toronto, Ontario] ... September 28, 2020... Elizabeth, his wife, passed away in 1999. He leaves no children... In 1993, he was elected to ... Universal House of Justice, serving until his retirement in 2005. ... co-authored, with Dr. William Hatcher, \"The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?n=douglas-martin&pid=196892458","url_text":"\"Obituary: Douglas Martin 1927 – 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019211811/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?n=douglas-martin&pid=196892458","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Farzam Arbab, 1941–2020 | BWNS\". Bahá’í World News Service. 2020-09-26. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bahai.org/story/1453/","url_text":"\"Farzam Arbab, 1941–2020 | BWNS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009213819/https://news.bahai.org/story/1453","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Two members of Universal House of Justice leaving after years of service\". Baháʼí World News Service. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-07-13. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/948/","url_text":"\"Two members of Universal House of Justice leaving after years of service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170713081431/http://news.bahai.org/story/948/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Todd (2022). \"Ch. 11: The Universal House of Justice\". In Stockman, Robert H. (ed.). The World of the Bahá’í Faith. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge. pp. 134–144. ISBN 978-1-138-36772-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stockman","url_text":"Stockman, Robert H."},{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429027772/chapters/10.4324/9780429027772-13","url_text":"The World of the Bahá’í Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-36772-2","url_text":"978-1-138-36772-2"}]},{"reference":"Baháʼu'lláh (1994) [Composed 1873–92]. Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h","url_text":"Baháʼu'lláh"},{"url":"http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/","url_text":"Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-174-4","url_text":"0-87743-174-4"}]},{"reference":"Baháʼí International Community (2013b). \"Universal House of Justice Elected\". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/951","url_text":"\"Universal House of Justice Elected\""}]},{"reference":"Baháʼí International Community (2018-04-30). \"Universal House of Justice Elected\". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/1258/","url_text":"\"Universal House of Justice Elected\""}]},{"reference":"The Baháʼí World 1993–94: an international record. Baha'i World Centre. 1995. p. 51. ISBN 0-85398-990-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://bahai.works/Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99%C3%AD_World","url_text":"The Baháʼí World 1993–94: an international record"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-990-7","url_text":"0-85398-990-7"}]},{"reference":"Momen, Moojan (1989). \"Bayt-al-ʻAdl (House of Justice)\". Encyclopædia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moojan_Momen","url_text":"Momen, Moojan"}]},{"reference":"Schaefer, Udo (2000) [1999]. \"Infallible Institutions?\". Baháʼí Studies Review. 9. Retrieved 2014-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://bahai-library.com/schaefer_infallible_institutions","url_text":"\"Infallible Institutions?\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter (2000). \"Universal House of Justice\". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 346–350. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)","url_text":"Smith, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Universal House of Justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1","url_text":"1-85168-184-1"}]},{"reference":"Universal House of Justice (1972). \"The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice\". bahai.org. Retrieved 2018-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bahai.org/documents/the-universal-house-of-justice/constitution-universal-house-justice","url_text":"\"The Constitution of the Universal House of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"Baháʼu'lláh (1992) [Composed 1873]. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h","url_text":"Baháʼu'lláh"},{"url":"http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KA/","url_text":"The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-999-0","url_text":"0-85398-999-0"}]},{"reference":"Baháʼí International Community (2013a). \"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\". Baháʼí World News Service. Retrieved 2018-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bahai.org/story/950","url_text":"\"Baha'is elect Universal House of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"Effendi, Shoghi (1974). Baháʼí Administration. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-166-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi","url_text":"Effendi, Shoghi"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bahaiadministrat0000shog","url_text":"Baháʼí Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-166-3","url_text":"0-87743-166-3"}]},{"reference":"Effendi, Shoghi (1976). Principles of Baháʼí Administration (4th ed.). London, UK: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-13-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi","url_text":"Effendi, Shoghi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900125-13-6","url_text":"0-900125-13-6"}]},{"reference":"Effendi, Shoghi (1938). The World Order of Baháʼu'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 150–153. ISBN 0-87743-231-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi","url_text":"Effendi, Shoghi"},{"url":"http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/index.html","url_text":"The World Order of Baháʼu'lláh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-231-7","url_text":"0-87743-231-7"}]},{"reference":"Universal House of Justice (1996). Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963–86. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 84. Retrieved 2014-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://bahai-library.com/uhj_messages_1963-86_full&chapter=3#83","url_text":"Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963–86"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha_(disambiguation)
|
Puruṣārtha (disambiguation)
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[]
|
Look up purusartha or purushartha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Puruṣārtha (Purushartha) is the object of human pursuit in Hinduism.
It may refer to:
Puruşārthasiddhyupāya, a major Jain text
Purushartham, a 1986 Indian film
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Puruṣārtha.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Bulgaria
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List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria
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["1 A","2 B","3 D","4 G","5 H","6 I","7 K","8 L","9 M","10 N","11 P","12 R","13 S","14 T","15 V","16 Y","17 Z","18 References"]
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Twin towns of Plovdiv in 2011
Map of Bulgaria
This is a list of municipalities in Bulgaria which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).
A
Antonovo
Beymelek (Demre), Turkey
Roccafiorita, Italy
Asenovgrad
Bergama, Turkey
Denpasar, Indonesia
Derinkuyu, Turkey
Dimitrovgrad, Serbia
Kilkis, Greece
Naousa, Greece
Nilüfer, Turkey
Prilep, North Macedonia
Stary Oskol, Russia
Aytos
Silivri, Turkey
Traismauer, Austria
B
Balchik
Boxberg, Germany
Bran, Romania
Cieszyn, Poland
Galich, Russia
Mangalia, Romania
Stará Ľubovňa, Slovakia
Tambov, Russia
Valašské Meziříčí, Czech Republic
Bansko
Kriva Palanka, North Macedonia
Petroșani, Romania
Triandria, Greece
Zakopane, Poland
Belene
Belleville-sur-Loire, France
Devrek, Turkey
Hajdúsámson, Hungary
Lázně Bělohrad, Czech Republic
Obninsk, Russia
Popești-Leordeni, Romania
Vigonza, Italy
Blagoevgrad
Čakovec, Croatia
Delčevo, North Macedonia
Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
Székesfehérvár, Hungary
Bolyarovo
Kofçaz, Turkey
Vyssa, Greece
Botevgrad
Holbæk, Denmark
Saransk, Russia
Burgas
Alexandroupoli, Greece
Batumi, Georgia
Gomel, Belarus
Krasnodar, Russia
Miskolc, Hungary
Rijeka, Croatia
Rotterdam, Netherlands
South-Western AO (Moscow), Russia
Ulsan, South Korea
Vologda, Russia
Yantai, China
Yaroslavl, Russia
D
Dimitrovgrad
Blida, Algeria
Darkhan, Mongolia
Dimitrovgrad, Russia
Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany
Grosseto, Italy
Jiaojiang (Taizhou), China
Kalamaria, Greece
Kazincbarcika, Hungary
Nowa Huta (Kraków), Poland
Yuzhne, Ukraine
Dobrich
Białystok, Poland
Golmud, China
Izmail, Ukraine
Kavadarci, North Macedonia
Kırklareli, Turkey
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Nowy Sącz County, Poland
Pervomaisk, Ukraine
Pinsk, Belarus
Saratov, Russia
Schaffhausen, Switzerland
Tambov, Russia
Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
Dolni Chiflik
Grünheide, Germany
Izabelin, Poland
Krynychne, Ukraine
Vysoké Mýto, Czech Republic
Dupnitsa
Bosilegrad, Serbia
Bryansk, Russia
Kriva Palanka, North Macedonia
Dve Mogili
Altınova, Turkey
Berovo, North Macedonia
Bielsk Podlaski, Poland
Bucșani, Romania
Călărași, Moldova
Prundu Bârgăului, Romania
G
Gabrovo
Aalst, Belgium
Chernihiv, Ukraine
Kumanovo, North Macedonia
Mittweida, Germany
Mogilev, Belarus
Mytischi, Russia
Nowy Sącz, Poland
Panevėžys, Lithuania
Petah Tikva, Israel
Prešov, Slovakia
Shaki, Azerbaijan
Sisak, Croatia
Thun, Switzerland
Gorna Oryahovitsa
Büyükçekmece, Turkey
Cherepovets, Russia
Myrhorod, Ukraine
Narva, Estonia
Roșiorii de Vede, Romania
Smalyavichy, Belarus
Statte, Italy
Szigetszentmiklós, Hungary
Waren an der Müritz, Germany
H
Haskovo
Châtillon-sur-Indre, France
Edirne, Turkey
Enguera, Spain
Leicester, England, United Kingdom
Shatura, Russia
Viseu, Portugal
Hisarya
Aiani, Greece
Aleksinac, Serbia
Hilsenheim, France
I
Ivaylovgrad
Kyprinos, Greece
Longueau, France
K
Kardzhali
East Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom
Edirne, Turkey
Elkhart, United States
Filippoi, Greece
Komotini, Greece
Osmangazi, Turkey
Silivri, Turkey
Soufli, Greece
Tekirdağ, Turkey
Vladimir, Russia
Karlovo
Baranavichy, Belarus
Bryansk, Russia
Konin, Poland
Vladimir, Russia
Kavarna
Babadag, Romania
Bosilegrad, Serbia
Çiftlikköy, Turkey
Csopak, Hungary
Kaarma (Saaremaa), Estonia
Kostrzyn nad Odrą, Poland
Kruševo, North Macedonia
Michalovce, Slovakia
Năvodari, Romania
Padenghe sul Garda, Italy
Pefki, Greece
Petit-Croix, France
Piazzola sul Brenta, Italy
Podolsk, Russia
Prizren, Kosovo
Shcherbinka (Moscow), Russia
Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland
Stare Babice, Poland
Štip, North Macedonia
Szente, Hungary
Yuzhne, Ukraine
Zaječar, Serbia
Kazanlak
Alexandria, Egypt
Blida, Algeria
Cazzago San Martino, Italy
Cremona, Italy
Grasse, France
Jinan, China
Jungnang (Seoul), South Korea
Kočani, North Macedonia
Luxor, Egypt
Nagykanizsa, Hungary
Saint-Herblain, France
Târgoviște, Romania
Tolyatti, Russia
Veria, Greece
Kozloduy
Bechet, Romania
Bosilegrad, Serbia
Calafat, Romania
Copeland, England, United Kingdom
Kubrat
Åmål, Sweden
Mtsensk, Russia
Skuodas, Lithuania
Videle, Romania
Kyustendil
Leskovac, Serbia
Rechytsa, Belarus
L
Lom
Băilești, Romania
Debar, North Macedonia
Moudania, Greece
Pantelej (Niš), Serbia
Lovech
Berat, Albania
Erfurt, Germany
Iziaslav, Ukraine
Kolašin, Montenegro
Laval, France
Lotoshinsky District, Russia
Ryazan, Russia
Syktyvkar, Russia
M
Madan
Avanos, Turkey
İhsaniye, Turkey
Nestos, Greece
Pendik, Turkey
Rieulay, France
Süloğlu, Turkey
Montana
Alpignano, Italy
Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
Białogard, Poland
Caracal, Romania
Dzerzhinsky, Russia
Fontaine-Vercors, France
Medijana (Niš), Serbia
Pirot, Serbia
Schmalkalden, Germany
Vranje, Serbia
Yinchuan, China
Zhytomyr, Ukraine
N
Nesebar
Kotor, Montenegro
Mtskheta, Georgia
Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre (Budapest), Hungary
Safranbolu, Turkey
Zvyozdny gorodok, Russia
Nova Zagora
Feres, Greece
Petroșani, Romania
P
Panagyurishte
Kavadarci, North Macedonia
Zhodzina, Belarus
Pavlikeni
Boldești-Scăeni, Romania
Leova, Moldova
Łomża, Poland
Pruzhany, Belarus
Torrelodones, Spain
Pazardzhik
Aerodrom (Skopje), North Macedonia
Chekhov, Russia
Salerno, Italy
Al-Salt, Jordan
Stavropol, Russia
Thái Bình, Vietnam
West Bend, United States
Pernik
Balashikha, Russia
Elektrostal, Russia
Jenin, Palestine
Kavadarci, North Macedonia
Lausanne, Switzerland
Lublin, Poland
Luhansk, Ukraine
Orosei, Italy
Orsha, Belarus
Ovar, Portugal
Pantelej (Niš), Serbia
Pardubice, Czech Republic
Pyongsong, North Korea
Rožaje, Montenegro
Petrich
Istra, Russia
Mioveni, Romania
Serres, Greece
Pleven
Agadir, Morocco
Bitola, North Macedonia
Brăila, Romania
Brest, Belarus
Bursa, Turkey
Central AO (Moscow), Russia
Charlottesville, United States
Gandia, Spain
Gornji Milanovac, Serbia
Jinzhou, China
Kaiserslautern, Germany
Kavadarci, North Macedonia
Mykolaiv, Ukraine
Ponta Delgada, Portugal
Płock, Poland
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Volos, Greece
Yangquan, China
Plovdiv
Bursa, Turkey
Changchun, China
Columbia, United States
Daegu, South Korea
Gyumri, Armenia
Istanbul, Turkey
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Kastoria, Greece
Košice, Slovakia
Kumanovo, North Macedonia
Leskovac, Serbia
Lviv, Ukraine
Okayama, Japan
Petra, Jordan
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Shenzhen, China
Thessaloniki, Greece
Valencia, Venezuela
Yekaterinburg, Russia
Pomorie
Ajak, Hungary
Gorodets, Russia
Nea Anchialos, Greece
Troitsk, Russia
Yenice, Turkey
Provadia
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ukraine
Rokiškis, Lithuania
R
Razgrad
Armagh, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Avcılar, Turkey
Brunswick, United States
Călărași, Romania
Châlons-en-Champagne, France
Odunpazarı, Turkey
Oryol, Russia
Slobozia, Romania
Wittenberge, Germany
Ruse
Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Giurgiu, Romania
Huainan, China
Peristeri, Greece
Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France
Trogir, Croatia
Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary
Volgograd, Russia
S
Samokov
Kostroma, Russia
Sandanski
Ataşehir, Turkey
Dzerzhinsky (Volgograd), Russia
Freudenstadt, Germany
Mělník, Czech Republic
Novokosino (Moscow), Russia
Thasos, Greece
Voskresensk, Russia
Sevlievo
Babruysk, Belarus
Gevgelija, North Macedonia
Legionowo, Poland
Nanhai (Foshan), China
Valašské Meziříčí, Czech Republic
Shumen
Barnaul, Russia
Debrecen, Hungary
Kherson, Ukraine
Podolsk, Russia
Tournai, Belgium
Tulcea, Romania
Zhengzhou, China
Silistra
Călărași, Romania
Dunaújváros, Hungary
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Kikinda, Serbia
Leskovac, Serbia
Lüleburgaz, Turkey
Promissão, Brazil
Rzhev, Russia
Sakuragawa, Japan
Slobozia, Romania
Sliven
Alba Iulia, Romania
Chongqing, China
Gera, Germany
Jerash, Jordan
Kaisariani, Greece
Melitopol, Ukraine
Pécs, Hungary
Svietlahorsk, Belarus
Taraclia, Moldova
Tekirdağ, Turkey
Ternopil, Ukraine
Voronezh, Russia
Slivo Pole is a member of the Charter of European Rural Communities, a town twinning association across the European Union, alongside with:
Bienvenida, Spain
Bièvre, Belgium
Bucine, Italy
Cashel, Ireland
Cissé, France
Desborough, England, United Kingdom
Esch (Haaren), Netherlands
Hepstedt, Germany
Ibănești, Romania
Kandava (Tukums), Latvia
Kannus, Finland
Kolindros, Greece
Lassee, Austria
Medzev, Slovakia
Moravče, Slovenia
Næstved, Denmark
Nagycenk, Hungary
Nadur, Malta
Ockelbo, Sweden
Pano Lefkara, Cyprus
Põlva, Estonia
Samuel (Soure), Portugal
Starý Poddvorov, Czech Republic
Strzyżów, Poland
Tisno, Croatia
Troisvierges, Luxembourg
Žagarė (Joniškis), Lithuania
Smolyan
Controguerra, Italy
Gostivar, North Macedonia
Kispest (Budapest), Hungary
Martinsicuro, Italy
Michurinsk, Russia
Motril, Spain
Pendik, Turkey
Suhl, Germany
Võru, Estonia
Xanthi, Greece
Yalova, Turkey
Sofia
Algiers, Algeria
Amman, Jordan
Ankara, Turkey
Bucharest, Romania
Doha, Qatar
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Kyiv, Ukraine
Pittsburgh, United States
Shanghai, China
Tbilisi, Georgia
Tel Aviv, Israel
Zagreb, Croatia
Sozopol
Alushta, Ukraine
Sighișoara, Romania
Stara Zagora
Barreiro, Portugal
Larissa, Greece
Radom, Poland
Samara, Russia
Yueyang, China
Strelcha
Bleicherode, Germany
Călimănești, Romania
Orneta, Poland
Yessentuki, Russia
Strumyani
Kuşadası, Turkey
Târgu Mureș, Romania
Sungurlare
Jastrebarsko, Croatia
Svilengrad
Didymoteicho, Greece
Feres, Greece
Lefortovo (Moscow), Russia
Oebisfelde-Weferlingen, Germany
Soufli, Greece
Uzunköprü, Turkey
Svishtov
Barcelos, Portugal
Bijelo Polje, Montenegro
Dębica, Poland
Frigento, Italy
Hrubieszów, Poland
Ismailia, Egypt
Kapuvár, Hungary
Kremenchuk, Ukraine
Ludza, Latvia
Nafpaktos, Greece
Prijepolje, Serbia
Veles, North Macedonia
Videle, Romania
Zheleznogorsk, Russia
Svoge
Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stupava, Slovakia
T
Targovishte
Bolhrad, Ukraine
Cottbus, Germany
Kozani, Greece
Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
Smolensk, Russia
Târgoviște, Romania
Waterloo, United States
Troyan
Dojran, North Macedonia
Ellwangen, Germany
Pernes-les-Fontaines, France
Vigneux-sur-Seine, France
Tryavna is a member of the Douzelage, a town twinning association of towns across the European Union. Tryavna also has three other twin towns.
Douzelage
Agros, Cyprus
Altea, Spain
Asikkala, Finland
Bad Kötzting, Germany
Bellagio, Italy
Bundoran, Ireland
Chojna, Poland
Granville, France
Holstebro, Denmark
Houffalize, Belgium
Judenburg, Austria
Kőszeg, Hungary
Marsaskala, Malta
Meerssen, Netherlands
Niederanven, Luxembourg
Oxelösund, Sweden
Preveza, Greece
Rokiškis, Lithuania
Rovinj, Croatia
Sesimbra, Portugal
Sherborne, England, United Kingdom
Sigulda, Latvia
Siret, Romania
Škofja Loka, Slovenia
Sušice, Czech Republic
Türi, Estonia
Zvolen, Slovakia
Other
Brienz, Switzerland
Vinica, North Macedonia
Żyrardów, Poland
Tundzha
Madaba, Jordan
Slonim, Belarus
Warta, Poland
Tvarditsa
Soroksár (Budapest), Hungary
V
Varna
Aalborg, Denmark
Aqaba, Jordan
Cape Town, South Africa
Dordrecht, Netherlands
Kharkiv, Ukraine
Malmö, Sweden
Ningbo, China
Novorossiysk, Russia
Novosibirsk, Russia
Odesa, Ukraine
Piraeus, Greece
Rostock, Germany
Surabaya, Indonesia
Turku, Finland
Urmia, Iran
Veliko Tarnovo
Asti, Italy
Bitola, North Macedonia
Braga, Portugal
Bursa, Turkey
Cetinje, Montenegro
Colonia Tovar, Venezuela
Iaşi, Romania
Al-Karak, Jordan
Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
Niš, Serbia
Serres, Greece
Tarxien, Malta
Toledo, Spain
Tver, Russia
Velingrad
Maladzyechna, Belarus
Silivri, Turkey
Stupino, Russia
Yakutsk, Russia
Vidin
Calafat, Romania
Demre, Turkey
Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
Rivne, Ukraine
West Carrollton, United States
Zaječar, Serbia
Vratsa
Bor, Serbia
Craiova, Romania
Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany
Kičevo, North Macedonia
Kobryn, Belarus
Serpukhov, Russia
Sumy, Ukraine
Villeneuve-le-Roi, France
Y
Yambol
Berdiansk, Ukraine
Edirne, Turkey
Izhevsk, Russia
Sieradz, Poland
Târgu-Jiu, Romania
Villejuif, France
Z
Zlatograd
Chrysoupoli, Greece
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vteLists of twin towns and sister citiesAfrica
Cape Verde
Egypt
Kenya
Morocco
South Africa
Tunisia
Asia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
China
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Malaysia
Northern Cyprus1
Pakistan
Palestine1
Philippines
South Korea
Taiwan1
Thailand
Turkey
Vietnam
EuropeEastern
Belarus
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Hungary
Moldova
Poland
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Ukraine
Northern
Denmark
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Finland
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Ireland
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Sweden
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England
Scotland
Wales
Southern
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Greece
Italy
Kosovo1
Malta
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Portugal
Serbia
Slovenia
Spain
Western
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France
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Netherlands
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Maryland
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Ohio
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Texas
Vermont
Washington
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
New Zealand
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
1Partially recognised country · See also: Sister Cities International
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities,_Bulgaria.JPG"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria-CIA_WFB_Map.png"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"town twinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"}],"text":"Twin towns of Plovdiv in 2011Map of BulgariaThis is a list of municipalities in Bulgaria which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as \"town twinning\" (usually in Europe) or \"sister cities\" (usually in the rest of the world).","title":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonovo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Beymelek (Demre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beymelek,_Demre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roccafiorita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccafiorita"},{"link_name":"Asenovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenovgrad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bergama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Denpasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Derinkuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derinkuyu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dimitrovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kilkis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Naousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naousa,_Imathia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Nilüfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer,_Bursa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilep_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Stary Oskol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary_Oskol"},{"link_name":"Aytos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aytos_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Silivri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silivri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Traismauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traismauer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Antonovo[1]Beymelek (Demre), Turkey\n Roccafiorita, ItalyAsenovgrad[2]Bergama, Turkey\n Denpasar, Indonesia\n Derinkuyu, Turkey\n Dimitrovgrad, Serbia\n Kilkis, Greece\n Naousa, Greece\n Nilüfer, Turkey\n Prilep, North Macedonia\n Stary Oskol, RussiaAytosSilivri, Turkey[3]\n Traismauer, Austria[4]","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balchik_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Boxberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxberg,_Saxony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran,_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Cieszyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Galich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galich,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Mangalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Stará Ľubovňa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tambov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Valašské Meziříčí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_Mezi%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8D%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Bansko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansko_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kriva Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriva_Palanka_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro%C8%99ani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Triandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triandria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Zakopane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakopane"},{"link_name":"Belene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belene_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belleville-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleville-sur-Loire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Devrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devrek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hajdúsámson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajd%C3%BAs%C3%A1mson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lázně Bělohrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zn%C4%9B_B%C4%9Blohrad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Obninsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Popești-Leordeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%C8%99ti-Leordeni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Vigonza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigonza"},{"link_name":"Blagoevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Čakovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cakovec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Delčevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del%C4%8Devo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Gornji Milanovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornji_Milanovac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Székesfehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Bolyarovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyarovo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kofçaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kof%C3%A7az"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Vyssa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyssa"},{"link_name":"Botevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botevgrad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Holbæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holb%C3%A6k_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Saransk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saransk"},{"link_name":"Burgas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Alexandroupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandroupoli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Batumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Gomel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Miskolc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskolc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"South-Western AO (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-Western_Administrative_Okrug"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ulsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vologda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yaroslavl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavl"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Balchik[5]Boxberg, Germany\n Bran, Romania\n Cieszyn, Poland\n Galich, Russia\n Mangalia, Romania\n Stará Ľubovňa, Slovakia\n Tambov, Russia\n Valašské Meziříčí, Czech RepublicBansko[6][7][8][9]Kriva Palanka, North Macedonia\n Petroșani, Romania\n Triandria, Greece\n Zakopane, PolandBelene[10]Belleville-sur-Loire, France\n Devrek, Turkey\n Hajdúsámson, Hungary\n Lázně Bělohrad, Czech Republic\n Obninsk, Russia\n Popești-Leordeni, Romania\n Vigonza, ItalyBlagoevgrad[11][12][13][14]Čakovec, Croatia\n Delčevo, North Macedonia\n Gornji Milanovac, Serbia\n Székesfehérvár, HungaryBolyarovo[15]Kofçaz, Turkey\n Vyssa, GreeceBotevgrad[16][17]Holbæk, Denmark\n Saransk, RussiaBurgas[18]Alexandroupoli, Greece\n Batumi, Georgia\n Gomel, Belarus\n Krasnodar, Russia\n Miskolc, Hungary\n Rijeka, Croatia\n Rotterdam, Netherlands\n South-Western AO (Moscow), Russia\n Ulsan, South Korea[19]\n Vologda, Russia\n Yantai, China\n Yaroslavl, Russia[20]","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimitrovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrovgrad_Municipality,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Blida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Darkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkhan_(city)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dimitrovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Eisenhüttenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenh%C3%BCttenstadt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosseto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jiaojiang (Taizhou)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaojiang_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kalamaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kazincbarcika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazincbarcika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Nowa Huta (Kraków)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowa_Huta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yuzhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhne"},{"link_name":"Dobrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrich"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Białystok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Golmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golmud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Izmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kavadarci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadarci_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kırklareli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Pervomaisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervomaisk,_Luhansk_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Pinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Schaffhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tambov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Zalaegerszeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalaegerszeg"},{"link_name":"Dolni Chiflik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolni_Chiflik_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Grünheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnheide_(Mark)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Izabelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Izabelin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Krynychne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krynychne,_Bolhrad_Raion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Vysoké Mýto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A9_M%C3%BDto"},{"link_name":"Dupnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupnitsa_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosilegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosilegrad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kriva Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriva_Palanka_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Dve Mogili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dve_Mogili_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Altınova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Berovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berovo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Bielsk Podlaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsk_Podlaski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C8%99ani,_D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Călărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i,_Moldova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Prundu Bârgăului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prundu_B%C3%A2rg%C4%83ului"}],"text":"Dimitrovgrad[21][22]Blida, Algeria\n Darkhan, Mongolia\n Dimitrovgrad, Russia\n Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany\n Grosseto, Italy\n Jiaojiang (Taizhou), China\n Kalamaria, Greece\n Kazincbarcika, Hungary\n Nowa Huta (Kraków), Poland\n Yuzhne, UkraineDobrich[23]Białystok, Poland[24]\n Golmud, China\n Izmail, Ukraine\n Kavadarci, North Macedonia\n Kırklareli, Turkey\n Nizhny Novgorod, Russia\n Nowy Sącz County, Poland\n Pervomaisk, Ukraine\n Pinsk, Belarus\n Saratov, Russia\n Schaffhausen, Switzerland\n Tambov, Russia\n Zalaegerszeg, HungaryDolni Chiflik[25]Grünheide, Germany\n Izabelin, Poland\n Krynychne, Ukraine\n Vysoké Mýto, Czech RepublicDupnitsa[26]Bosilegrad, Serbia\n Bryansk, Russia\n Kriva Palanka, North MacedoniaDve Mogili[27]Altınova, Turkey\n Berovo, North Macedonia\n Bielsk Podlaski, Poland\n Bucșani, Romania\n Călărași, Moldova\n Prundu Bârgăului, Romania","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aalst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalst,_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mittweida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittweida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Mogilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mytischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytischi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Nowy Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Panevėžys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Petah Tikva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petah_Tikva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Prešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Shaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Sisak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun"},{"link_name":"Gorna Oryahovitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorna_Oryahovitsa_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Büyükçekmece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Cherepovets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherepovets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Myrhorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrhorod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Roșiorii de Vede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C8%99iorii_de_Vede"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Smalyavichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalyavichy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Statte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Szigetszentmiklós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szigetszentmikl%C3%B3s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Waren an der Müritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waren_(M%C3%BCritz)"}],"text":"Gabrovo[28]Aalst, Belgium\n Chernihiv, Ukraine\n Kumanovo, North Macedonia\n Mittweida, Germany\n Mogilev, Belarus\n Mytischi, Russia\n Nowy Sącz, Poland\n Panevėžys, Lithuania\n Petah Tikva, Israel\n Prešov, Slovakia\n Shaki, Azerbaijan\n Sisak, Croatia\n Thun, SwitzerlandGorna Oryahovitsa[29]Büyükçekmece, Turkey\n Cherepovets, Russia\n Myrhorod, Ukraine\n Narva, Estonia\n Roșiorii de Vede, Romania\n Smalyavichy, Belarus\n Statte, Italy\n Szigetszentmiklós, Hungary\n Waren an der Müritz, Germany","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haskovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskovo"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Châtillon-sur-Indre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tillon-sur-Indre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Enguera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enguera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Shatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu"},{"link_name":"Hisarya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisarya,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Aiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aleksinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksinac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Hilsenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilsenheim"}],"text":"Haskovo[30]Châtillon-sur-Indre, France\n Edirne, Turkey\n Enguera, Spain\n Leicester, England, United Kingdom\n Shatura, Russia\n Viseu, PortugalHisarya[31]Aiani, Greece\n Aleksinac, Serbia\n Hilsenheim, France","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivaylovgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivaylovgrad_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kyprinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyprinos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Longueau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longueau"}],"text":"Ivaylovgrad[32]Kyprinos, Greece\n Longueau, France","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kardzhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardzhali_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"East Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Staffordshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Elkhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Filippoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippoi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Komotini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komotini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Osmangazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmangazi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Silivri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silivri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Soufli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Tekirdağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Karlovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Baranavichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranavichy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Konin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kavarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavarna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Babadag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babadag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosilegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosilegrad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Çiftlikköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iftlikk%C3%B6y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Csopak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csopak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Kaarma (Saaremaa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarma_Parish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kostrzyn nad Odrą","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostrzyn_nad_Odr%C4%85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kruševo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Michalovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalovce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Năvodari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83vodari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Padenghe sul Garda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padenghe_sul_Garda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Pefki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pefki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Petit-Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit-Croix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piazzola sul Brenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazzola_sul_Brenta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Podolsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Shcherbinka (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shcherbinka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Skarżysko-Kamienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Stare Babice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Stare_Babice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Štip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tip_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Szente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szente"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yuzhne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzhne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zaječar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaje%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"Kazanlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazanlak"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Blida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Cazzago San Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazzago_San_Martino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Grasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Jungnang (Seoul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungnang_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kočani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dani_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Luxor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Nagykanizsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykanizsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Herblain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Herblain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Târgoviște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tolyatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolyatti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Veria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria"},{"link_name":"Kozloduy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozloduy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bechet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosilegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosilegrad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Calafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Copeland"},{"link_name":"Kubrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubrat_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Åmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85m%C3%A5l_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mtsensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsensk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Skuodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuodas_District_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Videle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videle"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Rechytsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechytsa"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Kardzhali[33]East Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom\n Edirne, Turkey\n Elkhart, United States\n Filippoi, Greece\n Komotini, Greece\n Osmangazi, Turkey\n Silivri, Turkey\n Soufli, Greece\n Tekirdağ, Turkey\n Vladimir, RussiaKarlovoBaranavichy, Belarus[34]\n Bryansk, Russia[35]\n Konin, Poland[36]\n Vladimir, Russia[37]Kavarna[38]Babadag, Romania\n Bosilegrad, Serbia\n Çiftlikköy, Turkey\n Csopak, Hungary\n Kaarma (Saaremaa), Estonia\n Kostrzyn nad Odrą, Poland\n Kruševo, North Macedonia\n Michalovce, Slovakia\n Năvodari, Romania\n Padenghe sul Garda, Italy\n Pefki, Greece\n Petit-Croix, France\n Piazzola sul Brenta, Italy\n Podolsk, Russia\n Prizren, Kosovo\n Shcherbinka (Moscow), Russia\n Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland\n Stare Babice, Poland\n Štip, North Macedonia\n Szente, Hungary\n Yuzhne, Ukraine\n Zaječar, SerbiaKazanlak[39]Alexandria, Egypt\n Blida, Algeria\n Cazzago San Martino, Italy\n Cremona, Italy\n Grasse, France\n Jinan, China\n Jungnang (Seoul), South Korea\n Kočani, North Macedonia\n Luxor, Egypt\n Nagykanizsa, Hungary\n Saint-Herblain, France\n Târgoviște, Romania\n Tolyatti, Russia\n Veria, GreeceKozloduy[40]Bechet, Romania\n Bosilegrad, Serbia\n Calafat, Romania\n Copeland, England, United KingdomKubrat[41]Åmål, Sweden\n Mtsensk, Russia\n Skuodas, Lithuania\n Videle, RomaniaKyustendilLeskovac, Serbia[42]\n Rechytsa, Belarus[43]","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Băilești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ile%C8%99ti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Debar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debar_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Moudania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudania_(former_municipality)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Pantelej (Niš)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelej"},{"link_name":"Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovech"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Berat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Iziaslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iziaslav,_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Kolašin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%C5%A1in_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Lotoshinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotoshinsky_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ryazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryazan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Syktyvkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syktyvkar"}],"text":"Lom[44]Băilești, Romania\n Debar, North Macedonia\n Moudania, Greece\n Pantelej (Niš), SerbiaLovech[45]Berat, Albania\n Erfurt, Germany\n Iziaslav, Ukraine\n Kolašin, Montenegro\n Laval, France\n Lotoshinsky District, Russia\n Ryazan, Russia\n Syktyvkar, Russia","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan,_Smolyan_Province"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Avanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"İhsaniye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0hsaniye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Nestos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestos_(municipality)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Pendik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Rieulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieulay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Süloğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alpignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpignano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Banská Bystrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Białogard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ogard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal,_Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dzerzhinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzerzhinsky,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Fontaine-Vercors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Fontaine-Vercors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Medijana (Niš)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medijana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Pirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Schmalkalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkalden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vranje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yinchuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr"}],"text":"Madan[46]Avanos, Turkey\n İhsaniye, Turkey\n Nestos, Greece\n Pendik, Turkey\n Rieulay, France\n Süloğlu, TurkeyMontana[47]Alpignano, Italy\n Banská Bystrica, Slovakia\n Białogard, Poland\n Caracal, Romania\n Dzerzhinsky, Russia\n Fontaine-Vercors, France\n Medijana (Niš), Serbia\n Pirot, Serbia\n Schmalkalden, Germany\n Vranje, Serbia\n Yinchuan, China\n Zhytomyr, Ukraine","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nesebar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Mtskheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtskheta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre (Budapest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestszentl%C5%91rinc-Pestszentimre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Safranbolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safranbolu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zvyozdny gorodok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvyozdny_gorodok_(urban-type_settlement)"},{"link_name":"Nova Zagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Zagora_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Feres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feres,_Evros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro%C8%99ani"}],"text":"Nesebar[48]Kotor, Montenegro\n Mtskheta, Georgia\n Pestszentlőrinc-Pestszentimre (Budapest), Hungary\n Safranbolu, Turkey\n Zvyozdny gorodok, RussiaNova Zagora[49]Feres, Greece\n Petroșani, Romania","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panagyurishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagyurishte_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kavadarci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadarci_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Zhodzina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhodzina"},{"link_name":"Pavlikeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlikeni_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Boldești-Scăeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolde%C8%99ti-Sc%C4%83eni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Leova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Pruzhany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruzhany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Torrelodones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrelodones"},{"link_name":"Pazardzhik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazardzhik"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Aerodrom (Skopje)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality,_North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Chekhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekhov,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Al-Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Stavropol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Thái Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_B%C3%ACnh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"West Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bend,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Pernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernik_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Balashikha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balashikha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Elektrostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrostal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kavadarci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadarci_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Orosei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Orsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Pantelej (Niš)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantelej"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Pardubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardubice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pyongsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongsong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Rožaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEaje_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Petrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Istra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istra,_Istrinsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Mioveni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioveni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres"},{"link_name":"Pleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleven_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Agadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Brăila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%83ila"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Central AO (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Administrative_Okrug"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Gandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Gornji Milanovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornji_Milanovac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinzhou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kavadarci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavadarci_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ponta Delgada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Delgada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yangquan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangquan"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Changchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Daegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daegu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Gyumri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyumri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kastoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Okayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Petra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Samarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"Pomorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorie_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajak_(Hungary)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Gorodets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorodets,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Nea Anchialos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Anchialos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Troitsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troitsk,_Chelyabinsk_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Yenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenice,_%C3%87anakkale"},{"link_name":"Provadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provadia_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Rokiškis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis_District_Municipality"}],"text":"Panagyurishte[50]Kavadarci, North Macedonia\n Zhodzina, BelarusPavlikeni[51][52]Boldești-Scăeni, Romania\n Leova, Moldova\n Łomża, Poland\n Pruzhany, Belarus\n Torrelodones, SpainPazardzhik[53][54]Aerodrom (Skopje), North Macedonia\n Chekhov, Russia\n Salerno, Italy\n Al-Salt, Jordan\n Stavropol, Russia\n Thái Bình, Vietnam\n West Bend, United StatesPernik[55]Balashikha, Russia\n Elektrostal, Russia\n Jenin, Palestine\n Kavadarci, North Macedonia\n Lausanne, Switzerland[56]\n Lublin, Poland\n Luhansk, Ukraine\n Orosei, Italy\n Orsha, Belarus\n Ovar, Portugal\n Pantelej (Niš), Serbia\n Pardubice, Czech Republic\n Pyongsong, North Korea\n Rožaje, MontenegroPetrich[57]Istra, Russia\n Mioveni, Romania\n Serres, GreecePleven[58]Agadir, Morocco\n Bitola, North Macedonia\n Brăila, Romania\n Brest, Belarus\n Bursa, Turkey\n Central AO (Moscow), Russia\n Charlottesville, United States\n Gandia, Spain\n Gornji Milanovac, Serbia\n Jinzhou, China\n Kaiserslautern, Germany\n Kavadarci, North Macedonia\n Mykolaiv, Ukraine\n Ponta Delgada, Portugal\n Płock, Poland\n Rostov-on-Don, Russia\n Volos, Greece\n Yangquan, ChinaPlovdiv[59]Bursa, Turkey\n Changchun, China\n Columbia, United States\n Daegu, South Korea\n Gyumri, Armenia\n Istanbul, Turkey\n Jeddah, Saudi Arabia\n Kastoria, Greece\n Košice, Slovakia\n Kumanovo, North Macedonia\n Leskovac, Serbia\n Lviv, Ukraine\n Okayama, Japan\n Petra, Jordan\n Saint Petersburg, Russia\n Samarkand, Uzbekistan\n Shenzhen, China\n Thessaloniki, Greece\n Valencia, Venezuela\n Yekaterinburg, RussiaPomorie[60]Ajak, Hungary\n Gorodets, Russia\n Nea Anchialos, Greece\n Troitsk, Russia\n Yenice, TurkeyProvadia[61][62]Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ukraine\n Rokiškis, Lithuania","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Razgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razgrad"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Avcılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avc%C4%B1lar,_Istanbul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Călărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Châlons-en-Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Odunpazarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odunpazar%C4%B1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Oryol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slobozia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobozia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Wittenberge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberge"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bijeljina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeljina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Giurgiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Huainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huainan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Peristeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristeri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Trogir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Újbuda (Budapest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajbuda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"}],"text":"Razgrad[63]Armagh, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom\n Avcılar, Turkey\n Brunswick, United States\n Călărași, Romania\n Châlons-en-Champagne, France\n Odunpazarı, Turkey\n Oryol, Russia\n Slobozia, Romania\n Wittenberge, GermanyRuse[64]Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n Giurgiu, Romania\n Huainan, China\n Peristeri, Greece\n Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France\n Trogir, Croatia\n Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary\n Volgograd, Russia","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samokov"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kostroma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostroma"},{"link_name":"Sandanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandanski_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ataşehir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata%C5%9Fehir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dzerzhinsky (Volgograd)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Volgograd_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Freudenstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudenstadt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mělník","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Novokosino (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novokosino_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos_(town)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Voskresensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskresensk,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sevlievo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevlievo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Babruysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babruysk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Gevgelija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevgelija_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Legionowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionowo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nanhai (Foshan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanhai_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Valašské Meziříčí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_Mezi%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8D%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Shumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumen"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Barnaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Debrecen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrecen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Podolsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Tulcea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulcea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Silistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silistra"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Călărași","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Dunaújváros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Khmelnytskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytskyi,_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kikinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikinda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Leskovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Lüleburgaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCleburgaz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Promissão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promiss%C3%A3o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rzhev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzhev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Sakuragawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakuragawa,_Ibaraki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slobozia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobozia"},{"link_name":"Sliven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Alba 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Lefkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano_Lefkara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Põlva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5lva_Parish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Samuel (Soure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soure,_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Starý Poddvorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%BD_Poddvorov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Strzyżów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Strzy%C5%BC%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Tisno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Troisvierges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisvierges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Žagarė 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Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Sozopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozopol_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Alushta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alushta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Sighișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Stara 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Mureș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Sungurlare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungurlare_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Jastrebarsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastrebarsko"},{"link_name":"Svilengrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilengrad_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Didymoteicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymoteicho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Feres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feres,_Evros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Lefortovo (Moscow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefortovo_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Oebisfelde-Weferlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oebisfelde-Weferlingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Soufli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Uzunköprü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Svishtov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svishtov_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Barcelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelos,_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Bijelo Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijelo_Polje_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Dębica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Frigento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Hrubieszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrubiesz%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kapuvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuv%C3%A1r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kremenchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenchuk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Ludza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludza_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Nafpaktos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafpaktos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Prijepolje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijepolje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Videle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Zheleznogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheleznogorsk,_Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Svoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svoge_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Novi Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Grad,_Republika_Srpska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Stupava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupava,_Malacky_District"}],"text":"Samokov[65]Kostroma, RussiaSandanski[66]Ataşehir, Turkey\n Dzerzhinsky (Volgograd), Russia\n Freudenstadt, Germany\n Mělník, Czech Republic\n Novokosino (Moscow), Russia\n Thasos, Greece\n Voskresensk, RussiaSevlievo[67]Babruysk, Belarus\n Gevgelija, North Macedonia\n Legionowo, Poland\n Nanhai (Foshan), China\n Valašské Meziříčí, Czech RepublicShumen[68][69]Barnaul, Russia\n Debrecen, Hungary\n Kherson, Ukraine\n Podolsk, Russia\n Tournai, Belgium\n Tulcea, Romania\n Zhengzhou, ChinaSilistra[70]Călărași, Romania\n Dunaújváros, Hungary\n Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine\n Kikinda, Serbia\n Leskovac, Serbia\n Lüleburgaz, Turkey\n Promissão, Brazil\n Rzhev, Russia\n Sakuragawa, Japan\n Slobozia, RomaniaSliven[71]Alba Iulia, Romania\n Chongqing, China\n Gera, Germany\n Jerash, Jordan\n Kaisariani, Greece\n Melitopol, Ukraine\n Pécs, Hungary\n Svietlahorsk, Belarus\n Taraclia, Moldova\n Tekirdağ, Turkey\n Ternopil, Ukraine\n Voronezh, RussiaSlivo Pole is a member of the Charter of European Rural Communities, a town twinning association across the European Union, alongside with:[72]Bienvenida, Spain\n Bièvre, Belgium\n Bucine, Italy\n Cashel, Ireland\n Cissé, France\n Desborough, England, United Kingdom\n Esch (Haaren), Netherlands\n Hepstedt, Germany\n Ibănești, Romania\n Kandava (Tukums), Latvia\n Kannus, Finland\n Kolindros, Greece\n Lassee, Austria\n Medzev, Slovakia\n Moravče, Slovenia\n Næstved, Denmark\n Nagycenk, Hungary\n Nadur, Malta\n Ockelbo, Sweden\n Pano Lefkara, Cyprus\n Põlva, Estonia\n Samuel (Soure), Portugal\n Starý Poddvorov, Czech Republic\n Strzyżów, Poland\n Tisno, Croatia\n Troisvierges, Luxembourg\n Žagarė (Joniškis), LithuaniaSmolyan[73]Controguerra, Italy\n Gostivar, North Macedonia\n Kispest (Budapest), Hungary\n Martinsicuro, Italy\n Michurinsk, Russia\n Motril, Spain\n Pendik, Turkey\n Suhl, Germany\n Võru, Estonia\n Xanthi, Greece\n Yalova, TurkeySofiaAlgiers, Algeria[74]\n Amman, Jordan[75]\n Ankara, Turkey[76]\n Bucharest, Romania[77]\n Doha, Qatar[78]\n Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[79]\n Kyiv, Ukraine[80]\n Pittsburgh, United States[81]\n Shanghai, China[82]\n Tbilisi, Georgia[83]\n Tel Aviv, Israel[84]\n Zagreb, Croatia[85]Sozopol[86][87]Alushta, Ukraine\n Sighișoara, RomaniaStara Zagora[88]Barreiro, Portugal\n Larissa, Greece\n Radom, Poland\n Samara, Russia\n Yueyang, ChinaStrelcha[89]Bleicherode, Germany\n Călimănești, Romania\n Orneta, Poland\n Yessentuki, RussiaStrumyani[90][91]Kuşadası, Turkey\n Târgu Mureș, RomaniaSungurlare[92]Jastrebarsko, CroatiaSvilengrad[93]Didymoteicho, Greece\n Feres, Greece\n Lefortovo (Moscow), Russia\n Oebisfelde-Weferlingen, Germany\n Soufli, Greece\n Uzunköprü, TurkeySvishtov[94][95]Barcelos, Portugal\n Bijelo Polje, Montenegro\n Dębica, Poland\n Frigento, Italy\n Hrubieszów, Poland\n Ismailia, Egypt\n Kapuvár, Hungary\n Kremenchuk, Ukraine\n Ludza, Latvia\n Nafpaktos, Greece\n Prijepolje, Serbia\n Veles, North Macedonia\n Videle, Romania\n Zheleznogorsk, RussiaSvoge[96][97]Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n Stupava, Slovakia","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Targovishte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targovishte_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Bolhrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolhrad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kozani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria da Feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Smolensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Târgoviște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Troyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyan_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Dojran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojran_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ellwangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellwangen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pernes-les-Fontaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernes-les-Fontaines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vigneux-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigneux-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Tryavna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryavna_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Douzelage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douzelage"},{"link_name":"town twinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Agros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agros,_Cyprus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Altea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Asikkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asikkala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Bad Kötzting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6tzting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bellagio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellagio,_Lombardy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bundoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundoran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Chojna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Chojna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Granville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville,_Manche"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Holstebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstebro_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Houffalize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houffalize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Judenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kőszeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91szeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Marsaskala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsaskala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Meerssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerssen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Niederanven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederanven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Oxelösund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxel%C3%B6sund_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preveza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Rokiškis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis_District_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Rovinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Sesimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesimbra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Sigulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigulda_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Siret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siret"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Škofja Loka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_%C5%A0kofja_Loka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sušice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%A1ice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Türi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCri_Parish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Zvolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvolen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Brienz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brienz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinica_Municipality,_North_Macedonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Żyrardów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Tundzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundzha_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Madaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaba"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jordan-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Slonim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonim"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Warta"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Tvarditsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvarditsa_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Soroksár (Budapest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroks%C3%A1r"}],"text":"Targovishte[98]Bolhrad, Ukraine\n Cottbus, Germany\n Kozani, Greece\n Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal\n Smolensk, Russia\n Târgoviște, Romania\n Waterloo, United StatesTroyan[99]Dojran, North Macedonia\n Ellwangen, Germany\n Pernes-les-Fontaines, France\n Vigneux-sur-Seine, FranceTryavna is a member of the Douzelage, a town twinning association of towns across the European Union.[100] Tryavna also has three other twin towns.[101]Douzelage\n\n Agros, Cyprus\n Altea, Spain\n Asikkala, Finland\n Bad Kötzting, Germany\n Bellagio, Italy\n Bundoran, Ireland\n Chojna, Poland\n Granville, France\n Holstebro, Denmark\n Houffalize, Belgium\n Judenburg, Austria\n Kőszeg, Hungary\n Marsaskala, Malta\n Meerssen, Netherlands\n Niederanven, Luxembourg\n Oxelösund, Sweden\n Preveza, Greece\n Rokiškis, Lithuania\n Rovinj, Croatia\n Sesimbra, Portugal\n Sherborne, England, United Kingdom\n Sigulda, Latvia\n Siret, Romania\n Škofja Loka, Slovenia\n Sušice, Czech Republic\n Türi, Estonia\n Zvolen, Slovakia\nOther\n\n Brienz, Switzerland\n Vinica, North Macedonia\n Żyrardów, PolandTundzhaMadaba, Jordan[75]\n Slonim, Belarus[102]\n Warta, Poland[103]Tvarditsa[104]Soroksár (Budapest), Hungary","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Aalborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Aqaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqaba"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jordan-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dordrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Novorossiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiysk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Urmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmia"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Veliko Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Asti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Cetinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetinje_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Colonia Tovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Tovar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Iaşi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Al-Karak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jordan-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Nakhchivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Tarxien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarxien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Tver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver"},{"link_name":"Velingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velingrad_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Maladzyechna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladzyechna"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Silivri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silivri"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Stupino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupino,_Stupinsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yakutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Calafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Demre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hódmezővásárhely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3dmez%C5%91v%C3%A1s%C3%A1rhely"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Rivne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"West Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Carrollton,_Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zaječar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaje%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"Vratsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor,_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt an der Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Kičevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo_Municipality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Kobryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobryn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Serpukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpukhov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sumy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Villeneuve-le-Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeneuve-le-Roi"}],"text":"Varna[105]Aalborg, Denmark[106]\n Aqaba, Jordan[75]\n Cape Town, South Africa\n Dordrecht, Netherlands\n Kharkiv, Ukraine\n Malmö, Sweden[107]\n Ningbo, China\n Novorossiysk, Russia\n Novosibirsk, Russia\n Odesa, Ukraine[108]\n Piraeus, Greece[109]\n Rostock, Germany\n Surabaya, Indonesia\n Turku, Finland\n Urmia, Iran[110]Veliko Tarnovo[111]Asti, Italy\n Bitola, North Macedonia\n Braga, Portugal[112]\n Bursa, Turkey[113]\n Cetinje, Montenegro\n Colonia Tovar, Venezuela\n Iaşi, Romania\n Al-Karak, Jordan[75]\n Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan[114]\n Niš, Serbia\n Serres, Greece\n Tarxien, Malta\n Toledo, Spain\n Tver, RussiaVelingradMaladzyechna, Belarus[115]\n Silivri, Turkey[116]\n Stupino, Russia[117]\n Yakutsk, Russia[118]Vidin[119]Calafat, Romania\n Demre, Turkey\n Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary\n Rivne, Ukraine\n West Carrollton, United States\n Zaječar, SerbiaVratsa[120][121]Bor, Serbia\n Craiova, Romania\n Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany\n Kičevo, North Macedonia\n Kobryn, Belarus\n Serpukhov, Russia\n Sumy, Ukraine\n Villeneuve-le-Roi, France","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yambol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yambol"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Berdiansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdiansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Edirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Izhevsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhevsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Sieradz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieradz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Târgu-Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu-Jiu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Villejuif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villejuif"}],"text":"Yambol[122]Berdiansk, Ukraine\n Edirne, Turkey\n Izhevsk, Russia\n Sieradz, Poland\n Târgu-Jiu, Romania\n Villejuif, France","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zlatograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatograd"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Chrysoupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoupoli"}],"text":"Zlatograd[123]Chrysoupoli, Greece","title":"Z"}]
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[{"image_text":"Twin towns of Plovdiv in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG/250px-Direction_signs_-_Plovdiv%27s_sister_cities%2C_Bulgaria.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Bulgaria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bulgaria-CIA_WFB_Map.png/180px-Bulgaria-CIA_WFB_Map.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_Rocks
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Hershey Ridge
|
["1 Location","2 Discovery and name","3 Features","3.1 Dickinson Rocks","3.2 Gregory Rock","3.3 Linwood Peak","4 References","5 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 77°40′S 147°10′W / 77.667°S 147.167°W / -77.667; -147.167 (Hershey Ridge)Ridge
Hershey Ridge
Highest pointCoordinates77°40′S 147°10′W / 77.667°S 147.167°W / -77.667; -147.167 (Hershey Ridge)
Hershey Ridge (77°40′S 147°10′W / 77.667°S 147.167°W / -77.667; -147.167 (Hershey Ridge)) is a low, ice-covered ridge trending in a northwest–southeast direction for about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) between McKinley Peak and the Haines Mountains, in the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.
Location
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Hershey Ridge is southwest of map
Hershey Ridge is in the Ford Ranges, west of the Haines Mountains and northeast of McKinley Peak.
It runs in a northwest direction to the Sulzberger Ice Shelf to the south of Steventon Island.
Features include Dickinson Rocks, Gregory Rock and Linwood Peak.
Discovery and name
Hershey Ridge was discovered in 1934 by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (ByrdAE), and named for Garland Hershey, Assistant State Geologist of the Iowa Geological Survey (1939–47) and Director of the Iowa Geological Survey after 1947.
Features
Dickinson Rocks
77°33′S 147°55′W / 77.550°S 147.917°W / -77.550; -147.917.
Isolated rock outcrops near the north end of Hershey Ridge, 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) northwest of Linwood Peak.
Mapped by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) (1939-41) and by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos (1959-65).
Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for David N. Dickinson, construction mechanic, United States Navy, at Brockton Station (80|S, 178|W) on the Ross Ice Shelf for two seasons, 1965-66 and 1966-67.
Gregory Rock
77°40′S 147°46′W / 77.667°S 147.767°W / -77.667; -147.767.
A rock that outcrops above the ice slopes of western Hershey Ridge, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) west-southwest of Linwood Peak.
Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65.
Named by US-ACAN for Elmer D. Gregory, aviation maintenance line crew supervisor at Williams Field, McMurdo Sound, during Operation Deep Freeze 1967.
Linwood Peak
77°36′S 147°13′W / 77.600°S 147.217°W / -77.600; -147.217.
An isolated peak on Hershey Ridge, standing 14 nautical miles (26 km; 16 mi) west of Mount Ronne.
Discovered and mapped by the USAS (1939–41).
Named by US-ACAN for Linwood T. Miller, sailmaker with the ByrdAE (1933-35).
References
^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 331.
^ Boyd Glacier USGS.
^ Alberts 1995, p. 188.
^ Alberts 1995, p. 295.
^ Alberts 1995, p. 436.
Sources
Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
Boyd Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-25
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
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Dickinson, construction mechanic, United States Navy, at Brockton Station (80|S, 178|W) on the Ross Ice Shelf for two seasons, 1965-66 and 1966-67.[3]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°40′S 147°46′W / 77.667°S 147.767°W / -77.667; -147.767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hershey_Ridge¶ms=77_40_S_147_46_W_"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995295-4"}],"sub_title":"Gregory Rock","text":"77°40′S 147°46′W / 77.667°S 147.767°W / -77.667; -147.767. \nA rock that outcrops above the ice slopes of western Hershey Ridge, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) west-southwest of Linwood Peak. \nMapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1959-65. \nNamed by US-ACAN for Elmer D. 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Miller, sailmaker with the ByrdAE (1933-35).[5]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"Boyd Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C77141s1_Ant.Map_Boyd_Glacier.jpg"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"}],"text":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2023-12-03 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.\nBoyd Glacier, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-03-25This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.","title":"Sources"}]
|
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Johansson_(chess_player)
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Inge Johansson (chess player)
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Swedish chess player
Inge JohanssonCountrySwedenBorn(1916-10-08)8 October 1916Malmö, SwedenDied20 September 1966(1966-09-20) (aged 49)
John Inge Valfrid Johansson (8 October 1916 – 20 September 1966) was a Swedish chess player, Swedish Chess Championship winner (1958).
Biography
In the 1950s Inge Johansson was one of Sweden's leading chess players. During 1940-1958 he was 13 times (or 15, depending on which events to count) champion of Malmö. In Swedish Chess Championships Inge Johansson has won gold (1958) medal.
Inge Johansson played for Sweden in the Chess Olympiads:
In 1950, at second board in the 9th Chess Olympiad in Dubrovnik (+5, =2, -5),
In 1952, at reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad in Helsinki (+3, =3, -2),
In 1958, at second board in the 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+2, =2, -7).
Inge Johansson suffered from a stroke on 16 September 1966, and died four days later.
References
^ "OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Inge Johansson". www.olimpbase.org.
External links
Inge Johansson player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Inge Johansson chess games at 365chess.com
This biographical article relating to a Swedish chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Swedish Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Chess_Championship"}],"text":"John Inge Valfrid Johansson (8 October 1916 – 20 September 1966) was a Swedish chess player, Swedish Chess Championship winner (1958).","title":"Inge Johansson (chess player)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish Chess Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Chess Olympiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"9th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"10th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"13th Chess Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Chess_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"}],"text":"In the 1950s Inge Johansson was one of Sweden's leading chess players. During 1940-1958 he was 13 times (or 15, depending on which events to count) champion of Malmö. In Swedish Chess Championships Inge Johansson has won gold (1958) medal.Inge Johansson played for Sweden in the Chess Olympiads:[1]In 1950, at second board in the 9th Chess Olympiad in Dubrovnik (+5, =2, -5),\nIn 1952, at reserve board in the 10th Chess Olympiad in Helsinki (+3, =3, -2),\nIn 1958, at second board in the 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+2, =2, -7).Inge Johansson suffered from a stroke on 16 September 1966, and died four days later.","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Inge Johansson\". www.olimpbase.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/6u8k0q2f.html","url_text":"\"OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Inge Johansson\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.olimpbase.org/players/6u8k0q2f.html","external_links_name":"\"OlimpBase :: Men's Chess Olympiads :: Inge Johansson\""},{"Link":"https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=158855","external_links_name":"Inge Johansson"},{"Link":"https://www.365chess.com/players/Inge_Valfrid_Johansson","external_links_name":"Inge Johansson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inge_Johansson_(chess_player)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Smith_(musician)
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Aaron Smith (musician)
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["1 History","2 Selected discography","3 References","4 External links"]
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American drummer
For other uses, see Aaron Smith.
Aaron SmithAlso known asThe A-TrainBorn (1950-09-03) September 3, 1950 (age 73)OriginDurham, North Carolina, U.S.GenresSoul, new wave, Christian alternative rockOccupation(s)Drummer, percussionistYears active1970–presentMusical artist
Aaron "The A-Train" Smith (born September 3, 1950) is a Nashville-based drummer and percussionist who has played as a member of multiple bands, and as a studio musician, starting in 1970. Smith played drums on several hit Motown recordings in the 1970s, including The Temptations' "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". In the 1980s, he was a member of the new wave band Romeo Void and the Christian alternative rock band the 77s.
History
With a singular focus, Aaron Smith began his career playing drums in marching band during the sixth grade practicing on the cafeteria tables since there were so many kids wanting to play that instrument. Smith has stated that his influences include James Brown, Aretha Franklin, Stax, RCA, Motown, Ringo Starr and the Beatles' appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. On his first recording session for the song "Push, Push", Smith was paid with "all the hamburgers he could eat".
At the age of 20, Smith played drums on The Temptations' recording of "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song also won two Grammy Awards at the 15th Annual Awards ceremony - one for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group Or Chorus and the other for Best R&B Instrumental Performance. Although not formally a member of the Funk Brothers, he performed with them on several Motown albums as a part of the rhythm section. These records include Sky's the Limit (Temptations 71), Solid Rock (Temptations 71), All Directions (Temptations 72), Face to Face with the Truth (The Undisputed Truth 72), Masterpiece (73), The Temptations in Japan (Temptations 73), Keep on Trucking (Eddie Kendricks 73), Me and Rock and Roll Are Here to Stay (David Ruffin 74). He has also worked on Renaissance (Ray Charles 76), Prime Time (Grey And Hanks 80), A Girl In Trouble (Romeo Void 84). Smith was also a member of the progressive rock group Vector from 1983 through 1985.
In 1984, he joined the new wave group Romeo Void. Although his stint in the band was relatively brief (with the band breaking up the following year), he did perform on their most commercially successful single, "A Girl in Trouble (Is a Temporary Thing)" (along with the rest of the tracks on the accompanying Instincts album) and was even interviewed and invited back to perform with the group for their Bands Reunited episode. Also in 1984, Smith contributed to the 77s' album All Fall Down. He later joined the group officially in 1987, taking part in their albums The 77s (1987), Sticks and Stones (1990), Eighty Eight (1991), The Seventy Sevens (also known as Pray Naked - 1992), and Drowning with Land in Sight (1994) leaving the group in 1995.
Smith has also appeared on the following recordings: Simple House (Margaret Becker, 1991), Love Life (Charlie Peacock, 1991), Listen (Cindy Morgan, 1996), The Loving Kind (Cindy Morgan, 1998), Brother's Keeper (Rich Mullins, 1995), Hope Is Born Again (Jim Brickman/Point of Grace, 1997), The Jesus Record (Rich Mullins, 1998), Prayers of a Ragamuffin (A Ragamuffin Band, 2000), A Long Way Back (Kim Richey, 2020) and many more.
In his career, Smith has done many live tours as well with artists he has recorded with: Chuck Jackson, The Undisputed Truth, The Temptations, Mirosla Vitous, Club Nouveau, Miroslav Vitous, The 77's, Michael Card, Engelbert Humperdinck, Michael W. Smith, Charlie Peacock, Rich Mullins and Kevin Max.
An autographed pair of Smith's drumsticks, part of the Peter Lavinger collection which was on display in the Main Exhibition Level through Feb. 2002 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, can be found next to a pair of sticks used by Ringo Starr, one of his early influences.
Smith is married and has two daughters.
Selected discography
Sky's the Limit, The Temptations, 1971 album
Solid Rock, The Temptations, 1972 album
All Directions, The Temptations, 1972 album
Boogie Down!, Eddie Kendricks, 1972 album
Masterpiece, The Temptations, 1973 album
Law of the Land, The Undisputed Truth, 1973 album
Down to Earth, The Undisputed Truth, 1974 album
Mannequin Virtue, Vector, 1983 album
Instincts, Romeo Void, 1984 album
All Fall Down, The 77s, 1984 album
The 77s, The 77s, 1987 album
Special The Temptations, 1989 album
Sticks and Stones, The 77s, 1990 album
Eighty Eight, The 77s, 1991 album
The Seventy Sevens, The 77s, 1992 album
Drowning with Land in Sight, The 77s, 1994 album
Emperors of Soul The Temptations, 1994 boxed set
Brother's Keeper, Rich Mullins, 1995 album
The Jesus Record, Rich Mullins, 1998 album
Prayers of a Ragamuffin, A Ragamuffin Band, 2000 album
References
^ a b c Bertone, Jackie. "01/09/17 Aaron "A Train" Smith - Drummer with the Temptations". Jackie's Groove. Jackie Bertone. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ "Chart History - The Temptations". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media LLC. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ "The Temptations". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. Recording Academy. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ Ankeny, Jason. "The Temptations - Biography". AllMusic. AllMusic/Netaktion LLC. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ Buenaventura, Florentino. "10/10/15 Iconic Drummer - Aaron "The A Train" Smith". WSRadio. WS Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ a b Powell, Mark (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (Second ed.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 811–817. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.
^ "All Fall Down - The 77s". 77s.com. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
^ Alfonso, Barry (2002). The Billboard Guide to Contemporary Christian Music (First ed.). New York, NY: Billboard Books/Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-8230-7718-7.
^ Lavinger, Peter. "The Collection of Peter Lavinger". Drumsticks Abound. Peter Lavinger. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ Eaton, Alexandra; Weingarten, Christopher. "See the World's Largest Autographed Drumstick Collection". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone, LLC/Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ "Guinness World Record for the World's Largest Collection of Autographed Drumsticks". Making Music. Making Music Magazine. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ Kot, Greg. "Will Fans Rock and Roll at New Hall?". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
External links
Biography portal
Aaron Smith discography at Discogs
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Smith_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Was_a_Rollin%27_Stone"},{"link_name":"Romeo Void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Void"},{"link_name":"the 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"}],"text":"For other uses, see Aaron Smith.Musical artistAaron \"The A-Train\" Smith (born September 3, 1950) is a Nashville-based drummer and percussionist who has played as a member of multiple bands, and as a studio musician, starting in 1970. Smith played drums on several hit Motown recordings in the 1970s, including The Temptations' \"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\". In the 1980s, he was a member of the new wave band Romeo Void and the Christian alternative rock band the 77s.","title":"Aaron Smith (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertone-1"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Was_a_Rollin%27_Stone"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-6"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Romeo Void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Void"},{"link_name":"A Girl in Trouble (Is a Temporary Thing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Girl_in_Trouble_(Is_a_Temporary_Thing)"},{"link_name":"Instincts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincts_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bands Reunited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bands_Reunited"},{"link_name":"the 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"All Fall Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Fall_Down_(The_77s_album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sticks and Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticks_and_Stones_(The_77s_album)"},{"link_name":"Eighty Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Eight"},{"link_name":"The Seventy Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray_Naked"},{"link_name":"Drowning with Land in Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_with_Land_in_Sight"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfonso-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-6"},{"link_name":"Margaret Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Becker"},{"link_name":"Charlie Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"Cindy Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Morgan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Loving Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loving_Kind_(Cindy_Morgan_album)"},{"link_name":"Brother's Keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother%27s_Keeper_(Rich_Mullins_album)"},{"link_name":"Rich Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mullins"},{"link_name":"Jim Brickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brickman"},{"link_name":"Point of Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_Grace"},{"link_name":"The Jesus Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Record"},{"link_name":"A Ragamuffin Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Ragamuffin_Band"},{"link_name":"Kim Richey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Richey"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertone-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertone-1"}],"text":"With a singular focus, Aaron Smith began his career playing drums in marching band during the sixth grade practicing on the cafeteria tables since there were so many kids wanting to play that instrument. Smith has stated that his influences include James Brown, Aretha Franklin, Stax, RCA, Motown, Ringo Starr and the Beatles' appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. On his first recording session for the song \"Push, Push\", Smith was paid with \"all the hamburgers he could eat\".[1]At the age of 20, Smith played drums on The Temptations' recording of \"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] The song also won two Grammy Awards at the 15th Annual Awards ceremony - one for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group Or Chorus and the other for Best R&B Instrumental Performance.[3][4] Although not formally a member of the Funk Brothers, he performed with them on several Motown albums as a part of the rhythm section. These records include Sky's the Limit (Temptations 71), Solid Rock (Temptations 71), All Directions (Temptations 72), Face to Face with the Truth (The Undisputed Truth 72), Masterpiece (73), The Temptations in Japan (Temptations 73), Keep on Trucking (Eddie Kendricks 73), Me and Rock and Roll Are Here to Stay (David Ruffin 74). He has also worked on Renaissance (Ray Charles 76), Prime Time (Grey And Hanks 80), A Girl In Trouble (Romeo Void 84).[5] Smith was also a member of the progressive rock group Vector from 1983 through 1985.[6]In 1984, he joined the new wave group Romeo Void. Although his stint in the band was relatively brief (with the band breaking up the following year), he did perform on their most commercially successful single, \"A Girl in Trouble (Is a Temporary Thing)\" (along with the rest of the tracks on the accompanying Instincts album) and was even interviewed and invited back to perform with the group for their Bands Reunited episode. Also in 1984, Smith contributed to the 77s' album All Fall Down.[7] He later joined the group officially in 1987, taking part in their albums The 77s (1987), Sticks and Stones (1990), Eighty Eight (1991), The Seventy Sevens (also known as Pray Naked - 1992), and Drowning with Land in Sight (1994) leaving the group in 1995.[8][6]Smith has also appeared on the following recordings: Simple House (Margaret Becker, 1991), Love Life (Charlie Peacock, 1991), Listen (Cindy Morgan, 1996), The Loving Kind (Cindy Morgan, 1998), Brother's Keeper (Rich Mullins, 1995), Hope Is Born Again (Jim Brickman/Point of Grace, 1997), The Jesus Record (Rich Mullins, 1998), Prayers of a Ragamuffin (A Ragamuffin Band, 2000), A Long Way Back (Kim Richey, 2020) and many more.In his career, Smith has done many live tours as well with artists he has recorded with: Chuck Jackson, The Undisputed Truth, The Temptations, Mirosla Vitous, Club Nouveau, Miroslav Vitous, The 77's, Michael Card, Engelbert Humperdinck, Michael W. Smith, Charlie Peacock, Rich Mullins and Kevin Max.An autographed pair of Smith's drumsticks, part of the Peter Lavinger collection which was on display in the Main Exhibition Level through Feb. 2002 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, can be found next to a pair of sticks used by Ringo Starr, one of his early influences.[1][9][10][11][12]Smith is married and has two daughters.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sky's the Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%27s_the_Limit_(The_Temptations_album)"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Solid Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Rock_(The_Temptations_album)"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"All Directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Directions"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Eddie Kendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks"},{"link_name":"Masterpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece_(Temptations_album)"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Law of the Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Land_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Undisputed Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undisputed_Truth"},{"link_name":"Down to Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_Earth_(The_Undisputed_Truth_album)"},{"link_name":"The Undisputed Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undisputed_Truth"},{"link_name":"Vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(band)"},{"link_name":"Instincts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instincts_(album)"},{"link_name":"Romeo Void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Void"},{"link_name":"All Fall Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Fall_Down_(77s_album)"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s_(album)"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Sticks and Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticks_and_Stones_(77s_album)"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"Eighty Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Eight"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"The Seventy Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seventy_Sevens"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"Drowning with Land in Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_with_Land_in_Sight"},{"link_name":"The 77s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_77s"},{"link_name":"Emperors of Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperors_of_Soul"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Brother's Keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother%27s_Keeper_(Rich_Mullins_album)"},{"link_name":"Rich Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mullins"},{"link_name":"The Jesus Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Record"},{"link_name":"Rich Mullins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Mullins"},{"link_name":"A Ragamuffin Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Ragamuffin_Band"}],"text":"Sky's the Limit, The Temptations, 1971 album\nSolid Rock, The Temptations, 1972 album\nAll Directions, The Temptations, 1972 album\nBoogie Down!, Eddie Kendricks, 1972 album\nMasterpiece, The Temptations, 1973 album\nLaw of the Land, The Undisputed Truth, 1973 album\nDown to Earth, The Undisputed Truth, 1974 album\nMannequin Virtue, Vector, 1983 album\nInstincts, Romeo Void, 1984 album\nAll Fall Down, The 77s, 1984 album\nThe 77s, The 77s, 1987 album\nSpecial The Temptations, 1989 album\nSticks and Stones, The 77s, 1990 album\nEighty Eight, The 77s, 1991 album\nThe Seventy Sevens, The 77s, 1992 album\nDrowning with Land in Sight, The 77s, 1994 album\nEmperors of Soul The Temptations, 1994 boxed set\nBrother's Keeper, Rich Mullins, 1995 album\nThe Jesus Record, Rich Mullins, 1998 album\nPrayers of a Ragamuffin, A Ragamuffin Band, 2000 album","title":"Selected discography"}]
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[{"reference":"Bertone, Jackie. \"01/09/17 Aaron \"A Train\" Smith - Drummer with the Temptations\". Jackie's Groove. Jackie Bertone. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertalkradio.com/jackiesgroove/aaron-a-train-smith/","url_text":"\"01/09/17 Aaron \"A Train\" Smith - Drummer with the Temptations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart History - The Temptations\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media LLC. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-temptations/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Chart History - The Temptations\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Temptations\". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. Recording Academy. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/temptations","url_text":"\"The Temptations\""}]},{"reference":"Ankeny, Jason. \"The Temptations - Biography\". AllMusic. AllMusic/Netaktion LLC. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-temptations-mn0000569685/biography","url_text":"\"The Temptations - Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Buenaventura, Florentino. \"10/10/15 Iconic Drummer - Aaron \"The A Train\" Smith\". WSRadio. WS Radio. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://wsradio.com/101015-iconic-drummer-aaron-the-a-train-smith-two-part-series/","url_text":"\"10/10/15 Iconic Drummer - Aaron \"The A Train\" Smith\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Mark (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music (Second ed.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 811–817. ISBN 1-56563-679-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1","url_text":"1-56563-679-1"}]},{"reference":"\"All Fall Down - The 77s\". 77s.com. Retrieved May 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.77s.com/music/allfalldown/","url_text":"\"All Fall Down - The 77s\""}]},{"reference":"Alfonso, Barry (2002). The Billboard Guide to Contemporary Christian Music (First ed.). New York, NY: Billboard Books/Watson-Guptill Publications. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-8230-7718-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7718-7","url_text":"0-8230-7718-7"}]},{"reference":"Lavinger, Peter. \"The Collection of Peter Lavinger\". Drumsticks Abound. Peter Lavinger. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drumsticksabound.com/about.html","url_text":"\"The Collection of Peter Lavinger\""}]},{"reference":"Eaton, Alexandra; Weingarten, Christopher. \"See the World's Largest Autographed Drumstick Collection\". Rolling Stone. Rolling Stone, LLC/Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/see-the-worlds-largest-autographed-drumstick-collection-166288/","url_text":"\"See the World's Largest Autographed Drumstick Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guinness World Record for the World's Largest Collection of Autographed Drumsticks\". Making Music. Making Music Magazine. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://makingmusicmag.com/guinness-world-record-for-the-worlds-largest-collection-of-autographed-drumsticks/","url_text":"\"Guinness World Record for the World's Largest Collection of Autographed Drumsticks\""}]},{"reference":"Kot, Greg. \"Will Fans Rock and Roll at New Hall?\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-09-01-9509010286-story.html","url_text":"\"Will Fans Rock and Roll at New Hall?\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://entertalkradio.com/jackiesgroove/aaron-a-train-smith/","external_links_name":"\"01/09/17 Aaron \"A Train\" Smith - Drummer with the Temptations\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-temptations/chart-history/hsi/","external_links_name":"\"Chart History - The Temptations\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/temptations","external_links_name":"\"The Temptations\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-temptations-mn0000569685/biography","external_links_name":"\"The Temptations - Biography\""},{"Link":"http://wsradio.com/101015-iconic-drummer-aaron-the-a-train-smith-two-part-series/","external_links_name":"\"10/10/15 Iconic Drummer - Aaron \"The A Train\" Smith\""},{"Link":"http://www.77s.com/music/allfalldown/","external_links_name":"\"All Fall Down - The 77s\""},{"Link":"http://www.drumsticksabound.com/about.html","external_links_name":"\"The Collection of Peter Lavinger\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/see-the-worlds-largest-autographed-drumstick-collection-166288/","external_links_name":"\"See the World's Largest Autographed Drumstick Collection\""},{"Link":"https://makingmusicmag.com/guinness-world-record-for-the-worlds-largest-collection-of-autographed-drumsticks/","external_links_name":"\"Guinness World Record for the World's Largest Collection of Autographed Drumsticks\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1995-09-01-9509010286-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Will Fans Rock and Roll at New Hall?\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Aaron+Smith+%282%29","external_links_name":"Aaron Smith"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1312154260727024480004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/54011a5c-c90e-4948-a5f6-fca3811e8205","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Juan
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Rancho San Juan
|
["1 History","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°39′36″N 121°14′24″W / 38.660°N 121.240°W / 38.660; -121.240Rancho San Juan was a 19,983-acre (80.87 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Sacramento County, California given in 1844 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Joel P. Dedmond. The grant extended east of Captain Eliab Grimes Rancho Del Paso along the north bank of the American River, across from William Leidesdorff's Rancho Rio de los Americanos, and encompassed present-day Orangevale, Fair Oaks and most of Carmichael.
History
Joel P. Dedmond, an American carpenter, returned from Honolulu on the Fama, and claimed he had been in California since 1838. He obtained Mexican citizenship, a lot in San Francisco, and the four and a half square league Rancho San Juan.
In 1847 Dedmond sold out his land to Hiram Grimes. Hiram Grimes was nephew of Captain Eliab Grimes. Hiram Grimes later owned Rancho Del Paso and Rancho Pescadero
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho San Juan was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Hiram Grimes in 1860.
Lawyers James Ben Ali Haggin (1822–1914) and Lloyd Tevis (1824–1899) acquired Rancho San Juan. In 1868, California Senator and President of California National Bank, Frederick K. Cox bought part of Rancho San Juan.
References
^ Ogden Hoffman, 1862, Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, Numa Hubert, San Francisco
^ Diseño del Rancho San Juan
^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884-1890) History of California, v.21, The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, complete text online Archived 2012-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, p.673
^ Hiram Grimes papers, 1842-1849
^ United States. District Court (California : Northern District) Land Case 324 ND
^ Finding Aid to the Documents Pertaining to the Adjudication of Private Land Claims in California, circa 1852-1892
^ Report of the Surveyor General 1844 - 1886 Archived 2009-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ Paul W Gates, 2002,Land and Law in California: Essays on Land Policies, Purdue University Press, ISBN 978-1-55753-273-2
38°39′36″N 121°14′24″W / 38.660°N 121.240°W / 38.660; -121.240
vteHistory of California Before 1900
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|
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Van_Alstyne
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Benjamin Van Alstyne
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["1 References"]
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American basketball coach (1893–1972)
Benjamin Van AlstyneVan Alstyne from The 1930 WolverineBiographical detailsBorn1893DiedAugust 1972Coaching career (HC unless noted)Basketball1920–1926Ohio Wesleyan1926–1949Michigan StateBaseball1922–1925Ohio Wesleyan
Head coaching recordOverall304–194 (basketball)22–24 (baseball)
Benjamin F. Van Alstyne (1893 – August 1972) was an American basketball coach.
The Canajoharie, New York native played college basketball, baseball and football at Colgate University, graduating in 1917. Following military service and a year of high school coaching in North Carolina, he became head coach of basketball and baseball, as well as assistant athletic director, at Ohio Wesleyan. He accepted the position of head basketball coach at Michigan State University in 1926, which he continued until 1949. During his tenure the average final score increased from 28 to 46 as the game evolved toward its modern style. He was also a football assistant until 1932, at which time he was appointed head golf coach. He resigned from coaching basketball after developing vision problems, and tiring of the associated pressures. He continued coaching golf until retiring in 1959.
References
^ a b c Seibold, Jack (October 1, 2003). The Spartan Sports Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-58261-219-5.
vteMichigan State Spartans men's basketball head coaches
No coach (1898–1899)
Charles Bemies (1899–1901)
George Denman (1901–1903)
Chester Brewer (1903–1910)
John Macklin (1910–1916)
George Gauthier (1916–1920)
Lyman Frimodig (1920–1922)
Mysterious Walker (1922–1924)
John Kobs (1924–1926)
Benjamin Van Alstyne (1926–1943)
No team (1943–1944)
Benjamin Van Alstyne (1944–1949)
Al Kircher (1949–1950)
Pete Newell (1950–1954)
Forddy Anderson (1954–1965)
John Benington (1965–1969)
Gus Ganakas (1969–1976)
Jud Heathcote (1976–1995)
Tom Izzo (1995– )
This biographical article relating to a United States basketball player, coach, or other figure born in the 1890s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Seibold, Jack (October 1, 2003). The Spartan Sports Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-58261-219-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jhDHp7joHsgC","url_text":"The Spartan Sports Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58261-219-5","url_text":"978-1-58261-219-5"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Street_(Minneapolis)
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Lake Street (Minneapolis)
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["1 Connection to other cities","2 Boundaries and neighborhoods","3 Automobile era effects","4 21st century","5 Transportation","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°56′54.2″N 93°13′46″W / 44.948389°N 93.22944°W / 44.948389; -93.22944
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Lake Street
East Lake Street
West Lake Street
West Lake Street in 2012Part ofEast Lake Street cultural districtNamesakeChain of LakesTypeUrban streetOwnerCity of MinneapolisLocationMinneapolis, Minnesota, United StatesNearest metro station Blue Line Lake Street/Midtown stationCoordinates44°56′54.2″N 93°13′46″W / 44.948389°N 93.22944°W / 44.948389; -93.22944Majorjunctions I-35W, Exit 15EastMississippi RiverWestSaint Louis ParkOtherWebsiteminneapolismn.gov
Lake Street is a major east-west thoroughfare between 29th and 31st streets in Minneapolis, Minnesota United States. From its western most end at the city's limits, Lake Street reaches the Chain of Lakes, passing over a small channel linking Bde Maka Ska and Lake of the Isles, and at its eastern most end it reaches the Mississippi River. In May 2020, the Lake Street corridor suffered extensive damage during local unrest following the murder of George Floyd. In August of the same year, city officials designated East Lake Street as one of seven cultural districts to promote racial equity, preserve cultural identity, and promote economic growth.
Connection to other cities
West of the city limits, Lake Street is coextensive with Minnetonka Boulevard running nearly a mile into St. Louis Park and then separates from Minnetonka Boulevard (which continues westward all the way through St. Louis Park) and runs diagonally southwestward. In the Uptown commercial district, the road is one-way and paired with Lagoon Avenue one block to the north to improve traffic flow. The street runs eastward past Interstate 35W and State Highway 55 (Hiawatha Avenue) to the Mississippi River where it crosses the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge into St. Paul and becomes Marshall Avenue.
Boundaries and neighborhoods
Lake Street has historically and, in the late 20th century, become the official boundary of several Minneapolis neighborhoods. From west to east these include: Cedar-Isles-Dean, East Isles, East Calhoun, Lowry Hill East, South Uptown, Whittier, Lyndale, Central, Phillips West, Midtown, Powderhorn Park, East Phillips, Corcoran and Longfellow.
Informal commercial districts begin at the Lake Calhoun area which marks the end of West Lake Street, followed by Uptown, and then by Lyn-Lake. These areas generally have high property values and fairly high density. In the early 20th century this was one of the busiest areas outside of downtown as the streetcars headed west to Lake Minnetonka. Today they are among the most popular entertainment and nightlife areas in South Minneapolis, and the site of rapid condominium development in recent years.
The section of Lake Street stretching from Interstate 35W to Hiawatha Avenue has been in the past known for crime, prostitution, and drugs, especially in the late 1980s and early '90s. The street marks the southern boundary of the Phillips neighborhood, which was plagued with violence during that time. However, there has been reinvestment in the corridor, as most of this section of the corridor was branded with the Midtown neighborhood name. East Lake Street continues to undergo massive refitting to help reduce crime, boost property values, and attract more shoppers. Improvements to the area brought concerns for the many immigrant business and property owners on the street who are being assessed for the new sidewalks and street paving. Non-positive gentrification was also a concern.
The Midtown Exchange building as seen from Lake Street in 2007
An example of renewed interest in the area is the refurbishment of the Midtown Exchange building at East Lake Street and Chicago Avenue South. Formerly one of the most notoriously crime-ridden intersections in the city, is now home to an Allina Hospitals and Clinics expansion that brought 1,500 new employees to the area; the Sheraton Minneapolis Midtown Hotel and the Midtown Global Market with a wide variety of shopping, dining, events and rental. At 15th Avenue South, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre repurposed its Historic Avalon Theatre.
East of Hiawatha Avenue, Lake Street stretches through the Longfellow and Cooper neighborhoods. This section represents the last remnants of Scandinavian investment for which Longfellow is well known. Recent investment in eastern Minneapolis includes new development at the corner of West River Parkway and East Lake Street, anchoring the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge. This area is populated with middle-class homes and businesses, with property values rising as the street approaches the Mississippi River. The north-south stretch where Lake Street meets the river is a popular recreation destination, providing residents and visitors access to multi-use trails that are part of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway system and the more rustic Winchell Trail for hiking. Beneath the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge is the Minneapolis Rowing Club Boathouse.
Automobile era effects
Nicollet Ave at Lake Street looking north with the former Kmart site.
Lake Street looking east from Nicollet Ave with Interstate 35W in the foreground and the Midtown Exchange visible in the background.
While originally developed around the Selby-Lake streetcar, Lake Street became a heavily automobile oriented corridor, especially after the removal of streetcars in the 1950s. Lake Street and University Avenue were two of the most auto-oriented corridors in the Twin Cities. Poet John Berryman referred to Lake Street in a poem as, "Lake Street where the used cars live". In 1955, Lake Street had 14 new car dealerships and almost 60 used car businesses. As suburban retail grew and wealthier households in south Minneapolis moved further south of Lake Street or to the suburbs, businesses on Lake Street deteriorated. New car dealerships left the corridor and the used car businesses focused on lower-end vehicles. In 1977, the construction of a Kmart closed off Nicollet Avenue at Lake Street and combined two city blocks.
Many traditional streetcar-era buildings were razed during the auto era and much of Lake Street contains 1960s-era auto-oriented businesses with parking lots.
Near the intersection of Lake Street and 27th Avenue was a large industrial complex that eventually served Minneapolis Moline. By 1972, the Minneapolis Moline factory shut down and a Target store opened in 1976. More suburban oriented developments with large parking lots and businesses set back from the street followed in the area including a Rainbow Foods in the mid-1980s.
21st century
Further information: George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Protests following the murder of George Floyd in 2020 caused widespread damage along Lake Street. More than 30 businesses were damaged or destroyed including the Third Precinct Police building. In the next four years $100 million, collected mostly from private donations, was spent on restoring buildings or building new buildings in the area. The arson-damaged Coliseum Building and Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and underwent a $28 million renovation.
The Kmart at Nicollet Avenue was torn down in November 2023 and the city of Minneapolis is developing plans to reconnect the street grid with Lake Street. Construction is expected to start in 2025. Efforts to redevelop more multi-use and density have been successful. Public investment and private redevelopment has occurred throughout the Lake Street corridor with a new public library near Minnehaha Avenue and the new mixed-use anchor building at Chicago Avenue, the Midtown Exchange.
Transportation
Streetcars began running on Lake Street in 1905. With the construction of the original Lake Street/Marshall Avenue bridge in 1906, streetcars extended from downtown Saint Paul to almost Hennepin Avenue in Minneapolis primarily along Selby Avenue and Lake Street. Streetcar service ended in 1953 when the line was replaced by buses. Lake Street developed into a busy commercial corridor because of the Selby-Lake streetcar line. At the peak, streetcars came every 3 minutes and ridership per mile along Lake Street was the highest in the Twin Cities.
The Metro Blue Line light-rail, (formerly known as the Hiawatha Light Rail line), serves Lake Street at Hiawatha Avenue with the Lake Street/Midtown station. The station itself is one of the most expensive along the line because it had to be elevated above a busy intersection. Furthermore, the Lake Street station has become one of the most crime-ridden stops along the Blue Line. Beginning in August 2012, police have increased patrols, added 24 new high definition cameras, and even added classical music in an effort to deter troublemakers.
Midtown Greenway looking west with the Midtown Exchange building in the background.
Metro Transit conducted a study to determine the potential for a future transitway along Lake Street and the Midtown Greenway corridor. The Midtown Greenway is about a block to the north of Lake Street and is a former freight rail bed that has been converted into a pedestrian and bicycle path.Alternatives looked at enhanced bus service on Lake Street, a rail transitway within the Midtown Greenway, and a dual alternative that features both enhanced bus service and a rail alternative. The dual option of both improved bus service and a rail alternative was selected in 2014.
The $20 million I-35W & Lake Street station was constructed on Lake Street at Interstate 35W to serve the Metro Orange Line, a bus rapid transit line that connects downtown Minneapolis south along I-35W to Burnsville. In the future, the Metro B Line will travel on Lake Street between West Lake Station connecting with Southwest LRT to downtown Saint Paul at Saint Paul Union Depot. The B Line will largely replace Metro Transit's Route 21 which travels along Lake Street. Route 21 has the second highest ridership for bus routes in the Twin Cities.
Bus only lane on westbound East Lake Street installed in 2023.
Lake Street is a Hennepin County Road. This road is currently 4 lanes wide but Hennepin County has plans to make changes to the road to improve safety of the corridor. Hennepin County received a RAISE grant to reduce the road to 3 lanes, add a bus only lane, and improve pedestrian accessibility and safety.
References
^ a b Staff (August 14, 2020). "Minneapolis City Council Approves 7 New Cultural Districts To Advance Equity, Fuel Economic Growth". WCCO. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ Minneapolis Rowing Club Boathouse
^ Sturdevant, Andy (April 24, 2013). "Murals and signage give Lake & 5th's automotive zone a unique vibe". MinnPost. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ Adams, John; VanDrasek, Barbara J. (1993). Minneapolis-St. Paul: people, place and public life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press. pp. 85, 115. ISBN 0816622361.
^ Gustavo, Solomon (October 1, 2021). "Are they ever going to tear down the old Kmart blocking Nicollet Avenue?". MinnPost. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ a b Nathanson, Iric (June 5, 2020). "Exploring the rich history of 27th and Lake". MinnPost. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
^ DePass, Dee (May 9, 2024). "Murals, loans and grants aid Lake Street's recovery, but years of work remain". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
^ Ki, Nicole (June 18, 2024). "Historic Lake Street building burned in Floyd protests will reopen on Juneteenth". MPR News. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
^ Lindeke, Bill (July 21, 2022). "The Coliseum building on Lake Street". MinnPost. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
^ Hovland, Ben (November 17, 2023). "Watch former Minneapolis Kmart building demolition". MPR News. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
^ Ki, Nicole (October 11, 2023). "Minneapolis debuts design options for redevelopment of former Kmart". MPR News. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
^ Diers, John W.; Isaacs, Aaron (2007). Twin Cities by Trolley: The Streetcar Era in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-0-8166-4358-5.
^ Minnesota Public Radio. "Hey, classical music is only human (5x8 - 8/7/12)". Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ "MIDTOWN CORRIDOR ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT APRIL 2014" (PDF). Metro Transit. April 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ Moore, Janet (December 4, 2021). "Orange Line BRT debuts along Interstate 35W, linking Burnsville and Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ Melo, Frederick (April 15, 2019). "The B Line rapid bus may replace Route 21 from Uptown Minneapolis to downtown St. Paul". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ "Biden-Harris Administration Announces $99.4 Million in Funding for Six Projects in Minnesota to Modernize Transportation and Make it More Affordable, Increase Safety and Strengthen Supply Chains" (PDF). US DOT. August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ Wiita, Tommy (August 11, 2022). "6 transportation projects in Minnesota get $100M federal funding". Bring Me The News. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
^ "Lake Street improvements". Hennepin County, Minnesota. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
External links
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For a more comprehensive list, List of neighborhoods in Minneapolis.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Chain of Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_Lakes_(Minneapolis)"},{"link_name":"Bde Maka Ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bde_Maka_Ska"},{"link_name":"Lake of the Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_of_the_Isles"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"local unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-district-1"}],"text":"Lake Street is a major east-west thoroughfare between 29th and 31st streets in Minneapolis, Minnesota United States. From its western most end at the city's limits, Lake Street reaches the Chain of Lakes, passing over a small channel linking Bde Maka Ska and Lake of the Isles, and at its eastern most end it reaches the Mississippi River. In May 2020, the Lake Street corridor suffered extensive damage during local unrest following the murder of George Floyd. In August of the same year, city officials designated East Lake Street as one of seven cultural districts to promote racial equity, preserve cultural identity, and promote economic growth.[1]","title":"Lake Street (Minneapolis)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Park,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Uptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"one-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_traffic"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"State Highway 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Highway_55"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Street-Marshall Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Street-Marshall_Bridge"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"}],"text":"West of the city limits, Lake Street is coextensive with Minnetonka Boulevard running nearly a mile into St. Louis Park and then separates from Minnetonka Boulevard (which continues westward all the way through St. Louis Park) and runs diagonally southwestward. In the Uptown commercial district, the road is one-way and paired with Lagoon Avenue one block to the north to improve traffic flow. The street runs eastward past Interstate 35W and State Highway 55 (Hiawatha Avenue) to the Mississippi River where it crosses the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge into St. Paul and becomes Marshall Avenue.","title":"Connection to other cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar-Isles-Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar-Isles-Dean"},{"link_name":"East Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Isles"},{"link_name":"East Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Calhoun,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Lowry Hill East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry_Hill_East"},{"link_name":"South Uptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Uptown,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Lyndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndale,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_(neighborhood),_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Phillips West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_West,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Phillips,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Powderhorn Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderhorn_Park"},{"link_name":"East Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Phillips,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Corcoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Longfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longfellow,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Lyn-Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn-Lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Minnetonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Minnetonka"},{"link_name":"South Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Midtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:800_East_Lake_Street-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Midtown Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Midtown Global Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Global_Market"},{"link_name":"In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Beast_Puppet_and_Mask_Theatre"},{"link_name":"eastern Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rounds_National_Scenic_Byway"},{"link_name":"Winchell Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchell_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lake Street has historically and, in the late 20th century, become the official boundary of several Minneapolis neighborhoods. From west to east these include: Cedar-Isles-Dean, East Isles, East Calhoun, Lowry Hill East, South Uptown, Whittier, Lyndale, Central, Phillips West, Midtown, Powderhorn Park, East Phillips, Corcoran and Longfellow.Informal commercial districts begin at the Lake Calhoun area which marks the end of West Lake Street, followed by Uptown, and then by Lyn-Lake. These areas generally have high property values and fairly high density. In the early 20th century this was one of the busiest areas outside of downtown as the streetcars headed west to Lake Minnetonka. Today they are among the most popular entertainment and nightlife areas in South Minneapolis, and the site of rapid condominium development in recent years.The section of Lake Street stretching from Interstate 35W to Hiawatha Avenue has been in the past known for crime, prostitution, and drugs, especially in the late 1980s and early '90s. The street marks the southern boundary of the Phillips neighborhood, which was plagued with violence during that time. However, there has been reinvestment in the corridor, as most of this section of the corridor was branded with the Midtown neighborhood name. East Lake Street continues to undergo massive refitting to help reduce crime, boost property values, and attract more shoppers. Improvements to the area brought concerns for the many immigrant business and property owners on the street who are being assessed for the new sidewalks and street paving. Non-positive gentrification was also a concern.The Midtown Exchange building as seen from Lake Street in 2007An example of renewed interest in the area is the refurbishment of the Midtown Exchange building at East Lake Street and Chicago Avenue South. Formerly one of the most notoriously crime-ridden intersections in the city, is now home to an Allina Hospitals and Clinics expansion that brought 1,500 new employees to the area; the Sheraton Minneapolis Midtown Hotel and the Midtown Global Market with a wide variety of shopping, dining, events and rental. At 15th Avenue South, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre repurposed its Historic Avalon Theatre.East of Hiawatha Avenue, Lake Street stretches through the Longfellow and Cooper neighborhoods. This section represents the last remnants of Scandinavian investment for which Longfellow is well known. Recent investment in eastern Minneapolis includes new development at the corner of West River Parkway and East Lake Street, anchoring the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge. This area is populated with middle-class homes and businesses, with property values rising as the street approaches the Mississippi River. The north-south stretch where Lake Street meets the river is a popular recreation destination, providing residents and visitors access to multi-use trails that are part of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway system and the more rustic Winchell Trail for hiking. Beneath the Lake Street-Marshall Bridge is the Minneapolis Rowing Club Boathouse.[2]","title":"Boundaries and neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicollet_Ave_at_Lake_Street_looking_north.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Street_looking_east_from_Nicollet_Ave.jpg"},{"link_name":"University Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Avenue_(Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul)"},{"link_name":"John Berryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Berryman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams-4"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart"},{"link_name":"Nicollet Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicollet_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Moline"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Foods"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27thLake-6"}],"text":"Nicollet Ave at Lake Street looking north with the former Kmart site.Lake Street looking east from Nicollet Ave with Interstate 35W in the foreground and the Midtown Exchange visible in the background.While originally developed around the Selby-Lake streetcar, Lake Street became a heavily automobile oriented corridor, especially after the removal of streetcars in the 1950s. Lake Street and University Avenue were two of the most auto-oriented corridors in the Twin Cities. Poet John Berryman referred to Lake Street in a poem as, \"Lake Street where the used cars live\".[3] In 1955, Lake Street had 14 new car dealerships and almost 60 used car businesses. As suburban retail grew and wealthier households in south Minneapolis moved further south of Lake Street or to the suburbs, businesses on Lake Street deteriorated. New car dealerships left the corridor and the used car businesses focused on lower-end vehicles.[4] In 1977, the construction of a Kmart closed off Nicollet Avenue at Lake Street and combined two city blocks.[5]Many traditional streetcar-era buildings were razed during the auto era and much of Lake Street contains 1960s-era auto-oriented businesses with parking lots.\nNear the intersection of Lake Street and 27th Avenue was a large industrial complex that eventually served Minneapolis Moline. By 1972, the Minneapolis Moline factory shut down and a Target store opened in 1976. More suburban oriented developments with large parking lots and businesses set back from the street followed in the area including a Rainbow Foods in the mid-1980s.[6]","title":"Automobile era effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27thLake-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Coliseum Building and Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseum_Building_and_Hall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Midtown Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Exchange"}],"text":"Further information: George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint PaulProtests following the murder of George Floyd in 2020 caused widespread damage along Lake Street. More than 30 businesses were damaged or destroyed including the Third Precinct Police building.[6] In the next four years $100 million, collected mostly from private donations, was spent on restoring buildings or building new buildings in the area.[7] The arson-damaged Coliseum Building and Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and underwent a $28 million renovation.[8][9]The Kmart at Nicollet Avenue was torn down in November 2023 and the city of Minneapolis is developing plans to reconnect the street grid with Lake Street. Construction is expected to start in 2025.[10][11] Efforts to redevelop more multi-use and density have been successful. Public investment and private redevelopment has occurred throughout the Lake Street corridor with a new public library near Minnehaha Avenue and the new mixed-use anchor building at Chicago Avenue, the Midtown Exchange.","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selby Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Metro Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Hiawatha Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiawatha_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Lake Street/Midtown station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Street/Midtown_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lake_Street_Light_Rail_Stop-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midtown_Greenway_looking_west.jpg"},{"link_name":"Midtown Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Greenway"},{"link_name":"bicycle path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"I-35W & Lake Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-35W_%26_Lake_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Metro Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Orange_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Metro B Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_B_Line_(Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Southwest LRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_LRT"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Saint Paul Union Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul_Union_Depot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Street_bus_only_lane_westbound.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County"},{"link_name":"RAISE grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Investment_Generating_Economic_Recovery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Streetcars began running on Lake Street in 1905. With the construction of the original Lake Street/Marshall Avenue bridge in 1906, streetcars extended from downtown Saint Paul to almost Hennepin Avenue in Minneapolis primarily along Selby Avenue and Lake Street. Streetcar service ended in 1953 when the line was replaced by buses. Lake Street developed into a busy commercial corridor because of the Selby-Lake streetcar line. At the peak, streetcars came every 3 minutes and ridership per mile along Lake Street was the highest in the Twin Cities.[12]The Metro Blue Line light-rail, (formerly known as the Hiawatha Light Rail line), serves Lake Street at Hiawatha Avenue with the Lake Street/Midtown station. The station itself is one of the most expensive along the line because it had to be elevated above a busy intersection. Furthermore, the Lake Street station has become one of the most crime-ridden stops along the Blue Line. Beginning in August 2012, police have increased patrols, added 24 new high definition cameras, and even added classical music in an effort to deter troublemakers.[13]Midtown Greenway looking west with the Midtown Exchange building in the background.Metro Transit conducted a study to determine the potential for a future transitway along Lake Street and the Midtown Greenway corridor. The Midtown Greenway is about a block to the north of Lake Street and is a former freight rail bed that has been converted into a pedestrian and bicycle path.Alternatives looked at enhanced bus service on Lake Street, a rail transitway within the Midtown Greenway, and a dual alternative that features both enhanced bus service and a rail alternative. The dual option of both improved bus service and a rail alternative was selected in 2014.[14]The $20 million I-35W & Lake Street station was constructed on Lake Street at Interstate 35W to serve the Metro Orange Line, a bus rapid transit line that connects downtown Minneapolis south along I-35W to Burnsville.[15] In the future, the Metro B Line will travel on Lake Street between West Lake Station connecting with Southwest LRT to downtown Saint Paul at Saint Paul Union Depot. The B Line will largely replace Metro Transit's Route 21 which travels along Lake Street. Route 21 has the second highest ridership for bus routes in the Twin Cities.[16]Bus only lane on westbound East Lake Street installed in 2023.Lake Street is a Hennepin County Road. This road is currently 4 lanes wide but Hennepin County has plans to make changes to the road to improve safety of the corridor. Hennepin County received a RAISE grant to reduce the road to 3 lanes, add a bus only lane, and improve pedestrian accessibility and safety.[17][18][19]","title":"Transportation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Midtown Exchange building as seen from Lake Street in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/800_East_Lake_Street-2007.jpg/220px-800_East_Lake_Street-2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nicollet Ave at Lake Street looking north with the former Kmart site.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nicollet_Ave_at_Lake_Street_looking_north.jpg/220px-Nicollet_Ave_at_Lake_Street_looking_north.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lake Street looking east from Nicollet Ave with Interstate 35W in the foreground and the Midtown Exchange visible in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lake_Street_looking_east_from_Nicollet_Ave.jpg/220px-Lake_Street_looking_east_from_Nicollet_Ave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Midtown Greenway looking west with the Midtown Exchange building in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Midtown_Greenway_looking_west.jpg/220px-Midtown_Greenway_looking_west.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bus only lane on westbound East Lake Street installed in 2023.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lake_Street_bus_only_lane_westbound.jpg/220px-Lake_Street_bus_only_lane_westbound.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Staff (August 14, 2020). \"Minneapolis City Council Approves 7 New Cultural Districts To Advance Equity, Fuel Economic Growth\". WCCO. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/08/14/minneapolis-city-council-approves-7-new-cultural-districts-to-advance-equity-fuel-economic-growth/","url_text":"\"Minneapolis City Council Approves 7 New Cultural Districts To Advance Equity, Fuel Economic Growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCO-TV","url_text":"WCCO"}]},{"reference":"Sturdevant, Andy (April 24, 2013). \"Murals and signage give Lake & 5th's automotive zone a unique vibe\". MinnPost. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2013/04/murals-and-signage-give-lake-5ths-automotive-zone-unique-vibe/","url_text":"\"Murals and signage give Lake & 5th's automotive zone a unique vibe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinnPost","url_text":"MinnPost"}]},{"reference":"Adams, John; VanDrasek, Barbara J. (1993). Minneapolis-St. Paul: people, place and public life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press. pp. 85, 115. ISBN 0816622361.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816622361","url_text":"0816622361"}]},{"reference":"Gustavo, Solomon (October 1, 2021). \"Are they ever going to tear down the old Kmart blocking Nicollet Avenue?\". MinnPost. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2021/10/are-they-ever-going-to-tear-down-the-old-kmart-blocking-nicollet-avenue/","url_text":"\"Are they ever going to tear down the old Kmart blocking Nicollet Avenue?\""}]},{"reference":"Nathanson, Iric (June 5, 2020). \"Exploring the rich history of 27th and Lake\". MinnPost. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/community-sketchbook/2020/06/exploring-the-rich-history-of-27th-and-lake/","url_text":"\"Exploring the rich history of 27th and Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinnPost","url_text":"MinnPost"}]},{"reference":"DePass, Dee (May 9, 2024). \"Murals, loans and grants aid Lake Street's recovery, but years of work remain\". Star Tribune. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/lake-street-progress-redevelopment-george-floyd-riots/600364728/","url_text":"\"Murals, loans and grants aid Lake Street's recovery, but years of work remain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Ki, Nicole (June 18, 2024). \"Historic Lake Street building burned in Floyd protests will reopen on Juneteenth\". MPR News. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/06/18/historic-lake-street-coliseum-reopening-juneteenth","url_text":"\"Historic Lake Street building burned in Floyd protests will reopen on Juneteenth\""}]},{"reference":"Lindeke, Bill (July 21, 2022). \"The Coliseum building on Lake Street\". MinnPost. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minnpost.com/cityscape/2022/07/the-coliseum-building-on-lake-street/","url_text":"\"The Coliseum building on Lake Street\""}]},{"reference":"Hovland, Ben (November 17, 2023). \"Watch former Minneapolis Kmart building demolition\". MPR News. Retrieved November 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/11/17/farewell-to-a-lake-street-icon-watch-former-minneapolis-kmart-building-demolition","url_text":"\"Watch former Minneapolis Kmart building demolition\""}]},{"reference":"Ki, Nicole (October 11, 2023). \"Minneapolis debuts design options for redevelopment of former Kmart\". MPR News. Retrieved November 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/10/11/minneapolis-debuts-design-options-for-redevelopment-of-former-kmart","url_text":"\"Minneapolis debuts design options for redevelopment of former Kmart\""}]},{"reference":"Diers, John W.; Isaacs, Aaron (2007). Twin Cities by Trolley: The Streetcar Era in Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-0-8166-4358-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4358-5","url_text":"978-0-8166-4358-5"}]},{"reference":"Minnesota Public Radio. \"Hey, classical music is only human (5x8 - 8/7/12)\". Retrieved August 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/news_cut/archive/2012/08/5x8_-_8712.shtml","url_text":"\"Hey, classical music is only human (5x8 - 8/7/12)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIDTOWN CORRIDOR ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT APRIL 2014\" (PDF). Metro Transit. April 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/midtown-corridor/midtown-corridor-final-report-low-res.pdf","url_text":"\"MIDTOWN CORRIDOR ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT APRIL 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Janet (December 4, 2021). \"Orange Line BRT debuts along Interstate 35W, linking Burnsville and Minneapolis\". Star Tribune. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/orange-line-brt-debuts-along-interstate-35w-linking-burnsville-and-minneapolis/600123816/","url_text":"\"Orange Line BRT debuts along Interstate 35W, linking Burnsville and Minneapolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Melo, Frederick (April 15, 2019). \"The B Line rapid bus may replace Route 21 from Uptown Minneapolis to downtown St. Paul\". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.twincities.com/2019/04/15/the-b-line-rapid-bus-may-replace-route-21-from-uptown-minneapolis-to-downtown-st-paul/","url_text":"\"The B Line rapid bus may replace Route 21 from Uptown Minneapolis to downtown St. Paul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press","url_text":"St. Paul Pioneer Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Biden-Harris Administration Announces $99.4 Million in Funding for Six Projects in Minnesota to Modernize Transportation and Make it More Affordable, Increase Safety and Strengthen Supply Chains\" (PDF). US DOT. August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-08/RAISE-Minnesota-2022.pdf","url_text":"\"Biden-Harris Administration Announces $99.4 Million in Funding for Six Projects in Minnesota to Modernize Transportation and Make it More Affordable, Increase Safety and Strengthen Supply Chains\""}]},{"reference":"Wiita, Tommy (August 11, 2022). \"6 transportation projects in Minnesota get $100M federal funding\". Bring Me The News. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/6-transportation-projects-in-minnesota-get-nearly-100m-from-raise-program","url_text":"\"6 transportation projects in Minnesota get $100M federal funding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Street improvements\". Hennepin County, Minnesota. Retrieved August 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hennepin.us/lake-street-improvements","url_text":"\"Lake Street improvements\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Street_(Minneapolis)¶ms=44_56_54.2_N_93_13_46_W_region:US-MN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"44°56′54.2″N 93°13′46″W / 44.948389°N 93.22944°W / 44.948389; -93.22944"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lake+Street%22+Minneapolis","external_links_name":"\"Lake Street\" Minneapolis"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lake+Street%22+Minneapolis+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lake+Street%22+Minneapolis&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lake+Street%22+Minneapolis+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lake+Street%22+Minneapolis","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lake+Street%22+Minneapolis&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Street_(Minneapolis)¶ms=44_56_54.2_N_93_13_46_W_region:US-MN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"44°56′54.2″N 93°13′46″W / 44.948389°N 93.22944°W / 44.948389; -93.22944"},{"Link":"http://www2.minneapolismn.gov/","external_links_name":"minneapolismn.gov"},{"Link":"https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/08/14/minneapolis-city-council-approves-7-new-cultural-districts-to-advance-equity-fuel-economic-growth/","external_links_name":"\"Minneapolis City Council Approves 7 New Cultural Districts To Advance Equity, Fuel Economic Growth\""},{"Link":"http://www.vjaa.com/minneapolis-rowing-club-boathouse","external_links_name":"Minneapolis Rowing Club Boathouse"},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/stroll/2013/04/murals-and-signage-give-lake-5ths-automotive-zone-unique-vibe/","external_links_name":"\"Murals and signage give Lake & 5th's automotive zone a unique vibe\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2021/10/are-they-ever-going-to-tear-down-the-old-kmart-blocking-nicollet-avenue/","external_links_name":"\"Are they ever going to tear down the old Kmart blocking Nicollet Avenue?\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/community-sketchbook/2020/06/exploring-the-rich-history-of-27th-and-lake/","external_links_name":"\"Exploring the rich history of 27th and Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/lake-street-progress-redevelopment-george-floyd-riots/600364728/","external_links_name":"\"Murals, loans and grants aid Lake Street's recovery, but years of work remain\""},{"Link":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2024/06/18/historic-lake-street-coliseum-reopening-juneteenth","external_links_name":"\"Historic Lake Street building burned in Floyd protests will reopen on Juneteenth\""},{"Link":"https://www.minnpost.com/cityscape/2022/07/the-coliseum-building-on-lake-street/","external_links_name":"\"The Coliseum building on Lake Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/11/17/farewell-to-a-lake-street-icon-watch-former-minneapolis-kmart-building-demolition","external_links_name":"\"Watch former Minneapolis Kmart building demolition\""},{"Link":"https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/10/11/minneapolis-debuts-design-options-for-redevelopment-of-former-kmart","external_links_name":"\"Minneapolis debuts design options for redevelopment of former Kmart\""},{"Link":"http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/news_cut/archive/2012/08/5x8_-_8712.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Hey, classical music is only human (5x8 - 8/7/12)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metrotransit.org/Data/Sites/1/media/midtown-corridor/midtown-corridor-final-report-low-res.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MIDTOWN CORRIDOR ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT APRIL 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/orange-line-brt-debuts-along-interstate-35w-linking-burnsville-and-minneapolis/600123816/","external_links_name":"\"Orange Line BRT debuts along Interstate 35W, linking Burnsville and Minneapolis\""},{"Link":"https://www.twincities.com/2019/04/15/the-b-line-rapid-bus-may-replace-route-21-from-uptown-minneapolis-to-downtown-st-paul/","external_links_name":"\"The B Line rapid bus may replace Route 21 from Uptown Minneapolis to downtown St. Paul\""},{"Link":"https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-08/RAISE-Minnesota-2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biden-Harris Administration Announces $99.4 Million in Funding for Six Projects in Minnesota to Modernize Transportation and Make it More Affordable, Increase Safety and Strengthen Supply Chains\""},{"Link":"https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-news/6-transportation-projects-in-minnesota-get-nearly-100m-from-raise-program","external_links_name":"\"6 transportation projects in Minnesota get $100M federal funding\""},{"Link":"https://www.hennepin.us/lake-street-improvements","external_links_name":"\"Lake Street improvements\""},{"Link":"http://midtowncommunityworks.org/","external_links_name":"Midtown Community Works Partnership"},{"Link":"http://www.lakestreetcouncil.org/","external_links_name":"Lake Street Council"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duyun_East_Railway_Station
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Duyun East railway station
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["1 See also","2 References"]
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Railway station in Guizhou
Duyun East都匀东General informationLocationDuyun, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, GuizhouChinaOperated byChina Railway Chengdu GroupLine(s)Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway Guiyang–Nanning high-speed railway (U/C)Other informationStation codeKJW (China Railway Telegraph Code)DYD (China Railway Pinyin Code)HistoryOpened26 December 2014
Duyun East railway station (Chinese: 都匀东站; pinyin: Dūyún Dōng zhàn) is a railway station in Duyun, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, China. The station opened on 26 December 2014. The station is served by Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and will be served by Guiyang–Nanning high-speed railway.
See also
Duyun railway station
References
^ "贵广高铁都匀东站迎来首批客人" . ddcpc.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
Preceding station
China Railway High-speed
Following station
Guidingxiantowards Guiyang North
Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway
Sanduxiantowards Guangzhou South
This article about a railway station in Guizhou is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Duyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duyun"},{"link_name":"Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiannan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway"},{"link_name":"Guiyang–Nanning high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang%E2%80%93Nanning_high-speed_railway"}],"text":"Duyun East railway station (Chinese: 都匀东站; pinyin: Dūyún Dōng zhàn) is a railway station in Duyun, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, China. The station opened on 26 December 2014.[1] The station is served by Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and will be served by Guiyang–Nanning high-speed railway.","title":"Duyun East railway station"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Duyun railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duyun_railway_station"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"贵广高铁都匀东站迎来首批客人\" [Guiguang high-speed railway Duyundong Station welcomed the first guests]. ddcpc.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ddcpc.cn/2014/bd_1229/1032.html","url_text":"\"贵广高铁都匀东站迎来首批客人\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ddcpc.cn/2014/bd_1229/1032.html","external_links_name":"\"贵广高铁都匀东站迎来首批客人\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duyun_East_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_87
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List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1–99)
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["1 FM 1","2 FM 2","3 FM 3","4 FM 4","5 FM 5","6 FM 6","7 FM 7","7.1 FM 7 (1942–1949)","7.2 FM 7 (1951–1961)","8 FM 8","9 FM 9","9.1 FM 9 (1942)","10 FM 10","10.1 FM 10 (1942)","11 FM 11","12 RM 12","13 FM 13","14 FM 14","15 FM 15","16 FM 16","17 FM 17","18 FM 18","18.1 RM 18 (1942)","19 FM 19","20 FM 20","21 FM 21","22 FM 22","23 FM 23","24 FM 24","24.1 FM 24 (1942)","25 FM 25","26 FM 26","27 FM 27","28 FM 28","29 FM 29","29.1 FM 29 (1942–1949)","29.2 FM 29 (1951–1967)","30 FM 30","30.1 FM 30 (1942)","31 FM 31","32 RM 32","33 RM 33","34 FM 34","35 FM 35","36 FM 36","37 FM 37","38 FM 38","39 FM 39","40 FM 40","41 FM 41","42 RM 42","43 FM 43","43.1 FM 43/RM 43 (1942)","44 FM 44","45 FM 45","46 FM 46","47 FM 47","48 FM 48","49 FM 49","50 FM 50","51 FM 51","52 FM 52","53 FM 53","54 FM 54","55 FM 55","56 FM 56","57 FM 57","58 FM 58","59 FM 59","60 FM 60","61 FM 61","62 FM 62","63 FM 63","64 FM 64","65 FM 65","66 FM 66","67 FM 67","68 FM 68","69 FM 69","70 FM 70","70.1 FM 70 (1942)","71 FM 71","72 FM 72","73 FM 73","74 FM 74","74.1 FM 74 (1943)","75 FM 75","76 FM 76","77 FM 77","78 FM 78","79 FM 79","80 FM 80","81 FM 81","82 FM 82","82.1 FM 82 (1943)","83 FM 83","84 FM 84","85 FM 85","86 FM 86","87 FM 87","87.1 FM 87 (1943)","88 FM 88","89 FM 89","90 FM 90","91 FM 91","92 FM 92","93 FM 93","93.1 RM 93 (1944)","94 FM 94","95 FM 95","96 FM 96","96.1 FM 96 (1944)","97 FM 97","98 FM 98","99 FM 99","100 Notes","101 References"]
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 1–99 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links
Highways in Texas
Interstate
US
State
Toll
Loops
Spurs
FM/RM
Park
Rec
Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).
FM 1
Farm to Market Road 1LocationSabine and San Augustine countiesLength18.640 mi (29.998 km)ExistedApril 23, 1941–present
For the road in central Texas serving the area of Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site, see Ranch Road 1.
Main article: Farm to Market Road 1
Farm to Market Road 1 (FM 1) is located in Sabine and San Augustine counties. Designated in 1941, it was the first farm-to-market road established in Texas, at the request of local industry for a paved road. The 18.6-mile (29.9 km) road provides access to rural areas of East Texas from US 96.
FM 2
Farm to Market Road 2LocationGrimes CountyLength6.256 mi (10.068 km)ExistedJuly 29, 1941–present
Farm to Market Road 2 (FM 2) is located in Grimes County.
FM 2 begins at CR 237 in Courtney, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the Washington County line at the Brazos River. It travels along the northeastern edge of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's O.L. Luther Unit and crosses SH 6. It continues east, passing several prison farms, before ending at FM 362.
FM 2 was designated on July 29, 1941, from Courtney east to SH 6. The designation was extended by approximately 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to FM 362 on May 2, 1962.
As of 2017, TxDOT plans to convert the at-grade intersection with SH 6, regarded as dangerous, into a diamond interchange.
FM 3
Farm to Market Road 3LocationLeon CountyLength19.273 mi (31.017 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 3 (FM 3) is located in southwestern Leon County. Its southern terminus is at FM 39 in Normangee. It travels to the west, providing access to Normangee City Park, prior to turning north. It passes the unincorporated community of Hilltop Lakes before intersecting FM 977. FM 3 reaches its northern terminus at US 79.
A 0.4-mile-long (0.64 km) spur connection, FM Spur 3, connects FM 3 in central Normangee to SH OSR to the south.
FM 3 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Normangee westward to Normangee City Park, as a replacement for SH 265. The route was lengthened to the northwest, first on August 25, 1949, to FM 977, and then on August 1, 1970, to its present terminus at US 79; this extension replaced part of FM 977. The spur connection was designated on November 26, 1969.
FM 4
Farm to Market Road 4LocationJohnson, Hood, Palo Pinto, and Jack countiesLength116.189 mi (186.988 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 4
Farm to Market Road 4 (FM 4) is located in Johnson, Hood, Palo Pinto, and Jack counties. It runs from Grandview north and west to Jacksboro.
FM 5
Farm to Market Road 5LocationParker CountyLength11.068 mi (17.812 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 5 (FM 5) is located in Parker County. It begins at FM 1187 at Aledo. The route briefly travels to the south before turning west and entering Annetta South. It then turns to the north and passes through Annetta and Annetta North. FM 5 ends at I-20 at its exit 415 in Willow Park. The roadway continues under local jurisdiction as Mikus Road.
FM 5 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Aledo due north to US 80, replacing Spur 131. On December 10, 1946, it was extended south and west 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection at Annetta. On June 28, 1963, it was extended north to Willow Park, replacing FM 1545. On December 20, 1984, the section north of what was then FM 2376 was transferred to FM 1187, along with FM 2376 itself.
FM 6
Farm to Market Road 6LocationCollin and Hunt countiesLength11.479 mi (18.474 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 6 (FM 6) is located in Collin and Hunt counties. The road is 11.5 miles (18.5 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 78 just north of Lavon. From there, it goes east, passing through Nevada and Josephine. The eastern terminus is at SH 66 in Caddo Mills.
FM 6 was designated on March 26, 1942, as a 4.2 miles (6.8 km) from Caddo Mills to Josephine as a replacement for State Spur 115. On July 19, 1945, it was extended west to 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada, and another segment was added from Nevada to Lavon. On September 26, 1945, FM 6 was extended from 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada to Nevada, connecting the two sections.
FM 7
Farm to Market Road 7 (FM 7) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 7 designation.
FM 7 (1942–1949)
Farm to Market Road 7LocationHood CountyExistedMarch 26, 1942–October 23, 1949
FM 7 was originally designated on March 26, 1942, as a highway from Lipan to US 281 as a replacement for Spur 108. On June 5, 1945, the road was extended southeast to Granbury. FM 7 was cancelled on October 23, 1949, and became a portion of FM 4.
FM 7 (1951–1961)
Farm to Market Road 7LocationDallas and Rockwall countiesExistedJune 21, 1951–November 30, 1961
The second use of the FM 7 designation was in Dallas and Rockwall counties, from Garland to Rockwall over a former routing of US 67. On June 16, 1957, the road was extended east over old US 67 to Royse City. FM 7 was cancelled on November 30, 1961, and was redesignated as part of SH 66, which also replaced more of old US 67.
FM 8
Farm to Market Road 8LocationEastland and Erath countiesLength34.816 mi (56.031 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 8 (FM 8) is located in Eastland and Erath counties. The road is 34.8 miles (56.0 km) long.
The route was designated on March 26, 1942, from Lingleville east to Stephenville, replacing SH 68. On July 19, 1945, the route was extended westward to the Eastland County line. On December 21, 1945, FM 8 was extended further westward to the end of FM 96 in Desdemona. On May 17, 1948, the route was extended further westward, reaching Gorman, which was the original endpoint of SH 68, replacing FM 96. The highway was extended west 2.8 miles (4.5 km) on May 26, 1957. The highway was extended east on May 6, 1964, from SH 108 to US 281. The highway was extended west to its current terminus on October 26, 1983, over the previous routing of SH 6.
FM 9
Farm to Market Road 9LocationPanola and Harrison countiesLength24.935 mi (40.129 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 9 (FM 9) is located in Panola and Harrison counties. It is approximately 25 miles (40 km) in length.
FM 9 begins at an intersection with US 79 in the unincorporated community of Panola. The route travels north into Waskom, where it crosses I-20; access from I-20 is provided via exit 633 (eastbound) and 635 (westbound). The route has a brief concurrency with US 80 before turning back toward the north. FM 9 straddles the east side of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant before ending near the south shore of Caddo Lake.
The current FM 9 was designated on May 23, 1951. The original route was the segment from US 79 to FM 451 near Elysian Fields. The highway was extended to US 80 in Waskom on November 18, 1953, replacing a section of FM 451, and further north to 4.8 miles (7.7 km) north of US 80 on May 5, 1966, and to 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of FM 1999 on June 2, 1967. On July 11, 1968, the highway was extended north to FM 1999 and FM 2457. On August 5, 1968, FM 2457 was combined, extending FM 9 to its current terminus.
FM 9 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 9LocationMidland countyExistedMarch 26, 1942–August 3, 1943
A previous FM 9 was formed from Midland south 12.0 miles (19.3 km) on March 26, 1942, when the route was designated from part of SH 137. On August 3, 1943, that route was redesignated as part of SH 349. This was the first Farm to Market Road to be cancelled. That routing has no connection to the current designation.
FM 10
Farm to Market Road 10LocationPanola CountyLength10.013 mi (16.114 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 10 (FM 10) is located in Panola County. The road is 10.0 miles (16.1 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with FM 999 in Gary City. From there, it goes north to Daniels. Just north of Daniels, there is a brief concurrency with FM 2517. After, it continues north towards the northern terminus at Bus. US 79 in Carthage.
FM 10 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.
FM 10 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 10LocationAngelina and San Augustine countiesExistedMarch 26, 1942–September 9, 1947
A previous route numbered FM 10 was designated on March 26, 1942, from San Augustine to a point on SH 63 near Zavalla as a replacement of SH 147. FM 10 was cancelled on September 9, 1947, and changed back to SH 147.
FM 11
Farm to Market Road 11LocationWard, Crane, and Pecos countiesLength51.580 mi (83.010 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 11
Farm to Market Road 11 (FM 11) is located in Ward, Crane, and Pecos counties. The 51.6-mile (83.0 km) road begins at SH 18 in Grandfalls and passes through Imperial and Girvin before terminating at I-10 in Bakersfield.
The road was designated in 1942 between Grandfalls and Imperial and has been incrementally lengthened over the years incorporating a former route of FM 847 before the road was completed in 1975. The road crosses US 67 and US 385 in Girvin.
RM 12
Ranch to Market Road 12LocationHays, Travis countiesLength37.931 mi (61.044 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Ranch to Market Road 12 (RM 12) is located in Hays and Travis counties. It is 37.9 miles (61.0 km) in length.
The southern terminus of RM 12 is in San Marcos at I-35 exit 202. From there, it proceeds along Wonder World Drive along the far west edge of San Marcos. RM 12 continues west from San Marcos to intersect with RM 32 (at "The Junction") and then heads north to Wimberley. RM 12 then continues through Woodcreek to Dripping Springs, where it crosses US 290. From there, it continues north through the community of Fitzhugh to its terminus at RM 3238 (Hamilton Pool Road), approximately six miles west of Bee Cave.
RM 12 was formed from the segment of SH 80 from San Marcos to Wimberley on March 26, 1942. On May 31, 1945, it was extended north to Dripping Springs. On December 19, 1963, it was extended again, from Loop 82 to I-35. On June 2, 1967, it was extended north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On May 30, 1987, it was extended north to RM 3238 and a county road.
A planned expansion of RM 12 between Dripping Springs and Wimberley to a four- and five-lane divided highway was defeated as part of a county bond election in 2007.
Following the opening of San Marcos's Wonder World Drive extension project, state and local officials redesignated Wonder World Drive, previously designated FM 3407, as part of RM 12, moving the southern terminus to SH 123. The original portion of RM 12 through San Marcos was redesignated as an extension of SH 80 on the state highway system on June 24, 2010.
FM 13
Farm to Market Road 13LocationSmith, Cherokee, and Rusk countiesLength20.496 mi (32.985 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 13 (FM 13) is a 20.5-mile (33.0 km) road, located in Smith, Cherokee. and Rusk counties, that begins at SH 135 in Troup and travels eastward with a major intersection at SH 42 in Price before terminating at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64 in Henderson. The road also passes through the town of Henry's Chapel.
FM 13 begins in Troup at SH 135 in Smith County. The road proceeds along E. Duval Street and then turns south along S. Price Street. The road then turns to the southeast along the edge of town before FM 1089 branches off to the west near the Cherokee County line. The route continues to the southeast to Henry's Chapel where FM 856 branches to the south. The road then goes to the northeast and enters Rusk County before crossing SH 42 in Price. The road then proceeds eastward toward Henderson and intersects Loop 571 west of town. The road enters Henderson following W. Main St. until it terminates at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64.
The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.
The route that would become FM 13 was designated as SH 324 between Henderson and Carlisle on October 30, 1939. The town of Carlisle was renamed Price the following year. The highway was redesignated FM 13 on March 26, 1942. A second, discontinuous segment of the road was designated on June 11, 1945, between Troup and the Cherokee–Rusk county line west of Price, and the uniting segment from that county line to Price was designated on February 20, 1946.
FM 14
Farm to Market Road 14LocationSmith and Wood countiesLength41.545 mi (66.860 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 14 (FM 14) is a 39.7-mile (63.9 km) road, located in Smith and Wood counties. It begins at Loop 323 in Tyler and travels northward with a major intersection at I-20 near Shady Grove before terminating at SH 154 south of Winnsboro. The road also passes through the town of Hawkins. The road was designated in 1942.
FM 14 begins in Tyler at State Loop 323 in Smith County. The road proceeds along State Park Highway through Shady Grove (where it intersects Interstate 20) and Red Springs, where it turns to the northeast. The road then turns to the north, crossing into Wood County and passing through Hawkins, where it intersects US 80. It continues north through the towns of Pine Mills and Oak Grove to the northern terminus at SH 154.
FM 14 was designated as SH 270 between Tyler and Sand Flat on June 21, 1938. The highway was redesignated FM 14 on March 26, 1942. The road was extended to SH 154 on June 11, 1945, and to the current northern terminus on July 14, 1949. On May 31, 1966, the portion from Spur 147 to US 271 became an extension of Spur 147. The road was rerouted east to US 271 on September 27, 1971. The portion from Loop 323 to US 271 was redesignated Urban Road 14 (UR 14) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 14 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 15
Farm to Market Road 15LocationSmith CountyLength10.302 mi (16.579 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 15 (FM 15) is a 10.3-mile (16.6 km) route in Smith County. From its western terminus at SH 135 in Troup, it runs eastward along East Bryant Street. Outside the city limits, it continues eastward before turning to the north and then to the northeast in the community of Salem. The eastern terminus of FM 15 is at SH 64 in Wright City.
The route that is currently FM 15 was designated as SH 269 on June 21, 1938. It was redesignated FM 15 on March 26, 1942.
FM 16
Farm to Market Road 16LocationVan Zandt and Smith countiesLength42.010 mi (67.609 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
FM 16 as Hubbard Street at the intersection with US 69 in Lindale
Farm to Market Road 16 (FM 16) is located in Van Zandt and Smith counties. The road is 42 miles (68 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 just west of Colfax. From there, it goes east through Colfax and Van, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. From Van, the road continues east along SH 110 passing through the towns of Garden Valley, Hideaway, Lindale, Red Springs, and Winona, where it has a brief concurrency with SH 155. From Winona, the road continues east to the eastern terminus at US 271.
FM 16 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Colfax to Van, replacing a part of SH 243. The road was extended to the current western terminus just west of Colfax and eastward to Lindale on June 11, 1945, creating a concurrency with SH 110. The road was extended east to Winona on February 14, 1947, and extended to its current length on October 29, 1948.
FM 17
Farm to Market Road 17LocationVan Zandt and Wood countiesLength34.590 mi (55.667 km)ExistedMarch 26, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 17 (FM 17) is located in Van Zandt and Wood counties. The road is 34.6 miles (55.7 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 near Canton. From there, it goes northeast, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. The road continues on to SH 110 in Grand Saline, Texas. The road then follows SH 110 to US 80. The road follows US 80 before heading northeast and north to FM 515. The road follows FM 515 east and then heads north and east to SH 154 in Yantis.
FM 17 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Grand Saline to Alba, replacing a part of SH 110. The road was extended southwest 7.0 miles (11.3 km) on January 11, 1945. On June 11 of that year, the road was extended southwest to Canton, its current southern terminus. The road was extended to Yantis on December 17, 1947. The road was extended along old US 69 in Alba on October 26, 1954. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Yantis. On October 11, 1961, the section from Yantis east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) was transferred to FM 2225. This section of FM 2225 became part of FM 2966 on October 6, 1980, due to construction of Lake Fork Reservoir, which caused some parts of FM 2225 to be inundated and also resulted in FM 17 being relocated along FM 515 over Lake Fork Reservoir, as the old route was inundated (part is now part of FM 514 and FM Spur 514).
FM 18
Farm to Market Road 18LocationTaylor and Callahan countiesLength18.6 mi (29.9 km)ExistedSeptember 19, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 18 (FM 18) is located in Taylor and Callahan counties. It is approximately 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.
FM 18 begins at an intersection with SH 36 in Abilene near Abilene Regional Airport. The highway leaves the city limits and enters Callahan County at Elmdale Road. The highway runs east and enters Clyde near FM 1707. FM 18 has an interchange with FM 604 before running through town on South 1st Street before turning at a nearly 90 degree angle onto Stephens Street. The highway makes another turn at FM 258 before leaving the town. FM 18 runs east to Baird where it ends at an intersection with BL I-20.
The current route was designated on September 19, 1951, from a segment of US 80. The section from SH 36 to Elmdale Community was redesignated Urban Road 18 (UR 18) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 18 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
RM 18 (1942)
Ranch to Market Road 18LocationMitchell CountyExistedMarch 26, 1942–April 23, 1947
RM 18 was formed on March 26, 1942, from part of SH 208 from Colorado City, Texas south 6.0 miles (9.7 km). On April 29, 1942, another section was added from Robert Lee, Texas north 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to the county road to Sanco. On November 18, 1944, the gap between 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles north of Robert Lee and 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles south of Colorado City was filled. This route was cancelled on April 23, 1947, when it became an extension of SH 208.
FM 19
Farm to Market Road 19LocationAnderson CountyLength13.362 mi (21.504 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 19 (FM 19) is located in Anderson County. The road is 13.4 miles (21.6 km) (21.5 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 155 in Frankston. From there, it goes south to Neches, via Todd City. The southern terminus is at FM 2574.
FM 19 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a route between Neches and Todd City. It was extended north to Frankston on May 19 of that year. On October 24, 1944, the portion from Todd City to Frankston was canceled due to the extension of SH 155 to Palestine. On December 17, 1952, FM 19 was extended back from Todd City to Frankston. The original section from had been designated as SH 272 on June 21, 1938, while it was being built. When the route was built some time after September 26, 1939, SH 272 was cancelled, meaning the road was already built at the time FM 19 was designated.
FM 20
Farm to Market Road 20LocationBastrop, Caldwell, and Guadalupe countiesLength54.213 mi (87.247 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 20 (FM 20) is located in Bastrop, Caldwell, and Guadalupe counties. The road is 54.2 miles (87.2 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 71 just west of Bastrop. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Red Rock. At Lockhart, it becomes concurrent with US 183 for a 0.1-mile segment, then turns off to the west on State Park Road. It continues southwest, passing through Fentress, until its southern terminus at SH 123 just north of Seguin.
FM 20 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Bastrop southwestward to Lockhart (this was part of SH 21 before 1939). On April 18, 1958, it was extended southwest to FM 621, replacing FM 964. Six days later, it was extended southwest to just north of Seguin, replacing a section of FM 621. However, the signs did not change until the 1959 Texas Travel Map was released to the public; On October 31, 1958, around the time the signs were changed, the current FM 964 was designated.
FM 21
Farm to Market Road 21LocationFranklin, Titus, and Camp countiesLength15.89 mi (25.57 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 21 (FM 21) is located in Franklin, Titus, and Camp counties. It is approximately 15.9 miles (25.6 km) long.
FM 21 begins at an intersection with SH 11. It then proceeds through a relatively empty, farming area of Camp County. After approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 km), FM 21 crosses Lake Bob Sandlin. The bridge that crosses Lake Bob Sandlin is approximately a half a mile long (0.8 km). After crossing the lake, FM 21 passes Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. The road then passes through the unincorporated community of Blodgett. After this, FM 21 passes through a long stretch of open farmland before passing through Hopewell and continues to its northern terminus of SH 37.
FM 21 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) road traveling from SH 11 to around Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. Later that day, another segment from created from SH 37 through Hopewell to Macon (erroneously shown as FM 28 on one administration order), creating a gap in the route. The gap was filled on June 11, 1945.
FM 22
Farm to Market Road 22LocationCherokee CountyLength9.070 mi (14.597 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 22 (FM 22) is located in north-central Cherokee County. It is approximately 9.1 miles (14.6 km) long.
The western terminus of FM 22 is at an intersection with US 69 in Craft. The route travels east through Turney and Gallatin, where it is known as 1st Avenue and has a brief concurrency with FM 768. FM 22 continues eastward and ends at an intersection with SH 110 south of the community of Ponta.
FM 22 was commissioned on April 29, 1942, along the current route. On May 7, 1970, a section west of US 69 at Craft, connecting to FM 347 south of Jacksonville, was added, increasing the length by 1.2 miles (1.9 km). This addition was removed from the state highway system on March 1, 1972, in exchange for the creation of FM 3198.
FM 23
Farm to Market Road 23LocationCherokee CountyLength14.56 mi (23.43 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
FM 23 in Cherokee County.
Farm to Market Road 23 (FM 23) is located in Cherokee County.
FM 23 begins at an intersection with SH 294. It travels through empty agricultural areas of Cherokee County, and serves as both endpoints for FM 1857. FM 23 passes Russell Cemetery outside of Rusk. It crosses FM 343 as it enters Rusk. FM 23 travels through the city before ending at an intersection with Loop 62 and FM 752.
FM 23 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.
FM 24
Farm to Market Road 24LocationNueces CountyLength5.056 mi (8.137 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 24 (FM 24) is located in Nueces County. It is locally known as Violet Road. The highway's southern terminus is at SH 44 in Violet. It runs north into Corpus Christi, passing several churches, and the small Violet Park, before intersecting Spur 407. It continues to its northern terminus at exit 11B of I-37.
FM 24 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 44 to Spur 407 (then SH 9). It was extended to its current length on September 5, 1973.
FM 24 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 24LocationColeman CountyExistedApril 29, 1942–June 22, 1944
A previous route numbered FM 24 was designated in Coleman County on April 29, 1942, from Coleman west to the New Central School. It was 9.5 miles (15.3 km) in length. The entire route was then cancelled on June 22, 1944, and transferred to FM 53 (now SH 153).
FM 25
Farm to Market Road 25LocationComal and Guadalupe countiesExistedApril 29, 1942–September 28, 1988
Farm to Market Road 25 (FM 25) was located in Comal and Guadalupe counties. No highway currently uses the FM 25 designation.
FM 25 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 81 (now Business I-35) near New Braunfels to US 90 near Seguin. On October 28, 1960, FM 25 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 46. On June 9, 1966, the section from US 90 north to I-10 was redesignated as an extension of Spur 351 (but still signed as part of SH 46). On February 26, 1968, the section from I-35 northwest 0.26 miles (0.42 km) was transferred to SH 46 and Loop 337. The remainder of FM 25 was cancelled on September 28, 1988, and transferred to SH 46. Spur 351, which by then had been extended south to SH 123, became part of SH 46 on May 14, 1990.
FM 26
Farm to Market Road 26LocationMartin and Dawson countiesLength23.247 mi (37.412 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 26 (FM 26) is located in Martin and Dawson counties.
The southern terminus of FM 26 is at FM 846 in Martin County. It runs northwest, intersecting FM 2212 in the community of Brown, before turning west. The route turns to the northwest again at its intersection with FM 3263. FM 26 is briefly concurrent FM 2002 before splitting off and entering Dawson County. Continuing to the northwest, FM 26 crosses FM 828 in Sparenburg before reaching its northern terminus at US 87.
FM 26 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Lamesa to Sparenberg in Dawson County, and was 5.3 miles (8.5 km) in length. FM 26 was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) on November 20, 1951, and to the Martin County line on March 26, 1953, adding another 0.2 miles (0.32 km); that same day, a 1.8 miles (2.9 km) farm to market road from there to FM 1742 was designated, but not yet numbered. On April 9, 1953, the road was extended southwest over the unnumbered road to FM 1742, and FM 1742 was cancelled and combined with FM 26.
FM 27
Farm to Market Road 27LocationFreestone and Limestone countiesLength27.247 mi (43.850 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 27 (FM 27) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties.
The western terminus of FM 27 is at SH 171. In Wortham, FM 27 passes Wortham High School before passing through downtown. It runs concurrently with FM 80 just south of Kirvin. FM 27 then enters Fairfield and reaches its eastern terminus at US 84.
FM 27 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Fairfield to Wortham, approximately 18.5 miles (29.8 km). This was SH 210 before 1939. On February 15, 1950, the highway was extended from Wortham to the Limestone County line, replacing FM 1450 and adding approximately 1.6 miles (2.6 km). On September 27, 1960, FM 27 was extended by 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to its current length.
FM 28
Farm to Market Road 28LocationFloyd and Crosby countiesLength29.675 mi (47.757 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 28 (FM 28) is located in Crosby and Floyd counties.
FM 28's southern terminus is at an intersection with US 82/SH 114. From there, FM 28 heads north, then east, then north again. Turning to the northwest, it passes through Dougherty before turning to the north again to an intersection with US 62/US 70. FM 28 runs concurrently with these highways for about one mile (1.6 km) before again heading north, reaching its northern terminus at County Roads 200 and 303.
FM 28 was designated in Floyd County on June 23, 1942, from US 70 to Dougherty. On July 21, 1949, FM 28 was extended to the Crosby County line, adding approximately 8.2 miles (13.2 km). On October 26, 1954, FM 28 was extended south to FM 1441 (which later became part of FM 193). On November 1, 1954, FM 28 was extended to its current southern terminus, FM 1441 was truncated, and FM 1472 was cancelled. On March 24, 1958, FM 28 was extended 5.3 miles (8.5 km) northward to its current northern terminus, as FM 2265 was cancelled and combined.
FM 29
Farm to Market Road 29 (FM 29) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 29 designation.
FM 29 (1942–1949)
Farm to Market Road 29LocationGrimes CountyLength22.1 mi (35.6 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–May 20, 1949
FM 29 was designated on April 29, 1942, along a road in Grimes County from SH 90 near Singleton to Iola. The road was 11.0 miles (17.7 km) long. On January 27, 1949, FM 29 was extended north to North Zulch. On May 20, 1949, the designation was cancelled, with the road becoming an extension of FM 39.
FM 29 (1951–1967)
Farm to Market Road 29LocationVal Verde CountyLength1.9 mi (3.1 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–October 27, 1967
The FM 29 designation was later applied to a road in Val Verde County, beginning at US 90 (later Loop 406, now Spur 406) northwest of Devils River and heading northeast to Lake Walk. When it was designated, the road was 2.12 miles (3.41 km) long; by 1965, the highway had been truncated to 1.9 miles (3.1 km). FM 29 was cancelled on October 27, 1967, because the roadway was to be inundated by Amistad Reservoir. As a result, the road was permanently closed.
FM 30
Farm to Market Road 30LocationUvalde CountyLength3.622 mi (5.829 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 30 (FM 30) is located in Uvalde County. The road begins at SH 127 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Sabinal, and proceeds northward to end at a county road.
FM 30 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 30LocationChildress CountyLength24 mi (39 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–January 7, 1948
The original Farm to Market Road 30, designated on April 29, 1942, ran from Memphis east to a connection with US 83 in Childress County. FM 30 was cancelled on January 7, 1948, and became part of SH 256.
FM 31
Farm to Market Road 31LocationHarrison and Panola countiesLength43.335 mi (69.741 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 31 (FM 31) is located in Harrison and Panola counties. The highway begins at US 59 (Future I-369) in Marshall, turning southeast while intersecting I-20 outside the city limits. In the community of Crossroads, FM 2625 passes through while FM 2199 ends completely, all while FM 31 continues southeastward. In the town of Elysian Fields, FM 451 ends as FM 31 heads into Panola County. The highway intersects US 79 in De Berry. The road has a small concurrency with FM 123 in Carthage. Further south, FM 2517 makes a four-way intersection there, where a few miles to the east FM 3359 is formed. The highway ends at the Louisiana state line, where it becomes LA 765.
FM 31 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 59 in Marshall to Elysian Fields. On June 11, 1945, it was extended southward to the Panola County line. Seven days later, it was extended south to De Berry. On November 20, 1951, it was extended south to what was then FM 998. On January 7, 1952, FM 31 was extended southward to the Louisiana state line, replacing a section of FM 123 (which was rerouted over FM 998 instead).
RM 32
Ranch to Market Road 32LocationBlanco, Comal, and Hays countiesLength23.23 mi (37.39 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Ranch to Market Road 32 (RM 32) is located in Blanco, Comal, and Hays counties. The road begins at US 281 south of Blanco, and continues east as it enters Comal County. In Fischer, FM 3424 ends there, and upon entering Hays County, the highway ends at an intersection with RM 12 in Wimberley.
RM 32 was designated as State Highway 232 between SH 80 in Wimberley and US 281 on August 1, 1936. SH 80 was truncated and the western terminus became RM 12 on March 26, 1942; at the same time, SH 232 was to be redesignated as an RM road once the counties agreed to do so, which happened by April 29, 1942, when RM 32 was designated, replacing SH 232.
RM 33
Ranch to Market Road 33LocationHoward, Glasscock, and Reagan countiesLength57.48 mi (92.51 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Ranch to Market Road 33 (RM 33) is located in Howard, Glasscock, and Reagan counties. It runs from US 87, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Big Spring, south to SH 137.
RM 33 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Big Spring south 6.4 miles (10.3 km) to the Glasscock County line. On February 11, 1944, the designation was extended south to Garden City. On June 11, 1945, the route was extended south to Big Lake. On October 29, 1948, RM 33 was extended south and east to SH 163. On July 14, 1949, it was extended east to Eldorado, replacing FM 865. By 1966, the section from RM 1980 (now US 190) to Eldorado was signed, but not designated, as SH 29, and by 1969, the section from RM 1800 south to RM 1980 was signed, but not designated, as SH 137. On June 30, 1977, the section from Eldorado west to RM 1980 (along with RM 1980 itself) was transferred to US 190. On May 16, 1984, the section of RM 33 from SH 137 south to US 190 officially became part of SH 137.
The minutes of the July 14, 1949, highway commission meeting refer to this road (at least the section south of the Glasscock–Reagan county line) as Farm to Market Road 33 (FM 33), possibly in error.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Reagan0.00.0 SH 137 – Stiles, Big Lake
13.421.6 RM 2600 east
16.426.4 FM 1357 west to SH 137
Glasscock25.240.6 RM 2401 west – Saint Lawrence
Garden City35.356.8 SH 158 – Midland, Sterling City
50.080.5 FM 461 to US 87 – Lomax
Howard56.891.4 FM 818 west – Elbow
57.692.7 US 87 – Big Spring, San AngeloInterchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 34
Farm to Market Road 34LocationHudspeth CountyLength2.612 mi (4.204 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 34KML is not from Wikidata
Farm to Market Road 34 (FM 34) is located in Hudspeth County.
The southern terminus of FM 34 is at FM 192, approximately 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Fort Hancock. The road proceeds north for 2.6 miles (4.2 km) before ending at I-10 exit 87.
FM 34 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.
FM 35
Farm to Market Road 35LocationRockwall and Hunt countiesLength7.304 mi (11.755 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 35 (FM 35) is located in Rockwall and Hunt counties. The road begins at I-30 in Royse City and runs to SH 276.
FM 35 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Quinlan to Mexico. On November 23, 1948, the section from Union Valley to Quinlan was added, creating a concurrency with SH 34. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to Sabine River Bottom. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended west 4.9 miles (7.9 km) to the Rockwall County line. On February 26, 1953, the road was extended west to the new location of US 67 (now I-30), replacing FM 1396. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended east to the Rains County line. On November 29, 1954, the road was extended east to US 69 (now FM 2795) at Emory, replacing FM 2102 and creating a concurrency with FM 47. On April 1, 1959, the Union Valley-Quinlan section was revised to end at Loop 264 instead of SH 34 (a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) section of FM 35 was transferred to Loop 264). On December 15, 1959, the concurrency with FM 47 was removed. On October 15, 1970, the section of FM 35 from Loop 264 west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) miles was transferred to SH 276. On October 25, 1990, a 21.3-mile (34.3 km) section of FM 35 from SH 34 east to US 69 was also transferred to SH 276.
Junction list
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Hunt0.00.0 SH 276 – Rockwall, Quinlan
Union Valley1.11.8 FM 1565 – Poetry, Caddo Mills
RockwallRoyse City5.58.9 FM 2642 north
6.310.1 FM 2453 south
7.311.7 I-30 (US 67) – Dallas, GreenvilleI-30 exit 77B
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 36
Farm to Market Road 36LocationHunt CountyLength29.725 mi (47.838 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 36 (FM 36) is located in Hunt County. The road begins at SH 276 west of Quinlan and ends at FM 1562. There are concurrencies with US 380 and SH 66.
FM 36 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) west of Floyd to Merit. On September 12, 1946, the section from SH 24 at Floyd south to US 67 (now SH 66) at or near Caddo Mills was added, creating a concurrency with SH 24. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended southeast 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Caddo Mills. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended north to FM 1562. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended south to FM 35 (now SH 276). On June 24, 2010, the section of FM 36 from US 380 to BU 380-J was removed from the state highway system. FM 36 was instead realigned over the new US 380.
Junction list
The entire route is in Hunt County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 SH 276 – Rockwall, Royse City, Quinlan
6.911.1 FM 1564 east
8.7–9.414.0–15.1 I-30 (US 67) – Dallas, GreenvilleI-30 exit 85
11.117.9 FM 1903 east
Caddo Mills13.020.9 SH 66 west – Royse CitySouth end of SH 66 overlap
13.121.1 SH 66 east – GreenvilleNorth end of SH 66 overlap
Clinton16.025.7 FM 3211 east
19.230.9 US 380 east / County Road 1118 – Greenville, FloydSouth end of US 380 overlap
19.831.9 Bus. US 380 east – Floyd
20.633.2 US 380 west – McKinneyNorth end of US 380 overlap
24.539.4 FM 1569 east – Wagner
Merit25.541.0 FM 2194 – Farmersville, Kellogg
31.951.3 FM 1562 – Blue Ridge, Celeste
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
FM 37
Farm to Market Road 37LocationBailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd countiesLength84.621 mi (136.184 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 37 (FM 37) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. Its western terminus is at SH 214 north of Enochs in Bailey County. FM 37 runs eastward to FM 54, with which it shares a brief concurrency through Bula and across the Lamb County line. After separating from FM 54, FM 37 briefly turns north before resuming an easterly route toward Amherst, crossing US 84. It crosses US 385 at Cofferville and has short concurrencies with FM 1072 through Fieldton and FM 168 at Harts Camp before entering Hale County. The route crosses I-27/US 87 east of Cotton Center, running in a southern direction concurrent with the freeway's frontage road between exits 32 and 31. Resuming its eastward routing, FM 37 has short concurrencies with FM 400 and FM 789. It then crosses into Floyd County, where it briefly shares its alignment with FM 378, before reaching its eastern terminus at US 62 in Floydada.
FM 37 was designated on April 29, 1942, from a junction with US 84 to Amherst. On March 18, 1944, the route was extended to include a strip from Amherst to SH 51. On December 16, 1948, it was extended east 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to what is now FM 1072. On September 19, 1968, FM 37 was expanded to its present length, replacing several routes: FM 2189 from SH 214 to FM 54; FM 1928 from FM 54 to US 84; a section of FM 1072 (which was rerouted to the north, replacing part of FM 1842) from FM 1072 to FM 168; FM 1315 from FM 168 to FM 400; and FM 579 from FM 400 to US 62.
FM 38
Farm to Market Road 38LocationLamar and Delta countiesLength33.301 mi (53.593 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 38 (FM 38) is located in Lamar and Delta counties. The road begins at US 82 west of Petty and turns north and east to Maxey, then southeast through Brookston and Roxton to Ben Franklin.
FM 38 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 west of Brookston through Roxton to Noble, with the section from US 82 to Roxton replacing SH 188. On April 30, 1945, the Roxton-Noble section was cancelled and became part of FM 137. FM 38 was expanded to include a section from the Lamar County line to FM 128 at Ben Franklin on June 9, 1947, creating a gap in the highway. This gap was closed on February 27, 1948, when FM 38 was extended from Roxton to Ben Franklin. On August 23, 1948, FM 38 was again extended north over the old location of US 82 to the new location of US 82. On February 1, 1949, the road was extended northwest to Maxey, replacing FM 907. On August 25, 1949, FM 38 was extended to US 82 west of Petty.
FM 39
Farm to Market Road 39LocationLimestone, Leon, Madison, and Grimes countiesLength82.927 mi (133.458 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 39 (FM 39) is located in Limestone, Leon, Madison, and Grimes counties. The road begins at SH 14 south of Mexia, and turns south, intersecting SH 164 before FM 80 ends directly parallel to the Freestone County line. However, no part of the road's mileage is in Freestone County, as the road turns south to Leon County shortly afterward. The highway then intersects with US 79 in Jewett and then intersects with SH 7 in the community of Concord. As the highway turns directly south, it intersects FM 977 in Flynn. In Normangee, it intersects the Old San Antonio Road, where it enters Madison County, and has a concurrency with FM 1452 in the community of George. The highway subsequently intersects a concurrent SH 21/US 190 in North Zulch. As it enters Grimes County, the road bypasses Iola, and ends at SH 90 north of Singleton.
When it was designated on April 29, 1942, the road considered of the section from Normangee to Flynn. On August 3, 1943, the road was expanded to include a segment from Mexia to Personville, creating a gap in the highway. The road's southern portion was expanded on February 28, 1945, to include US 190 at North Zulch, and the northern strip received a segment from Personville to Jewett. On April 18, 1947, the southern strip was expanded again to Robbins. The highway was extended from Jewett to Robbins on December 16, 1948, closing the gap. On May 20, 1949, FM 39 was extended south through Iola to Singleton, replacing FM 29. On June 21, 1982, the highway was slightly modified to go via Tyler Street instead of McKinney Street in Mexia, giving it its present-day length.
FM 40
Farm to Market Road 40LocationLubbock and Crosby countiesLength32.515 mi (52.328 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 40 (FM 40) is located in Lubbock and Crosby counties. It runs from FM 1729 to FM 651. There are concurrencies with FM 378 and SH 207.
FM 40 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 62 and US 82 at Lubbock to Acuff. On December 29, 1949, the road was extended east to FM 378, replacing FM 1526. On March 24, 1958, the road was extended to FM 651, replacing FM 1309 and FM 1308 and creating concurrencies with FM 122 (now SH 207) and FM 378. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 62 to FM 1729 was redesignated Urban Road 40 (UR 40). The designation of this section reverted to FM 40 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 41
Farm to Market Road 41LocationHockley and Lubbock countiesLength48.321 mi (77.765 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 41 (FM 41) is located in Hockley and Lubbock counties. The road begins from FM 303 southeast of Sundown and turns about 48 miles (77 km) eastward bypassing Ropesville and Slide before eventually returning to Bus. US 84 in Slaton. Originally, the route went from a junction of US 87 south of Lubbock to Slide. On June 25, 1945, the highway was extended east to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) miles west of Slaton and west from Slide to the Hockley County line. On December 17, 1952, FM 41 was extended west to SH 51 (now US 385). On February 24, 1953, the road was extended west to FM 300 (now FM 303), replacing FM 1174. On October 28, 1953, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) east to US 84 (later Loop 251, now Bus. US 84) were added, and the highway reached its present length.
RM 42
Ranch to Market Road 42LocationMenard and McCulloch countiesLength30.8 mi (49.6 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–June 30, 1977
Ranch to Market Road 42 (RM 42), originally Farm to Market Road 42 (FM 42), was located in Menard and McCulloch counties.
FM 42 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Brady southwest 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Calf Creek. On January 18, 1946, the road was shortened 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to end at Davis School. On November 23, 1948, FM 42 was extended west 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to a point 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles north of Calf Creek. On July 21, 1949, the road was extended west to US 83, replacing FM 379. On October 1, 1956, the route's designation was changed to RM 42. RM 42 was cancelled on June 30, 1977, and became part of US 190 as that route was extended westward from Brady.
FM 43
Farm to Market Road 43LocationNueces CountyLength10.791 mi (17.366 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 43 (FM 43) is located in Nueces County. The highway runs from SH 358 southwest and west to FM 665.
FM 43 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 through London School to FM 665. On June 1, 1965, the road was extended east and northeast to SH 357. On July 11, 1968, FM 43 was extended northeast to SH 358. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 358 to SH 357 was redesignated Urban Road 43 (UR 43). The designation of this section reverted to FM 43 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Nueces County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 FM 665 / FM 2444 east
3.25.1 FM 763 north
6.09.7 SH 286 – Corpus Christi, Chapman RanchInterchange
Corpus Christi9.014.5 SH 357 (Saratoga Boulevard)Access to Christus Spohn Hospital
10.817.4 SH 358 (South Padre Island Drive)Interchange
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 43/RM 43 (1942)
Ranch to Market Road 43LocationMenard and Schleicher countiesExistedApril 29, 1942–March 17, 1948
The original FM 43 was formed on April 29, 1942, from US 83 near Menard through Mission San Saba to an existing roadway north of the San Saba River as a replacement of a portion of SH 151. On June 11, 1945, FM 43 was redesignated Ranch to Market Road 43 (RM 43) and a section from Eldorado to the Menard County line was designated, creating a gap. On June 20, 1945, the gap was closed. RM 43 was cancelled on March 17, 1948, and reassigned back to SH 151 (now SH 29).
FM 44
Farm to Market Road 44LocationRed River and Bowie countiesLength36.789 mi (59.206 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 44 (FM 44) is located in Red River and Bowie counties. The highway runs from FM 114 south, east, and southeast to FM 561.
FM 44 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 near Annona south 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to Boxelder, On May 19, 1942, it replaced Spur 23 from US 82 to Annona (this section was formerly SH 180 and later SH 5 Spur). On December 18, 1951, it was extended 4.3 miles (6.9 km) southeastward to a road intersection. On November 21, 1956, it was extended to FM 561 and FM 911 in Lydia. On February 13, 1958, it was extended east over a section of FM 561 to what was then FM 1996 (which became part of FM 561 that day) west of Siloam. On October 31, 1958, FM 44 was extended north to FM 114.
FM 45
Farm to Market Road 45LocationBrown, Mills, and San Saba countiesLength30.705 mi (49.415 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 45 (FM 45) runs from US 190 in Richland Springs north to US 377 about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Brownwood. FM 45 forms a portion of the partial beltway that goes around the southeast side of Brownwood (the rest is formed by FM 2126).
FM 45 starts at US 190 about 14.7 miles (23.7 km) west of San Saba and heads northbound through Richland Springs to Main Ave. where the road briefly turns east for one block before continuing northbound. After exiting Richland Springs, FM 45 traverses the rural landscape with a daytime speed limit of 70 MPH. Halfway to Brownwood, FM 45 crosses the Colorado River from San Saba County into Brown County. At its junction with FM 2126, FM 45 continues west to US 377 with a speed limit of 65 MPH.
FM 45 provides Brownwood with a direct link to Richland Springs and San Saba (and vice versa). The highway shortens the trip between Brownwood and Richland Springs from 54 miles (87 km) (going through Brady) to 34 miles (55 km).
Before Farm to Market Roads were built, one of the first bridges across the Colorado River in this area is the Regency Bridge. A historical marker was erected by the Texas Historical Commission at the junction of FM 45 and FM 574 that describes the bridge.
FM 45 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 190 north 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to the Locker Road. On July 13, 1945, it was extended north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection. On November 23, 1948, it was extended north 2.4 miles (3.9 km) to near the Colorado River. On January 22, 1953, FM 45 was extended north to the Mills County line. On February 6, 1953, FM 45 was extended north and west to US 377, replacing FM 1474. On October 29, 1954, it was extended south from the old location of US 190 to the new location of US 190.
FM 46
Farm to Market Road 46LocationFalls and Robertson countiesLength34.035 mi (54.774 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 46 (FM 46) is located in Falls and Robertson counties. It runs from SH 6 west of Bremond to SH OSR in Wheelock.
FM 46 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH OSR northward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Wheelock, replacing part of SH 255. On November 20, 1951, FM 46 was extended north to US 79 in Franklin. On May 15, 1954, FM 46 was extended to SH 14 in Bremond (the original endpoint of SH 255), replacing FM 392. On September 26, 1967, FM 46 was extended north to new location SH 6 over old location SH 6. On August 31, 1971, FM 46 was rerouted over part of FM 2293, removing the break at SH 14.
FM 47
Farm to Market Road 47LocationRains and Van Zandt countiesLength40.582 mi (65.310 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 47 (FM 47) is located in Rains and Van Zandt counties. It runs from SH 198 to US 69 in Point.
FM 47 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 80 in Wills Point north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to Clifton. On January 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to Scott. On June 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to SH 243. On October 29, 1948, FM 47 was extended south to SH 198. On May 23, 1951, FM 47 was extended northeast 3.6 miles (5.8 km). On November 27, 1953 (connecting section designated October 28), FM 47 was extended north to US 69, replacing a portion of FM 514. In 1975, FM 47 was realigned (the old route is now Rains County Road 1430)
FM 48
Farm to Market Road 48LocationHemphill and Wheeler countiesLength8.708 mi (14.014 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 48 (FM 48) is located in Hemphill and Wheeler counties. It runs from SH 152 in Mobeetie (also called Old Mobeetie) to FM 1268.
FM 48 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 152 north 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to New Mobeetie. On May 19, 1942, it was extended south 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to Mobeetie, replacing Spur 41. On November 23, 1948, FM 48 was extended eastward 0.6 miles (0.97 km). On May 26, 1949, FM 48 was extended north and west 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection, and the old route was changed to a spur connection. On August 7, 1951, the spur connection was transferred to FM 1046. On December 17, 1952, FM 48 was extended north to FM 1268.
The closing scene of the 2000 film Cast Away was filmed at the intersection of FM 48 and FM 1268.
FM 49
Farm to Market Road 49LocationWood and Upshur countiesLength33.674 mi (54.193 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 49 (FM 49) is located in Wood and Upshur counties. It runs from US 69 in Mineola, northeast and then east via Hainesville and Pine Mills, to SH 154 on the western edge of Gilmer.
FM 49 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 69 about 5.0 miles (8.0 km) northeast to near Lake Fork Creek. It was extended to Hainesville on June 11, 1945, and to an intersection with FM 14 in Pine Mills on December 17, 1947. FM 49 was extended to a road intersection near Big Sandy Creek, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) east of FM 14, on November 20, 1951, and into Upshur County to FM 1002 on August 24, 1955. It was extended to former FM 554 on November 14, 1959. FM 554 was cancelled on August 3, 1971, with the section from FM 49 to SH 154 was transferred to FM 49 (the remainder was transferred to FM 1795).
FM 50
Farm to Market Road 50LocationWashington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson countiesLength51.378 mi (82.685 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 50
Farm to Market Road 50 (FM 50) is a 53-mile (85 km) route in Washington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson counties. It begins at SH 105 near Brenham and runs north through Independence to US 79/US 190 near Hearne. It has a brief concurrency with SH 21 along a bridge crossing the Brazos River.
The road was designated on April 29, 1942, along the portion of the present route north of SH 21. On May 20, 1942, the road was extended through Snook to SH 36 at Lyons, replacing a portion of SH 230 (of which the remainder became part of the then-new FM 60). On August 24, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 211 in Independence. On October 6, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 90, replacing most of SH 211. The remainder of SH 211 became Spur 197, and is now FM 390 and FM Spur 390. The section of FM 50 from east of Snook to SH 36 was transferred to FM 60.
FM 51
Farm to Market Road 51LocationSomervell, Hood, Parker, Wise, Denton, and Cooke countiesLength114.986 mi (185.052 km)ExistedApril 29, 1942–present
FM 51, as East California Street, in Gainesville
Farm to Market Road 51 (FM 51) runs from US 67 in Somervell County north and east to I-35 in Gainesville. Skirting the northwestern fringes of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, it is available as a more scenic and less-congested shortcut between I-20 west of Weatherford and I-35 north of Gainesville.
The route north of Decatur was designated as SH 169 in 1932, but was extended to Weatherford and was part of an extended SH 89 until 1939. FM 51 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Gainesville to Era. On May 19 of that year, three more sections were added: one from Decatur northeast 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the Slidell Road, one from SH 114 to Springtown, and one from Weatherford north 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On August 22, 1944, it was extended from 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north of Weatherford to Springtown and from 4.8 miles (7.7 km) northeast of Decatur to the Denton–Wise county line, closing one gap and partially closing another. On June 5, 1945, another section was added from the Parker–Hood county line to Granbury. Seven days later, FM 51 was extended from Weatherford to the Parker–Hood county line, connecting the sections. On February 14, 1947, it was extended from SH 114 to Decatur, closing another gap. On April 28, 1949, it was extended from the Denton–Wise county line to Era, closing the last gap. On September 28 in that year, it was extended east from the old location of US 77 to the new location of US 77; two other sections of old US 77 was replaced by FM 1306 and FM 1307. On February 6, 1953, it was extended southwest to a road intersection 4.7 miles (7.6 km) southwest of Granbury, replacing FM 1657 on that route. On August 24, 1955, it was extended southwest to FM 201 (now FM 56). On November 23, 1959, it was extended east from US 77 along the old location of US 82 to US 82. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 51 was extended southwest to US 67, replacing FM 204. In the same order, FM 56 replaced FM 201. Part of the road designated FM 204 was designated as FM 2223.
FM 52
Farm to Market Road 52LocationParker and Palo Pinto countiesLength14.404 mi (23.181 km)ExistedMay 20, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 52 (FM 52) is located in Parker and Palo Pinto counties. It runs from SH 254 north to Oran, east to Whitt, and south to FM 1885.
FM 52 was designated on May 20, 1942, from Oran east across US 281 to Whitt. On December 2, 1953, FM 52 was extended south from Oran to SH 254. On August 24, 1955, FM 52 was extended southeast from Whitt to FM 1885.
FM 53
Farm to Market Road 53LocationColeman, Runnels, Taylor, and Nolan countiesExistedMay 20, 1942–August 8, 1988
Farm to Market Road 53 (FM 53) was located in Coleman, Runnels, Taylor, and Nolan counties. No highway currently uses the FM 53 designation.
FM 53 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 70, 13.0 miles (20.9 km) miles south of Sweetwater, southeast to SH 158 (now US 277). On June 22, 1944, FM 53 was extended east to Crews, replacing FM 70. Another section of FM 53 was added from Coleman to the New Central School, replacing FM 24. This created a gap in the route. On October 29, 1948, the western section was extended east to the Runnels–Coleman county line. On November 2, 1948, the eastern section was extended northwest to Glen Cove. On January 15, 1949, the eastern section extended west to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove. On July 25, 1950, it was extended from the Coleman County line to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove, closing the gap. On September 21, 1965, it was relocated in Winters, removing a concurrency with US 83; the old route became Loop 438. On December 1, 1969, it was extended east over the old location of US 84 to the new location of US 84, creating a concurrency with SH 206. FM 53 was cancelled on May 16, 1988, and transferred to SH 153.
FM 54
Farm to Market Road 54LocationBailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd countiesLength101.164 mi (162.808 km)ExistedMay 20, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 54 (FM 54) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. It begins at the New Mexico state line as a continuation of NM 321 and runs east to Enochs, where it intersects SH 214. The highway turns north and is briefly concurrent with FM 37. After leaving Bula and crossing the Lamb County line, the highway intersects US 84 in Littlefield, where it also intersects US 385 and Loop 430. FM 54 intersects FM 1072 and continues east to an intersection with FM 168 in Spade. After entering Hale County, it shares a brief concurrency with FM 179. FM 54 then crosses the I-27/US 87 freeway. It intersects FM 400 and turns northeast in Petersburg at FM 789 before entering Floyd County. FM 54 ends at SH 207/US 62 south of Floydada.
FM 54 was designated on May 20, 1942, from US 87 north of Abernathy to Petersburg as a restoration of part of SH 278. On May 18, 1944, it was extended to include a section from Spade via Littlefield to the Bailey County line, creating a gap. On June 4, 1945, a section from SH 207 to the Floyd–Hale county line was added, creating another gap. On June 16 of that year, one segment was extended west from the Lamb–Bailey county line to SH 214, and on July 9 of that year, one segment was extended west from US 87 to the Hale–Lamb county line. On June 4, 1946, it was extended from the Floyd–Hale county line to Petersburg, closing one gap. On January 22, 1947, a spur connection was added in Petersburg. On November 18, 1947, it was extended from the Hale–Lamb county line to Spade, closing the remaining gap. FM 54 now matched the entirety of the former route of SH 278. On December 16, 1948, it was extended west 8 miles (13 km) miles from SH 214. On July 14, 1949, it was extended west to the New Mexico state line.
FM 55
Farm to Market Road 55LocationEllis and Navarro countiesLength35.214 mi (56.671 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 55 (FM 55) is located in Ellis and Navarro counties. It runs from US 77 near Waxahachie to FM 709 south of Purdon.
FM 55 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 31 to Purdon. On July 27, 1948, FM 55 was extended to SH 22, replacing FM 634. On November 28, 1958, FM 55 was extended to the Navarro–Ellis county line, replacing FM 1782. On May 2, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to SH 34. On June 1, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to US 77, replacing FM 1492. On May 7, 1974, FM 55 was extended south to FM 709.
FM 56
Farm to Market Road 56LocationBosque, Somervell, and Hood countiesLength77.908 mi (125.381 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 56 (FM 56) is located in Bosque, Somervell, and Hood counties.
FM 56 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 317 and US 84 in McGregor north to Crawford. Soon after that, FM 56 was extended north to SH 67 (this section became part of SH 6 on September 26, 1945) Valley Mills. On June 11, 1945, FM 56 was extended north to Cayote (also called Coyote). On October 29, 1947, the section of FM 56 from Valley Mills to McGregor was transferred to SH 317, shortening FM 56 to be a route from Valley Mills to Cayote. On July 14, 1949, FM 56 was extended north to SH 22. On October 18, 1954, FM 56 was extended north to FM 1859 in Kopperl, and a section of FM 1859 from Kopperl to SH 174 was transferred to FM 56. On October 31, 1957, FM 56 was extended northward to the end of FM 1992 at Brazos Point. On January 15, 1960, FM 56 was extended to SH 144, replacing all of FM 1992 and part of FM 202 north of what was then FM 1992. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 56 was extended to a county road northwest of US 377, replacing FM 201.
FM 57
Farm to Market Road 57LocationJones and Fisher countiesLength29.553 mi (47.561 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 57 (FM 57) is located in Jones and Fisher counties. It runs from Hamlin to FM 419.
FM 57 was designated on May 19, 1942, from Hamlin southwest to the Fisher County line. On May 18, 1944, the road was extended to Sylvester. On December 16, 1948, a section from Sylvester to Longworth was added, and the road was extended to SH 70, replacing FM 609. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended to FM 419.
FM 58
Farm to Market Road 58LocationAngelina CountyLength12.097 mi (19.468 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 58 (FM 58) is located in Angelina County. It runs from US 69 southeast of Lufkin to FM 1818.
FM 58 was designated on May 19, 1942, from US 59 and Harmony Hill Drive south of Lufkin to US 69 southeast of Lufkin, and from Harmony Hill Drive to a point 10.2 miles (16.4 km) south as a replacement for State Highway 299. On March 20, 1946, the road was extended south to a county road (current FM 1818). On May 23, 1951, FM 58 was extended west to US 59 at Diboll. The same day a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section of FM 58 was renumbered FM 1877. On August 11, 1966, the section from FM 1818 to US 59 was transferred to FM 1818.
FM 59
Farm to Market Road 59LocationHenderson and Anderson countiesLength18.579 mi (29.900 km)ExistedMay 19, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 59 (FM 59) is located in Henderson and Anderson counties. The road is 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 19 in Athens. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Cross Roads. The southern terminus is at US 287 in Cayuga. FM 59 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 19 in Athens to Cross Roads. On June 11, 1945, it was extended to Cayuga. This was part of SH 212 before 1939.
FM 60
Farm to Market Road 60LocationBurleson and Brazos countiesLength43.688 mi (70.309 km)ExistedMay 20, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 60 (FM 60) runs from SH 21, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Caldwell, southeastward to SH 36 at Lyons; and from another point on SH 36 at Lyons, northeastward to FM 158 at Bryan. In Brazos County, it is also known as Raymond Stotzer Pkwy west of FM 2154 and University Drive east of FM 2154.
FM 60 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 6 (now a business route) to a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River, replacing a portion of SH 230. On August 24, 1943, a second section was created from FM 50 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Snook east to the State Experimental Sub Station, creating a gap. On October 6 in that year, the western section was extended to SH 36 near Lyons, replacing a section of FM 50. On August 1, 1944, FM 60 was extended from a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River to the State Experimental Sub Station, closing the gap. On October 31, 1957, it was extended east to FM 158. On December 15, 1960, the section from SH 6 (now a business route) to FM 158 was transferred to SH 30. On June 2, 1967, FM 60 was extended southwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from SH 36. On February 29, 1968, FM 60 was extended from the old location of SH 6 to the new location of SH 6. On November 26, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to FM 111. On December 19, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest to SH 21, replacing FM 111. FM 111 was instead reassigned to an extension of its former spur connection, then numbered FM 2618. On May 23, 1978, it was extended northeast from SH 6 to FM 158. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 47 to FM 158 was redesignated Urban Road 60 (UR 60). The designation reverted to FM 60 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 61
Farm to Market Road 61LocationYoung CountyLength11.749 mi (18.908 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 61 (FM 61) runs from US 380 just south of Newcastle southeastward through Fort Belknap to SH 67 in Graham.
FM 61 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Graham, northward to Loving. On June 18, 1945, it was extended north to the Archer County line. Seven days later, it was extended north to US 281. On November 21, 1956, FM 61 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SH 24. On November 24, 1959, it was extended west to SH 251 in Fort Belknap. On January 31, 1969, the section of FM 61 from US 380 in Graham northward to US 281 was transferred to SH 16. On May 6, 1974, one section in Graham was transferred to relocated SH 67. On February 23, 1993, it was extended north to US 380 south of Newcastle, replacing a section of SH 251.
FM 62
Farm to Market Road 62LocationPolk CountyLength9.738 mi (15.672 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 62 (FM 62) is located in Polk County. It runs from US 59 in Camden to US 287.
FM 62 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 59 to Camden. On May 23, 1951, it was extended to Hortense. On July 27, 1951, the road from Camden to Hortense was redesignated as FM 646 (FM 646 was short-lived, as it became part of FM 942 on January 14, 1952), truncating FM 62 back to its previous terminus at Camden. On May 2, 1962, FM 62 was extended east to US 287.
FM 63
Farm to Market Road 63LocationLive Oak and McMullen countiesLength38.2 mi (61.5 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–December 15, 1960
Farm to Market Road 63 (FM 63) was located in Live Oak and McMullen counties. At its longest, it was 38.2 miles (61.5 km) in length.
FM 63 was formed from a section of SH 72 on June 23, 1942, beginning at Three Rivers and ending near Calliham. On July 9, 1945, it was extended to Tilden. On May 22, 1947, it was extended to Fowlerton. FM 63 was cancelled on December 15, 1960, and transferred back to SH 72.
FM 64
Farm to Market Road 64LocationFannin and Delta countiesLength18.313 mi (29.472 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 64 (FM 64) is a 18.3-mile (29.5 km) route in Fannin and Delta counties. It runs from SH 34 in Ladonia, passing through Pecan Gap and Antioch, to Bus. SH 24 in Cooper. The road also has major intersections with SH 24 in Cooper and several other Farm to Market Roads. FM 64 was designated in 1942, replacing SH 247.
FM 64 begins at SH 34 on the northern edge of Ladonia in Fannin County. The road proceeds to the east away from town and is joined from the north by FM 904 before the combined route enters Pecan Gap and Delta County. On the west side of Pecan Gap, FM 904 separates turning to the south. On the east side of town at the intersection with FM 128, FM 64 turns to the south and continues away from town.
At the intersection with FM 1532, FM 64 turns to the east. The road intersects FM 1528 from the south, then FM 3388 and FM 1530 to the north before entering Cooper from the northwest. The road then intersects SH 24 which bypasses central Cooper on the northwest, and ends at the state highway's business route through town.
The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.
FM 64 was designated as an extension of SH 154 on February 8, 1933. This section of SH 154 was decommissioned on July 15, 1935, but was restored on December 22, 1936. On August 4, 1937, SH 154 was rerouted over old SH 247, and this section was redesignated as new SH 247. The highway was described until June 23, 1942, as a route from Ladonia through Cooper to a point on SH 154 near the South Sulphur River. That year, SH 247 was removed from the highway system, and FM 64 was created over the former SH 247 from a point approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to SH 154. The road was extended westward to FM 128 at Pecan Gap On February 28, 1945, and on February 21, 1946, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was designated as a state highway, SH 247, to be marked for information and guidance of the traveling public as a Farm to Market Road. On November 23, 1948, the portion of the current road between SH 34 in Ladonia and Pecan Gap was added to FM 128 as an extension. The portion of FM 128 between Ladonia and Pecan Gap was reassigned as an extension to FM 64 on February 26, 1949. This extended FM 64 along the entire length of the former SH 247. On May 18, 1953, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was no longer designated as SH 247.
SH 154 north of Sulphur Springs was reassigned as part of SH 19 on August 24, 1960, but was extended over SH 19 and FM 64 to SH 24 in Cooper on August 28 of the following year terminating FM 64 at SH 24. In 1968, SH 24 in Cooper was relocated over its present bypass, and its original route through town where FM 64 ends was signed as its business route. From 1971 to 2003, SH 34 where FM 64 begins was also part of SH 50.
FM 65
Farm to Market Road 65LocationZavala and Dimmit countiesLength13.368 mi (21.514 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 65 (FM 65) is located in Zavala and Dimmit counties. It runs from US 83 south of Crystal City to I-35.
FM 65 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 83 south of Crystal City to SH 85 west of Big Wells. On September 14, 1944, FM 65 was modified to end at US 83 north of Crystal City. On February 25, 2010, FM 65 was extended concurrent with SH 85 to I-35.
FM 66
Farm to Market Road 66LocationEllis and Hill countiesLength32.799 mi (52.785 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 66 (FM 66) is located in Ellis and Hill counties. It runs from Mayfield to Waxahachie.
FM 66 was designated on June 23, 1942, from Itasca to Files Valley. This was designated as SH 325 from December 7, 1939, to February 20, 1940. On August 2, 1943, the road was extended to FM 74 at Maypearl. On August 23 of that year, the road was extended to Waxahachie, replacing FM 74. On June 18, 1945, the road was extended to Mayfield.
FM 67
Farm to Market Road 67LocationHill CountyLength23.943 mi (38.533 km)ExistedJune 23, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 67 (FM 67) is located in Hill County. It runs from FM 933 in Blum to FM 66 at Elm Street in Itasca.
FM 67 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 171 at Covington to Blum. On March 26, 1953, FM 67 was extended east 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to new location SH 171. On October 27, 1956, FM 67 was extended north to SH 174, replacing Spur 248. On October 31, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 712 and US 81. On November 26, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 66 in Itasca, replacing FM 712. On July 21, 1961, the section north of FM 933 was transferred to FM 933. On March 26, 1991, the section of FM 67 along Files Street and Wilkerson Street was given to the city of Itasca.
FM 68
Farm to Market Road 68LocationFannin CountyLength9.042 mi (14.552 km)ExistedAugust 1, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 68 (FM 68) is located in Fannin County. The road was designated on August 1, 1942, from a point on SH 78 north of Bailey through Gomer to a point on SH 34 at or near Whatley School as a replacement for SH 337.
FM 69
Farm to Market Road 69LocationHopkins and Wood countiesLength43.826 mi (70.531 km)ExistedSeptember 22, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 69 (FM 69) is located in Hopkins and Wood counties. It runs from 2 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71 south to SH 37.
FM 69 was designated on September 22, 1942, from SH 37 south of Winnsboro west to Coke. On June 11, 1945, FM 69 was extended south back to SH 37. On November 21, 1956, FM 69 was extended east to SH 11. On December 21, 1959, the section of FM 69 east of what was then part of FM 1483 became part of FM 515 (along with part of FM 1483), and FM 69 was rerouted north to 2.0 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71, replacing FM 2476 and part of FM 270 (the section of FM 270 east and north of FM 2476 became part of FM 269).
FM 70
Farm to Market Road 70LocationJim Wells and Nueces countiesLength61.227 mi (98.535 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 70 (FM 70) is located in Jim Wells and Nueces counties. It runs from US 59 to SH 286 in Chapman Ranch.
FM 70 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 in Chapman Ranch to SH 44 in Agua Dulce. On November 20, 1951, FM 70 was extended north to the Nueces–Jim Wells county line. On December 18, 1951, FM 70 was extended northeast to FM 739 and County Road 103. On January 14, 1952, FM 70 was extended northwest to US 59, replacing FM 739.
FM 70 (1942)
Farm to Market Road 70LocationNolan CountyExistedSeptember 22, 1942–June 22, 1944
A previous route numbered FM 70 was designated on September 22, 1942, from Crews via Winters to Wingate. FM 70 was cancelled on June 22, 1944, and became a portion of FM 53 (now SH 153).
FM 71
Farm to Market Road 71LocationHunt, Delta, Hopkins, Franklin, Titus, and Morris countiesLength72.307 mi (116.367 km)ExistedSeptember 22, 1942–present
Farm to Market Road 71 (FM 71) is located in Hunt, Delta, Hopkins, Franklin, Titus, and Morris counties. It runs from SH 11 in Commerce to US 259.
FM 71 was designated on November 24, 1942, from SH 154 (now SH 19) east to Sulphur Bluff. This was formerly SH 260 before 1939. On June 11, 1945, FM 71 was extended east via Hagansport and Talco to Wilkinson. On November 23, 1948, FM 71 was extended west to Emblem with a spur connection to Peerless added, replacing FM 276 (which went from SH 154 to Peerless). On May 23, 1951, FM 71 was extended south to SH 11 at Ridgeway. On October 13, 1954, FM 71 was extended east to the Titus–Morris county line. On August 24, 1955, FM 71 was extended east to SH 26 (now US 259). On October 31, 1958, FM 71 was extended south from SH 11 to US 67 at Brashear. On September 27, 1960, the section south of Emblem was renumbered FM 2653, and FM 71 was rerouted west on a new alignment to FM 1531, and replaced a section of FM 1531 west to SH 11 in Commerce (later Loop 216, later Bus. SH 24, now Bus. SH 224).
FM 72
Farm to Market Road 72LocationIrion CountyLength1.19 mi (1.92 km)ExistedFebruary 12, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 72 (FM 72) is located in Irion County. It runs eastward from US 67 approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of Mertzon to near the Old Irion County Courthouse in Sherwood.
FM 72 was designated on February 12, 1943, along the current route.
FM 73
Farm to Market Road 73LocationLimestone CountyLength14.348 mi (23.091 km)ExistedFebruary 12, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 73 (FM 73) is located in Limestone County. It runs from 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northeast of SH 171 to US 84.
FM 73 was designated on February 12, 1943, from US 84 west of Prairie Hill to SH 171 in Coolidge. On May 5, 1966, FM 73 was extended northeast 3.1 miles (5.0 km). On October 3, 1966, FM 73 had a slight rerouting due to the relocation of SH 171 in Coolidge.
FM 74
Farm to Market Road 74LocationCass CountyLength5.007 mi (8.058 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 74 (FM 74) is located in Cass County. It was designated on May 23, 1951, from Loop 236 at Queen City east to FM 251, and from another point on FM 251 to FM 249 in Bloomburg.
FM 74 (1943)
Farm to Market Road 74LocationEllis and Hill countiesExistedMarch 8, 1943–August 23, 1943
A previous route numbered FM 74 was designated in Ellis and Hill counties on March 8, 1943, connecting Waxahachie and Maypearl. FM 74 was cancelled on August 23, 1943, and became part of an extended FM 66.
FM 75
Farm to Market Road 75LocationCollin CountyLength3.05 mi (4.91 km)ExistedApril 15, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 75 (FM 75) is located in Collin County. The road begins at Monte Carlo Road in Princeton and runs north to FM 1827.
FM 75 was formed on April 15, 1943, from SH 24 (now US 380) along the former route of SH 145 to an intersection with former SH 24 as a replacement for State Spur 73. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended to FM 1827. On November 15, 1977, the southern terminus was redesignated as US 380. On February 28, 2019, the section of FM 75 from Monte Carlo Road to US 380 via Longneck Road, College Avenue, 2nd Street, McKinney Avenue, 3rd Street, Main Street, and 4th Street was given to the city of Princeton.
FM 76
Farm to Market Road 76LocationEl Paso CountyLength29.417 mi (47.342 km)ExistedApril 14, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 76 (FM 76) is located in El Paso County. The road begins at SH 20 in the Ascarate district of El Paso and heads southeastward to Clint, passing Loop 375 in the process. The highway then intersects with FM 1281, and remains parallel to I-10. Once it reaches Fabens, the highway turns southwest and then southeast and ends at FM 3380 (former FM 1109) near the Mexican border. At designation on April 14, 1943, the road went from US 80 in Ascarate to a point near Ysleta. The highway was expanded on May 18, 1944, from Ysleta to Clint, and then again on July 9, 1945, from Clint to Fabens. On December 16, 1948, the road was expanded to a junction of FM 1109. On April 2, 1969, the highway was slightly modified due to the portion of US 80 being modified into SH 20. On June 27, 1995, the section of the highway from FM 1110 to SH 20 was redesignated Urban Road 76 (UR 76). The designation reverted to FM 76 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 77
Farm to Market Road 77LocationGonzales CountyLength8.454 mi (13.605 km)ExistedJuly 14, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 77 (FM 77) is located in Gonzales County. The road begins at US 87 east of Nixon, then runs northeast to Schoolland and then southeast to FM 108.
FM 77 was designated on August 2, 1943, from US 87 east of Nixon northeast to Schoolland. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended to FM 108.
FM 78
Farm to Market Road 78LocationBexar and Guadalupe countiesLength30.205 mi (48.610 km)ExistedAugust 3, 1943–present
Main article: Farm to Market Road 78
Farm to Market Road 78 (FM 78) is located in Bexar and Guadalupe counties, connecting San Antonio and Seguin.
FM 79
Farm to Market Road 79LocationFannin and Lamar countiesLength26.925 mi (43.332 km)ExistedAugust 3, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 79 (FM 79) is located in Fannin and Lamar counties. It runs from FM 100 to US 82.
FM 79 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 82 northwest to Unity. On August 25, 1949, it was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to the Fannin County line. On December 18, 1951, FM 79 was extended to its current terminus at FM 100.
FM 80
Farm to Market Road 80LocationFreestone and Limestone countiesLength33.427 mi (53.796 km)ExistedAugust 3, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 80 (FM 80) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties. It runs from FM 39 to SH 75 in Streetman.
FM 80 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 84 (later Loop 255, now Bus. US 84) in Teague to SH 164 in Donie. On June 11, 1945, FM 80 was extended north to Kirvin. On July 15, 1948, Spur 156, connecting FM 80 to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery, became part of FM 80, and the old route became a spur connection. On July 21, 1949, FM 80 was extended south 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from Donie. That same day, the spur became part of FM 1449. On July 25, 1950, FM 80 was extended south to FM 39. On November 16, 1956, the section from Kirvin to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery became part of new FM 1449, while old FM 1449 from Kirvin to US 75 (now SH 75) in Streetman became part of FM 80.
FM 81
Farm to Market Road 81LocationKarnes and Goliad countiesLength38.099 mi (61.314 km)ExistedAugust 23, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 81 (FM 81) is located in Karnes and Goliad counties. It runs from FM 1144 north, east, and south to SH 239 at Charco.
FM 81 was designated on August 23, 1943, from SH 239 at Charco to SH 72 at Runge. On July 9, 1945, FM 81 was extended to SH 80 at Helena. On January 6, 1950, FM 81 was extended to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Hobson at what would later be FM 1144, replacing FM 886 and FM 744.
FM 82
Farm to Market Road 82LocationNewton and Jasper countiesLength10.328 mi (16.621 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 82 (FM 82) is located in Newton and Jasper counties. It runs from FM 1004 west of US 87 to 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of US 96.
FM 82 was designated on May 23, 1951, from FM 1004 near SH 87 northwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On November 20, 1951, FM 82 was extended west to US 96. On June 1, 1965, FM 82 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to its current end.
FM 82 (1943)
Farm to Market Road 82LocationDenton CountyExistedSeptember 6, 1943–December 16, 1943
A previous route numbered FM 82 was designated on September 6, 1943, from Bonham via Randolph to Trenton. The section from Randolph to Bonham was formerly SH 263. FM 82 became a portion of SH 121 on December 16, 1943.
FM 83
Farm to Market Road 83LocationSan Augustine and Sabine countiesLength36.622 mi (58.937 km)ExistedSeptember 7, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 83 (FM 83) is located in San Augustine and Sabine counties. It connects SH 147 to Lows Creek Marina west of the Louisiana state line.
FM 83 was designated on September 7, 1943, from Hemphill to East Mayfield. On June 11, 1945, it was extended west to US 96 near Pineland. On May 3, 1961, FM 83 was extended west to SH 147 and east to a road intersection, replacing FM 2379 and FM 1965. On July 1, 1964, FM 83 was rerouted to use Flag Pole Road instead of Maple Street from US 96 to FM 1. On June 2, 1967, FM 83 was extended east 2.5 miles (4.0 km). On September 26, 1979, FM 83 was extended east 0.1 miles (0.16 km) to Lows Creek Marina.
FM 84
Farm to Market Road 84LocationGrayson CountyLength8.861 mi (14.260 km)ExistedOctober 6, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 84 (FM 84) is located in Grayson County. The 8.9-mile (14.3 km) route connects US 75 to Lake Texoma.
FM 84 was designated on October 6, 1943, replacing a portion of SH 91. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 84 (UR 84). The designation reverted to FM 84 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Grayson County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0Texoma Drive
Denison3.65.8 FM 406 west
5.69.0 US 75 – Durant, ShermanUS 75 exit 70
7.411.9 SH 91 – Denison Dam, Denison
8.914.3 US 69 – Durant, Denison
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
FM 85
Farm to Market Road 85LocationEllis, Navarro, and Henderson countiesLength24.587 mi (39.569 km)ExistedOctober 6, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 85 (FM 85) is located in Ellis, Navarro, and Henderson counties. It runs from I-45 and US 287 in Ennis to SH 274.
FM 85 was designated on October 6, 1943, from Mabank to SH 274. On June 28, 1945, a section from SH 198 to Prairieville was added, creating a concurrency with SH 198. On July 14, 1949, a section from FM 47 to Prairieville and a second section from SH 274 west 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to west of Aley were added. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended westward and northward to the Kaufman–Henderson county line. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended northward to FM 988 at Lively. On October 30, 1961, the road was rerouted to run from US 75 (now I-45) to US 175: the section of FM 85 from FM 47 south to SH 198 was transferred to FM 90, the section of FM 85 from US 175 at Mabank south to then-FM 1250 was also transferred to FM 90, the section from then-FM 1129 north to then-FM 988 (which became part of FM 148 that day) was transferred to FM 2613, FM 662 was combined, the section of FM 1129 from then-FM 662 to then-FM 85 was transferred to FM 85, and FM 1250 was combined. On January 1, 1978, the section from I-45 south of Ennis northeast 0.3 miles (0.48 km) was redesignated FM 3413, while FM 85 was rerouted over the old route of FM 3413. On December 14, 1989, the section from SH 274 to US 175 was transferred to SH 334.
FM 86
Farm to Market Road 86LocationCaldwell and Bastrop countiesLength20.702 mi (33.317 km)ExistedAugust 24, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 86 (FM 86) is located in Caldwell and Bastrop counties.
FM 86 begins at the intersection of US 183 and FM 2984 in northern Luling. The route travels primarily to the northeast through unincorporated Caldwell County. It ends just north of the Bastrop County line, at an intersection with FM 20 near Red Rock, in the community of Bateman.
FM 86 was designated on August 24, 1943, replacing the entirety of SH 311. At the time SH 311 was designated, the section of FM 20 north of Lockhart was part of SH 21.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 86KML is from Wikidata
FM 87
Farm to Market Road 87LocationFannin CountyLength2.375 mi (3.822 km)ExistedMarch 24, 1993–present
Farm to Market Road 87 (FM 87) is located in Fannin County. It runs from US 82 near Bonham to SH 56.
FM 87 was designated on March 24, 1993, from US 82 west of Bonham north 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to a county road intersection. On August 25, 1994, the road was extended north 0.3 miles (0.48 km) to a prison facility and a second proposed prison facility (the TDC Choice Moore Unit and Buster Cole State Jail). On June 26, 2008, the road was extended north to US 82.
FM 87 (1943)
Farm to Market Road 87LocationAndrews, Martin, and Howard countiesExistedOctober 6, 1943–August 29, 1990
Ranch to Market Road 87 (RM 87) was designated on October 6, 1943, from Andrews west 16.0 miles (25.7 km). On July 16, 1945, the road was extended east from Andrews to the Martin County line. The same day the road was extended east to SH 137 near Lenorah, and also on the same day the road was extended east to the Howard County line. On August 22, 1945, the road was extended west to the Texas/New Mexico state line. On May 25, 1946, the designation was changed to RM 87. On January 22, 1947, the road was extended east to Big Spring. Parts were SH 262 before 1939. On September 23, 1953, FM 87 was signed (but not designated) as SH 176. FM 87 was cancelled on August 29, 1990 as the SH 176 designation became official.
FM 88
Farm to Market Road 88LocationWillacy and Hidalgo countiesLength28.256 mi (45.474 km)ExistedNovember 15, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 88 (FM 88) is located in Willacy and Hidalgo counties. It runs from SH 186 south to US 281 west of Progresso.
FM 88 was designated on November 15, 1943, from SH 186 south to SH 107 in Elsa. FM 88 was the first farm-to-market route designated in Hidalgo County. On May 18, 1944, FM 88 was extended south via Weslaco (where it intersects US 83) to US 281 in Progresso. On September 22, 1953, FM 88 was extended south to the Rio Grande, replacing FM 2067. On October 24, 1963, the section of FM 88 south of US 281 was transferred to FM 1015. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 83 to US 281 was redesignated Urban Road 88 (UR 88). The designation of this section reverted to FM 88 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
FM 89
Farm to Market Road 89LocationTaylor CountyLength32.198 mi (51.818 km)ExistedDecember 16, 1943–present
Farm to Market Road 89 (FM 89) is located in Taylor County. It runs from FM 126 near Nolan to US 83/US 84 in Abilene.
FM 89 starts just east of the Nolan–Taylor county line. The highway straddles the Callahan Divide, surrounded by wind turbines. At Abilene State Park, the terrain becomes flatter, as the road comes into Buffalo Gap. When coming into Buffalo Gap, FM 89 winds through town then continues northward toward Abilene. Upon entering the Wylie portion of Abilene, FM 89 becomes locally known as Buffalo Gap Road, and continues with this designation past the Mall of Abilene to the Winters Freeway, where FM 89 ends. Buffalo Gap Road continues northward.
FM 89 was designated on December 16, 1943, from US 83/84 to Lake Abilene State Park. On November 10, 1947, the section from Abilene to Buffalo Gap was transferred to FM 613. On June 17, 1965, FM 89 regained its lost section, replacing a section of FM 613, but signage was not changed until January 1, 1966. On May 5, 1966, FM 89 was extended west 3.3 miles (5.3 km). On June 2, 1967, it was extended northwestward 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On July 11, 1968, it was extended west to US 277 and FM 2928. On August 2, 1968, it was extended west to FM 126, replacing FM 2928. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 707 to US 83/US 84 was redesignated Urban Road 89 (UR 89). The designation of this section reverted to FM 89 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
In January 2022, construction began to upgrade a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) section of FM 89 in Abilene. Plans to improve the roadway had been included as part of the city's transportation plan as early as 1995 and were necessitated by increased development in the southern part of the city. The project is scheduled to be completed in March 2024.
FM 90
Farm to Market Road 90LocationKaufman and Van Zandt countiesLength13.209 mi (21.258 km)ExistedMarch 30, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 90 (FM 90) is a 13.2-mile-long (21.2 km) route located in Kaufman and Van Zandt counties.
The road begins at an intersection with SH 198 in Mabank, and heads north towards Prairieville. North of there, the road turns northeast to its northern terminus, an intersection with FM 47/FM 3227 near Whitton.
FM 90 was formed on March 30, 1944, from SH 31 in Malakoff to Cross Roads. On October 30, 1961, FM 90 replaced a section of FM 316 from SH 31 to its current southern terminus. FM 90 also replaced FM 1617 from FM 316 to FM 85 (now SH 334). It also replaced a section of FM 85 from FM 47 to what was then FM 1617. On May 19, 1983, the section from Mabank to Malakoff was transferred to SH 198 and the section from Malakoff to Cross Roads was renumbered as FM 3441.
FM 91
Farm to Market Road 91LocationHardeman and Wilbarger countiesLength26.131 mi (42.054 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 91 (FM 91) is located in Hardeman and Wilbarger counties. It runs from FM 1167 near Medicine Mound to US 283.
FM 91 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 287 in Chillicothe via Odell to US 283. On July 15, 1949, the highway was extended south 6.0 miles (9.7 km) with a spur connection west 1.0 mile (1.6 km) added. On October 26, 1954, FM 91 was rerouted over the spur connection and was extended to FM 1167 at Medicine Mound, while the old route south was renumbered FM 392. On April 29, 1959, a spur connection in Medicine Mound, designated FM Spur 91, was added.
FM 92
Farm to Market Road 92LocationTyler and Hardin countiesLength38.946 mi (62.678 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 92 (FM 92) is located in Tyler and Hardin counties. It runs from US 96 at Silsbee to 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of US 190.
FM 92 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 96 (this section became Loop 498 on November 30, 1978, and it is now Bus. US 96) in Silsbee northward to US 190. On May 7, 1970, FM 92 was extended north 2.2 miles (3.5 km) from US 190. On August 28, 1991, the FM 92 designation was extended north to RE 255; however, this extension is not yet constructed.
Town Bluff, one of the earliest settlements in Tyler County, is located along FM 92.
The road is mentioned in the ZZ Top song "Avalon Hideaway" on the 1976 album Tejas.
FM 93
Farm to Market Road 93LocationBell CountyLength15.921 mi (25.622 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present
Farm to Market Road 93 (FM 93) is located in Bell County. It runs from FM 439 to US 190 at Heidenheimer.
FM 93 was designated on June 2, 1967, from FM 817 east to I-35. On January 31, 1974, the road was extended east to US 190 at Heidenheimer and west to FM 439, replacing all of FM 2748 west of SH 317, a section of FM 817, a section of FM 1741 (new road built; old road is now Taylors Valley Road), and all of FM 2618, but signing of FM 2618 as FM 93 did not start until the construction of FM 2618 was completed. On June 27, 1995, the section between FM 439 and FM 1741 was redesignated Urban Road 93 (UR 93). The designation of this section reverted to FM 93 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.
Junction list
The entire route is in Bell County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 FM 439 – Killeen
Belton5.08.0 Loop 121
6.09.7 SH 317 south (Main Street)South end of SH 317 overlap
6.310.1 SH 317 north (North Main Street) – UMHBNorth end of SH 317 overlap
7.311.7 I-35 / US 190 (Future I-14) – Waco, AustinI-35 exit 294B
Temple10.917.5 FM 1741 north (31st Street)
14.523.3 SH 95 – Temple, HollandInterchange
15.725.3 US 190 (Future I-14) / SH 36 – Temple, CameronInterchange
16.226.1 Bus. US 190
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
RM 93 (1944)
Ranch to Market Road 93LocationTravis, Blanco, Burnet, and Llano countiesExistedFebruary 11, 1944–September 1, 1965
A previous route numbered Ranch to Market Road 93 (RM 93) was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 290 at or near Austin to US 281 south of Marble Falls. On September 28, 1949, RM 93 was extended northwest to SH 16 at Llano. On October 24, 1955, RM 93 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 71. RM 93 was cancelled on September 1, 1965, and officially transferred to SH 71, as that route was extended further west to Brady.
FM 94
Farm to Market Road 94LocationChildress, Hall, Cottle, and Motley countiesLength50.849 mi (81.834 km)ExistedFebruary 11, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 94 (FM 94) is located in the Texas Panhandle. It runs from US 62/US 83 south of Childress to SH 70 in Matador. A spur connection, FM Spur 94, connects to US 62/US 70 in Matador.
FM 94 was designated on February 11, 1944, from Childress west to Tell. On March 18, 1947, a section of War Highway 16 (which was already part of FM 94) from US 83 west 1.75 miles (2.82 km) was added to FM 94, and FM 94 was extended to US 287 in Childress, replacing Loop 146. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 17.8 miles (28.6 km) south to Northfield. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended southwest 6.5 miles (10.5 km), and another 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest on October 26, 1954. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended southwest 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to US 70 in Matador. On December 14, 1959, the section of FM 94 north of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 2042, and FM 94 was rerouted over the old route of FM 2042. One section of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 164 on September 5, 1973, and another section north to FM 164 was transferred to FM 3468 on August 4, 1988. On January 2, 1962, FM Spur 94, connecting to SH 70 in Matador, was added. On September 24, 2007, by district request, FM 94 was routed over FM Spur 94 to SH 70 while FM Spur 94 was rerouted over the former route of FM 94 to US 62/US 70. On October 25, 2012, the road was realigned on a new route west of FM 2042; the former route was turned over to Childress County.
FM 95
Farm to Market Road 95LocationRusk and Nacogdoches countiesLength52.562 mi (84.590 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 95 (FM 95) is located in Rusk and Nacogdoches counties. It runs from FM 1798 in Minden south to SH 103.
FM 95 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 59 in Garrison to the Nacogdoches–Rusk county line. On May 7, 1948, FM 95 was extended northwest to SH 26 (now US 259) west of Minden. On December 10, 1951, FM 95 was extended northwest to FM 839, replacing FM 1716 (the connecting section was designated on November 20). On January 27, 1953, the section west of FM 1798 was transferred to FM 1798. On June 18, 1964, FM 95 was extended south to SH 103, replacing FM 1274. Part of what was FM 1274 was originally numbered FM 1863.
FM 96
Farm to Market Road 96LocationCass CountyLength11.834 mi (19.045 km)ExistedMay 23, 1951–present
Farm to Market Road 96 (FM 96) is located in Cass County. It runs from SH 77 north and southeast to US 59.
FM 96 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 77 northward 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to Antioch. On January 23, 1953, FM 96 was extended north and southeast to US 59.
FM 96 (1944)
Farm to Market Road 96LocationEastland CountyExistedApril 19, 1944–May 17, 1948
A previous route numbered FM 96 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Gorman to Desdemona in Eastland County. FM 96 was cancelled on May 17, 1948, and became a portion of FM 8.
FM 97
Farm to Market Road 97LocationFloyd and Motley countiesLength35.623 mi (57.330 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 97 (FM 97) is located in Floyd and Motley counties. It runs from SH 70 west to US 70 in Lockney.
FM 97 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 18 (now SH 70) westward to Flomot. On June 11, 1945, FM 97 was extended west to the Motley–Floyd county line. On December 2, 1953, FM 97 was extended west to SH 207, replacing FM 785. On March 24, 1958, FM 97 was extended west and south to Loop 75 in Lockney, replacing FM 135 (although it remained signed as FM 135 until the 1959 travel map was released). Later, FM 97 was rerouted west to US 70, with the old route to Loop 75 being redesignated as a spur connection. On January 20, 1964, the spur connection to Lockney was cancelled because it was already part of FM 378 (which had extended north from what is now FM 37 on December 21, 1959).
FM 98
Farm to Market Road 98LocationFoard and Wilbarger countiesLength20.374 mi (32.789 km)ExistedMay 18, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 98 (FM 98) is located in Foard and Wilbarger counties. It runs from SH 6 near Crowell northeast to US 70
FM 98 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 70 in Crowell northeast to Margaret. On October 28, 1953, FM 98 was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Margaret. On November 1, 1955, FM 98 was extended east to US 70, replacing FM 2183 (connecting section designated September 21, 1955). On September 29, 1977, FM 98 was extended south and west to SH 6.
FM 99
Farm to Market Road 99LocationKarnes, Atascosa, Live Oak, and McMullen countiesLength53.902 mi (86.747 km)ExistedApril 19, 1944–present
Farm to Market Road 99 (FM 99) is located in Karnes, Atascosa, Live Oak, and McMullen counties. It runs from FM 1144 in Karnes City to a road intersection 4 miles (6.4 km) south of SH 72.
FM 99 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Karnes City to the Karnes–Atascosa county line. On May 15, 1946, FM 99 was extended west to Fashing. On October 23, 1948, another section from US 281 (now Bus. US 281) at Whitsett north to the Live Oak–Atascosa county line was added, creating a gap. On September 19, 1951, the sections were connected, closing the gap. On October 28, 1953, FM 99 was extended southwest to the Live Oak–McMullen county line. On October 27, 1954, FM 99 was extended south to FM 63 (which became part of SH 72 on December 15, 1960) in Calliham, replacing FM 2153. On March 27, 1981, a section of FM 99 was closed as it would be inundated by Choke Canyon Reservoir, so FM 99 was rerouted on a new alignment west and extended south to a road intersection 4.0 miles (6.4 km) miles south of SH 72, replacing FM 1106. SH 72 was also rerouted around the reservoir.
Notes
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 9 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 80 in Waskom.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 16 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 110 in Van.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 36 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 66 and US 380.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 40 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 207.
^ RM 42 was originally designated as FM 42 from 1948 to 1959.
^ RM 43 was originally designated as FM 43 from 1942 to 1945.
^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 93 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 317.
References
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^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 78". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 79". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 80". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 81". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 82". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 83". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 84". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Google (July 17, 2018). "Route of FM 84" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 85". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 86". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1789. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1790. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1741. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1691. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 311". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 87". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Texas State Highway Department (January 22, 1947). "Minutes of the 376th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 88". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Snyder, J. F. (1987). "History of the Texas Highway Department in Hidalgo County, 1922 to 1968" (PDF). State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 89". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Gutschke, Laura (January 11, 2022). "Buffalo Gap Road 2-year improvement project is underway". Abilene Reporter-News. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 90". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
^ Google (September 10, 2012). "FM 90" (Map). Google Maps. Google Maps. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 91". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 92". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Biesele, Megan: Town Bluff, TX from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
^ "Avalon Hideaway" on YouTube
^ "ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com". www.lyrics.com.
^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 93". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Google (January 14, 2019). "Route of FM 93" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 71". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 94". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ Texas State Highway Department (February 11, 1944). "Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 95". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 96". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 97". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 98". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 99". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (1–99)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_State_Park_and_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Ranch Road 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_Road_1"},{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"East Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_96_(Texas)"}],"text":"For the road in central Texas serving the area of Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site, see Ranch Road 1.Farm to Market Road 1 (FM 1) is located in Sabine and San Augustine counties. Designated in 1941, it was the first farm-to-market road established in Texas, at the request of local industry for a paved road. The 18.6-mile (29.9 km) road provides access to rural areas of East Texas from US 96.","title":"FM 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2-2"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Criminal Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Criminal_Justice"},{"link_name":"O.L. Luther Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.L._Luther_Unit"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"FM 362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_362"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MapBook539-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Farm_to_Market_Roads_in_Texas_(1%E2%80%9399)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"TxDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TxDOT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2 (FM 2) is located in Grimes County.[2]FM 2 begins at CR 237 in Courtney, approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the Washington County line at the Brazos River. It travels along the northeastern edge of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's O.L. Luther Unit and crosses SH 6. It continues east, passing several prison farms, before ending at FM 362.[2][3]FM 2 was designated on July 29, 1941, from Courtney east to SH 6. The designation was extended by approximately 4.4 miles (7.1 km) to FM 362 on May 2, 1962.[2]As of 2017[update], TxDOT plans to convert the at-grade intersection with SH 6, regarded as dangerous,[4] into a diamond interchange.[5][needs update]","title":"FM 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_39"},{"link_name":"Normangee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normangee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1333-7"},{"link_name":"Hilltop Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltop_Lakes,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_977"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1278-8"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1278-8"},{"link_name":"SH OSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_OSR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3-6"},{"link_name":"SH 265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_265_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_3-6"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 3 (FM 3) is located in southwestern Leon County. Its southern terminus is at FM 39 in Normangee. It travels to the west, providing access to Normangee City Park, prior to turning north.[7] It passes the unincorporated community of Hilltop Lakes before intersecting FM 977.[8] FM 3 reaches its northern terminus at US 79.[6][8]A 0.4-mile-long (0.64 km) spur connection, FM Spur 3, connects FM 3 in central Normangee to SH OSR to the south.[6]FM 3 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Normangee westward to Normangee City Park, as a replacement for SH 265. The route was lengthened to the northwest, first on August 25, 1949, to FM 977, and then on August 1, 1970, to its present terminus at US 79; this extension replaced part of FM 977. The spur connection was designated on November 26, 1969.[6]","title":"FM 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palo Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grandview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jacksboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_4-9"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 4 (FM 4) is located in Johnson, Hood, Palo Pinto, and Jack counties. It runs from Grandview north and west to Jacksboro.[9]","title":"FM 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1187"},{"link_name":"Aledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aledo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_704-11"},{"link_name":"Annetta South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annetta_South"},{"link_name":"Annetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annetta"},{"link_name":"Annetta North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annetta_North"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Willow Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_5-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_703-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_661-13"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 131","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_131"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_131-14"},{"link_name":"FM 1545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1545"},{"link_name":"FM 2376","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2376"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_5-10"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 5 (FM 5) is located in Parker County. It begins at FM 1187 at Aledo.[11] The route briefly travels to the south before turning west and entering Annetta South. It then turns to the north and passes through Annetta and Annetta North. FM 5 ends at I-20 at its exit 415 in Willow Park.[10][12] The roadway continues under local jurisdiction as Mikus Road.[13]FM 5 was designated on March 26, 1942, from Aledo due north to US 80, replacing Spur 131.[14] On December 10, 1946, it was extended south and west 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection at Annetta. On June 28, 1963, it was extended north to Willow Park, replacing FM 1545. On December 20, 1984, the section north of what was then FM 2376 was transferred to FM 1187, along with FM 2376 itself.[10]","title":"FM 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_78"},{"link_name":"Lavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Josephine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"Caddo Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_Spur_115-16"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 6 (FM 6) is located in Collin and Hunt counties. The road is 11.5 miles (18.5 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 78 just north of Lavon. From there, it goes east, passing through Nevada and Josephine. The eastern terminus is at SH 66 in Caddo Mills.FM 6 was designated on March 26, 1942, as a 4.2 miles (6.8 km) from Caddo Mills to Josephine as a replacement for State Spur 115.[16] On July 19, 1945, it was extended west to 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada, and another segment was added from Nevada to Lavon. On September 26, 1945, FM 6 was extended from 1.3 miles (2.1 km) east of Nevada to Nevada, connecting the two sections.","title":"FM 6"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 7 (FM 7) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 7 designation.","title":"FM 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan,_TX"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_108-17"},{"link_name":"Granbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granbury,_TX"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_7-18"}],"sub_title":"FM 7 (1942–1949)","text":"FM 7 was originally designated on March 26, 1942, as a highway from Lipan to US 281 as a replacement for Spur 108.[17] On June 5, 1945, the road was extended southeast to Granbury.[18] FM 7 was cancelled on October 23, 1949, and became a portion of FM 4.","title":"FM 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rockwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland,_TX"},{"link_name":"Rockwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwall,_TX"},{"link_name":"Royse City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royse_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Highway_66-19"}],"sub_title":"FM 7 (1951–1961)","text":"The second use of the FM 7 designation was in Dallas and Rockwall counties, from Garland to Rockwall over a former routing of US 67. On June 16, 1957, the road was extended east over old US 67 to Royse City. FM 7 was cancelled on November 30, 1961, and was redesignated as part of SH 66, which also replaced more of old US 67.[19]","title":"FM 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Erath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erath_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lingleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingleville,_TX"},{"link_name":"SH 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_68"},{"link_name":"FM 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_96"},{"link_name":"Desdemona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desdemona,_TX&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorman,_TX"},{"link_name":"SH 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_108_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_6_(Texas)"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 8 (FM 8) is located in Eastland and Erath counties. The road is 34.8 miles (56.0 km) long.The route was designated on March 26, 1942, from Lingleville east to Stephenville, replacing SH 68. On July 19, 1945, the route was extended westward to the Eastland County line. On December 21, 1945, FM 8 was extended further westward to the end of FM 96 in Desdemona. On May 17, 1948, the route was extended further westward, reaching Gorman, which was the original endpoint of SH 68, replacing FM 96. The highway was extended west 2.8 miles (4.5 km) on May 26, 1957. The highway was extended east on May 6, 1964, from SH 108 to US 281. The highway was extended west to its current terminus on October 26, 1983, over the previous routing of SH 6.","title":"FM 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_803-23"},{"link_name":"Waskom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskom,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_762-24"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_80"},{"link_name":"Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhorn_Army_Ammunition_Plant"},{"link_name":"Caddo Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Lake"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_719-25"},{"link_name":"Elysian Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysian_Fields,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_451"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_9-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 9 (FM 9) is located in Panola and Harrison counties. It is approximately 25 miles (40 km) in length.FM 9 begins at an intersection with US 79 in the unincorporated community of Panola.[22] The route travels north into Waskom, where it crosses I-20; access from I-20 is provided via exit 633 (eastbound) and 635 (westbound).[23] The route has a brief concurrency with US 80 before turning back toward the north. FM 9 straddles the east side of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant before ending near the south shore of Caddo Lake.[24]The current FM 9 was designated on May 23, 1951. The original route was the segment from US 79 to FM 451 near Elysian Fields. The highway was extended to US 80 in Waskom on November 18, 1953, replacing a section of FM 451,[21] and further north to 4.8 miles (7.7 km) north of US 80 on May 5, 1966, and to 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south of FM 1999 on June 2, 1967. On July 11, 1968, the highway was extended north to FM 1999 and FM 2457. On August 5, 1968, FM 2457 was combined, extending FM 9 to its current terminus.[25]","title":"FM 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_137"},{"link_name":"SH 349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_349"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_9-21"}],"sub_title":"FM 9 (1942)","text":"A previous FM 9 was formed from Midland south 12.0 miles (19.3 km) on March 26, 1942, when the route was designated from part of SH 137. On August 3, 1943, that route was redesignated as part of SH 349. This was the first Farm to Market Road to be cancelled. That routing has no connection to the current designation.[21]","title":"FM 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panola County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_999"},{"link_name":"Gary City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniels,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 2517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2517"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_Business_(Carthage,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 10 (FM 10) is located in Panola County. The road is 10.0 miles (16.1 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with FM 999 in Gary City. From there, it goes north to Daniels. Just north of Daniels, there is a brief concurrency with FM 2517. After, it continues north towards the northern terminus at Bus. US 79 in Carthage.FM 10 was designated on May 23, 1951, along the current route.","title":"FM 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Zavalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavalla,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_147"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_10-27"}],"sub_title":"FM 10 (1942)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 10 was designated on March 26, 1942, from San Augustine to a point on SH 63 near Zavalla as a replacement of SH 147. FM 10 was cancelled on September 9, 1947, and changed back to SH 147.[26]","title":"FM 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_18"},{"link_name":"Grandfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfalls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Girvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_847"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 11 (FM 11) is located in Ward, Crane, and Pecos counties. The 51.6-mile (83.0 km) road begins at SH 18 in Grandfalls and passes through Imperial and Girvin before terminating at I-10 in Bakersfield.The road was designated in 1942 between Grandfalls and Imperial and has been incrementally lengthened over the years incorporating a former route of FM 847 before the road was completed in 1975. The road crosses US 67 and US 385 in Girvin.","title":"FM 11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_RM_12-29"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_32"},{"link_name":"Wimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimberley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Woodcreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcreek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dripping Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dripping_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_290_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"RM 3238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_3238"},{"link_name":"Bee Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Cave,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_80"},{"link_name":"RM 3238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_3238"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_RM_12-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_8_Bond-30"},{"link_name":"San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3407"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"SH 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_80"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TxDOT_FM_3407-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portion_of_Ranch_Road_12_to_become_'Old_Ranch_Road_12'-32"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 12 (RM 12) is located in Hays and Travis counties. It is 37.9 miles (61.0 km) in length.[28]The southern terminus of RM 12 is in San Marcos at I-35 exit 202. From there, it proceeds along Wonder World Drive along the far west edge of San Marcos. RM 12 continues west from San Marcos to intersect with RM 32 (at \"The Junction\") and then heads north to Wimberley. RM 12 then continues through Woodcreek to Dripping Springs, where it crosses US 290. From there, it continues north through the community of Fitzhugh to its terminus at RM 3238 (Hamilton Pool Road), approximately six miles west of Bee Cave.RM 12 was formed from the segment of SH 80 from San Marcos to Wimberley on March 26, 1942. On May 31, 1945, it was extended north to Dripping Springs. On December 19, 1963, it was extended again, from Loop 82 to I-35. On June 2, 1967, it was extended north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to a road intersection. On May 30, 1987, it was extended north to RM 3238 and a county road.[28]A planned expansion of RM 12 between Dripping Springs and Wimberley to a four- and five-lane divided highway was defeated as part of a county bond election in 2007.[29]Following the opening of San Marcos's Wonder World Drive extension project, state and local officials redesignated Wonder World Drive, previously designated FM 3407, as part of RM 12, moving the southern terminus to SH 123. The original portion of RM 12 through San Marcos was redesignated as an extension of SH 80 on the state highway system on June 24, 2010.\n[30][31]","title":"RM 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_135"},{"link_name":"Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_42"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_Business_(Henderson,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"Bus. SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64_Business"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henry's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%27s_Chapel,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"FM 1089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1089"},{"link_name":"FM 856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_856"},{"link_name":"Loop 571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_571"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_884-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler_map-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henderson_map-37"},{"link_name":"SH 324","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_324"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_324-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Price-39"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_13-33"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_324-38"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_13-33"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 13 (FM 13) is a 20.5-mile (33.0 km) road, located in Smith, Cherokee. and Rusk counties, that begins at SH 135 in Troup and travels eastward with a major intersection at SH 42 in Price before terminating at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64 in Henderson. The road also passes through the town of Henry's Chapel.FM 13 begins in Troup at SH 135 in Smith County.[33] The road proceeds along E. Duval Street and then turns south along S. Price Street. The road then turns to the southeast along the edge of town before FM 1089 branches off to the west near the Cherokee County line. The route continues to the southeast to Henry's Chapel where FM 856 branches to the south. The road then goes to the northeast and enters Rusk County before crossing SH 42 in Price. The road then proceeds eastward toward Henderson and intersects Loop 571 west of town. The road enters Henderson following W. Main St. until it terminates at Bus. US 79 and Bus. SH 64.[34]The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.[35][36]The route that would become FM 13 was designated as SH 324 between Henderson and Carlisle on October 30, 1939.[37] The town of Carlisle was renamed Price the following year.[38] The highway was redesignated FM 13 on March 26, 1942.[32][37] A second, discontinuous segment of the road was designated on June 11, 1945, between Troup and the Cherokee–Rusk county line west of Price, and the uniting segment from that county line to Price was designated on February 20, 1946.[32]","title":"FM 13"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_323"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Shady Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Grove,_Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"Winnsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkins,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_270"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_270-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_14-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_270-41"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_14-40"},{"link_name":"Spur 147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_147"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 14 (FM 14) is a 39.7-mile (63.9 km) road, located in Smith and Wood counties. It begins at Loop 323 in Tyler and travels northward with a major intersection at I-20 near Shady Grove before terminating at SH 154 south of Winnsboro. The road also passes through the town of Hawkins. The road was designated in 1942.FM 14 begins in Tyler at State Loop 323 in Smith County. The road proceeds along State Park Highway through Shady Grove (where it intersects Interstate 20) and Red Springs, where it turns to the northeast. The road then turns to the north, crossing into Wood County and passing through Hawkins, where it intersects US 80. It continues north through the towns of Pine Mills and Oak Grove to the northern terminus at SH 154.FM 14 was designated as SH 270 between Tyler and Sand Flat on June 21, 1938.[40] The highway was redesignated FM 14 on March 26, 1942.[39][40] The road was extended to SH 154 on June 11, 1945, and to the current northern terminus on July 14, 1949.[39] On May 31, 1966, the portion from Spur 147 to US 271 became an extension of Spur 147. The road was rerouted east to US 271 on September 27, 1971. The portion from Loop 323 to US 271 was redesignated Urban Road 14 (UR 14) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 14 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_135"},{"link_name":"Troup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Salem-44"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Wright City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_883-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_841-46"},{"link_name":"SH 269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_269"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_269-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_15-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_269-47"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 15 (FM 15) is a 10.3-mile (16.6 km) route in Smith County. From its western terminus at SH 135 in Troup, it runs eastward along East Bryant Street. Outside the city limits, it continues eastward before turning to the north and then to the northeast in the community of Salem.[43] The eastern terminus of FM 15 is at SH 64 in Wright City.[44][45]The route that is currently FM 15 was designated as SH 269 on June 21, 1938.[46] It was redesignated FM 15 on March 26, 1942.[42][46]","title":"FM 15"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lindale_May_2018_21_(Hubbard_Street_and_Main_Street).jpg"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"Lindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_16-48"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Colfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"Garden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Valley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hideaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaway,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindale,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Winona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_16-48"},{"link_name":"SH 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_243"}],"text":"FM 16 as Hubbard Street at the intersection with US 69 in LindaleFarm to Market Road 16 (FM 16) is located in Van Zandt and Smith counties. The road is 42 miles (68 km) long.[47]The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 just west of Colfax. From there, it goes east through Colfax and Van, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. From Van, the road continues east along SH 110 passing through the towns of Garden Valley, Hideaway, Lindale, Red Springs, and Winona, where it has a brief concurrency with SH 155. From Winona, the road continues east to the eastern terminus at US 271.[47]FM 16 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Colfax to Van, replacing a part of SH 243. The road was extended to the current western terminus just west of Colfax and eastward to Lindale on June 11, 1945, creating a concurrency with SH 110. The road was extended east to Winona on February 14, 1947, and extended to its current length on October 29, 1948.","title":"FM 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_17-50"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"Grand Saline, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Saline,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_515"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"Yantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_17-50"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2225"},{"link_name":"FM 2966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2966"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_Reservoir"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 17 (FM 17) is located in Van Zandt and Wood counties. The road is 34.6 miles (55.7 km) long.[48]The road begins at an intersection with SH 64 near Canton. From there, it goes northeast, intersecting I-20 at an interchange. The road continues on to SH 110 in Grand Saline, Texas. The road then follows SH 110 to US 80. The road follows US 80 before heading northeast and north to FM 515. The road follows FM 515 east and then heads north and east to SH 154 in Yantis.[48]FM 17 was formed on March 26, 1942, from Grand Saline to Alba, replacing a part of SH 110. The road was extended southwest 7.0 miles (11.3 km) on January 11, 1945. On June 11 of that year, the road was extended southwest to Canton, its current southern terminus. The road was extended to Yantis on December 17, 1947. The road was extended along old US 69 in Alba on October 26, 1954. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Yantis. On October 11, 1961, the section from Yantis east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) was transferred to FM 2225. This section of FM 2225 became part of FM 2966 on October 6, 1980, due to construction of Lake Fork Reservoir, which caused some parts of FM 2225 to be inundated and also resulted in FM 17 being relocated along FM 515 over Lake Fork Reservoir, as the old route was inundated (part is now part of FM 514 and FM Spur 514).","title":"FM 17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Abilene Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Callahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird,_Texas"},{"link_name":"BL I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_Business_(Baird,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 18 (FM 18) is located in Taylor and Callahan counties. It is approximately 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.FM 18 begins at an intersection with SH 36 in Abilene near Abilene Regional Airport. The highway leaves the city limits and enters Callahan County at Elmdale Road. The highway runs east and enters Clyde near FM 1707. FM 18 has an interchange with FM 604 before running through town on South 1st Street before turning at a nearly 90 degree angle onto Stephens Street. The highway makes another turn at FM 258 before leaving the town. FM 18 runs east to Baird where it ends at an intersection with BL I-20.The current route was designated on September 19, 1951, from a segment of US 80.[49] The section from SH 36 to Elmdale Community was redesignated Urban Road 18 (UR 18) on June 27, 1995. The designation reverted to FM 18 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_208"},{"link_name":"Colorado City, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"Robert Lee, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"},{"link_name":"SH 208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_208"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_18-51"}],"sub_title":"RM 18 (1942)","text":"RM 18 was formed on March 26, 1942, from part of SH 208 from Colorado City, Texas south 6.0 miles (9.7 km).[49] On April 29, 1942, another section was added from Robert Lee, Texas north 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to the county road to Sanco.[49] On November 18, 1944, the gap between 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles north of Robert Lee and 6.0 miles (9.7 km) miles south of Colorado City was filled.[49] This route was cancelled on April 23, 1947, when it became an extension of SH 208.[49]","title":"FM 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Neches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_19-52"},{"link_name":"FM 2574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2574"},{"link_name":"Neches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Todd City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_272"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 19 (FM 19) is located in Anderson County. The road is 13.4 miles (21.6 km) (21.5 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 155 in Frankston. From there, it goes south to Neches, via Todd City.[50] The southern terminus is at FM 2574.FM 19 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a route between Neches and Todd City. It was extended north to Frankston on May 19 of that year. On October 24, 1944, the portion from Todd City to Frankston was canceled due to the extension of SH 155 to Palestine. On December 17, 1952, FM 19 was extended back from Todd City to Frankston. The original section from had been designated as SH 272 on June 21, 1938, while it was being built. When the route was built some time after September 26, 1939, SH 272 was cancelled, meaning the road was already built at the time FM 19 was designated.","title":"FM 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_183"},{"link_name":"Fentress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentress,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_20-53"},{"link_name":"FM 621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_621"},{"link_name":"FM 964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_964"},{"link_name":"FM 621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_621"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT_FM_20-53"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 20 (FM 20) is located in Bastrop, Caldwell, and Guadalupe counties. The road is 54.2 miles (87.2 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 71 just west of Bastrop. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Red Rock. At Lockhart, it becomes concurrent with US 183 for a 0.1-mile segment, then turns off to the west on State Park Road. It continues southwest, passing through Fentress, until its southern terminus at SH 123 just north of Seguin.FM 20 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Bastrop southwestward to Lockhart (this was part of SH 21 before 1939).[51] On April 18, 1958, it was extended southwest to FM 621, replacing FM 964. Six days later, it was extended southwest to just north of Seguin, replacing a section of FM 621. However, the signs did not change until the 1959 Texas Travel Map was released to the public; On October 31, 1958, around the time the signs were changed, the current FM 964 was designated.[51]","title":"FM 20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Lake Bob Sandlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Bob_Sandlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bob_Sandlin_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bob_Sandlin_State_Park-55"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Blodgett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blodgett,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell,_Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_21-54"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 21 (FM 21) is located in Franklin, Titus, and Camp counties. It is approximately 15.9 miles (25.6 km) long.FM 21 begins at an intersection with SH 11. It then proceeds through a relatively empty, farming area of Camp County. After approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 km), FM 21 crosses Lake Bob Sandlin. The bridge that crosses Lake Bob Sandlin is approximately a half a mile long (0.8 km). After crossing the lake, FM 21 passes Lake Bob Sandlin State Park.[53] The road then passes through the unincorporated community of Blodgett. After this, FM 21 passes through a long stretch of open farmland before passing through Hopewell and continues to its northern terminus of SH 37.FM 21 was designated on April 29, 1942, as a 5.5-mile (8.9 km) road traveling from SH 11 to around Lake Bob Sandlin State Park. Later that day, another segment from created from SH 37 through Hopewell to Macon (erroneously shown as FM 28 on one administration order), creating a gap in the route. The gap was filled on June 11, 1945.[52]","title":"FM 21"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_22-56"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_940-57"},{"link_name":"Turney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turney,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gallatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_768"},{"link_name":"SH 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_110"},{"link_name":"Ponta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_22-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_999-58"},{"link_name":"FM 347","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_347"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_22-56"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 22 (FM 22) is located in north-central Cherokee County. It is approximately 9.1 miles (14.6 km) long.[54]The western terminus of FM 22 is at an intersection with US 69 in Craft.[55] The route travels east through Turney and Gallatin, where it is known as 1st Avenue and has a brief concurrency with FM 768. FM 22 continues eastward and ends at an intersection with SH 110 south of the community of Ponta.[54][56]FM 22 was commissioned on April 29, 1942, along the current route. On May 7, 1970, a section west of US 69 at Craft, connecting to FM 347 south of Jacksonville, was added, increasing the length by 1.2 miles (1.9 km). This addition was removed from the state highway system on March 1, 1972, in exchange for the creation of FM 3198.[54]","title":"FM 22"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_FM_23.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_294"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1056-60"},{"link_name":"FM 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1857"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1056-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1057-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_1857-62"},{"link_name":"Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1057-61"},{"link_name":"FM 343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_343"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_999-58"},{"link_name":"Loop 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_62"},{"link_name":"FM 752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_752"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_999-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_23-59"}],"text":"FM 23 in Cherokee County.Farm to Market Road 23 (FM 23) is located in Cherokee County.FM 23 begins at an intersection with SH 294.[58] It travels through empty agricultural areas of Cherokee County, and serves as both endpoints for FM 1857.[58][59][60] FM 23 passes Russell Cemetery outside of Rusk.[59] It crosses FM 343 as it enters Rusk.[56] FM 23 travels through the city before ending at an intersection with Loop 62 and FM 752.[56]FM 23 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.[57]","title":"FM 23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nueces County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_44"},{"link_name":"Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church-64"},{"link_name":"Spur 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_407"},{"link_name":"I-37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_37"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2139-65"},{"link_name":"SH 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_9"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_24-63"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 24 (FM 24) is located in Nueces County. It is locally known as Violet Road. The highway's southern terminus is at SH 44 in Violet. It runs north into Corpus Christi, passing several churches,[62] and the small Violet Park, before intersecting Spur 407. It continues to its northern terminus at exit 11B of I-37.[63]FM 24 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 44 to Spur 407 (then SH 9). It was extended to its current length on September 5, 1973.[61]","title":"FM 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_53"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_24-63"}],"sub_title":"FM 24 (1942)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 24 was designated in Coleman County on April 29, 1942, from Coleman west to the New Central School. It was 9.5 miles (15.3 km) in length. The entire route was then cancelled on June 22, 1944, and transferred to FM 53 (now SH 153).[61]","title":"FM 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Business I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_Business_(New_Braunfels,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"New Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_46"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_351"},{"link_name":"Loop 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_337"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_46-67"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 25 (FM 25) was located in Comal and Guadalupe counties. No highway currently uses the FM 25 designation.FM 25 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 81 (now Business I-35) near New Braunfels to US 90 near Seguin. On October 28, 1960, FM 25 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 46. On June 9, 1966, the section from US 90 north to I-10 was redesignated as an extension of Spur 351 (but still signed as part of SH 46). On February 26, 1968, the section from I-35 northwest 0.26 miles (0.42 km) was transferred to SH 46 and Loop 337. The remainder of FM 25 was cancelled on September 28, 1988, and transferred to SH 46. Spur 351, which by then had been extended south to SH 123, became part of SH 46 on May 14, 1990.[65]","title":"FM 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_846"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_769-69"},{"link_name":"FM 2212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2212"},{"link_name":"FM 3263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3263"},{"link_name":"FM 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2002"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_727-70"},{"link_name":"FM 828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_828"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_684-71"},{"link_name":"FM 1742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1742"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_26-68"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 26 (FM 26) is located in Martin and Dawson counties.The southern terminus of FM 26 is at FM 846 in Martin County.[67] It runs northwest, intersecting FM 2212 in the community of Brown, before turning west. The route turns to the northwest again at its intersection with FM 3263. FM 26 is briefly concurrent FM 2002 before splitting off and entering Dawson County.[68] Continuing to the northwest, FM 26 crosses FM 828 in Sparenburg before reaching its northern terminus at US 87.[69]FM 26 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Lamesa to Sparenberg in Dawson County, and was 5.3 miles (8.5 km) in length. FM 26 was extended south 4.0 miles (6.4 km) on November 20, 1951, and to the Martin County line on March 26, 1953, adding another 0.2 miles (0.32 km); that same day, a 1.8 miles (2.9 km) farm to market road from there to FM 1742 was designated, but not yet numbered. On April 9, 1953, the road was extended southwest over the unnumbered road to FM 1742, and FM 1742 was cancelled and combined with FM 26.[66]","title":"FM 26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Wortham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wortham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortham_High_School_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_80"},{"link_name":"Kirvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirvin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fairfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_210"},{"link_name":"FM 1450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1450"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_27-72"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 27 (FM 27) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties.The western terminus of FM 27 is at SH 171. In Wortham, FM 27 passes Wortham High School before passing through downtown. It runs concurrently with FM 80 just south of Kirvin. FM 27 then enters Fairfield and reaches its eastern terminus at US 84.FM 27 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Fairfield to Wortham, approximately 18.5 miles (29.8 km). This was SH 210 before 1939. On February 15, 1950, the highway was extended from Wortham to the Limestone County line, replacing FM 1450 and adding approximately 1.6 miles (2.6 km). On September 27, 1960, FM 27 was extended by 7.4 miles (11.9 km) to its current length.[70]","title":"FM 27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty,_Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"runs concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"FM 1441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1441"},{"link_name":"FM 193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_193"},{"link_name":"FM 1472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1472"},{"link_name":"FM 2265","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2265"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_28-73"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 28 (FM 28) is located in Crosby and Floyd counties.FM 28's southern terminus is at an intersection with US 82/SH 114. From there, FM 28 heads north, then east, then north again. Turning to the northwest, it passes through Dougherty before turning to the north again to an intersection with US 62/US 70. FM 28 runs concurrently with these highways for about one mile (1.6 km) before again heading north, reaching its northern terminus at County Roads 200 and 303.FM 28 was designated in Floyd County on June 23, 1942, from US 70 to Dougherty. On July 21, 1949, FM 28 was extended to the Crosby County line, adding approximately 8.2 miles (13.2 km). On October 26, 1954, FM 28 was extended south to FM 1441 (which later became part of FM 193). On November 1, 1954, FM 28 was extended to its current southern terminus, FM 1441 was truncated, and FM 1472 was cancelled. On March 24, 1958, FM 28 was extended 5.3 miles (8.5 km) northward to its current northern terminus, as FM 2265 was cancelled and combined.[71]","title":"FM 28"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Farm to Market Road 29 (FM 29) is a designation that has been used twice. No highway currently uses the FM 29 designation.","title":"FM 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_90"},{"link_name":"Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singleton,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_39"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_29-74"}],"sub_title":"FM 29 (1942–1949)","text":"FM 29 was designated on April 29, 1942, along a road in Grimes County from SH 90 near Singleton to Iola. The road was 11.0 miles (17.7 km) long. On January 27, 1949, FM 29 was extended north to North Zulch. On May 20, 1949, the designation was cancelled, with the road becoming an extension of FM 39.[72]","title":"FM 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Val Verde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Verde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Devils River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devils_River,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Walk,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amistad Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistad_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_29-74"}],"sub_title":"FM 29 (1951–1967)","text":"The FM 29 designation was later applied to a road in Val Verde County, beginning at US 90 (later Loop 406, now Spur 406) northwest of Devils River and heading northeast to Lake Walk. When it was designated, the road was 2.12 miles (3.41 km) long; by 1965, the highway had been truncated to 1.9 miles (3.1 km). FM 29 was cancelled on October 27, 1967, because the roadway was to be inundated by Amistad Reservoir. As a result, the road was permanently closed.[72]","title":"FM 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uvalde County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvalde_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_127"},{"link_name":"Sabinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinal,_Texas"},{"link_name":"county road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_road"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 30 (FM 30) is located in Uvalde County. The road begins at SH 127 3.0 miles (4.8 km) northwest of Sabinal, and proceeds northward to end at a county road.","title":"FM 30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"Childress County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_256"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_30-75"}],"sub_title":"FM 30 (1942)","text":"The original Farm to Market Road 30, designated on April 29, 1942, ran from Memphis east to a connection with US 83 in Childress County. FM 30 was cancelled on January 7, 1948, and became part of SH 256.[73]","title":"FM 30"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Panola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panola_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"I-369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_369_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2625"},{"link_name":"FM 2199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2199"},{"link_name":"Elysian Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysian_Fields,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 451","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_451"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79"},{"link_name":"De Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Berry,_Texas"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"FM 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_123"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2517","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2517"},{"link_name":"FM 3359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3359"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"LA 765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_765"},{"link_name":"FM 998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_998"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 31 (FM 31) is located in Harrison and Panola counties. The highway begins at US 59 (Future I-369) in Marshall, turning southeast while intersecting I-20 outside the city limits. In the community of Crossroads, FM 2625 passes through while FM 2199 ends completely, all while FM 31 continues southeastward. In the town of Elysian Fields, FM 451 ends as FM 31 heads into Panola County. The highway intersects US 79 in De Berry. The road has a small concurrency with FM 123 in Carthage. Further south, FM 2517 makes a four-way intersection there, where a few miles to the east FM 3359 is formed. The highway ends at the Louisiana state line, where it becomes LA 765.FM 31 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 59 in Marshall to Elysian Fields. On June 11, 1945, it was extended southward to the Panola County line. Seven days later, it was extended south to De Berry. On November 20, 1951, it was extended south to what was then FM 998. On January 7, 1952, FM 31 was extended southward to the Louisiana state line, replacing a section of FM 123 (which was rerouted over FM 998 instead).","title":"FM 31"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Comal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comal_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3424","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3424"},{"link_name":"RM 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_12"},{"link_name":"Wimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimberley,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_232-78"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 32 (RM 32) is located in Blanco, Comal, and Hays counties. The road begins at US 281 south of Blanco, and continues east as it enters Comal County. In Fischer, FM 3424 ends there, and upon entering Hays County, the highway ends at an intersection with RM 12 in Wimberley.RM 32 was designated as State Highway 232 between SH 80 in Wimberley and US 281 on August 1, 1936. SH 80 was truncated and the western terminus became RM 12 on March 26, 1942; at the same time, SH 232 was to be redesignated as an RM road once the counties agreed to do so, which happened by April 29, 1942, when RM 32 was designated, replacing SH 232.[76]","title":"RM 32"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Glasscock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasscock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_137"},{"link_name":"Garden City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_163"},{"link_name":"FM 865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_865"},{"link_name":"RM 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1980"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_29"},{"link_name":"RM 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1800"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 33 (RM 33) is located in Howard, Glasscock, and Reagan counties. It runs from US 87, 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Big Spring, south to SH 137.RM 33 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 87 south of Big Spring south 6.4 miles (10.3 km) to the Glasscock County line. On February 11, 1944, the designation was extended south to Garden City. On June 11, 1945, the route was extended south to Big Lake. On October 29, 1948, RM 33 was extended south and east to SH 163. On July 14, 1949, it was extended east to Eldorado, replacing FM 865. By 1966, the section from RM 1980 (now US 190) to Eldorado was signed, but not designated, as SH 29, and by 1969, the section from RM 1800 south to RM 1980 was signed, but not designated, as SH 137. On June 30, 1977, the section from Eldorado west to RM 1980 (along with RM 1980 itself) was transferred to US 190. On May 16, 1984, the section of RM 33 from SH 137 south to US 190 officially became part of SH 137.The minutes of the July 14, 1949, highway commission meeting refer to this road (at least the section south of the Glasscock–Reagan county line) as Farm to Market Road 33 (FM 33), possibly in error.Junction list","title":"RM 33"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_34"},{"link_name":"Hudspeth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_192"},{"link_name":"Fort Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_34-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1235-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_34-81"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 34KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 34 (FM 34) is located in Hudspeth County.The southern terminus of FM 34 is at FM 192, approximately 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Fort Hancock. The road proceeds north for 2.6 miles (4.2 km) before ending at I-10 exit 87.[79][80]FM 34 was designated on April 29, 1942, along the current route.[79]","title":"FM 34"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwall_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"Royse City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royse_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_276"},{"link_name":"FM 1396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1396"},{"link_name":"FM 2102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2102"},{"link_name":"SH 276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_276"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 35 (FM 35) is located in Rockwall and Hunt counties. The road begins at I-30 in Royse City and runs to SH 276.FM 35 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Quinlan to Mexico. On November 23, 1948, the section from Union Valley to Quinlan was added, creating a concurrency with SH 34. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to Sabine River Bottom. On December 17, 1952, the road was extended west 4.9 miles (7.9 km) to the Rockwall County line. On February 26, 1953, the road was extended west to the new location of US 67 (now I-30), replacing FM 1396. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended east to the Rains County line. On November 29, 1954, the road was extended east to US 69 (now FM 2795) at Emory, replacing FM 2102 and creating a concurrency with FM 47. On April 1, 1959, the Union Valley-Quinlan section was revised to end at Loop 264 instead of SH 34 (a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) section of FM 35 was transferred to Loop 264). On December 15, 1959, the concurrency with FM 47 was removed. On October 15, 1970, the section of FM 35 from Loop 264 west 5.8 miles (9.3 km) miles was transferred to SH 276. On October 25, 1990, a 21.3-mile (34.3 km) section of FM 35 from SH 34 east to US 69 was also transferred to SH 276.Junction list","title":"FM 35"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 36 (FM 36) is located in Hunt County. The road begins at SH 276 west of Quinlan and ends at FM 1562. There are concurrencies with US 380 and SH 66.FM 36 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) west of Floyd to Merit. On September 12, 1946, the section from SH 24 at Floyd south to US 67 (now SH 66) at or near Caddo Mills was added, creating a concurrency with SH 24. On November 30, 1949, the road was extended southeast 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Caddo Mills. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended north to FM 1562. On October 26, 1954, the road was extended south to FM 35 (now SH 276). On June 24, 2010, the section of FM 36 from US 380 to BU 380-J was removed from the state highway system. FM 36 was instead realigned over the new US 380.Junction listThe entire route is in Hunt County.","title":"FM 36"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_214"},{"link_name":"Enochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_311-89"},{"link_name":"FM 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_54"},{"link_name":"Bula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_312-90"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_311-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_288-91"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_168"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_288-91"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_289-92"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Harts_Camp-93"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cotton Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Center,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_290-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_291-95"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_316-96"},{"link_name":"FM 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"},{"link_name":"FM 789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_789"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_316-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_317-97"},{"link_name":"FM 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_378"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floydada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floydada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_37-88"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_317-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_318-98"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"FM 2189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2189"},{"link_name":"FM 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1928"},{"link_name":"FM 1842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1842"},{"link_name":"FM 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_168"},{"link_name":"FM 1315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1315"},{"link_name":"FM 579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_579"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_37-88"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 37 (FM 37) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. Its western terminus is at SH 214 north of Enochs in Bailey County.[86] FM 37 runs eastward to FM 54, with which it shares a brief concurrency through Bula and across the Lamb County line.[87] After separating from FM 54, FM 37 briefly turns north before resuming an easterly route toward Amherst, crossing US 84.[86][88] It crosses US 385 at Cofferville and has short concurrencies with FM 1072 through Fieldton and FM 168 at Harts Camp before entering Hale County.[88][89][90] The route crosses I-27/US 87 east of Cotton Center, running in a southern direction concurrent with the freeway's frontage road between exits 32 and 31.[91][92][93] Resuming its eastward routing, FM 37 has short concurrencies with FM 400 and FM 789.[93][94] It then crosses into Floyd County, where it briefly shares its alignment with FM 378, before reaching its eastern terminus at US 62 in Floydada.[85][94][95]FM 37 was designated on April 29, 1942, from a junction with US 84 to Amherst. On March 18, 1944, the route was extended to include a strip from Amherst to SH 51. On December 16, 1948, it was extended east 5.8 miles (9.3 km) to what is now FM 1072. On September 19, 1968, FM 37 was expanded to its present length, replacing several routes: FM 2189 from SH 214 to FM 54; FM 1928 from FM 54 to US 84; a section of FM 1072 (which was rerouted to the north, replacing part of FM 1842) from FM 1072 to FM 168; FM 1315 from FM 168 to FM 400; and FM 579 from FM 400 to US 62.[85]","title":"FM 37"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Maxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxey,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brookston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Roxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ben Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Franklin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_188"},{"link_name":"FM 137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_137"},{"link_name":"FM 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road"},{"link_name":"FM 907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_907"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 38 (FM 38) is located in Lamar and Delta counties. The road begins at US 82 west of Petty and turns north and east to Maxey, then southeast through Brookston and Roxton to Ben Franklin.FM 38 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 west of Brookston through Roxton to Noble, with the section from US 82 to Roxton replacing SH 188. On April 30, 1945, the Roxton-Noble section was cancelled and became part of FM 137. FM 38 was expanded to include a section from the Lamar County line to FM 128 at Ben Franklin on June 9, 1947, creating a gap in the highway. This gap was closed on February 27, 1948, when FM 38 was extended from Roxton to Ben Franklin. On August 23, 1948, FM 38 was again extended north over the old location of US 82 to the new location of US 82. On February 1, 1949, the road was extended northwest to Maxey, replacing FM 907. On August 25, 1949, FM 38 was extended to US 82 west of Petty.","title":"FM 38"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"Mexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_164"},{"link_name":"FM 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_80"},{"link_name":"Freestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_79"},{"link_name":"Jewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewett,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord,_Leon_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_977"},{"link_name":"Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Normangee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normangee,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Old San Antonio Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_San_Antonio_Road"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"FM 1452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1452"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_190"},{"link_name":"North Zulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Zulch,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Iola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_90"},{"link_name":"Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singleton,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Personville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personville,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"FM 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_29"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 39 (FM 39) is located in Limestone, Leon, Madison, and Grimes counties. The road begins at SH 14 south of Mexia, and turns south, intersecting SH 164 before FM 80 ends directly parallel to the Freestone County line. However, no part of the road's mileage is in Freestone County, as the road turns south to Leon County shortly afterward. The highway then intersects with US 79 in Jewett and then intersects with SH 7 in the community of Concord. As the highway turns directly south, it intersects FM 977 in Flynn. In Normangee, it intersects the Old San Antonio Road, where it enters Madison County, and has a concurrency with FM 1452 in the community of George. The highway subsequently intersects a concurrent SH 21/US 190 in North Zulch. As it enters Grimes County, the road bypasses Iola, and ends at SH 90 north of Singleton.When it was designated on April 29, 1942, the road considered of the section from Normangee to Flynn. On August 3, 1943, the road was expanded to include a segment from Mexia to Personville, creating a gap in the highway. The road's southern portion was expanded on February 28, 1945, to include US 190 at North Zulch, and the northern strip received a segment from Personville to Jewett. On April 18, 1947, the southern strip was expanded again to Robbins. The highway was extended from Jewett to Robbins on December 16, 1948, closing the gap.[98] On May 20, 1949, FM 39 was extended south through Iola to Singleton, replacing FM 29. On June 21, 1982, the highway was slightly modified to go via Tyler Street instead of McKinney Street in Mexia, giving it its present-day length.","title":"FM 39"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Acuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuff,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_207"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 40 (FM 40) is located in Lubbock and Crosby counties. It runs from FM 1729 to FM 651. There are concurrencies with FM 378 and SH 207.FM 40 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 62 and US 82 at Lubbock to Acuff. On December 29, 1949, the road was extended east to FM 378, replacing FM 1526. On March 24, 1958, the road was extended to FM 651, replacing FM 1309 and FM 1308 and creating concurrencies with FM 122 (now SH 207) and FM 378. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 62 to FM 1729 was redesignated Urban Road 40 (UR 40). The designation of this section reverted to FM 40 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 40"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_303"},{"link_name":"Sundown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ropesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Slaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_300"},{"link_name":"FM 1174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1174"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 41 (FM 41) is located in Hockley and Lubbock counties. The road begins from FM 303 southeast of Sundown and turns about 48 miles (77 km) eastward bypassing Ropesville and Slide before eventually returning to Bus. US 84 in Slaton. Originally, the route went from a junction of US 87 south of Lubbock to Slide. On June 25, 1945, the highway was extended east to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) miles west of Slaton and west from Slide to the Hockley County line. On December 17, 1952, FM 41 was extended west to SH 51 (now US 385). On February 24, 1953, the road was extended west to FM 300 (now FM 303), replacing FM 1174. On October 28, 1953, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) east to US 84 (later Loop 251, now Bus. US 84) were added, and the highway reached its present length.","title":"FM 41"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCulloch_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_379"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_190-107"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 42 (RM 42), originally Farm to Market Road 42 (FM 42), was located in Menard and McCulloch counties.FM 42 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Brady southwest 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to a point 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Calf Creek. On January 18, 1946, the road was shortened 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to end at Davis School. On November 23, 1948, FM 42 was extended west 5.2 miles (8.4 km) to a point 2.5 miles (4.0 km) miles north of Calf Creek. On July 21, 1949, the road was extended west to US 83, replacing FM 379. On October 1, 1956, the route's designation was changed to RM 42. RM 42 was cancelled on June 30, 1977, and became part of US 190 as that route was extended westward from Brady.[102]","title":"RM 42"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nueces County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_358"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"Nueces County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 43 (FM 43) is located in Nueces County. The highway runs from SH 358 southwest and west to FM 665.FM 43 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 through London School to FM 665. On June 1, 1965, the road was extended east and northeast to SH 357. On July 11, 1968, FM 43 was extended northeast to SH 358. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 358 to SH 357 was redesignated Urban Road 43 (UR 43). The designation of this section reverted to FM 43 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]Junction listThe entire route is in Nueces County.","title":"FM 43"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_151"}],"sub_title":"FM 43/RM 43 (1942)","text":"The original FM 43 was formed on April 29, 1942, from US 83 near Menard through Mission San Saba to an existing roadway north of the San Saba River as a replacement of a portion of SH 151. On June 11, 1945, FM 43 was redesignated Ranch to Market Road 43 (RM 43) and a section from Eldorado to the Menard County line was designated, creating a gap. On June 20, 1945, the gap was closed. RM 43 was cancelled on March 17, 1948, and reassigned back to SH 151 (now SH 29).","title":"FM 43"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_180"},{"link_name":"SH 5 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_5"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loop_23-112"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 44 (FM 44) is located in Red River and Bowie counties. The highway runs from FM 114 south, east, and southeast to FM 561.FM 44 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 82 near Annona south 8.3 miles (13.4 km) to Boxelder, On May 19, 1942, it replaced Spur 23 from US 82 to Annona (this section was formerly SH 180 and later SH 5 Spur).[106] On December 18, 1951, it was extended 4.3 miles (6.9 km) southeastward to a road intersection. On November 21, 1956, it was extended to FM 561 and FM 911 in Lydia. On February 13, 1958, it was extended east over a section of FM 561 to what was then FM 1996 (which became part of FM 561 that day) west of Siloam. On October 31, 1958, FM 44 was extended north to FM 114.","title":"FM 44"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190"},{"link_name":"Richland Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2126"},{"link_name":"San Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba,_Texas"},{"link_name":"speed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"San Saba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Saba_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Regency Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Bridge"},{"link_name":"historical marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_marker"},{"link_name":"Texas Historical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission"},{"link_name":"FM 1474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1474"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 45 (FM 45) runs from US 190 in Richland Springs north to US 377 about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Brownwood. FM 45 forms a portion of the partial beltway that goes around the southeast side of Brownwood (the rest is formed by FM 2126).FM 45 starts at US 190 about 14.7 miles (23.7 km) west of San Saba and heads northbound through Richland Springs to Main Ave. where the road briefly turns east for one block before continuing northbound. After exiting Richland Springs, FM 45 traverses the rural landscape with a daytime speed limit of 70 MPH. Halfway to Brownwood, FM 45 crosses the Colorado River from San Saba County into Brown County. At its junction with FM 2126, FM 45 continues west to US 377 with a speed limit of 65 MPH.FM 45 provides Brownwood with a direct link to Richland Springs and San Saba (and vice versa). The highway shortens the trip between Brownwood and Richland Springs from 54 miles (87 km) (going through Brady) to 34 miles (55 km).Before Farm to Market Roads were built, one of the first bridges across the Colorado River in this area is the Regency Bridge. A historical marker was erected by the Texas Historical Commission at the junction of FM 45 and FM 574 that describes the bridge.FM 45 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 190 north 7.0 miles (11.3 km) to the Locker Road. On July 13, 1945, it was extended north 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection. On November 23, 1948, it was extended north 2.4 miles (3.9 km) to near the Colorado River. On January 22, 1953, FM 45 was extended north to the Mills County line. On February 6, 1953, FM 45 was extended north and west to US 377, replacing FM 1474. On October 29, 1954, it was extended south from the old location of US 190 to the new location of US 190.","title":"FM 45"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Bremond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremond,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH OSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_OSR"},{"link_name":"Wheelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_255"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"FM 392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_392"},{"link_name":"FM 2293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2293"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 46 (FM 46) is located in Falls and Robertson counties. It runs from SH 6 west of Bremond to SH OSR in Wheelock.FM 46 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH OSR northward 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Wheelock, replacing part of SH 255. On November 20, 1951, FM 46 was extended north to US 79 in Franklin. On May 15, 1954, FM 46 was extended to SH 14 in Bremond (the original endpoint of SH 255), replacing FM 392. On September 26, 1967, FM 46 was extended north to new location SH 6 over old location SH 6. On August 31, 1971, FM 46 was rerouted over part of FM 2293, removing the break at SH 14.","title":"FM 46"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rains_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_198"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wills Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_243"},{"link_name":"FM 514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_514"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 47 (FM 47) is located in Rains and Van Zandt counties. It runs from SH 198 to US 69 in Point.FM 47 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 80 in Wills Point north 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to Clifton. On January 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to Scott. On June 11, 1945, FM 47 was extended south to SH 243. On October 29, 1948, FM 47 was extended south to SH 198. On May 23, 1951, FM 47 was extended northeast 3.6 miles (5.8 km). On November 27, 1953 (connecting section designated October 28), FM 47 was extended north to US 69, replacing a portion of FM 514. In 1975, FM 47 was realigned (the old route is now Rains County Road 1430)","title":"FM 47"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemphill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_152"},{"link_name":"Mobeetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobeetie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1268"},{"link_name":"New Mobeetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mobeetie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spur_41-117"},{"link_name":"FM 1046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1046"},{"link_name":"Cast Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_Away"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclone-118"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 48 (FM 48) is located in Hemphill and Wheeler counties. It runs from SH 152 in Mobeetie (also called Old Mobeetie) to FM 1268.FM 48 was designated on April 29, 1942, from SH 152 north 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to New Mobeetie. On May 19, 1942, it was extended south 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to Mobeetie, replacing Spur 41.[111] On November 23, 1948, FM 48 was extended eastward 0.6 miles (0.97 km). On May 26, 1949, FM 48 was extended north and west 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to a road intersection, and the old route was changed to a spur connection. On August 7, 1951, the spur connection was transferred to FM 1046. On December 17, 1952, FM 48 was extended north to FM 1268.The closing scene of the 2000 film Cast Away was filmed at the intersection of FM 48 and FM 1268.[112]","title":"FM 48"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Upshur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upshur_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mineola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_713-120"},{"link_name":"Hainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pine Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_714-121"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"Gilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_715-122"},{"link_name":"Lake Fork Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Fork_Creek"},{"link_name":"FM 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_14"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy_Creek_(Sabine_River)"},{"link_name":"FM 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_14"},{"link_name":"FM 1002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1002"},{"link_name":"FM 554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_554"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 49 (FM 49) is located in Wood and Upshur counties. It runs from US 69 in Mineola,[114] northeast and then east via Hainesville and Pine Mills,[115] to SH 154 on the western edge of Gilmer.[116]FM 49 was designated on April 29, 1942, from US 69 about 5.0 miles (8.0 km) northeast to near Lake Fork Creek. It was extended to Hainesville on June 11, 1945, and to an intersection with FM 14 in Pine Mills on December 17, 1947. FM 49 was extended to a road intersection near Big Sandy Creek, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) east of FM 14, on November 20, 1951, and into Upshur County to FM 1002 on August 24, 1955. It was extended to former FM 554 on November 14, 1959. FM 554 was cancelled on August 3, 1971, with the section from FM 49 to SH 154 was transferred to FM 49 (the remainder was transferred to FM 1795).","title":"FM 49"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Burleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_105"},{"link_name":"Brenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearne,_Texas"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Brazos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_River"},{"link_name":"Snook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snook,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_230"},{"link_name":"SH 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_211"},{"link_name":"SH 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_90"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 50 (FM 50) is a 53-mile (85 km) route in Washington, Burleson, Brazos, and Robertson counties. It begins at SH 105 near Brenham and runs north through Independence to US 79/US 190 near Hearne. It has a brief concurrency with SH 21 along a bridge crossing the Brazos River.The road was designated on April 29, 1942, along the portion of the present route north of SH 21. On May 20, 1942, the road was extended through Snook to SH 36 at Lyons, replacing a portion of SH 230 (of which the remainder became part of the then-new FM 60). On August 24, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 211 in Independence. On October 6, 1943, FM 50 was extended south to SH 90, replacing most of SH 211. The remainder of SH 211 became Spur 197, and is now FM 390 and FM Spur 390. The section of FM 50 from east of Snook to SH 36 was transferred to FM 60.","title":"FM 50"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gainesville_June_2017_34_(E_California_Street).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somervell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_TX"},{"link_name":"Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"SH 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_169"},{"link_name":"SH 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_89"},{"link_name":"Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Springtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Weatherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Granbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granbury,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1306"},{"link_name":"FM 1307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1307"},{"link_name":"FM 1657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1657"},{"link_name":"FM 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_201"},{"link_name":"FM 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_56"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_204"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"FM 2223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2223"}],"text":"FM 51, as East California Street, in GainesvilleFarm to Market Road 51 (FM 51) runs from US 67 in Somervell County north and east to I-35 in Gainesville. Skirting the northwestern fringes of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, it is available as a more scenic and less-congested shortcut between I-20 west of Weatherford and I-35 north of Gainesville.[original research?]The route north of Decatur was designated as SH 169 in 1932, but was extended to Weatherford and was part of an extended SH 89 until 1939. FM 51 was designated on April 29, 1942, from Gainesville to Era. On May 19 of that year, three more sections were added: one from Decatur northeast 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the Slidell Road, one from SH 114 to Springtown, and one from Weatherford north 4.0 miles (6.4 km). On August 22, 1944, it was extended from 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north of Weatherford to Springtown and from 4.8 miles (7.7 km) northeast of Decatur to the Denton–Wise county line, closing one gap and partially closing another. On June 5, 1945, another section was added from the Parker–Hood county line to Granbury. Seven days later, FM 51 was extended from Weatherford to the Parker–Hood county line, connecting the sections. On February 14, 1947, it was extended from SH 114 to Decatur, closing another gap. On April 28, 1949, it was extended from the Denton–Wise county line to Era, closing the last gap. On September 28 in that year, it was extended east from the old location of US 77 to the new location of US 77; two other sections of old US 77 was replaced by FM 1306 and FM 1307. On February 6, 1953, it was extended southwest to a road intersection 4.7 miles (7.6 km) southwest of Granbury, replacing FM 1657 on that route. On August 24, 1955, it was extended southwest to FM 201 (now FM 56). On November 23, 1959, it was extended east from US 77 along the old location of US 82 to US 82. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 51 was extended southwest to US 67, replacing FM 204.[119] In the same order, FM 56 replaced FM 201. Part of the road designated FM 204 was designated as FM 2223.","title":"FM 51"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palo Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Pinto_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 254","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_254"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Whitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitt,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1885"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 52 (FM 52) is located in Parker and Palo Pinto counties. It runs from SH 254 north to Oran, east to Whitt, and south to FM 1885.FM 52 was designated on May 20, 1942, from Oran east across US 281 to Whitt. On December 2, 1953, FM 52 was extended south from Oran to SH 254. On August 24, 1955, FM 52 was extended southeast from Whitt to FM 1885.","title":"FM 52"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Runnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnels_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_70"},{"link_name":"FM 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_24"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_53-127"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 53 (FM 53) was located in Coleman, Runnels, Taylor, and Nolan counties. No highway currently uses the FM 53 designation.FM 53 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 70, 13.0 miles (20.9 km) miles south of Sweetwater, southeast to SH 158 (now US 277). On June 22, 1944, FM 53 was extended east to Crews, replacing FM 70. Another section of FM 53 was added from Coleman to the New Central School, replacing FM 24. This created a gap in the route. On October 29, 1948, the western section was extended east to the Runnels–Coleman county line.[122] On November 2, 1948, the eastern section was extended northwest to Glen Cove.[123] On January 15, 1949, the eastern section extended west to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove. On July 25, 1950, it was extended from the Coleman County line to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) northwest of Glen Cove, closing the gap. On September 21, 1965, it was relocated in Winters, removing a concurrency with US 83; the old route became Loop 438.[124] On December 1, 1969, it was extended east over the old location of US 84 to the new location of US 84, creating a concurrency with SH 206. FM 53 was cancelled on May 16, 1988, and transferred to SH 153.[121]","title":"FM 53"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"NM 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_321"},{"link_name":"Enochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_214"},{"link_name":"FM 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_37"},{"link_name":"Bula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_84"},{"link_name":"Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlefield,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_385"},{"link_name":"Loop 430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_430"},{"link_name":"FM 1072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1072"},{"link_name":"FM 168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_168"},{"link_name":"Spade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spade,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_179"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_87"},{"link_name":"FM 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_400"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_789"},{"link_name":"SH 207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_207"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_62"},{"link_name":"Floydada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floydada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Abernathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abernathy,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_278"},{"link_name":"SH 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_278"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 54 (FM 54) is located in Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Floyd counties. It begins at the New Mexico state line as a continuation of NM 321 and runs east to Enochs, where it intersects SH 214. The highway turns north and is briefly concurrent with FM 37. After leaving Bula and crossing the Lamb County line, the highway intersects US 84 in Littlefield, where it also intersects US 385 and Loop 430. FM 54 intersects FM 1072 and continues east to an intersection with FM 168 in Spade. After entering Hale County, it shares a brief concurrency with FM 179. FM 54 then crosses the I-27/US 87 freeway. It intersects FM 400 and turns northeast in Petersburg at FM 789 before entering Floyd County. FM 54 ends at SH 207/US 62 south of Floydada.FM 54 was designated on May 20, 1942, from US 87 north of Abernathy to Petersburg as a restoration of part of SH 278. On May 18, 1944, it was extended to include a section from Spade via Littlefield to the Bailey County line, creating a gap. On June 4, 1945, a section from SH 207 to the Floyd–Hale county line was added, creating another gap. On June 16 of that year, one segment was extended west from the Lamb–Bailey county line to SH 214, and on July 9 of that year, one segment was extended west from US 87 to the Hale–Lamb county line. On June 4, 1946, it was extended from the Floyd–Hale county line to Petersburg, closing one gap. On January 22, 1947, a spur connection was added in Petersburg. On November 18, 1947, it was extended from the Hale–Lamb county line to Spade, closing the remaining gap. FM 54 now matched the entirety of the former route of SH 278. On December 16, 1948, it was extended west 8 miles (13 km) miles from SH 214. On July 14, 1949, it was extended west to the New Mexico state line.","title":"FM 54"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 709","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_709"},{"link_name":"Purdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"SH 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"FM 634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_634"},{"link_name":"FM 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1782"},{"link_name":"FM 1492","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1492"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 55 (FM 55) is located in Ellis and Navarro counties. It runs from US 77 near Waxahachie to FM 709 south of Purdon.FM 55 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 31 to Purdon. On July 27, 1948, FM 55 was extended to SH 22, replacing FM 634. On November 28, 1958, FM 55 was extended to the Navarro–Ellis county line, replacing FM 1782. On May 2, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to SH 34. On June 1, 1962, FM 55 was extended north to US 77, replacing FM 1492. On May 7, 1974, FM 55 was extended south to FM 709.","title":"FM 55"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Somervell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somervell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_317"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGregor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_67"},{"link_name":"SH 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6"},{"link_name":"Valley Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Mills,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cayote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayote,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_22"},{"link_name":"FM 1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1859"},{"link_name":"Kopperl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopperl,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_174"},{"link_name":"FM 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1992"},{"link_name":"Brazos Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazos_Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_144"},{"link_name":"FM 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_202"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377"},{"link_name":"FM 201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_201"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 56 (FM 56) is located in Bosque, Somervell, and Hood counties.FM 56 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 317 and US 84 in McGregor north to Crawford. Soon after that, FM 56 was extended north to SH 67 (this section became part of SH 6 on September 26, 1945) Valley Mills. On June 11, 1945, FM 56 was extended north to Cayote (also called Coyote). On October 29, 1947, the section of FM 56 from Valley Mills to McGregor was transferred to SH 317, shortening FM 56 to be a route from Valley Mills to Cayote. On July 14, 1949, FM 56 was extended north to SH 22. On October 18, 1954, FM 56 was extended north to FM 1859 in Kopperl, and a section of FM 1859 from Kopperl to SH 174 was transferred to FM 56. On October 31, 1957, FM 56 was extended northward to the end of FM 1992 at Brazos Point. On January 15, 1960, FM 56 was extended to SH 144, replacing all of FM 1992 and part of FM 202 north of what was then FM 1992. On December 20, 1984, when the district combined several farm to market roads with others, FM 56 was extended to a county road northwest of US 377, replacing FM 201.","title":"FM 56"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 57 (FM 57) is located in Jones and Fisher counties. It runs from Hamlin to FM 419.FM 57 was designated on May 19, 1942, from Hamlin southwest to the Fisher County line. On May 18, 1944, the road was extended to Sylvester. On December 16, 1948, a section from Sylvester to Longworth was added, and the road was extended to SH 70, replacing FM 609. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended to FM 419.","title":"FM 57"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelina County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 58 (FM 58) is located in Angelina County. It runs from US 69 southeast of Lufkin to FM 1818.FM 58 was designated on May 19, 1942, from US 59 and Harmony Hill Drive south of Lufkin to US 69 southeast of Lufkin, and from Harmony Hill Drive to a point 10.2 miles (16.4 km) south as a replacement for State Highway 299. On March 20, 1946, the road was extended south to a county road (current FM 1818). On May 23, 1951, FM 58 was extended west to US 59 at Diboll. The same day a 1.1-mile (1.8 km) section of FM 58 was renumbered FM 1877. On August 11, 1966, the section from FM 1818 to US 59 was transferred to FM 1818.","title":"FM 58"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cross Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Roads,_Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cayuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_212"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 59 (FM 59) is located in Henderson and Anderson counties. The road is 18.6 miles (29.9 km) long.The road begins at an intersection with SH 19 in Athens. From there, it goes southwest, passing through Cross Roads. The southern terminus is at US 287 in Cayuga. FM 59 was designated on May 19, 1942, from SH 19 in Athens to Cross Roads. On June 11, 1945, it was extended to Cayuga. This was part of SH 212 before 1939.","title":"FM 59"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_158"},{"link_name":"Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2154"},{"link_name":"FM 2154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2154"},{"link_name":"SH 230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_230"},{"link_name":"FM 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_50"},{"link_name":"SH 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_30"},{"link_name":"FM 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_111"},{"link_name":"FM 2618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2618"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 60 (FM 60) runs from SH 21, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Caldwell, southeastward to SH 36 at Lyons; and from another point on SH 36 at Lyons, northeastward to FM 158 at Bryan. In Brazos County, it is also known as Raymond Stotzer Pkwy west of FM 2154 and University Drive east of FM 2154.FM 60 was designated on May 20, 1942, from SH 6 (now a business route) to a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River, replacing a portion of SH 230. On August 24, 1943, a second section was created from FM 50 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Snook east to the State Experimental Sub Station, creating a gap. On October 6 in that year, the western section was extended to SH 36 near Lyons, replacing a section of FM 50. On August 1, 1944, FM 60 was extended from a point near the eastern bank of the Brazos River to the State Experimental Sub Station, closing the gap. On October 31, 1957, it was extended east to FM 158. On December 15, 1960, the section from SH 6 (now a business route) to FM 158 was transferred to SH 30. On June 2, 1967, FM 60 was extended southwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from SH 36. On February 29, 1968, FM 60 was extended from the old location of SH 6 to the new location of SH 6. On November 26, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to FM 111. On December 19, 1969, FM 60 was extended northwest to SH 21, replacing FM 111. FM 111 was instead reassigned to an extension of its former spur connection, then numbered FM 2618. On May 23, 1978, it was extended northeast from SH 6 to FM 158. On June 27, 1995, the section from SH 47 to FM 158 was redesignated Urban Road 60 (UR 60). The designation reverted to FM 60 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 60"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Belknap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Belknap_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"SH 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_67"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_251"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 61 (FM 61) runs from US 380 just south of Newcastle southeastward through Fort Belknap to SH 67 in Graham.FM 61 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 24 (now US 380) in Graham, northward to Loving. On June 18, 1945, it was extended north to the Archer County line. Seven days later, it was extended north to US 281. On November 21, 1956, FM 61 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SH 24. On November 24, 1959, it was extended west to SH 251 in Fort Belknap. On January 31, 1969, the section of FM 61 from US 380 in Graham northward to US 281 was transferred to SH 16. On May 6, 1974, one section in Graham was transferred to relocated SH 67. On February 23, 1993, it was extended north to US 380 south of Newcastle, replacing a section of SH 251.","title":"FM 61"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hortense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hortense,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_646"},{"link_name":"FM 942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_942"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 62 (FM 62) is located in Polk County. It runs from US 59 in Camden to US 287.FM 62 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 59 to Camden. On May 23, 1951, it was extended to Hortense. On July 27, 1951, the road from Camden to Hortense was redesignated as FM 646 (FM 646 was short-lived, as it became part of FM 942 on January 14, 1952), truncating FM 62 back to its previous terminus at Camden. On May 2, 1962, FM 62 was extended east to US 287.","title":"FM 62"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMullen_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_72"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Calliham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliham,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fowlerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlerton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_63-140"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 63 (FM 63) was located in Live Oak and McMullen counties. At its longest, it was 38.2 miles (61.5 km) in length.FM 63 was formed from a section of SH 72 on June 23, 1942, beginning at Three Rivers and ending near Calliham. On July 9, 1945, it was extended to Tilden. On May 22, 1947, it was extended to Fowlerton. FM 63 was cancelled on December 15, 1960, and transferred back to SH 72.[134]","title":"FM 63"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_34"},{"link_name":"Ladonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladonia,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pecan Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_Gap,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24_Business_(D)"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"},{"link_name":"SH 247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_247"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_501-142"},{"link_name":"FM 904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_904"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_459-143"},{"link_name":"FM 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_128"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_502-144"},{"link_name":"FM 1532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1532"},{"link_name":"FM 1528","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1528"},{"link_name":"FM 3388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3388"},{"link_name":"FM 1530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1530"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_502-144"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sulphur_Springs_map-145"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"South Sulphur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_River"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_247-146"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_128-147"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_128-147"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_247-146"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_19-148"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_154-149"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_154-149"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_64-141"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL_457-150"},{"link_name":"SH 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_50-151"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 64 (FM 64) is a 18.3-mile (29.5 km) route in Fannin and Delta counties. It runs from SH 34 in Ladonia, passing through Pecan Gap and Antioch, to Bus. SH 24 in Cooper. The road also has major intersections with SH 24 in Cooper and several other Farm to Market Roads. FM 64 was designated in 1942, replacing SH 247.FM 64 begins at SH 34 on the northern edge of Ladonia in Fannin County.[136] The road proceeds to the east away from town and is joined from the north by FM 904 before the combined route enters Pecan Gap and Delta County.[137] On the west side of Pecan Gap, FM 904 separates turning to the south. On the east side of town at the intersection with FM 128, FM 64 turns to the south and continues away from town.[138]At the intersection with FM 1532, FM 64 turns to the east. The road intersects FM 1528 from the south, then FM 3388 and FM 1530 to the north before entering Cooper from the northwest. The road then intersects SH 24 which bypasses central Cooper on the northwest, and ends at the state highway's business route through town.[138]The road encounters terrain of gentle relief for its entire length.[139]FM 64 was designated as an extension of SH 154 on February 8, 1933. This section of SH 154 was decommissioned on July 15, 1935, but was restored on December 22, 1936. On August 4, 1937, SH 154 was rerouted over old SH 247, and this section was redesignated as new SH 247. The highway was described until June 23, 1942, as a route from Ladonia through Cooper to a point on SH 154 near the South Sulphur River.[140] That year, SH 247 was removed from the highway system, and FM 64 was created over the former SH 247 from a point approximately 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to SH 154.[135] The road was extended westward to FM 128 at Pecan Gap On February 28, 1945,[135] and on February 21, 1946, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was designated as a state highway, SH 247, to be marked for information and guidance of the traveling public as a Farm to Market Road. On November 23, 1948, the portion of the current road between SH 34 in Ladonia and Pecan Gap was added to FM 128 as an extension.[141] The portion of FM 128 between Ladonia and Pecan Gap was reassigned as an extension to FM 64 on February 26, 1949.[135][141] This extended FM 64 along the entire length of the former SH 247.[135][140] On May 18, 1953, the section from 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Cooper to Pecan Gap was no longer designated as SH 247.SH 154 north of Sulphur Springs was reassigned as part of SH 19 on August 24, 1960,[142][143] but was extended over SH 19 and FM 64 to SH 24 in Cooper on August 28 of the following year[143] terminating FM 64 at SH 24.[135] In 1968, SH 24 in Cooper was relocated over its present bypass, and its original route through town where FM 64 ends was signed as its business route.[144] From 1971 to 2003, SH 34 where FM 64 begins was also part of SH 50.[145]","title":"FM 64"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavala_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dimmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crystal City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_85"},{"link_name":"Big Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Wells,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 65 (FM 65) is located in Zavala and Dimmit counties. It runs from US 83 south of Crystal City to I-35.FM 65 was designated on June 23, 1942, from US 83 south of Crystal City to SH 85 west of Big Wells. On September 14, 1944, FM 65 was modified to end at US 83 north of Crystal City. On February 25, 2010, FM 65 was extended concurrent with SH 85 to I-35.","title":"FM 65"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_325"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 66 (FM 66) is located in Ellis and Hill counties. It runs from Mayfield to Waxahachie.FM 66 was designated on June 23, 1942, from Itasca to Files Valley. This was designated as SH 325 from December 7, 1939, to February 20, 1940. On August 2, 1943, the road was extended to FM 74 at Maypearl. On August 23 of that year, the road was extended to Waxahachie, replacing FM 74. On June 18, 1945, the road was extended to Mayfield.","title":"FM 66"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_933"},{"link_name":"Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_66"},{"link_name":"Itasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasca,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Blum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_174"},{"link_name":"Spur 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_248"},{"link_name":"FM 712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_712"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 67 (FM 67) is located in Hill County. It runs from FM 933 in Blum to FM 66 at Elm Street in Itasca.FM 67 was designated on June 23, 1942, from SH 171 at Covington to Blum. On March 26, 1953, FM 67 was extended east 0.2 miles (0.32 km) to new location SH 171. On October 27, 1956, FM 67 was extended north to SH 174, replacing Spur 248. On October 31, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 712 and US 81. On November 26, 1958, FM 67 was extended to FM 66 in Itasca, replacing FM 712. On July 21, 1961, the section north of FM 933 was transferred to FM 933. On March 26, 1991, the section of FM 67 along Files Street and Wilkerson Street was given to the city of Itasca.","title":"FM 67"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_337"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 68 (FM 68) is located in Fannin County. The road was designated on August 1, 1942, from a point on SH 78 north of Bailey through Gomer to a point on SH 34 at or near Whatley School as a replacement for SH 337.","title":"FM 68"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"Winnsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnsboro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"FM 1483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1483"},{"link_name":"FM 515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_515"},{"link_name":"FM 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_71"},{"link_name":"FM 2476","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2476"},{"link_name":"FM 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_270"},{"link_name":"FM 269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_269"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 69 (FM 69) is located in Hopkins and Wood counties. It runs from 2 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71 south to SH 37.FM 69 was designated on September 22, 1942, from SH 37 south of Winnsboro west to Coke. On June 11, 1945, FM 69 was extended south back to SH 37. On November 21, 1956, FM 69 was extended east to SH 11. On December 21, 1959, the section of FM 69 east of what was then part of FM 1483 became part of FM 515 (along with part of FM 1483), and FM 69 was rerouted north to 2.0 miles (3.2 km) north of FM 71, replacing FM 2476 and part of FM 270 (the section of FM 270 east and north of FM 2476 became part of FM 269).","title":"FM 69"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wells_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nueces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_286"},{"link_name":"Chapman Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Ranch,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_44"},{"link_name":"Agua Dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_Dulce,_Nueces_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_739"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"FM 739","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_739"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 70 (FM 70) is located in Jim Wells and Nueces counties. It runs from US 59 to SH 286 in Chapman Ranch.FM 70 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 286 in Chapman Ranch to SH 44 in Agua Dulce. On November 20, 1951, FM 70 was extended north to the Nueces–Jim Wells county line. On December 18, 1951, FM 70 was extended northeast to FM 739 and County Road 103. On January 14, 1952, FM 70 was extended northwest to US 59, replacing FM 739.","title":"FM 70"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_153"}],"sub_title":"FM 70 (1942)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 70 was designated on September 22, 1942, from Crews via Winters to Wingate. FM 70 was cancelled on June 22, 1944, and became a portion of FM 53 (now SH 153).","title":"FM 70"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_154"},{"link_name":"SH 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_19"},{"link_name":"Sulphur Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bluff,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_260"},{"link_name":"Hagansport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagansport,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Talco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilkinson,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emblem,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peerless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peerless,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_276"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Ridgeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridgeway,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SH 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_26"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"Brashear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brashear,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2653"},{"link_name":"FM 1531","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1531"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"Loop 216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_216"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 71 (FM 71) is located in Hunt, Delta, Hopkins, Franklin, Titus, and Morris counties. It runs from SH 11 in Commerce to US 259.\nFM 71 was designated on November 24, 1942, from SH 154 (now SH 19) east to Sulphur Bluff. This was formerly SH 260 before 1939. On June 11, 1945, FM 71 was extended east via Hagansport and Talco to Wilkinson. On November 23, 1948, FM 71 was extended west to Emblem with a spur connection to Peerless added, replacing FM 276 (which went from SH 154 to Peerless). On May 23, 1951, FM 71 was extended south to SH 11 at Ridgeway. On October 13, 1954, FM 71 was extended east to the Titus–Morris county line. On August 24, 1955, FM 71 was extended east to SH 26 (now US 259). On October 31, 1958, FM 71 was extended south from SH 11 to US 67 at Brashear. On September 27, 1960, the section south of Emblem was renumbered FM 2653, and FM 71 was rerouted west on a new alignment to FM 1531, and replaced a section of FM 1531 west to SH 11 in Commerce (later Loop 216, later Bus. SH 24, now Bus. SH 224).","title":"FM 71"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irion County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irion_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mertzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertzon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Old Irion County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Irion_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_72-159"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1201-160"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_72-159"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 72 (FM 72) is located in Irion County. It runs eastward from US 67 approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of Mertzon to near the Old Irion County Courthouse in Sherwood.[153][154]FM 72 was designated on February 12, 1943, along the current route.[153]","title":"FM 72"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_73-161"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_992-162"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1050-163"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1049-164"},{"link_name":"Prairie Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Hill,_Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolidge,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_73-161"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 73 (FM 73) is located in Limestone County. It runs from 3.1 miles (5.0 km) northeast of SH 171 to US 84.[155][156][157][158]FM 73 was designated on February 12, 1943, from US 84 west of Prairie Hill to SH 171 in Coolidge. On May 5, 1966, FM 73 was extended northeast 3.1 miles (5.0 km). On October 3, 1966, FM 73 had a slight rerouting due to the relocation of SH 171 in Coolidge.[155]","title":"FM 73"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_236"},{"link_name":"Queen City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_251"},{"link_name":"FM 249","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_249"},{"link_name":"Bloomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomburg,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 74 (FM 74) is located in Cass County. It was designated on May 23, 1951, from Loop 236 at Queen City east to FM 251, and from another point on FM 251 to FM 249 in Bloomburg.","title":"FM 74"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Maypearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypearl,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_66"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_74-165"}],"sub_title":"FM 74 (1943)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 74 was designated in Ellis and Hill counties on March 8, 1943, connecting Waxahachie and Maypearl. FM 74 was cancelled on August 23, 1943, and became part of an extended FM 66.[159]","title":"FM 74"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1827","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1827"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 75 (FM 75) is located in Collin County. The road begins at Monte Carlo Road in Princeton and runs north to FM 1827.FM 75 was formed on April 15, 1943, from SH 24 (now US 380) along the former route of SH 145 to an intersection with former SH 24 as a replacement for State Spur 73. On November 24, 1959, the road was extended to FM 1827. On November 15, 1977, the southern terminus was redesignated as US 380. On February 28, 2019, the section of FM 75 from Monte Carlo Road to US 380 via Longneck Road, College Avenue, 2nd Street, McKinney Avenue, 3rd Street, Main Street, and 4th Street was given to the city of Princeton.[161]","title":"FM 75"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_20"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Clint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_375_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1281"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fabens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3380"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_80"},{"link_name":"Ysleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysleta,_El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 76 (FM 76) is located in El Paso County. The road begins at SH 20 in the Ascarate district of El Paso and heads southeastward to Clint, passing Loop 375 in the process. The highway then intersects with FM 1281, and remains parallel to I-10. Once it reaches Fabens, the highway turns southwest and then southeast and ends at FM 3380 (former FM 1109) near the Mexican border. At designation on April 14, 1943, the road went from US 80 in Ascarate to a point near Ysleta. The highway was expanded on May 18, 1944, from Ysleta to Clint, and then again on July 9, 1945, from Clint to Fabens. On December 16, 1948, the road was expanded to a junction of FM 1109. On April 2, 1969, the highway was slightly modified due to the portion of US 80 being modified into SH 20. On June 27, 1995, the section of the highway from FM 1110 to SH 20 was redesignated Urban Road 76 (UR 76). The designation reverted to FM 76 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 76"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonzales County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Schoolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schoolland,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FM 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_108"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 77 (FM 77) is located in Gonzales County. The road begins at US 87 east of Nixon, then runs northeast to Schoolland and then southeast to FM 108.FM 77 was designated on August 2, 1943, from US 87 east of Nixon northeast to Schoolland. On July 14, 1949, the road was extended to FM 108.","title":"FM 77"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bexar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Seguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_78-170"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 78 (FM 78) is located in Bexar and Guadalupe counties, connecting San Antonio and Seguin.[164]","title":"FM 78"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_100"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 79 (FM 79) is located in Fannin and Lamar counties. It runs from FM 100 to US 82.FM 79 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 82 northwest to Unity. On August 25, 1949, it was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) to the Fannin County line. On December 18, 1951, FM 79 was extended to its current terminus at FM 100.","title":"FM 79"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Spur 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_156"},{"link_name":"FM 1449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1449"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 80 (FM 80) is located in Freestone and Limestone counties. It runs from FM 39 to SH 75 in Streetman.FM 80 was designated on August 3, 1943, from US 84 (later Loop 255, now Bus. US 84) in Teague to SH 164 in Donie. On June 11, 1945, FM 80 was extended north to Kirvin. On July 15, 1948, Spur 156, connecting FM 80 to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery, became part of FM 80, and the old route became a spur connection. On July 21, 1949, FM 80 was extended south 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from Donie. That same day, the spur became part of FM 1449. On July 25, 1950, FM 80 was extended south to FM 39. On November 16, 1956, the section from Kirvin to the Woodland Memorial Cemetery became part of new FM 1449, while old FM 1449 from Kirvin to US 75 (now SH 75) in Streetman became part of FM 80.","title":"FM 80"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Goliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliad_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_886"},{"link_name":"FM 744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_744"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 81 (FM 81) is located in Karnes and Goliad counties. It runs from FM 1144 north, east, and south to SH 239 at Charco.FM 81 was designated on August 23, 1943, from SH 239 at Charco to SH 72 at Runge. On July 9, 1945, FM 81 was extended to SH 80 at Helena. On January 6, 1950, FM 81 was extended to 5.0 miles (8.0 km) south of Hobson at what would later be FM 1144, replacing FM 886 and FM 744.","title":"FM 81"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 82 (FM 82) is located in Newton and Jasper counties. It runs from FM 1004 west of US 87 to 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of US 96.FM 82 was designated on May 23, 1951, from FM 1004 near SH 87 northwest 4.0 miles (6.4 km) to a road intersection. On November 20, 1951, FM 82 was extended west to US 96. On June 1, 1965, FM 82 was extended west 4.5 miles (7.2 km) to its current end.","title":"FM 82"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_263"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_121"}],"sub_title":"FM 82 (1943)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 82 was designated on September 6, 1943, from Bonham via Randolph to Trenton. The section from Randolph to Bonham was formerly SH 263. FM 82 became a portion of SH 121 on December 16, 1943.","title":"FM 82"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"FM 2379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2379"},{"link_name":"FM 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1965"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 83 (FM 83) is located in San Augustine and Sabine counties. It connects SH 147 to Lows Creek Marina west of the Louisiana state line.FM 83 was designated on September 7, 1943, from Hemphill to East Mayfield. On June 11, 1945, it was extended west to US 96 near Pineland. On May 3, 1961, FM 83 was extended west to SH 147 and east to a road intersection, replacing FM 2379 and FM 1965. On July 1, 1964, FM 83 was rerouted to use Flag Pole Road instead of Maple Street from US 96 to FM 1. On June 2, 1967, FM 83 was extended east 2.5 miles (4.0 km). On September 26, 1979, FM 83 was extended east 0.1 miles (0.16 km) to Lows Creek Marina.","title":"FM 83"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_75_(TX)"},{"link_name":"Lake Texoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Texoma"},{"link_name":"SH 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH_91_(TX)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"Grayson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 84 (FM 84) is located in Grayson County. The 8.9-mile (14.3 km) route connects US 75 to Lake Texoma.FM 84 was designated on October 6, 1943, replacing a portion of SH 91. On June 27, 1995, the route was redesignated Urban Road 84 (UR 84). The designation reverted to FM 84 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]Junction listThe entire route is in Grayson County.","title":"FM 84"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2613"},{"link_name":"FM 662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_662"},{"link_name":"FM 1129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1129"},{"link_name":"FM 1250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1250"},{"link_name":"FM 3413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3413"},{"link_name":"SH 334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_334"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 85 (FM 85) is located in Ellis, Navarro, and Henderson counties. It runs from I-45 and US 287 in Ennis to SH 274.FM 85 was designated on October 6, 1943, from Mabank to SH 274. On June 28, 1945, a section from SH 198 to Prairieville was added, creating a concurrency with SH 198. On July 14, 1949, a section from FM 47 to Prairieville and a second section from SH 274 west 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to west of Aley were added. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended westward and northward to the Kaufman–Henderson county line. On October 31, 1957, the road was extended northward to FM 988 at Lively. On October 30, 1961, the road was rerouted to run from US 75 (now I-45) to US 175: the section of FM 85 from FM 47 south to SH 198 was transferred to FM 90, the section of FM 85 from US 175 at Mabank south to then-FM 1250 was also transferred to FM 90, the section from then-FM 1129 north to then-FM 988 (which became part of FM 148 that day) was transferred to FM 2613, FM 662 was combined, the section of FM 1129 from then-FM 662 to then-FM 85 was transferred to FM 85, and FM 1250 was combined. On January 1, 1978, the section from I-45 south of Ennis northeast 0.3 miles (0.48 km) was redesignated FM 3413, while FM 85 was rerouted over the old route of FM 3413. On December 14, 1989, the section from SH 274 to US 175 was transferred to SH 334.","title":"FM 85"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bastrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_86-179"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2984"},{"link_name":"Luling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luling,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1789-180"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1790-181"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1741-182"},{"link_name":"FM 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_20"},{"link_name":"Red Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_86-179"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1691-183"},{"link_name":"SH 311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_311"},{"link_name":"SH 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_86-179"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_311-184"},{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_86"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 86 (FM 86) is located in Caldwell and Bastrop counties.[173]FM 86 begins at the intersection of US 183 and FM 2984 in northern Luling.[174] The route travels primarily to the northeast through unincorporated Caldwell County.[175][176] It ends just north of the Bastrop County line, at an intersection with FM 20 near Red Rock, in the community of Bateman.[173][177]FM 86 was designated on August 24, 1943, replacing the entirety of SH 311. At the time SH 311 was designated, the section of FM 20 north of Lockhart was part of SH 21.[173][178]KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 86KML is from Wikidata","title":"FM 86"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 87 (FM 87) is located in Fannin County. It runs from US 82 near Bonham to SH 56.FM 87 was designated on March 24, 1993, from US 82 west of Bonham north 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to a county road intersection. On August 25, 1994, the road was extended north 0.3 miles (0.48 km) to a prison facility and a second proposed prison facility (the TDC Choice Moore Unit and Buster Cole State Jail). On June 26, 2008, the road was extended north to US 82.","title":"FM 87"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"SH 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_262"},{"link_name":"SH 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_176"}],"sub_title":"FM 87 (1943)","text":"Ranch to Market Road 87 (RM 87) was designated on October 6, 1943, from Andrews west 16.0 miles (25.7 km). On July 16, 1945, the road was extended east from Andrews to the Martin County line. The same day the road was extended east to SH 137 near Lenorah, and also on the same day the road was extended east to the Howard County line. On August 22, 1945, the road was extended west to the Texas/New Mexico state line. On May 25, 1946, the designation was changed to RM 87.[180] On January 22, 1947, the road was extended east to Big Spring. Parts were SH 262 before 1939. On September 23, 1953, FM 87 was signed (but not designated) as SH 176. FM 87 was cancelled on August 29, 1990 as the SH 176 designation became official.","title":"FM 87"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hidalgo1987-188"},{"link_name":"FM 2067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2067"},{"link_name":"FM 1015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1015"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 88 (FM 88) is located in Willacy and Hidalgo counties. It runs from SH 186 south to US 281 west of Progresso.FM 88 was designated on November 15, 1943, from SH 186 south to SH 107 in Elsa. FM 88 was the first farm-to-market route designated in Hidalgo County.[182] On May 18, 1944, FM 88 was extended south via Weslaco (where it intersects US 83) to US 281 in Progresso. On September 22, 1953, FM 88 was extended south to the Rio Grande, replacing FM 2067. On October 24, 1963, the section of FM 88 south of US 281 was transferred to FM 1015. On June 27, 1995, the section from US 83 to US 281 was redesignated Urban Road 88 (UR 88). The designation of this section reverted to FM 88 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]","title":"FM 88"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_126"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_83_(TX)"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_84_(TX)"},{"link_name":"Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"wind turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbines"},{"link_name":"Abilene State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Gap,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mall of Abilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_Abilene"},{"link_name":"FM 613","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_613"},{"link_name":"FM 2928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2928"},{"link_name":"FM 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_707"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM89_Jan2022-190"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 89 (FM 89) is located in Taylor County. It runs from FM 126 near Nolan to US 83/US 84 in Abilene.FM 89 starts just east of the Nolan–Taylor county line. The highway straddles the Callahan Divide, surrounded by wind turbines. At Abilene State Park, the terrain becomes flatter, as the road comes into Buffalo Gap. When coming into Buffalo Gap, FM 89 winds through town then continues northward toward Abilene. Upon entering the Wylie portion of Abilene, FM 89 becomes locally known as Buffalo Gap Road, and continues with this designation past the Mall of Abilene to the Winters Freeway, where FM 89 ends. Buffalo Gap Road continues northward.FM 89 was designated on December 16, 1943, from US 83/84 to Lake Abilene State Park. On November 10, 1947, the section from Abilene to Buffalo Gap was transferred to FM 613. On June 17, 1965, FM 89 regained its lost section, replacing a section of FM 613, but signage was not changed until January 1, 1966. On May 5, 1966, FM 89 was extended west 3.3 miles (5.3 km). On June 2, 1967, it was extended northwestward 2.0 miles (3.2 km). On July 11, 1968, it was extended west to US 277 and FM 2928. On August 2, 1968, it was extended west to FM 126, replacing FM 2928. On June 27, 1995, the section from FM 707 to US 83/US 84 was redesignated Urban Road 89 (UR 89). The designation of this section reverted to FM 89 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]In January 2022, construction began to upgrade a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) section of FM 89 in Abilene. Plans to improve the roadway had been included as part of the city's transportation plan as early as 1995 and were necessitated by increased development in the southern part of the city. The project is scheduled to be completed in March 2024.[184]","title":"FM 89"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Zandt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_198"},{"link_name":"Mabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabank,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_47"},{"link_name":"FM 3227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3227"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ggm-fm-90-192"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"FM 316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_316"},{"link_name":"FM 1617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1617"},{"link_name":"FM 3441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3441"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 90 (FM 90) is a 13.2-mile-long (21.2 km) route located in Kaufman and Van Zandt counties.The road begins at an intersection with SH 198 in Mabank, and heads north towards Prairieville. North of there, the road turns northeast to its northern terminus, an intersection with FM 47/FM 3227 near Whitton.[186]FM 90 was formed on March 30, 1944, from SH 31 in Malakoff to Cross Roads. On October 30, 1961, FM 90 replaced a section of FM 316 from SH 31 to its current southern terminus. FM 90 also replaced FM 1617 from FM 316 to FM 85 (now SH 334). It also replaced a section of FM 85 from FM 47 to what was then FM 1617. On May 19, 1983, the section from Mabank to Malakoff was transferred to SH 198 and the section from Malakoff to Cross Roads was renumbered as FM 3441.","title":"FM 90"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hardeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilbarger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbarger_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_392"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 91 (FM 91) is located in Hardeman and Wilbarger counties. It runs from FM 1167 near Medicine Mound to US 283.FM 91 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 287 in Chillicothe via Odell to US 283. On July 15, 1949, the highway was extended south 6.0 miles (9.7 km) with a spur connection west 1.0 mile (1.6 km) added. On October 26, 1954, FM 91 was rerouted over the spur connection and was extended to FM 1167 at Medicine Mound, while the old route south was renumbered FM 392. On April 29, 1959, a spur connection in Medicine Mound, designated FM Spur 91, was added.","title":"FM 91"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSHA_Town_Bluff-195"},{"link_name":"ZZ Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ_Top"},{"link_name":"Tejas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejas_(album)"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 92 (FM 92) is located in Tyler and Hardin counties. It runs from US 96 at Silsbee to 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of US 190.FM 92 was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 96 (this section became Loop 498 on November 30, 1978, and it is now Bus. US 96) in Silsbee northward to US 190. On May 7, 1970, FM 92 was extended north 2.2 miles (3.5 km) from US 190. On August 28, 1991, the FM 92 designation was extended north to RE 255; however, this extension is not yet constructed.Town Bluff, one of the earliest settlements in Tyler County, is located along FM 92.[189]The road is mentioned in the ZZ Top song \"Avalon Hideaway\" on the 1976 album Tejas.[190][191]","title":"FM 92"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-42"},{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 93 (FM 93) is located in Bell County. It runs from FM 439 to US 190 at Heidenheimer.FM 93 was designated on June 2, 1967, from FM 817 east to I-35. On January 31, 1974, the road was extended east to US 190 at Heidenheimer and west to FM 439, replacing all of FM 2748 west of SH 317, a section of FM 817, a section of FM 1741 (new road built; old road is now Taylors Valley Road), and all of FM 2618, but signing of FM 2618 as FM 93 did not start until the construction of FM 2618 was completed. On June 27, 1995, the section between FM 439 and FM 1741 was redesignated Urban Road 93 (UR 93). The designation of this section reverted to FM 93 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[41]Junction listThe entire route is in Bell County.","title":"FM 93"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_290"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Marble Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Llano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_93-198"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SH_71-201"}],"sub_title":"RM 93 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered Ranch to Market Road 93 (RM 93) was designated on February 11, 1944, from US 290 at or near Austin to US 281 south of Marble Falls. On September 28, 1949, RM 93 was extended northwest to SH 16 at Llano. On October 24, 1955, RM 93 was signed, but not designated, as an extension of SH 71. RM 93 was cancelled on September 1, 1965, and officially transferred to SH 71, as that route was extended further west to Brady.[192][194]","title":"FM 93"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"FM 2042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2042"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 94 (FM 94) is located in the Texas Panhandle. It runs from US 62/US 83 south of Childress to SH 70 in Matador. A spur connection, FM Spur 94, connects to US 62/US 70 in Matador.FM 94 was designated on February 11, 1944, from Childress west to Tell.[196] On March 18, 1947, a section of War Highway 16 (which was already part of FM 94) from US 83 west 1.75 miles (2.82 km) was added to FM 94, and FM 94 was extended to US 287 in Childress, replacing Loop 146. On November 20, 1951, the road was extended 17.8 miles (28.6 km) south to Northfield. On October 28, 1953, the road was extended southwest 6.5 miles (10.5 km), and another 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest on October 26, 1954. On November 21, 1956, the road was extended southwest 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to US 70 in Matador. On December 14, 1959, the section of FM 94 north of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 2042, and FM 94 was rerouted over the old route of FM 2042. One section of FM 2042 was transferred to FM 164 on September 5, 1973, and another section north to FM 164 was transferred to FM 3468 on August 4, 1988. On January 2, 1962, FM Spur 94, connecting to SH 70 in Matador, was added. On September 24, 2007, by district request, FM 94 was routed over FM Spur 94 to SH 70 while FM Spur 94 was rerouted over the former route of FM 94 to US 62/US 70. On October 25, 2012, the road was realigned on a new route west of FM 2042; the former route was turned over to Childress County.","title":"FM 94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1716"},{"link_name":"FM 1274","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1274"},{"link_name":"FM 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1863"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 95 (FM 95) is located in Rusk and Nacogdoches counties. It runs from FM 1798 in Minden south to SH 103.FM 95 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 59 in Garrison to the Nacogdoches–Rusk county line. On May 7, 1948, FM 95 was extended northwest to SH 26 (now US 259) west of Minden. On December 10, 1951, FM 95 was extended northwest to FM 839, replacing FM 1716 (the connecting section was designated on November 20). On January 27, 1953, the section west of FM 1798 was transferred to FM 1798. On June 18, 1964, FM 95 was extended south to SH 103, replacing FM 1274. Part of what was FM 1274 was originally numbered FM 1863.","title":"FM 95"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_77"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 96 (FM 96) is located in Cass County. It runs from SH 77 north and southeast to US 59.FM 96 was designated on May 23, 1951, from SH 77 northward 3.3 miles (5.3 km) to Antioch. On January 23, 1953, FM 96 was extended north and southeast to US 59.","title":"FM 96"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 96 (1944)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 96 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Gorman to Desdemona in Eastland County. FM 96 was cancelled on May 17, 1948, and became a portion of FM 8.","title":"FM 96"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Motley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motley_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_785"},{"link_name":"FM 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_135"},{"link_name":"FM 378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_378"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 97 (FM 97) is located in Floyd and Motley counties. It runs from SH 70 west to US 70 in Lockney.FM 97 was designated on May 18, 1944, from SH 18 (now SH 70) westward to Flomot. On June 11, 1945, FM 97 was extended west to the Motley–Floyd county line. On December 2, 1953, FM 97 was extended west to SH 207, replacing FM 785. On March 24, 1958, FM 97 was extended west and south to Loop 75 in Lockney, replacing FM 135 (although it remained signed as FM 135 until the 1959 travel map was released). Later, FM 97 was rerouted west to US 70, with the old route to Loop 75 being redesignated as a spur connection. On January 20, 1964, the spur connection to Lockney was cancelled because it was already part of FM 378 (which had extended north from what is now FM 37 on December 21, 1959).","title":"FM 97"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foard_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wilbarger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbarger_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2183"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 98 (FM 98) is located in Foard and Wilbarger counties. It runs from SH 6 near Crowell northeast to US 70FM 98 was designated on May 18, 1944, from US 70 in Crowell northeast to Margaret. On October 28, 1953, FM 98 was extended east 4.0 miles (6.4 km) from Margaret. On November 1, 1955, FM 98 was extended east to US 70, replacing FM 2183 (connecting section designated September 21, 1955). On September 29, 1977, FM 98 was extended south and west to SH 6.","title":"FM 98"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnes_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Atascosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atascosa_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Live Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Oak_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"McMullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMullen_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2153"},{"link_name":"FM 1106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1106"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 99 (FM 99) is located in Karnes, Atascosa, Live Oak, and McMullen counties. It runs from FM 1144 in Karnes City to a road intersection 4 miles (6.4 km) south of SH 72.FM 99 was designated on April 19, 1944, from Karnes City to the Karnes–Atascosa county line. On May 15, 1946, FM 99 was extended west to Fashing. On October 23, 1948, another section from US 281 (now Bus. US 281) at Whitsett north to the Live Oak–Atascosa county line was added, creating a gap. On September 19, 1951, the sections were connected, closing the gap. On October 28, 1953, FM 99 was extended southwest to the Live Oak–McMullen county line. On October 27, 1954, FM 99 was extended south to FM 63 (which became part of SH 72 on December 15, 1960) in Calliham, replacing FM 2153. On March 27, 1981, a section of FM 99 was closed as it would be inundated by Choke Canyon Reservoir, so FM 99 was rerouted on a new alignment west and extended south to a road intersection 4.0 miles (6.4 km) miles south of SH 72, replacing FM 1106. SH 72 was also rerouted around the reservoir.","title":"FM 99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9-concur_22-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16-concur_49-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36-concur_86-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40-concur_103-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93-concur_199-0"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 9 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 80 in Waskom.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 16 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 110 in Van.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 36 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 66 and US 380.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 40 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 207.\n\n^ RM 42 was originally designated as FM 42 from 1948 to 1959.\n\n^ RM 43 was originally designated as FM 43 from 1942 to 1945.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 93 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with SH 317.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"FM 16 as Hubbard Street at the intersection with US 69 in Lindale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lindale_May_2018_21_%28Hubbard_Street_and_Main_Street%29.jpg/220px-Lindale_May_2018_21_%28Hubbard_Street_and_Main_Street%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"FM 23 in Cherokee County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Texas_FM_23.jpg/200px-Texas_FM_23.jpg"},{"image_text":"FM 51, as East California Street, in Gainesville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gainesville_June_2017_34_%28E_California_Street%29.jpg/220px-Gainesville_June_2017_34_%28E_California_Street%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0001.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0002.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1598. Retrieved August 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1598.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Surette, Rusty (October 31, 2016). \"Driver killed while crossing foggy intersection south of Navasota\". KBTX-TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Driver-killed-in-crash-south-of-Navasota-on-Highway-6-399339261.html","url_text":"\"Driver killed while crossing foggy intersection south of Navasota\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBTX-TV","url_text":"KBTX-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"SH 6 and FM 2 Intersection - Grimes County\". Texas Department of Transportation. February 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.txdot.gov/inside-txdot/get-involved/about/hearings-meetings/bryan/020917.html","url_text":"\"SH 6 and FM 2 Intersection - Grimes County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0003.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1333. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1333.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1278. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1278.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 4\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0004.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 5\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0005.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 704. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/704.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 703. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/703.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 661. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/661.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 131\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0131.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 131\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 6\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0006.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 115\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0115.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 115\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Spur No. 108\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SS/SS0108.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Spur No. 108\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 7\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0007.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 66\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0066.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 8\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0008.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 9\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0009.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 803. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/803.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 762. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/762.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 719. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/719.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"1961 General Highway Map, Harrison County, Texas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tslarc.tsl.texas.gov/maps/map05166.jpg","url_text":"\"1961 General Highway Map, Harrison County, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 10\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0010.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 11\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0011.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 12\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0012.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Rollins, Brad (May 13, 2007). \"No to road bonds\". San Marcos Daily Record. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070716094415/http://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/local/local_story_133020459.html#","url_text":"\"No to road bonds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_Daily_Record","url_text":"San Marcos Daily Record"},{"url":"http://www.sanmarcosrecord.com/local/local_story_133020459.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3407\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3407.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3407\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Portion of Ranch Road 12 to become 'Old Ranch Road 12'\". San Marcos Mercury. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145844/http://www.newstreamz.com/2010/06/15/portion-of-ranch-road-12-to-become-old-ranch-road-12/","url_text":"\"Portion of Ranch Road 12 to become 'Old Ranch Road 12'\""},{"url":"http://www.newstreamz.com/2010/06/15/portion-of-ranch-road-12-to-become-old-ranch-road-12/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 13\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0013.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 883. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/883.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 884. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/884.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, Texas (Map) (1991 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171427/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5216762&quad=Tyler&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"Tyler, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5216762&quad=Tyler&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Texas (Map) (1986 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171739/http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201030&quad=Henderson&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"Henderson, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5201030&quad=Henderson&state=TX&grid=30X60&series=Map%20GeoPDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 324\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0324.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 324\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Randall; Morris, Rebecca. \"Price, TX (Rusk County)\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hlp53","url_text":"\"Price, TX (Rusk County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas_Online","url_text":"Handbook of Texas Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association","url_text":"Texas State Historical Association"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 14\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0014.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 270\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0270.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 270\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 15\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0015.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 883. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/883.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 841. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/841.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 269\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0269.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 269\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 16\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0016.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 17\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0017.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 18\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0018.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 19\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0019.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 20\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0020.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 21\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0021.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park\". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/spdest/findadest/parks/lake_bob_sandlin/","url_text":"\"Lake Bob Sandlin State Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department","url_text":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 22\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0022.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 22\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 940. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/940.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 999. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/999.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 23\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0023.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 23\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1056. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1056.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1057. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1057.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1857.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1857\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 24\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0024.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 24\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church\". Corpus Christi, TX: St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church. Retrieved March 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stpeterprince.net/","url_text":"\"St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles Catholic Church\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2139. Retrieved December 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2139.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 25\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0025.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 25\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 46\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0046.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 46\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 26\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0026.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 26\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 769. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/769.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 727. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/727.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 684. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/684.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 27\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0027.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 27\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 28\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0028.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 28\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 29\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0029.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 29\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 30\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0030.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 30\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 31\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0031.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 31\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 32\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0032.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 32\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 232\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1235.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 35\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0035.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 35\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 15, 2018). \"Route of FM 35\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.9159564,-96.2387207/32.973452,-96.3225985/@32.9432313,-96.2903933,13.75z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 35\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 36\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0036.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 36\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 14, 2018). \"Route of FM 36\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.9105975,-96.1695432/33.3027577,-96.2680901/@33.1091386,-96.3708437,11z/am=t?entry=ttu","url_text":"\"Route of FM 36\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 37\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0037.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 37\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 311. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/311.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 312. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/312.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 288. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/288.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 289. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/289.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 290. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/290.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 291. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/291.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 316. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/316.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 317. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/317.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 318. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/318.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 38\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0038.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 38\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 39\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0050.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 51\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0051.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 204\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676388.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 396th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 438\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0438.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 438\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 54\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0054.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 54\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 55\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0055.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 55\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 56\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0056.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 56\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 57\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0057.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 57\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 58\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0058.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 58\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 59\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0059.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 59\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 60\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0060.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 60\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 61\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0061.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 61\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 62\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0062.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 62\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 63\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0063.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 63\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 64\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0064.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 501. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/501.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 459. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/459.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 502. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/502.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Sulphur Springs, Texas (Map) (1991 ed.). 1:100,000. 30x60 minute series (topographic). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. 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Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0128.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 128\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 19\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0019.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 19\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 154\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0154.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 154\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 457\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0457.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 457\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 50\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0050.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 50\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 65\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0065.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 66\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0066.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 67\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0067.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 67\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 68\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0068.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 68\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 69\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0069.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 69\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 70\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Retrieved December 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0073.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 73\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 992. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/992.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1050. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1050.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1049. Retrieved July 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1049.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 74\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0076.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 76\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 77\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0077.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 77\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 78\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. 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Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0091.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 91\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 92\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0092.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"\"ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com\". www.lyrics.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lyrics.com/lyric/30437731/ZZ+Top/Avalon+Hideaway","url_text":"\"ZZ Top - Avalon Hideaway Lyrics | Lyrics.com\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 93\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0093.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 93\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 14, 2019). \"Route of FM 93\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.09164,-97.5498191/31.02474,-97.3075844/@31.0640081,-97.4683522,12.83z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.4790604!2d31.0626282!3s0x864540618825fe93:0x31c1fa2f70600fdc!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 93\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 71\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0071.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 71\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 94\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0094.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 94\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Texas State Highway Department (February 11, 1944). \"Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\" (PDF). Austin: Texas State Highway Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676332.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the 340th Meeting of the Texas State Highway Department\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 95\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0095.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 95\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 96\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0096.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 96\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 97\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0097.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 97\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 98\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0098.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 98\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 99\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0099.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 99\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_(city)
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Gorontalo (city)
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["1 History","1.1 Etymology","1.2 Early and colonial history","1.3 World War II and post-independence era","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Governance","3.1 Administrative districts","3.2 Government and politics","4 Economy","4.1 Agriculture and fisheries","4.2 Mining","4.3 Trade","4.4 Tourism and hospitality","5 Demographics","6 Education","7 Healthcare","8 Transportation","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 0°32′32″N 123°3′41″E / 0.54222°N 123.06139°E / 0.54222; 123.06139City and capital of Gorontalo, Indonesia
City in Sulawesi, IndonesiaGorontalo
Hulontalo (Gorontalo)CityA view of Gorontalo
FlagCoat of armsLocation within Gorontalo ProvinceGorontaloLocation in Sulawesi and IndonesiaShow map of SulawesiGorontaloGorontalo (Indonesia)Show map of IndonesiaCoordinates: 0°32′32″N 123°3′41″E / 0.54222°N 123.06139°E / 0.54222; 123.06139Country IndonesiaRegionSulawesiGovernment • MayorMarten A. Taha • Vice MayorBudi DokuArea • Total79.59 km2 (30.73 sq mi)Elevation9 m (30 ft)Population (mid 2023 estimate) • Total205,390 Time zoneUTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)Area code(+62) 435HDI (2022) 0.782 (High)Websitewww.gorontalokota.go.id
Gorontalo (Gorontalo: Hulontalo) is a city and the capital of the Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The city has an area of 79.59 km2 and had a population of 179,991 at the 2010 census and 198,539 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 205,390. Previously part of North Sulawesi, it became the capital of the newly-formed Gorontalo Province on 5 December 2000 when that province was separated from North Sulawesi. As the largest settlement and the only city in the province, it is the economic, political, and educational center of the province, hosting most of its universities and is the location of one of the only two public university in the province.
The city is also cultural center of the Gorontalo people and have been under various small kingdoms and later the Islamic Gorontalo Kingdom, among others before being incorporated under Dutch East Indies as Afdeling Gorontalo and then later kotapraja under the Indonesian Republic. Due to relatively religious culture of the Gorontaloan people and its history with Islam, the city is sometimes referred to as "Porch of Medina".
History
Etymology
There are several theories regarding the origin of the city's name. One theory suggest that it was shortened version of Huluntalangio, name of a kingdom in the area which became Hulontalo. Later during the first contact with the Dutch explorers, Dutch people find it difficult to spell Hulontalo and the word became corrupted to "Gorontalo" which stuck as the name of the city to this day. Other theories include Hulutalangi which means "more honourable", Hulua lo tola which means "place for gabus fish (Channa striata) to breed", Pogolatalo which means "place to wait", or directly Gorontalo which is derived from name of a Moluccas ruler Gorontalo of Tidore.
King of Gorontalo, from around 1868
Early and colonial history
Gorontalo city is considered among the oldest cities in Sulawesi, dating back approximately 400 years together with Makassar, Parepare, and Manado. It was the center of Islamic propagation in Sulawesi under Ternate rule. The area that what is now the city was once a region (Pohala) under Kingdom of Gorontalo. The kingdom consisted of alliances of 17 smaller groups called linula. Kingdom of Gorontalo was a vassal under Ternate Sultanate in Moluccas. Islamic propagation in the region around the today's city started between 14th and 15th centuries, started with the period under the ruler named Sultan Amai who married a princess from nearby Palase Gomonjolo Kingdom, who asked the Sultan Amai previously to convert to Islam as part of the marriage arrangement in 1525. Islam later spread to the Gorontalo Kingdom and became official religion of the kingdom under rule of King Matolodulakiki. During this period, principle of Gorontaloan culture regarding Islam which is "adat basandi syara', syara' basandi kitabullah" (traditions based on Sharia, Sharia based on Qur'an) was coined.
Native rule in this area ended with transfer of all Ternate's Sulawesi possessions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under a treaty which became effective on 11 May 1677. This transfer of possession includes Gorontalo and its neighbouring kingdoms in the northern part of Sulawesi. Dutch East India Company built its first trade office around the area of what is now the city in 1705 to organize trade relations with the native kingdoms which is now under the company's rule. Later, Dutch rule in the area was strengthened by the construction of Nassare Fort in 1770. As Dutch East India Company dissolves in 1799, the area became direct possession of the Dutch and later Dutch East Indies colony. From then, the Dutch became increasingly involved in successions and appointment of local rulers.
On 1824, the area around Gorontalo was merged with Minahasan region to become an afdeeling which is led by an assistant resident. In 1899, another administrative change took place which made Gorontalo immediately administrated from Batavia, the form that was called "Rechtstreeks Bestuur". On 1911, again another administrative change took place, this time the pohala was reorganized and became divided into three onder afdeelingen, which are Kwandang, Boalemo, and Gorontalo. In 1920, onder afdeeling was changed into district. At this time, Gorontalo region was divided into five districts including Limboto and Bone. This change did not last long and later in 1922 it was divided and reorganized again into three afdeelingen, which are Gorontalo, Boalemo, and Buol.
World War II and post-independence era
Nani Wartabone, leader of Merah Putih movement, a revolt centered around Gorontalo and Central Sulawesi region
Just before the invasion of the region by Empire of Japan during World War II, a revolt broke out led by Nani Wartabone who declared Indonesian independence on 23 January 1942 under Merah Putih (Red and White) movement, around three years before it would be formally declared again by Sukarno. However, the revolt was later suppressed by occupying Imperial Japanese Navy who assumed control of Sulawesi and East Indonesia. After World War II and the aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution, Gorontalo became part of State of East Indonesia as a neoswapraja together with Mongondow and Buol. When State of East Indonesia was dissolved in 1950, Gorontalo became part of North Sulawesi region under then-Sulawesi Province. On 1954, neoswapraja Mongondow was separated from North Sulawesi, leaving only Buol and Gorontalo as part of it. Later, in accordance of Law Number 1 of 1957, as Indonesia reorganized its administrative structure, Gorontalo became part of first-level administrative division (daerah tingkat I) and Gorontalo city was separated from Gorontalo Regency, granting the city status of kotapraja. During Permesta rebellion, the city hosts Indonesian military radio used to persuade the rebels to surrender.
The city became the capital of the newly created province of Gorontalo in 2000 and has since seen urban growth and took more significant importance, being the center of the new province's economy, educational, and administrative functions, especially between 2006 and 2007 where the new province overall saw rapid economic growth and massive increase of its gross regional product.
Geography
Gorontalo shares its borders with Bone Bolango Regency to the north and east, Tomini Gulf to the south, and Gorontalo Regency to the west.
Climate
Gorontalo has a relatively dry tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with moderate rainfall year-round.
Climate data for Gorontalo
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
30.8(87.4)
30.8(87.4)
31.2(88.2)
31.9(89.4)
31.7(89.1)
31.0(87.8)
30.8(87.4)
31.4(88.5)
32.1(89.8)
32.5(90.5)
32.2(90.0)
31.5(88.7)
31.5(88.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.7(80.1)
26.6(79.9)
26.9(80.4)
27.4(81.3)
27.4(81.3)
26.8(80.2)
26.6(79.9)
26.8(80.2)
27.1(80.8)
27.3(81.1)
27.5(81.5)
27.2(81.0)
27.0(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
22.6(72.7)
22.5(72.5)
22.7(72.9)
22.9(73.2)
23.2(73.8)
22.7(72.9)
22.5(72.5)
22.3(72.1)
22.1(71.8)
22.2(72.0)
22.9(73.2)
22.9(73.2)
22.6(72.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
101(4.0)
95(3.7)
101(4.0)
105(4.1)
148(5.8)
133(5.2)
117(4.6)
74(2.9)
67(2.6)
99(3.9)
128(5.0)
117(4.6)
1,285(50.4)
Source:
Governance
Administrative districts
As the time of the 2010 census, the city was divided into six districts (kecamatan), and an additional three districts were subsequently created by the splitting of existing districts. The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (all urban kelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.
Name ofdistrict(kecamatan)
Areainkm2
Pop'nCensus2010
Pop'nCensus2020
Pop'nestimatemid-2023
Admincentre
Numberofvillages
Postcodes
Kota Barat
20.22
20,220
24,011
25,004
Buladu
7
96131 - 96136
Dungingi
4.70
21,568
25,439
26,690
Huangobotu
5
96135 - 96139
Kota Selatan
2.83
35,988
20,287
20,562
Biawu
5
96111 - 96115
Kota Timur
5.36
42,155
26,691
26,973
Moodu
6
96112 - 96119
Hulonthalangi
14.33
16,352
16,935
Tenda
5
96111 - 96117
Dumbo Raya
14.14
18,489
19,513
Talumolo
5
96112 - 96119
Kota Utara
8.08
33,149
20,692
21,548
Dolomo Selatan
6
96121 - 96123
Kota Tengah
4.84
27,047
27,398
27,461
Pulubala
6
96127 - 96129
Sipatana
5.09
19,180
19,758
Molosipat U
5
96121 - 96126
Totals
79.59
180,127
198,539
204,444
50
Government and politics
As with all Indonesian cities, Gorontalo is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a regency. Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.
On provincial level, the city is part of Gorontalo 1st electoral district which only consist of the city itself. This electoral district sends 8 representatives to the provincial parliament which has total seats of 45. On city level, the city is divided into four electoral districts which have total of 25 seats. The last election was in 2019 and the next one is scheduled for 2024.
Electoral district
Region
Representatives
Gorontalo City 1st
Kota Selatan, Hulonthalangi
5
Gorontalo City 2n
Kota Barat, Dungingi
6
Gorontalo City 3rd
Kota Utara, Kota Tengah, Sipatana
8
Gorontalo City 4th
Kota Timur, Dumbo Raya
6
Total
25
Economy
A mall in Gorontalo, the city's economy is dominated by trading and service
The economy of the city is diverse, with largest sector being trade accounts for 16.98% of the city's gross regional product, followed by construction sector with 13.01%, and then finance sector with 10.50%. Other sectors include mining with 5.28% and agriculture with 4.66 in 2022. The economic growth of the city was 4.1% on 2022, an increase from 2.83% in 2021. The growth has been consistently being the highest in the province except in 2020 on which the city's GDRP briefly shrank 0.02% in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. The city has the second largest economy in the province after Gorontalo Regency.
Agriculture and fisheries
The city has relatively small agricultural output compared to its neighbours. The city produces 41.9 tonnes of chili pepper, 41.9 tonnes of tomato, 225.3 tonnes of banana, 188.5 tonnes of mango, 29.8 tonnes of jackfruit, and 13.5 tonnes of papaya in 2022. Livestock also present in the city which includes 3,847 cattles, 13,509 goats, 127,018 chickens, and 9,675 ducks. From this, the city on 2022 produced 1,780 tonnes of beef, 277 tonnes of mutton, 1,211 tonnes of chicken meat, and 1.65 tonnes of duck meat. Fish catch from the sea was 17,291 tonnes and also 177.3 tonnes of freshwater catch within the same year.
According to the city's spatial plan document for 2019 to 2039, 183.27 hectares of land in the city outskirt of Kota Utara and Sipatana districts will be developed with construction of new irrigation system. Meanwhile, in Hulonthalangi District exist port facilities specifically to accommodate fishing industry such as dedicated fishing port and fish auction house.
Mining
Mining as a sector is also relatively small in the city, with only 29.971 hectares allocated for it within Hulonthalangi District. This sector only constitute 5.28% of the city's GDRP in 2022.
Trade
Trade and other service sector dominates the city's economy. According to the spatial plan document of the city, 1,066.408 hectares of the city's land are dedicated to shophouses, market buildings, and many other facilities facilitating trading and service sector. The sector contributes 1,656 billion Rupiah in 2022 to the city's GDRP. The city has various trading centers and market buildings such as in Kota Selatan District and Tapa Business Center in Siptana District. The city also has eight weekly markets registered, as well as one main central market building. Being capital of the province, the city is where trading and service sector concentrated within the province.
Tourism and hospitality
The city has total of 58 accommodations from regular to budget hotels, in addition to 288 registered restaurants within the city boundaries. The city was visited by 138,064 tourists in 2021 and this figure later increased to 164,986 in 2022. From the figure, 679 visitors in 2022 were international tourists from abroad. This figure is an increase from previous year of 2021 with only 292 visitors, but both figure still has not recovered to the figure of 2019 with 3,720 international tourists. Tourism sector and hotel occupancy as of 2022 seen signs of recovering from previous COVID-19 pandemic.
Demographics
Composition of the city's demographics is dominated by age group between 20 – 24 years old. In 2022, the age group of 0 – 4 years old outnumbered age group of 5 - 9, suggesting that Gorontalo saw increase in births that year. Most of the population, with figures of 66.04%, are at economically active age between 15 and 59 years old. Sex ratio in Gorontalo is 99, below 100 figure which means the population of female is more the population of male in the city. The city has life expectancy of 72.53 years in 2022, a slight increase from previous year's 72.49, and not far from the national figure of 73.6 years. The city's fertility meanwhile, is decreasing from figures of 2,38 during 2010 Census to 2,17 according to 2020 long form's census. Infant mortality rate of the city was also decreasing from 32 per 1,000 babies to 22 per 1,000 babies between the two census. Literacy rate on 2022 was 99.65% for age above 15 years old.
Education
State University of Gorontalo rectorate building
The city has 490 kindergartens, 121 elementary schools, 31 junior highschools, 17 senior highschools, in addition to 9 vocational highschools and 7 tertiary education institutions. State University of Gorontalo is the main university in the province which accepts students through national selection and entrance exams. State University of Gorontalo is the sole public university in the province. Other universities and institutions in the city includes Gorontalo Muhammadiyah University, Gorontalo University, Ichsan Gorontalo University, among others. The city hosts the province's main public library and archive center, H.B. Jassin Public Library which was named after HB Jassin, a literary critic from the province.
Healthcare
The city has total of 7 hospitals, 2 maternity hospitals, 16 polyclinics, 41 puskesmas, and 29 pharmacies. There are also 19 clinics and 128 posyandu or healthcare centers. Main referral and the largest hospital in the city is Dr. H. Aloei Saboe Regional General Hospital which is categorized as B-class hospital by Ministry of Health and is the largest hospital in the entire province. Other smaller hospitals include Otanaha Regional Hospital categorized as C-class which is managed by the city government, Tk. IV Gorontalo Hospital which is managed by Indonesian Army, Gorontalo Bhayangkara Hospital which is managed by Indonesian National Police, among others.
Transportation
Auto rickshaw in Gorontalo
The city has 233.15 kilometers of road within the city boundaries as of 2022. Of this, 21.15 kilometers are national roads, 47.34 kilometers are provincial roads, and the rest are city roads maintained by the city government. As of 2022, the total length of paved roads in the city was 197.20 kilometers. Part of the road infrastructure is Gorontalo Outer Ring Road or often referred as GORR. The ringroad has length of 46.2 kilometers which connect Jalaluddin Airport to Gorontalo Port, bypassing most of the city's urban area. The closest airport to the city is Jalaluddin Airport which is located in the neighbouring Gorontalo Regency. The airport was expanded and a new terminal building was built in 2015 and inaugurated in 2016. The city is also served by four seaports, among them is Gorontalo Port.
Public transport in the city consist of mostly angkot and auto rickshaw locally called bentor. There are three major ride-hailing services in the city, which are Gojek, Grab, and Maxim. The city launched an urban bus system named Trans NKRI during the province's 19th anniversary with three routes serving major universities and schools in the city. However, the service gradually decline and eventually stopped during COVID-19 pandemic, leaving the city with no urban bus system as of 2024.
Notes
^ a b c The population in 2010 of the three newly created districts is included in the figures for the districts from which they were created.
References
^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Gorontalo Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7571)
^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
^ Media, Kompas Cyber (25 July 2022). "Mengapa Gorontalo Disebut Kota Serambi Madinah? Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ Sino, Didin. "0". Pemerintah Kota Gorontalo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ a b c d Marzuki, Irfanuddin Wahid (2018). "Perkembangan morfologi Kota Gorontalo dari masa tradisional hingga kolonial" (PDF). Berkala Arkeologi. 38 (1): 39–58. doi:10.30883/jba.v38i1.236.
^ a b Yuliadi, Imamudin; Marpaung, Heri Kurniawan (4 February 2010). "Analisis Ekonomi Propinsi Gorontalo Evaluasi Kebijakan Pemekaran Wilayah". Jurnal Bisnis: Teori Dan Implementasi. 1 (1): 137–157. doi:10.18196/jbti.v1i1.2414 (inactive 7 February 2024). ISSN 2622-0733.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link)
^ Mashadi, Mashadi; Suryani, Wahidah (1 December 2018). "Jaringan Islamisasi Gorontalo (Fenomena Keagamaan dan Perkembangan Islam di Gorontalo)". Al-Ulum (in Indonesian). 18 (2): 435–458. doi:10.30603/au.v18i2.555. ISSN 2442-8213.
^ Soewarsono; Suartina, Tine; Widyawati, Nina (2010). Nasionalisme Indonesia dalam kerangka otonomi daerah: rekonstruksi pluralisme dan etnisitas dalam gagasan pemekaran di Provinsi Sumatera Utara (in Indonesian). Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-799-594-2.
^ Mamar, Sulaiman (1984–1985). Sejarah sosial daerah Sulawesi Tengah (wajah kota Donggala dan Palu). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional. OCLC 15864232.
^ "Sejarah Singkat Rri Gorontalo".
^ "Climate Gorontalo (Indonesia)". climate-date.org. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
^ "UU 22 1999" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
^ "UU 8 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
^ "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan ". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
^ Government Law No.19 1998
^ "Keputusan KPU Nomor 292/PL.01.3-Kpt/06/KPU/IV/2018 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Wilayah Provinsi Gorontalo" (PDF). KPU RI. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Keputusan KPU Nomor 292/PL.01.3-Kpt/06/KPU/IV/2018 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Wilayah Provinsi Gorontalo" (PDF). KPU RI. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kota Gorontalo Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7571)
^ a b c "Profil Kota Gorontalo 2020" (PDF).
^ a b "Statistik Daerah Kota Gorontalo 2022". gorontalokota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ "Hasil Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020 Kota Gorontalo". gorontalokota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ "Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat Kota Gorontalo 2022". gorontalokota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ "DAYA TAMPUNG". sidata-ptn-snpmb.bppp.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ a b Handayani, Meri (1 May 2023). "4 Universitas Terbaik di Gorontalo! Luar Biasa, UNG Ranking 1 Dan Satu-satunya Kampus Negeri! - Jatim Network". 4 Universitas Terbaik di Gorontalo! Luar Biasa, UNG Ranking 1 Dan Satu-satunya Kampus Negeri! - Jatim Network (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "PDDikti - Pangkalan Data Pendidikan Tinggi". pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ Liputan6.com (21 February 2022). "Perpustakaan Umum HB Jassin Resmi Berdiri di Gorontalo, Saatnya Anak Muda Turun Tangan". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "RS Online". sirs.kemkes.go.id. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "Bangun Gorontalo Outer Ring Road, PUPR: Konektivitas untuk Pengembangan Kawasan". Kementerian PUPR. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ Media, Kompas Cyber (12 June 2023). "Pemerintah Kebut Jalan Penghubung Bandara Djalaludin-Pelabuhan Gorontalo". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "Peresmian Terminal Baru Bandar Udara Djalaluddin". 1 May 2016.
^ Sino, Didin. "0". Pemerintah Kota Gorontalo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ Admin (16 January 2022). "Bentor, Transportasi Khas Gorontalo". NUSANTARA INFO (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ Agency, ANTARA News. "Tarif Angkutan Di Gorontalo Belum Diturunkan". ANTARA News Gorontalo. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "Pengemudi Ojek Online Gorontalo Minta Pemerintah Atur Tarif Pengantaran Makanan dan Barang". Tribun Gorontalo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "Bus Trans NKRI Siap Layani Warga Gorontalo". berita.gorontaloprov.go.id. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ Akuba, Wawan (14 June 2021). "Lama Tak Terlihat, Ke Mana Bus NKRI BRT?". Dulohupa.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gorontalo (city).
Official website
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The city has an area of 79.59 km2 and had a population of 179,991 at the 2010 census[2] and 198,539 at the 2020 census;[3] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 205,390.[1] Previously part of North Sulawesi, it became the capital of the newly-formed Gorontalo Province on 5 December 2000 when that province was separated from North Sulawesi. As the largest settlement and the only city in the province, it is the economic, political, and educational center of the province, hosting most of its universities and is the location of one of the only two public university in the province.The city is also cultural center of the Gorontalo people and have been under various small kingdoms and later the Islamic Gorontalo Kingdom, among others before being incorporated under Dutch East Indies as Afdeling Gorontalo and then later kotapraja under the Indonesian Republic. Due to relatively religious culture of the Gorontaloan people and its history with Islam, the city is sometimes referred to as \"Porch of Medina\".[4]","title":"Gorontalo (city)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Channa striata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channa_striata"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo of Tidore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_of_Tidore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KITLV_A414_-_Radja_van_Gorontalo,_KITLV_84995.tiff"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"There are several theories regarding the origin of the city's name. One theory suggest that it was shortened version of Huluntalangio, name of a kingdom in the area which became Hulontalo. Later during the first contact with the Dutch explorers, Dutch people find it difficult to spell Hulontalo and the word became corrupted to \"Gorontalo\" which stuck as the name of the city to this day.[5] Other theories include Hulutalangi which means \"more honourable\", Hulua lo tola which means \"place for gabus fish (Channa striata) to breed\", Pogolatalo which means \"place to wait\", or directly Gorontalo which is derived from name of a Moluccas ruler Gorontalo of Tidore.[6]King of Gorontalo, from around 1868","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"Parepare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parepare"},{"link_name":"Manado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manado"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Ternate Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company (VOC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_(VOC)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Early and colonial history","text":"Gorontalo city is considered among the oldest cities in Sulawesi, dating back approximately 400 years together with Makassar, Parepare, and Manado. It was the center of Islamic propagation in Sulawesi under Ternate rule.[7] The area that what is now the city was once a region (Pohala) under Kingdom of Gorontalo. The kingdom consisted of alliances of 17 smaller groups called linula. Kingdom of Gorontalo was a vassal under Ternate Sultanate in Moluccas. Islamic propagation in the region around the today's city started between 14th and 15th centuries, started with the period under the ruler named Sultan Amai who married a princess from nearby Palase Gomonjolo Kingdom, who asked the Sultan Amai previously to convert to Islam as part of the marriage arrangement in 1525. Islam later spread to the Gorontalo Kingdom and became official religion of the kingdom under rule of King Matolodulakiki. During this period, principle of Gorontaloan culture regarding Islam which is \"adat basandi syara', syara' basandi kitabullah\" (traditions based on Sharia, Sharia based on Qur'an) was coined.[8]Native rule in this area ended with transfer of all Ternate's Sulawesi possessions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under a treaty which became effective on 11 May 1677. This transfer of possession includes Gorontalo and its neighbouring kingdoms in the northern part of Sulawesi. Dutch East India Company built its first trade office around the area of what is now the city in 1705 to organize trade relations with the native kingdoms which is now under the company's rule. Later, Dutch rule in the area was strengthened by the construction of Nassare Fort in 1770. As Dutch East India Company dissolves in 1799, the area became direct possession of the Dutch and later Dutch East Indies colony. From then, the Dutch became increasingly involved in successions and appointment of local rulers.[6]On 1824, the area around Gorontalo was merged with Minahasan region to become an afdeeling which is led by an assistant resident. In 1899, another administrative change took place which made Gorontalo immediately administrated from Batavia, the form that was called \"Rechtstreeks Bestuur\". On 1911, again another administrative change took place, this time the pohala was reorganized and became divided into three onder afdeelingen, which are Kwandang, Boalemo, and Gorontalo. In 1920, onder afdeeling was changed into district. At this time, Gorontalo region was divided into five districts including Limboto and Bone. This change did not last long and later in 1922 it was divided and reorganized again into three afdeelingen, which are Gorontalo, Boalemo, and Buol.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Nani_Wartabone,_Sulawesi_Utara_Bergolak,_p34.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nani Wartabone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nani_Wartabone"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-10"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"State of East Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_East_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_Regency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Permesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permesta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"World War II and post-independence era","text":"Nani Wartabone, leader of Merah Putih movement, a revolt centered around Gorontalo and Central Sulawesi regionJust before the invasion of the region by Empire of Japan during World War II, a revolt broke out led by Nani Wartabone who declared Indonesian independence on 23 January 1942 under Merah Putih (Red and White) movement, around three years before it would be formally declared again by Sukarno.[9] However, the revolt was later suppressed by occupying Imperial Japanese Navy who assumed control of Sulawesi and East Indonesia.[10] After World War II and the aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution, Gorontalo became part of State of East Indonesia as a neoswapraja together with Mongondow and Buol. When State of East Indonesia was dissolved in 1950, Gorontalo became part of North Sulawesi region under then-Sulawesi Province. On 1954, neoswapraja Mongondow was separated from North Sulawesi, leaving only Buol and Gorontalo as part of it. Later, in accordance of Law Number 1 of 1957, as Indonesia reorganized its administrative structure, Gorontalo became part of first-level administrative division (daerah tingkat I) and Gorontalo city was separated from Gorontalo Regency, granting the city status of kotapraja.[6] During Permesta rebellion, the city hosts Indonesian military radio used to persuade the rebels to surrender.[11]The city became the capital of the newly created province of Gorontalo in 2000 and has since seen urban growth and took more significant importance, being the center of the new province's economy, educational, and administrative functions, especially between 2006 and 2007 where the new province overall saw rapid economic growth and massive increase of its gross regional product.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bone Bolango Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Bolango_Regency"},{"link_name":"Tomini Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tomini"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_Regency"}],"text":"Gorontalo shares its borders with Bone Bolango Regency to the north and east, Tomini Gulf to the south, and Gorontalo Regency to the west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Gorontalo has a relatively dry tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with moderate rainfall year-round.Climate data for Gorontalo\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n101(4.0)\n\n95(3.7)\n\n101(4.0)\n\n105(4.1)\n\n148(5.8)\n\n133(5.2)\n\n117(4.6)\n\n74(2.9)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n99(3.9)\n\n128(5.0)\n\n117(4.6)\n\n1,285(50.4)\n\n\nSource: [12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_20112-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20212-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-1"},{"link_name":"kelurahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Indonesia"}],"sub_title":"Administrative districts","text":"As the time of the 2010 census, the city was divided into six districts (kecamatan), and an additional three districts were subsequently created by the splitting of existing districts. The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census[2] and the 2020 census,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid-2023.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (all urban kelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The last election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indonesian_general_election"},{"link_name":"the next one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indonesian_general_election"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Government and politics","text":"As with all Indonesian cities, Gorontalo is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a regency.[13] Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election.[14] Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.[15][16]On provincial level, the city is part of Gorontalo 1st electoral district which only consist of the city itself. This electoral district sends 8 representatives to the provincial parliament which has total seats of 45.[17] On city level, the city is divided into four electoral districts which have total of 25 seats. The last election was in 2019 and the next one is scheduled for 2024.[18]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citimall_Gorontalo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Gorontalo Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_Regency"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"}],"text":"A mall in Gorontalo, the city's economy is dominated by trading and serviceThe economy of the city is diverse, with largest sector being trade accounts for 16.98% of the city's gross regional product, followed by construction sector with 13.01%, and then finance sector with 10.50%.[19] Other sectors include mining with 5.28% and agriculture with 4.66 in 2022. The economic growth of the city was 4.1% on 2022, an increase from 2.83% in 2021. The growth has been consistently being the highest in the province except in 2020 on which the city's GDRP briefly shrank 0.02% in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. The city has the second largest economy in the province after Gorontalo Regency.[19]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture and fisheries","text":"The city has relatively small agricultural output compared to its neighbours. The city produces 41.9 tonnes of chili pepper, 41.9 tonnes of tomato, 225.3 tonnes of banana, 188.5 tonnes of mango, 29.8 tonnes of jackfruit, and 13.5 tonnes of papaya in 2022.[19] Livestock also present in the city which includes 3,847 cattles, 13,509 goats, 127,018 chickens, and 9,675 ducks. From this, the city on 2022 produced 1,780 tonnes of beef, 277 tonnes of mutton, 1,211 tonnes of chicken meat, and 1.65 tonnes of duck meat.[19] Fish catch from the sea was 17,291 tonnes and also 177.3 tonnes of freshwater catch within the same year.[19]According to the city's spatial plan document for 2019 to 2039, 183.27 hectares of land in the city outskirt of Kota Utara and Sipatana districts will be developed with construction of new irrigation system. Meanwhile, in Hulonthalangi District exist port facilities specifically to accommodate fishing industry such as dedicated fishing port and fish auction house.[20]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"}],"sub_title":"Mining","text":"Mining as a sector is also relatively small in the city, with only 29.971 hectares allocated for it within Hulonthalangi District. This sector only constitute 5.28% of the city's GDRP in 2022.[19]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"}],"sub_title":"Trade","text":"Trade and other service sector dominates the city's economy.[19] According to the spatial plan document of the city, 1,066.408 hectares of the city's land are dedicated to shophouses, market buildings, and many other facilities facilitating trading and service sector. The sector contributes 1,656 billion Rupiah in 2022 to the city's GDRP. The city has various trading centers and market buildings such as in Kota Selatan District and Tapa Business Center in Siptana District. The city also has eight weekly markets registered, as well as one main central market building.[20] Being capital of the province, the city is where trading and service sector concentrated within the province.[20]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"}],"sub_title":"Tourism and hospitality","text":"The city has total of 58 accommodations from regular to budget hotels, in addition to 288 registered restaurants within the city boundaries. The city was visited by 138,064 tourists in 2021 and this figure later increased to 164,986 in 2022. From the figure, 679 visitors in 2022 were international tourists from abroad. This figure is an increase from previous year of 2021 with only 292 visitors, but both figure still has not recovered to the figure of 2019 with 3,720 international tourists.[19] Tourism sector and hotel occupancy as of 2022 seen signs of recovering from previous COVID-19 pandemic.[21]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Composition of the city's demographics is dominated by age group between 20 – 24 years old. In 2022, the age group of 0 – 4 years old outnumbered age group of 5 - 9, suggesting that Gorontalo saw increase in births that year. Most of the population, with figures of 66.04%, are at economically active age between 15 and 59 years old. Sex ratio in Gorontalo is 99, below 100 figure which means the population of female is more the population of male in the city. The city has life expectancy of 72.53 years in 2022, a slight increase from previous year's 72.49, and not far from the national figure of 73.6 years.[21] The city's fertility meanwhile, is decreasing from figures of 2,38 during 2010 Census to 2,17 according to 2020 long form's census. Infant mortality rate of the city was also decreasing from 32 per 1,000 babies to 22 per 1,000 babies between the two census.[22] Literacy rate on 2022 was 99.65% for age above 15 years old.[23]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gedung_Rektorat_Universitas_Negeri_Gorontalo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"State University of Gorontalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_Gorontalo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"HB Jassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HB_Jassin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"State University of Gorontalo rectorate buildingThe city has 490 kindergartens, 121 elementary schools, 31 junior highschools, 17 senior highschools, in addition to 9 vocational highschools and 7 tertiary education institutions.[19] State University of Gorontalo is the main university in the province which accepts students through national selection and entrance exams.[24] State University of Gorontalo is the sole public university in the province.[25] Other universities and institutions in the city includes Gorontalo Muhammadiyah University, Gorontalo University, Ichsan Gorontalo University, among others.[25][26] The city hosts the province's main public library and archive center, H.B. Jassin Public Library which was named after HB Jassin, a literary critic from the province.[27]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puskesmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puskesmas"},{"link_name":"Dr. H. Aloei Saboe Regional General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloei_Saboe_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Army"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"}],"text":"The city has total of 7 hospitals, 2 maternity hospitals, 16 polyclinics, 41 puskesmas, and 29 pharmacies. There are also 19 clinics and 128 posyandu or healthcare centers. Main referral and the largest hospital in the city is Dr. H. Aloei Saboe Regional General Hospital which is categorized as B-class hospital by Ministry of Health and is the largest hospital in the entire province. Other smaller hospitals include Otanaha Regional Hospital categorized as C-class which is managed by the city government, Tk. IV Gorontalo Hospital which is managed by Indonesian Army, Gorontalo Bhayangkara Hospital which is managed by Indonesian National Police, among others.[28][19]","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aktivitas_penumpang_dan_pengemudi_becak_Gorontalo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_20232-20"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jalaluddin Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Airport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"angkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkot"},{"link_name":"auto rickshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gojek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojek"},{"link_name":"Grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_(company)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Auto rickshaw in GorontaloThe city has 233.15 kilometers of road within the city boundaries as of 2022. Of this, 21.15 kilometers are national roads, 47.34 kilometers are provincial roads, and the rest are city roads maintained by the city government. As of 2022, the total length of paved roads in the city was 197.20 kilometers.[19] Part of the road infrastructure is Gorontalo Outer Ring Road or often referred as GORR. The ringroad has length of 46.2 kilometers which connect Jalaluddin Airport to Gorontalo Port, bypassing most of the city's urban area.[29][30] The closest airport to the city is Jalaluddin Airport which is located in the neighbouring Gorontalo Regency. The airport was expanded and a new terminal building was built in 2015 and inaugurated in 2016.[31] The city is also served by four seaports, among them is Gorontalo Port.[32]Public transport in the city consist of mostly angkot and auto rickshaw locally called bentor.[33][34] There are three major ride-hailing services in the city, which are Gojek, Grab, and Maxim.[35] The city launched an urban bus system named Trans NKRI during the province's 19th anniversary with three routes serving major universities and schools in the city.[36] However, the service gradually decline and eventually stopped during COVID-19 pandemic, leaving the city with no urban bus system as of 2024.[37]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-a_13-2"}],"text":"^ a b c The population in 2010 of the three newly created districts is included in the figures for the districts from which they were created.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"King of Gorontalo, from around 1868","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/KITLV_A414_-_Radja_van_Gorontalo%2C_KITLV_84995.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_A414_-_Radja_van_Gorontalo%2C_KITLV_84995.tiff.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nani Wartabone, leader of Merah Putih movement, a revolt centered around Gorontalo and Central Sulawesi region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Portrait_of_Nani_Wartabone%2C_Sulawesi_Utara_Bergolak%2C_p34.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Nani_Wartabone%2C_Sulawesi_Utara_Bergolak%2C_p34.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mall in Gorontalo, the city's economy is dominated by trading and service","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Citimall_Gorontalo.jpg/220px-Citimall_Gorontalo.jpg"},{"image_text":"State University of Gorontalo rectorate building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gedung_Rektorat_Universitas_Negeri_Gorontalo.jpg/220px-Gedung_Rektorat_Universitas_Negeri_Gorontalo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Auto rickshaw in Gorontalo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aktivitas_penumpang_dan_pengemudi_becak_Gorontalo.jpg/220px-Aktivitas_penumpang_dan_pengemudi_becak_Gorontalo.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Media, Kompas Cyber (25 July 2022). \"Mengapa Gorontalo Disebut Kota Serambi Madinah? Halaman all\". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/07/25/183813178/mengapa-gorontalo-disebut-kota-serambi-madinah","url_text":"\"Mengapa Gorontalo Disebut Kota Serambi Madinah? Halaman all\""}]},{"reference":"Sino, Didin. \"0\". Pemerintah Kota Gorontalo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pkmkotabarat.gorontalokota.go.id/page/sejarah-gorontalo","url_text":"\"0\""}]},{"reference":"Marzuki, Irfanuddin Wahid (2018). \"Perkembangan morfologi Kota Gorontalo dari masa tradisional hingga kolonial\" (PDF). Berkala Arkeologi. 38 (1): 39–58. doi:10.30883/jba.v38i1.236.","urls":[{"url":"https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/9904/1/Gorontalo.pdf","url_text":"\"Perkembangan morfologi Kota Gorontalo dari masa tradisional hingga kolonial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.30883%2Fjba.v38i1.236","url_text":"10.30883/jba.v38i1.236"}]},{"reference":"Yuliadi, Imamudin; Marpaung, Heri Kurniawan (4 February 2010). \"Analisis Ekonomi Propinsi Gorontalo Evaluasi Kebijakan Pemekaran Wilayah\". Jurnal Bisnis: Teori Dan Implementasi. 1 (1): 137–157. doi:10.18196/jbti.v1i1.2414 (inactive 7 February 2024). ISSN 2622-0733.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/bti/article/view/2414","url_text":"\"Analisis Ekonomi Propinsi Gorontalo Evaluasi Kebijakan Pemekaran Wilayah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18196%2Fjbti.v1i1.2414","url_text":"10.18196/jbti.v1i1.2414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2622-0733","url_text":"2622-0733"}]},{"reference":"Mashadi, Mashadi; Suryani, Wahidah (1 December 2018). \"Jaringan Islamisasi Gorontalo (Fenomena Keagamaan dan Perkembangan Islam di Gorontalo)\". Al-Ulum (in Indonesian). 18 (2): 435–458. doi:10.30603/au.v18i2.555. ISSN 2442-8213.","urls":[{"url":"https://journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/au/article/view/555","url_text":"\"Jaringan Islamisasi Gorontalo (Fenomena Keagamaan dan Perkembangan Islam di Gorontalo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.30603%2Fau.v18i2.555","url_text":"10.30603/au.v18i2.555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2442-8213","url_text":"2442-8213"}]},{"reference":"Soewarsono; Suartina, Tine; Widyawati, Nina (2010). Nasionalisme Indonesia dalam kerangka otonomi daerah: rekonstruksi pluralisme dan etnisitas dalam gagasan pemekaran di Provinsi Sumatera Utara (in Indonesian). Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-799-594-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V0FSAQAAMAAJ&q=nani+wartabone+deklarasi","url_text":"Nasionalisme Indonesia dalam kerangka otonomi daerah: rekonstruksi pluralisme dan etnisitas dalam gagasan pemekaran di Provinsi Sumatera Utara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-799-594-2","url_text":"978-979-799-594-2"}]},{"reference":"Mamar, Sulaiman (1984–1985). Sejarah sosial daerah Sulawesi Tengah (wajah kota Donggala dan Palu). Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional. 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Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nusantarainfo.com/transportasi/bentor-transportasi-khas-gorontalo/","url_text":"\"Bentor, Transportasi Khas Gorontalo\""}]},{"reference":"Agency, ANTARA News. \"Tarif Angkutan Di Gorontalo Belum Diturunkan\". ANTARA News Gorontalo. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gorontalo.antaranews.com/berita/10318/tarif-angkutan-di-gorontalo-belum-diturunkan","url_text":"\"Tarif Angkutan Di Gorontalo Belum Diturunkan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pengemudi Ojek Online Gorontalo Minta Pemerintah Atur Tarif Pengantaran Makanan dan Barang\". Tribun Gorontalo (in Indonesian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Octavia
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Claudia Octavia
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["1 Life","1.1 Family","1.2 Early life","1.3 Claudius' remarriage and the rise of Nero","1.4 Life as empress","1.5 Divorce, banishment, and death","2 In fiction","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
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Wife of Emperor Nero (c. 39–62)
Claudia OctaviaPortrait head of Claudia Octavia, National Museum of RomeRoman empressTenureOctober 13, AD 54 – June 9, AD 62Bornlate AD 39/early AD 40RomeDiedJune 9, AD 62 (aged c. 22)PandateriaSpouseNeroHouseJulio-ClaudianFatherClaudiusMotherValeria Messalina
Roman imperial dynasties
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Chronology
Augustus 27 BC – AD 14
Tiberius AD 14–37
Caligula AD 37–41
Claudius AD 41–54
Nero AD 54–68
Preceded byRoman Republic
Followed byYear of the Four Emperors
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Claudia Octavia (late 39 or early 40 – June 9, AD 62) was a Roman empress. She was the daughter of the Emperor Claudius and Valeria Messalina. After her mother's death and father's remarriage to her cousin Agrippina the Younger, she became the stepsister of the future Emperor Nero. She also became his wife, in a marriage between the two which was arranged by Agrippina.
Octavia was popular with the Roman people, but she and Nero hated their marriage. When his mistress, Poppaea Sabina, became pregnant, he divorced and banished Octavia. When this led to a public outcry, he had her executed.
Life
Family
Octavia was the elder of two children of Claudius and his third wife, Valeria Messalina. Her younger brother was Britannicus. She had older half-siblings through her father's earlier marriages. Her elder half-sister was Claudia Antonia, Claudius's daughter through his second marriage to Aelia Paetina. She also had a half-brother, Claudius Drusus, through Claudius's first marriage to Plautia Urgulanilla, although Drusus died before she was born.: 23
She was named for her great-grandmother Octavia the Younger, sister of the Emperor Augustus.
Early life
She was born in Rome around 39 or 40 during the reign of her cousin Caligula. In January 41, Caligula was assassinated and her father was declared emperor. Shortly after Claudius' accession to the throne, her brother Britannicus was born on February 12. That same year, Claudius betrothed her to Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, a descendant of Augustus.
In 48, Messalina was engaged in an affair with the senator Gaius Silius, and the two held a wedding banquet when Claudius was away in Ostia. Claudius was informed by one of his advisors, the freedman Narcissus, and hurried back to Rome, concerned that the wedding was part of an attempt to overthrow him and make Silius emperor. Octavia and Britannicus were sent out to meet Claudius in an attempt to assuage his anger. Messalina's efforts to reconcile with Claudius were unsuccessful, and she was executed by the Praetorian Guard on orders that Narcissus presented as being from Claudius.
Claudius' remarriage and the rise of Nero
Octavia as a child, statue at the Archaeological and Art Museum of Maremma in Tuscany
Political concerns, including the need to dissuade further challenges to his legitimacy, motivated Claudius to remarry. Several candidates were proposed by his advisors; they included his former wife Aelia Paetina and Lollia Paulina, a wealthy noblewoman who had been married to Caligula for a short time. In 49, Claudius instead married Agrippina the Younger, daughter of the popular general Germanicus and also a descendant of Augustus. Germanicus was Claudius' older brother, making Agrippina Claudius' niece and Octavia's first cousin. The law prohibiting such a marriage was changed in order to proceed.
Agrippina had a son, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus from her first marriage to Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. In 50, Claudius adopted Lucius, who changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus.
Agrippina played an active role in politics through her influence on Claudius. She had Octavia's fiancé Silanus publicly accused of incest with his sister; he was forced to resign from his position of praetor and commit suicide. Suetonius reports the latter occurring on the same day as Claudius and Agrippina's marriage. She then had Octavia betrothed to Nero, who was additionally made an heir to Claudius. Octavia and Nero married in 53. To address the problem that they were now legally brother and sister, Octavia was first adopted into another patrician family.
Life as empress
Bust of Octavia, Cleveland Museum of Art
On October 13, 54, Claudius became ill and died unexpectedly. The convenient timing of his death – Britannicus was rapidly approaching adulthood and might displace Nero as heir – led the ancient sources to accuse Agrippina of killing him, possibly with poisoned mushrooms. Although modern historians consider the death suspicious and Agrippina possibly guilty, they also note that Claudius was in his sixties and never in the best of health. On the same day, Nero was acclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard, and the senate acquiesced, formally investing him with power. Octavia was now married to the emperor of Rome. Having become emperor, Nero's relationship with his mother began to deteriorate as the two vied for power.
The next year, Britannicus died as well, during a banquet where Octavia, Nero, and Agrippina were all present. Octavia and Agrippina were shocked at Britannicus' sudden illness, which Nero attributed to epilepsy. Britannicus, as the son of Claudius, had been a potential rival for the imperium, one that Agrippina had attempted to use as leverage in power struggles with her son. The suspicious death of Nero's rival led to the widespread assumption that Nero had had Britannicus poisoned; ancient writers including Tacitus, Suetonius, Cassius Dio, and Josephus all charge Nero with the murder of his stepbrother. Tacitus reports that by this point, Octavia "had learned to hide her griefs, her affections, her every emotion".
Octavia and Agrippina grew close after the death of Britannicus. Nero began to have affairs, first with Claudia Acte, a freedwoman, and then with Poppaea Sabina, the wife of his friend Marcus Salvius Otho. Nero's infidelities and his expressed desire to marry one of his mistresses resulted in another conflict in the ongoing power struggles between Nero and Agrippina. These came to an end in March 59 when Nero, possibly at the urging of Poppaea, murdered his mother, doing so with the assistance of Anicetus, a former tutor of Nero's who had become an admiral.
Coin of Claudia Octavia
Octavia was well-liked by the Roman populace, but her marriage to Nero was loveless and unhappy. Although Tacitus describes Octavia as "a noblewoman of proven virtue" and having a "modest demeanour", Nero had no interest in her and hated their marriage, preferring having affairs with Acte and Poppaea. When some in the court raised questions about his treatment of her, he responded that she should be content to be his wife in name only. According to Suetonius, he attempted to strangle her on several occasions.
In 62, Nero no longer had the chief advisors of his early reign, as praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus died, and Seneca the Younger retired. This led to a shift in Nero's conduct that historian Barry Strauss referred to as "a turning point in the reign", as he increasingly exiled or executed those he considered his enemies. Burrus had previously advised Nero against divorcing Octavia. He positioned Nero's marriage to her as the source of his legitimacy as emperor, telling Nero that he would need to "give her back her dowry". The same year as Burrus' death, Poppaea became pregnant with Nero's child.
Divorce, banishment, and death
Bust of Poppaea Sabina, National Archaeological Museum, Madrid
Nero divorced Octavia, claiming that his lack of an heir was due to her sterility. As part of the divorce, he gave her properties previously belonging to Burrus and Rubellius Plautus, another Julio-Claudian relative he recently had killed. Nero married Poppaea shortly after – in Suetonius' account, twelve days after the divorce.
In an attempt to damage Octavia's reputation and with it her popularity, Nero and Poppaea also accused her of adultery with Eucaerus, a flute player from Alexandria. One of the new praetorian prefects, Ofonius Tigellinus, questioned Octavia's maidservants, including Pythias, under torture in order to corroborate this charge, but was largely unsuccessful. Nevertheless, Octavia was exiled to Campania.
The people of Rome responded to Octavia's banishment with widespread public protests that historian Vasily Rudich described as "the most pronounced mass disturbance under Nero until the very moment of his overthrow". The protests were largely against Poppaea; Nero was even cheered when rumors spread that he had changed his mind. Statues of Octavia were carried through the streets, while those of Poppaea were pulled down or damaged.
Nero was unsure how to respond. Poppaea argued for harsher treatment of Octavia, claiming that the protesters were simply Octavia's clients and servants and did not really represent what the Roman populace thought. She also suggested that any husband found for Octavia could be a threat to his position. Nero asked Anicetus, his ally in the murder of Agrippina, to confess to adultery, offering him the options of rewards and a comfortable life in exile or death. Anicetus gave Nero the false confession he wanted and was exiled to Sardinia, where he eventually died of natural causes. Nero also accused Octavia of covering up this adultery with an abortion, even though his initial basis for divorce was a claim that she was sterile.
Octavia was exiled to the small island of Pandateria (now Ventotene), where Julia the Elder, Agrippina the Elder, and Julia Livilla had all previously been exiled. A few days after her arrival, soldiers arrived with the order to execute her. Her entreaties with her executioners were unsuccessful, and she was tied up. Her veins were cut in an attempt to simulate suicide, but when that took longer than expected, she was brought into a room full of hot steam to suffocate. She died on June 9, 62, at age 22. Her head was cut off and brought back to Poppaea.
Poppaea Brings the Head of Octavia to Nero by Giovanni Muzzioli (1876)
Tacitus described the aftermath of her death as follows:
For all these things offerings were decreed to the temples — how often must those words be said? Let all who make their acquaintance with the history of that period in my narrative or that of others take so much for granted: as often as the emperor ordered an exile or a murder, so often was a thanksgiving addressed to Heaven; and what formerly betokened prosperity was now a symbol of public calamity. – Tacitus, The Annals
In the aftermath of the failed Pisonian conspiracy of 65, Praetorian Subrius Flavus listed Nero's murder of Octavia as one of the reasons for his participation when being questioned by Nero.
Poppaea would remain Nero's wife until her death in 65, a death usually attributed to Nero kicking her while she was pregnant. Nero would kill himself after armies rose in revolt against him, dying on June 9, 68, exactly six years after Octavia.
In fiction
Her divorce from Nero is the subject of the play Octavia, the only example of Roman drama based on Roman history to survive in its entirety. It was written by an unknown author after Nero's death, possibly during the rule of the Flavian dynasty, and may have been the first written accusation that Nero was responsible for the Great Fire of Rome.
Beginning in the 17th century, there was an increase in operas and other dramatic works based on the life of Nero. The Octavia was likely an influence on some of these works, although to what extent is unclear. Octavia appears in works including Handel's lost opera Nero, Claudio Monteverdi's opera L'incoronazione di Poppea (1642/1643), Reinhard Keiser's opera Octavia (1705), Vittorio Alfieri's tragedy Ottavia (1783), and Johann Caspar Aiblinger's ballet La morte di Nerone (1815/1816). Some works took considerable creative liberties with the historical events, such as Giovanni Battista Bassani's Agrippina in Baia (1687), which contains a happy ending where all the characters survive and are successfully reconciled with each other.
Octavia is also the subject of the massive German novel Die Römische Octavia (1677–1707) by Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and a character in Robert Graves's novel Claudius the God (the sequel to I, Claudius) and the television series I, Claudius. She is the main character of the historical biographical novel Octavia: A Tale of Ancient Rome by Seymour van Santvoord (1923).
See also
Julio-Claudian family tree
References
^ a b c Levick 1990, p. 55.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 23–25.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 29–33.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 292–293, 297–299.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 55–58.
^ Levick 1990, p. 110.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 333–335.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 64–65, 69.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XI". Annals.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 69–70.
^ Strauss 2019, p. 85.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 336–337.
^ Levick 1990, p. 70.
^ Strauss 2019, pp. 86–87.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 337–338.
^ a b c d Levick 1990, p. 71.
^ Strauss 2019, p. 86.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XII". Annals. 12.7.1
^ Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "Claudius". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. 29.2
^ Strauss 2019, p. 87.
^ Levick 1990, p. 74.
^ Holland 2015, p. 340.
^ Romm 2014, pp. 40–41.
^ Griffin 1984, p. 30.
^ Barrett 1996, p. 153.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XII". Annals. 12.66-67
^ Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "Claudius". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. 44.2-3
^ Secundus, Gaius Plinius. "Book XXII, Chapter 46: Mushrooms: Peculiarities of their Growth". Natural History. p. 428.
^ Levick 1990, p. 77.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 341–342.
^ a b Strauss 2019, p. 88.
^ Levick 1990, p. 78.
^ Holland 2015, p. 342.
^ Barrett 2020, p. 8.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 348–350.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 77, 189.
^ a b Holland 2015, p. 351.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XIII". Annals. 13.16.1
^ Holland 2015, pp. 350–351.
^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 116.
^ Levick 1990, pp. 77, 190.
^ Strauss 2019, p. 90.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XIII". Annals. 13.15-16
^ Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "Nero". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. 33.2-3
^ Dio, Lucius Cassius. "Book LXI". Roman History. 61.7.4
^ Josephus, Flavius. "Book XX, Chapter 8: After What Manner Upon The Death Of Claudius, Nero Succeeded In The Government; As Also What Barbarous Things He Did. Concerning The Robbers, Murderers And Impostors, That Arose While Felix And Festus Were Procurators Of Judea.". Antiquities of the Jews. 20.8.2
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XIII". Annals. 13.16.1
^ a b Holland 2015, p. 357.
^ Southon, Emma (2019). Agrippina: The Most Extraordinary Woman of the Roman World. New York: Pegasus Books. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-64313-078-1.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 350, 357–8.
^ Dando-Collins 2010, pp. 72–74.
^ Strauss 2019, pp. 90–91.
^ Holland 2015, pp. 339–361.
^ Strauss 2019, pp. 91–92.
^ Dando-Collins 2010, pp. 117–119.
^ Levick 1990, p. 113.
^ a b Romm 2014, p. 52.
^ Romm 2014, p. 85.
^ a b Rudich 1993, p. 68.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (2008). "Book XIII". The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. Translated by Yardley, J.C. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-19-282421-9. 13.12
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (2008). "Book XIV". The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. Translated by Yardley, J.C. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-19-282421-9. 14.59
^ Romm 2014, pp. 52, 78, 105, 137.
^ Griffin 1984, pp. 38, 72–73.
^ Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "Nero". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. 35.1
^ Romm 2014, p. 228.
^ Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "Nero". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. 35.2
^ Strauss 2019, pp. 96–97.
^ a b Holland 2015, p. 377.
^ Romm 2014, p. 137.
^ Griffin 1984, pp. 72, 75–76.
^ Rudich 1993, p. 59.
^ Romm 2014, p. 139.
^ Griffin 1984, pp. 99, 259.
^ Shotter, David (2005). Nero. London: Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 0-203-02298-X.
^ a b Bauman 1992, p. 205.
^ a b c d e Rudich 1993, p. 66.
^ Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. "Nero". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars. 35.3
^ a b c Romm 2014, p. 141.
^ Bauman 1992, pp. 116–117, 205.
^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 68.
^ Bauman 1992, p. 206.
^ Barrett 2020, p. 10.
^ Bauman 1992, pp. 206–207.
^ a b Griffin 1984, p. 112.
^ a b c d Bauman 1992, p. 207.
^ Fertik, Harriet (2019). The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 57. ISBN 9781421432908.
^ Rudich 1993, p. 67.
^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 122.
^ Rudich 1993, p. 207.
^ Barrett 1996, p. 78.
^ Romm 2014, p. 142.
^ Shotter, David (2005). Nero. London: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 0-203-02298-X.
^ a b Bauman 1992, p. 208.
^ Rudich 1993, p. 69.
^ Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. "Book XIV". Annals. 14.64.1
^ Romm 2014, p. 189.
^ Barrett 2020, p. 119.
^ Griffin 1984, p. 84.
^ Strauss 2019, p. 97.
^ Holland 2015, p. 396.
^ Strauss 2019, p. 104.
^ Shotter, David (2005). Nero. London: Routledge. pp. 63, 78. ISBN 0-203-02298-X.
^ Griffin 1984, p. 256.
^ Manuwald 2013, p. 1.
^ Barrett 2020, p. 122.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 21–30.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 8–9.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 150–158.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 37–46.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 159–169.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 309–315.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 323–329.
^ Manuwald 2013, pp. 77–84.
^ Haile, H. G. (October 1958). "Octavia: Römische Geschichte: Anton Ulrich's Use of the Episode". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 57 (4): 615, 623. JSTOR 27707158. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
^ Magill, Frank N., ed. (2015). Cyclopedia of Literary Characters. Volume One: Aaron's Rod – Death of a Salesman (4th ed.). Ipswich, Massachusetts: Salem Press. p. 451. ISBN 978-1-61925-802-0.
^ van Santvoord, Seymour (1923). Octavia: A Tale of Ancient Rome. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company. p. 401.
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claudia Octavia.
Barrett, Anthony A. (1996). Agrippina: Mother of Nero. London: B T Batsford. ISBN 0-203-48106-2.
Barrett, Anthony A., Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999.
Barrett, Anthony A. (2020). Rome is Burning: Nero and the Fire that Ended a Dynasty. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17231-6.
Bauman, Richard A. (1992). Women and Politics in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-42907-9.
Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010). The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and his City. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81890-5.
Griffin, Miriam T. (1984). Nero: The End of a Dynasty. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-13309-9.
E. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen – e.a. (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III, Berlin, 1933 – . (PIR2)
Holland, Tom (2015). Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-53784-1.
Levick, Barbara (1990). Claudius. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04734-7.
Manuwald, Gesine (2013). Nero in Opera: Librettos As Transformations of Ancient Sources. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-031751-0.
Romm, James (2014). Dying Every Day: Seneca at the Court of Nero. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-74374-9.
Rudich, Vasily (1993). Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-97599-5.
Strauss, Barry (2019). Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-6883-4.
External links
Octavia's entry at roman-emperors.org
Octavia, Wife of Nero: Seneca’s Tragedy – Roman Empress Octavia’s Marriage, Exile and Death on the Roman Stage
vteRoman and Byzantine empressesPrincipate27 BC – AD 235
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Lollia Paulina
Milonia Caesonia
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She also became his wife, in a marriage between the two which was arranged by Agrippina.Octavia was popular with the Roman people, but she and Nero hated their marriage. When his mistress, Poppaea Sabina, became pregnant, he divorced and banished Octavia. When this led to a public outcry, he had her executed.","title":"Claudia Octavia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Valeria Messalina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeria_Messalina"},{"link_name":"Britannicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannicus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199055-1"},{"link_name":"Claudia Antonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Antonia"},{"link_name":"Aelia Paetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelia_Paetina"},{"link_name":"Claudius Drusus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Drusus"},{"link_name":"Plautia Urgulanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plautia_Urgulanilla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199023%E2%80%9325-2"},{"link_name":"Octavia the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199055-1"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"Octavia was the elder of two children of Claudius and his third wife, Valeria Messalina. Her younger brother was Britannicus.[1] She had older half-siblings through her father's earlier marriages. Her elder half-sister was Claudia Antonia, Claudius's daughter through his second marriage to Aelia Paetina. She also had a half-brother, Claudius Drusus, through Claudius's first marriage to Plautia Urgulanilla, although Drusus died before she was born.[2]: 23She was named for her great-grandmother Octavia the Younger, sister of the Emperor Augustus.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199055-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199029%E2%80%9333-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015292%E2%80%93293,_297%E2%80%93299-4"},{"link_name":"Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Silanus_Torquatus"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199055%E2%80%9358-5"},{"link_name":"Gaius Silius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Silius_(lover_of_Messalina)"},{"link_name":"Ostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1990110-6"},{"link_name":"freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman"},{"link_name":"Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Narcissus"},{"link_name":"Praetorian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015333%E2%80%93335-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199064%E2%80%9365,_69-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"She was born in Rome around 39 or 40 during the reign of her cousin Caligula.[1] In January 41, Caligula was assassinated and her father was declared emperor.[3][4] Shortly after Claudius' accession to the throne, her brother Britannicus was born on February 12. That same year, Claudius betrothed her to Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, a descendant of Augustus.[5]In 48, Messalina was engaged in an affair with the senator Gaius Silius, and the two held a wedding banquet when Claudius was away in Ostia.[6] Claudius was informed by one of his advisors, the freedman Narcissus, and hurried back to Rome, concerned that the wedding was part of an attempt to overthrow him and make Silius emperor. Octavia and Britannicus were sent out to meet Claudius in an attempt to assuage his anger. Messalina's efforts to reconcile with Claudius were unsuccessful, and she was executed by the Praetorian Guard on orders that Narcissus presented as being from Claudius.[7][8][9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudio_Octavia_-_Museo_archeologico_e_d%E2%80%99arte_della_Maremma_-_inv_97733_et_97768_image_3.jpeg"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Octavia_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Archaeological and Art Museum of Maremma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_archeologico_e_d%27arte_della_Maremma"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Lollia Paulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollia_Paulina"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199069%E2%80%9370-10"},{"link_name":"Agrippina the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201985-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015336%E2%80%93337-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199070-13"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(father_of_Nero)"},{"link_name":"adopted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201986%E2%80%9387-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015337%E2%80%93338-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199071-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201986-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199071-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"commit suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_suicide#In_ancient_Greece_and_Rome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199071-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201987-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199071-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199074-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015340-22"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm201440%E2%80%9341-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin198430-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1996153-25"}],"sub_title":"Claudius' remarriage and the rise of Nero","text":"Octavia as a child, statue at the Archaeological and Art Museum of Maremma in TuscanyPolitical concerns, including the need to dissuade further challenges to his legitimacy, motivated Claudius to remarry. Several candidates were proposed by his advisors; they included his former wife Aelia Paetina and Lollia Paulina, a wealthy noblewoman who had been married to Caligula for a short time.[10] In 49, Claudius instead married Agrippina the Younger, daughter of the popular general Germanicus and also a descendant of Augustus. Germanicus was Claudius' older brother, making Agrippina Claudius' niece and Octavia's first cousin. The law prohibiting such a marriage was changed in order to proceed.[11][12][13]Agrippina had a son, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus from her first marriage to Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus. In 50, Claudius adopted Lucius, who changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus.[14][15][16]Agrippina played an active role in politics through her influence on Claudius.[17][16][18] She had Octavia's fiancé Silanus publicly accused of incest with his sister; he was forced to resign from his position of praetor and commit suicide.[16][19] Suetonius reports the latter occurring on the same day as Claudius and Agrippina's marriage. She then had Octavia betrothed to Nero, who was additionally made an heir to Claudius.[20][16] Octavia and Nero married in 53.[21][22] To address the problem that they were now legally brother and sister, Octavia was first adopted into another patrician family.[23][24][25]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1925.943.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199077-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015341%E2%80%93342-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201988-31"},{"link_name":"senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199078-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015342-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett20208-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201988-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015348%E2%80%93350-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199077,_189-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015351-37"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015351-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015350%E2%80%93351-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2010116-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick199077,_190-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201990-42"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015357-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Claudia Acte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Acte"},{"link_name":"Poppaea Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina"},{"link_name":"Marcus Salvius Otho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015350,_357%E2%80%938-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201072%E2%80%9374-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201990%E2%80%9391-52"},{"link_name":"Anicetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicetus_(freedman)"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015339%E2%80%93361-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201991%E2%80%9392-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2010117%E2%80%93119-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudia_Octavia.jpg"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevick1990113-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm201452-57"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015357-48"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm201485-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199368-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm201452,_78,_105,_137-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin198438,_72%E2%80%9373-63"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm201452-57"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014228-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"praetorian prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefect"},{"link_name":"Sextus Afranius Burrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus"},{"link_name":"Seneca the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Barry Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Strauss"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201996%E2%80%9397-67"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015377-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014137-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin198472,_75%E2%80%9376-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199359-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014139-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin198499,_259-73"}],"sub_title":"Life as empress","text":"Bust of Octavia, Cleveland Museum of ArtOn October 13, 54, Claudius became ill and died unexpectedly. The convenient timing of his death – Britannicus was rapidly approaching adulthood and might displace Nero as heir – led the ancient sources to accuse Agrippina of killing him, possibly with poisoned mushrooms.[26][27][28] Although modern historians consider the death suspicious and Agrippina possibly guilty, they also note that Claudius was in his sixties and never in the best of health.[29][30][31] On the same day, Nero was acclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard, and the senate acquiesced, formally investing him with power.[32][33][34][31] Octavia was now married to the emperor of Rome. Having become emperor, Nero's relationship with his mother began to deteriorate as the two vied for power.[35]The next year, Britannicus died as well, during a banquet where Octavia, Nero, and Agrippina were all present.[36][37] Octavia and Agrippina were shocked at Britannicus' sudden illness, which Nero attributed to epilepsy.[37][38] Britannicus, as the son of Claudius, had been a potential rival for the imperium, one that Agrippina had attempted to use as leverage in power struggles with her son.[39][40] The suspicious death of Nero's rival led to the widespread assumption that Nero had had Britannicus poisoned;[41][42] ancient writers including Tacitus,[43] Suetonius,[44] Cassius Dio,[45] and Josephus[46] all charge Nero with the murder of his stepbrother. Tacitus reports that by this point, Octavia \"had learned to hide her griefs, her affections, her every emotion\".[47]Octavia and Agrippina grew close after the death of Britannicus.[48][49] Nero began to have affairs, first with Claudia Acte, a freedwoman, and then with Poppaea Sabina, the wife of his friend Marcus Salvius Otho. Nero's infidelities and his expressed desire to marry one of his mistresses resulted in another conflict in the ongoing power struggles between Nero and Agrippina.[50][51][52] These came to an end in March 59 when Nero, possibly at the urging of Poppaea, murdered his mother, doing so with the assistance of Anicetus, a former tutor of Nero's who had become an admiral.[53][54][55]Coin of Claudia OctaviaOctavia was well-liked by the Roman populace,[56][57] but her marriage to Nero was loveless and unhappy.[48][58][59] Although Tacitus describes Octavia as \"a noblewoman of proven virtue\"[60] and having a \"modest demeanour\",[61] Nero had no interest in her and hated their marriage, preferring having affairs with Acte and Poppaea.[62][63] When some in the court raised questions about his treatment of her, he responded that she should be content to be his wife in name only.[57][64] According to Suetonius, he attempted to strangle her on several occasions.[65][66]In 62, Nero no longer had the chief advisors of his early reign, as praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus died, and Seneca the Younger retired. This led to a shift in Nero's conduct that historian Barry Strauss referred to as \"a turning point in the reign\", as he increasingly exiled or executed those he considered his enemies.[67] Burrus had previously advised Nero against divorcing Octavia. He positioned Nero's marriage to her as the source of his legitimacy as emperor, telling Nero that he would need to \"give her back her dowry\".[68][69][70][71] The same year as Burrus' death, Poppaea became pregnant with Nero's child.[72][73]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_(17201407506).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"sterility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Rubellius Plautus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubellius_Plautus"},{"link_name":"Julio-Claudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992205-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199366-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014141-78"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992205-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199366-76"},{"link_name":"Ofonius Tigellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofonius_Tigellinus"},{"link_name":"maidservants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillae"},{"link_name":"Pythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythias_(Roman)"},{"link_name":"under torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogational_torture"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199366-76"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992116%E2%80%93117,_205-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins201068-80"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992206-81"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199366-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199366-76"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett202010-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014141-78"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992206%E2%80%93207-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1984112-84"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014141-78"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1984112-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992207-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992207-85"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199367-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2010122-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich1993207-89"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992207-85"},{"link_name":"Pandateria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandateria"},{"link_name":"Julia the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Agrippina the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Julia Livilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Livilla"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992207-85"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett199678-90"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199368-59"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014142-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992208-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudich199369-94"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015377-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poppea_Brings_the_Head_of_Octavia_to_Nero_by_G.Muzzioli_(1876).jpg"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Muzzioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Muzzioli"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Pisonian conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Subrius Flavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrius_Flavus"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomm2014189-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2020119-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin198484-98"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1992208-93"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss201997-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2015396-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrauss2019104-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1984256-103"}],"sub_title":"Divorce, banishment, and death","text":"Bust of Poppaea Sabina, National Archaeological Museum, MadridNero divorced Octavia, claiming that his lack of an heir was due to her sterility.[74] As part of the divorce, he gave her properties previously belonging to Burrus and Rubellius Plautus, another Julio-Claudian relative he recently had killed.[75][76] Nero married Poppaea shortly after – in Suetonius' account, twelve days after the divorce.[77]In an attempt to damage Octavia's reputation and with it her popularity, Nero and Poppaea also accused her of adultery with Eucaerus, a flute player from Alexandria.[78][75][76] One of the new praetorian prefects, Ofonius Tigellinus, questioned Octavia's maidservants, including Pythias, under torture in order to corroborate this charge, but was largely unsuccessful.[76][79][80] Nevertheless, Octavia was exiled to Campania.[81][76]The people of Rome responded to Octavia's banishment with widespread public protests that historian Vasily Rudich described as \"the most pronounced mass disturbance [in the city of Rome] under Nero until the very moment of his overthrow\".[76] The protests were largely against Poppaea; Nero was even cheered when rumors spread that he had changed his mind.[82] Statues of Octavia were carried through the streets, while those of Poppaea were pulled down or damaged.[78][83][84]Nero was unsure how to respond.[78] Poppaea argued for harsher treatment of Octavia, claiming that the protesters were simply Octavia's clients and servants and did not really represent what the Roman populace thought.[84] She also suggested that any husband found for Octavia could be a threat to his position.[85][86] Nero asked Anicetus, his ally in the murder of Agrippina, to confess to adultery, offering him the options of rewards and a comfortable life in exile or death. Anicetus gave Nero the false confession he wanted and was exiled to Sardinia, where he eventually died of natural causes.[85][87][88] Nero also accused Octavia of covering up this adultery with an abortion, even though his initial basis for divorce was a claim that she was sterile.[89][85]Octavia was exiled to the small island of Pandateria (now Ventotene), where Julia the Elder, Agrippina the Elder, and Julia Livilla had all previously been exiled.[85][90][59] A few days after her arrival, soldiers arrived with the order to execute her. Her entreaties with her executioners were unsuccessful, and she was tied up. Her veins were cut in an attempt to simulate suicide, but when that took longer than expected, she was brought into a room full of hot steam to suffocate.[91] She died on June 9, 62, at age 22.[92] Her head was cut off and brought back to Poppaea.[93][94][68]Poppaea Brings the Head of Octavia to Nero by Giovanni Muzzioli (1876)Tacitus described the aftermath of her death as follows:For all these things offerings were decreed to the temples — how often must those words be said? Let all who make their acquaintance with the history of that period in my narrative or that of others take so much for granted: as often as the emperor ordered an exile or a murder, so often was a thanksgiving addressed to Heaven; and what formerly betokened prosperity was now a symbol of public calamity. – Tacitus, The Annals[95]In the aftermath of the failed Pisonian conspiracy of 65, Praetorian Subrius Flavus listed Nero's murder of Octavia as one of the reasons for his participation when being questioned by Nero.[96][97][98]Poppaea would remain Nero's wife until her death in 65, a death usually attributed to Nero kicking her while she was pregnant.[93][99][100] Nero would kill himself after armies rose in revolt against him, dying on June 9, 68, exactly six years after Octavia.[101][102][103]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_(play)"},{"link_name":"based on Roman history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabula_praetexta"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald20131-104"},{"link_name":"Flavian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2020122-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald201321%E2%80%9330-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald20138%E2%80%939-107"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel%27s_lost_Hamburg_operas#Nero"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald2013150%E2%80%93158-108"},{"link_name":"Claudio Monteverdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi"},{"link_name":"L'incoronazione di Poppea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald201337%E2%80%9346-109"},{"link_name":"Reinhard Keiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser"},{"link_name":"Octavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald2013159%E2%80%93169-110"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Alfieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald2013309%E2%80%93315-111"},{"link_name":"Johann Caspar Aiblinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Aiblinger"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald2013323%E2%80%93329-112"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Bassani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManuwald201377%E2%80%9384-113"},{"link_name":"Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Robert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"I, Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius"},{"link_name":"I, Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"biographical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_novel"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Her divorce from Nero is the subject of the play Octavia, the only example of Roman drama based on Roman history to survive in its entirety.[104] It was written by an unknown author after Nero's death, possibly during the rule of the Flavian dynasty, and may have been the first written accusation that Nero was responsible for the Great Fire of Rome.[105]Beginning in the 17th century, there was an increase in operas and other dramatic works based on the life of Nero.[106] The Octavia was likely an influence on some of these works, although to what extent is unclear.[107] Octavia appears in works including Handel's lost opera Nero,[108] Claudio Monteverdi's opera L'incoronazione di Poppea (1642/1643),[109] Reinhard Keiser's opera Octavia (1705),[110] Vittorio Alfieri's tragedy Ottavia (1783),[111] and Johann Caspar Aiblinger's ballet La morte di Nerone (1815/1816).[112] Some works took considerable creative liberties with the historical events, such as Giovanni Battista Bassani's Agrippina in Baia (1687), which contains a happy ending where all the characters survive and are successfully reconciled with each other.[113]Octavia is also the subject of the massive German novel Die Römische Octavia (1677–1707) by Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,[114] and a character in Robert Graves's novel Claudius the God[115] (the sequel to I, Claudius) and the television series I, Claudius. She is the main character of the historical biographical novel Octavia: A Tale of Ancient Rome by Seymour van Santvoord (1923).[116][better source needed]","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claudia Octavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Claudia_Octavia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-203-48106-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-48106-2"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-17231-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17231-6"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-203-42907-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-42907-9"},{"link_name":"Dando-Collins, Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dando-Collins"},{"link_name":"Da Capo Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-306-81890-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81890-5"},{"link_name":"Griffin, Miriam T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_T._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-203-13309-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-13309-9"},{"link_name":"Holland, Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)"},{"link_name":"Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-BmNEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-385-53784-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53784-1"},{"link_name":"Levick, Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Levick"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-04734-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04734-7"},{"link_name":"Manuwald, Gesine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesine_Manuwald"},{"link_name":"De Gruyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gruyter"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-031751-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031751-0"},{"link_name":"Vintage Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-307-74374-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-74374-9"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-203-97599-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-97599-5"},{"link_name":"Strauss, Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_S._Strauss"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4516-6883-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-6883-4"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claudia Octavia.Barrett, Anthony A. (1996). Agrippina: Mother of Nero. London: B T Batsford. ISBN 0-203-48106-2.\nBarrett, Anthony A., Agrippina: Sex, Power and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999.\nBarrett, Anthony A. (2020). Rome is Burning: Nero and the Fire that Ended a Dynasty. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17231-6.\nBauman, Richard A. (1992). Women and Politics in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-42907-9.\nDando-Collins, Stephen (2010). The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and his City. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81890-5.\nGriffin, Miriam T. (1984). Nero: The End of a Dynasty. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-13309-9.\nE. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen – e.a. (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III, Berlin, 1933 – . (PIR2)\nHolland, Tom (2015). Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-53784-1.\nLevick, Barbara (1990). Claudius. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04734-7.\nManuwald, Gesine (2013). Nero in Opera: Librettos As Transformations of Ancient Sources. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-031751-0.\nRomm, James (2014). Dying Every Day: Seneca at the Court of Nero. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-74374-9.\nRudich, Vasily (1993). Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-97599-5.\nStrauss, Barry (2019). Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-6883-4.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Octavia as a child, statue at the Archaeological and Art Museum of Maremma in Tuscany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Claudio_Octavia_-_Museo_archeologico_e_d%E2%80%99arte_della_Maremma_-_inv_97733_et_97768_image_3.jpeg/170px-Claudio_Octavia_-_Museo_archeologico_e_d%E2%80%99arte_della_Maremma_-_inv_97733_et_97768_image_3.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Octavia, Cleveland Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Clevelandart_1925.943.jpg/200px-Clevelandart_1925.943.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Claudia Octavia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Claudia_Octavia.jpg/220px-Claudia_Octavia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Poppaea Sabina, National Archaeological Museum, Madrid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817201407506%29.jpg/170px-Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Madrid_%2817201407506%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poppaea Brings the Head of Octavia to Nero by Giovanni Muzzioli (1876)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Poppea_Brings_the_Head_of_Octavia_to_Nero_by_G.Muzzioli_%281876%29.jpg/440px-Poppea_Brings_the_Head_of_Octavia_to_Nero_by_G.Muzzioli_%281876%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Julio-Claudian family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_family_tree"}]
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[{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. \"Book XI\". Annals.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/11B*.html","url_text":"Annals"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. \"Book XII\". Annals.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/12A*.html","url_text":"Annals"}]},{"reference":"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. \"Claudius\". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius","url_text":"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html","url_text":"The Lives of the Twelve Caesars"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. \"Book XII\". Annals.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/12B*.html","url_text":"Annals"}]},{"reference":"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. \"Claudius\". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius","url_text":"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html","url_text":"The Lives of the Twelve Caesars"}]},{"reference":"Secundus, Gaius Plinius. \"Book XXII, Chapter 46: Mushrooms: Peculiarities of their Growth\". Natural History. p. 428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder","url_text":"Secundus, Gaius Plinius"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61113/61113-h/61113-h.htm#Page_428","url_text":"Natural History"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. \"Book XIII\". Annals.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/13A*.html","url_text":"Annals"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. \"Book XIII\". Annals.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/13A*.html","url_text":"Annals"}]},{"reference":"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius. \"Nero\". The Lives of the Twelve Caesars.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius","url_text":"Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html","url_text":"The Lives of the Twelve Caesars"}]},{"reference":"Dio, Lucius Cassius. \"Book LXI\". Roman History.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio","url_text":"Dio, Lucius Cassius"},{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/61*.html","url_text":"Roman History"}]},{"reference":"Josephus, Flavius. \"Book XX, Chapter 8: After What Manner Upon The Death Of Claudius, Nero Succeeded In The Government; As Also What Barbarous Things He Did. Concerning The Robbers, Murderers And Impostors, That Arose While Felix And Festus Were Procurators Of Judea.\". Antiquities of the Jews.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus","url_text":"Josephus, Flavius"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm","url_text":"Antiquities of the Jews"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius. \"Book XIII\". 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ISBN 978-0-19-282421-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus","url_text":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282421-9","url_text":"978-0-19-282421-9"}]},{"reference":"Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (2008). \"Book XIV\". The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero. Translated by Yardley, J.C. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 333. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinogunellin
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Dinogunellin
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["1 Occurrence","2 Structure","3 Pharmacology","4 References","5 External links"]
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Group of chemical compounds
Chemical structure of dinogunellins A-D. These poisonous toxins from fish roe are unusual phospholipids containing adenosine and 2-aminosuccinamide. Modified from Matsunaga et al, 2009.
Dinogunellins are unusual toxic phospholipids found in the roe of some fishes, and is one of the best studied ichthyotoxin. These phospholipids could be found as a complex with non-toxic proteins like in the cabezon toxin or in the lipostichaerin.
Occurrence
Dinogunellins were detected in the mature roe of four fishes: the cabezon or marbled sculpin Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, the blennies Stichaeus grigorjewi and Stichaeus nozawae, and the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus.
The presence of dinogunellins has been discarded in the roe of the carp Cyprinus carpio, the sculpin Hemitripterus villosus, the blenny Lumpenus fowleri, and the lamprey Lapetra japonica.
Structure
Dinogunellins are unusual phospholipids having a nucleotide instead of the typical glycerol in their structure. They consist of an adenine nucleotide, with a 2-aminosuccinimide attached to the phosphorus moiety and a fatty acid attached to the oxygen from either the C2' or the C3' of the sugar moiety. The fatty acid chain could be either the eicosapentaenoic acid (Dinogunellin-A and Dinogunellin-B) or the stearidonic acid (Dinogunellin-C and Dinogunellin-D). In consequence, Dinogunellin-A and Dinogunellin-B have the same molecular formula (C34H49N8O9P) and molecular weight (744.8 g/mol), an so do Dinogunellin-C and Dinogunellin-D (C32H47N8O9P; 718.7 g/mol).
Pharmacology
When intraperitoneally administered to mice, dinogunellins have a mean lethal dose (LD50) of 25 mg/kg. Dinogunellins are also orally toxic to mice and guinea pigs and has also deleterious effects on humans. A few hours after ingestion, humans develop abrupt onset diaphoresis, chills, abdominal pain and cramping, with nausea and vomiting followed by voluminous, non-bloody diarrhea.
Analysis made on the cabezon toxin showed that its effects start 12 hours after administration and is characterized by several signs such as diarrhea, nasal discharge, and death. In addition, cabezon toxin showed cytotoxicity on fibroblast in culture. Besides, toxin administration causes an increase in white cell number, but with a decrease in lymphocytes associated with the observation of spleen necrosis.
References
^ a b c d Matsunaga S, Takahashi N, Fusetani N (2009-05-05). "Dinogunellins A-D: Putative ichthyootoxic phospholipids of northern blenny Stichaeus grigorjewi eggs". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (6): 1001–1008. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-08-08-28. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 59152160.
^ a b Hashimoto Y, Kawasaki M, Hatano M (1976). "Occurrence of a toxic phospholipid in cabezon roe". Toxicon. 14 (2): 141–3. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(76)90105-7. PMID 1273860.
^ a b c Hatano M, Hashimoto Y (May 1974). "Properties of a toxic phospholipid in the northern blenny roe". Toxicon. 12 (3): 231–6. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90063-4. PMID 4458104.
^ a b c Kamiya H, Hatano M, and Hashimoto Y. 1997. Screening of Icthyootoxin. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 43(12):1461-1465.
^ Shiomi K, Miyauchi K, Shimakura K, Nagashima Y (1997). "Purification and Properties of a Proteinaceous Toxin Newly Found in the Roe of Lamprey Lampetra japonica". Fisheries Science. 63 (1): 142–146. Bibcode:1997FisSc..63..142S. doi:10.2331/fishsci.63.142.
^ Hubbs CL, Wick AN (1951). "Toxicity of the roe of the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus". Calif Fish Game. 37: 195.
^ O'Connell CW, Clark R, Villano JH, Gugelmann H, Dyer JE (August 2014). "Acute human toxicity after the ingestion of cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, roe". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (7): 820. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.933232. PMID 25089726.
^ a b Fuhrman FA, Fuhrman GJ, Dull DL, Mosher HS (May 1969). "Toxins from eggs of fishes and Amphibia". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 17 (3): 417–424. doi:10.1021/jf60163a043.
^ a b Fuhrman FA, Fuhrman GJ, Roseen JS (May 1970). "Toxic effects produced by extracts of eggs of the cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus". Toxicon. 8 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(70)90174-1. PMID 5465747.
External links
Dinogunellin A (Pubchem)
Dinogunellin B (Pubchem)
Dinogunellin C (Pubchem)
Dinogunellin D (Pubchem)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinogunellins_v3.svg"},{"link_name":"phospholipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid"},{"link_name":"ichthyotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyotoxin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Chemical structure of dinogunellins A-D. These poisonous toxins from fish roe are unusual phospholipids containing adenosine and 2-aminosuccinamide. Modified from Matsunaga et al, 2009.Dinogunellins are unusual toxic phospholipids found in the roe of some fishes, and is one of the best studied ichthyotoxin.[1] These phospholipids could be found as a complex with non-toxic proteins like in the cabezon toxin or in the lipostichaerin.[2][3]","title":"Dinogunellin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe"},{"link_name":"cabezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabezon_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Scorpaenichthys marmoratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpaenichthys_marmoratus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Stichaeus grigorjewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stichaeus_grigorjewi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Stichaeus nozawae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stichaeus_nozawae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Fundulus heteroclitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundulus_heteroclitus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Cyprinus carpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinus_carpio"},{"link_name":"Hemitripterus villosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemitripterus_villosus"},{"link_name":"Lumpenus fowleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lumpenus_fowleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Lapetra japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lapetra_japonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Dinogunellins were detected in the mature roe of four fishes: the cabezon or marbled sculpin Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, [2] the blennies Stichaeus grigorjewi [1][3] and Stichaeus nozawae, [4] and the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. [4]The presence of dinogunellins has been discarded in the roe of the carp Cyprinus carpio, the sculpin Hemitripterus villosus, the blenny Lumpenus fowleri,[4] and the lamprey Lapetra japonica.[5]","title":"Occurrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide"},{"link_name":"glycerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol"},{"link_name":"adenine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenine"},{"link_name":"fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"eicosapentaenoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosapentaenoic_acid"},{"link_name":"stearidonic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearidonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Dinogunellins are unusual phospholipids having a nucleotide instead of the typical glycerol in their structure. They consist of an adenine nucleotide, with a 2-aminosuccinimide attached to the phosphorus moiety and a fatty acid attached to the oxygen from either the C2' or the C3' of the sugar moiety.[1] The fatty acid chain could be either the eicosapentaenoic acid (Dinogunellin-A and Dinogunellin-B) or the stearidonic acid (Dinogunellin-C and Dinogunellin-D).[1] In consequence, Dinogunellin-A and Dinogunellin-B have the same molecular formula (C34H49N8O9P) and molecular weight (744.8 g/mol), an so do Dinogunellin-C and Dinogunellin-D (C32H47N8O9P; 718.7 g/mol).","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"diaphoresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphoresis"},{"link_name":"nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"}],"text":"When intraperitoneally administered to mice, dinogunellins have a mean lethal dose (LD50) of 25 mg/kg.[3] Dinogunellins are also orally toxic to mice and guinea pigs and has also deleterious effects on humans.[6] A few hours after ingestion, humans develop abrupt onset diaphoresis, chills, abdominal pain and cramping, with nausea and vomiting followed by voluminous, non-bloody diarrhea.[7]Analysis made on the cabezon toxin showed that its effects start 12 hours after administration and is characterized by several signs such as diarrhea, nasal discharge, and death.[8] In addition, cabezon toxin showed cytotoxicity on fibroblast in culture.[8][9] Besides, toxin administration causes an increase in white cell number, but with a decrease in lymphocytes associated with the observation of spleen necrosis. [9]","title":"Pharmacology"}]
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[{"reference":"Matsunaga S, Takahashi N, Fusetani N (2009-05-05). \"Dinogunellins A-D: Putative ichthyootoxic phospholipids of northern blenny Stichaeus grigorjewi eggs\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (6): 1001–1008. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-08-08-28. ISSN 1365-3075. S2CID 59152160.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-CON-08-08-28","url_text":"\"Dinogunellins A-D: Putative ichthyootoxic phospholipids of northern blenny Stichaeus grigorjewi eggs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-CON-08-08-28","url_text":"10.1351/PAC-CON-08-08-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59152160","url_text":"59152160"}]},{"reference":"Hashimoto Y, Kawasaki M, Hatano M (1976). \"Occurrence of a toxic phospholipid in cabezon roe\". Toxicon. 14 (2): 141–3. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(76)90105-7. PMID 1273860.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-0101%2876%2990105-7","url_text":"\"Occurrence of a toxic phospholipid in cabezon roe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-0101%2876%2990105-7","url_text":"10.1016/0041-0101(76)90105-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1273860","url_text":"1273860"}]},{"reference":"Hatano M, Hashimoto Y (May 1974). \"Properties of a toxic phospholipid in the northern blenny roe\". Toxicon. 12 (3): 231–6. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90063-4. PMID 4458104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-0101%2874%2990063-4","url_text":"10.1016/0041-0101(74)90063-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4458104","url_text":"4458104"}]},{"reference":"Shiomi K, Miyauchi K, Shimakura K, Nagashima Y (1997). \"Purification and Properties of a Proteinaceous Toxin Newly Found in the Roe of Lamprey Lampetra japonica\". Fisheries Science. 63 (1): 142–146. Bibcode:1997FisSc..63..142S. doi:10.2331/fishsci.63.142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/fishsci1994/63/1/63_1_142/_article","url_text":"\"Purification and Properties of a Proteinaceous Toxin Newly Found in the Roe of Lamprey Lampetra japonica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997FisSc..63..142S","url_text":"1997FisSc..63..142S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2331%2Ffishsci.63.142","url_text":"10.2331/fishsci.63.142"}]},{"reference":"Hubbs CL, Wick AN (1951). \"Toxicity of the roe of the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus\". Calif Fish Game. 37: 195.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Connell CW, Clark R, Villano JH, Gugelmann H, Dyer JE (August 2014). \"Acute human toxicity after the ingestion of cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, roe\". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (7): 820. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.933232. PMID 25089726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15563650.2014.933232","url_text":"10.3109/15563650.2014.933232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25089726","url_text":"25089726"}]},{"reference":"Fuhrman FA, Fuhrman GJ, Dull DL, Mosher HS (May 1969). \"Toxins from eggs of fishes and Amphibia\". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 17 (3): 417–424. doi:10.1021/jf60163a043.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf60163a043","url_text":"10.1021/jf60163a043"}]},{"reference":"Fuhrman FA, Fuhrman GJ, Roseen JS (May 1970). \"Toxic effects produced by extracts of eggs of the cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus\". Toxicon. 8 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(70)90174-1. PMID 5465747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0041-0101%2870%2990174-1","url_text":"10.1016/0041-0101(70)90174-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5465747","url_text":"5465747"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics
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Interpretations of quantum mechanics
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["1 History","2 Nature","3 Interpretive challenges","4 Influential interpretations","4.1 Copenhagen interpretation","4.2 Many worlds","4.3 Quantum information theories","4.4 Relational quantum mechanics","4.5 QBism","4.6 Consistent histories","4.7 Ensemble interpretation","4.8 De Broglie–Bohm theory","4.9 Transactional interpretation","4.10 Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation","4.11 Quantum logic","4.12 Modal interpretations of quantum theory","4.13 Time-symmetric theories","4.14 Other interpretations","5 Related concepts","5.1 Quantum Darwinism","5.2 Objective-collapse theories","6 Comparisons","7 The silent approach","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Area of physical and philosophical debate
Part of a series of articles aboutQuantum mechanics
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{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle }
Schrödinger equation
Introduction
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Background
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vte
An interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Although quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments, there exist a number of contending schools of thought over their interpretation. These views on interpretation differ on such fundamental questions as whether quantum mechanics is deterministic or stochastic, local or non-local, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered real, and what the nature of measurement is, among other matters.
While some variation of the Copenhagen interpretation is commonly presented in textbooks, many thought provoking interpretations have been developed.
Despite nearly a century of debate and experiment, no consensus has been reached among physicists and philosophers of physics concerning which interpretation best "represents" reality.
History
Influential figures in the interpretation of quantum mechanicsSchrödingerBornBohr
The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as wave function and matrix mechanics, progressed through many stages. For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed across space;: 24–33 the Born rule, as it is now called, matched experiment, whereas Schrödinger's charge density view did not.
The views of several early pioneers of quantum mechanics, such as Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, are often grouped together as the "Copenhagen interpretation", though physicists and historians of physics have argued that this terminology obscures differences between the views so designated. Copenhagen-type ideas were never universally embraced, and challenges to a perceived Copenhagen orthodoxy gained increasing attention in the 1950s with the pilot-wave interpretation of David Bohm and the many-worlds interpretation of Hugh Everett III.
The physicist N. David Mermin once quipped, "New interpretations appear every year. None ever disappear." As a rough guide to development of the mainstream view during the 1990s and 2000s, a "snapshot" of opinions was collected in a poll by Schlosshauer et al. at the "Quantum Physics and the Nature of Reality" conference of July 2011. The authors reference a similarly informal poll carried out by Max Tegmark at the "Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory" conference in August 1997. The main conclusion of the authors is that "the Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme", receiving the most votes in their poll (42%), besides the rise to mainstream notability of the many-worlds interpretations: "The Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme here, especially if we lump it together with intellectual offsprings such as information-based interpretations and the quantum Bayesian interpretation. In Tegmark's poll, the Everett interpretation received 17% of the vote, which is similar to the number of votes (18%) in our poll."
Some concepts originating from studies of interpretations have found more practical application in quantum information science.
Nature
More or less, all interpretations of quantum mechanics share two qualities:
They interpret a formalism—a set of equations and principles to generate predictions via input of initial conditions
They interpret a phenomenology—a set of observations, including those obtained by empirical research and those obtained informally, such as humans' experience of an unequivocal world
Two qualities vary among interpretations:
Epistemology—claims about the possibility, scope, and means toward relevant knowledge of the world
Ontology—claims about what things, such as categories and entities, exist in the world
In the philosophy of science, the distinction between knowledge and reality is termed epistemic versus ontic. A general law can be seen as a generalisation of the regularity of outcomes (epistemic), whereas a causal mechanism may be thought of as determining or regulating outcomes (ontic). A phenomenon can be interpreted either as ontic or as epistemic. For instance, indeterminism may be attributed to limitations of human observation and perception (epistemic), or may be explained as intrinsic physical randomness (ontic). Confusing the epistemic with the ontic—if for example one were to presume that a general law actually "governs" outcomes, and that the statement of a regularity has the role of a causal mechanism—is a category mistake.
In a broad sense, scientific theory can be viewed as offering an approximately true description or explanation of the natural world (scientific realism) or as providing nothing more than an account of our knowledge of the natural world (antirealism). A realist stance sees the epistemic as giving us a window onto the ontic, whereas an antirealist stance sees the epistemic as providing only a logically consistent picture of the ontic. In the first half of the 20th Century, a key antirealist philosophy was logical positivism, which sought to exclude unobservable aspects of reality from scientific theory.
Since the 1950s antirealism has adopted a more modest approach, often in the form of instrumentalism, permitting talk of unobservables but ultimately discarding the very question of realism and positing scientific theory as a tool to help us make predictions, not to attain a deep metaphysical understanding of the world. The instrumentalist view is typified by David Mermin's famous slogan: "Shut up and calculate" (which is often misattributed to Richard Feynman).
Interpretive challenges
Abstract, mathematical nature of quantum field theories: the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics is abstract and does not result in a single, clear interpretation of its quantities.
Apparent indeterministic and irreversible processes: in classical field theory, a physical property at a given location in the field is readily derived. In most mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics, measurement (understood as an interaction with a given state) has a special role in the theory, as it is the sole process that can cause a nonunitary, irreversible evolution of the state.
Role of the observer in determining outcomes. Copenhagen-type interpretations imply that the wavefunction is a calculational tool, and represents reality only immediately after a measurement performed by an observer. Everettian interpretations grant that all possible outcomes are real, and that measurement-type interactions cause a branching process in which each possibility is realised.
Classically unexpected correlations between remote objects: entangled quantum systems, as illustrated in the EPR paradox, obey statistics that seem to violate principles of local causality by action at a distance.
Complementarity of proffered descriptions: complementarity holds that no set of classical physical concepts can simultaneously refer to all properties of a quantum system. For instance, wave description A and particulate description B can each describe quantum system S, but not simultaneously. This implies the composition of physical properties of S does not obey the rules of classical propositional logic when using propositional connectives (see "Quantum logic"). Like contextuality, the "origin of complementarity lies in the non-commutativity of operators" that describe quantum objects.
Rapidly rising intricacy, far exceeding humans' present calculational capacity, as a system's size increases: since the state space of a quantum system is exponential in the number of subsystems, it is difficult to derive classical approximations.
Contextual behaviour of systems locally: Quantum contextuality demonstrates that classical intuitions, in which properties of a system hold definite values independent of the manner of their measurement, fail even for local systems. Also, physical principles such as Leibniz's Principle of the identity of indiscernibles no longer apply in the quantum domain, signaling that most classical intuitions may be incorrect about the quantum world.
Influential interpretations
Copenhagen interpretation
Main article: Copenhagen interpretation
The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics principally attributed to Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. It is one of the oldest attitudes towards quantum mechanics, as features of it date to the development of quantum mechanics during 1925–1927, and it remains one of the most commonly taught. There is no definitive historical statement of what is the Copenhagen interpretation, and there were in particular fundamental disagreements between the views of Bohr and Heisenberg. For example, Heisenberg emphasized a sharp "cut" between the observer (or the instrument) and the system being observed,: 133 while Bohr offered an interpretation that is independent of a subjective observer or measurement or collapse, which relies on an "irreversible" or effectively irreversible process which imparts the classical behavior of "observation" or "measurement".
Features common to Copenhagen-type interpretations include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the Born rule, and the principle of complementarity, which states certain pairs of complementary properties cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. Moreover, properties only result from the act of "observing" or "measuring"; the theory avoids assuming definite values from unperformed experiments. Copenhagen-type interpretations hold that quantum descriptions are objective, in that they are independent of physicists' mental arbitrariness.: 85–90 The statistical interpretation of wavefunctions due to Max Born differs sharply from Schrödinger's original intent, which was to have a theory with continuous time evolution and in which wavefunctions directly described physical reality.: 24–33
Many worlds
Main article: Many-worlds interpretation
The many-worlds interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which a universal wavefunction obeys the same deterministic, reversible laws at all times; in particular there is no (indeterministic and irreversible) wavefunction collapse associated with measurement. The phenomena associated with measurement are claimed to be explained by decoherence, which occurs when states interact with the environment. More precisely, the parts of the wavefunction describing observers become increasingly entangled with the parts of the wavefunction describing their experiments. Although all possible outcomes of experiments continue to lie in the wavefunction's support, the times at which they become correlated with observers effectively "split" the universe into mutually unobservable alternate histories.
Quantum information theories
Quantum informational approaches have attracted growing support. They subdivide into two kinds.
Information ontologies, such as J. A. Wheeler's "it from bit". These approaches have been described as a revival of immaterialism.
Interpretations where quantum mechanics is said to describe an observer's knowledge of the world, rather than the world itself. This approach has some similarity with Bohr's thinking. Collapse (also known as reduction) is often interpreted as an observer acquiring information from a measurement, rather than as an objective event. These approaches have been appraised as similar to instrumentalism. James Hartle writes,
The state is not an objective property of an individual system but is that information, obtained from a knowledge of how a system was prepared, which can be used for making predictions about future measurements. ...A quantum mechanical state being a summary of the observer's information about an individual physical system changes both by dynamical laws, and whenever the observer acquires new information about the system through the process of measurement. The existence of two laws for the evolution of the state vector...becomes problematical only if it is believed that the state vector is an objective property of the system...The "reduction of the wavepacket" does take place in the consciousness of the observer, not because of any unique physical process which takes place there, but only because the state is a construct of the observer and not an objective property of the physical system.
Relational quantum mechanics
Main article: Relational quantum mechanics
The essential idea behind relational quantum mechanics, following the precedent of special relativity, is that different observers may give different accounts of the same series of events: for example, to one observer at a given point in time, a system may be in a single, "collapsed" eigenstate, while to another observer at the same time, it may be in a superposition of two or more states. Consequently, if quantum mechanics is to be a complete theory, relational quantum mechanics argues that the notion of "state" describes not the observed system itself, but the relationship, or correlation, between the system and its observer(s). The state vector of conventional quantum mechanics becomes a description of the correlation of some degrees of freedom in the observer, with respect to the observed system. However, it is held by relational quantum mechanics that this applies to all physical objects, whether or not they are conscious or macroscopic. Any "measurement event" is seen simply as an ordinary physical interaction, an establishment of the sort of correlation discussed above. Thus the physical content of the theory has to do not with objects themselves, but the relations between them.
QBism
Main article: Quantum Bayesianism
QBism, which originally stood for "quantum Bayesianism", is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. This interpretation is distinguished by its use of a subjective Bayesian account of probabilities to understand the quantum mechanical Born rule as a normative addition to good decision-making. QBism draws from the fields of quantum information and Bayesian probability and aims to eliminate the interpretational conundrums that have beset quantum theory.
QBism deals with common questions in the interpretation of quantum theory about the nature of wavefunction superposition, quantum measurement, and entanglement. According to QBism, many, but not all, aspects of the quantum formalism are subjective in nature. For example, in this interpretation, a quantum state is not an element of reality—instead it represents the degrees of belief an agent has about the possible outcomes of measurements. For this reason, some philosophers of science have deemed QBism a form of anti-realism. The originators of the interpretation disagree with this characterization, proposing instead that the theory more properly aligns with a kind of realism they call "participatory realism", wherein reality consists of more than can be captured by any putative third-person account of it.
Consistent histories
Main article: Consistent histories
The consistent histories interpretation generalizes the conventional Copenhagen interpretation and attempts to provide a natural interpretation of quantum cosmology. The theory is based on a consistency criterion that allows the history of a system to be described so that the probabilities for each history obey the additive rules of classical probability. It is claimed to be consistent with the Schrödinger equation.
According to this interpretation, the purpose of a quantum-mechanical theory is to predict the relative probabilities of various alternative histories (for example, of a particle).
Ensemble interpretation
Main article: Ensemble interpretation
The ensemble interpretation, also called the statistical interpretation, can be viewed as a minimalist interpretation. That is, it claims to make the fewest assumptions associated with the standard mathematics. It takes the statistical interpretation of Born to the fullest extent. The interpretation states that the wave function does not apply to an individual system – for example, a single particle – but is an abstract statistical quantity that only applies to an ensemble (a vast multitude) of similarly prepared systems or particles. In the words of Einstein:
The attempt to conceive the quantum-theoretical description as the complete description of the individual systems leads to unnatural theoretical interpretations, which become immediately unnecessary if one accepts the interpretation that the description refers to ensembles of systems and not to individual systems.— Einstein in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, ed. P.A. Schilpp (Harper & Row, New York)
The most prominent current advocate of the ensemble interpretation is Leslie E. Ballentine, professor at Simon Fraser University, author of the text book Quantum Mechanics, A Modern Development.
De Broglie–Bohm theory
Main article: De Broglie–Bohm theory
The de Broglie–Bohm theory of quantum mechanics (also known as the pilot wave theory) is a theory by Louis de Broglie and extended later by David Bohm to include measurements. Particles, which always have positions, are guided by the wavefunction. The wavefunction evolves according to the Schrödinger wave equation, and the wavefunction never collapses. The theory takes place in a single spacetime, is non-local, and is deterministic. The simultaneous determination of a particle's position and velocity is subject to the usual uncertainty principle constraint. The theory is considered to be a hidden-variable theory, and by embracing non-locality it satisfies Bell's inequality. The measurement problem is resolved, since the particles have definite positions at all times. Collapse is explained as phenomenological.
Transactional interpretation
Main article: Transactional interpretation
The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) by John G. Cramer is an interpretation of quantum mechanics inspired by the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory. It describes the collapse of the wave function as resulting from a time-symmetric transaction between a possibility wave from the source to the receiver (the wave function) and a possibility wave from the receiver to source (the complex conjugate of the wave function). This interpretation of quantum mechanics is unique in that it not only views the wave function as a real entity, but the complex conjugate of the wave function, which appears in the Born rule for calculating the expected value for an observable, as also real.
Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
Main article: Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
In his treatise The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, John von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the Schrödinger equation (the universal wave function). He also described how measurement could cause a collapse of the wave function. This point of view was prominently expanded on by Eugene Wigner, who argued that human experimenter consciousness (or maybe even dog consciousness) was critical for the collapse, but he later abandoned this interpretation.
However, consciousness remains a mystery. The origin and place in nature of consciousness are not well understood. Some specific proposals for consciousness caused wave-function collapse have been shown to be unfalsifiable.
Quantum logic
Main article: Quantum logic
Quantum logic can be regarded as a kind of propositional logic suitable for understanding the apparent anomalies regarding quantum measurement, most notably those concerning composition of measurement operations of complementary variables. This research area and its name originated in the 1936 paper by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, who attempted to reconcile some of the apparent inconsistencies of classical Boolean logic with the facts related to measurement and observation in quantum mechanics.
Modal interpretations of quantum theory
Modal interpretations of quantum mechanics were first conceived of in 1972 by Bas van Fraassen, in his paper "A formal approach to the philosophy of science". Van Fraassen introduced a distinction between a dynamical state, which describes what might be true about a system and which always evolves according to the Schrödinger equation, and a value state, which indicates what is actually true about a system at a given time. The term "modal interpretation" now is used to describe a larger set of models that grew out of this approach. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes several versions, including proposals by Kochen, Dieks, Clifton, Dickson, and Bub. According to Michel Bitbol, Schrödinger's views on how to interpret quantum mechanics progressed through as many as four stages, ending with a non-collapse view that in respects resembles the interpretations of Everett and van Fraassen. Because Schrödinger subscribed to a kind of post-Machian neutral monism, in which "matter" and "mind" are only different aspects or arrangements of the same common elements, treating the wavefunction as ontic and treating it as epistemic became interchangeable.
Time-symmetric theories
Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics were first suggested by Walter Schottky in 1921. Several theories have been proposed which modify the equations of quantum mechanics to be symmetric with respect to time reversal. (See Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory.) This creates retrocausality: events in the future can affect ones in the past, exactly as events in the past can affect ones in the future. In these theories, a single measurement cannot fully determine the state of a system (making them a type of hidden-variables theory), but given two measurements performed at different times, it is possible to calculate the exact state of the system at all intermediate times. The collapse of the wavefunction is therefore not a physical change to the system, just a change in our knowledge of it due to the second measurement. Similarly, they explain entanglement as not being a true physical state but just an illusion created by ignoring retrocausality. The point where two particles appear to "become entangled" is simply a point where each particle is being influenced by events that occur to the other particle in the future.
Not all advocates of time-symmetric causality favour modifying the unitary dynamics of standard quantum mechanics. Thus a leading exponent of the two-state vector formalism, Lev Vaidman, states that the two-state vector formalism dovetails well with Hugh Everett's many-worlds interpretation.
Other interpretations
Main article: Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics
As well as the mainstream interpretations discussed above, a number of other interpretations have been proposed which have not made a significant scientific impact for whatever reason. These range from proposals by mainstream physicists to the more occult ideas of quantum mysticism.
Related concepts
Some ideas are discussed in the context of interpreting quantum mechanics but are not necessarily regarded as interpretations themselves.
Quantum Darwinism
Main article: Quantum Darwinism
Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible quantum states are selected against in favor of a stable pointer state. It was proposed in 2003 by Wojciech Zurek and a group of collaborators including Ollivier, Poulin, Paz and Blume-Kohout. The development of the theory is due to the integration of a number of Zurek's research topics pursued over the course of twenty-five years including pointer states, einselection and decoherence.
Objective-collapse theories
Main article: Objective-collapse theory
Objective-collapse theories differ from the Copenhagen interpretation by regarding both the wave function and the process of collapse as ontologically objective (meaning these exist and occur independent of the observer). In objective theories, collapse occurs either randomly ("spontaneous localization") or when some physical threshold is reached, with observers having no special role. Thus, objective-collapse theories are realistic, indeterministic, no-hidden-variables theories. Standard quantum mechanics does not specify any mechanism of collapse; quantum mechanics would need to be extended if objective collapse is correct. The requirement for an extension means that objective-collapse theories are alternatives to quantum mechanics rather than interpretations of it. Examples include
the Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory
the continuous spontaneous localization model
the Penrose interpretation
Comparisons
The most common interpretations are summarized in the table below. The values shown in the cells of the table are not without controversy, for the precise meanings of some of the concepts involved are unclear and, in fact, are themselves at the center of the controversy surrounding the given interpretation. For another table comparing interpretations of quantum theory, see reference.
No experimental evidence exists that distinguishes among these interpretations. To that extent, the physical theory stands, and is consistent with itself and with reality; difficulties arise only when one attempts to "interpret" the theory. Nevertheless, designing experiments which would test the various interpretations is the subject of active research.
Most of these interpretations have variants. For example, it is difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen interpretation as it was developed and argued by many people.
Interpretation
Year published
Author(s)
Deterministic?
Ontic wavefunction?
Unique history?
Hidden variables?
Collapsing wavefunctions?
Observer role?
Local dynamics?
Counterfactually definite?
Extant universal wavefunction?
Ensemble interpretation
1926
Max Born
Agnostic
No
Yes
Agnostic
No
No
No
No
No
Copenhagen interpretation
1927
Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg
No
Some
Yes
No
Some
No
Yes
No
No
De Broglie–Bohm theory
1927–1952
Louis de Broglie, David Bohm
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Phenomenological
No
No
Yes
Yes
Quantum logic
1936
Garrett Birkhoff
Agnostic
Agnostic
Yes
No
No
Interpretational
Agnostic
No
No
Time-symmetric theories
1955
Satosi Watanabe
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Many-worlds interpretation
1957
Hugh Everett
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Ill-posed
Yes
Consciousness causes collapse
1961–1993
John von Neumann, Eugene Wigner, Henry Stapp
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Causal
No
No
Yes
Many-minds interpretation
1970
H. Dieter Zeh
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Interpretational
Yes
Ill-posed
Yes
Consistent histories
1984
Robert B. Griffiths
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Transactional interpretation
1986
John G. Cramer
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Objective-collapse theories
1986–1989
Giancarlo Ghirardi, Alberto Rimini, Tullio Weber, Roger Penrose
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Relational interpretation
1994
Carlo Rovelli
No
No
Agnostic
No
Yes
Intrinsic
Possibly
No
No
QBism
2010
Christopher Fuchs, Rüdiger Schack
No
No
Agnostic
No
Yes
Intrinsic
Yes
No
No
^ Both particle AND guiding wavefunction are real.
^ Unique particle history, but multiple wave histories.
^ But quantum logic is more limited in applicability than Coherent Histories.
^ Quantum mechanics is regarded as a way of predicting observations, or a theory of measurement.
^ Observers separate the universal wavefunction into orthogonal sets of experiences.
^ In the consistent histories interpretation the collapse is a legitimate calculational procedure when describing the preparation of a quantum system, but it amounts to nothing more than a convenient way of calculating conditional probabilities.
^ In the consistent histories interpretation, observers are necessary to select a specific family of consistent histories (i.e., a framework), thus enabling the calculation of probabilities of physical events. Observers, however, play a purely passive role, similar to a photographer chosing a particular framing when taking a picture.
^ In the TI the collapse of the state vector is interpreted as the completion of the transaction between emitter and absorber.
^ The transactional interpretation is explicitly non-local.
^ Comparing histories between systems in this interpretation has no well-defined meaning.
^ Any physical interaction is treated as a collapse event relative to the systems involved, not just macroscopic or conscious observers.
^ The state of the system is observer-dependent, i.e., the state is specific to the reference frame of the observer.
^ The interpretation was originally presented as local, but whether locality is well-posed in RQM has been disputed.
^ A wavefunction merely encodes an agent’s expectations for future experiences. It is no more real than a probability distribution is in subjective Bayesianism.
^ Quantum theory is a tool any agent may use to help manage their expectations. The past comes into play only insofar as an agent’s individual experiences and temperament influence their priors.
^ Although QBism would eschew this terminology. A change in the wavefunction that an agent ascribes to a system as a result of having an experience represents a change in his or her beliefs about further experiences they may have. See Doxastic logic.
^ Observers, or more properly, participants, are as essential to the formalism as the systems they interact with.
The silent approach
Although interpretational opinions are openly and widely discussed today, that was not always the case. A notable exponent of a tendency of silence was Paul Dirac who once wrote: "The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been dealt with by many authors, and I do not want to discuss it here. I want to deal with more fundamental things." This position is not uncommon among practitioners of quantum mechanics.
Similarly Richard Feynman wrote many popularizations of quantum mechanics without ever publishing about interpretation issues like quantum measurement.
Others, like Nico van Kampen and Willis Lamb, have openly criticized non-orthodox interpretations of quantum mechanics.
See also
Bohr–Einstein debates
Einstein's thought experiments
Glossary of quantum philosophy
Local hidden-variable theory
Philosophical interpretation of classical physics
Popper's experiment
Superdeterminism
Quantum foundations
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^ Bub, Jeffrey (2016). Bananaworld: Quantum Mechanics for Primates. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0198718536.
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^ For "participatory realism," see, e.g.,Fuchs, Christopher A. (2017). "On Participatory Realism". In Durham, Ian T.; Rickles, Dean (eds.). Information and Interaction: Eddington, Wheeler, and the Limits of Knowledge. arXiv:1601.04360. Bibcode:2016arXiv160104360F. ISBN 9783319437606. OCLC 967844832.Fuchs, Christopher A.; Timpson, Christopher G. "Does Participatory Realism Make Sense? The Role of Observership in Quantum Theory". FQXi: Foundational Questions Institute. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
^ Cabello, Adán (2017). "Interpretations of quantum theory: A map of madness". In Lombardi, Olimpia; Fortin, Sebastian; Holik, Federico; López, Cristian (eds.). What is Quantum Information?. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–143. arXiv:1509.04711. Bibcode:2015arXiv150904711C. doi:10.1017/9781316494233.009. ISBN 9781107142114. S2CID 118419619.
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^ Frigg, Roman. "GRW Theory (Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Model of Quantum Mechanics)" (PDF). In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.). Compendium of Quantum Physics. Springer. pp. 266–270. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
^ Olimpia, Lombardi; Fortin, Sebastian; Federico, Holik; Cristian, López (2017). "Interpretations of Quantum Theory: A Map of Madness". What is quantum information?. pp. 138–144. arXiv:1509.04711. doi:10.1017/9781316494233.009. ISBN 9781107142114. OCLC 965759965. S2CID 118419619.
^ John L. Heilbron (1988), "The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit", in E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.), Science in Reflection, pp. 201–233, This resolution of EPR, which Rosen later characterized as a stipulation that " reality is whatever quantum mechanics is capable of describing," was applauded for its clarity by Bohr's close associates. Heisenberg, Klein, and Kramers particularly liked the reduction of the EPR thought experiment to the familiar problem of the diaphragm with holes. Perhaps the most interesting responses came from Bohr's old friend, the physicist C. W. Oseen, and from his new ally, the physicist-philosopher Philipp Frank. Oseen had understood at last what he now recognized that Bohr had been saying all along: before a measurement an atom's state with respect to the quantity measured is undefined. Frank saw that Bohr had indeed transfixed EPR on an essential ambiguity. What Frank liked most was the implication that physicists should avoid the term and concept of "physical reality". He understood Bohr to mean that complementarity characterized measuring procedures, not the things measured. Bohr acknowledged that that was indeed what he had had in mind.
^ Henrik Zinkernagel (2016), "Niels Bohr on the wave function and the classical/quantum divide", Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 53: 9–19, arXiv:1603.00353, Bibcode:2016SHPMP..53....9Z, doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.11.001, S2CID 18890207, For a start, discussions of the Copenhagen interpretation in the literature are ambiguous between two different views of the wave function, both of which of course accept the Born interpretation. Sometimes the Copenhagen (and Bohr's) interpretation is associated with the epistemic view of the quantum state, according to which the quantum state is but a representation of our knowledge of the physical system, and thus not a real existing entity in itself. On this view the 'collapse' of the wave function is not a physical process, and it just reflects an update of our information about the system; see e.g. Zeilinger (1999). By contrast, the Copenhagen interpretation has also been associated with an ontological view of the quantum state, in which the wave function somehow describes a real wave, and the collapse is a real physical process – presumably induced by the observer. This ontological view is usually attributed to von Neumann in his 1932 textbook exposition of quantum mechanics; see e.g. Henderson (2010). Thus, for Bohr, the wave function is a representation of a quantum system in a particular, classically described, experimental context. Three important points need to be made regarding this contextuality: 1) When a measurement is performed (that is, when an irreversible recording has been made; see below), then the context changes, and hence the wave function changes. This can formally be seen as a "collapse" of the wave function, with the square quotes indicating that we are not talking about a physical process in which a real wave collapses.
^ W. Heisenberg (1955), "The Development of the Interpretation of the Quantum Theory", in W. Pauli (ed.), Essays dedicated to Niels Bohr on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Pergamon Press, Of course it is entirely justified to imagine this transition, from the possible to the actual, moved to an earlier point of time, for the observer himself does not produce the transition; but it cannot be moved back to a time when the compound system was still separate from the external world, because such an assumption would not be compatible with the validity of quantum mechanics for the closed system. We see from this that a system cut off from the external world is potential but not actual in character, or, as BOHR has often expressed it, that the system cannot be described in terms of the classical concepts. We may say that the state of the closed system represented by a Hilbert vector is indeed objective, but not real, and that the classical idea of "objectively real things" must here, to this extent, be abandoned.
^ Niels Bohr (1958), "Quantum Physics and Philosophy—Causality and Complementarity", Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, p. 3, The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information.
^ Elitzur, Avshalom C.; Cohen, Eliahu; Okamoto, Ryo; Takeuchi, Shigeki (2018). "Nonlocal Position Changes of a Photon Revealed by Quantum Routers". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7730. arXiv:1707.09483. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7730E. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26018-y. PMC 5955892. PMID 29769645.
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Al-Khalili, 2003. Quantum: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
de Muynck, W. M., 2002. Foundations of quantum mechanics, an empiricist approach. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0932-1.
Roland Omnès, 1999. Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Karl Popper, 1963. Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. The chapter "Three views Concerning Human Knowledge" addresses, among other things, instrumentalism in the physical sciences.
Hans Reichenbach, 1944. Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. University of California Press.
Tegmark, Max; Wheeler, J. A. (2001). "100 Years of Quantum Mysteries". Scientific American. 284 (2): 68–75. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284b..68T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0201-68. S2CID 119375538.
Bas van Fraassen, 1972, "A formal approach to the philosophy of science", in R. Colodny, ed., Paradigms and Paradoxes: The Philosophical Challenge of the Quantum Domain. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press: 303–366.
John A. Wheeler and Wojciech Hubert Zurek (eds), Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08316-9, LoC QC174.125.Q38 1983.
Further reading
Almost all authors below are professional physicists.
David Z Albert, 1992. Quantum Mechanics and Experience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74112-9.
John S. Bell, 1987. Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36869-3. The 2004 edition (ISBN 0-521-52338-9) includes two additional papers and an introduction by Alain Aspect.
Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev, 1968. The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 90-277-0105-9.
David Bohm, 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-0971-2.
Adan Cabello (15 November 2004). "Bibliographic guide to the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information". arXiv:quant-ph/0012089.
David Deutsch, 1997. The Fabric of Reality. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-14-027541-X; ISBN 0-7139-9061-9. Argues forcefully against instrumentalism. For general readers.
F. J. Duarte (2014). Quantum Optics for Engineers. New York: CRC. ISBN 978-1439888537. Provides a pragmatic perspective on interpretations. For general readers.
Bernard d'Espagnat, 1976. Conceptual Foundation of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8133-4087-X.
Bernard d'Espagnat, 1983. In Search of Reality. Springer. ISBN 0-387-11399-1.
Bernard d'Espagnat, 2003. Veiled Reality: An Analysis of Quantum Mechanical Concepts. Westview Press.
Bernard d'Espagnat, 2006. On Physics and Philosophy. Princetone, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Arthur Fine, 1986. The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-24948-4.
Ghirardi, Giancarlo, 2004. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Gregg Jaeger (2009) Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-92127-1.
N. David Mermin (1990) Boojums all the way through. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38880-5.
Roland Omnès, 1994. The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03669-1.
Roland Omnès, 1999. Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Roland Omnès, 1999. Quantum Philosophy: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Roger Penrose, 1989. The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851973-7. Especially chapter 6.
Roger Penrose, 1994. Shadows of the Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853978-9.
Roger Penrose, 2004. The Road to Reality. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Argues that quantum theory is incomplete.
Lee Phillips, 2017. A brief history of quantum alternatives. Ars Technica.
Styer, Daniel F.; Balkin, Miranda S.; Becker, Kathryn M.; Burns, Matthew R.; Dudley, Christopher E.; Forth, Scott T.; Gaumer, Jeremy S.; Kramer, Mark A.; et al. (March 2002). "Nine formulations of quantum mechanics" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (3): 288–297. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..288S. doi:10.1119/1.1445404.
Baggott, Jim (25 April 2024). "'Shut up and calculate': how Einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality". Nature. 629 (8010): 29–32. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-01216-z. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Interpretations of quantum mechanics.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Making sense of quantum mechanics
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
"Bohmian mechanics" by Sheldon Goldstein.
"Collapse Theories." by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
"Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" by Jan Faye.
"Everett's Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics" by Jeffrey Barrett.
"Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" by Lev Vaidman.
"Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" by Michael Dickson and Dennis Dieks.
"Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory" by Wayne Myrvold.
"Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory" by Richard Healey.
"Quantum Entanglement and Information" by Jeffrey Bub.
"Quantum mechanics" by Jenann Ismael.
"Quantum Logic and Probability Theory" by Alexander Wilce.
"Relational Quantum Mechanics" by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.
"The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics" by Guido Bacciagaluppi.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
"Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics" by Peter J. Lewis.
"Everettian Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics" by Christina Conroy.
vteQuantum mechanicsBackground
Introduction
History
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Classical mechanics
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Glossary
Fundamentals
Born rule
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Density matrix
Energy level
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Degenerate levels
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Collapse
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Consistent histories
Copenhagen
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Ensemble
Hidden-variable
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Many-worlds
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Relational
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Experiments
Bell test
Davisson–Germer
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Double-slit
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Popper
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Wheeler's delayed choice
Science
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality"},{"link_name":"deterministic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"link_name":"stochastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic"},{"link_name":"local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality"},{"link_name":"non-local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality"},{"link_name":"measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"philosophers of physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Although quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments, there exist a number of contending schools of thought over their interpretation. These views on interpretation differ on such fundamental questions as whether quantum mechanics is deterministic or stochastic, local or non-local, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered real, and what the nature of measurement is, among other matters.While some variation of the Copenhagen interpretation is commonly presented in textbooks, many thought provoking interpretations have been developed.\nDespite nearly a century of debate and experiment, no consensus has been reached among physicists and philosophers of physics concerning which interpretation best \"represents\" reality.[1][2]","title":"Interpretations of quantum mechanics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Born.jpg"},{"link_name":"Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"},{"link_name":"wave function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function"},{"link_name":"matrix mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Erwin Schrödinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger"},{"link_name":"Max Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"link_name":"probability density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jammer1974-3"},{"link_name":"Born rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule"},{"link_name":"Niels Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Werner Heisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jammer1974-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"pilot-wave interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory"},{"link_name":"David Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm"},{"link_name":"many-worlds interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"},{"link_name":"Hugh Everett III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Everett_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jammer1974-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tipler1994-6"},{"link_name":"N. David Mermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._David_Mermin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"Max Tegmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Tegmark"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"information-based interpretations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information"},{"link_name":"quantum Bayesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesian"},{"link_name":"quantum information science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_science"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Influential figures in the interpretation of quantum mechanicsSchrödingerBornBohrThe definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as wave function and matrix mechanics, progressed through many stages. For instance, Erwin Schrödinger originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but Max Born reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's probability density distributed across space;[3]: 24–33 the Born rule, as it is now called, matched experiment, whereas Schrödinger's charge density view did not.The views of several early pioneers of quantum mechanics, such as Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, are often grouped together as the \"Copenhagen interpretation\", though physicists and historians of physics have argued that this terminology obscures differences between the views so designated.[3][4] Copenhagen-type ideas were never universally embraced, and challenges to a perceived Copenhagen orthodoxy gained increasing attention in the 1950s with the pilot-wave interpretation of David Bohm and the many-worlds interpretation of Hugh Everett III.[3][5][6]The physicist N. David Mermin once quipped, \"New interpretations appear every year. None ever disappear.\"[7] As a rough guide to development of the mainstream view during the 1990s and 2000s, a \"snapshot\" of opinions was collected in a poll by Schlosshauer et al. at the \"Quantum Physics and the Nature of Reality\" conference of July 2011.[8] The authors reference a similarly informal poll carried out by Max Tegmark at the \"Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory\" conference in August 1997. The main conclusion of the authors is that \"the Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme\", receiving the most votes in their poll (42%), besides the rise to mainstream notability of the many-worlds interpretations: \"The Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme here, especially if we lump it together with intellectual offsprings such as information-based interpretations and the quantum Bayesian interpretation. In Tegmark's poll, the Everett interpretation received 17% of the vote, which is similar to the number of votes (18%) in our poll.\"Some concepts originating from studies of interpretations have found more practical application in quantum information science.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_formalism"},{"link_name":"phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"Ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology"},{"link_name":"philosophy of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science"},{"link_name":"epistemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic"},{"link_name":"ontic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontic"},{"link_name":"phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon"},{"link_name":"indeterminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism"},{"link_name":"category mistake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_mistake"},{"link_name":"scientific realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_realism"},{"link_name":"antirealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirealism"},{"link_name":"logical positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism"},{"link_name":"instrumentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalism"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical"},{"link_name":"David Mermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mermin"},{"link_name":"Richard Feynman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"More or less, all interpretations of quantum mechanics share two qualities:They interpret a formalism—a set of equations and principles to generate predictions via input of initial conditions\nThey interpret a phenomenology—a set of observations, including those obtained by empirical research and those obtained informally, such as humans' experience of an unequivocal worldTwo qualities vary among interpretations:Epistemology—claims about the possibility, scope, and means toward relevant knowledge of the world\nOntology—claims about what things, such as categories and entities, exist in the worldIn the philosophy of science, the distinction between knowledge and reality is termed epistemic versus ontic. A general law can be seen as a generalisation of the regularity of outcomes (epistemic), whereas a causal mechanism may be thought of as determining or regulating outcomes (ontic). A phenomenon can be interpreted either as ontic or as epistemic. For instance, indeterminism may be attributed to limitations of human observation and perception (epistemic), or may be explained as intrinsic physical randomness (ontic). Confusing the epistemic with the ontic—if for example one were to presume that a general law actually \"governs\" outcomes, and that the statement of a regularity has the role of a causal mechanism—is a category mistake.In a broad sense, scientific theory can be viewed as offering an approximately true description or explanation of the natural world (scientific realism) or as providing nothing more than an account of our knowledge of the natural world (antirealism). A realist stance sees the epistemic as giving us a window onto the ontic, whereas an antirealist stance sees the epistemic as providing only a logically consistent picture of the ontic. In the first half of the 20th Century, a key antirealist philosophy was logical positivism, which sought to exclude unobservable aspects of reality from scientific theory.Since the 1950s antirealism has adopted a more modest approach, often in the form of instrumentalism, permitting talk of unobservables but ultimately discarding the very question of realism and positing scientific theory as a tool to help us make predictions, not to attain a deep metaphysical understanding of the world. The instrumentalist view is typified by David Mermin's famous slogan: \"Shut up and calculate\" (which is often misattributed to Richard Feynman).[11]","title":"Nature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantum field theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theories"},{"link_name":"mathematical structure of quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"indeterministic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_indeterminacy"},{"link_name":"classical field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_field_theory"},{"link_name":"observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_(quantum_physics)"},{"link_name":"Everettian interpretations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Classically unexpected correlations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement"},{"link_name":"entangled quantum systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement"},{"link_name":"EPR paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox"},{"link_name":"principles of local causality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality"},{"link_name":"action at a distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_a_distance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"complementarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"propositional logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus"},{"link_name":"propositional connectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective"},{"link_name":"Quantum logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic"},{"link_name":"non-commutativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commutativity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Contextual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_contextuality"},{"link_name":"Quantum contextuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_contextuality"},{"link_name":"Leibniz's Principle of the identity of indiscernibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_of_indiscernibles"}],"text":"Abstract, mathematical nature of quantum field theories: the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics is abstract and does not result in a single, clear interpretation of its quantities.\nApparent indeterministic and irreversible processes: in classical field theory, a physical property at a given location in the field is readily derived. In most mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics, measurement (understood as an interaction with a given state) has a special role in the theory, as it is the sole process that can cause a nonunitary, irreversible evolution of the state.\nRole of the observer in determining outcomes. Copenhagen-type interpretations imply that the wavefunction is a calculational tool, and represents reality only immediately after a measurement performed by an observer. Everettian interpretations grant that all possible outcomes are real, and that measurement-type interactions cause a branching process in which each possibility is realised.[12]\nClassically unexpected correlations between remote objects: entangled quantum systems, as illustrated in the EPR paradox, obey statistics that seem to violate principles of local causality by action at a distance.[13]\nComplementarity of proffered descriptions: complementarity holds that no set of classical physical concepts can simultaneously refer to all properties of a quantum system. For instance, wave description A and particulate description B can each describe quantum system S, but not simultaneously. This implies the composition of physical properties of S does not obey the rules of classical propositional logic when using propositional connectives (see \"Quantum logic\"). Like contextuality, the \"origin of complementarity lies in the non-commutativity of operators\" that describe quantum objects.[14]\nRapidly rising intricacy, far exceeding humans' present calculational capacity, as a system's size increases: since the state space of a quantum system is exponential in the number of subsystems, it is difficult to derive classical approximations.\nContextual behaviour of systems locally: Quantum contextuality demonstrates that classical intuitions, in which properties of a system hold definite values independent of the manner of their measurement, fail even for local systems. Also, physical principles such as Leibniz's Principle of the identity of indiscernibles no longer apply in the quantum domain, signaling that most classical intuitions may be incorrect about the quantum world.","title":"Interpretive challenges"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Niels Bohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"},{"link_name":"Werner Heisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siddiqui2017-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faye-Stanford-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camilleri2015-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PauliEinstein-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Born rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule"},{"link_name":"complementarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"definite values from unperformed experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_definiteness"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omnes-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jammer1974-3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Copenhagen interpretation","text":"The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics principally attributed to Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. It is one of the oldest attitudes towards quantum mechanics, as features of it date to the development of quantum mechanics during 1925–1927, and it remains one of the most commonly taught.[15][16] There is no definitive historical statement of what is the Copenhagen interpretation, and there were in particular fundamental disagreements between the views of Bohr and Heisenberg.[17][18] For example, Heisenberg emphasized a sharp \"cut\" between the observer (or the instrument) and the system being observed,[19]: 133 while Bohr offered an interpretation that is independent of a subjective observer or measurement or collapse, which relies on an \"irreversible\" or effectively irreversible process which imparts the classical behavior of \"observation\" or \"measurement\".[20][21][22][23]Features common to Copenhagen-type interpretations include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the Born rule, and the principle of complementarity, which states certain pairs of complementary properties cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. Moreover, properties only result from the act of \"observing\" or \"measuring\"; the theory avoids assuming definite values from unperformed experiments. Copenhagen-type interpretations hold that quantum descriptions are objective, in that they are independent of physicists' mental arbitrariness.[24]: 85–90 The statistical interpretation of wavefunctions due to Max Born differs sharply from Schrödinger's original intent, which was to have a theory with continuous time evolution and in which wavefunctions directly described physical reality.[3]: 24–33 [25]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"many-worlds interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"},{"link_name":"universal wavefunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_wavefunction"},{"link_name":"reversible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPT_symmetry"},{"link_name":"irreversible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreversibility"},{"link_name":"wavefunction collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction_collapse"},{"link_name":"decoherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence"},{"link_name":"entangled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement"},{"link_name":"alternate histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_histories"}],"sub_title":"Many worlds","text":"The many-worlds interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which a universal wavefunction obeys the same deterministic, reversible laws at all times; in particular there is no (indeterministic and irreversible) wavefunction collapse associated with measurement. The phenomena associated with measurement are claimed to be explained by decoherence, which occurs when states interact with the environment. More precisely, the parts of the wavefunction describing observers become increasingly entangled with the parts of the wavefunction describing their experiments. Although all possible outcomes of experiments continue to lie in the wavefunction's support, the times at which they become correlated with observers effectively \"split\" the universe into mutually unobservable alternate histories.","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quantum informational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timpson-29"},{"link_name":"it from bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_from_bit"},{"link_name":"immaterialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Timpson-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"instrumentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalism"},{"link_name":"James Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hartle"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Quantum information theories","text":"Quantum informational approaches[26][27] have attracted growing support.[28][8] They subdivide into two kinds.[29]Information ontologies, such as J. A. Wheeler's \"it from bit\". These approaches have been described as a revival of immaterialism.[29]\nInterpretations where quantum mechanics is said to describe an observer's knowledge of the world, rather than the world itself. This approach has some similarity with Bohr's thinking.[30] Collapse (also known as reduction) is often interpreted as an observer acquiring information from a measurement, rather than as an objective event. These approaches have been appraised as similar to instrumentalism. James Hartle writes,The state is not an objective property of an individual system but is that information, obtained from a knowledge of how a system was prepared, which can be used for making predictions about future measurements. ...A quantum mechanical state being a summary of the observer's information about an individual physical system changes both by dynamical laws, and whenever the observer acquires new information about the system through the process of measurement. The existence of two laws for the evolution of the state vector...becomes problematical only if it is believed that the state vector is an objective property of the system...The \"reduction of the wavepacket\" does take place in the consciousness of the observer, not because of any unique physical process which takes place there, but only because the state is a construct of the observer and not an objective property of the physical system.[31]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relational quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"special relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity"},{"link_name":"eigenstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenstate"},{"link_name":"state vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state_vector"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Relational quantum mechanics","text":"The essential idea behind relational quantum mechanics, following the precedent of special relativity, is that different observers may give different accounts of the same series of events: for example, to one observer at a given point in time, a system may be in a single, \"collapsed\" eigenstate, while to another observer at the same time, it may be in a superposition of two or more states. Consequently, if quantum mechanics is to be a complete theory, relational quantum mechanics argues that the notion of \"state\" describes not the observed system itself, but the relationship, or correlation, between the system and its observer(s). The state vector of conventional quantum mechanics becomes a description of the correlation of some degrees of freedom in the observer, with respect to the observed system. However, it is held by relational quantum mechanics that this applies to all physical objects, whether or not they are conscious or macroscopic. Any \"measurement event\" is seen simply as an ordinary physical interaction, an establishment of the sort of correlation discussed above. Thus the physical content of the theory has to do not with objects themselves, but the relations between them.[32][33]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QBism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBism"},{"link_name":"subjective Bayesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability#Dutch_book_approach"},{"link_name":"Born rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule"},{"link_name":"normative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative"},{"link_name":"quantum information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information"},{"link_name":"Bayesian probability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability"},{"link_name":"wavefunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction"},{"link_name":"superposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition"},{"link_name":"quantum measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem"},{"link_name":"entanglement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"degrees of belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_belief"},{"link_name":"philosophers of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science"},{"link_name":"anti-realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"QBism","text":"QBism, which originally stood for \"quantum Bayesianism\", is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. This interpretation is distinguished by its use of a subjective Bayesian account of probabilities to understand the quantum mechanical Born rule as a normative addition to good decision-making. QBism draws from the fields of quantum information and Bayesian probability and aims to eliminate the interpretational conundrums that have beset quantum theory.QBism deals with common questions in the interpretation of quantum theory about the nature of wavefunction superposition, quantum measurement, and entanglement.[34][35] According to QBism, many, but not all, aspects of the quantum formalism are subjective in nature. For example, in this interpretation, a quantum state is not an element of reality—instead it represents the degrees of belief an agent has about the possible outcomes of measurements. For this reason, some philosophers of science have deemed QBism a form of anti-realism.[36][37] The originators of the interpretation disagree with this characterization, proposing instead that the theory more properly aligns with a kind of realism they call \"participatory realism\", wherein reality consists of more than can be captured by any putative third-person account of it.[38][39]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consistent histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_histories"},{"link_name":"quantum cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cosmology"},{"link_name":"consistent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation"}],"sub_title":"Consistent histories","text":"The consistent histories interpretation generalizes the conventional Copenhagen interpretation and attempts to provide a natural interpretation of quantum cosmology. The theory is based on a consistency criterion that allows the history of a system to be described so that the probabilities for each history obey the additive rules of classical probability. It is claimed to be consistent with the Schrödinger equation.According to this interpretation, the purpose of a quantum-mechanical theory is to predict the relative probabilities of various alternative histories (for example, of a particle).","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ensemble interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation"},{"link_name":"Simon Fraser University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University"}],"sub_title":"Ensemble interpretation","text":"The ensemble interpretation, also called the statistical interpretation, can be viewed as a minimalist interpretation. That is, it claims to make the fewest assumptions associated with the standard mathematics. It takes the statistical interpretation of Born to the fullest extent. The interpretation states that the wave function does not apply to an individual system – for example, a single particle – but is an abstract statistical quantity that only applies to an ensemble (a vast multitude) of similarly prepared systems or particles. In the words of Einstein:The attempt to conceive the quantum-theoretical description as the complete description of the individual systems leads to unnatural theoretical interpretations, which become immediately unnecessary if one accepts the interpretation that the description refers to ensembles of systems and not to individual systems.— Einstein in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, ed. P.A. Schilpp (Harper & Row, New York)The most prominent current advocate of the ensemble interpretation is Leslie E. Ballentine, professor at Simon Fraser University, author of the text book Quantum Mechanics, A Modern Development.","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"de Broglie–Bohm theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory"},{"link_name":"Louis de Broglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie"},{"link_name":"David Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger wave equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_wave_equation"},{"link_name":"non-local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality"},{"link_name":"uncertainty principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle"},{"link_name":"hidden-variable theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory"},{"link_name":"Bell's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"measurement problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"phenomenological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CushingFine2013-41"}],"sub_title":"De Broglie–Bohm theory","text":"The de Broglie–Bohm theory of quantum mechanics (also known as the pilot wave theory) is a theory by Louis de Broglie and extended later by David Bohm to include measurements. Particles, which always have positions, are guided by the wavefunction. The wavefunction evolves according to the Schrödinger wave equation, and the wavefunction never collapses. The theory takes place in a single spacetime, is non-local, and is deterministic. The simultaneous determination of a particle's position and velocity is subject to the usual uncertainty principle constraint. The theory is considered to be a hidden-variable theory, and by embracing non-locality it satisfies Bell's inequality. The measurement problem is resolved, since the particles have definite positions at all times.[40] Collapse is explained as phenomenological.[41]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transactional interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_interpretation"},{"link_name":"John G. Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Cramer"},{"link_name":"Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_absorber_theory"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Transactional interpretation","text":"The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) by John G. Cramer is an interpretation of quantum mechanics inspired by the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory.[42] It describes the collapse of the wave function as resulting from a time-symmetric transaction between a possibility wave from the source to the receiver (the wave function) and a possibility wave from the receiver to source (the complex conjugate of the wave function). This interpretation of quantum mechanics is unique in that it not only views the wave function as a real entity, but the complex conjugate of the wave function, which appears in the Born rule for calculating the expected value for an observable, as also real.","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"measurement problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Eugene Wigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schreiber-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation","text":"In his treatise The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, John von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the Schrödinger equation (the universal wave function). He also described how measurement could cause a collapse of the wave function.[43] This point of view was prominently expanded on by Eugene Wigner, who argued that human experimenter consciousness (or maybe even dog consciousness) was critical for the collapse, but he later abandoned this interpretation.[44][45]However, consciousness remains a mystery. The origin and place in nature of consciousness are not well understood. Some specific proposals for consciousness caused wave-function collapse have been shown to be unfalsifiable.[46]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quantum logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic"},{"link_name":"Garrett Birkhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Birkhoff"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"}],"sub_title":"Quantum logic","text":"Quantum logic can be regarded as a kind of propositional logic suitable for understanding the apparent anomalies regarding quantum measurement, most notably those concerning composition of measurement operations of complementary variables. This research area and its name originated in the 1936 paper by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, who attempted to reconcile some of the apparent inconsistencies of classical Boolean logic with the facts related to measurement and observation in quantum mechanics.","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bas van Fraassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen"},{"link_name":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Kochen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_B._Kochen"},{"link_name":"Dieks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Dieks"},{"link_name":"Bub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bub"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Michel Bitbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bitbol"},{"link_name":"Machian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mach"},{"link_name":"neutral monism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Modal interpretations of quantum theory","text":"Modal interpretations of quantum mechanics were first conceived of in 1972 by Bas van Fraassen, in his paper \"A formal approach to the philosophy of science\". Van Fraassen introduced a distinction between a dynamical state, which describes what might be true about a system and which always evolves according to the Schrödinger equation, and a value state, which indicates what is actually true about a system at a given time. The term \"modal interpretation\" now is used to describe a larger set of models that grew out of this approach. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes several versions, including proposals by Kochen, Dieks, Clifton, Dickson, and Bub.[47] According to Michel Bitbol, Schrödinger's views on how to interpret quantum mechanics progressed through as many as four stages, ending with a non-collapse view that in respects resembles the interpretations of Everett and van Fraassen. Because Schrödinger subscribed to a kind of post-Machian neutral monism, in which \"matter\" and \"mind\" are only different aspects or arrangements of the same common elements, treating the wavefunction as ontic and treating it as epistemic became interchangeable.[48]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Schottky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Feynman_absorber_theory"},{"link_name":"retrocausality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocausality"},{"link_name":"hidden-variables theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variables_theory"},{"link_name":"Lev Vaidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vaidman"},{"link_name":"Hugh Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Everett"},{"link_name":"many-worlds interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Time-symmetric theories","text":"Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics were first suggested by Walter Schottky in 1921.[49][50] Several theories have been proposed which modify the equations of quantum mechanics to be symmetric with respect to time reversal.[51][52][53][54][55][56] (See Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory.) This creates retrocausality: events in the future can affect ones in the past, exactly as events in the past can affect ones in the future. In these theories, a single measurement cannot fully determine the state of a system (making them a type of hidden-variables theory), but given two measurements performed at different times, it is possible to calculate the exact state of the system at all intermediate times. The collapse of the wavefunction is therefore not a physical change to the system, just a change in our knowledge of it due to the second measurement. Similarly, they explain entanglement as not being a true physical state but just an illusion created by ignoring retrocausality. The point where two particles appear to \"become entangled\" is simply a point where each particle is being influenced by events that occur to the other particle in the future.Not all advocates of time-symmetric causality favour modifying the unitary dynamics of standard quantum mechanics. Thus a leading exponent of the two-state vector formalism, Lev Vaidman, states that the two-state vector formalism dovetails well with Hugh Everett's many-worlds interpretation.[57]","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"occult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"quantum mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mysticism"}],"sub_title":"Other interpretations","text":"As well as the mainstream interpretations discussed above, a number of other interpretations have been proposed which have not made a significant scientific impact for whatever reason. These range from proposals by mainstream physicists to the more occult ideas of quantum mysticism.","title":"Influential interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some ideas are discussed in the context of interpreting quantum mechanics but are not necessarily regarded as interpretations themselves.","title":"Related concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_physics"},{"link_name":"quantum world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Darwinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"quantum states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_states"},{"link_name":"pointer state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_state"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Zurek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Zurek"},{"link_name":"pointer states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_state"},{"link_name":"einselection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einselection"},{"link_name":"decoherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoherence"}],"sub_title":"Quantum Darwinism","text":"Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible quantum states are selected against in favor of a stable pointer state. It was proposed in 2003 by Wojciech Zurek and a group of collaborators including Ollivier, Poulin, Paz and Blume-Kohout. The development of the theory is due to the integration of a number of Zurek's research topics pursued over the course of twenty-five years including pointer states, einselection and decoherence.","title":"Related concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copenhagen interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation"},{"link_name":"Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghirardi%E2%80%93Rimini%E2%80%93Weber_theory"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"continuous spontaneous localization model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_spontaneous_localization_model"},{"link_name":"Penrose interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_interpretation"}],"sub_title":"Objective-collapse theories","text":"Objective-collapse theories differ from the Copenhagen interpretation by regarding both the wave function and the process of collapse as ontologically objective (meaning these exist and occur independent of the observer). In objective theories, collapse occurs either randomly (\"spontaneous localization\") or when some physical threshold is reached, with observers having no special role. Thus, objective-collapse theories are realistic, indeterministic, no-hidden-variables theories. Standard quantum mechanics does not specify any mechanism of collapse; quantum mechanics would need to be extended if objective collapse is correct. The requirement for an extension means that objective-collapse theories are alternatives to quantum mechanics rather than interpretations of it. Examples includethe Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory[58]\nthe continuous spontaneous localization model\nthe Penrose interpretation","title":"Related concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"subjective Bayesianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability#Dutch_book_approach"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"Doxastic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxastic_logic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"}],"text":"The most common interpretations are summarized in the table below. The values shown in the cells of the table are not without controversy, for the precise meanings of some of the concepts involved are unclear and, in fact, are themselves at the center of the controversy surrounding the given interpretation. For another table comparing interpretations of quantum theory, see reference.[59]No experimental evidence exists that distinguishes among these interpretations. To that extent, the physical theory stands, and is consistent with itself and with reality; difficulties arise only when one attempts to \"interpret\" the theory. Nevertheless, designing experiments which would test the various interpretations is the subject of active research.Most of these interpretations have variants. For example, it is difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen interpretation as it was developed and argued by many people.^ Both particle AND guiding wavefunction are real.\n\n^ Unique particle history, but multiple wave histories.\n\n^ But quantum logic is more limited in applicability than Coherent Histories.\n\n^ Quantum mechanics is regarded as a way of predicting observations, or a theory of measurement.\n\n^ Observers separate the universal wavefunction into orthogonal sets of experiences.\n\n^ In the consistent histories interpretation the collapse is a legitimate calculational procedure when describing the preparation of a quantum system, but it amounts to nothing more than a convenient way of calculating conditional probabilities.\n\n^ In the consistent histories interpretation, observers are necessary to select a specific family of consistent histories (i.e., a framework), thus enabling the calculation of probabilities of physical events. Observers, however, play a purely passive role, similar to a photographer chosing a particular framing when taking a picture.\n\n^ In the TI the collapse of the state vector is interpreted as the completion of the transaction between emitter and absorber.\n\n^ The transactional interpretation is explicitly non-local.\n\n^ Comparing histories between systems in this interpretation has no well-defined meaning.\n\n^ Any physical interaction is treated as a collapse event relative to the systems involved, not just macroscopic or conscious observers.\n\n^ The state of the system is observer-dependent, i.e., the state is specific to the reference frame of the observer.\n\n^ The interpretation was originally presented as local,[66] but whether locality is well-posed in RQM has been disputed.[67]\n\n^ A wavefunction merely encodes an agent’s expectations for future experiences. It is no more real than a probability distribution is in subjective Bayesianism.\n\n^ Quantum theory is a tool any agent may use to help manage their expectations. The past comes into play only insofar as an agent’s individual experiences and temperament influence their priors.\n\n^ Although QBism would eschew this terminology. A change in the wavefunction that an agent ascribes to a system as a result of having an experience represents a change in his or her beliefs about further experiences they may have. See Doxastic logic.\n\n^ Observers, or more properly, participants, are as essential to the formalism as the systems they interact with.","title":"Comparisons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Dirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QOE-86"},{"link_name":"Richard Feynman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Nico van Kampen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_van_Kampen"},{"link_name":"Willis Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Lamb"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"Although interpretational opinions are openly and widely discussed today, that was not always the case. A notable exponent of a tendency of silence was Paul Dirac who once wrote: \"The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been dealt with by many authors, and I do not want to discuss it here. I want to deal with more fundamental things.\"[68] This position is not uncommon among practitioners of quantum mechanics.[69] \nSimilarly Richard Feynman wrote many popularizations of quantum mechanics without ever publishing about interpretation issues like quantum measurement.[70] \nOthers, like Nico van Kampen and Willis Lamb, have openly criticized non-orthodox interpretations of quantum mechanics.[71][72]","title":"The silent approach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F1355-2198%2895%2900019-4"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Carnap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap"},{"link_name":"International Encyclopedia of Unified Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_Unified_Science"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"quant-ph/0205039","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0205039"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-23569-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-23569-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56457-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56457-3"},{"link_name":"Jackiw, Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jackiw"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"quant-ph/0008092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0008092"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2000quant.ph..8092K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000quant.ph..8092K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.289.5481.893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.893"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17839156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17839156"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6604344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6604344"},{"link_name":"Max Jammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jammer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4020-0932-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-0932-1"},{"link_name":"Roland Omnès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"},{"link_name":"Hans Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach"},{"link_name":"Tegmark, Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Tegmark"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001SciAm.284b..68T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SciAm.284b..68T"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/scientificamerican0201-68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0201-68"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"119375538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119375538"},{"link_name":"Bas van Fraassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen"},{"link_name":"John A. Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Hubert Zurek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Hubert_Zurek"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-08316-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08316-9"}],"text":"Bub, J.; Clifton, R. (1996). \"A uniqueness theorem for interpretations of quantum mechanics\". Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 27B: 181–219. doi:10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4.\nRudolf Carnap, 1939, \"The interpretation of physics\", in Foundations of Logic and Mathematics of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.\nDickson, M., 1994, \"Wavefunction tails in the modal interpretation\" in Hull, D., Forbes, M., and Burian, R., eds., Proceedings of the PSA 1\" 366–376. East Lansing, Michigan: Philosophy of Science Association.\n--------, and Clifton, R., 1998, \"Lorentz-invariance in modal interpretations\" in Dieks, D. and Vermaas, P., eds., The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 9–48.\nFuchs, Christopher, 2002, \"Quantum Mechanics as Quantum Information (and only a little more)\". arXiv:quant-ph/0205039\n--------, and A. Peres, 2000, \"Quantum theory needs no 'interpretation'\", Physics Today.\nHerbert, N., 1985. Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-23569-0.\nHey, Anthony, and Walters, P., 2003. The New Quantum Universe, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56457-3.\nJackiw, Roman; Kleppner, D. (2000). \"One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics\". Science. 289 (5481): 893–898. arXiv:quant-ph/0008092. Bibcode:2000quant.ph..8092K. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.893. PMID 17839156. S2CID 6604344.\nMax Jammer, 1966. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill.\n--------, 1974. The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. Wiley & Sons.\nAl-Khalili, 2003. Quantum: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.\nde Muynck, W. M., 2002. Foundations of quantum mechanics, an empiricist approach. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-0932-1.\nRoland Omnès, 1999. Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.\nKarl Popper, 1963. Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. The chapter \"Three views Concerning Human Knowledge\" addresses, among other things, instrumentalism in the physical sciences.\nHans Reichenbach, 1944. Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. University of California Press.\nTegmark, Max; Wheeler, J. A. (2001). \"100 Years of Quantum Mysteries\". Scientific American. 284 (2): 68–75. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284b..68T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0201-68. S2CID 119375538.\nBas van Fraassen, 1972, \"A formal approach to the philosophy of science\", in R. Colodny, ed., Paradigms and Paradoxes: The Philosophical Challenge of the Quantum Domain. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press: 303–366.\nJohn A. Wheeler and Wojciech Hubert Zurek (eds), Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08316-9, LoC QC174.125.Q38 1983.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Z Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Z_Albert"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-74112-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-74112-9"},{"link_name":"John S. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Bell"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-36869-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36869-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-52338-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52338-9"},{"link_name":"Alain Aspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Aspect"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-277-0105-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0105-9"},{"link_name":"David Bohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7100-0971-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0971-2"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"quant-ph/0012089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0012089"},{"link_name":"David Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"The Fabric of Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fabric_of_Reality"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-027541-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027541-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7139-9061-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9061-9"},{"link_name":"F. J. Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._J._Duarte"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1439888537","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439888537"},{"link_name":"Bernard d'Espagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8133-4087-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4087-X"},{"link_name":"Bernard d'Espagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-11399-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-11399-1"},{"link_name":"Bernard d'Espagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat"},{"link_name":"Bernard d'Espagnat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat"},{"link_name":"Arthur Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-24948-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-24948-4"},{"link_name":"Gregg Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregg_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/physics/quantum+physics/book/978-3-540-92127-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-92127-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92127-1"},{"link_name":"N. David Mermin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._David_Mermin"},{"link_name":"Boojums all the way through.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521388805"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-38880-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38880-5"},{"link_name":"Roland Omnès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-03669-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03669-1"},{"link_name":"Roland Omnès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Roland Omnès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Omn%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Quantum Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Roger Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's New Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-851973-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-851973-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose"},{"link_name":"Shadows of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-853978-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-853978-9"},{"link_name":"Roger Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose"},{"link_name":"The Road to Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality"},{"link_name":"A brief history of quantum alternatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arstechnica.com/science/2017/07/a-brief-history-of-quantum-alternatives/3/"},{"link_name":"Styer, Daniel F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_F._Styer"},{"link_name":"\"Nine formulations of quantum mechanics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/utheory03/styer/pdf/Styer.pdf"},{"link_name":"American Journal of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002AmJPh..70..288S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AmJPh..70..288S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1119/1.1445404","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1445404"},{"link_name":"\"'Shut up and calculate': how Einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01216-z"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/d41586-024-01216-z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01216-z"}],"text":"Almost all authors below are professional physicists.David Z Albert, 1992. Quantum Mechanics and Experience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-74112-9.\nJohn S. Bell, 1987. Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-36869-3. The 2004 edition (ISBN 0-521-52338-9) includes two additional papers and an introduction by Alain Aspect.\nDmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev, 1968. The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 90-277-0105-9.\nDavid Bohm, 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-0971-2.\nAdan Cabello (15 November 2004). \"Bibliographic guide to the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information\". arXiv:quant-ph/0012089.\nDavid Deutsch, 1997. The Fabric of Reality. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-14-027541-X; ISBN 0-7139-9061-9. Argues forcefully against instrumentalism. For general readers.\nF. J. Duarte (2014). Quantum Optics for Engineers. New York: CRC. ISBN 978-1439888537. Provides a pragmatic perspective on interpretations. For general readers.\nBernard d'Espagnat, 1976. Conceptual Foundation of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-8133-4087-X.\nBernard d'Espagnat, 1983. In Search of Reality. Springer. ISBN 0-387-11399-1.\nBernard d'Espagnat, 2003. Veiled Reality: An Analysis of Quantum Mechanical Concepts. Westview Press.\nBernard d'Espagnat, 2006. On Physics and Philosophy. Princetone, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.\nArthur Fine, 1986. The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-24948-4.\nGhirardi, Giancarlo, 2004. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.\nGregg Jaeger (2009) Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-92127-1.\nN. David Mermin (1990) Boojums all the way through. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38880-5.\nRoland Omnès, 1994. The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03669-1.\nRoland Omnès, 1999. Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.\nRoland Omnès, 1999. Quantum Philosophy: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.\nRoger Penrose, 1989. The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851973-7. Especially chapter 6.\nRoger Penrose, 1994. Shadows of the Mind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853978-9.\nRoger Penrose, 2004. The Road to Reality. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Argues that quantum theory is incomplete.\nLee Phillips, 2017. A brief history of quantum alternatives. Ars Technica.\nStyer, Daniel F.; Balkin, Miranda S.; Becker, Kathryn M.; Burns, Matthew R.; Dudley, Christopher E.; Forth, Scott T.; Gaumer, Jeremy S.; Kramer, Mark A.; et al. (March 2002). \"Nine formulations of quantum mechanics\" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 70 (3): 288–297. Bibcode:2002AmJPh..70..288S. doi:10.1119/1.1445404.\nBaggott, Jim (25 April 2024). \"'Shut up and calculate': how Einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality\". Nature. 629 (8010): 29–32. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-01216-z. Retrieved 1 June 2024.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Bohr–Einstein debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates"},{"title":"Einstein's thought experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments"},{"title":"Glossary of quantum philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_philosophy"},{"title":"Local hidden-variable theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory"},{"title":"Philosophical interpretation of classical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_interpretation_of_classical_physics"},{"title":"Popper's experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popper%27s_experiment"},{"title":"Superdeterminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdeterminism"},{"title":"Quantum foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foundations"}]
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[{"reference":"Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton (2013-08-01). \"A snapshot of foundational attitudes toward quantum mechanics\". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 44 (3): 222–230. arXiv:1301.1069. Bibcode:2013SHPMP..44..222S. doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004. ISSN 1355-2198. S2CID 55537196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069","url_text":"1301.1069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SHPMP..44..222S","url_text":"2013SHPMP..44..222S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2198","url_text":"1355-2198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55537196","url_text":"55537196"}]},{"reference":"Jammer, Max (1974). Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 9780471439585.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jammer","url_text":"Jammer, Max"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/philosophyofquan0000jamm","url_text":"Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471439585","url_text":"9780471439585"}]},{"reference":"Camilleri, Kristian (2009-02-01). \"Constructing the Myth of the Copenhagen Interpretation\". Perspectives on Science. 17 (1): 26–57. doi:10.1162/posc.2009.17.1.26. ISSN 1530-9274. S2CID 57559199.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/259149","url_text":"\"Constructing the Myth of the Copenhagen Interpretation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fposc.2009.17.1.26","url_text":"10.1162/posc.2009.17.1.26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9274","url_text":"1530-9274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57559199","url_text":"57559199"}]},{"reference":"Vaidman, Lev (2021), \"Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2023-08-25","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/qm-manyworlds/","url_text":"\"Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics\""}]},{"reference":"Frank J. Tipler (1994). The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God, and the Resurrection of the Dead. Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-46799-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PqhI7eo92tYC&q=leading+cosmologists+and+other+quantum+field+theorists","url_text":"The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God, and the Resurrection of the Dead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46799-5","url_text":"978-0-385-46799-5"}]},{"reference":"Mermin, N. David (2012-07-01). \"Commentary: Quantum mechanics: Fixing the shifty split\". Physics Today. 65 (7): 8–10. Bibcode:2012PhT....65g...8M. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1618. ISSN 0031-9228.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1618","url_text":"\"Commentary: Quantum mechanics: Fixing the shifty split\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today","url_text":"Physics Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhT....65g...8M","url_text":"2012PhT....65g...8M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1618","url_text":"10.1063/PT.3.1618"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228","url_text":"0031-9228"}]},{"reference":"Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton (2013-01-06). \"A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics\". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 44 (3): 222–230. arXiv:1301.1069. Bibcode:2013SHPMP..44..222S. doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004. S2CID 55537196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger","url_text":"Zeilinger, Anton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069","url_text":"1301.1069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SHPMP..44..222S","url_text":"2013SHPMP..44..222S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55537196","url_text":"55537196"}]},{"reference":"Barnum, Howard; Wehner, Stephanie; Wilce, Alexander (August 2018). \"Introduction: Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Foundations\". Foundations of Physics. 48 (8): 853–856. 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S2CID 126293060.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-018-0188-6","url_text":"\"Introduction: Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Foundations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Physics","url_text":"Foundations of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FoPh...48..853B","url_text":"2018FoPh...48..853B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-018-0188-6","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-018-0188-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018","url_text":"0015-9018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126293060","url_text":"126293060"}]},{"reference":"DiVincenzo, David P.; Fuchs, Christopher A. 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Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00435-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00435-8","url_text":"978-0-691-00435-8"}]},{"reference":"Siddiqui, Shabnam; Singh, Chandralekha (2017). \"How diverse are physics instructors' attitudes and approaches to teaching undergraduate level quantum mechanics?\". European Journal of Physics. 38 (3): 035703. 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P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994wpp..book.....P","url_text":"1994wpp..book.....P"}]},{"reference":"John Bell (1990), \"Against 'measurement'\", Physics World, 3 (8): 33–41, doi:10.1088/2058-7058/3/8/26","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell","url_text":"John Bell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F3%2F8%2F26","url_text":"10.1088/2058-7058/3/8/26"}]},{"reference":"Niels Bohr (1985) [May 16, 1947], Jørgen Kalckar (ed.), Niels Bohr: Collected Works, vol. 6: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1926–1932), pp. 451–454","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr","url_text":"Niels Bohr"},{"url":"https://www.nbarchive.dk/publications/bcw/","url_text":"Niels Bohr: Collected Works"}]},{"reference":"Stenholm, Stig (1983), \"To fathom space and time\", in Meystre, Pierre (ed.), Quantum Optics, Experimental Gravitation, and Measurement Theory, Plenum Press, p. 121, The role of irreversibility in the theory of measurement has been emphasized by many. 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FQXi: Foundational Questions Institute. Retrieved 2017-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://fqxi.org/grants/large/awardees/view/__details/2016/fuchs","url_text":"\"Does Participatory Realism Make Sense? The Role of Observership in Quantum Theory\""}]},{"reference":"Cabello, Adán (2017). \"Interpretations of quantum theory: A map of madness\". In Lombardi, Olimpia; Fortin, Sebastian; Holik, Federico; López, Cristian (eds.). What is Quantum Information?. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–143. arXiv:1509.04711. Bibcode:2015arXiv150904711C. doi:10.1017/9781316494233.009. ISBN 9781107142114. 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ISBN 978-94-015-8715-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=By34CAAAQBAJ&q=%22Bohmian+Mechanics+as+the+Foundation+of+Quantum+Mechanics%22&pg=PA21","url_text":"Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-015-8715-0","url_text":"978-94-015-8715-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Quantum Nocality – Cramer\". Npl.washington.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2011-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101229074514/http://www.npl.washington.edu/npl/int_rep/qm_nl.html","url_text":"\"Quantum Nocality – Cramer\""},{"url":"http://www.npl.washington.edu/npl/int_rep/qm_nl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Esfeld, Michael (1999). \"Essay Review: Wigner's View of Physical Reality\". Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 30B: 145–154.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_in_History_and_Philosophy_of_Modern_Physics","url_text":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics"}]},{"reference":"Schreiber, Zvi (1995). \"The Nine Lives of Schrödinger's Cat\". arXiv:quant-ph/9501014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9501014","url_text":"quant-ph/9501014"}]},{"reference":"de Barros, J. Acacio; Oas, Gary (October 2017). \"Can We Falsify the Consciousness-Causes-Collapse Hypothesis in Quantum Mechanics?\". Foundations of Physics. 47 (10): 1294–1308. arXiv:1609.00614. doi:10.1007/s10701-017-0110-7. ISSN 0015-9018.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10701-017-0110-7","url_text":"\"Can We Falsify the Consciousness-Causes-Collapse Hypothesis in Quantum Mechanics?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00614","url_text":"1609.00614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-017-0110-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-017-0110-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018","url_text":"0015-9018"}]},{"reference":"Lombardi, Olimpia; Dieks, Dennis (2002-11-12). \"Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Science.uva.nl. Retrieved 2011-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Lombardi","url_text":"Lombardi, Olimpia"},{"url":"http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/qm-modal/","url_text":"\"Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics\""}]},{"reference":"Bitbol, Michel (1996). Schrödinger's Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-009-1772-9. OCLC 851376153.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851376153","url_text":"Schrödinger's Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-1772-9","url_text":"978-94-009-1772-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851376153","url_text":"851376153"}]},{"reference":"Schottky, Walter (1921). \"Das Kausalproblem der Quantentheorie als eine Grundfrage der modernen Naturforschung überhaupt\". Naturwissenschaften. 9 (25): 492–496. Bibcode:1921NW......9..492S. doi:10.1007/BF01494985. S2CID 22228793.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schottky","url_text":"Schottky, Walter"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1428318","url_text":"\"Das Kausalproblem der Quantentheorie als eine Grundfrage der modernen Naturforschung überhaupt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921NW......9..492S","url_text":"1921NW......9..492S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01494985","url_text":"10.1007/BF01494985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22228793","url_text":"22228793"}]},{"reference":"Schottky, Walter (1921). \"Das Kausalproblem der Quantentheorie als eine Grundfrage der modernen Naturforschung überhaupt\". Naturwissenschaften. 9 (26): 506–511. Bibcode:1921NW......9..506S. doi:10.1007/BF01496025. S2CID 26246226.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1428318","url_text":"\"Das Kausalproblem der Quantentheorie als eine Grundfrage der modernen Naturforschung überhaupt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921NW......9..506S","url_text":"1921NW......9..506S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01496025","url_text":"10.1007/BF01496025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26246226","url_text":"26246226"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe, Satosi (1955). \"Symmetry of physical laws. Part III. Prediction and retrodiction\". Reviews of Modern Physics. 27 (2): 179–186. Bibcode:1955RvMP...27..179W. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.27.179. hdl:10945/47584. S2CID 122168419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955RvMP...27..179W","url_text":"1955RvMP...27..179W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2Frevmodphys.27.179","url_text":"10.1103/revmodphys.27.179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F47584","url_text":"10945/47584"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122168419","url_text":"122168419"}]},{"reference":"Aharonov, Y.; et al. (1964). \"Time Symmetry in the Quantum Process of Measurement\". Physical Review. 134 (6B): B1410–1416. Bibcode:1964PhRv..134.1410A. doi:10.1103/physrev.134.b1410.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRv..134.1410A","url_text":"1964PhRv..134.1410A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysrev.134.b1410","url_text":"10.1103/physrev.134.b1410"}]},{"reference":"Wharton, K. B. (2007). \"Time-Symmetric Quantum Mechanics\". Foundations of Physics. 37 (1): 159–168. Bibcode:2007FoPh...37..159W. doi:10.1007/s10701-006-9089-1. S2CID 123086913.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FoPh...37..159W","url_text":"2007FoPh...37..159W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-006-9089-1","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-006-9089-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123086913","url_text":"123086913"}]},{"reference":"Wharton, K. B. (2010). \"A Novel Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation\". Foundations of Physics. 40 (3): 313–332. arXiv:0706.4075. Bibcode:2010FoPh...40..313W. doi:10.1007/s10701-009-9398-2. S2CID 121170138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.4075","url_text":"0706.4075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010FoPh...40..313W","url_text":"2010FoPh...40..313W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9398-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-009-9398-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121170138","url_text":"121170138"}]},{"reference":"Heaney, M. B. (2013). \"A Symmetrical Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation\". Foundations of Physics. 43 (6): 733–746. arXiv:1211.4645. Bibcode:2013FoPh...43..733H. doi:10.1007/s10701-013-9713-9. S2CID 118770571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.4645","url_text":"1211.4645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013FoPh...43..733H","url_text":"2013FoPh...43..733H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-013-9713-9","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-013-9713-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118770571","url_text":"118770571"}]},{"reference":"Frigg, Roman. \"GRW Theory (Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Model of Quantum Mechanics)\" (PDF). In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.). Compendium of Quantum Physics. Springer. pp. 266–270. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2011-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052814/http://www.romanfrigg.org/writings/GRW%20Theory.pdf","url_text":"\"GRW Theory (Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Model of Quantum Mechanics)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_81","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_81"},{"url":"http://www.romanfrigg.org/writings/GRW%20Theory.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Olimpia, Lombardi; Fortin, Sebastian; Federico, Holik; Cristian, López (2017). \"Interpretations of Quantum Theory: A Map of Madness\". What is quantum information?. pp. 138–144. arXiv:1509.04711. doi:10.1017/9781316494233.009. ISBN 9781107142114. OCLC 965759965. S2CID 118419619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Lombardi","url_text":"Olimpia, Lombardi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.04711","url_text":"1509.04711"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316494233.009","url_text":"10.1017/9781316494233.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107142114","url_text":"9781107142114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965759965","url_text":"965759965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118419619","url_text":"118419619"}]},{"reference":"John L. Heilbron (1988), \"The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit\", in E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.), Science in Reflection, pp. 201–233, This resolution of EPR, which Rosen later characterized as a stipulation that \"[physical] reality is whatever quantum mechanics is capable of describing,\" was applauded for its clarity by Bohr's close associates. Heisenberg, Klein, and Kramers particularly liked the reduction of the EPR thought experiment to the familiar problem of the diaphragm with holes. Perhaps the most interesting responses came from Bohr's old friend, the physicist C. W. Oseen, and from his new ally, the physicist-philosopher Philipp Frank. Oseen had understood at last what he now recognized that Bohr had been saying all along: before a measurement an atom's state with respect to the quantity measured is undefined. Frank saw that Bohr had indeed transfixed EPR on an essential ambiguity. What Frank liked most was the implication that physicists should avoid the term and concept of \"physical reality\". He understood Bohr to mean that complementarity characterized measuring procedures, not the things measured. Bohr acknowledged that that was indeed what he had had in mind.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henrik Zinkernagel (2016), \"Niels Bohr on the wave function and the classical/quantum divide\", Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 53: 9–19, arXiv:1603.00353, Bibcode:2016SHPMP..53....9Z, doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.11.001, S2CID 18890207, For a start, discussions of the Copenhagen interpretation in the literature are ambiguous between two different views of the wave function, both of which of course accept the Born interpretation. Sometimes the Copenhagen (and Bohr's) interpretation is associated with the epistemic view of the quantum state, according to which the quantum state is but a representation of our knowledge of the physical system, and thus not a real existing entity in itself. On this view the 'collapse' of the wave function is not a physical process, and it just reflects an update of our information about the system; see e.g. Zeilinger (1999). By contrast, the Copenhagen interpretation has also been associated with an ontological view of the quantum state, in which the wave function somehow describes a real wave, and the collapse is a real physical process – presumably induced by the observer. This ontological view is usually attributed to von Neumann in his 1932 textbook exposition of quantum mechanics; see e.g. Henderson (2010). [...] Thus, for Bohr, the wave function is a representation of a quantum system in a particular, classically described, experimental context. Three important points need to be made regarding this contextuality: 1) When a measurement is performed (that is, when an irreversible recording has been made; see below), then the context changes, and hence the wave function changes. This can formally be seen as a \"collapse\" of the wave function, with the square quotes indicating that we are not talking about a physical process in which a real wave collapses.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00353","url_text":"1603.00353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SHPMP..53....9Z","url_text":"2016SHPMP..53....9Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2015.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.11.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18890207","url_text":"18890207"}]},{"reference":"W. Heisenberg (1955), \"The Development of the Interpretation of the Quantum Theory\", in W. Pauli (ed.), Essays dedicated to Niels Bohr on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Pergamon Press, Of course it is entirely justified to imagine this transition, from the possible to the actual, moved to an earlier point of time, for the observer himself does not produce the transition; but it cannot be moved back to a time when the compound system was still separate from the external world, because such an assumption would not be compatible with the validity of quantum mechanics for the closed system. We see from this that a system cut off from the external world is potential but not actual in character, or, as BOHR has often expressed it, that the system cannot be described in terms of the classical concepts. We may say that the state of the closed system represented by a Hilbert vector is indeed objective, but not real, and that the classical idea of \"objectively real things\" must here, to this extent, be abandoned.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Niels Bohr (1958), \"Quantum Physics and Philosophy—Causality and Complementarity\", Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, p. 3, The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of information.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elitzur, Avshalom C.; Cohen, Eliahu; Okamoto, Ryo; Takeuchi, Shigeki (2018). \"Nonlocal Position Changes of a Photon Revealed by Quantum Routers\". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7730. arXiv:1707.09483. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7730E. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26018-y. PMC 5955892. PMID 29769645.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955892","url_text":"\"Nonlocal Position Changes of a Photon Revealed by Quantum Routers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09483","url_text":"1707.09483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.7730E","url_text":"2018NatSR...8.7730E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-26018-y","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-018-26018-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5955892","url_text":"5955892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29769645","url_text":"29769645"}]},{"reference":"Martin-Dussaud, P.; Rovelli, C.; Zalamea, F. (2019). \"The Notion of Locality in Relational Quantum Mechanics\". Foundations of Physics. 49 (2): 96–106. arXiv:1806.08150. Bibcode:2019FoPh...49...96M. doi:10.1007/s10701-019-00234-6. S2CID 50796079.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.08150","url_text":"1806.08150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FoPh...49...96M","url_text":"2019FoPh...49...96M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-019-00234-6","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-019-00234-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:50796079","url_text":"50796079"}]},{"reference":"Smerlak, Matteo; Rovelli, Carlo (2007-03-01). \"Relational EPR\". Foundations of Physics. 37 (3): 427–445. arXiv:quant-ph/0604064. Bibcode:2007FoPh...37..427S. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9105-0. ISSN 0015-9018. 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Foundations of Physics. 49 (12): 1404–1414. arXiv:1807.06457. Bibcode:2019FoPh...49.1404P. doi:10.1007/s10701-019-00303-w. S2CID 119473777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06457","url_text":"1807.06457"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FoPh...49.1404P","url_text":"2019FoPh...49.1404P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-019-00303-w","url_text":"10.1007/s10701-019-00303-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119473777","url_text":"119473777"}]},{"reference":"Duarte, F. J. (2014). Quantum Optics for Engineers. New York: CRC. 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Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 27B: 181–219. doi:10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1355-2198%2895%2900019-4","url_text":"10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4"}]},{"reference":"Jackiw, Roman; Kleppner, D. (2000). \"One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics\". Science. 289 (5481): 893–898. arXiv:quant-ph/0008092. Bibcode:2000quant.ph..8092K. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.893. PMID 17839156. S2CID 6604344.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jackiw","url_text":"Jackiw, Roman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)","url_text":"Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0008092","url_text":"quant-ph/0008092"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000quant.ph..8092K","url_text":"2000quant.ph..8092K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.893","url_text":"10.1126/science.289.5481.893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17839156","url_text":"17839156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6604344","url_text":"6604344"}]},{"reference":"Tegmark, Max; Wheeler, J. 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theory\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.3348","external_links_name":"0804.3348"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10035-2","external_links_name":"10.1140/epjh/e2011-10035-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2102-6459","external_links_name":"2102-6459"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1355-2198%2895%2900019-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0205039","external_links_name":"quant-ph/0205039"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0008092","external_links_name":"quant-ph/0008092"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000quant.ph..8092K","external_links_name":"2000quant.ph..8092K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5481.893","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.289.5481.893"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17839156","external_links_name":"17839156"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6604344","external_links_name":"6604344"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SciAm.284b..68T","external_links_name":"2001SciAm.284b..68T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0201-68","external_links_name":"10.1038/scientificamerican0201-68"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119375538","external_links_name":"119375538"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0012089","external_links_name":"quant-ph/0012089"},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/physics/quantum+physics/book/978-3-540-92127-1","external_links_name":"Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics."},{"Link":"http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521388805","external_links_name":"Boojums all the way through."},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/07/a-brief-history-of-quantum-alternatives/3/","external_links_name":"A brief history of quantum alternatives"},{"Link":"http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/utheory03/styer/pdf/Styer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nine formulations of quantum mechanics\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AmJPh..70..288S","external_links_name":"2002AmJPh..70..288S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1445404","external_links_name":"10.1119/1.1445404"},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01216-z","external_links_name":"\"'Shut up and calculate': how Einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-01216-z","external_links_name":"10.1038/d41586-024-01216-z"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-bohm/","external_links_name":"Bohmian mechanics"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-collapse/","external_links_name":"Collapse Theories."},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/","external_links_name":"Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/","external_links_name":"Everett's Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/","external_links_name":"Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-modal/","external_links_name":"Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-issues/","external_links_name":"Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-bayesian/","external_links_name":"Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-entangle/","external_links_name":"Quantum Entanglement and Information"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/","external_links_name":"Quantum mechanics"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantlog/","external_links_name":"Quantum Logic and Probability Theory"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/","external_links_name":"Relational Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-decoherence/","external_links_name":"The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/int-qm/","external_links_name":"Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics"},{"Link":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/everett/","external_links_name":"Everettian Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melina_Bath
|
Melina Bath
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Australian politician
Melina BathMLCMember of the Victorian Legislative Council for Eastern Victoria RegionIncumbentAssumed office 16 April 2015Preceded byDanny O'Brien
Personal detailsBorn (1966-12-18) 18 December 1966 (age 57)Fish Creek, Victoria, AustraliaPolitical partyThe NationalsAlma materUniversity of MelbourneProfessionTeacherWebsitehttp://www.melinabath.com.au/
Melina Gaye Bath (born 18 December 1966) is an Australian politician and former schoolteacher, who is a Nationals member of the Victorian Legislative Council representing the Eastern Victoria Region.
Bath studied a science degree and diploma of education at the University of Melbourne and was a mathematics and science teacher at Mirboo North Secondary College. Prior to teaching, she ran a health food store in Leongatha for twelve years. In March 2015, she was preselected by the National Party to replace Danny O'Brien, who had resigned his seat in the Legislative Council's Eastern Victoria Region to contest the lower house seat of Gippsland South at the 2015 Gippsland South state by-election, following the retirement of the long-standing MP, Peter Ryan.
In February 2022, Bath, along with Matthew Guy, Peter Walsh, David Davis and Gary Blackwood, were fined $100 each for breaching face mask rules, after the Coalition MPs were photographed maskless while attending an event in Parliament House.
References
^ Charalambous, Stephanie (30 March 2015). "New National member's burning passion". Latrobe Valley Express. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ "Nationals appoint teacher Melina Bath as new Eastern Region MP". ABC News. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ "Victoria's Opposition Leader Matthew Guy among five MPs fined for breaching COVID-19 mask rules". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ Sakkal, Paul. "Matthew Guy and Coalition MPs fined for not wearing masks at Kevin Sheedy talk". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ Meehan, Melissa. "Victorian opposition leader Matthew Guy, Liberal MPs fined over maskless meeting with AFL legend Kevin Sheedy". 7 News. 7 Network. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
External links
Official website
Parliamentary biography
vteCurrent Members of the Victorian Legislative CouncilLabor (15)
Ryan Batchelor
John Berger
Lizzie Blandthorn
Enver Erdogan
Jacinta Ermacora
Michael Galea
Shaun Leane
Tom McIntosh
Harriet Shing
Ingrid Stitt
Jaclyn Symes
Lee Tarlamis
Sonja Terpstra
Gayle Tierney
Sheena Watt
Coalition (13)Liberal (11)
Georgie Crozier
David Davis
Renee Heath
Ann-Marie Hermans
Wendy Lovell
Trung Luu
Bev McArthur
Joe McCracken
Nick McGowan
Evan Mulholland
Richard Welch
National (2)
Melina Bath
Gaelle Broad
Greens (4)
Katherine Copsey
Sarah Mansfield
Aiv Puglielli
Samantha Ratnam
Legalise Cannabis (2)
David Ettershank
Rachel Payne
Others (6)
Jeff Bourman (Shooters, Fishers, Farmers)
Moira Deeming (Independent Liberal)
David Limbrick (Liberal Democrats)
Georgie Purcell (Animal Justice)
Adem Somyurek (Independent)
Rikkie-Lee Tyrrell (One Nation)
Authority control databases: People
Australian Women's Register
This article about a National Party of Australia politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournefortia_argentea
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Heliotropium arboreum
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Botanical Description","3 Uses","3.1 Wood","3.2 Leaves","3.3 Medicinal","4 Coastal Protection","5 References","6 External links"]
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Species of plant
Heliotropium arboreum
In the Hawaiian Islands
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Boraginales
Family:
Boraginaceae
Genus:
Heliotropium
Species:
H. arboreum
Binomial name
Heliotropium arboreum(Blanco) Mabb.
Synonyms
Argusia argentea (L.f.) Heine
Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger
Messerschmidia argentea (L.f.) I.M.Johnst.
Tournefortia arborea Blanco
Tournefortia argentea L.f.
Heliotropium arboreum is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is native to tropical Asia including southern China, Madagascar, northern Australia, and most of the atolls and high islands of Micronesia and Polynesia. Common names include velvetleaf soldierbush, tree heliotrope, veloutier, and octopus bush. It is a shrub or small tree typical of littoral zones reaching a height of 3.6 m (12 ft), with a spread of about 5 m (16 ft).
Taxonomy
Originally published as Tournefortia argentea, it was transferred to Argusia argentea, and remained under that name until recently. It was subsequently restored to the genus Tournefortia before being transferred into the genus Heliotropium under a new name in 2003.
Tree Heliotrope grove in Hawaii
Botanical Description
The Tree Heliotrope is a small to medium sized growing tree that typically reaches heights of 3.7 metres (12 ft). The leaves of this tree are light green in color, silvery in sheen, and silky in texture. The tree produces small fruits and flowers during its bloom, (May through November). The flowers are tiny, only reaching 0.61 centimetres (0.24 in) in diameter, white, and do not begin to appear until the tree has reached a few years of age. The fruits it produces are small, opaque and fleshy. The bark is light gray/brown and is corrugated.
Uses
Flower
Wood
The wood of H. arboreum is commonly used to make handicrafts, tools, and, in Polynesia, frames for swim goggles. Due to its availability, H. arboreum is used as firewood, and has become rare in some areas as a result.
Leaves
In the Marshall Islands, corpses are washed in water soaked with the leaves of the tree heliotrope to mask smells. The leaves are used as a spice on some islands, and can also be eaten raw as a salad. In Kiribati, oil from the leaves is used to make deodorant.
Medicinal
Octopus bush is used in many Pacific islands as a traditional medicine to treat ciguatera fish poisoning, which is caused by powerful ciguatoxins produced by microscopic Gambierdiscus algae. Scientists from the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) and the Louis Malarde Institute in French Polynesia and Pasteur Institute in New Caledonia are researching the plant chemistry and believe that senescent leaves contain rosmarinic acid and derivatives, which are known for its antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The researchers think that rosmarinic acid removes the ciguatoxins from their sites of action, as well as being an anti-inflammatory agent.
Coastal Protection
The preferred growing conditions of ''H. Arboreum'' are in the littoral zone. It thrives in sandy barren soil with high drainage. It is capable of withstanding sea spray, and can grow in heavy winds. The tree is also a drought resistant variety, allowing it to survive the subtropical dry season of the South Pacific. These factors, plus the roots of "H. Arboreum" taking hold in the sand, help stabilize the shore, mitigating coastal erosion.
References
^ Razafiniary, V.; Hills, R. (2021). "Heliotropium arboreum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T165436903A165436944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T165436903A165436944.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tournefortia argentea". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ Hilger, Hartmut H. (1 December 2003). "IngentaConnect A systematic analysis of Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on t". Botanische Jahrbücher. 125: 19–51. doi:10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0019.
^ "Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
^ a b Manner, Harley I. “Tournefortia Argentea (Tree Heliotrope).” Species Profile for Pacific Island Agroforestry, Apr. 2006
^ a b Montoya, John Edward, and Richard Criley. “Expanding Tree Diversity in Hawai'i's Landscapes: Beach Heliotrope, Tournefortia Argentea.” University of Hawai'i, Mar. 2014.
^ Rossi F, Jullian V, Pawlowiez R, Kumar-Roiné S, Haddad M, Darius HT, Gaertner-Mazouni N, Chinain M, and Laurent D (August 2012). "Protective effect of Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) folk remedy and its active compound, rosmarinic acid, against a Pacific ciguatoxin". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 143 (1) (published 30 August 2012): 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.045. PMID 22706150.
External links
Data related to Heliotropium arboreum at Wikispecies
Plants of Midway Atoll
Taxon identifiersHeliotropium arboreum
Wikidata: Q2065214
Wikispecies: Heliotropium arboreum
APDB: 240096
APNI: 51309295
ATRF: Heliotropium_foertherianum
CoL: 7WKFQ
GBIF: 10935948
GRIN: 464802
iNaturalist: 769957
IPNI: 77164241-1
IUCN: 165436903
Plant List: kew-2844023
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164241-1
Tropicos: 100390095
uBio: 5891107
WFO: wfo-0000718578
Tournefortia arborea
Wikidata: Q65950713
APDB: 240097
APNI: 97725
CoL: 7CK9V
GBIF: 4066192
IPNI: 120917-1
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:120917-1
Tropicos: 4003184
WFO: wfo-0001216060
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"borage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borage"},{"link_name":"Boraginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boraginaceae"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"littoral zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Heliotropium arboreum is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is native to tropical Asia including southern China, Madagascar, northern Australia, and most of the atolls and high islands of Micronesia and Polynesia. Common names include velvetleaf soldierbush,[2] tree heliotrope, veloutier, and octopus bush. It is a shrub or small tree typical of littoral zones reaching a height of 3.6 m (12 ft), with a spread of about 5 m (16 ft).[citation needed]","title":"Heliotropium arboreum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tournefortia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournefortia"},{"link_name":"Heliotropium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_heliotrope_good_license.jpg"}],"text":"Originally published as Tournefortia argentea, it was transferred to Argusia argentea, and remained under that name until recently. It was subsequently restored to the genus Tournefortia before being transferred into the genus Heliotropium under a new name in 2003.[3][4]Tree Heliotrope grove in Hawaii","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Tree Heliotrope is a small to medium sized growing tree that typically reaches heights of 3.7 metres (12 ft). The leaves of this tree are light green in color, silvery in sheen, and silky in texture. The tree produces small fruits and flowers during its bloom, (May through November). The flowers are tiny, only reaching 0.61 centimetres (0.24 in) in diameter, white, and do not begin to appear until the tree has reached a few years of age. The fruits it produces are small, opaque and fleshy. The bark is light gray/brown and is corrugated.","title":"Botanical Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heliotropium_Foertherianum_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_of_Heliotropium_Foertherianum.jpg"}],"text":"Flower","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goggles"},{"link_name":"firewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Wood","text":"The wood of H. arboreum is commonly used to make handicrafts, tools, and, in Polynesia, frames for swim goggles. Due to its availability, H. arboreum is used as firewood, and has become rare in some areas as a result.[5]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"sub_title":"Leaves","text":"In the Marshall Islands, corpses are washed in water soaked with the leaves of the tree heliotrope to mask smells. The leaves are used as a spice on some islands, and can also be eaten raw as a salad. In Kiribati, oil from the leaves is used to make deodorant.[6]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ciguatera fish poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera"},{"link_name":"ciguatoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatoxin"},{"link_name":"Gambierdiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambierdiscus"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"rosmarinic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid"},{"link_name":"antiviral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug"},{"link_name":"antibacterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic"},{"link_name":"antioxidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant"},{"link_name":"anti-inflammatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Medicinal","text":"Octopus bush is used in many Pacific islands as a traditional medicine to treat ciguatera fish poisoning, which is caused by powerful ciguatoxins produced by microscopic Gambierdiscus algae. Scientists from the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) and the Louis Malarde Institute in French Polynesia and Pasteur Institute in New Caledonia are researching the plant chemistry and believe that senescent leaves contain rosmarinic acid and derivatives, which are known for its antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.[7] The researchers think that rosmarinic acid removes the ciguatoxins from their sites of action, as well as being an anti-inflammatory agent.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The preferred growing conditions of ''H. Arboreum'' are in the littoral zone. It thrives in sandy barren soil with high drainage. It is capable of withstanding sea spray, and can grow in heavy winds. The tree is also a drought resistant variety, allowing it to survive the subtropical dry season of the South Pacific. These factors, plus the roots of \"H. Arboreum\" taking hold in the sand, help stabilize the shore, mitigating coastal erosion.[5][6]","title":"Coastal Protection"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tree Heliotrope grove in Hawaii","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tree_heliotrope_good_license.jpg/220px-Tree_heliotrope_good_license.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heliotropium_Foertherianum_01.JPG/220px-Heliotropium_Foertherianum_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flower_of_Heliotropium_Foertherianum.jpg/220px-Flower_of_Heliotropium_Foertherianum.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Razafiniary, V.; Hills, R. (2021). \"Heliotropium arboreum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T165436903A165436944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T165436903A165436944.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/165436903/165436944","url_text":"\"Heliotropium arboreum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T165436903A165436944.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T165436903A165436944.en"}]},{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Tournefortia argentea\". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=TOAR2","url_text":"\"Tournefortia argentea\""}]},{"reference":"Hilger, Hartmut H. (1 December 2003). \"IngentaConnect A systematic analysis of Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on t\". Botanische Jahrbücher. 125: 19–51. doi:10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0006-8152%2F2003%2F0125-0019","url_text":"10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0019"}]},{"reference":"\"Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger\". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=266155","url_text":"\"Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index","url_text":"Australian Plant Name Index"}]},{"reference":"Rossi F, Jullian V, Pawlowiez R, Kumar-Roiné S, Haddad M, Darius HT, Gaertner-Mazouni N, Chinain M, and Laurent D (August 2012). \"Protective effect of Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) folk remedy and its active compound, rosmarinic acid, against a Pacific ciguatoxin\". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 143 (1) (published 30 August 2012): 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.045. PMID 22706150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2012.05.045","url_text":"10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22706150","url_text":"22706150"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/165436903/165436944","external_links_name":"\"Heliotropium arboreum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T165436903A165436944.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T165436903A165436944.en"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=TOAR2","external_links_name":"\"Tournefortia argentea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0006-8152%2F2003%2F0125-0019","external_links_name":"10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0019"},{"Link":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=266155","external_links_name":"\"Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2012.05.045","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.045"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22706150","external_links_name":"22706150"},{"Link":"https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Midway_Atoll/wildlife_and_habitat/Plants_of_Midway.html","external_links_name":"Plants of Midway Atoll"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/240096","external_links_name":"240096"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/51309295","external_links_name":"51309295"},{"Link":"https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Heliotropium_foertherianum.htm","external_links_name":"Heliotropium_foertherianum"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7WKFQ","external_links_name":"7WKFQ"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/10935948","external_links_name":"10935948"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=464802","external_links_name":"464802"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/769957","external_links_name":"769957"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/77164241-1","external_links_name":"77164241-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/165436903","external_links_name":"165436903"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2844023","external_links_name":"kew-2844023"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77164241-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77164241-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100390095","external_links_name":"100390095"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5891107","external_links_name":"5891107"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000718578","external_links_name":"wfo-0000718578"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/240097","external_links_name":"240097"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/97725","external_links_name":"97725"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7CK9V","external_links_name":"7CK9V"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4066192","external_links_name":"4066192"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/120917-1","external_links_name":"120917-1"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A120917-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:120917-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/4003184","external_links_name":"4003184"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001216060","external_links_name":"wfo-0001216060"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_(Illinois)
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Interstate 55 in Illinois
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["1 Route description","1.1 East St. Louis to Springfield","1.2 Springfield to Bloomington","1.3 Bloomington to Joliet","1.4 Joliet to Chicago","2 History","2.1 Upgrades and later construction","3 Future","4 Exit list","5 Related routes","5.1 Auxiliary routes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Route map: Section of Interstate Highway in Illinois, United States
This article is about the section of Interstate 55 in Illinois. For the entire route, see Interstate 55.
Interstate 55I-55 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by IDOTLength294.38 mi (473.76 km)NHSEntire routeMajor junctionsSouth end I-55 / I-64 / US 40 at East St. LouisMajor intersections
I-64 / I-70 / IL 3 in East St. Louis
I-70 / I-270 / US 40 in Troy
I-72 / US 36 / I-55 BL in Springfield
I-155 near Lincoln
I-74 in Bloomington
I-39 / US 51 in Normal
I-80 in Joliet
I-355 Toll in Bolingbrook
I-294 Toll in Indian Head Park
I-90 / I-94 in Chicago
North end US 41 in Chicago
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountiesSt. Clair, Madison, Macoupin, Montgomery, Sangamon, Logan, McLean, Livingston, Grundy, Will, DuPage, Cook
Highway system
Interstate Highway System
Main
Auxiliary
Suffixed
Business
Future
Illinois State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Tollways
Scenic
← IL 54→ IL 56
Interstate 55 (I-55) is a major north–south Interstate Highway in the US state of Illinois that connects St. Louis, Missouri, to the Chicago metropolitan area. It enters the state from Missouri near East St. Louis, Illinois, and runs to U.S. Route 41 (US 41, Lake Shore Drive) near Downtown Chicago, where the highway ends, a distance of 294.38 miles (473.76 km). The road also runs through the Illinois cities of Springfield, Bloomington, and Joliet. The section in Cook County is officially named the Stevenson Expressway, and in DuPage County its officially named the Joliet Freeway or the Will Rogers Freeway. The section from the south suburbs of Chicago to the area near Pontiac is officially named the Barack Obama Presidential Expressway after the 44th President, Barack Obama, who launched his political career from Illinois.
Route description
I-55 within Illinois carries heavy traffic, with an average of more than 20,000 vehicles per day for most of its length. Significant portions of I-55 contain six lanes (three lanes in each direction) and are heavily used by commuters. I-55 in Illinois begins in East St. Louis on the Poplar Street Bridge over the Mississippi River at the Missouri state line and runs southwest to northeast through the state, ending in Chicago at US 41 (Lake Shore Drive). Along the way, it goes through four metropolitan areas in the state: the Illinois portion of the St. Louis metropolitan area, the Springfield metropolitan area, the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and the Chicago metropolitan area (also known as Chicagoland).
East St. Louis to Springfield
I-55 enters Illinois on the Poplar Street Bridge from Missouri, running concurrently with I-64 and US 40. The highway meets Illinois Route 3 (IL 3) at a series of complex interchanges. IL 3 joins I-55/I-64/US 40 for approximately two miles (3.2 km). Still in East St. Louis, I-64 and IL 3 leave I-55/US 40, while the current routing of I-70 joins the pair. The three routes continue north-northeast, intersecting the southern terminus of IL 203 near Granite City, IL 111 near Fairmont Park, I-255 and IL 157 in Collinsville, and IL 159 in Maryville.
Approximately two miles (3.2 km) after the IL 159 interchange, US 40 leaves I-55/I-70. After an interchange with IL 162 in Troy, I-70 heads east toward Effingham. At the same interchange, I-270 intersects I-55 and ends. On its way further north, I-55 intersects IL 143 near Edwardsville, IL 140 in Hamel, IL 4 south of Livingston, local roads that connect to Livingston and Staunton, and IL 138 near White City. About eight miles (13 km) further north, I-55 intersects IL 16 at a larger interchange to the west of Litchfield. It then goes another eight miles (13 km) before meeting the eastern terminus of IL 108 to the east of Carlinville. Continuing along, it meets the southern and northern termini of IL 48 and IL 127 west of Raymond, local roads to Farmersville and Divernon, IL 104 near Auburn, and two local roads to Glenarm and Chatham. At the East Lake Drive interchange, I-55 crosses over Lake Springfield into Springfield proper.
Springfield to Bloomington
I-55 enters Springfield at an interchange with Toronto Road. About two miles (3.2 km) further north, it meets I-72 and US 36 to form a six-mile (9.7 km) concurrency that skirts the southern and eastern edges of the city. At the same interchange, it meets the southern end of I-55 Business (I-55 Bus.). I-55/I-72/US 36 has two interchanges while on the concurrency: Stevenson Drive/East Lake Drive and IL 29. Two miles (3.2 km) north, I-72 and US 36 head east toward Decatur and Champaign. At this interchange, I-55 intersects IL 97, which leads to downtown Springfield. I-55 then crosses the western terminus of IL 54 (old US 54). Five miles (8.0 km) further north, it meets the northern terminus of I-55 Bus., effectively leaving Springfield.
From Springfield to Chicago, I-55 follows a northeast–southwest path. In Williamsville, it meets IL 123 near its eastern terminus. It crosses two local roads, providing access to Elkhart and Broadwell before heading north into Lincoln. In Lincoln, I-55 meets the southern terminus of the second I-55 Bus. It then heads due north to intersect IL 10 and the northern terminus of IL 121. One mile (1.6 km) north, it meets the southern terminus of I-155. At this interchange, it heads due east to meet the northern terminus of I-55 Bus. before resuming its northeasterly–southwesterly course through northern Illinois. I-55 meets an interchange with a local road leading to Atlanta, US 136 in McLean, and another local road near Shirley before entering the Bloomington–Normal area.
Bloomington to Joliet
Once entering Bloomington, I-55 forms a complex interchange with the southern terminus of the final I-55 Bus. to the north and I-74/US 51 to the east. At this interchange, I-74 and US 51 overlap I-55 around the western edge of the cities. The highway has one interchange at US 150 and IL 9. I-74 splits from I-55/US 51 three miles (4.8 km) further north to head toward Peoria and the Moline–Rock Island area. Less than one mile (1.6 km) east, US 51 splits from I-55 to follow I-39 toward the LaSalle–Peru area and toward Rockford. Before leaving Bloomington–Normal, I-55 has two more interchanges with US 51 Business (US 51 Bus.) and I-55 Bus.
From Bloomington to Joliet, I-55 continues its northeasterly–southwesterly trek while skirting the western edges of various towns along the way. It meets local roads connecting Towanda and Lexington, US 24 in Chenoa, IL 116 and IL 23 in Pontiac, a local road to Odell, IL 17 and IL 47 in Dwight, and IL 53 in Gardner.
I-55 starts showing hints of entering the Chicago metropolitan area after the IL 53 interchange. It passes through Forest Preserve areas between Gardner and Joliet. After IL 53, I-55 intersects a local road and IL 113 near Braidwood and meets a partial interchange at IL 129; drivers who want to access IL 129 from southbound I-55 can connect via IL 113. Continuing north, I-55 intersects local roads in industrial areas before entering Channahon. It has two interchanges with Bluff Road and US 6. Two miles (3.2 km) north, it meets I-80, which forms the boundary of Channahon and Joliet.
Joliet to Chicago
From I-80, I-55 enters the Joliet area by means of Shorewood, with a partial interchange at IL 59 and a full interchange with US 52. It enters Joliet proper with an interchange at US 30. It then connects with IL 126 near Plainfield, forming a partial interchange, then enters the Bolingbrook–Romeoville area, meeting interchanges at Weber Road and IL 53 again.
On the border of Romeoville and Lemont, I-55 meets I-355 and a former routing of US 66 at a large, complex interchange. It then meets Lemont Road near Lemont, Cass Avenue and IL 83 near Darien, and County Line Road in Burr Ridge. It enters another large, complex interchange with I-294 and another former routing of US 66 in Indian Head Park. Further east, it meets a large interchange with US 12/US 20/US 45 south of Countryside. About three miles (4.8 km) northeast, it meets a rather large interchange with IL 171 and an interchange with IL 43, both near Summit. After the IL 43 interchange, I-55 enters Chicago.
From IL 43, I-55 meets various city streets (also including one interchange with IL 50, which leads to Midway International Airport) before reaching I-90/I-94 (also known locally as the Dan Ryan Expressway) approximately a mile (1.6 km) west of its terminus. North of I-90/I-94, I-55 intersects various city streets at partial interchanges before reaching its national northern terminus at US 41 (Lake Shore Drive).
History
I-55 in Illinois is the fourth road to connect St. Louis and Chicago. The first was the Pontiac Trail in 1915. This was largely improved and paved as the new IL 4 by 1924. In 1926, IL 4 was designated as the route of the new US 66, and a new section of US 66 was built to bypass slower sections of IL 4 south of Springfield by 1930. Through the 1950s, US 66 was continually widened, straightened, and improved to handle its growing traffic, until its entire length was four lanes wide by 1957.
The roots of I-55 could be traced back to the need of a national highway system. President Dwight D. Eisenhower saw the need of a national network of highways that would help with the mobilization of the army. He had been impressed with the autobahn he saw in Germany during World War II. In 1956, he signed the Federal Aid Highway Act into existence. Although the act provided for a highway replacing US 66, it was spared destruction for a while because of it being more modern than other routes at the time. Illinois would build its first new Interstate Highways on other routes, such as I-80, I-57, and I-70, before turning its attention once again to the St. Louis–Chicago route.
However, during the 1970s, US 66 was finally replaced by I-55 as the fourth St. Louis–Chicago highway, serving most of the same communities along the way as the original Pontiac Trail. It was built in sections across Illinois, often on the original US 66 roadbed. A common construction tactic, where US 66 was already four lanes wide, was to build new southbound lanes for I-55 west of the original road, then rebuild the original southbound lanes of US 66 to be the new northbound lanes for I-55, leaving the original northbound lanes of old US 66 as a two-way frontage road. One can find many signs posted for Historic US 66, especially where it deviates from I-55.
The earliest stretch of I-55 was a portion of US 66 which had already been built as a freeway between Gardner and I-294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Indian Head Park, and which was added to the Interstate System by simply erecting new signs in 1960. Later portions of the highway were built in the 1960s between East St. Louis and Hamel, and bypasses of Springfield and Bloomington-Normal. The rest of the road was completed in the 1970s.
The Stevenson Expressway near Countryside, heading southwest
The Stevenson Expressway opened on October 24, 1964, as the Southwest Expressway. It was renamed after Adlai Stevenson II, the former governor of Illinois, on September 1, 1965, a month and a half after his death. The Stevenson's original termini were US 66 in DuPage County to the west and the Dan Ryan Expressway to the east.
In 1999–2000, the expressway was completely rebuilt from Central Avenue north to Lake Shore Drive, including the ramps to the Dan Ryan. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) was criticized at the time for not adding a fourth lane in each direction to the highway.
In 2017, the Illinois General Assembly voted to rename approximately 70 miles (110 km) of I-55 from the Tri-State Tollway (I-294) to Pontiac in honor of Barack Obama.
Upgrades and later construction
Because of the heavy traffic on I-55, IDOT spends millions of dollars per year maintaining the roadway, adding lanes, and replacing bridges to increase the capacity of the highway.
In northeastern Illinois near Joliet, a widening project that expanded I-55 from two to three lanes in each direction between I-80 (exit 250) and Weber Road (exit 263) was completed on October 29, 2008.
In the 2000s, the Damen Avenue (exit 290) and Pulaski Road (exit 287) interchanges were rebuilt as a single-point urban interchange (SPUI) configuration; in 2014, reconstruction as a SPUI was completed for the Central Avenue (exit 285) interchange. In November 2011, IDOT started a two-year pilot project, allowing Pace bus routes 755 and 855 to ride on the dedicated shoulder lanes in a given time. This bus on shoulder service consisted of three sections: from I-355 to County Line Road, I-294 to IL 50, and IL 50 to Kedzie Avenue. In the latter half of 2014, then-Governor Pat Quinn signed a bill which made the I-55 bus on shoulder service permanent. It also allow Pace to expand its bus on shoulder service within and outside I-55. The Arsenal Road (exit 245) interchange was under complete rebuilding and reconfiguration as of 2012, and the deteriorated overpass at IL 129 (exit 238) was removed in 2012 in anticipation of future construction of a full interchange, temporarily leaving the IL 129 interchange with only a northbound exit and northbound entrance.
At St. Louis, the Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge carrying I-70 across the Mississippi River, and costing $667 million (equivalent to $846 million in 2023), was completed in 2014 to relieve congestion on I-55's Poplar Street Bridge.
Between late 2015 and late 2017, the US 41 (Lake Shore Drive) interchange was being reconstructed to widen two I-55 offramps and its interchange approach.
Future
In early 2016, Governor Bruce Rauner, as well as IDOT, made a proposal to explore expanding a portion of I-55 (from I-355 to I-90/I-94) by adding an additional lane in each direction to ease congestion. Under their proposal, toll lanes would be constructed and operated through a potential public–private partnership. Noise walls would also be constructed as part of the project.
Exit list
CountyLocationmikmExitDestinationsNotes
Mississippi River0.00.0 I-55 south / I-64 west / US 40 west – St. LouisContinuation into Missouri
Poplar Street BridgeIllinois–Missouri line
St. ClairEast St. Louis0.60.971 IL 3 south / Great River Road – CahokiaSouthern end of IL 3/GRR concurrency; exit includes direct exit ramp onto 13th Street / Tudor Avenue
0.91.42AThird Street – Eads Bridge, Casino QueenSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
1.32.12B-CMartin Luther King Bridge – Downtown St. LouisSigned as exits 2B (left exit) and 2C (right exit); no northbound exits
2.674.303A I-64 east / IL 3 north (St. Clair Avenue) – LouisvilleNorthern end of I-64/IL 3 concurrency; I-64 exit 3A
2.884.633B I-70 west (Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway) – Kansas CitySouthern end of I-70 concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance
2.984.803C Exchange AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; access to Emerson Park MetroLink station
Fairmont City3.996.424 IL 203 (Collinsville Road) – Fairmont City, Granite City, MadisonSigned as exits 4A (south) & 4B (north) southbound; access to Gateway Motorsports Park
Madison6.3210.176 IL 111 / Great River Road north – Wood River, Washington Park, Pontoon Beach, Fairmont CityNorthern end of GRR concurrency; access to Horseshoe Lake State Park and Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
Collinsville8.8414.239Black LaneNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
9.8615.8710 I-255 – Interstate 270, MemphisI-255 exit 25; access Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Fairmount Race Track, and Our Lady of the Snows Shrine
11.0017.7011 IL 157 (Bluff Road) – Collinsville, Edwardsville, Glen CarbonAccess to Illinois State District 11 Headquarters, Convention Center, and Our Lady of the Snows Shrine
Maryville14.5523.4215 IL 159 (Center Street, Vandalia Street) – Collinsville, MaryvilleSigned as exits 15A (south) & 15B (north)
Troy16.9127.2117 US 40 east – St. Jacob, HighlandNorthern end of US 40 concurrency
17.9128.8218 IL 162 – Troy
Pin Oak Township19.0830.7120A I-70 east (Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway) – IndianapolisNorthern end of I-70 concurrency
19.3231.0920B I-270 west – Kansas CityI-270 exit 15
Edwardsville22.3936.0323 IL 143 – Edwardsville, Marine
Hamel29.5747.5930 IL 140 – Alton, Greenville, Hamel
Olive Township33.1553.3533 IL 4 – Staunton, Lebanon, Worden
Livingston36.7159.0837New Douglas Road / Nicholls Street – Livingston, New Douglas
MacoupinStaunton Township40.4765.1341Staunton
White City44.0570.8944 IL 138 – Mount Olive, Benld, White City
MontgomeryLitchfield52.3584.2552 IL 16 – Gillespie, Litchfield, Hillsboro, Mattoon
Zanesville Township59.9896.5360 IL 108 west – CarlinvilleEastern terminus of IL 108
63.02101.4263 IL 48 / IL 127 – Raymond, Taylorville, HillsboroWestern terminus of IL 48/IL 127
Bois D'Arc Township71.51115.0872Farmersville, Girard (CR 17)
SangamonDivernon80.00128.7580Divernon
Divernon Township81.53131.2182 IL 104 – Pawnee, Auburn
Ball Township83.35134.1483GlenarmFormer Historic US 66
Springfield88.26142.0488East Lake Shore Drive – Chatham
90.16145.1090Toronto Road
91.84147.8092A Historic US 66 east / I-55 BL north (6th Street)Left exit northbound
92.28148.5192B I-72 west (Purple Heart Memorial Highway) / US 36 west – Jacksonville, QuincySouthern end of I-72/US 36 concurrency; left exit northbound
94.42151.9594Stevenson Drive / East Lake Shore Drive
96.37155.0996A IL 29 south – TaylorvilleCloverleaf interchange
96B IL 29 north (South Grand Avenue)
97.47156.8698A I-72 east (Purple Heart Memorial Highway, Penny Severns Memorial Expressway) / US 36 east – Decatur, Champaign, UrbanaNorthern end of I-72/US 36 concurrency
98B IL 97 west (Clear Lake Avenue)
99.53160.18100 IL 54 east / Sangamon Avenue – ClintonCloverleaf interchange; signed as exits 100A (IL 54) & 100B (Sangamon Ave.); former US 54; serves Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport
Sherman104.50168.18105 I-55 BL south / Historic US 66 west – ShermanSouthern end of Historic US 66 concurrency; access to Wolf Creek Road and Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport
Williamsville109.13175.63109 IL 123 west / Historic US 66 east – Williamsville, PetersburgNorthern end of Historic US 66 concurrency
LoganElkhart114.56184.37115Elkhart (CR 10)
Broadwell Township119.42192.19119Broadwell (CR 22)
122.51197.16123 I-55 BL north (Lincoln Parkway) – Lincoln
West Lincoln Township125.78202.42126 IL 121 south / IL 10 – Lincoln, Mason CityNorthern terminus of IL 121; serves Abraham Lincoln Memorial Hospital
127.04204.45127 I-155 north – Peoria, HartsburgLeft exit and entrance northbound; southern terminus of I-155; I-155 exit 0
East Lincoln Township132.21212.77133 I-55 BL south (Historic US 66) – Lincoln, Lawndale
Atlanta Township139.81225.00140Atlanta, Lawndale
McLeanMcLean144.68232.84145 US 136 – McLean, Heyworth, Funks Grove
Dale Township153.74247.42154Shirley
Bloomington156.38–156.85251.67–252.43157A-B I-74 east (Everett McKinley Dirksen Memorial Highway) / US 51 south – Decatur, Indianapolis I-55 BL north (Veterans Parkway)Left exit and entrance southbound; signed as exits 157A (I-74/US 51) and 157B (I-55 BL) northbound, no exit number southbound; southern end of I-74/US 51 concurrency
159.69257.00160 US 150 / IL 9 (Market Street) – Pekin
Normal163.32262.84163 I-74 west (Everett McKinley Dirksen Memorial Highway) – PeoriaNorthern end of I-74 concurrency; I-74 exit 127
164.48264.70164 I-39 north / US 51 north – RockfordNorthern end of US 51 concurrency; southern terminus of I-39
164.81265.24165 US 51 Bus. – Bloomington, NormalSigned as exits 165A (south) & 165B (north) northbound
167.36269.34167 I-55 BL south (Veterans Parkway) – Central Illinois Regional Airport
Towanda170.99275.18171Towanda (CR 29)
Lexington178.29286.93178Lexington (CR 8)
Chenoa186.60300.30187 US 24 – Chenoa, El Paso
LivingstonPontiac196.62316.43197 IL 116 – Flanagan, Pontiac
200.46322.61201 IL 23 – Pontiac, StreatorTo IL 170
Odell Township209.03336.40209Odell (CR 1)
Dwight Township217.02349.26217 IL 17 (Mazon Avenue) – Streator, Kankakee
GrundyGoodfarm Township219.91353.91220 IL 47 (Union Street) – Dwight, Morris
Gardner226.88365.13227 IL 53 north – GardnerSouthern terminus of IL 53
Grundy–Willcounty lineBraidwood233.42375.65233Reed Road – Braidwood
WillBraidwood–Diamond line235.63379.21236 IL 113 – Coal City, Kankakee
Wilmington Township238.32383.54238 IL 129 south (Washington Street) – Braidwood, WilmingtonNorthbound exit and entrance; northern terminus of IL 129
240.41386.90240Lorenzo Road
240.97387.80241N. River Road (CR 44 east)
Channahon Township243.91392.54244Arsenal RoadChicagoland Speedway
Channahon246.67396.98247Bluff Road (CR 77 west)
248.15399.36248 US 6 (Eames Street) – Joliet, Morris
250.25402.74250 I-80 – Iowa, IndianaSigned as exits 250A (east) & 250B (west); I-80 exit 126
Shorewood251.40404.59251 IL 59 north (Cottage Street) – Shorewood, PlainfieldNorthbound exit and southbound entrance; currently being rebuilt to a diverging-diamond interchange (DDI); southern terminus of IL 59
Shorewood–Joliet line252.79406.83253 US 52 (Jefferson Street) – Joliet, Shorewood
Joliet–Plainfield line257.41414.26257 US 30 / Lincoln Highway (Plainfield Road) – Aurora, Joliet
Plainfield261.08420.17261 IL 126 west (Main Street) – PlainfieldSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; eastern terminus of IL 126
Romeoville–Bolingbrook line263.43423.95263Weber Road (CR 88)Rebuilt from a diamond interchange to a Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) in 2022
Bolingbrook267.02429.73267 IL 53 (Bolingbrook Drive) – Bolingbrook, Romeoville
Will–DuPagecounty lineBolingbrook–Woodridge line268.73432.48268Joliet Road south (Historic US 66 west)Southbound exit and northbound entrance; southern end of Historic US 66 concurrency
269.34433.46269 I-355 Toll (Veterans Memorial Tollway) – Southwest Suburbs, Northwest SuburbsI-355 exit 12
DuPageDarien270.85435.89271Lemont Road (CR 9)Signed as exits 271A (south) & 271B (north)
272.86439.13273Cass Avenue (CR 15)Signed as exits 273A (south) & 273B (north); serves Argonne National Laboratory
Willowbrook–Burr Ridge line274.50441.76274 IL 83 (Kingery Highway)Signed as exits 274A (south) & 274B (north)
DuPage–Cookcounty lineBurr Ridge276.33444.71276A-BCounty Line RoadSigned as exits 276A (south) & 276B (north)
CookIndian Head Park276.80445.47276CJoliet Road (Historic US 66 east)Northbound exit and southbound entrance; northern end of Historic US 66 concurrency; south end of Stevenson Expressway
Indian Head Park–Countryside line277.57446.71277 I-294 Toll (Tri-State Tollway) – Wisconsin, IndianaSigned as exits 277A (north) & 277B (south); I-294 exit 23; no southbound exit to I-294 south
Countryside–Hodgkins line278.87448.80279 US 12 / US 20 / US 45 (La Grange Road) to I-294 Toll southSigned as exits 279A (east/south) & 279B (west/north)
Summit282.29454.30282 IL 171 (1st Avenue)Signed as exits 282A (south) & 282B (north) northbound; Brookfield Zoo
Summit–Forest View line283.40456.09283 IL 43 (Harlem Avenue)
Stickney–Chicago line285.57459.58285Central Avenue (5600 West)
Chicago286.67461.35286 IL 50 (Cicero Avenue, 4800 West) – Chicago Midway Airport
287.74463.07287Pulaski Road (4000 West)
288.83464.83288Kedzie Avenue (3200 West)Southbound exit and northbound entrance
289.37465.70289California Avenue (2800 West)Northbound exit and southbound entrance
290.44–290.96467.42–468.25290Damen Avenue (2000 West) / Ashland Avenue (1600 West)Ashland Ave. not signed southbound
292.34470.48292 I-90 / I-94 (Dan Ryan Expressway) – Indiana, WisconsinSigned as exits 292A (west) & 292B (east) northbound, and as exits 292 (west) & 293B (east) southbound
292.91471.39293ACermak Road – ChinatownNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
293.13471.75293CState StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
293.61472.52293DMartin L. King Drive – McCormick PlaceNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
293.88472.95— US 41 / LMCT (Lake Shore Drive)Northern terminus of I-55/Stevenson Expressway; all trucks must exit onto US 41 south
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access
Related routes
Auxiliary routes
I-55 has three auxiliary routes in Illinois:
I-155: A spur from I-55 in Lincoln to I-74 just east of Peoria.
I-255: The eastern third of the beltway around the St. Louis Metro Area (with I-270 forming the other two-thirds)
I-355: The Veterans Memorial Tollway, serving the western and southwestern suburbs of Chicago, running from I-80 in New Lenox to I-290 in Addison
I-55 BL: I-55 has three business loops in Illinois.
References
^ Adderly, Kevin (October 31, 2002). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. OCLC 47914009. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ MapPoint (Map). Microsoft. 2002.
^ Mackey, Brian. "Illinois Highway To Be Named After Barack Obama". Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Office of Planning and Programming (2011). 2011 Average Daily Total Traffic (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Illinois Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ a b c "I-55". Illinois Highway Ends. Self-published. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
^ Illinois Official Auto Trails Map (Map). c. 1:950,000 and c. 1:1,110,000. Illinois Automobile Department. 1924. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ Illinois Official Highway Map (Map). 1:805,000. Cartography by H.M. Gousha. Illinois Division of Highways. 1957. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ a b c d Stork, Peter (2008). "History: Alignments and Bypasses". Digital Route 66. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008.
^ Illinois Official Highway Map (Map). 1:790,000. Cartography by H.M. Gousha. Illinois Division of Highways. 1960. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ Illinois Official Highway Map (Map). 1:772,500. Cartography by Rand McNally. Illinois Division of Highways. 1969. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ Municipal Reference Collection (August 1997). "1964 Southwest Expressway Opened September 1, 1965—Renamed Adlai E. Stevenson Expressway". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.
^ Hilkevitch, John (March 26, 2006). "Buckle Up, It Looks like a Long Ride". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2006.
^ "Section of I-55 to Be Named After Former President Obama". Chicago: WLS-TV. July 4, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
^ Malagon, Elvia (July 3, 2018). "Why There Was No Pomp, Circumstance or Former President When Obama Expressway Signs Went Up on I-55". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ "I-55 Resurfacing Work". The Herald News. Joliet, IL. May 24, 2002.
^ Cain, Cindy Wojdyla (April 22, 2005). "Interstate Overhaul 55 and 80: 'Tight Cloverleaf' to Be Redone Starting in May". The Herald News. Joliet, IL.
^ "Governor Blagojevich Announces Completion of Interstate 55 Widening Project: I-55 Corridor Improvement Project Added One Lane in Each Direction from Weber Rd to I-80; Goal Is to Increase Safety and Reduce Congestion" (Press release). Office of the Governor. October 29, 2008. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
^ "I-55 Bus on Shoulder Overview". January 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^ "Bus on Shoulders officially permanent; Quinn signs bill" (PDF). Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^ "Southbound I-55 Ramp Closure in Wilmington" (PDF) (Press release). Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ "I-55 Wilmington Study". Illinois Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
^ "New Bridge May Mean Tolls on All Mississippi Bridges Here Making Motorists Pay Is a Last Resort But a Possibility, Officials Say". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 6, 1999.
^ "New Mississippi River Bridge Opens to Traffic". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. February 9, 2014.
^ "I-55 at Lake Shore Drive". April 29, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
^ "Gov. Rauner Pushes to Develop Toll Lanes on I-55". Chicago: WMAQ-TV. February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
^ "I-55 Managed Lane Study". June 6, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ "I-55 Managed Lanes Project Website". Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Illinois Technology Transfer Center (2006). "T2 GIS Data". Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 55 in Illinois.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Interstate 55 in IllinoisKML is from Wikidata
Stevenson Expressway Timeline at the Chicago Public Library
Historic, Current & Average Travel Times For The Stevenson Expressway
Interstate 55
Previous state:Missouri
Illinois
Next state:Terminus
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Chicago metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"East St. Louis, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lake Shore Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Drive"},{"link_name":"Downtown Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mappoint-2"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Joliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"DuPage County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Pontiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Section of Interstate Highway in Illinois, United StatesThis article is about the section of Interstate 55 in Illinois. For the entire route, see Interstate 55.Interstate 55 (I-55) is a major north–south Interstate Highway in the US state of Illinois that connects St. Louis, Missouri, to the Chicago metropolitan area. It enters the state from Missouri near East St. Louis, Illinois, and runs to U.S. Route 41 (US 41, Lake Shore Drive) near Downtown Chicago, where the highway ends, a distance of 294.38 miles (473.76 km).[2] The road also runs through the Illinois cities of Springfield, Bloomington, and Joliet. The section in Cook County is officially named the Stevenson Expressway, and in DuPage County its officially named the Joliet Freeway or the Will Rogers Freeway. The section from the south suburbs of Chicago to the area near Pontiac is officially named the Barack Obama Presidential Expressway after the 44th President, Barack Obama, who launched his political career from Illinois.[3]","title":"Interstate 55 in Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highwayexplorer.com-5"},{"link_name":"East St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Poplar Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highwayexplorer.com-5"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lake Shore Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Drive"},{"link_name":"St. Louis metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Springfield metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highwayexplorer.com-5"}],"text":"I-55 within Illinois carries heavy traffic, with an average of more than 20,000 vehicles per day for most of its length.[4] Significant portions of I-55 contain six lanes (three lanes in each direction) and are heavily used by commuters.[5] I-55 in Illinois begins in East St. Louis on the Poplar Street Bridge over the Mississippi River at the Missouri state line and runs southwest to northeast through the state,[5] ending in Chicago at US 41 (Lake Shore Drive). Along the way, it goes through four metropolitan areas in the state: the Illinois portion of the St. Louis metropolitan area, the Springfield metropolitan area, the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area, and the Chicago metropolitan area (also known as Chicagoland).[5]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"running concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"I-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_64_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_3"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_203"},{"link_name":"Granite City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_City,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_111"},{"link_name":"Fairmont Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairmont_Park,_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I-255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_255"},{"link_name":"IL 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_157"},{"link_name":"Collinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_159"},{"link_name":"Maryville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_162"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Effingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effingham,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_270_(Missouri-Illinois)"},{"link_name":"IL 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_143"},{"link_name":"Edwardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_140"},{"link_name":"Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamel,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_4"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_138"},{"link_name":"White City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_City,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Litchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litchfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_108"},{"link_name":"Carlinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlinville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_48"},{"link_name":"IL 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_127"},{"link_name":"Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Farmersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmersville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Divernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divernon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_104"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Glenarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenarm,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"East St. Louis to Springfield","text":"I-55 enters Illinois on the Poplar Street Bridge from Missouri, running concurrently with I-64 and US 40. The highway meets Illinois Route 3 (IL 3) at a series of complex interchanges. IL 3 joins I-55/I-64/US 40 for approximately two miles (3.2 km). Still in East St. Louis, I-64 and IL 3 leave I-55/US 40, while the current routing of I-70 joins the pair. The three routes continue north-northeast, intersecting the southern terminus of IL 203 near Granite City, IL 111 near Fairmont Park, I-255 and IL 157 in Collinsville, and IL 159 in Maryville.Approximately two miles (3.2 km) after the IL 159 interchange, US 40 leaves I-55/I-70. After an interchange with IL 162 in Troy, I-70 heads east toward Effingham. At the same interchange, I-270 intersects I-55 and ends. On its way further north, I-55 intersects IL 143 near Edwardsville, IL 140 in Hamel, IL 4 south of Livingston, local roads that connect to Livingston and Staunton, and IL 138 near White City. About eight miles (13 km) further north, I-55 intersects IL 16 at a larger interchange to the west of Litchfield. It then goes another eight miles (13 km) before meeting the eastern terminus of IL 108 to the east of Carlinville. Continuing along, it meets the southern and northern termini of IL 48 and IL 127 west of Raymond, local roads to Farmersville and Divernon, IL 104 near Auburn, and two local roads to Glenarm and Chatham. At the East Lake Drive interchange, I-55 crosses over Lake Springfield into Springfield proper.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_72_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-55 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_Business_(Springfield,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"IL 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_29"},{"link_name":"Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_97"},{"link_name":"IL 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_54"},{"link_name":"US 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Williamsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_123"},{"link_name":"Elkhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Broadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwell,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-55 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_Business_(Lincoln,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"IL 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_10"},{"link_name":"IL 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_121"},{"link_name":"I-155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_155_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_136_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Springfield to Bloomington","text":"I-55 enters Springfield at an interchange with Toronto Road. About two miles (3.2 km) further north, it meets I-72 and US 36 to form a six-mile (9.7 km) concurrency that skirts the southern and eastern edges of the city. At the same interchange, it meets the southern end of I-55 Business (I-55 Bus.). I-55/I-72/US 36 has two interchanges while on the concurrency: Stevenson Drive/East Lake Drive and IL 29. Two miles (3.2 km) north, I-72 and US 36 head east toward Decatur and Champaign. At this interchange, I-55 intersects IL 97, which leads to downtown Springfield. I-55 then crosses the western terminus of IL 54 (old US 54). Five miles (8.0 km) further north, it meets the northern terminus of I-55 Bus., effectively leaving Springfield.From Springfield to Chicago, I-55 follows a northeast–southwest path. In Williamsville, it meets IL 123 near its eastern terminus. It crosses two local roads, providing access to Elkhart and Broadwell before heading north into Lincoln. In Lincoln, I-55 meets the southern terminus of the second I-55 Bus. It then heads due north to intersect IL 10 and the northern terminus of IL 121. One mile (1.6 km) north, it meets the southern terminus of I-155. At this interchange, it heads due east to meet the northern terminus of I-55 Bus. before resuming its northeasterly–southwesterly course through northern Illinois. I-55 meets an interchange with a local road leading to Atlanta, US 136 in McLean, and another local road near Shirley before entering the Bloomington–Normal area.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-55 Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_Business_(Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"I-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_74_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_51_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_150_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Peoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Moline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moline,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rock Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_39"},{"link_name":"LaSalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Rockford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 51 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_51_Business_(Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal,_Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Towanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towanda,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenoa,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_116"},{"link_name":"IL 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_23"},{"link_name":"Pontiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Odell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odell,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_17"},{"link_name":"IL 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Dwight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Joliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_113"},{"link_name":"Braidwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braidwood,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_129"},{"link_name":"Channahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channahon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Bloomington to Joliet","text":"Once entering Bloomington, I-55 forms a complex interchange with the southern terminus of the final I-55 Bus. to the north and I-74/US 51 to the east. At this interchange, I-74 and US 51 overlap I-55 around the western edge of the cities. The highway has one interchange at US 150 and IL 9. I-74 splits from I-55/US 51 three miles (4.8 km) further north to head toward Peoria and the Moline–Rock Island area. Less than one mile (1.6 km) east, US 51 splits from I-55 to follow I-39 toward the LaSalle–Peru area and toward Rockford. Before leaving Bloomington–Normal, I-55 has two more interchanges with US 51 Business (US 51 Bus.) and I-55 Bus.From Bloomington to Joliet, I-55 continues its northeasterly–southwesterly trek while skirting the western edges of various towns along the way. It meets local roads connecting Towanda and Lexington, US 24 in Chenoa, IL 116 and IL 23 in Pontiac, a local road to Odell, IL 17 and IL 47 in Dwight, and IL 53 in Gardner.I-55 starts showing hints of entering the Chicago metropolitan area after the IL 53 interchange. It passes through Forest Preserve areas between Gardner and Joliet. After IL 53, I-55 intersects a local road and IL 113 near Braidwood and meets a partial interchange at IL 129; drivers who want to access IL 129 from southbound I-55 can connect via IL 113. Continuing north, I-55 intersects local roads in industrial areas before entering Channahon. It has two interchanges with Bluff Road and US 6. Two miles (3.2 km) north, it meets I-80, which forms the boundary of Channahon and Joliet.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shorewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewood,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_59"},{"link_name":"US 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_126"},{"link_name":"Plainfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bolingbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolingbrook,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Romeoville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeoville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemont,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_355"},{"link_name":"US 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_83"},{"link_name":"Darien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Burr Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr_Ridge,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_294"},{"link_name":"Indian Head Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Head_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"US 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_45_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Countryside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_171"},{"link_name":"IL 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_43"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"IL 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_50"},{"link_name":"Midway International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Midway_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_94_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dan Ryan Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ryan_Expressway"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Lake Shore Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Drive"}],"sub_title":"Joliet to Chicago","text":"From I-80, I-55 enters the Joliet area by means of Shorewood, with a partial interchange at IL 59 and a full interchange with US 52. It enters Joliet proper with an interchange at US 30. It then connects with IL 126 near Plainfield, forming a partial interchange, then enters the Bolingbrook–Romeoville area, meeting interchanges at Weber Road and IL 53 again.On the border of Romeoville and Lemont, I-55 meets I-355 and a former routing of US 66 at a large, complex interchange. It then meets Lemont Road near Lemont, Cass Avenue and IL 83 near Darien, and County Line Road in Burr Ridge. It enters another large, complex interchange with I-294 and another former routing of US 66 in Indian Head Park. Further east, it meets a large interchange with US 12/US 20/US 45 south of Countryside. About three miles (4.8 km) northeast, it meets a rather large interchange with IL 171 and an interchange with IL 43, both near Summit. After the IL 43 interchange, I-55 enters Chicago.From IL 43, I-55 meets various city streets (also including one interchange with IL 50, which leads to Midway International Airport) before reaching I-90/I-94 (also known locally as the Dan Ryan Expressway) approximately a mile (1.6 km) west of its terminus. North of I-90/I-94, I-55 intersects various city streets at partial interchanges before reaching its national northern terminus at US 41 (Lake Shore Drive).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IL 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"US 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Route_66_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalroute66.com-8"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"autobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn"},{"link_name":"Federal Aid Highway Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalroute66.com-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalroute66.com-8"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_57_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"frontage road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontage_road"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digitalroute66.com-8"},{"link_name":"Historic US 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_294"},{"link_name":"Tri-State Tollway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-State_Tollway"},{"link_name":"Indian Head Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Head_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamel,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Bloomington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P5140097.JPG"},{"link_name":"Countryside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Adlai Stevenson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"DuPage County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPage_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Dan Ryan Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ryan_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Illinois Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pontiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"I-55 in Illinois is the fourth road to connect St. Louis and Chicago. The first was the Pontiac Trail in 1915. This was largely improved and paved as the new IL 4 by 1924.[6] In 1926, IL 4 was designated as the route of the new US 66, and a new section of US 66 was built to bypass slower sections of IL 4 south of Springfield by 1930. Through the 1950s, US 66 was continually widened, straightened, and improved to handle its growing traffic, until its entire length was four lanes wide by 1957.[7]The roots of I-55 could be traced back to the need of a national highway system.[8] President Dwight D. Eisenhower saw the need of a national network of highways that would help with the mobilization of the army. He had been impressed with the autobahn he saw in Germany during World War II. In 1956, he signed the Federal Aid Highway Act into existence.[8] Although the act provided for a highway replacing US 66, it was spared destruction for a while because of it being more modern than other routes at the time.[8] Illinois would build its first new Interstate Highways on other routes, such as I-80, I-57, and I-70, before turning its attention once again to the St. Louis–Chicago route.However, during the 1970s, US 66 was finally replaced by I-55 as the fourth St. Louis–Chicago highway, serving most of the same communities along the way as the original Pontiac Trail. It was built in sections across Illinois, often on the original US 66 roadbed. A common construction tactic, where US 66 was already four lanes wide, was to build new southbound lanes for I-55 west of the original road, then rebuild the original southbound lanes of US 66 to be the new northbound lanes for I-55, leaving the original northbound lanes of old US 66 as a two-way frontage road.[8] One can find many signs posted for Historic US 66, especially where it deviates from I-55.The earliest stretch of I-55 was a portion of US 66 which had already been built as a freeway between Gardner and I-294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Indian Head Park, and which was added to the Interstate System by simply erecting new signs in 1960.[9] Later portions of the highway were built in the 1960s between East St. Louis and Hamel, and bypasses of Springfield and Bloomington-Normal.[10] The rest of the road was completed in the 1970s.The Stevenson Expressway near Countryside, heading southwestThe Stevenson Expressway opened on October 24, 1964, as the Southwest Expressway. It was renamed after Adlai Stevenson II,[11] the former governor of Illinois, on September 1, 1965, a month and a half after his death. The Stevenson's original termini were US 66 in DuPage County to the west and the Dan Ryan Expressway to the east.In 1999–2000, the expressway was completely rebuilt from Central Avenue north to Lake Shore Drive, including the ramps to the Dan Ryan. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) was criticized at the time for not adding a fourth lane in each direction to the highway.[12]In 2017, the Illinois General Assembly voted to rename approximately 70 miles (110 km) of I-55 from the Tri-State Tollway (I-294) to Pontiac in honor of Barack Obama.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Joliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pulaski Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski_Road_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"single-point urban interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_55_in_Illinois&action=edit"},{"link_name":"IL 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_129"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Musial_Veterans_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-22"},{"link_name":"Poplar Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Upgrades and later construction","text":"Because of the heavy traffic on I-55, IDOT spends millions of dollars per year maintaining the roadway, adding lanes, and replacing bridges to increase the capacity of the highway.[15][16]In northeastern Illinois near Joliet, a widening project that expanded I-55 from two to three lanes in each direction between I-80 (exit 250) and Weber Road (exit 263) was completed on October 29, 2008.[17]In the 2000s, the Damen Avenue (exit 290) and Pulaski Road (exit 287) interchanges were rebuilt as a single-point urban interchange (SPUI) configuration; in 2014, reconstruction as a SPUI was completed for the Central Avenue (exit 285) interchange. In November 2011, IDOT started a two-year pilot project, allowing Pace bus routes 755 and 855 to ride on the dedicated shoulder lanes in a given time. This bus on shoulder service consisted of three sections: from I-355 to County Line Road, I-294 to IL 50, and IL 50 to Kedzie Avenue.[18] In the latter half of 2014, then-Governor Pat Quinn signed a bill which made the I-55 bus on shoulder service permanent. It also allow Pace to expand its bus on shoulder service within and outside I-55.[19] The Arsenal Road (exit 245) interchange was under complete rebuilding and reconfiguration as of 2012[update], and the deteriorated overpass at IL 129 (exit 238) was removed in 2012 in anticipation of future construction of a full interchange, temporarily leaving the IL 129 interchange with only a northbound exit and northbound entrance.[20][21]At St. Louis, the Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge carrying I-70 across the Mississippi River, and costing $667 million (equivalent to $846 million in 2023[22]), was completed in 2014 to relieve congestion on I-55's Poplar Street Bridge.[23][24]Between late 2015 and late 2017, the US 41 (Lake Shore Drive) interchange was being reconstructed to widen two I-55 offramps and its interchange approach.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Rauner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Rauner"},{"link_name":"public–private partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In early 2016, Governor Bruce Rauner, as well as IDOT, made a proposal to explore expanding a portion of I-55 (from I-355 to I-90/I-94) by adding an additional lane in each direction to ease congestion. Under their proposal, toll lanes would be constructed and operated through a potential public–private partnership. Noise walls would also be constructed as part of the project.[26][27][28]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_155_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"I-255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_255"},{"link_name":"I-355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_355"},{"link_name":"New Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lenox,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"I-55 BL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_Business_(Illinois)"}],"sub_title":"Auxiliary routes","text":"I-55 has three auxiliary routes in Illinois:I-155: A spur from I-55 in Lincoln to I-74 just east of Peoria.\n I-255: The eastern third of the beltway around the St. Louis Metro Area (with I-270 forming the other two-thirds)\n I-355: The Veterans Memorial Tollway, serving the western and southwestern suburbs of Chicago, running from I-80 in New Lenox to I-290 in Addison\n I-55 BL: I-55 has three business loops in Illinois.","title":"Related routes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Stevenson Expressway near Countryside, heading southwest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/P5140097.JPG/280px-P5140097.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Adderly, Kevin (October 31, 2002). \"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002\". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. OCLC 47914009. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routefinder/table1.cfm","url_text":"\"Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration","url_text":"Federal Highway Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47914009","url_text":"47914009"}]},{"reference":"MapPoint (Map). Microsoft. 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mackey, Brian. \"Illinois Highway To Be Named After Barack Obama\". Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://nprillinois.org/post/illinois-highway-be-named-after-barack-obama#stream/0","url_text":"\"Illinois Highway To Be Named After Barack Obama\""}]},{"reference":"Office of Planning and Programming (2011). 2011 Average Daily Total Traffic (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Illinois Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721044833/http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/ADT_statewide.pdf","url_text":"2011 Average Daily Total Traffic"},{"url":"http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/ADT_statewide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I-55\". Illinois Highway Ends. Self-published. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://highwayexplorer.com/il_EndsPage.php?id=3055§ion=1","url_text":"\"I-55\""}]},{"reference":"Illinois Official Auto Trails Map (Map). c. 1:950,000 and c. 1:1,110,000. Illinois Automobile Department. 1924. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/isl9/id/14/rec/4","url_text":"Illinois Official Auto Trails Map"}]},{"reference":"Illinois Official Highway Map (Map). 1:805,000. Cartography by H.M. Gousha. Illinois Division of Highways. 1957. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/u?/isl9,98","url_text":"Illinois Official Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M._Gousha","url_text":"H.M. Gousha"}]},{"reference":"Stork, Peter (2008). \"History: Alignments and Bypasses\". Digital Route 66. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511220853/http://www.digitalroute66.com/history/03interstate55.html","url_text":"\"History: Alignments and Bypasses\""},{"url":"http://www.digitalroute66.com/history/03interstate55.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Illinois Official Highway Map (Map). 1:790,000. Cartography by H.M. Gousha. Illinois Division of Highways. 1960. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/u?/isl9,110","url_text":"Illinois Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Illinois Official Highway Map (Map). 1:772,500. Cartography by Rand McNally. Illinois Division of Highways. 1969. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/isl9/id/141/rec/43","url_text":"Illinois Official Highway Map"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_McNally","url_text":"Rand McNally"}]},{"reference":"Municipal Reference Collection (August 1997). \"1964 Southwest Expressway Opened September 1, 1965—Renamed Adlai E. Stevenson Expressway\". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213034618/http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/timeline/stevensonx.html","url_text":"\"1964 Southwest Expressway Opened September 1, 1965—Renamed Adlai E. Stevenson Expressway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Public_Library","url_text":"Chicago Public Library"},{"url":"http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/timeline/stevensonx.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hilkevitch, John (March 26, 2006). \"Buckle Up, It Looks like a Long Ride\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-0603260419mar26,1,7032775.story?coll=chi-news-hed","url_text":"\"Buckle Up, It Looks like a Long Ride\""}]},{"reference":"\"Section of I-55 to Be Named After Former President Obama\". Chicago: WLS-TV. July 4, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc7chicago.com/traffic/section-of-i-55-to-be-named-after-former-president-obama/2182363/","url_text":"\"Section of I-55 to Be Named After Former President Obama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS-TV","url_text":"WLS-TV"}]},{"reference":"Malagon, Elvia (July 3, 2018). \"Why There Was No Pomp, Circumstance or Former President When Obama Expressway Signs Went Up on I-55\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-barack-obama-interstate-signs-illinois-20180703-story.html","url_text":"\"Why There Was No Pomp, Circumstance or Former President When Obama Expressway Signs Went Up on I-55\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-55 Resurfacing Work\". The Herald News. Joliet, IL. May 24, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=HN&p_theme=hn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F41C0475E12DBFB&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"I-55 Resurfacing Work\""}]},{"reference":"Cain, Cindy Wojdyla (April 22, 2005). \"Interstate Overhaul 55 and 80: 'Tight Cloverleaf' to Be Redone Starting in May\". The Herald News. Joliet, IL.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=HN&p_theme=hn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=109FC52A97C57606&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Interstate Overhaul 55 and 80: 'Tight Cloverleaf' to Be Redone Starting in May\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governor Blagojevich Announces Completion of Interstate 55 Widening Project: I-55 Corridor Improvement Project Added One Lane in Each Direction from Weber Rd to I-80; Goal Is to Increase Safety and Reduce Congestion\" (Press release). Office of the Governor. October 29, 2008. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000358/http://www3.illinois.gov/PressReleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=1&RecNum=7245","url_text":"\"Governor Blagojevich Announces Completion of Interstate 55 Widening Project: I-55 Corridor Improvement Project Added One Lane in Each Direction from Weber Rd to I-80; Goal Is to Increase Safety and Reduce Congestion\""},{"url":"http://www.illinois.gov/PressReleases/ShowPressRelease.cfm?SubjectID=1&RecNum=7245","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I-55 Bus on Shoulder Overview\". January 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://idot.illinois.gov/transportation-system/Network-Overview/transit-system/i-55-bus-on-shoulder","url_text":"\"I-55 Bus on Shoulder Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bus on Shoulders officially permanent; Quinn signs bill\" (PDF). Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacebus.com/sites/default/files/2020-04/onboard5%20%281%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Bus on Shoulders officially permanent; Quinn signs bill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southbound I-55 Ramp Closure in Wilmington\" (PDF) (Press release). Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.il.gov/press/d1/9%2020%2011%20I55%20Ramp%20Closure%20(2).pdf","url_text":"\"Southbound I-55 Ramp Closure in Wilmington\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-55 Wilmington Study\". Illinois Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130604205753/http://i-55wilmingtonstudy.com/","url_text":"\"I-55 Wilmington Study\""},{"url":"http://i-55wilmingtonstudy.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). \"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/","url_text":"\"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"\"New Bridge May Mean Tolls on All Mississippi Bridges Here Making Motorists Pay Is a Last Resort But a Possibility, Officials Say\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 6, 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB051C1934A910D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"New Bridge May Mean Tolls on All Mississippi Bridges Here Making Motorists Pay Is a Last Resort But a Possibility, Officials Say\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Mississippi River Bridge Opens to Traffic\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stltoday.com/news/new-mississippi-river-bridge-opens-to-traffic/article_110b6c60-6dd4-5760-ad31-3ba2f22107d5.html","url_text":"\"New Mississippi River Bridge Opens to Traffic\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-55 at Lake Shore Drive\". April 29, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://idot.illinois.gov/projects/I55-at-LSD","url_text":"\"I-55 at Lake Shore Drive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Rauner Pushes to Develop Toll Lanes on I-55\". Chicago: WMAQ-TV. February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/Gov-Rauner-Pushes-to-Develop-Toll-Lanes-on-I-55-367769371.html?_osource=SocialFlowFB_CHBrand","url_text":"\"Gov. Rauner Pushes to Develop Toll Lanes on I-55\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ-TV","url_text":"WMAQ-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"I-55 Managed Lane Study\". June 6, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://idot.illinois.gov/projects/i55-managed-lane","url_text":"\"I-55 Managed Lane Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"I-55 Managed Lanes Project Website\". Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.i55managedlaneproject.org/","url_text":"\"I-55 Managed Lanes Project Website\""}]},{"reference":"Illinois Technology Transfer Center (2006). \"T2 GIS Data\". Illinois Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.il.us/gist2/select.html","url_text":"\"T2 GIS Data\""}]}]
|
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Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47914009","external_links_name":"47914009"},{"Link":"http://nprillinois.org/post/illinois-highway-be-named-after-barack-obama#stream/0","external_links_name":"\"Illinois Highway To Be Named After Barack Obama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721044833/http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/ADT_statewide.pdf","external_links_name":"2011 Average Daily Total Traffic"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.il.gov/trafficmaps/ADT_statewide.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://highwayexplorer.com/il_EndsPage.php?id=3055§ion=1","external_links_name":"\"I-55\""},{"Link":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/isl9/id/14/rec/4","external_links_name":"Illinois Official Auto Trails Map"},{"Link":"http://www.idaillinois.org/u?/isl9,98","external_links_name":"Illinois Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511220853/http://www.digitalroute66.com/history/03interstate55.html","external_links_name":"\"History: Alignments and Bypasses\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalroute66.com/history/03interstate55.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.idaillinois.org/u?/isl9,110","external_links_name":"Illinois Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"http://www.idaillinois.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/isl9/id/141/rec/43","external_links_name":"Illinois Official Highway Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213034618/http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/timeline/stevensonx.html","external_links_name":"\"1964 Southwest Expressway Opened September 1, 1965—Renamed Adlai E. 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Rauner Pushes to Develop Toll Lanes on I-55\""},{"Link":"https://idot.illinois.gov/projects/i55-managed-lane","external_links_name":"\"I-55 Managed Lane Study\""},{"Link":"https://www.i55managedlaneproject.org/","external_links_name":"\"I-55 Managed Lanes Project Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.il.us/gist2/select.html","external_links_name":"\"T2 GIS Data\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Interstate_55_in_Illinois&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Interstate_55_in_Illinois&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/timeline/stevensonx.html","external_links_name":"Stevenson Expressway Timeline"},{"Link":"http://www.gcmtravelstats.com/Default.aspx?selLinks1=64","external_links_name":"Historic, Current & Average Travel Times For The Stevenson Expressway"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Stage_EuroMIX_2
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List of Dance Dance Revolution video games
|
["1 Legend","2 Dance Dance Revolution","3 Dance Dance Revolution Solo","4 Unreleased games","4.1 Dance Dance Revolution Solo (International)","4.2 Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Windows)","4.3 Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 (Europe)","4.4 Dance Dance Revolution (2014) (North America)","4.5 Dance Dance Revolution A20 (Europe)","5 Unofficial releases","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Dance Dance Revolution series started in 1998 and has grown to a large set of games in the franchise. This list of Dance Dance Revolution games documents games released, including systems, formats, and regions for which the games were released.
Legend
Flag
Country
Japanese release
Chinese release
Korean release
Region
European release
Asian release
North American release
South American release
Oceanic release
These lists are sorted by platform of release, then region, then best-known release date, then regional or renamed version title, if any. Releases that have sold more than one million copies or have been re-issued as Greatest Hits are colored orange.
Dance Dance Revolution
Title
Platform
Country-region
Release
Note
Dance Dance RevolutionDancing Stage (Europe)
Arcade
Japan
1998-09-26
PlayStation
Japan
1999-04-10
Arcade
Asia
March 1999
North America
1999
Europe
March 1999
Europe
1999-03-05
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMixDance Dance Revolution 2ndRemixDance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Dreamcast Edition
Arcade
Japan
1999-01-19
PlayStation
Japan
1999-08-26
Dreamcast
Japan
2000-02-17
Dance Dance Revolution Best of Cool Dancers
Arcade
Japan
1999-02-11
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix with Beatmania IIDX Club Version
Arcade
Japan
1999-04-21
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version
Arcade
Japan
1999-04-28
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix and Beatmania IIDX Substream Club Version 2
Arcade
Japan
1999-07-27
Dancing Stage featuring True Kiss Destination
Arcade
Japan
1999-07-27
Asia
PlayStation
Japan
1999-12-09
Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMixDance Dance Revolution USA
PlayStation
Japan
2000-06-01
Arcade
Japan
1999-10-30
Asia
1999-10-30
North America
October 2000
Korea
2000
Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix
Arcade
Japan
November 1999
Dancing Stage featuring Dreams Come True
Arcade
Japan
1999-12-25
Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix Plus
Arcade
Japan
2000-06-21
Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix 2nd
Arcade
Japan
July 2000
Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix
Arcade
Japan
2000-08-24
PlayStation
Japan
2001-03-15
Arcade
Asia
2000-08-24
Dancing Stage featuring Disney's RaveDance Dance Revolution Disney's RaveDance Dance Revolution Disney MixDancing Stage Disney Mix
Arcade
Japan
2000-11-30
PlayStation
Japan
2000-11-30
North America
2001-09-18
Europe
2001-09-28
Oceania
2001-09-28
Dance Dance Revolution Kids
Arcade
Japan
December 2000
Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix Plus
Arcade
Japan
2000-12-28
Arcade
Asia
2000-12-28
Dance Dance Revolution 5thMix
Arcade
Japan
2001-03-27
PlayStation
Japan
2001-09-20
DDRMAX Dance Dance Revolution 6thMix
Arcade
Japan
2001-10-19
PlayStation 2
Japan
2002-05-16
DDRMAX2 Dance Dance Revolution 7thMix
Arcade
Japan
2002-03-27
PlayStation 2
Japan
2003-04-24
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme
Arcade
Japan
2002-12-25
PlayStation 2
Japan
2003-10-09
Dance Dance Revolution SuperNovaDancing Stage SuperNova
Arcade
Japan
2006-07-12
North America
2006-05-15
North America
2006-06-15 (re-release)
Europe
2006-04-28
Europe
2006-07-15
Asia
2006-07-12
PlayStation 2
Japan
2007-01-25
PlayStation 2
North America
2006-09-26
PlayStation 2
Europe
2007-04-27
Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2Dancing Stage SuperNova 2
Arcade
Japan
2007-08-22
North America
2008-01-17
South America
2008-01-17
Asia
2007-08-22
PlayStation 2
Japan
2008-02-21
PlayStation 2
Europe
2008-10-03
PlayStation 2
North America
2007-09-26
Dance Dance Revolution X
Arcade
Japan
2008-12-24
North America
2009-06-09
Europe
2009-06-03
PlayStation 2
Japan
2009-01-29
PlayStation 2
North America
2008-09-16
Dance Dance Revolution X2
Arcade
Japan
2010-07-07
North America
2010-12-31
Europe
2011-05-13
Dance Dance Revolution X3 VS 2ndMix
Arcade
Japan
2011-11-16
Dance Dance Revolution (2013 edition)
Arcade
Japan
2013-03-14
Korea
2014-02-07
Dance Dance Revolution (2014 edition)
Arcade
Japan
2014-05-12
Korea
2014-07-22
Dance Dance Revolution A
Arcade
Japan
2016-03-3
Korea
2016-04-04
North America
2016-07-06
Europe
2017-12-15
Dance Dance Revolution A20
Arcade
Japan
2019-03-20
Korea
2019-08-01
North America
2019-09-24
Europe
TBA
Dance Dance Revolution A20 Plus
Arcade
Japan
2020-07-01
Korea
2020-07-06
North America
2020-07-06
Dance Dance Revolution A3
Arcade
Japan
2022-03-17
Asia
2022-06-22
Dance Dance Revolution World
Arcade
2024-06-12
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndReMix Append Club Version Vol.1
PlayStation
Japan
1999-11-25
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndReMix Append Club Version Vol.1
PlayStation
Japan
1999-11-25
Dance Dance Revolution 2ndReMix Append Club Version Vol.2
PlayStation
Japan
1999-12-22
Dancing Stage featuring Dreams Come True
PlayStation
Japan
2000-04-20
Oha Suta Dance Dance Revolution
PlayStation
Japan
2000-09-14
Dance Dance Revolution Best Hits
PlayStation
Japan
2000-12-21
Dance Dance Revolution Extra Mix
PlayStation
Japan
2001-06-07
Based on Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix
Dance Dance Revolution Party Collection
PlayStation 2
Japan
2003-12-11
DDR Festival Dance Dance Revolution
PlayStation 2
Japan
2004-11-18
Based on the American release of Dance Dance Revolution Extreme.
Dance Dance Revolution Strike
PlayStation 2
Japan
2006-02-16
Dance Dance Revolution Club Version Dreamcast Edition
Dreamcast
Japan
2000-04-27
Dance Dance Revolution GB
Game Boy Color
Japan
2000-08-03
Dance Dance Revolution GB2
Game Boy Color
Japan
2000-11-16
Oha Suta Dance Dance Revolution GB
Game Boy Color
Japan
2001-02-08
Dance Dance Revolution GB3
Game Boy Color
Japan
2001-03-15
Dance Dance Revolution GB Disney Mix
Game Boy Color
Japan
2001-03-29
Dance Dance Revolution Disney Dancing Museum
Nintendo 64
Japan
2000-11-30
Dance Dance Revolution with MarioDance Dance Revolution Mario MixDancing Stage Mario Mix
GameCube
Japan
2005-07-14
North America
2005-10-24
Europe
2005-10-28
Oceania
2005-12-15
Dance Dance Revolution Hottest PartyDancing Stage Hottest Party
Wii
Japan
2007-10-25
North America
2007-09-26
Europe
2008-03-28
Dance Dance Revolution Full Full Party
Wii
Japan
2008-12-18
Dance Dance Revolution Music Fit
Wii
Japan
2010-01-28
Dancing Karaoke DKara
Windows
Japan
2001-01-16
Dance Dance Revolution Finger Step
Bemani Pocket
Japan
1999-09-09
Dance Dance Revolution Hello Kitty
Bemani Pocket
Japan
1999-12-23
Dance Dance Revolution Dear Daniel
Bemani Pocket
Japan
2000-02-02
Dance Dance Revolution Winnie the Pooh
Bemani Pocket
Japan
2000-10-26
Dance Dance Revolution
Mobile game
Japan
2001-02-19
Dance Dance Revolution (re-release)
Mobile game
Japan
2004-01-21
Dance Dance Revolution S
iOS
Japan
2009-02-05
Dance Dance Revolution S+
iOS
Japan
2009-10-05
Dance Dance Revolution Family Mat
TV game
Japan
2001-08-09
My First Dance Dance Revolution
TV game
Japan
2001-11-09
Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 Chinese Music Special Edition
Xbox 360
China
2009-05-12
Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix
Xbox
North America
2003-11-19
Dance Dance Revolution S
iOS
North America
2009-03-05
Dance Dance Revolution
PlayStation
North America
2001-03-20
Dance Dance Revolution Konamix
PlayStation
North America
2002-04-24
DDRMAX Dance Dance Revolution
PlayStation 2
North America
2002-10-29
DDRMAX2 Dance Dance Revolution
PlayStation 2
North America
2003-09-23
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme
PlayStation 2
North America
2004-09-21
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme 2
PlayStation 2
North America
2005-09-28
Dance Dance Revolution Disney Channel Edition
PlayStation 2
North America
2008-01-08
Dance Dance Revolution X2
PlayStation 2
North America
2009-10-27
DanceDanceRevolutionDanceDanceRevolution New Moves
PlayStation 3
North America
2010-11-16
Europe
2011-03-18
Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (re-release)
Xbox
North America
2004
Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 2
Xbox
North America
2004-11-18
Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 3
Xbox
North America
2005-11-15
Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 4
Xbox
North America
2006-11-14
Dance Dance Revolution Universe
Xbox 360
North America
2007-02-27
Dance Dance Revolution Universe 2
Xbox 360
North America
2007-12-05
Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3
Xbox 360
North America
2008-10-21
DanceDanceRevolution
Xbox 360
North America
2011-04-12
Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 2
Wii
North America
2008-09-16
Europe
2009-06-26
Dance Dance Revolution Disney Grooves
Wii
North America
2009-04-02
Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 3
Wii
North America
2009-10-27
Europe
2010-06-04
DanceDanceRevolutionDanceDanceRevolution Hottest Party 4
Wii
North America
2010-11-02
Europe
2011-05-06
Dance Dance Revolution IIDanceDanceRevolution Hottest Party 5
Wii
North America
2011-10-11
Europe
2011-11-25
Dance Dance Revolution
Windows
North America
2002-05-24
Dance Dance Revolution Strawberry Shortcake
TV game
North America
2006-11-14
Dance Dance Revolution Disney Mix
TV game
North America
2006-12-05
My First Dance Dance Revolution
TV game
North America
2006-12-07
Dance Dance Revolution DVD Game
DVD game
North America
2006
Dance Dance Revolution Mobile 3D
Mobile game
North America
2005
Dance Dance Revolution
Mobile game
North America
2006-05-02
Dancing Stage EuroMix
Arcade
Europe
2000-07-31
Dancing Stage EuroMix (re-release)
Arcade
Europe
2000
Dancing Stage EuroMix 2
Arcade
Europe
2002-08-06
Dancing Stage Fusion
Arcade
Europe
April 2005
Dancing Stage EuroMix
PlayStation
Europe
2000-02-16
Dancing Stage Party Edition
PlayStation
Europe
2002-11-15
Dancing Stage Fever
PlayStation
Europe
2003-10-24
Based on Dance Dance Revolution Extra Mix
Dancing Stage Fusion
PlayStation
Europe
2004-11-05
Heavily based on Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix and Dance Dance Revolution Extra Mix
Dancing Stage MegaMix
PlayStation 2
Europe
2003-05-30
Based on the Japanese release of DDRMAX2: Dance Dance Revolution 7thMix and Dancing Stage EuroMix 2
Dancing Stage Fever
PlayStation 2
Europe
2003-10-24
Dancing Stage Fusion
PlayStation 2
Europe
2004-11-05
Dancing Stage Max
PlayStation 2
Europe
2005-11-25
Dancing Stage Unleashed
Xbox
Europe
2004-03-12
Dancing Stage Unleashed 2
Xbox
Europe
2005-05-13
Dancing Stage Unleashed 3
Xbox
Europe
2006-03-17
Dancing Stage Universe
Xbox 360
Europe
2007-12-07
Dancing Stage Universe 2
Xbox 360
Europe
2008-10-03
Dance Dance Revolution Winx Club
Wii
Europe
2009-03-26
Dancing Stage
Mobile game
Europe
2005
Dancing Stage DVD Game
DVD game
Europe
2007
Dancing Stage EuroMix
PlayStation
Oceania
2000-02-16
Dancing Stage Fever
PlayStation
Oceania
2003-10-24
Dancing Stage MegaMix
PlayStation 2
Oceania
2003-09-26
Dancing Stage Fusion
PlayStation 2
Oceania
2004-10-01
Dancing Stage Universe
Xbox 360
Oceania
2007-12-21
Dance Dance Revolution DVD Game
DVD game
Oceania
2007
Dancing Stage Hottest Party
Wii
Oceania
2008-04-11
Dance Dance Revolution Classroom Edition
Windows
North America
September 2012
Dance Dance Revolution Dance Wars
iOS
North America
2013-02-14
Europe
2013-02-14
Dance Dance Revolution Pocket Edition
iOS
North America
2013-10-05
Japan
2013-10-05
Europe
2013-10-05
Dance Dance Revolution Grand Prix
Windows
Worldwide
2021-11-08
Dance Dance Revolution Solo
Title
Platform
Region
Release date
Dance Dance Revolution Solo Bass Mix
Arcade
Japan
1999-08-19
Arcade
Asia
1999-08-19
Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000
Arcade
Japan
1999-12-16
Arcade
Asia
1999-12-16
Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix
Arcade
Japan
2000-08-24
Arcade
Asia
2000-08-24
Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix Plus
Arcade
Japan
2000-12-28
Arcade
Asia
2000-12-28
Unreleased games
The gameplay screen of the preview version of Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (top) and the gameplay screen of the released version (bottom).
Dance Dance Revolution Solo (International)
Only a test build existed in North America; this game never saw a full release outside of Asia.
Dance Dance Revolution Solo Bass Mix had a public test build in early 2000 in the United States at Konami's former test location Diversions in Chicago, IL. It was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution USA.
Major differences from the Japanese build is the absence of 3 songs: "That's The Way '98," "Together and Forever", and "Get Off." The Nonstop Megamix course including these songs were also not present. All other functions and hidden modes were available for play including Maniac mode, Ultimate Maniac mode, Nonstop Megamix, and machine link play.
Dancing Stage Solo is a cancelled video game for Europe. Konami filed to trademark the name on July 9, 1999. It was registered on July 25, 2000, but expired ten years after filing. This game's Caution screen, high score background and title screen were present as unused game data in the Asian versions of Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000.
Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Windows)
Released as Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix for the Xbox.
Originally Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix was going to be a Windows title, sequeling Dance Dance Revolution which had been released a couple of years before. Screenshots of the game under development were released to video game news sites showing an interface that closely resembled the previous Windows game. Later in development the game was completely changed visually and released on the Microsoft Xbox.
Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 (Europe)
This game was never released. Reason: PlayStation 2 and arcade board blacklist issues.
The European arcade release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, titled Dancing Stage SuperNova 2, was never released due to importation issues surrounding the PlayStation 2-based engine. The arcade release of DDR SuperNova 2 uses an imported Japanese PlayStation 2 to power the game. The import ban came after the release of Dancing Stage SuperNova, the second Dance Dance Revolution arcade released in Europe to use a PlayStation 2 engine.
Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 was released for the European PlayStation 2 directly on October 3, 2008. The songlist is mostly based on the North American PlayStation 2 release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2 instead of the arcade release, but with 12 of the licenses removed and a new one, Cara Mia by Måns Zelmerlöw, added.
Dance Dance Revolution (2014) (North America)
Dance Dance Revolution (2014) had a location test in USA.
Only a test build existed; this game never saw a full release in North America.
The test build was available to the public on mid 2015 in select Round 1 and Dave & Buster's shops in the United States. e-Amusement functionality was available. The game was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution A in North America, making it the first Dance Dance Revolution release in that region since Dance Dance Revolution X2.
The USA location test of Dance Dance Revolution (2014) removed 47 songs found in the Japanese release:
DDR (2014): 27 songs (25 U.M.U × BEMANI songs and 2 Konami originals)
DDR (2013): 6 licensed songs
DDR X3: 10 licensed songs
DDR 2ndMix: 3 licensed songs ("Bad Girls" by Juliet Roberts, "Boom Boom Dollar" by King Kong & D. Jungle Girls, and "Stomp to My Beat" by JS16)
DDR (1998): 1 licensed song ("Kung Fu Fighting" by Bus Stop featuring Carl Douglas)
Dance Dance Revolution A20 (Europe)
Only a test build existed; this game never saw a full release in Europe.
The test build was available from October 7, 2019 to March 16, 2020 at Namco Funscape in London, England. It uses a European build from August 6, 2019. As with the release of Dance Dance Revolution A in Europe, it did not offer e-Amusement functionality. The location test was concluded shortly before the United Kingdom imposed a stay-at-home order on March 23, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reopening, the location test of A20 was replaced with an August 2018 edition of Dance Dance Revolution A.
While Dance Dance Revolution A20 was not released in Europe, Konami provided other updates to European machines:
Dance Dance Revolution A received an offline update on May 21, 2021 in the United Kingdom. The build date is of April 15, 2021.
Dance Dance Revolution A20 Plus was released on January 14, 2022 in Europe. The build date is of February 10, 2021 and it is an upgrade to Dance Dance Revolution A cabinets. Other regions received A20 Plus earlier, in July 2020. This European update is the first instance where a regional Plus version of Dance Dance Revolution is released without the original version being available.
Unofficial releases
Dance Dance Revolution Megamix, Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Plus and Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Clean are commercial bootlegs of Dance Dance Revolution Extreme.
Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Pro and Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Clarity are fan-made unofficial patches for Dance Dance Revolution Extreme. Pro enables the Marvelous timing window in all play modes, a feature that debuted in Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, while also unlocking all songs automatically and using Oni scoring in all modes. It also adds support for BrightWhite, a fan-made alternative to the memory card reader. DDR Extreme Clarity improves upon Pro by adding Slow and Fast timing indicators, a feature only available in some circumstances beginning with Dance Dance Revolution X2.
Other unofficial fan-made releases are typically powered by StepMania software, and generally use official Dance Dance Revolution releases as inspiration.
Notes
^ Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix was updated after its initial release with a few new songs and the ability to connect to and play alongside Konami's DJ simulator games, Beatmania IIDX. While the official name of that version of DDR when alone was Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version, when connected to the two Beatmania IIDX cabinets it was compatible with it was referred to by two other unique names.
^ Along with the "International Versions" of Japan's DDR series, Korea specific versions of Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix were released with a partly exclusive song list. Some of the Korean songs were later featured in the Japanese and international Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix, as well as the Plus and Solo versions. They have not been used in the DDR series since.
^ Due to a licensing mishap during the launch of Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix, the game was temporarily unavailable to Canadian players, forcing them to wait for Konami to secure the rights to certain songs and rerelease the game for all of North America.
^ The "second release" versions of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova and Dancing Stage SuperNova in North America and Europe were a game disc replacement to fix audio syncing issues with the initial release of the game. Along with bug fixes, the discs added new songs to both versions.
References
^ "Product information for Dancing Stage Disney MIX (Australian release)". Shopping.com UK. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ a b Konami. Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova (United States release) (Arcade).
^ Konami. Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2 (American release) (Arcade).
^ Baka of the Orochi. "DDR Supernova 2 US Arcade version released!". bemanistyle. Archived from the original on 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ xbskid. "DDR Disney Dancing Museum translation guide". DDRUK. Archived from the original on October 21, 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ a b c d "Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party with Dance Pad". Konami. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
^ "Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Finger Step-". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Hello Kitty version-". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Dear Daniel version-". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Winnie the Pooh version-". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 ??????" (in Chinese). Play-Asia. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
^ Leeper, Justin (April 2007). "Dance Dance Revolution Universe". Newtype USA. Vol. 6, no. 4. p. 128. ISSN 1541-4817.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Grooves". IGN. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
^ "DanceDanceRevolution Hottest Party 3 - Konami lässt die Hüften kreisen!" (in German). Konami Digital Entertainment GmbH. 2010-02-18. Archived from the original on 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution: Hottest Party 5 for Wii - GameFAQs". gamefaqs.gamespot.com.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution 3D - Mobile Game". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution - Mobile Game". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "Dancing Stage MegaMiX game overview". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ "Dancing Stage Fever game overview". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ "Australian Classification Board database; Dancing Stage: Universe". Retrieved 2008-03-21.
^ "Australian Classification Board database search for "Dance Dance Revolution"". Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ a b "Dancing Stage: Hottest Party". Nintendo Australia. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
^ "DDR: DANCE WARS DEMO MOVIE" – via www.facebook.com.
^ "DANCING STAGE SOLO (European Union Trademark No. 001236710) - TMDB". tmdb.eu. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000 (Arcade) - The Cutting Room Floor". tcrf.net. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ ESRB website with the search term "Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix".
^ "Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix Screenshots and Images from GameSpot". GameFAQs. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
^ a b "Bemani PlayStation 2 Hardware". System 16. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
^ nitroburr (October 8, 2019). "Nobody thought this would happen!". Reddit. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ Sam (May 21, 2021). "#DDR A at Playland in Hastings has been upgraded to a newer date code! This cab currently has the latest date code in Europe. Changes listed below! #DDRA #BEMANI #Hastings https://t.co/JJFkQKWpg2" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-09-04. Retrieved 2022-12-14 – via Twitter.
^ a b Zanneth. "DDR EXTREME CLARITY". zanneth.com.
^ "Dance Dance Revolution Link Version". Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMIX (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ "This is the Club Version!" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ Ross (Islander). "How to tell one third mix from another". DDR Freak. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ David Smith. "DDR Ultramix Stopped At The Border". 1UP. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ "Buy Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Xbox)". Play-Asia. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Junior Asparagus. "Konami Addresses Sync Issue in DDR SuperNOVA". DDR Freak. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
External links
DanceDanceRevolution/Dancing Stage Game Database
All Versions, Songlists, FAQs, and Gamesaves
Konami Arcade Hardware
vteDance Dance Revolution
List of video games
TV
Windows
List of songs
Dance Dance Revolution Solo
Dancing Stage
Arcadereleases1990s
Dance Dance Revolution (1998)
music
2ndMix
music
2000s
4thMix
DDRMAX 6thMix
Extreme
music
SuperNova
music
X
music
2010s
X2
X3 vs. 2ndMix
DanceDanceRevolution (2013 and 2014)
music
A
music
A20
music
2020s
A20 Plus
music
World
Spin-offs
Dancing Stage Disney's Rave
Dancing Stage Fusion
Consolereleases
Oha Suta
Dance Dance Revolution (2001)
Disney Mix
DDR Festival
Dancing Stage MegaMix
Ultramix
2
3
4
Extreme 2
Mario Mix
Max
Hottest Party
2
3
Dance Dance Revolution (2010)
II
Universe
2
3
X2 (PS2)
DVD Game
Freedom
Dance Wars
Grand Prix
Relatedarticles
Cobalt Flux
Comparison of dance pad video games
Dance Dance Immolation
Dance pad
Dance Revolution
e-Amusement
StepMania
Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution"}],"text":"The Dance Dance Revolution series started in 1998 and has grown to a large set of games in the franchise. This list of Dance Dance Revolution games documents games released, including systems, formats, and regions for which the games were released.","title":"List of Dance Dance Revolution video games"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These lists are sorted by platform of release, then region, then best-known release date, then regional or renamed version title, if any. Releases that have sold more than one million copies or have been re-issued as Greatest Hits are colored orange.","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dance Dance Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dance Dance Revolution Solo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dance_Dance_Revolution_Ultramix_gameplay_comparison.png"}],"text":"The gameplay screen of the preview version of Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (top) and the gameplay screen of the released version (bottom).","title":"Unreleased games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution Solo Bass Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Solo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Dance Dance Revolution Solo (International)","text":"Only a test build existed in North America; this game never saw a full release outside of Asia.Dance Dance Revolution Solo Bass Mix had a public test build in early 2000 in the United States at Konami's former test location Diversions in Chicago, IL. It was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution USA.Major differences from the Japanese build is the absence of 3 songs: \"That's The Way '98,\" \"Together and Forever\", and \"Get Off.\" The Nonstop Megamix course including these songs were also not present. All other functions and hidden modes were available for play including Maniac mode, Ultimate Maniac mode, Nonstop Megamix, and machine link play.Dancing Stage Solo is a cancelled video game for Europe. Konami filed to trademark the name on July 9, 1999. It was registered on July 25, 2000, but expired ten years after filing.[25] This game's Caution screen, high score background and title screen were present as unused game data in the Asian versions of Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000.[26]","title":"Unreleased games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Ultramix"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_(Windows_game)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Windows)","text":"Released as Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix for the Xbox.Originally Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix was going to be a Windows title, sequeling Dance Dance Revolution which had been released a couple of years before.[27] Screenshots of the game under development were released to video game news sites showing an interface that closely resembled the previous Windows game.[28] Later in development the game was completely changed visually and released on the Microsoft Xbox.[29]","title":"Unreleased games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_SuperNova_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bemanips2-30"},{"link_name":"Dancing Stage SuperNova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Stage_SuperNova"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bemanips2-30"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_SuperNova_2_(2007_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Cara Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Mia_(M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w_song)"},{"link_name":"Måns Zelmerlöw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w"}],"sub_title":"Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 (Europe)","text":"This game was never released. Reason: PlayStation 2 and arcade board blacklist issues.The European arcade release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, titled Dancing Stage SuperNova 2, was never released due to importation issues surrounding the PlayStation 2-based engine. The arcade release of DDR SuperNova 2 uses an imported Japanese PlayStation 2 to power the game.[30] The import ban came after the release of Dancing Stage SuperNova, the second Dance Dance Revolution arcade released in Europe to use a PlayStation 2 engine.[30]Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 was released for the European PlayStation 2 directly on October 3, 2008. The songlist is mostly based on the North American PlayStation 2 release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2 instead of the arcade release, but with 12 of the licenses removed and a new one, Cara Mia by Måns Zelmerlöw, added.","title":"Unreleased games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDR_White.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"e-Amusement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Amusement"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_A"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution X2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_X2"},{"link_name":"Bad Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Donna_Summer_song)"},{"link_name":"Juliet Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Roberts"},{"link_name":"King Kong & D. Jungle Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_%26_D._Jungle_Girls"},{"link_name":"JS16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS16"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Fighting"},{"link_name":"Bus Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_Stop_(band)"},{"link_name":"Carl Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Douglas"}],"sub_title":"Dance Dance Revolution (2014) (North America)","text":"Dance Dance Revolution (2014) had a location test in USA.Only a test build existed; this game never saw a full release in North America.The test build was available to the public on mid 2015 in select Round 1 and Dave & Buster's shops in the United States. e-Amusement functionality was available. The game was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution A in North America, making it the first Dance Dance Revolution release in that region since Dance Dance Revolution X2.The USA location test of Dance Dance Revolution (2014) removed 47 songs found in the Japanese release:DDR (2014): 27 songs (25 U.M.U × BEMANI songs and 2 Konami originals)\nDDR (2013): 6 licensed songs\nDDR X3: 10 licensed songs\nDDR 2ndMix: 3 licensed songs (\"Bad Girls\" by Juliet Roberts, \"Boom Boom Dollar\" by King Kong & D. Jungle Girls, and \"Stomp to My Beat\" by JS16)\nDDR (1998): 1 licensed song (\"Kung Fu Fighting\" by Bus Stop featuring Carl Douglas)","title":"Unreleased games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_A"},{"link_name":"e-Amusement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Amusement"},{"link_name":"stay-at-home order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution A20 Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_A20"}],"sub_title":"Dance Dance Revolution A20 (Europe)","text":"Only a test build existed; this game never saw a full release in Europe.The test build was available from October 7, 2019 to March 16, 2020 at Namco Funscape in London, England.[31] It uses a European build from August 6, 2019. As with the release of Dance Dance Revolution A in Europe, it did not offer e-Amusement functionality. The location test was concluded shortly before the United Kingdom imposed a stay-at-home order on March 23, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reopening, the location test of A20 was replaced with an August 2018 edition of Dance Dance Revolution A.While Dance Dance Revolution A20 was not released in Europe, Konami provided other updates to European machines:Dance Dance Revolution A received an offline update on May 21, 2021 in the United Kingdom. The build date is of April 15, 2021.[32]\nDance Dance Revolution A20 Plus was released on January 14, 2022 in Europe. The build date is of February 10, 2021 and it is an upgrade to Dance Dance Revolution A cabinets. Other regions received A20 Plus earlier, in July 2020. This European update is the first instance where a regional Plus version of Dance Dance Revolution is released without the original version being available.","title":"Unreleased games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution Extreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Extreme"},{"link_name":"unofficial patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unofficial_patch"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDR-Clarity-33"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_SuperNova"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDR-Clarity-33"},{"link_name":"Dance Dance Revolution X2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution_X2"},{"link_name":"StepMania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StepMania"}],"text":"Dance Dance Revolution Megamix, Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Plus and Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Clean are commercial bootlegs of Dance Dance Revolution Extreme.Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Pro and Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Clarity are fan-made unofficial patches for Dance Dance Revolution Extreme. Pro enables the Marvelous timing window in all play modes,[33][unreliable source?] a feature that debuted in Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, while also unlocking all songs automatically and using Oni scoring in all modes. It also adds support for BrightWhite, a fan-made alternative to the memory card reader. DDR Extreme Clarity improves upon Pro by adding Slow and Fast timing indicators,[33] a feature only available in some circumstances beginning with Dance Dance Revolution X2.Other unofficial fan-made releases are typically powered by StepMania software, and generally use official Dance Dance Revolution releases as inspiration.","title":"Unofficial releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note.clubversion"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"Beatmania IIDX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmania_IIDX"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note.international"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note.ultramix"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note.supernova"},{"link_name":"syncing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_to_video_synchronization"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"^ Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix was updated after its initial release with a few new songs and the ability to connect to and play alongside Konami's DJ simulator games, Beatmania IIDX. While the official name of that version of DDR when alone was Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version,[34] when connected to the two Beatmania IIDX cabinets it was compatible with it was referred to by two other unique names.[35]\n^ Along with the \"International Versions\" of Japan's DDR series, Korea specific versions of Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix were released with a partly exclusive song list. Some of the Korean songs were later featured in the Japanese and international Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix, as well as the Plus and Solo versions. They have not been used in the DDR series since.[36]\n^ Due to a licensing mishap during the launch of Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix, the game was temporarily unavailable to Canadian players,[37] forcing them to wait for Konami to secure the rights to certain songs and rerelease the game for all of North America.[38]\n^ The \"second release\" versions of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova and Dancing Stage SuperNova in North America and Europe were a game disc replacement to fix audio syncing issues with the initial release of the game. Along with bug fixes, the discs added new songs to both versions.[39]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The gameplay screen of the preview version of Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (top) and the gameplay screen of the released version (bottom).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Ultramix_gameplay_comparison.png/200px-Dance_Dance_Revolution_Ultramix_gameplay_comparison.png"},{"image_text":"Dance Dance Revolution (2014) had a location test in USA.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DDR_White.jpg/220px-DDR_White.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Product information for Dancing Stage Disney MIX (Australian release)\". Shopping.com UK. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.shopping.com/Dancing-Stage-Disney-Mix/info","url_text":"\"Product information for Dancing Stage Disney MIX (Australian release)\""}]},{"reference":"Konami. Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova (United States release) (Arcade).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Konami. Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2 (American release) (Arcade).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baka of the Orochi. \"DDR Supernova 2 US Arcade version released!\". bemanistyle. Archived from the original on 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2008-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080320024625/http://www.bemanistyle.com/index.php/news/ddr-supernova-2-us-arcade-version-released-638","url_text":"\"DDR Supernova 2 US Arcade version released!\""},{"url":"http://www.bemanistyle.com/index.php/news/ddr-supernova-2-us-arcade-version-released-638","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"xbskid. \"DDR Disney Dancing Museum translation guide\". DDRUK. Archived from the original on October 21, 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041021045205/http://www.ddruk.com/postview.php?post=116712","url_text":"\"DDR Disney Dancing Museum translation guide\""},{"url":"http://www.ddruk.com/postview.php?post=116712","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party\". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2008-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726144318/http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/wii/data/938140.html","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party\""},{"url":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/wii/data/938140.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party with Dance Pad\". Konami. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328041430/http://www.konami.com/Konami/ctl3810/cp20107/si2452890/cl1/dance_dance_revolution_hottest_party_with_dance_pad","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party with Dance Pad\""},{"url":"http://www.konami.com/Konami/ctl3810/cp20107/si2452890/cl1/dance_dance_revolution_hottest_party_with_dance_pad","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Finger Step-\". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok05.html","url_text":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Finger Step-\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Hello Kitty version-\". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok09.html","url_text":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Hello Kitty version-\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Dear Daniel version-\". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok11.html","url_text":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Dear Daniel version-\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Winnie the Pooh version-\". List of beat mania pocket series (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok20.html","url_text":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Winnie the Pooh version-\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 ??????\" (in Chinese). Play-Asia. Retrieved 2009-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.play-asia.com/paOS-13-71-dw-49-zh-70-3700.html","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 ??????\""}]},{"reference":"Leeper, Justin (April 2007). \"Dance Dance Revolution Universe\". Newtype USA. Vol. 6, no. 4. p. 128. ISSN 1541-4817.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-4817","url_text":"1541-4817"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Grooves\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129124106/http://wii.ign.com/objects/142/14287822.html","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Grooves\""},{"url":"http://wii.ign.com/objects/142/14287822.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DanceDanceRevolution Hottest Party 3 - Konami lässt die Hüften kreisen!\" [Konami can circle the hips!] (in German). Konami Digital Entertainment GmbH. 2010-02-18. Archived from the original on 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2010-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222014144/http://de.games.konami-europe.com/news.do?idNews=607","url_text":"\"DanceDanceRevolution Hottest Party 3 - Konami lässt die Hüften kreisen!\""},{"url":"http://de.games.konami-europe.com/news.do?idNews=607","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution: Hottest Party 5 for Wii - GameFAQs\". gamefaqs.gamespot.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/wii/646762-dance-dance-revolution-hottest-party-5","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution: Hottest Party 5 for Wii - GameFAQs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution 3D - Mobile Game\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072020/http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dancedancerevolution_mobile_mb","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution 3D - Mobile Game\""},{"url":"http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dancedancerevolution_mobile_mb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution - Mobile Game\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072006/http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dance_dance_revolution_mb","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution - Mobile Game\""},{"url":"http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dance_dance_revolution_mb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dancing Stage MegaMiX game overview\". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121249/http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=265","url_text":"\"Dancing Stage MegaMiX game overview\""},{"url":"http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=265","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dancing Stage Fever game overview\". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121924/http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=76","url_text":"\"Dancing Stage Fever game overview\""},{"url":"http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=76","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Classification Board database; Dancing Stage: Universe\". Retrieved 2008-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classification.gov.au/special.html?n=46&p=156&sTitle=dancing+stage&sMediaFilm=1&sMediaPublications=1&sMediaGames=1&sDateFromM=1&sDateFromY=1970&sDateToM=3&sDateToY=2008&record=224786","url_text":"\"Australian Classification Board database; Dancing Stage: Universe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Classification Board database search for \"Dance Dance Revolution\"\". Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classification.gov.au/special.html?n=46&p=156&search=1&sTitle=dance+dance+revolution&sMediaGames=1&sDateFromM=1&sDateFromY=1970&sDateToM=1&sDateToY=2008","url_text":"\"Australian Classification Board database search for \"Dance Dance Revolution\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dancing Stage: Hottest Party\". Nintendo Australia. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2008-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521234630/http://games.nintendo.com.au/title.php?id=1621","url_text":"\"Dancing Stage: Hottest Party\""},{"url":"http://games.nintendo.com.au/title.php?id=1621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DDR: DANCE WARS DEMO MOVIE\" – via www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/dancedancerevolution/videos/4772832552099/","url_text":"\"DDR: DANCE WARS DEMO MOVIE\""}]},{"reference":"\"DANCING STAGE SOLO (European Union Trademark No. 001236710) - TMDB\". tmdb.eu. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tmdb.eu/trademark/EU-001236710-dancing-stage-solo.html","url_text":"\"DANCING STAGE SOLO (European Union Trademark No. 001236710) - TMDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000 (Arcade) - The Cutting Room Floor\". tcrf.net. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tcrf.net/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Solo_2000_(Arcade)","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000 (Arcade) - The Cutting Room Floor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix Screenshots and Images from GameSpot\". GameFAQs. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox/image/914597.html","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix Screenshots and Images from GameSpot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix\". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601230248/http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/d/ddr/","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix\""},{"url":"http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/d/ddr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bemani PlayStation 2 Hardware\". System 16. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=831","url_text":"\"Bemani PlayStation 2 Hardware\""}]},{"reference":"nitroburr (October 8, 2019). \"Nobody thought this would happen!\". Reddit. Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/DanceDanceRevolution/comments/dezcul/nobody_thought_this_would_happen/","url_text":"\"Nobody thought this would happen!\""}]},{"reference":"Sam [@JUWUBEAT] (May 21, 2021). \"#DDR A at Playland in Hastings has been upgraded to a newer date code! This cab currently has the latest date code in Europe. Changes listed below! #DDRA #BEMANI #Hastings https://t.co/JJFkQKWpg2\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 2021-09-04. Retrieved 2022-12-14 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/JUWUBEAT/status/1395754755301986305","url_text":"\"#DDR A at Playland in Hastings has been upgraded to a newer date code! This cab currently has the latest date code in Europe. Changes listed below! #DDRA #BEMANI #Hastings https://t.co/JJFkQKWpg2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904124330/https://twitter.com/juwubeat/status/1395754755301986305","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Zanneth. \"DDR EXTREME CLARITY\". zanneth.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://zanneth.com/projects/clarity.html","url_text":"\"DDR EXTREME CLARITY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Link Version\". Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMIX (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.konami.jp/bemani/ddr/jp/am/ddr2nd/linkkit.html","url_text":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Link Version\""}]},{"reference":"\"This is the Club Version!\" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.konami.jp/am/bm2dx/club/","url_text":"\"This is the Club Version!\""}]},{"reference":"Ross (Islander). \"How to tell one third mix from another\". DDR Freak. Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ddrfreak.com/versions/thirdmix.php","url_text":"\"How to tell one third mix from another\""}]},{"reference":"David Smith. \"DDR Ultramix Stopped At The Border\". 1UP. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_zd1up/is_200311/ai_ziff112915/pg_1","url_text":"\"DDR Ultramix Stopped At The Border\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buy Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Xbox)\". Play-Asia. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.play-asia.com/paOS-13-71-8a-49-en-70-otl.html","url_text":"\"Buy Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Xbox)\""}]},{"reference":"Junior Asparagus. \"Konami Addresses Sync Issue in DDR SuperNOVA\". DDR Freak. Retrieved 2007-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ddrfreak.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=119534","url_text":"\"Konami Addresses Sync Issue in DDR SuperNOVA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dance_Dance_Revolution_video_games&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dance_Dance_Revolution_video_games#endnote_note.clubversion","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dance_Dance_Revolution_video_games#endnote_note.supernova","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dance_Dance_Revolution_video_games#endnote_note.ultramix","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://uk.shopping.com/Dancing-Stage-Disney-Mix/info","external_links_name":"\"Product information for Dancing Stage Disney MIX (Australian release)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080320024625/http://www.bemanistyle.com/index.php/news/ddr-supernova-2-us-arcade-version-released-638","external_links_name":"\"DDR Supernova 2 US Arcade version released!\""},{"Link":"http://www.bemanistyle.com/index.php/news/ddr-supernova-2-us-arcade-version-released-638","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041021045205/http://www.ddruk.com/postview.php?post=116712","external_links_name":"\"DDR Disney Dancing Museum translation guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.ddruk.com/postview.php?post=116712","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080726144318/http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/wii/data/938140.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/wii/data/938140.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328041430/http://www.konami.com/Konami/ctl3810/cp20107/si2452890/cl1/dance_dance_revolution_hottest_party_with_dance_pad","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party with Dance Pad\""},{"Link":"http://www.konami.com/Konami/ctl3810/cp20107/si2452890/cl1/dance_dance_revolution_hottest_party_with_dance_pad","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok05.html","external_links_name":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Finger Step-\""},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok09.html","external_links_name":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Hello Kitty version-\""},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok11.html","external_links_name":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Dear Daniel version-\""},{"Link":"http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ua4s-njm/bemani/bm_pok20.html","external_links_name":"\"Bemani Pocket Dance Dance Revolution -Winnie the Pooh version-\""},{"Link":"https://www.play-asia.com/paOS-13-71-dw-49-zh-70-3700.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 ??????\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-4817","external_links_name":"1541-4817"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090129124106/http://wii.ign.com/objects/142/14287822.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Grooves\""},{"Link":"http://wii.ign.com/objects/142/14287822.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100222014144/http://de.games.konami-europe.com/news.do?idNews=607","external_links_name":"\"DanceDanceRevolution Hottest Party 3 - Konami lässt die Hüften kreisen!\""},{"Link":"http://de.games.konami-europe.com/news.do?idNews=607","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/wii/646762-dance-dance-revolution-hottest-party-5","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution: Hottest Party 5 for Wii - GameFAQs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072020/http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dancedancerevolution_mobile_mb","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution 3D - Mobile Game\""},{"Link":"http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dancedancerevolution_mobile_mb","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072006/http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dance_dance_revolution_mb","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution - Mobile Game\""},{"Link":"http://mobile.gamezone.com/products/item/dance_dance_revolution_mb","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121249/http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=265","external_links_name":"\"Dancing Stage MegaMiX game overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=265","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121924/http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=76","external_links_name":"\"Dancing Stage Fever game overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.atari.com.au/games/overview.do?id=76","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.classification.gov.au/special.html?n=46&p=156&sTitle=dancing+stage&sMediaFilm=1&sMediaPublications=1&sMediaGames=1&sDateFromM=1&sDateFromY=1970&sDateToM=3&sDateToY=2008&record=224786","external_links_name":"\"Australian Classification Board database; Dancing Stage: Universe\""},{"Link":"http://www.classification.gov.au/special.html?n=46&p=156&search=1&sTitle=dance+dance+revolution&sMediaGames=1&sDateFromM=1&sDateFromY=1970&sDateToM=1&sDateToY=2008","external_links_name":"\"Australian Classification Board database search for \"Dance Dance Revolution\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521234630/http://games.nintendo.com.au/title.php?id=1621","external_links_name":"\"Dancing Stage: Hottest Party\""},{"Link":"http://games.nintendo.com.au/title.php?id=1621","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/dancedancerevolution/videos/4772832552099/","external_links_name":"\"DDR: DANCE WARS DEMO MOVIE\""},{"Link":"https://tmdb.eu/trademark/EU-001236710-dancing-stage-solo.html","external_links_name":"\"DANCING STAGE SOLO (European Union Trademark No. 001236710) - TMDB\""},{"Link":"https://tcrf.net/Dance_Dance_Revolution_Solo_2000_(Arcade)","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000 (Arcade) - The Cutting Room Floor\""},{"Link":"http://www.esrb.com/","external_links_name":"ESRB website"},{"Link":"http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox/image/914597.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix Screenshots and Images from GameSpot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601230248/http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/d/ddr/","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix\""},{"Link":"http://www.xbox.com/en-US/games/d/ddr/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.system16.com/hardware.php?id=831","external_links_name":"\"Bemani PlayStation 2 Hardware\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/DanceDanceRevolution/comments/dezcul/nobody_thought_this_would_happen/","external_links_name":"\"Nobody thought this would happen!\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/JUWUBEAT/status/1395754755301986305","external_links_name":"\"#DDR A at Playland in Hastings has been upgraded to a newer date code! This cab currently has the latest date code in Europe. Changes listed below! #DDRA #BEMANI #Hastings https://t.co/JJFkQKWpg2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904124330/https://twitter.com/juwubeat/status/1395754755301986305","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://zanneth.com/projects/clarity.html","external_links_name":"\"DDR EXTREME CLARITY\""},{"Link":"http://www.konami.jp/bemani/ddr/jp/am/ddr2nd/linkkit.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance Dance Revolution Link Version\""},{"Link":"http://www.konami.jp/am/bm2dx/club/","external_links_name":"\"This is the Club Version!\""},{"Link":"http://www.ddrfreak.com/versions/thirdmix.php","external_links_name":"\"How to tell one third mix from another\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_zd1up/is_200311/ai_ziff112915/pg_1","external_links_name":"\"DDR Ultramix Stopped At The Border\""},{"Link":"https://www.play-asia.com/paOS-13-71-8a-49-en-70-otl.html","external_links_name":"\"Buy Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Xbox)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ddrfreak.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=119534","external_links_name":"\"Konami Addresses Sync Issue in DDR SuperNOVA\""},{"Link":"https://zenius-i-vanisher.com/v5.2/games.php?seriesid=1","external_links_name":"DanceDanceRevolution/Dancing Stage Game Database"},{"Link":"http://www.ddrfreak.com/versions/listver.php","external_links_name":"All Versions, Songlists, FAQs, and Gamesaves"},{"Link":"http://www.system16.com/museum.php?id=5","external_links_name":"Konami Arcade Hardware"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detatarization_of_Crimea
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De-Tatarization of Crimea
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["1 Manifestations","1.1 Topography renaming","1.2 Propaganda","1.3 Amet-khan Airport","2 See also","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography","4 External links"]
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Parts of this article (those related to Manifestations) need to be updated. The reason given is: Putin's Conquest, https://books.google.com/books?id=xabnCwAAQBAJ. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023)
Ethnic maps of Crimea showing the percentage of Crimean Tatars in the peninsula by subdivision. The first map is based on data from the 1939 Soviet census before the deportation of Crimean Tatars in 1944 and the second from the 2014 Russian census.
The de-Tatarization of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: Qırımnıñ tatarsızlaştırıluvı; Russian: Детатаризация Крыма, romanized: Detatarizatsiya Kryma; Ukrainian: Детатаризація Криму, romanized: Detataryzatsiya Krymu) refers to the Soviet and Russian efforts to remove traces of the indigenous Crimean Tatar presence from the peninsula. De-Tatarization has been manifested in various ways throughout history, ranging from the full-scale deportation and exile of Crimean Tatars in 1944 to other measures such as the burning of Crimean Tatar books published in the 1920s and toponym renaming.
Manifestations
Topography renaming
Main article: Renaming of Crimean toponyms
The vast majority of districts, raions, villages, and geographic features in Crimea bearing Crimean Tatar names were given Slavic and communist names shortly after the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet regime, per a decree of the Crimean Regional Committee mandating such renaming. Most places in Crimea still bear the post-deportation names, many redundant, that were imposed in the 1940s to remove traces of Crimean Tatar existence. Very few localities – Bakhchysarai, Dzhankoy, İşün, Alushta, Alupka, and Saky – were given their original names back after the fall of the Soviet Union.
Propaganda
See also: Tatarophobia
Soviet party officials in Crimea indoctrinated the Slavic population of Crimea with Tatarophobia, depicting Crimean Tatars as "traitors", "bourgeoisie", or "counter-revolutionaries", and falsely implying that they were "Mongols" with no historical connection to the Crimean peninsula (despite their Greek, Italian, Armenian, and Gothic roots.) A 1948 conference in Crimea was dedicated to promoting and sharing anti-Crimean-Tatar sentiments.
Amet-khan Airport
See also: Amet-khan Sultan
The attempts to paint Amet-khan Sultan as a Dagestani contrary to his Crimean origins has faced backlash from the Crimean Tatar community. Despite the flying ace being born in Crimea to a Crimean Tatar mother and always identifying himself as Crimean Tatar, the Russian Federation named a Dagestani Airport after him while naming Crimea's main airport after Ivan Aivazovsky instead, ignoring numerous petitions from the Crimean Tatar community requesting that the airport bearing Amet-khan's name be in his homeland.
See also
Russian imperialism
Ethnic cleansing
Russification
Russification of Ukraine
References
Citations
^ Williams 2015, p. 111.
^ Polian, Pavel (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Central European University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-963-9241-68-8.
^ Allworth 1998, p. 14.
^ Bekirova, Gulnara (2005). Крым и крымские татары в XIX-XX веках: сборник статей (in Russian). Moscow. p. 242. ISBN 9785851670572. OCLC 605030537.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Williams 2001, p. 29.
^ Williams 2015, p. 114.
^ Williams 2015, p. 105-114, 121-123.
^ Allworth 1998, p. 227.
^ "Добро пожаловать в аэропорт "Амет-Хан Султан" города Симферополя!". Милли Фирка (in Russian). 2018-11-28. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
Bibliography
Williams, Brian (2001). The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Boston: BRILL. ISBN 9004121226. OCLC 803626761.
Williams, Brian (2015). The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190494711. OCLC 928643532.
Allworth, Edward (1998). The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents. London: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822319942. OCLC 799694940.
External links
Crimean Tatar language names of places in Crimea
vteCrimean Tatar exile (1944–1989)Key parts
Tatarophobia
Deportation
De-Tatarization of Crimea (Renaming of Crimean toponyms)
Decree 493
Letter of Seventeen
Tashkent Ten
Gromyko Commission
Fergana massacre
Repatriation
Perpetrators
Lavrentiy Beria
Joseph Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev
Leonid Brezhnev
Andrey Gromyko
Yodgor Nasriddinova
Sharof Rashidov
Rafiq Nishonov
Panteleimon Ponomarenko
Aleksey Kirichenko
Volodymyr Shcherbytsky
Petro Shelest
Abdul Menbariev
Seit Tairov
Nazim Osmanov
Civil rights movement
1968 Chirchik events
NDKT
OKND
Musa Mamut
Bekir Osmanov
Mustafa Selimov
Dzhebbar Akimov
Yuri Osmanov
Rollan Kadyev
Ayşe Seitmuratova
Mustafa Dzhemilev
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The first map is based on data from the 1939 Soviet census before the deportation of Crimean Tatars in 1944 and the second from the 2014 Russian census.The de-Tatarization of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: Qırımnıñ tatarsızlaştırıluvı; Russian: Детатаризация Крыма, romanized: Detatarizatsiya Kryma; Ukrainian: Детатаризація Криму, romanized: Detataryzatsiya Krymu) refers to the Soviet and Russian efforts to remove traces of the indigenous Crimean Tatar presence from the peninsula. De-Tatarization has been manifested in various ways throughout history, ranging from the full-scale deportation and exile of Crimean Tatars in 1944 to other measures such as the burning of Crimean Tatar books published in the 1920s and toponym renaming.[1]","title":"De-Tatarization of Crimea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vast majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83"},{"link_name":"raions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"Bakhchysarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhchysarai"},{"link_name":"Dzhankoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhankoy"},{"link_name":"İşün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)"},{"link_name":"Alushta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alushta"},{"link_name":"Alupka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alupka"},{"link_name":"Saky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saky"},{"link_name":"fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllworth199814-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Topography renaming","text":"The vast majority of districts, raions, villages, and geographic features in Crimea bearing Crimean Tatar names were given Slavic and communist names shortly after the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by the Soviet regime, per a decree of the Crimean Regional Committee mandating such renaming. Most places in Crimea still bear the post-deportation names, many redundant, that were imposed in the 1940s to remove traces of Crimean Tatar existence. Very few localities – Bakhchysarai, Dzhankoy, İşün, Alushta, Alupka, and Saky – were given their original names back after the fall of the Soviet Union.[2][3][4]","title":"Manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tatarophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarophobia"},{"link_name":"Tatarophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarophobia"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200129-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015114-6"}],"sub_title":"Propaganda","text":"See also: TatarophobiaSoviet party officials in Crimea indoctrinated the Slavic population of Crimea with Tatarophobia, depicting Crimean Tatars as \"traitors\", \"bourgeoisie\", or \"counter-revolutionaries\", and falsely implying that they were \"Mongols\" with no historical connection to the Crimean peninsula (despite their Greek, Italian, Armenian, and Gothic roots.)[5] A 1948 conference in Crimea was dedicated to promoting and sharing anti-Crimean-Tatar sentiments.[6]","title":"Manifestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amet-khan Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amet-khan_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Amet-khan Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amet-khan_Sultan"},{"link_name":"a Dagestani Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uytash_Airport"},{"link_name":"Crimea's main airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ivan Aivazovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2015105-114,_121-123-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllworth1998227-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Amet-khan Airport","text":"See also: Amet-khan SultanThe attempts to paint Amet-khan Sultan as a Dagestani contrary to his Crimean origins has faced backlash from the Crimean Tatar community. Despite the flying ace being born in Crimea to a Crimean Tatar mother and always identifying himself as Crimean Tatar, the Russian Federation named a Dagestani Airport after him while naming Crimea's main airport after Ivan Aivazovsky instead, ignoring numerous petitions from the Crimean Tatar community requesting that the airport bearing Amet-khan's name be in his homeland.[7][8][9]","title":"Manifestations"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Russian imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_imperialism"},{"title":"Ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"title":"Russification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"title":"Russification of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine"}]
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