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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairfax_Millions
The Fairfax Millions
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1980 filmThe Fairfax MillionsDirected byNikolai IlinskyWritten byNikolai IlinskyStarring Juozas Budraitis Gražina Baikštytė Ilmar Tammour CinematographyValery KvasMusic byEduard ArtemyevProductioncompanyDovzhenko Film StudiosRelease date 1980 (1980) Running time81 minutesCountrySoviet UnionLanguageRussian The Fairfax Millions (Russian: Миллионы Ферфакса, romanized: Milliony Ferfaksa) is a 1980 Soviet detective film directed by Nikolai Ilinsky based on Alan Winnington's novel of the same name. Plot An influential businessman, millionaire Anthony Fairfax, suffers from a serious illness. With the help of Dr. Jones, a heart transplant operation is performed on him using the heart taken from his brother. Paul Fairfax is a young scapegrace, who eagerly waits the death of Anthony, and is the only legitimate heir to his vast fortune. His heart is genetically the most suitable for transplantation, and on the advice of the doctors Anthony Fairfax agrees to a double murder - Paul and a certain Mr. Jackson, who is supposed to play the role of a donor. Russell Jones, Dr. of Fairfax is the lover of his young wife and receives an annual solid grant for research. Fearing that with the death of Anthony the payments will stop, he dreams of getting several hundred thousand pounds and going abroad. For greater confidence in success, he goes on deception and tells Fairfax about the practical completion of his work on creating an artificial heart. On the trail of criminals, with the help of Jones' former lover, the experienced inspector Percy Gallet, appointed by the ministry, comes around. He organizes a surveillance of the house, waits until Jones arrives, and is about to arrest both of them. Fairfax kills Jones, and his people murder Gallet. Evening news reports the culpability in all the murders of Dr. Russell Jones, allegedly suffering from manic psychosis. Cast Juozas Budraitis — Anthony Fairfax, a millionaire Grazhyna Baikshtite — Marilyn Fairfax, wife of Anthony Ilmar Tammour — Inspector Percy Gallet Alexander Martynov — Russell Jones, transplant surgeon Helga Dantzberg — Lucy Downtree Povilas Gaidis — Tiggy Downtree Gediminas Girdvainis — Sergeant Fitzgerald, Assistant Inspector Galleta Juris Strenga — George Burns Galina Loginova — Molly Firren, secretary of Dr. Jones Ivars Kalniņš — Paul Fairfax, brother of Antoni Vladimir Ehrenberg — Joshua Ward Milena Tontegode — Gully Yevgeny Vesnik — High Commissioner of Police Vladimir Tkachenko is Adjutant General Commex Dmitry Mirgorodsky — police detective Yuri Leonidov — General Cummins Volodymyr Talashko — Malcolm Treddic Vladimir Shakalo — Arthur Cook Paul Butkevich — Police Commissioner Lydia Chaschina — Elsa Jackson References ^ "Энциклопедия кино — МИЛЛИОНЫ ФЕРФАКСА". dic.academic.ru. ^ "Миллионы Ферфакса". Russia-K. External links The Fairfax Millions at IMDb This article related to a Soviet film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"detective film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_film"},{"link_name":"Alan Winnington's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Winnington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Fairfax Millions (Russian: Миллионы Ферфакса, romanized: Milliony Ferfaksa) is a 1980 Soviet detective film directed by Nikolai Ilinsky based on Alan Winnington's novel of the same name.[1][2]","title":"The Fairfax Millions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An influential businessman, millionaire Anthony Fairfax, suffers from a serious illness. With the help of Dr. Jones, a heart transplant operation is performed on him using the heart taken from his brother. Paul Fairfax is a young scapegrace, who eagerly waits the death of Anthony, and is the only legitimate heir to his vast fortune. His heart is genetically the most suitable for transplantation, and on the advice of the doctors Anthony Fairfax agrees to a double murder - Paul and a certain Mr. Jackson, who is supposed to play the role of a donor.Russell Jones, Dr. of Fairfax is the lover of his young wife and receives an annual solid grant for research. Fearing that with the death of Anthony the payments will stop, he dreams of getting several hundred thousand pounds and going abroad. For greater confidence in success, he goes on deception and tells Fairfax about the practical completion of his work on creating an artificial heart.On the trail of criminals, with the help of Jones' former lover, the experienced inspector Percy Gallet, appointed by the ministry, comes around. He organizes a surveillance of the house, waits until Jones arrives, and is about to arrest both of them. Fairfax kills Jones, and his people murder Gallet. Evening news reports the culpability in all the murders of Dr. Russell Jones, allegedly suffering from manic psychosis.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juozas Budraitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Budraitis"},{"link_name":"Juris Strenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Strenga"},{"link_name":"Galina Loginova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galina_Jovovich"},{"link_name":"Ivars Kalniņš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivars_Kalni%C5%86%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Vesnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Vesnik"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Talashko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Talashko"},{"link_name":"Paul Butkevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Butkevich"}],"text":"Juozas Budraitis — Anthony Fairfax, a millionaire\nGrazhyna Baikshtite — Marilyn Fairfax, wife of Anthony\nIlmar Tammour — Inspector Percy Gallet\nAlexander Martynov — Russell Jones, transplant surgeon\nHelga Dantzberg — Lucy Downtree\nPovilas Gaidis — Tiggy Downtree\nGediminas Girdvainis — Sergeant Fitzgerald, Assistant Inspector Galleta\nJuris Strenga — George Burns\nGalina Loginova — Molly Firren, secretary of Dr. Jones\nIvars Kalniņš — Paul Fairfax, brother of Antoni\nVladimir Ehrenberg — Joshua Ward\nMilena Tontegode — Gully\nYevgeny Vesnik — High Commissioner of Police\nVladimir Tkachenko is Adjutant General Commex\nDmitry Mirgorodsky — police detective\nYuri Leonidov — General Cummins\nVolodymyr Talashko — Malcolm Treddic\nVladimir Shakalo — Arthur Cook\nPaul Butkevich — Police Commissioner\nLydia Chaschina — Elsa Jackson","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerviano
Concerviano
["1 References"]
Comune in Lazio, ItalyConcervianoComuneComune di Concerviano Coat of armsLocation of Concerviano ConcervianoLocation of Concerviano in ItalyShow map of ItalyConcervianoConcerviano (Lazio)Show map of LazioCoordinates: 42°19′N 12°59′E / 42.317°N 12.983°E / 42.317; 12.983CountryItalyRegionLazioProvinceRieti (RI)FrazioniCenciara, Pratoianni, VaccarecciaGovernment • MayorPierluigi BuzziArea • Total21.39 km2 (8.26 sq mi)Elevation560 m (1,840 ft)Population (30 June 2017) • Total277 • Density13/km2 (34/sq mi)DemonymConcervianesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code02020Dialing code0765Patron saintSt. NicholasSaint day6 DecemberWebsiteOfficial website Concerviano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Latium, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Rome and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Rieti. Its frazione Pratoianni is the site of the Benedictine Territorial Abbacy of San Salvatore Maggiore. References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. vteLazio · Comuni of the Province of Rieti Accumoli Amatrice Antrodoco Ascrea Belmonte in Sabina Borbona Borgo Velino Borgorose Cantalice Cantalupo in Sabina Casaprota Casperia Castel Sant'Angelo Castel di Tora Castelnuovo di Farfa Cittaducale Cittareale Collalto Sabino Colle di Tora Collegiove Collevecchio Colli sul Velino Concerviano Configni Contigliano Cottanello Fara in Sabina Fiamignano Forano Frasso Sabino Greccio Labro Leonessa Longone Sabino Magliano Sabina Marcetelli Micigliano Mompeo Montasola Monte San Giovanni in Sabina Montebuono Monteleone Sabino Montenero Sabino Montopoli di Sabina Morro Reatino Nespolo Orvinio Paganico Sabino Pescorocchiano Petrella Salto Poggio Bustone Poggio Catino Poggio Mirteto Poggio Moiano Poggio Nativo Poggio San Lorenzo Posta Pozzaglia Sabina Rieti Rivodutri Rocca Sinibalda Roccantica Salisano Scandriglia Selci Stimigliano Tarano Toffia Torri in Sabina Torricella in Sabina Turania Vacone Varco Sabino Authority control databases VIAF This Lazio location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Louise_Fisher
Terry Louise Fisher
["1 Early career","2 Television career","2.1 Early years","2.2 L.A. Law","2.3 Post-L.A. Law","3 References","4 External links"]
American novelist Terry Louise FisherBorn (1946-02-21) February 21, 1946 (age 78)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.EducationUCLA School of LawOccupation(s)Screenwriter and producerYears active1982–2002 Terry Louise Fisher (born February 21, 1946) is an American former TV screenwriter and producer. During her career, she won three Primetime Emmy Awards from seven nominations. Early career Fisher was born in Chicago, Illinois and attended UCLA School of Law in 1968. She later worked for the Los Angeles District Attorney's office and moved from that into Entertainment Law. While a Los Angeles lawyer, Fisher wrote two novels, both published by the Warner Publishing Company. The first, entitled A Class Act, was published in 1976. The second, entitled Good Behavior, was published in 1979. Both are no longer in print. After ten years in the law field, Fisher decided to pursue her true passion of writing full-time and quit practicing law. Television career Early years She began her television career as a writer and producer for the CBS police procedural Cagney & Lacey in 1982. Between 1983 and 1987, she wrote for other series and television films. In 1985, she left Cagney & Lacey, but returned many years later for the series' reunion films Cagney and Lacey: The Return (1994) and Cagney and Lacey: Together Again (1995), both of which she co-wrote. L.A. Law Fisher's most notable series was L.A. Law, which she co-created with producer Steven Bochco. She served as a supervising producer and writer for many of the series early episodes. Her writing for the series won her a shared Primetime Emmy Award in 1987, and two additional shared nominations in 1988. In 1988, a legal battle with Steven Bochco led to her departure from the series, when a negotiation for her to take over Bochco's role as the series' executive producer failed, and she was banned from the set. Prior to this, she had also co-created the comedy-drama series Hooperman with Bochco in 1987. The series starred John Ritter and ran for two seasons on ABC. During the time, she had signed a feature agreement (by way of Fisher Entertainment Group) with The Walt Disney Studios in 1987. Post-L.A. Law Fisher wrote the 1992 short-lived summer series 2000 Malibu Road, which was produced by Aaron Spelling and directed by Joel Schumacher. She later took part in the production of a highly anticipated primetime soap opera pilot, entitled Daughters of Eve, which was to star Sophia Loren and premiere during the 1995-1996 television season. However, the series was not picked up. References ^ "Terry Louise Fisher". Television Academy. Retrieved November 4, 2018. ^ "Articles about Terry Louise Fisher". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 4, 2018. ^ "'LA Law' Co-Creater Fisher Inks With Disney". Variety. 1987-08-19. p. 25. External links Terry Louise Fisher at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynteg_School
Brynteg School
["1 History","1.1 Bridgend Intermediate School (1896-1935)","1.2 Single sex education (1935-1971)","1.3 Heolgam County Secondary School (1948-1971)","1.4 Brynteg Comprehensive School (1971)","2 Admissions","3 Facilities","4 Headteachers","5 Sport","6 Academic performance","7 Traditions","8 Feeder schools","9 Notable former pupils","9.1 Politics","9.2 Rugby union","9.3 Rugby league","9.4 Journalism","9.5 Olympic champions","9.6 Other","10 Former teachers","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°29′53″N 3°34′39″W / 51.49793°N 3.5776°W / 51.49793; -3.5776 Co-educational secondary comprehensive school in Bridgend, WalesBrynteg SchoolYsgol BryntegAddressEwenny RoadBridgend, CF31 3ERWalesCoordinates51°29′53″N 3°34′39″W / 51.49793°N 3.5776°W / 51.49793; -3.5776InformationTypeCo-educational secondary comprehensiveMottoA fo ben bid bontEstablished1896 (Bridgend Intermediate)1971 (Brynteg Comprehensive)Local authorityBridgend County BoroughAge11 to 18Websitehttp://www.bryntegschool.co.uk Brynteg School (Welsh: Ysgol Brynteg) is one of the largest secondary schools in Wales. It is located on Ewenny Road in Bridgend, Wales. The school is one of seven comprehensive schools in the County Borough of Bridgend and mainly receives pupils from the Brackla, Litchard and Town Centre (Morfa) areas. History Brynteg, whilst not becoming a comprehensive school until 1971, can trace its roots and history back to 1896. Bridgend Intermediate School (1896-1935) The Bridgend Intermediate School in Morfa Street (now Penybont Primary School) was opened on 21 September 1896. The boys' section of the school was opened by South Glamorganshire MP Arthur John Williams, while the girls' section was opened by Lady Rachel Wyndham-Quinn, daughter of Lord Dynraven, who had donated land for the school. The school's fees were £1 5s per term in addition to stationary costs of 1s 18d per term plus text books which pupils were charged a 25% discount. By 1904 the school had exceeded its planned capacity of 120. In 1907 there were 276 pupils (116 boys and 92 girls). Over the coming years various extensions and alterations were made to the school and individual classrooms to help accommodate growing pupil numbers. Pupil numbers reached 500 by 1931. Single sex education (1935-1971) As pupil numbers continued to grow a new 15 acre site was identified off Ewenny Road and a new school (renamed Bridgend Grammar School for Boys in 1945) was built and opened in 1935 at the cost of £25,000 (almost £1.8 million in 2020). The school was built on the site of Brynteg House. The official opening ceremony of the new school took place on 26 September 1935 and was attended by Oliver Stanley, president of the Board of Education. Girls meanwhile continued to be taught at the original site where their numbers increased from 260 in 1935 to 360 in 1946 under their headmistress E N Evans. The school eventually became The Girls Grammar School Heolgam County Secondary School (1948-1971) A mile away from the new boys' school, Heolgam County Secondary School opened in July 1948 with 250 pupils and 12 staff. When the school opened The Glamorgan Gazette described it as having “Six classrooms, a science room, a lecture room, two large gymnasiums, wood and metal work rooms, an art and craft room, two domestic science rooms, dining halls, offices and a large Assembly Hall with a good sized stage.” Heolgam expanded rapidly and an additional five classrooms were built in 1954. The school continued until its closure on 31 August 1971. Head teachers of Heolgam County Secondary School Gwyn I Thomas, Jan 1948 – Feb 1954 A M Graville, Feb 1954 – Easter 1966 C H Nicholls, Sept 1966 – July 1970 G Mead, July 1970 – August 1971 Brynteg Comprehensive School (1971) The merger of Bridgend Boys' Grammar School and Heolgam Secondary School took place on 1 September 1971 and Brynteg Comprehensive School was formed, with Heolgam serving as the lower school (forms I to III/years 7-9) and the old Boys' Grammar school serving as the upper school (forms IV to VI/years 10-13). Pupils travelled between the two sites using local roads and footpaths until the construction of an internal footpath in the early 1990s. Admissions Brynteg is one of the largest schools in South Wales with 1,584 students at its last inspection in December 2016. The student body is divided into five year groups and two sixth form years. Date Pupil Numbers Staff 1971 1,266 63 1975 1,324 75 1985 1,730 97 1998 1,812 105 + 6(P/T) = FTE of 108.9 September 2003 2,068 115 + 12(P/T) = FTE of 120.7 September 2009 1,960 105 + 24(P/T) = FTE of 118.3 December 2016 1,584 2023 1,627 Pupil Teacher Ratio = 17.1 Facilities The school is located on Ewenny Road (B4265) close to the roundabout with the A48, opposite the Heronsbridge School which shares some architectural qualities with the Upper School. Brynteg has two rugby pitches, a cricket field, a gravel hockey pitch, tennis courts and a large indoor sports hall. In recent years, the school saw the construction of a new 13-room maths block, a ten-room science block (opened in 2000) and a 12-room foreign language block (opened 2002), all built between Lower and Upper School. Between 2003 and 2009 a further eight classrooms were built: a four-room art block a four-room English block. Recent Estyn reports have criticised the school for a reliance on temporary classrooms (portacabins) with 17 in 2009, down from 23 in 2003. In September 2019 the school reorganised with the former lower school site becoming the languages, literacy and communication centre, while the former upper school site became the humanities centre. Mathematics and sciences remain taught in their own buildings. The former modern languages block was converted into the pupil well-being and reception centre which houses the main school reception, the headteacher, the pupil support team, the school nurse, careers advisor and the school counsellor. Headteachers John Rankin, 1896-1929 W E Thomas, 1929-1953 Haden Jones, 1953-1960 Frank J Anthony, 1960-1969 Trevor H Thomas, 1969-1979 Bill Rowlands, 1978-1991 Chris Davies, 1991-2010 David Jenkins, 2010-2017 Ryan Davies, 2017–present Sport The school is known for rugby union, and several former pupils have played for Wales and for the British and Irish Lions. Academic performance In regards to examination performance records, the school is also favourable academically with 75% of GCSE students achieving 5 A*–C grades in their examinations. Brynteg is also a venue for the Welsh Baccaulaureate, a new qualification offered to Welsh students studying at GCSE, A2 and AS Level. Traditions The school motto is in Welsh A fo ben bid bont which translates as "To be a leader, be a bridge". Traditionally, year 8 write and hold the school's harvest assembly in October. The school holds a Remembrance Day service on or as close to 11 November every year during which the names of 87 former pupils who died in conflicts are read out. Feeder schools Brackla Primary School Litchard Primary School Oldcastle Primary School Penybont Primary School Tremains Primary School Maes Yr Haul Primary School Notable former pupils This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (April 2020) See also: Category:People educated at Ysgol Brynteg Politics Garfield Davies, trade unionist and Labour peer. Janice Gregory, former Welsh Labour Assembly Member and chief whip Carwyn Jones, former First Minister for Wales Maria Miller, Conservative MP for Basingstoke, former secretary of state for culture, media and sport Jamie Wallis, Conservative MP for Bridgend Rugby union Melbourne Thomas, (Bridgend, St. Bats), Wales, 6 caps 1919–1924 Jack Matthews, (Cardiff), Wales, 17 caps 1947–1951, British Lions, 6 caps 1950 Ken Richards, (Bridgend), Wales, 5 caps 1960–61 J. P. R. Williams (Bridgend, London Welsh), Wales, 55 caps 1969–1981, British Lions, 8 caps 1971 & 1974 Gareth Powell Williams (Bridgend), Wales, 5 caps 1981–1982 Mike Hall (Cardiff), Wales, (Captain) 42 caps 1988–1995, British Lions, 1 cap 1989 Neil Boobyer, (Llanelli RFC), Wales, 7 caps 1993-1999 Rob Howley (Bridgend, Cardiff, Wasps), Wales, (Captain) 59 caps 1995–2002, British Lions, 2 caps 1997 & 2001 Dafydd James (Bridgend, etc.), Wales, 49 caps 1995–2007, British Lions, 3 caps 2001 Nathan Thomas, (Bridgend, Cardiff Blues, Scarlets), Wales 9 caps 1996-1998 Gavin Henson (Swansea, Ospreys), Wales, 33 caps 2001–, British Lions, 1 cap 2005 James Bater, (Llanelli Scarlets), Wales, 1 cap 2003 Gareth John Williams, (Cardiff Blues), Wales, 9 caps 2003–2011 Josh Navidi, (Cardiff Blues), Wales, 16 cap 2013– Rhys Webb, (Ospreys), wales 5 caps 2012– Tom Habberfield, (Ospreys) Matthew Morgan, (Ospreys, Bristol, Cardiff Blues), Wales, 5 caps 2014– Scott Baldwin, (Ospreys, Harlequins), Wales, 34 caps 2013– Rugby league Kevin Ellis (Warrington Wolves), Wales, 15 caps 1991-2004, Great Britain, 1 cap 1991 Ollie Olds (Leeds Rhinos), Wales, 1 cap 2012– Ben Evans (Warrington Wolves), Wales, 4 caps 2012– Rhys Evans (Warrington Wolves), Wales, 3 caps 2013– Journalism Paul Burston, British journalist, author, broadcaster and curator Rebecca John, BBC Wales Today presenter/reporter Olympic champions Nicole Cooke, road bicycle racer, Olympic champion 2008 Helen Miles, 100m sprinter, Olympic Games (1988), Commonwealth Games (1986), European Junior Games (1985) Other Keith Burnett, vice-chancellor of the University of Sheffield since 2007, professor of physics at the University of Oxford from 1996 to 2007 Michael Brown, vice-chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University since 2000 Aled Miles, businessman Robert Minhinnick, poet Ronald Lewis, actor Gary Owen, playwright John V. Tucker, computer scientist Maggie O'Farrell, novelist. Callum MacLeod, Love Island series 5 Former teachers Wayne David, Labour MP for Caerphilly Lynn Davies Olympic champion (long jump) 1964 Tokyo Games (Bridgend Grammar School PE teacher) Notes ^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ Names and dates up until 1978 are taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ As Heol Gam Secondary Modern School ^ As Bridgend Grammar School for Girls. ^ a b c d As Bridgend Grammar School for Boys. References ^ a b c Pupil and staff numbers taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986, ^ Pupil numbers taken from 2003 inspection referencing the growth in pupil numbers, ^ Report on the inspection under section 10 of the school inspection act 1996: Brynteg Comprehensive School, 2–6 February 1998 ^ "Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School" (PDF). Estyn. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School" (PDF). Estyn. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School" (PDF). Estyn. December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Annual Report, February 2024". Brynteg School. ^ "Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School" (PDF). Estyn. December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ 2003, 2009 and 2016 reports ^ "Head's Blog 21st June 2019 – Brynteg Headteacher". ^ "Head's Blog 4th October 2019 – Brynteg Headteacher". ^ "A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School" (PDF). Estyn. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School" (PDF). Estyn. December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Half Term letter to parents" (PDF). Brynteg School. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "Profile: Behind the scenes at the school of Welsh rugby greats". ITV Wales. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Profile: Brynteg School News". Brynteg School. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Profile: Lord Davies of Coity obituary". The Guardian. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Profile: Carwyn Jones". BBC Wales. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2009. ^ Cornock, David (14 November 2011). "The next Tory Welsh Secretary?". BBC News. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ Bolter, Abby (17 May 2017). "General Election 2017: Who are the candidates standing in Ogmore?". walesonline. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "Player – LLANELLI RFC". Retrieved 26 April 2020. Education Brynteg Comprehensive School, Bridgend ^ "New signings at the double!". Warrington Worldwide. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2020. They are the latest set of players from the valleys to play for Warrington, joining a list that includes Jonathan Davies, Allan Bateman and Kevin Ellis amongst others. ^ "Young Olds on trial for Super new club". walesonline. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ a b "Rugby league: Warrington sign up Bridgend twins Ben and Rhys Evans". walesonline. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "Paul Burston". Creative Writing Prompt Contests. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "11/08/08: Former Brynteg Pupil Wins Olympic Gold". 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2020. ^ "O'Farrell, Margaret Helen, (Maggie), (Born 27 May 1972), author". Who's Who. 2012. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U255580. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. ^ Cooke, Nicole (31 July 2014). The Breakaway. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781471130366. Retrieved 26 April 2020. External links Estyn Reports Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend"},{"link_name":"Brackla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackla"}],"text":"Co-educational secondary comprehensive school in Bridgend, WalesBrynteg School (Welsh: Ysgol Brynteg) is one of the largest secondary schools in Wales. It is located on Ewenny Road in Bridgend, Wales. The school is one of seven comprehensive schools in the County Borough of Bridgend and mainly receives pupils from the Brackla, Litchard and Town Centre (Morfa) areas.","title":"Brynteg School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Brynteg, whilst not becoming a comprehensive school until 1971, can trace its roots and history back to 1896.[n 1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penybont Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bridgend"},{"link_name":"Arthur John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_John_Williams"},{"link_name":"Lady Rachel Wyndham-Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham_Wyndham-Quin,_4th_Earl_of_Dunraven_and_Mount-Earl"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Bridgend Intermediate School (1896-1935)","text":"The Bridgend Intermediate School in Morfa Street (now Penybont Primary School) was opened on 21 September 1896. The boys' section of the school was opened by South Glamorganshire MP Arthur John Williams, while the girls' section was opened by Lady Rachel Wyndham-Quinn, daughter of Lord Dynraven, who had donated land for the school. The school's fees were £1 5s per term in addition to stationary costs of 1s 18d per term plus text books which pupils were charged a 25% discount.By 1904 the school had exceeded its planned capacity of 120. In 1907 there were 276 pupils (116 boys and 92 girls). Over the coming years various extensions and alterations were made to the school and individual classrooms to help accommodate growing pupil numbers. Pupil numbers reached 500 by 1931.[n 2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stanley"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Single sex education (1935-1971)","text":"As pupil numbers continued to grow a new 15 acre site was identified off Ewenny Road and a new school (renamed Bridgend Grammar School for Boys in 1945) was built and opened in 1935 at the cost of £25,000 (almost £1.8 million in 2020). The school was built on the site of Brynteg House. The official opening ceremony of the new school took place on 26 September 1935 and was attended by Oliver Stanley, president of the Board of Education.\nGirls meanwhile continued to be taught at the original site where their numbers increased from 260 in 1935 to 360 in 1946 under their headmistress E N Evans. The school eventually became The Girls Grammar School[n 3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Heolgam County Secondary School (1948-1971)","text":"A mile away from the new boys' school, Heolgam County Secondary School opened in July 1948 with 250 pupils and 12 staff. When the school opened The Glamorgan Gazette described it as having“Six classrooms, a science room, a lecture room, two large gymnasiums, wood and metal work rooms, an art and craft room, two domestic science rooms, dining halls, offices and a large Assembly Hall with a good sized stage.”Heolgam expanded rapidly and an additional five classrooms were built in 1954.\nThe school continued until its closure on 31 August 1971.[n 4]Head teachers of Heolgam County Secondary SchoolGwyn I Thomas, Jan 1948 – Feb 1954\nA M Graville, Feb 1954 – Easter 1966\nC H Nicholls, Sept 1966 – July 1970\nG Mead, July 1970 – August 1971","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Brynteg Comprehensive School (1971)","text":"The merger of Bridgend Boys' Grammar School and Heolgam Secondary School took place on 1 September 1971 and Brynteg Comprehensive School was formed, with Heolgam serving as the lower school (forms I to III/years 7-9) and the old Boys' Grammar school serving as the upper school (forms IV to VI/years 10-13). Pupils travelled between the two sites using local roads and footpaths until the construction of an internal footpath in the early 1990s.[n 5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brynteg is one of the largest schools in South Wales with 1,584 students at its last inspection in December 2016.The student body is divided into five year groups and two sixth form years.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A48_road"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Estyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estyn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The school is located on Ewenny Road (B4265) close to the roundabout with the A48, opposite the Heronsbridge School which shares some architectural qualities with the Upper School. Brynteg has two rugby pitches, a cricket field, a gravel hockey pitch, tennis courts and a large indoor sports hall. In recent years,[when?] the school saw the construction of a new 13-room maths block, a ten-room science block (opened in 2000) and a 12-room foreign language block (opened 2002), all built between Lower and Upper School.Between 2003 and 2009 a further eight classrooms were built: a four-room art block a four-room English block.[8]Recent Estyn reports have criticised the school for a reliance on temporary classrooms (portacabins)[9] with 17 in 2009, down from 23 in 2003.In September 2019 the school reorganised with the former lower school site becoming the languages, literacy and communication centre, while the former upper school site became the humanities centre. Mathematics and sciences remain taught in their own buildings.[10]The former modern languages block was converted into the pupil well-being and reception centre[11] which houses the main school reception, the headteacher, the pupil support team, the school nurse, careers advisor and the school counsellor.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"John Rankin, 1896-1929\nW E Thomas, 1929-1953\nHaden Jones, 1953-1960\nFrank J Anthony, 1960-1969\nTrevor H Thomas, 1969-1979\nBill Rowlands, 1978-1991 [n 6]\nChris Davies, 1991-2010 [12]\nDavid Jenkins, 2010-2017 [13]\nRyan Davies, 2017–present [14]","title":"Headteachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"British and Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The school is known for rugby union, and several former pupils have played for Wales and for the British and Irish Lions.[15]","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh Baccaulaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Baccalaureate_Qualification"}],"text":"In regards to examination performance records, the school is also favourable academically with 75% of GCSE students achieving 5 A*–C grades in their examinations.Brynteg is also a venue for the Welsh Baccaulaureate, a new qualification offered to Welsh students studying at GCSE, A2 and AS Level.","title":"Academic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The school motto is in Welsh A fo ben bid bont which translates as \"To be a leader, be a bridge\". Traditionally, year 8 write and hold the school's harvest assembly in October.The school holds a Remembrance Day service on or as close to 11 November every year during which the names of 87 former pupils who died in conflicts are read out.[16]","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brackla Primary School\nLitchard Primary School\nOldcastle Primary School\nPenybont Primary School\nTremains Primary School\nMaes Yr Haul Primary School","title":"Feeder schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Ysgol Brynteg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Ysgol_Brynteg"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Ysgol Brynteg","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garfield Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Davies,_Baron_Davies_of_Coity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[n 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Janice Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Gregory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynteg_School#endnote_b"},{"link_name":"[n 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Carwyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carwyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"First Minister for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCWalesBio-26"},{"link_name":"Maria Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Miller"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jamie Wallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Wallis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Garfield Davies, trade unionist and Labour peer.[17] [n 7]\nJanice Gregory, former Welsh Labour Assembly Member and chief whip [1] [n 8]\nCarwyn Jones, former First Minister for Wales[18]\nMaria Miller, Conservative MP for Basingstoke, former secretary of state for culture, media and sport[19]\nJamie Wallis, Conservative MP for Bridgend[20]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Jack Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Matthews_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Ken Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Richards"},{"link_name":"J. P. R. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._R._Williams"},{"link_name":"Gareth Powell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Williams_(rugby_union,_born_1954)"},{"link_name":"Mike Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hall_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Neil Boobyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Boobyer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Rob Howley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Howley"},{"link_name":"Dafydd James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_James"},{"link_name":"Nathan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Thomas_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Gavin Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Henson"},{"link_name":"James Bater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bater"},{"link_name":"Gareth John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Williams_(rugby_union,_born_1978)"},{"link_name":"Josh Navidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Navidi"},{"link_name":"Rhys Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Webb"},{"link_name":"Tom Habberfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Habberfield"},{"link_name":"Matthew Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Morgan_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Rugby union","text":"Melbourne Thomas, (Bridgend, St. Bats), Wales, 6 caps 1919–1924\nJack Matthews, (Cardiff), Wales, 17 caps 1947–1951, British Lions, 6 caps 1950\nKen Richards, (Bridgend), Wales, 5 caps 1960–61\nJ. P. R. Williams (Bridgend, London Welsh), Wales, 55 caps 1969–1981, British Lions, 8 caps 1971 & 1974\nGareth Powell Williams (Bridgend), Wales, 5 caps 1981–1982\nMike Hall (Cardiff), Wales, (Captain) 42 caps 1988–1995, British Lions, 1 cap 1989\nNeil Boobyer, (Llanelli RFC), Wales, 7 caps 1993-1999[21]\nRob Howley (Bridgend, Cardiff, Wasps), Wales, (Captain) 59 caps 1995–2002, British Lions, 2 caps 1997 & 2001\nDafydd James (Bridgend, etc.), Wales, 49 caps 1995–2007, British Lions, 3 caps 2001\nNathan Thomas, (Bridgend, Cardiff Blues, Scarlets), Wales 9 caps 1996-1998\nGavin Henson (Swansea, Ospreys), Wales, 33 caps 2001–, British Lions, 1 cap 2005\nJames Bater, (Llanelli Scarlets), Wales, 1 cap 2003\nGareth John Williams, (Cardiff Blues), Wales, 9 caps 2003–2011\nJosh Navidi, (Cardiff Blues), Wales, 16 cap 2013–\nRhys Webb, (Ospreys), wales 5 caps 2012–\nTom Habberfield, (Ospreys)\nMatthew Morgan, (Ospreys, Bristol, Cardiff Blues), Wales, 5 caps 2014–\nScott Baldwin, (Ospreys, Harlequins), Wales, 34 caps 2013–[citation needed]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ellis_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ollie Olds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollie_Olds"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Ben Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Evans_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-32"},{"link_name":"Rhys Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Evans"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evans-32"}],"sub_title":"Rugby league","text":"Kevin Ellis (Warrington Wolves), Wales, 15 caps 1991-2004, Great Britain, 1 cap 1991[22]\nOllie Olds (Leeds Rhinos), Wales, 1 cap 2012–[23]\nBen Evans (Warrington Wolves), Wales, 4 caps 2012–[24]\nRhys Evans (Warrington Wolves), Wales, 3 caps 2013–[24]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Burston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Burston"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Rebecca John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_John"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Journalism","text":"Paul Burston, British journalist, author, broadcaster and curator[25]\nRebecca John, BBC Wales Today presenter/reporter[citation needed]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicole Cooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Cooke"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Helen Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Miles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Olympic champions","text":"Nicole Cooke, road bicycle racer, Olympic champion 2008[26]\nHelen Miles, 100m sprinter, Olympic Games (1988), Commonwealth Games (1986), European Junior Games (1985)[citation needed]","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Burnett"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Michael Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brown_(JMU)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridgend4Boys-35"},{"link_name":"Aled Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aled_Miles"},{"link_name":"Robert Minhinnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Minhinnick"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridgend4Boys-35"},{"link_name":"Ronald Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Lewis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridgend4Boys-35"},{"link_name":"Gary Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Owen_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"John V. Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V._Tucker"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridgend4Boys-35"},{"link_name":"Maggie O'Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_O%27Farrell"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Callum MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Island_(2015_TV_series,_series_5)"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Keith Burnett, vice-chancellor of the University of Sheffield since 2007, professor of physics at the University of Oxford from 1996 to 2007\nMichael Brown, vice-chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University since 2000 [n 9]\nAled Miles, businessman\nRobert Minhinnick, poet [n 9]\nRonald Lewis, actor [n 9]\nGary Owen, playwright\nJohn V. Tucker, computer scientist [n 9]\nMaggie O'Farrell, novelist.[27]\nCallum MacLeod, Love Island series 5","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wayne David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_David"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lynn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Davies"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Wayne David, Labour MP for Caerphilly[citation needed]\nLynn Davies Olympic champion (long jump) 1964 Tokyo Games (Bridgend Grammar School PE teacher)[28]","title":"Former teachers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bridgend4Boys_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bridgend4Boys_35-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bridgend4Boys_35-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bridgend4Boys_35-3"}],"text":"^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986,\n\n^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986,\n\n^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986,\n\n^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986,\n\n^ Taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986,\n\n^ Names and dates up until 1978 are taken from Brynteg: From a Fair Hill, Published 1986,\n\n^ As Heol Gam Secondary Modern School\n\n^ As Bridgend Grammar School for Girls.\n\n^ a b c d As Bridgend Grammar School for Boys.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\" (PDF). Estyn. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bryntegschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Inspection-Report_Brynteg-School_ENG_2009_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\" (PDF). Estyn. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bryntegschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Inspection-Report_Brynteg-School_ENG_2009_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\" (PDF). Estyn. December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estyn.gov.wales/sites/www.estyn.gov.wales/files/documents/Brynteg%20Comprehensive%20School_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report, February 2024\". Brynteg School.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bryntegschool.co.uk/attachments/download.asp?file=118&type=pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report, February 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\" (PDF). Estyn. December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estyn.gov.wales/sites/www.estyn.gov.wales/files/documents/Brynteg%20Comprehensive%20School_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Profile:A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Head's Blog 21st June 2019 – Brynteg Headteacher\".","urls":[{"url":"http://headteacher.bryntegschool.co.uk/uncategorised/heads-blog-21st-june-2019/","url_text":"\"Head's Blog 21st June 2019 – Brynteg Headteacher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Head's Blog 4th October 2019 – Brynteg Headteacher\".","urls":[{"url":"http://headteacher.bryntegschool.co.uk/uncategorised/heads-blog-4th-october-2019/","url_text":"\"Head's Blog 4th October 2019 – Brynteg Headteacher\""}]},{"reference":"\"A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\" (PDF). Estyn. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bryntegschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Inspection-Report_Brynteg-School_ENG_2009_0.pdf","url_text":"\"A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\""}]},{"reference":"\"A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\" (PDF). Estyn. December 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.estyn.gov.wales/sites/www.estyn.gov.wales/files/documents/Brynteg%20Comprehensive%20School_1.pdf","url_text":"\"A report on the quality of education in Brynteg Comprehensive School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Half Term letter to parents\" (PDF). Brynteg School. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bryntegschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Half-Term-letter-to-parents.pdf","url_text":"\"Half Term letter to parents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Behind the scenes at the school of Welsh rugby greats\". ITV Wales. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2015-09-17/behind-the-scenes-at-the-school-of-welsh-rugby-greats/","url_text":"\"Profile: Behind the scenes at the school of Welsh rugby greats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Brynteg School News\". Brynteg School. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bryntegschool.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Online-News-Bulletin-65-17th-November-2017.pdf/","url_text":"\"Profile: Brynteg School News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Lord Davies of Coity obituary\". The Guardian. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/13/lord-davies-of-coity-obituary","url_text":"\"Profile: Lord Davies of Coity obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Carwyn Jones\". BBC Wales. 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/wales_politics/8388696.stm","url_text":"\"Profile: Carwyn Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Cornock, David (14 November 2011). \"The next Tory Welsh Secretary?\". BBC News. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-15717488","url_text":"\"The next Tory Welsh Secretary?\""}]},{"reference":"Bolter, Abby (17 May 2017). \"General Election 2017: Who are the candidates standing in Ogmore?\". walesonline. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-who-candidates-13050217","url_text":"\"General Election 2017: Who are the candidates standing in Ogmore?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player – LLANELLI RFC\". Retrieved 26 April 2020. Education Brynteg Comprehensive School, Bridgend","urls":[{"url":"http://www.llanellirfc.co.uk/player?id=100419&authtoken=NEYyMDg1QTEtMTFENi00NUJFLUJENDUtQjhGN0MxMEREMzEx&teamid=MTA0MTcw","url_text":"\"Player – LLANELLI RFC\""}]},{"reference":"\"New signings at the double!\". Warrington Worldwide. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2020. They are the latest set of players from the valleys to play for Warrington, joining a list that includes Jonathan Davies, Allan Bateman and Kevin Ellis amongst others.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warrington-worldwide.co.uk/2009/01/15/new-signings-at-the-double/","url_text":"\"New signings at the double!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Olds on trial for Super new club\". walesonline. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/young-olds-trial-super-new-1823870","url_text":"\"Young Olds on trial for Super new club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby league: Warrington sign up Bridgend twins Ben and Rhys Evans\". walesonline. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/rugby-league-warrington-sign-up-2129328","url_text":"\"Rugby league: Warrington sign up Bridgend twins Ben and Rhys Evans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Burston\". Creative Writing Prompt Contests. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://literative.com/modern-authors/paul-burston/","url_text":"\"Paul Burston\""}]},{"reference":"\"11/08/08: Former Brynteg Pupil Wins Olympic Gold\". 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724184639/http://www.bridgend.gov.uk/web/groups/public/documents/press_release/1052255.hcsp","url_text":"\"11/08/08: Former Brynteg Pupil Wins Olympic Gold\""},{"url":"http://www.bridgend.gov.uk/web/groups/public/documents/press_release/1052255.hcsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"O'Farrell, Margaret Helen, (Maggie), (Born 27 May 1972), author\". Who's Who. 2012. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U255580. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-255580","url_text":"Who's Who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U255580","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U255580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954088-4","url_text":"978-0-19-954088-4"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Nicole (31 July 2014). The Breakaway. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781471130366. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw_4yDivtmkC&q=Lynn+Davies%2C+Brynteg+School&pg=PP21","url_text":"The Breakaway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471130366","url_text":"9781471130366"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stockyards
Saint Joan of the Stockyards
["1 Characters","2 Synopsis","3 References"]
Play by Bertolt Brecht Saint Joan of the StockyardsWritten byBertolt BrechtDate premiered30 April 1959 (1959-04-30)Place premieredDeutsches Schauspielhaus, HamburgOriginal languageGermanSubjectCapitalism and religionGenreNon-Aristotelian epic dramaSettingChicago Saint Joan of the Stockyards (German: Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe) is a play written by the German modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht between 1929 and 1931, after the success of his musical The Threepenny Opera and during the period of his radical experimental work with the Lehrstücke. It is based on the musical that he co-authored with Elisabeth Hauptmann, Happy End (1929). In this version of the story of Joan of Arc, Brecht transforms her into "Joan Dark", a member of the "Black Straw Hats" (a Salvation Army-like group) in 20th-century Chicago. The play charts Joan's battle with Pierpont Mauler, the unctuous owner of a meat-packing plant. Like her namesake, Joan is a doomed woman, a martyr and (initially, at least) an innocent in a world of strike-breakers, fat cats, and penniless workers. Like many of Brecht's plays it is laced with humor and songs as part of its epic dramaturgical structure and deals with the theme of emancipation from material suffering and exploitation. The environment of the Chicago stockyards was well-known to left-wing activists worldwide due to Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle. Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for the paper Appeal to Reason, the work which inspired his novel. Sinclair intended to "set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit". The play was broadcast on Berlin Radio on the 11 April 1932, with Carola Neher as Joan and Fritz Kortner as Mauler. The cast also included Helene Weigel, Ernst Busch, Peter Lorre, Paul Bildt and Friedrich Gnaß. The play did not receive its first theatrical production until the 30 April 1959, at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus in Hamburg, after Brecht's death. Brecht had asked Gustaf Gründgens to direct, with scenic design by Caspar Neher and music by Siegfried Franz. Brecht's daughter Hanne Hiob played Joan. Saint Joan of the Stockyards was given its New York City premiere by the Encompass New Opera Theatre in 1978 in a production which incorporated music, directed by Jan Eliasberg. Brecht wrote two other versions of the Joan of Arc story: The Visions of Simone Machard (1942) and The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 (1952). Characters Carola Neher as Joan, 1930 Joan Dark, lieutenant in the Black Straw Hats Pierpont Mauler, meat king Cridle, a meat packer Graham, a meat packer Lennox, a meat packer Meyers, a meat packer Slift, a broker Mrs Luckerniddle Gloomb, a worker Paul Snyder, major in the Black Straw Hats Martha, a Black Straw Hat Jackson, a lieutenant in the Black Straw Hats Mulberry, a landlord A Waiter Meat Packers Wholesalers Stockbreeders Brokers Speculators Black Straw Hats Workers Labour Leaders The Poor Detectives Newspapermen Newsboys Soldiers Passers-by Synopsis The play begins with the capitalists who run the stockyards, represented by mega-tycoon Pierpont Mauler. Mauler confides in his colleague, Cridle, that, after visiting the stockyard for the first time, he wishes to sell his shares and "become a decent man". Another stock holder, Lennox, is rumored to have lost his shares. Mauler strikes a deal with Cridle, which advances his position while at the same time devastating the lives of the 50,000 workers whose livelihoods are in the stockyards. Joan enters just outside of the Black Straw Hats Mission, a Salvation Army-type organization whose events draw dozens of workers, but only as long as there is soup. Joan urges the workers to embrace God in light of life's injustices, but finds it difficult to distract them from hunger and the failing market. When the workers learn of Mauler's deal, they panic. Desperate to find a way to connect to them, Joan goes to the stockyards in order to find and confront Mauler. Joan and Martha, another Black Straw Hat, wait outside of the Livestock Exchange as Cridle, Graham, Lenox and Mauler discuss the market and Lennox's sad fate. Cridle insists that Mauler lower the asking price for his shares of the stockyard, arguing that the state of the market lessens their worth. Joan asks Mauler why he sold the slaughterhouses and he admits that he does not want to be involved with such a bloody business. Joan manages to stun Mauler with her simplicity and beauty. He forcibly takes money from the workers, gives it to Joan, and tells her to distribute it to the poor. Mauler arranges for Joan to have a tour and see the "wickedness" of the poor workers whom she pities. She is stunned by the cruelty that she sees. When a worker offers her a dangerous position in order to advance himself, she takes it, and finds herself trapped among the workers. Joan begins to see the corruption in all the larger institutions, including her own Black Straw Hats. She disaffiliates from the mission. Mauler sees the imminent downfall of the market and attributes his financial situation to his poor relationship with God. He embraces religion and warns his colleagues that their property will fail them, but turning to God could save them from destitution. By the end of the play, Mauler preaches with the Black Straw Hats and Joan dies a bitter, cynical martyr in a world of heartless capitalists, strike-breakers, and penniless workers. References ^ a b Willett, John (1959). The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. London: Methuen. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-413-34360-X. ^ Squiers, Anthony (2014). An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht: Revolution and Aesthetics. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 41. ISBN 9789042038998. ^ Sinclair, Upton. "Joslyn T Pine Note". In Negri, Paul (ed.). The Jungle. Dover Thrift. pp. vii–viii. ^ "Our History ~ Year by Year since 1975", Encompass New Opera Theatre ^ "Stage: Brecht's Joan" by Thomas Lask, The New York Times, 9 June 1978 vteBertolt BrechtDramaticworks Baal Drums in the Night A Wedding Driving Out a Devil Mysteries of a Barbershop In the Jungle of Cities Edward II Man Equals Man Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer The Elephant Calf Little Mahagonny The Threepenny Opera The Flight Across the Ocean The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent Happy End Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny Der Jasager / Der Neinsager The Decision Saint Joan of the Stockyards The Exception and the Rule The Mother Kuhle Wampe The Seven Deadly Sins Round Heads and Pointed Heads The Horatians and the Curiatians Fear and Misery of the Third Reich Señora Carrar's Rifles Life of Galileo How Much Is Your Iron? Dansen Mother Courage and Her Children The Trial of Lucullus Mr Puntila and His Man Matti The Good Person of Szechwan The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui Hangmen Also Die! The Visions of Simone Machard The Duchess of Malfi Schweyk in the Second World War The Caucasian Chalk Circle Antigone The Days of the Commune The Tutor Die Verurteilung des Lukullus Report from Herrnburg Coriolanus The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 Turandot Don Juan Trumpets and Drums Poems, songs "Reminiscence of Marie A." "Alabama Song" "Pirate Jenny" "What Keeps Mankind Alive?" "Solidaritätslied" "Einheitsfrontlied" "Kinderhymne" "Die Lösung" Theories andtechniques Epic theatre Lehrstücke Non-Aristotelian drama Complex seeing Defamiliarization Demonstration Fabel Gestus Historicization Interruptions Not / But Refunctioning Separation of the elements Messingkauf Dialogues The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre A Short Organum for the Theatre Street scene Category Portal: Theatre Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_play"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Threepenny Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera"},{"link_name":"Lehrstücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehrst%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"Happy End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_End_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willett-1"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"fat cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fat_cat"},{"link_name":"humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor"},{"link_name":"songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama"},{"link_name":"dramaturgical structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_structure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Upton Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"The Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle"},{"link_name":"Appeal to Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joslyn-3"},{"link_name":"Carola Neher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola_Neher"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kortner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kortner"},{"link_name":"Helene Weigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Weigel"},{"link_name":"Ernst Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Peter Lorre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lorre"},{"link_name":"Paul Bildt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bildt"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Gnaß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Gna%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_in_literature#New_drama"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Schauspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Schauspielhaus"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Gustaf Gründgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Gr%C3%BCndgens"},{"link_name":"scenic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_design"},{"link_name":"Caspar Neher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Neher"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Franz"},{"link_name":"Hanne Hiob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanne_Hiob"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-willett-1"},{"link_name":"Encompass New Opera Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encompass_New_Opera_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Jan Eliasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Eliasberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Visions of Simone Machard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Visions_of_Simone_Machard"},{"link_name":"The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc_at_Rouen,_1431"}],"text":"Saint Joan of the Stockyards (German: Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe) is a play written by the German modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht between 1929 and 1931, after the success of his musical The Threepenny Opera and during the period of his radical experimental work with the Lehrstücke. It is based on the musical that he co-authored with Elisabeth Hauptmann, Happy End (1929).[1] In this version of the story of Joan of Arc, Brecht transforms her into \"Joan Dark\", a member of the \"Black Straw Hats\" (a Salvation Army-like group) in 20th-century Chicago. The play charts Joan's battle with Pierpont Mauler, the unctuous owner of a meat-packing plant. Like her namesake, Joan is a doomed woman, a martyr and (initially, at least) an innocent in a world of strike-breakers, fat cats, and penniless workers. Like many of Brecht's plays it is laced with humor and songs as part of its epic dramaturgical structure and deals with the theme of emancipation from material suffering and exploitation.[2]The environment of the Chicago stockyards was well-known to left-wing activists worldwide due to Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle. Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for the paper Appeal to Reason, the work which inspired his novel. Sinclair intended to \"set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit\".[3]The play was broadcast on Berlin Radio on the 11 April 1932, with Carola Neher as Joan and Fritz Kortner as Mauler. The cast also included Helene Weigel, Ernst Busch, Peter Lorre, Paul Bildt and Friedrich Gnaß. The play did not receive its first theatrical production until the 30 April 1959, at the Deutsches Schauspielhaus in Hamburg, after Brecht's death. Brecht had asked Gustaf Gründgens to direct, with scenic design by Caspar Neher and music by Siegfried Franz. Brecht's daughter Hanne Hiob played Joan.[1]Saint Joan of the Stockyards was given its New York City premiere by the Encompass New Opera Theatre in 1978 in a production which incorporated music, directed by Jan Eliasberg.[4][5]Brecht wrote two other versions of the Joan of Arc story: The Visions of Simone Machard (1942) and The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 (1952).","title":"Saint Joan of the Stockyards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carola_Neher_als_%27Johanna%27_-_Karl_Schrecker,_1930.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carola Neher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola_Neher"}],"text":"Carola Neher as Joan, 1930Joan Dark, lieutenant in the Black Straw Hats\nPierpont Mauler, meat king\nCridle, a meat packer\nGraham, a meat packer\nLennox, a meat packer\nMeyers, a meat packer\nSlift, a broker\nMrs Luckerniddle\nGloomb, a worker\nPaul Snyder, major in the Black Straw Hats\nMartha, a Black Straw Hat\nJackson, a lieutenant in the Black Straw Hats\nMulberry, a landlord\nA Waiter\n\n\nMeat Packers\nWholesalers\nStockbreeders\nBrokers\nSpeculators\nBlack Straw Hats\nWorkers\nLabour Leaders\nThe Poor\nDetectives\nNewspapermen\nNewsboys\nSoldiers\nPassers-by","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salvation_Army"}],"text":"The play begins with the capitalists who run the stockyards, represented by mega-tycoon Pierpont Mauler. Mauler confides in his colleague, Cridle, that, after visiting the stockyard for the first time, he wishes to sell his shares and \"become a decent man\". Another stock holder, Lennox, is rumored to have lost his shares. Mauler strikes a deal with Cridle, which advances his position while at the same time devastating the lives of the 50,000 workers whose livelihoods are in the stockyards.Joan enters just outside of the Black Straw Hats Mission, a Salvation Army-type organization whose events draw dozens of workers, but only as long as there is soup. Joan urges the workers to embrace God in light of life's injustices, but finds it difficult to distract them from hunger and the failing market. When the workers learn of Mauler's deal, they panic. Desperate to find a way to connect to them, Joan goes to the stockyards in order to find and confront Mauler.Joan and Martha, another Black Straw Hat, wait outside of the Livestock Exchange as Cridle, Graham, Lenox and Mauler discuss the market and Lennox's sad fate. Cridle insists that Mauler lower the asking price for his shares of the stockyard, arguing that the state of the market lessens their worth.Joan asks Mauler why he sold the slaughterhouses and he admits that he does not want to be involved with such a bloody business. Joan manages to stun Mauler with her simplicity and beauty. He forcibly takes money from the workers, gives it to Joan, and tells her to distribute it to the poor.Mauler arranges for Joan to have a tour and see the \"wickedness\" of the poor workers whom she pities. She is stunned by the cruelty that she sees.When a worker offers her a dangerous position in order to advance himself, she takes it, and finds herself trapped among the workers. Joan begins to see the corruption in all the larger institutions, including her own Black Straw Hats. She disaffiliates from the mission.Mauler sees the imminent downfall of the market and attributes his financial situation to his poor relationship with God. He embraces religion and warns his colleagues that their property will fail them, but turning to God could save them from destitution.By the end of the play, Mauler preaches with the Black Straw Hats and Joan dies a bitter, cynical martyr in a world of heartless capitalists, strike-breakers, and penniless workers.","title":"Synopsis"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism
Rubber and PVC fetishism
["1 Motives","2 Practices","3 Latex look-alike materials","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Type of fetish towards latex clothing "Rubberman" redirects here. For the Philippine comedy superhero film, see Rubberman (film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rubber and PVC fetishism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The rubber pride flag, also known as the latex pride flag, which is a symbol used by members of the rubber and latex fetish community. It was designed in 1994 by Peter Tolos and Scott Moats. Rubber fetishism, or latex fetishism, is the fetishistic attraction to people wearing latex clothing or, in certain cases, to the garments themselves. PVC fetishism is closely related to rubber fetishism, with the former referring to shiny clothes made of the synthetic plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and the latter referring to clothes made of rubber, which is generally thicker, less shiny, and more matte than latex. PVC is sometimes confused with the similarly shiny patent leather, which is also a fetish material. Latex or rubber fetishists sometimes refer to themselves as "rubberists". Male rubberists tend to call themselves "rubbermen". The terms "PVC", "vinyl" and "PU" tend to be used interchangeably by retailers for clothing (PVC clothing as a form of plastic clothing) made from shiny plastic-coated fabrics. These fabrics usually consist of a backing woven from polyester fibers with a surface coating of shiny plastic. The plastic layer itself is typically a blend of PVC and polyurethane (PU), with 100% PVC producing a stiff fabric with a glossy shine and 100% PU producing a stretchy fabric with a silky shine. A manufacturer's label may say, for example, 67% polyester, 33% polyurethane for a fabric that contains no PVC; or 80% polyvinyl chloride, 20% polyurethane with mention of the polyester backing omitted. The plastic layer is often textured to look like leather ("leatherlook", "pleather"), as opposed to smooth ("wetlook", "patent"). Motives This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) One reason why latex or other tight shiny fabrics may be fetishised is perhaps that the garment forms a "second skin" that acts as a fetishistic surrogate for the wearer's own skin. Thus, wearers of skin-tight latex or PVC garments may be perceived by the viewer as being naked, or simply coated in a shiny substance like paint. Latex and PVC can also be polished to be shiny and can also be produced in bright colours, adding further visual stimulus to add to the physical sensations produced by the material. The tightness of the garments may also be viewed as a kind of sexual bondage. The smell of latex rubber is also a turn-on for some rubber fetishists, and such garments are usually impregnated with chemicals to enhance the odour. Some rubberists also enjoy the idea of exhibitionism, and some fantasise about going out in public wearing fetish attire. Some do this, especially in the more liberal areas (e.g., Berlin, New York, Montreal, San Francisco). A compelling reason that people are turned on by wearing rubber is its transformative abilities. As with any costume, a rubberist can imagine themselves having a new identity, especially one that permits a different code of behavior. Practices This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Men in latex gear marching down Whitehall as part of Pride London 2011. A man wearing a police cap, latex corset, gloves, and stockings Latex fetishism sometimes involves dressing up in the material; looking at it worn by sexual partners; or fantasies sometimes wearers of skin-tight or other latex garments, such as divers and workers wearing industrial protective clothing. Another common stereotype is of the image of a dominatrix wearing a skin-tight, usually jet-black, latex or PVC catsuit. Some latex enthusiasts are also turned on by the wearing of draped latex garments, such as cloaks. Other rubber paraphernalia, such as wet suits, gas masks, splash suits, Mackintoshes, galoshes, Wellington boots, rubber/plastic pants, and diapers are also often added to the scenario. Heavier fetishists often attempt duplicating all kinds of "everyday wear" into a rubber counterpart. Some PVC enthusiasts are turned on by PVC hazmat suits and other forms of industrial protective clothing. For hygienic reasons, many sex toys such as dildos and butt plugs are made from rubber or similar materials, and this is also a factor in rubber fetishism. Some rubber fetishists are also medical fetishists or have an interest in klismaphilia; medical gloves and catheters are made from latex, as are condoms. A substantial industry exists to produce specialist latex or rubber fetish clothing garments for rubber enthusiasts. Many latex or rubber clothes appear on websites such as eBay, and in recent years clothes made in PVC have been prevalent in young people's fashions, particularly in jackets, skirts and trousers. Several mainstream designers have made latex clothing. A number of fetish magazines have been published on the subject of rubber and PVC fetishism, including AtomAge, Dressing for Pleasure, Marquis, «O», Shiny International, and Skin Two. Latex look-alike materials PVC/vinyl and metal are two other shiny materials used for clothing, from regular street wear (raincoats) to PVC hazmat suits and other forms of industrial protective clothing. As with latex, these materials became more noted as fetish material in the 1960s and early 1970s. During that era, boots and garments made of PVC and vinyl were made and worn in public areas to some degrees. British TV programme The Avengers showcased this. Numerous underground fetish production houses were started, which published magazines such as Shiny, Shiny's International, Rubberist, Dressing for Pleasure (both of these publications later merged with each other), and rubber fetish author Helen Henley and others of this time frame. Fashion designers such as Jean Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Cardin and André Courrèges have used PVC in their collections. Since 2010, the PVC has been the target of fashion for both the male and female public. In popular culture In the film Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Velma wears an orange PVC outfit to look attractive, although she is uncomfortable in it. In the Batman film series, Batman's costume is of rubber; in Batman Returns, Catwoman wears a rubber catsuit. The artwork of Allen Jones has been strongly influenced by the imagery of rubber fetishism and BDSM. In a scene from the film Two for the Road (1967), the actress Audrey Hepburn appears wearing a shiny black PVC trouser suit designed by Michele Rosier. In an episode of the American television sitcom The Nanny, Fran Drescher wore a red PVC outfit. In the music video for "Scream" (1995), Michael Jackson and his sister Janet Jackson wore black PVC pants. The English television and radio personality Zoë Ball wore black PVC pants in one of her appearances on the English TV program Shooting Stars. In 101 Dalmatians and 102 Dalmatians, Cruella (played by Glenn Close) wears red PVC thigh high boots, black PVC crotch boots, and a black PVC belt. In certain episodes of the American television series Smallville, the actress Erica Durance appears wearing PVC clothes. In 2007, the Brazilian singer Ivete Sangalo wore a black PVC outfit in her show Multishow ao Vivo: Ivete no Maracanã. In recent years, latex and PVC have appeared in the media, in TV series like Alias; in music videos by pop stars like Britney Spears, Lady Gaga, and Thalía; and even in fashion trends. In Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007), a British drama television series, Gemma Chan wore latex get-ups to for her role of Charlotte, the feisty dominatrix. During New York Fashion Week 2022, fashion house Balenciaga featured models wearing latex suits and hoods underneath their clothing. The series American Horror Story features "Rubber Man", a character in a bondage suit. In the Bollywood film Bang Bang (2014) title track video, Katrina Kaif wore a latex dress See also Balloon fetish Catsuits and bodysuits in popular media Dry suit Fetish fashion Leather subculture MIR contest Neoprene Sexual fetishism Spandex fetishism Total enclosure fetishism Wetsuit References ^ a b Greigh, Julian (12 March 2011). "Latex Fetish". Julian Greigh's Dark Passions Blog. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ "The Top 6 in Fetish Wear". All Sydney Escorts. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ "3 Legendary Fetish Magazines: Skin Two, Marquis, SECRET". 23 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2023. ^ Chapman, James (2006). Inside the tardis : the worlds of Dr Who ; a cultural history. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 57. ISBN 9781845111625. ^ Adams, Guy Sangster. "Television Review: The Avengers – The Complete Series 4". The Cultural Pick. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Henley, Helen (2000). Enter with trumpets. Clemmons, NC: Renaissance E Books. ISBN 1929670311. ^ Wickstead, Emilia (22 February 2015). "Fetish wear is all the rage at London fashion week – in pictures". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Turra, Alessandra (22 June 2015). "Z Zegna Men's RTW Spring 2016". Women's Wear Daily. Fairchild Publishing. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ adithyasampath100 (12 April 2011). "Scooby Doo, Funny Velma". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "The Dark Knight Rises: Catwoman Anne Hathaway banishes the dark side in dazzling white". Evening Standard. London. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ "Allen Jones". WRP Fine Art. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Truhler, Kimberly (12 February 2013). "The Style Essentials--Audrey Hepburn Gets Modern in 1967's Two for the Road". GlamAmor. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ 456dgs (19 April 2011). "Fran Drescher Latex Jacket And Dress". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Hermanson, Tove (7 July 2009). "Who Inspired Michael Jackson's Fashion?". Worn Through. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ LiquidAngel. "Zoë Ball in vinyl trousers". You Tube. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ pvcvinyllatex (21 July 2009). "Erica Durance red pvc HD". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Prunes, Mariano. "Ivete Sangalo - Multishow ao Vivo: No Maracanã". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Drozdowski, Christie (16 April 2015). "10 Times Jennifer Garner 'Alias' Fashion Was on Point – Girl Can Rock Any Makeover". Bustle. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ "Video and pictures: Britney Spears' PVC and sexy secretary comeback". Daily Mirror. 7 October 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Thistlethwaite, Felicity (2 September 2014). "Lady Gaga flaunts her curves in PVC ranting about 'society's view of beauty' online". Daily Express. Northern and Shell Media Publications. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ ThePVCfan (20 August 2014). "Thalía in vinyl leggings". You Tube. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Powell, Hannah Lyons (25 February 2014). "The new must-have wardrobe staple? That'll be PVC". Glamour UK. Condé Nast UK. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ^ Pometsey, Olive (21 June 2018). "Gemma Chan is One of the Most Versatile Actress on Screens Now". Elle. ^ Jackson, Clementina (23 May 2022). "Models In Full Latex Suits Take Over The New York Stock Exchange For Balenciaga Show". ELLE. Retrieved 19 March 2023. External links LatexWiki - latex community wiki hosted by Lust, Love, Latex The International Association of Rubberists - latex and rubber fetish support group vteSexual fetishismActions, states Aquaphilia Autassassinophilia Coprophilia Cuckold / Cuckquean Emetophilia Erotic hypnosis Erotic lactation Erotic spanking Exhibitionism Forced seduction Gaining and feeding Impregnation Macrophilia Medical fetishism Omorashi Paraphilic infantilism (adult baby) Pregnancy Smoking Tickling Total enclosure Transvestic Tightlacing Tamakeri Urolagnia Vorarephilia Wet and messy fetishism Body parts Armpit Breast Belly Buttocks Eyeball Fat Feet Hands Height Hair Legs Navels Noses Clothing Boots Ballet boots Boot worship Thigh-high boots Boot fetishism Clowns Corset Diapers Gloves Pantyhose Latex Rubber and PVC Shoes Spandex Underwear Uniforms Objects Balloons Dolls Latex and PVC Robots Spandex Controversial / illegal Lust murder Necrophilia Rape fantasy Zoophilia Culture / media Artists Fetish art Fetish clubs Fashion Magazines Models Websites FetLife wikiFeet Race Asian fetish Ethnic pornography Sexual racism Related topics BDSM International Fetish Day Kink Leather subculture Leather Pride flag Sexual roleplay Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rubberman (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberman_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubber_Fetish_Pride_Flag.svg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fetishistic attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"latex clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_clothing"},{"link_name":"polyvinyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"patent leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_leather"},{"link_name":"PVC clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVC_clothing"},{"link_name":"plastic clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_clothing"},{"link_name":"plastic-coated fabrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coated_fabric"},{"link_name":"polyester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"},{"link_name":"polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"},{"link_name":"pleather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleather"},{"link_name":"wetlook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlook"}],"text":"\"Rubberman\" redirects here. For the Philippine comedy superhero film, see Rubberman (film).The rubber pride flag, also known as the latex pride flag, which is a symbol used by members of the rubber and latex fetish community. It was designed in 1994 by Peter Tolos and Scott Moats.[citation needed]Rubber fetishism, or latex fetishism, is the fetishistic attraction to people wearing latex clothing or, in certain cases, to the garments themselves. PVC fetishism is closely related to rubber fetishism, with the former referring to shiny clothes made of the synthetic plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and the latter referring to clothes made of rubber, which is generally thicker, less shiny, and more matte than latex. PVC is sometimes confused with the similarly shiny patent leather, which is also a fetish material. Latex or rubber fetishists sometimes refer to themselves as \"rubberists\". Male rubberists tend to call themselves \"rubbermen\".The terms \"PVC\", \"vinyl\" and \"PU\" tend to be used interchangeably by retailers for clothing (PVC clothing as a form of plastic clothing) made from shiny plastic-coated fabrics. These fabrics usually consist of a backing woven from polyester fibers with a surface coating of shiny plastic. The plastic layer itself is typically a blend of PVC and polyurethane (PU), with 100% PVC producing a stiff fabric with a glossy shine and 100% PU producing a stretchy fabric with a silky shine. A manufacturer's label may say, for example, 67% polyester, 33% polyurethane for a fabric that contains no PVC; or 80% polyvinyl chloride, 20% polyurethane with mention of the polyester backing omitted. The plastic layer is often textured to look like leather (\"leatherlook\", \"pleather\"), as opposed to smooth (\"wetlook\", \"patent\").","title":"Rubber and PVC fetishism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual bondage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)"},{"link_name":"turn-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-on"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greigh-1"},{"link_name":"exhibitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibitionism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greigh-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"One reason why latex or other tight shiny fabrics may be fetishised is perhaps that the garment forms a \"second skin\" that acts as a fetishistic surrogate for the wearer's own skin. Thus, wearers of skin-tight latex or PVC garments may be perceived by the viewer as being naked, or simply coated in a shiny substance like paint. Latex and PVC can also be polished to be shiny and can also be produced in bright colours, adding further visual stimulus to add to the physical sensations produced by the material. The tightness of the garments may also be viewed as a kind of sexual bondage. The smell of latex rubber is also a turn-on for some rubber fetishists, and such garments are usually impregnated with chemicals to enhance the odour.[1] Some rubberists also enjoy the idea of exhibitionism, and some fantasise about going out in public wearing fetish attire. Some do this, especially in the more liberal areas (e.g., Berlin, New York, Montreal, San Francisco).[1]A compelling reason that people are turned on by wearing rubber is its transformative abilities. As with any costume, a rubberist can imagine themselves having a new identity, especially one that permits a different code of behavior.[2]","title":"Motives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_London_2011_-_040.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubberist_Male_Top.JPG"},{"link_name":"skin-tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin-tight"},{"link_name":"divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving"},{"link_name":"dominatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominatrix"},{"link_name":"catsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catsuit"},{"link_name":"wet suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_suit"},{"link_name":"gas masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mask"},{"link_name":"splash suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splash_suit"},{"link_name":"Mackintoshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"galoshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galoshes"},{"link_name":"Wellington boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_boot"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_pants"},{"link_name":"plastic pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pants"},{"link_name":"diapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapers"},{"link_name":"protective clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_clothing"},{"link_name":"sex toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_toy"},{"link_name":"dildos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dildo"},{"link_name":"butt plugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butt_plug"},{"link_name":"medical fetishists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_fetishism"},{"link_name":"klismaphilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klismaphilia"},{"link_name":"medical gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_gloves"},{"link_name":"catheters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter"},{"link_name":"condoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"fetish clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_clothing"},{"link_name":"fetish magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_magazine"},{"link_name":"AtomAge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtomAge"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"«O»","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABO%C2%BB"},{"link_name":"Skin Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_Two"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Men in latex gear marching down Whitehall as part of Pride London 2011.A man wearing a police cap, latex corset, gloves, and stockingsLatex fetishism sometimes involves dressing up in the material; looking at it worn by sexual partners; or fantasies sometimes wearers of skin-tight or other latex garments, such as divers and workers wearing industrial protective clothing. Another common stereotype is of the image of a dominatrix wearing a skin-tight, usually jet-black, latex or PVC catsuit.Some latex enthusiasts are also turned on by the wearing of draped latex garments, such as cloaks. Other rubber paraphernalia, such as wet suits, gas masks, splash suits, Mackintoshes, galoshes, Wellington boots, rubber/plastic pants, and diapers are also often added to the scenario. Heavier fetishists often attempt duplicating all kinds of \"everyday wear\" into a rubber counterpart. Some PVC enthusiasts are turned on by PVC hazmat suits and other forms of industrial protective clothing.For hygienic reasons, many sex toys such as dildos and butt plugs are made from rubber or similar materials, and this is also a factor in rubber fetishism. Some rubber fetishists are also medical fetishists or have an interest in klismaphilia; medical gloves and catheters are made from latex, as are condoms.A substantial industry exists to produce specialist latex or rubber fetish clothing garments for rubber enthusiasts.Many latex or rubber clothes appear on websites such as eBay, and in recent years clothes made in PVC have been prevalent in young people's fashions, particularly in jackets, skirts and trousers. Several mainstream designers have made latex clothing.A number of fetish magazines have been published on the subject of rubber and PVC fetishism, including AtomAge, Dressing for Pleasure, Marquis, «O», Shiny International, and Skin Two.[3]","title":"Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jean Paul Gaultier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier"},{"link_name":"Yves Saint Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Cardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cardin"},{"link_name":"André Courrèges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Courr%C3%A8ges"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"PVC/vinyl and metal are two other shiny materials used for clothing, from regular street wear (raincoats) to PVC hazmat suits and other forms of industrial protective clothing. As with latex, these materials became more noted as fetish material in the 1960s and early 1970s. During that era, boots and garments made of PVC and vinyl were made and worn in public areas to some degrees. British TV programme The Avengers showcased this.[4][5]Numerous underground fetish production houses were started, which published magazines such as Shiny, Shiny's International, Rubberist, Dressing for Pleasure (both of these publications later merged with each other), and rubber fetish author Helen Henley and others of this time frame.[6]Fashion designers such as Jean Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Pierre Cardin and André Courrèges have used PVC in their collections.[7] Since 2010, the PVC has been the target of fashion for both the male and female public.[8]","title":"Latex look-alike materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo_2:_Monsters_Unleashed"},{"link_name":"Velma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velma_Dinkley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Batman film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1989_film_series)"},{"link_name":"Batman's costume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsuit"},{"link_name":"Batman Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Returns"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Allen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Jones_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Two for the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_for_the_Road_(film)"},{"link_name":"Audrey Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"Michele Rosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Rosier"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nanny"},{"link_name":"Fran Drescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Drescher"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_(Michael_Jackson_and_Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Zoë Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Ball"},{"link_name":"Shooting Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_Stars_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"101 Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"102 Dalmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102_Dalmatians"},{"link_name":"Cruella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil"},{"link_name":"Glenn Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville"},{"link_name":"Erica Durance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Durance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ivete Sangalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivete_Sangalo"},{"link_name":"Multishow ao Vivo: Ivete no Maracanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multishow_ao_Vivo:_Ivete_no_Maracan%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Thalía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thal%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Secret Diary of a Call Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Diary_of_a_Call_Girl"},{"link_name":"Gemma Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Chan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New York Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Balenciaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenciaga"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"American Horror Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Horror_Story"},{"link_name":"Rubber Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_Man"},{"link_name":"Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Bang!"},{"link_name":"Katrina Kaif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kaif"}],"text":"In the film Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, Velma wears an orange PVC outfit to look attractive, although she is uncomfortable in it.[9]\nIn the Batman film series, Batman's costume is of rubber; in Batman Returns, Catwoman wears a rubber catsuit.[10]\nThe artwork of Allen Jones has been strongly influenced by the imagery of rubber fetishism and BDSM.[11]\nIn a scene from the film Two for the Road (1967), the actress Audrey Hepburn appears wearing a shiny black PVC trouser suit designed by Michele Rosier.[12]\nIn an episode of the American television sitcom The Nanny, Fran Drescher wore a red PVC outfit.[13]\nIn the music video for \"Scream\" (1995), Michael Jackson and his sister Janet Jackson wore black PVC pants.[14]\nThe English television and radio personality Zoë Ball wore black PVC pants in one of her appearances on the English TV program Shooting Stars.[15]\nIn 101 Dalmatians and 102 Dalmatians, Cruella (played by Glenn Close) wears red PVC thigh high boots, black PVC crotch boots, and a black PVC belt.\nIn certain episodes of the American television series Smallville, the actress Erica Durance appears wearing PVC clothes.[16]\nIn 2007, the Brazilian singer Ivete Sangalo wore a black PVC outfit in her show Multishow ao Vivo: Ivete no Maracanã.[17]\nIn recent years, latex and PVC have appeared in the media, in TV series like Alias;[18] in music videos by pop stars like Britney Spears,[19] Lady Gaga,[20] and Thalía;[21] and even in fashion trends.[22]\nIn Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007), a British drama television series, Gemma Chan wore latex get-ups to for her role of Charlotte, the feisty dominatrix.[23]\nDuring New York Fashion Week 2022, fashion house Balenciaga featured models wearing latex suits and hoods underneath their clothing.[24]\nThe series American Horror Story features \"Rubber Man\", a character in a bondage suit.\nIn the Bollywood film Bang Bang (2014) title track video, Katrina Kaif wore a latex dress","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"The rubber pride flag, also known as the latex pride flag, which is a symbol used by members of the rubber and latex fetish community. It was designed in 1994 by Peter Tolos and Scott Moats.[citation needed]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rubber_Fetish_Pride_Flag.svg/220px-Rubber_Fetish_Pride_Flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Men in latex gear marching down Whitehall as part of Pride London 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pride_London_2011_-_040.jpg/220px-Pride_London_2011_-_040.jpg"},{"image_text":"A man wearing a police cap, latex corset, gloves, and stockings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rubberist_Male_Top.JPG/220px-Rubberist_Male_Top.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Balloon fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_fetish"},{"title":"Catsuits and bodysuits in popular media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catsuits_and_bodysuits_in_popular_media"},{"title":"Dry suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_suit"},{"title":"Fetish fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_fashion"},{"title":"Leather subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"title":"MIR contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIR_contest"},{"title":"Neoprene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoprene"},{"title":"Sexual fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"title":"Spandex fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex_fetishism"},{"title":"Total enclosure fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism"},{"title":"Wetsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetsuit"}]
[{"reference":"Greigh, Julian (12 March 2011). \"Latex Fetish\". Julian Greigh's Dark Passions Blog. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150624044816/http://darkpassions.com/juliangreigh/general/latex-fetish/","url_text":"\"Latex Fetish\""},{"url":"http://darkpassions.com/juliangreigh/general/latex-fetish/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 6 in Fetish Wear\". All Sydney Escorts. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://allsydneyescorts.com.au/blog/the-top-6-in-fetish-wear/","url_text":"\"The Top 6 in Fetish Wear\""}]},{"reference":"\"3 Legendary Fetish Magazines: Skin Two, Marquis, SECRET\". 23 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022351/http://www.sinicalmagazine.com/component/content/article/42-blogs/565-legendaryfetishmagazines","url_text":"\"3 Legendary Fetish Magazines: Skin Two, Marquis, SECRET\""},{"url":"http://www.sinicalmagazine.com/component/content/article/42-blogs/565-legendaryfetishmagazines","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, James (2006). Inside the tardis : the worlds of Dr Who ; a cultural history. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 57. ISBN 9781845111625.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/insidetardisworl0000chap_b1n7","url_text":"Inside the tardis : the worlds of Dr Who ; a cultural history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111625","url_text":"9781845111625"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Guy Sangster. \"Television Review: The Avengers – The Complete Series 4\". The Cultural Pick. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150624013141/http://theculturalpick.com/wordpress/webzine/dvdreviewtheavengersthecompleteseries4/","url_text":"\"Television Review: The Avengers – The Complete Series 4\""},{"url":"http://theculturalpick.com/wordpress/webzine/dvdreviewtheavengersthecompleteseries4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henley, Helen (2000). Enter with trumpets. Clemmons, NC: Renaissance E Books. ISBN 1929670311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1929670311","url_text":"1929670311"}]},{"reference":"Wickstead, Emilia (22 February 2015). \"Fetish wear is all the rage at London fashion week – in pictures\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2015/feb/22/fetish-wear-is-all-the-rage-at-london-fashion-week-in-pictures","url_text":"\"Fetish wear is all the rage at London fashion week – in pictures\""}]},{"reference":"Turra, Alessandra (22 June 2015). \"Z Zegna Men's RTW Spring 2016\". Women's Wear Daily. Fairchild Publishing. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://wwd.com/runway/mens-spring-collections-2016/review/z-zegna/","url_text":"\"Z Zegna Men's RTW Spring 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily","url_text":"Women's Wear Daily"}]},{"reference":"adithyasampath100 (12 April 2011). \"Scooby Doo, Funny Velma\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110221307/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49_e9K3e5yY&list=TLxS-8HQZQYmdQlJemN5xTFC1dfa7OIZR6","url_text":"\"Scooby Doo, Funny Velma\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49_e9K3e5yY","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Dark Knight Rises: Catwoman Anne Hathaway banishes the dark side in dazzling white\". Evening Standard. London. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/the-dark-knight-rises-catwoman-anne-hathaway-banishes-the-dark-side-in-dazzling-white-7952453.html?action=gallery&ino=3","url_text":"\"The Dark Knight Rises: Catwoman Anne Hathaway banishes the dark side in dazzling white\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allen Jones\". WRP Fine Art. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623211953/http://www.wrpfineart.com/allen-jones/","url_text":"\"Allen Jones\""},{"url":"http://www.wrpfineart.com/allen-jones/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Truhler, Kimberly (12 February 2013). \"The Style Essentials--Audrey Hepburn Gets Modern in 1967's Two for the Road\". GlamAmor. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glamamor.com/2013/02/the-style-essentials-audrey-hepburn.html","url_text":"\"The Style Essentials--Audrey Hepburn Gets Modern in 1967's Two for the Road\""}]},{"reference":"456dgs (19 April 2011). \"Fran Drescher Latex Jacket And Dress\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b93GZyFuJ5A","url_text":"\"Fran Drescher Latex Jacket And Dress\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/b93GZyFuJ5A","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hermanson, Tove (7 July 2009). \"Who Inspired Michael Jackson's Fashion?\". Worn Through. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623205855/http://www.wornthrough.com/2009/07/07/who-inspired-michael-jacksons-fashion/","url_text":"\"Who Inspired Michael Jackson's Fashion?\""},{"url":"http://www.wornthrough.com/2009/07/07/who-inspired-michael-jacksons-fashion/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LiquidAngel. \"Zoë Ball in vinyl trousers\". You Tube. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. 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Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325192519/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbtefCJMSjw","url_text":"\"Thalía in vinyl leggings\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbtefCJMSjw","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Hannah Lyons (25 February 2014). \"The new must-have wardrobe staple? That'll be PVC\". Glamour UK. Condé Nast UK. Retrieved 23 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/pvc-patent-latex-high-shine-leather-skirts-trend","url_text":"\"The new must-have wardrobe staple? That'll be PVC\""}]},{"reference":"Pometsey, Olive (21 June 2018). \"Gemma Chan is One of the Most Versatile Actress on Screens Now\". Elle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/a21067697/gemma-chan-elle-list-2018/","url_text":"\"Gemma Chan is One of the Most Versatile Actress on Screens Now\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Clementina (23 May 2022). \"Models In Full Latex Suits Take Over The New York Stock Exchange For Balenciaga Show\". ELLE. Retrieved 19 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/a40075824/balenciaga-resort-2023/","url_text":"\"Models In Full Latex Suits Take Over The New York Stock Exchange For Balenciaga Show\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ND_experiment
ND experiment
["1 Physics","2 Detector","3 Results","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Nuclear physics experiments in Novosibirsk, Russia (1982-1987) Neutral Detector (ND) is a detector for particle physics experiments created by the team of physicists in the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia. Experiments with the ND were conducted from 1982 to 1987 at the e+e− storage ring VEPP-2M in the energy range 2E=0.5-1.4 GeV. Physics At the beginning of 80s the leading cross sections of the electron-positron annihilation in the final states with charged particles were measured in the energy range 2E=0.5-1.4 GeV. Processes with the neutral particles in the final state were less studied. To investigate the radiative decays of the ρ 0 {\displaystyle \rho ^{0}} , ω {\displaystyle \omega } , and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } mesons and other processes involving photons, π 0 {\displaystyle \pi ^{0}} , and η {\displaystyle \eta } mesons the ND was constructed. Its distinguishing features are defined by the specially designed electromagnetic calorimeter based on NaI(Tl) scintillation counters. List of published analyses Radiative decays e + e − → ρ , ω , ϕ → π 0 γ , η γ {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to \rho ,\omega ,\phi \to \pi ^{0}\gamma ,\eta \gamma } ϕ → η ′ γ {\displaystyle \phi \to \eta ^{\prime }\gamma } Rare decays of the ρ 0 {\displaystyle \rho ^{0}} , ω {\displaystyle \omega } , and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } mesons ω , ϕ → π 0 e + e − {\displaystyle \omega ,\phi \to \pi ^{0}e^{+}e^{-}} ϕ → π + π − {\displaystyle \phi \to \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}} Search for rare decays ρ → π + π − π 0 {\displaystyle \rho \to \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}\pi ^{0}} ω , ϕ → π 0 π 0 γ {\displaystyle \omega ,\phi \to \pi ^{0}\pi ^{0}\gamma } ϕ → π 0 η γ {\displaystyle \phi \to \pi ^{0}\eta \gamma } light scalars a 0 ( 980 ) {\displaystyle a_{0}(980)} and f 0 ( 975 ) {\displaystyle f_{0}(975)} in ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } -meson radiative decays Non-resonant electron-positron annihilation into hadrons e + e − → ω π 0 {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to \omega \pi ^{0}} e + e − → π + π − π 0 ,     π + π − η {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}\pi ^{0},~~\pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}\eta } e + e − → π + π − π + π − ,     π + π − π 0 π 0 {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}\pi ^{+}\pi ^{-},~~\pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}\pi ^{0}\pi ^{0}} Test of QED processes e + e − → γ γ γ γ {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to \gamma \gamma \gamma \gamma } e + e − → e + e − γ γ {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to e^{+}e^{-}\gamma \gamma } e + e − → e + e − e + e − {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to e^{+}e^{-}e^{+}e^{-}} e + e − → e + e − γ {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to e^{+}e^{-}\gamma } (virtual Compton scattering) Analyses of other processes Measurement of the ω-meson parameters Upper limits on electron width of scalar and tensor mesons f 0 ( 975 ) {\displaystyle f_{0}(975)} , f 2 ( 1270 ) {\displaystyle f_{2}(1270)} , f 0 ( 1300 ) {\displaystyle f_{0}(1300)} , a 0 ( 980 ) {\displaystyle a_{0}(980)} , and a 2 ( 1320 ) {\displaystyle a_{2}(1320)} ϕ → π + π − π 0 ,     K S 0 K L 0 {\displaystyle \phi \to \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}\pi ^{0},~~K_{S}^{0}K_{L}^{0}} Search for e + e − → π 0 π 0 γ {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to \pi ^{0}\pi ^{0}\gamma } K S 0 → γ γ {\displaystyle K_{S}^{0}\to \gamma \gamma } e + e − → C ( 1480 ) → ϕ π 0 {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\to C(1480)\to \phi \pi ^{0}} Detector Neutral Detector r-φ view. Neutral Detector r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical proportional chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-NaI(Tl) counters, 5-flat proportional chambers, 6-iron absorber, 7-anticoincidence counters. Based on goals of the physics program the ND consist of Electromagnetic calorimeter 168 rectangular NaI(Tl) scintillation counters total mass of NaI(Tl) is 2.6 t solid angle coverage is 65% of 4π sr minimum thickness is 32 cm or 12 radiation length energy resolution for photons is σ/E = 4% / √E Charged particle coordinate system 3 layers of coaxial cylindrical 2-d wire proportional chambers in the center of the detector solid angle coverage is 80% of 4π sr angular resolution is 0.5° in the azimuthal and 1.5° in the polar direction surrounded by the 5-mm thick plastic scintillation counter for trigger Flat (shower) coordinate 2-d wire proportional chambers 2 layers of flat 2-d wire proportional chambers. angular resolution is 2° in the azimuthal and 3.5° in the polar direction for 0.5 GeV photons Iron absorber & anti-coincidence counters The electromagnetic calorimeter is covered by the 10-cm thick iron absorber and plastic scintillation anti-coincidence counters. Results Data collected with the ND experiment corresponds to the integrated luminosity 19 pb−1. Results of the experiments with ND are presented in Ref., and are included in the PDG Review. See also SND Experiment Particle detector Experimental physics List of accelerators in particle physics Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Storage ring Meson List of particles Annihilation References ^ Golubev, V. B.; et al. (1984). "The neutral detector at VEPP-2M". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 227 (3): 467–469. Bibcode:1984NIMPA.227..467G. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(84)90202-X. ^ a b Dolinsky, S. I.; et al. (1991). "Summary of experiments with the neutral detector at the e+e− storage ring VEPP-2M". Physics Reports. 202 (3): 99–170. Bibcode:1991PhR...202...99D. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(91)90127-8. ^ a b Dolinsky, S. I.; et al. (1984). "Radiative decays of ρ and ω mesons". Zeitschrift für Physik C. 42 (4): 511–518. doi:10.1007/BF01557655. S2CID 122486080. ^ Druzhinin, V. P.; et al. (1984). "Measurement of Φ-meson radiative decays at the storage ring VEPP-2M with the neutral detector". Physics Letters B. 144 (1–2): 136–140. Bibcode:1984PhLB..144..136D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(84)90192-8. ^ a b c Druzhinin, V. P.; et al. (1987). "Search for rare radiative decays of Φ-meson at VEPP-2M". Zeitschrift für Physik C. 37 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1987ZPhyC..37....1D. doi:10.1007/BF01442062. S2CID 120341644. ^ S.I. Dolinsky et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 48 (1988) 277. ^ V. B. Golubev et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 44 (1986) 409. ^ V. B. Vasserman et al., Sov. J. Mod. Phys. 48 (1988) 480. ^ V. M. Aulchcnko et al., Preprini INP 87-90 (Novosibirsk, 1987). ^ Dolinsky, S. I.; et al. (1986). "The reaction e+e− → ωπ0 in the cm energy range from 1.0 to 1.4 GeV". Phys. Lett. B. 174 (4): 453–457. Bibcode:1986PhLB..174..453D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)91036-1. ^ A. D. Bukin et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 50 (1989) 621. ^ Druzhinin, V. P.; et al. (1986). "Investigation of the reaction e+e− → ηπ+π− in the energy range up to 1.4 GeV". Phys. Lett. B. 174 (1): 115–117. Bibcode:1986PhLB..174..115D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)91140-8. ^ V. M. Aulchenko et al., Preprint INP 86-106 (Novosibirsk, 1987). ^ V. P. Druzhinin et al., Preprint INP 85-98 (Novosibirsk, 1985). ^ V. M. Aulchcnko et al., Preprint INP 86-173 (Novosibirsk, 1986). ^ V. B. Golubev et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 41(1985) 752. ^ Aulchenko, V. M.; et al. (1987). "The width of the ω-meson". Phys. Lett. B. 186 (3–4): 432–434. Bibcode:1987PhLB..186..432A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(87)90322-4. ^ P. V. Vorobyov et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 48 (1988) 436. ^ V. P. Druzhinin et al., Preprint INP 85-97 (Novosibirsk, 1985). ^ V. B. Golubev et al., Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 45 (1987) 622. ^ I. B. Vasserman et al., JETP Lett. 43(1986) 588. ^ V. M. Aulchenkoet al., JETP Lett. 45 (1987) 145. ^ The Review of Particle Physics, K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G 37, 075021 (2010) External links Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) VEPP-2M NOVOSIBIRSK-ND experiment record on INSPIRE-HEP
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector"},{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment"},{"link_name":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budker_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"storage ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_ring"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"}],"text":"Neutral Detector (ND) is a detector for particle physics experiments created by the team of physicists in the \nBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia.\nExperiments with the ND were conducted from 1982 to 1987 at the e+e− storage ring VEPP-2M in the energy range 2E=0.5-1.4 GeV.","title":"ND experiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_cross-section"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"positron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron"},{"link_name":"annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation"},{"link_name":"charged particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle"},{"link_name":"neutral particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_particle"},{"link_name":"radiative decays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_decay"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"mesons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ND-1"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic calorimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"NaI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaI"},{"link_name":"scintillation counters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation_counter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summary-2"},{"link_name":"Radiative decays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_decay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rad-dec-rho-omega-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rad-dec-phi-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search-rare-rad-dec-phi-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rad-dec-rho-omega-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search-rare-rad-dec-phi-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search-rare-rad-dec-phi-5"},{"link_name":"resonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation"},{"link_name":"hadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omega-pi0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etapipi-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"QED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omega-pars-17"},{"link_name":"width","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics)"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_meson"},{"link_name":"tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"At the beginning of 80s the leading cross sections of the electron-positron annihilation in the final states with charged particles were measured in the energy range 2E=0.5-1.4 GeV. Processes with the neutral particles in the final state were less studied. To investigate the radiative decays of the \n \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho ^{0}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n, and \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n mesons and other processes involving photons, \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi ^{0}}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n η\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta }\n \n mesons the ND\n[1]\nwas constructed. Its distinguishing features are defined by the specially designed electromagnetic calorimeter based on NaI(Tl) scintillation counters.List of published analyses [2]Radiative decayse\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n ρ\n ,\n ω\n ,\n ϕ\n →\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n γ\n ,\n η\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to \\rho ,\\omega ,\\phi \\to \\pi ^{0}\\gamma ,\\eta \\gamma }\n \n [3][4]\n\n \n \n \n ϕ\n →\n \n η\n \n ′\n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi \\to \\eta ^{\\prime }\\gamma }\n \n [5]Rare decays of the \n \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho ^{0}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega }\n \n, and \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n mesonsω\n ,\n ϕ\n →\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ,\\phi \\to \\pi ^{0}e^{+}e^{-}}\n \n [6]\n\n \n \n \n ϕ\n →\n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi \\to \\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}}\n \n [7]Search for rare decaysρ\n →\n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho \\to \\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}\\pi ^{0}}\n \n [8]\n\n \n \n \n ω\n ,\n ϕ\n →\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\omega ,\\phi \\to \\pi ^{0}\\pi ^{0}\\gamma }\n \n [3][5]\n\n \n \n \n ϕ\n →\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n η\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi \\to \\pi ^{0}\\eta \\gamma }\n \n [9]\nlight scalars \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n 980\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{0}(980)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n 975\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{0}(975)}\n \n in \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n-meson radiative decays [5]Non-resonant electron-positron annihilation into hadronse\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n ω\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to \\omega \\pi ^{0}}\n \n [10]\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n  \n  \n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n η\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to \\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}\\pi ^{0},~~\\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}\\eta }\n \n [11][12]\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n ,\n  \n  \n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to \\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}\\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-},~~\\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}\\pi ^{0}\\pi ^{0}}\n \n [13]Test of QED processes [14][15]e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n γ\n γ\n γ\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma \\gamma }\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n γ\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to e^{+}e^{-}\\gamma \\gamma }\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to e^{+}e^{-}e^{+}e^{-}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to e^{+}e^{-}\\gamma }\n \n (virtual Compton scattering) [16]Analyses of other processes\nMeasurement of the ω-meson parameters [17]\nUpper limits on electron width of scalar and tensor mesons \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n 975\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{0}(975)}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n 1270\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{2}(1270)}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n 1300\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{0}(1300)}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n 980\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{0}(980)}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n 1320\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{2}(1320)}\n \n [18]\n\n \n \n \n ϕ\n →\n \n π\n \n +\n \n \n \n π\n \n −\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n  \n  \n \n K\n \n S\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n K\n \n L\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi \\to \\pi ^{+}\\pi ^{-}\\pi ^{0},~~K_{S}^{0}K_{L}^{0}}\n \n [19]\nSearch for\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to \\pi ^{0}\\pi ^{0}\\gamma }\n \n [20]\n\n \n \n \n \n K\n \n S\n \n \n 0\n \n \n →\n γ\n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K_{S}^{0}\\to \\gamma \\gamma }\n \n [21]\n\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n →\n C\n (\n 1480\n )\n →\n ϕ\n \n π\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\\to C(1480)\\to \\phi \\pi ^{0}}\n \n [22]","title":"Physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neutral-Detector-R-Phi-projection-V2.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neutral-Detector-R-Theta-projection.gif"},{"link_name":"NaI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaI"},{"link_name":"NaI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaI"},{"link_name":"proportional chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_chamber"}],"text":"Neutral Detector r-φ view.\nNeutral Detector r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical proportional chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-NaI(Tl) counters, 5-flat proportional chambers, 6-iron absorber, 7-anticoincidence counters.Based on goals of the physics program the ND consist ofElectromagnetic calorimeter168 rectangular NaI(Tl) scintillation counters\ntotal mass of NaI(Tl) is 2.6 t\nsolid angle coverage is 65% of 4π sr\nminimum thickness is 32 cm or 12 radiation length\nenergy resolution for photons is σ/E = 4% / √ECharged particle coordinate system3 layers of coaxial cylindrical 2-d wire proportional chambers in the center of the detector\nsolid angle coverage is 80% of 4π sr\nangular resolution is 0.5° in the azimuthal and 1.5° in the polar direction\nsurrounded by the 5-mm thick plastic scintillation counter for triggerFlat (shower) coordinate 2-d wire proportional chambers2 layers of flat 2-d wire proportional chambers.\nangular resolution is 2° in the azimuthal and 3.5° in the polar direction for 0.5 GeV photonsIron absorber & anti-coincidence countersThe electromagnetic calorimeter is covered by the 10-cm thick iron absorber and plastic scintillation anti-coincidence counters.","title":"Detector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"luminosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Summary-2"},{"link_name":"PDG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_Data_Group"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Data collected with the ND experiment corresponds to the integrated luminosity 19 pb−1.\nResults of the experiments with ND are presented in Ref.,[2]\nand are included in the PDG Review.\n[23]","title":"Results"}]
[{"image_text":"Neutral Detector r-φ view.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Neutral-Detector-R-Phi-projection-V2.gif/220px-Neutral-Detector-R-Phi-projection-V2.gif"},{"image_text":"Neutral Detector r-θ view; 1-vacuum chamber of the storage ring, 2-cylindrical proportional chambers, 3-plastic scintillation counters, 4-NaI(Tl) counters, 5-flat proportional chambers, 6-iron absorber, 7-anticoincidence counters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neutral-Detector-R-Theta-projection.gif/220px-Neutral-Detector-R-Theta-projection.gif"}]
[{"title":"SND Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SND_Experiment"},{"title":"Particle detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_detector"},{"title":"Experimental physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics"},{"title":"List of accelerators in particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics"},{"title":"Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budker_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics"},{"title":"Storage ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_ring"},{"title":"Meson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson"},{"title":"List of particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles"},{"title":"Annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation"}]
[{"reference":"Golubev, V. B.; et al. (1984). \"The neutral detector at VEPP-2M\". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 227 (3): 467–469. Bibcode:1984NIMPA.227..467G. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(84)90202-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984NIMPA.227..467G","url_text":"1984NIMPA.227..467G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9002%2884%2990202-X","url_text":"10.1016/0168-9002(84)90202-X"}]},{"reference":"Dolinsky, S. I.; et al. (1991). \"Summary of experiments with the neutral detector at the e+e− storage ring VEPP-2M\". Physics Reports. 202 (3): 99–170. Bibcode:1991PhR...202...99D. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(91)90127-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhR...202...99D","url_text":"1991PhR...202...99D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-1573%2891%2990127-8","url_text":"10.1016/0370-1573(91)90127-8"}]},{"reference":"Dolinsky, S. I.; et al. (1984). \"Radiative decays of ρ and ω mesons\". Zeitschrift für Physik C. 42 (4): 511–518. doi:10.1007/BF01557655. S2CID 122486080.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik_C","url_text":"Zeitschrift für Physik C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01557655","url_text":"10.1007/BF01557655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122486080","url_text":"122486080"}]},{"reference":"Druzhinin, V. P.; et al. (1984). \"Measurement of Φ-meson radiative decays at the storage ring VEPP-2M with the neutral detector\". Physics Letters B. 144 (1–2): 136–140. Bibcode:1984PhLB..144..136D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(84)90192-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhLB..144..136D","url_text":"1984PhLB..144..136D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2884%2990192-8","url_text":"10.1016/0370-2693(84)90192-8"}]},{"reference":"Druzhinin, V. P.; et al. (1987). \"Search for rare radiative decays of Φ-meson at VEPP-2M\". Zeitschrift für Physik C. 37 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1987ZPhyC..37....1D. doi:10.1007/BF01442062. S2CID 120341644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik_C","url_text":"Zeitschrift für Physik C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ZPhyC..37....1D","url_text":"1987ZPhyC..37....1D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01442062","url_text":"10.1007/BF01442062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120341644","url_text":"120341644"}]},{"reference":"Dolinsky, S. I.; et al. (1986). \"The reaction e+e− → ωπ0 in the cm energy range from 1.0 to 1.4 GeV\". Phys. Lett. B. 174 (4): 453–457. Bibcode:1986PhLB..174..453D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)91036-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhLB..174..453D","url_text":"1986PhLB..174..453D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2886%2991036-1","url_text":"10.1016/0370-2693(86)91036-1"}]},{"reference":"Druzhinin, V. P.; et al. (1986). \"Investigation of the reaction e+e− → ηπ+π− in the energy range up to 1.4 GeV\". Phys. Lett. B. 174 (1): 115–117. Bibcode:1986PhLB..174..115D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(86)91140-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhLB..174..115D","url_text":"1986PhLB..174..115D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2886%2991140-8","url_text":"10.1016/0370-2693(86)91140-8"}]},{"reference":"Aulchenko, V. M.; et al. (1987). \"The width of the ω-meson\". Phys. Lett. B. 186 (3–4): 432–434. Bibcode:1987PhLB..186..432A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(87)90322-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhLB..186..432A","url_text":"1987PhLB..186..432A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2887%2990322-4","url_text":"10.1016/0370-2693(87)90322-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Grand_Prix
2021 United States Grand Prix
["1 Background","1.1 Championship standings before the race","1.2 Entrants","1.3 Tyre choices","2 Practice","3 Qualifying","3.1 Qualifying classification","4 Race","4.1 Race classification","5 Championship standings after the race","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
17th round of the 2021 Formula One season 2021 United States Grand Prix Race 17 of 22 in the 2021 Formula One World Championship← Previous raceNext race → Layout of the Circuit of the AmericasRace detailsDate October 24, 2021 (2021-10-24)Official name Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021Location Circuit of the Americas, Austin, TexasCourse Permanent racing facilityCourse length 5.513 km (3.426 miles)Distance 56 laps, 308.405 km (191.634 miles)Weather SunnyAttendance 400,000Pole positionDriver Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing-HondaTime 1:32.910Fastest lapDriver Lewis Hamilton MercedesTime 1:38.485 on lap 41PodiumFirst Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing-HondaSecond Lewis Hamilton MercedesThird Sergio Pérez Red Bull Racing-Honda Lap leaders Motor car race The 2021 United States Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021) was a Formula One motor race, held on October 25, 2021, at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas, United States. The race was the 17th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship and the 50th running of the United States Grand Prix, the 42nd time the race was run as a World Championship event since the inaugural 1950 season, and the ninth time a World Championship round was held at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas. Background Aerial view of Circuit of the Americas. The race returned after being cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a 20% risk of rain for qualifying and 40% for the race. From this race onward, any practice times set during waved yellow flags would be deleted. The final two rounds of the 2021 W Series were held as support races for the Grand Prix. This was the ninth time that Austin has hosted a Formula One Grand Prix. Some restrictions on paddock access related to the COVID-19 pandemic were lowered starting from this event. Championship standings before the race After finishing second in the preceding Turkish Grand Prix, Max Verstappen led the drivers' championship from Lewis Hamilton by six points, Verstappen with 262.5 and Hamilton with 256.5. Behind them, Valtteri Bottas was in third place with 177 points. Lando Norris trailed him by 32 points, and Sergio Pérez trailed Norris by 10 points. In the constructors' championship, Mercedes led Red Bull Racing by 36 points. Behind them, third-placed McLaren led fourth-placed Ferrari by 7.5 points with 240 points, with Alpine a distant fifth with 104 points. Verstappen, the race winner, during Friday's free practice. Entrants See also: 2021 Formula One World Championship § Entries The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for the race. The title sponsor of Ferrari, Mission Winnow, returned for this race. The name and sponsor logos were used by Ferrari at the Bahrain, Emilia Romagna, Portuguese, Spanish, Monaco, Azerbaijan, and Russian Grands Prix, but were not used in any races from the French Grand Prix to the Italian Grand Prix, and the Turkish Grand Prix, for legal reasons. For this weekend exclusively, Honda-powered teams Red Bull Racing and Scuderia AlphaTauri raced with sponsorship by Honda's American brand Acura, replacing the engine manufacturer's logos in their cars' respective liveries. Tyre choices Sole tyre supplier Pirelli allocated the C2, C3, and C4 compounds of tyre to be used in the race. Practice The first practice session started at 11:30 local time (UTC−05:00) on Friday, October 22. Valtteri Bottas was the fastest in the session, with Lewis Hamilton and Max Verstappen behind. The second session started at 15:00 local time, also on Friday, and ended with Sergio Pérez fastest ahead of Lando Norris and Hamilton. The third practice session started at 13:00 local time on Saturday, October 23. There were very stiff winds and high temperatures catching the drivers out throughout the session and Verstappen and Hamilton both had quicker lap times deleted for exceeding track limits on Turns 19 and 9, respectively, Pérez was once again the fastest driver, ahead of Carlos Sainz Jr. for Ferrari and Verstappen. Qualifying Qualifying started at 16:00 local time (UTC−05:00) on Saturday, October 23. The surface temperature was around 37 °C (99 °F). Before qualifying, Red Bull made alterations to the rear wings of their cars after a crack was found on one of them. Verstappen qualified on pole. Hamilton qualified second, a fifth of a second slower than Verstappen. Pérez qualified third, while Bottas qualified fourth, although the latter had a five-place grid penalty and was relegated to ninth on the starting grid. Qualifying classification Pos. No. Driver Constructor Qualifying times Finalgrid Q1 Q2 Q3 1 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing-Honda 1:34.352 1:33.464 1:32.910 1 2 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 1:34.579 1:33.797 1:33.119 2 3 11 Sergio Pérez Red Bull Racing-Honda 1:34.369 1:34.178 1:33.134 3 4 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 1:34.590 1:33.959 1:33.475 91 5 16 Charles Leclerc Ferrari 1:34.153 1:33.928 1:33.606 4 6 55 Carlos Sainz Jr. Ferrari 1:34.558 1:34.126 1:33.792 5 7 3 Daniel Ricciardo McLaren-Mercedes 1:34.407 1:34.643 1:33.808 6 8 4 Lando Norris McLaren-Mercedes 1:34.551 1:33.880 1:33.887 7 9 10 Pierre Gasly AlphaTauri-Honda 1:34.567 1:34.583 1:34.118 8 10 22 Yuki Tsunoda AlphaTauri-Honda 1:35.360 1:35.137 1:34.918 10 11 31 Esteban Ocon Alpine-Renault 1:35.747 1:35.377 N/A 11 12 5 Sebastian Vettel Aston Martin-Mercedes 1:35.281 1:35.500 N/A 182 13 99 Antonio Giovinazzi Alfa Romeo Racing-Ferrari 1:35.920 1:35.794 N/A 12 14 14 Fernando Alonso Alpine-Renault 1:35.756 1:44.549 N/A 193 15 63 George Russell Williams-Mercedes 1:35.746 No time N/A 204 16 18 Lance Stroll Aston Martin-Mercedes 1:35.983 N/A N/A 13 17 6 Nicholas Latifi Williams-Mercedes 1:35.995 N/A N/A 14 18 7 Kimi Räikkönen Alfa Romeo Racing-Ferrari 1:36.311 N/A N/A 15 19 47 Mick Schumacher Haas-Ferrari 1:36.499 N/A N/A 16 20 9  Nikita Mazepin Haas-Ferrari 1:36.796 N/A N/A 17 107% time: 1:40.743 Source: Notes ^1 – Valtteri Bottas received a five-place grid penalty for a new internal combustion engine. ^2 – Sebastian Vettel was required to start the race from the back of the grid for exceeding his quota of power unit elements. ^3 – Fernando Alonso was required to start the race from the back of the grid for exceeding his quota of power unit elements. ^4 – George Russell was required to start the race from the back of the grid for exceeding his quota of power unit elements. Race The race started at 14:00 local time (UTC−05:00) on Sunday, October 24, and was run over fifty-six laps. Race classification Pos. No. Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points 1 33 Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing-Honda 56 1:34:36.552 1 25 2 44 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 56 +1.333 2 191 3 11 Sergio Pérez Red Bull Racing-Honda 56 +42.223 3 15 4 16 Charles Leclerc Ferrari 56 +52.246 4 12 5 3 Daniel Ricciardo McLaren-Mercedes 56 +1:16.854 6 10 6 77 Valtteri Bottas Mercedes 56 +1:20.128 9 8 7 55 Carlos Sainz Jr. Ferrari 56 +1:23.545 5 6 8 4 Lando Norris McLaren-Mercedes 56 +1:24.395 7 4 9 22 Yuki Tsunoda AlphaTauri-Honda 55 +1 lap 10 2 10 5 Sebastian Vettel Aston Martin-Mercedes 55 +1 lap 18 1 11 99 Antonio Giovinazzi Alfa Romeo Racing-Ferrari 55 +1 lap 12 12 18 Lance Stroll Aston Martin-Mercedes 55 +1 lap 13 13 7 Kimi Räikkönen Alfa Romeo Racing-Ferrari 55 +1 lap 15 14 63 George Russell Williams-Mercedes 55 +1 lap 20 15 6 Nicholas Latifi Williams-Mercedes 55 +1 lap 14 16 47 Mick Schumacher Haas-Ferrari 54 +2 laps 16 17 9  Nikita Mazepin Haas-Ferrari 54 +2 laps 17 Ret 14 Fernando Alonso Alpine-Renault 49 Rear wing 19 Ret 31 Esteban Ocon Alpine-Renault 40 Mechanical 11 Ret 10 Pierre Gasly AlphaTauri-Honda 14 Suspension 8 Fastest lap: Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes) – 1:38.485 (lap 41) Source: Notes ^1 – Includes one point for fastest lap. Championship standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings Pos. Driver Points 1 Max Verstappen* 287.5 2 Lewis Hamilton* 275.5 3 Valtteri Bottas* 185 1 4 Sergio Pérez 150 1 5 Lando Norris 149 Source: Constructors' Championship standings Pos. Constructor Points 1 Mercedes* 460.5 2 Red Bull Racing-Honda* 437.5 3 McLaren-Mercedes* 254 4 Ferrari* 250.5 5 Alpine-Renault 104 Source: Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Bold text and an asterisk indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2021 United States Grand Prix. 2021 W Series Austin round Notes ^ a b Nikita Mazepin is Russian, but he competed as a neutral competitor using the designation RAF (Russian Automobile Federation), as the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a ban on Russia competing at World Championships. The ban was implemented by the World Anti-Doping Agency in response to the state-sponsored doping program of Russian athletes. References ^ Smith, Luke (August 28, 2021). "Formula 1 reveals updated 2021 calendar, drops to 22 races". Autosport. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "United States 2021". Formula1. Retrieved October 25, 2021. ^ Dodgins, Tony; Hamilton, Maurice; Hughes, Mark; Kirby, Gordon (January 8, 2021). Autocourse 2020-2021. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Icon Publishing Limited. pp. 272–281. ISBN 978-1910584-42-2. ^ "Formula 1 announces TV, race attendance and digital audience figures for 2021". Formula1.com. February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022. ^ a b c Baldwin, Alan; Osmond, Ed (October 20, 2021). "Motor racing-Formula One statistics for the U.S. Grand Prix". Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ "What's the weather forecast for the United States Grand Prix?". Formula 1. October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ "Drivers to have lap times set under double waved yellows deleted from US Grand Prix". www.formula1.com. October 21, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ Baldwin, Alan; Davis, Toby (October 21, 2021). "Motor racing-W Series heads for Texan title-decider with a tie at the top". Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ Richards, Giles (October 22, 2021). "W Series gears up for gripping finale for co-leaders Powell and Chadwick". The Guardian. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ a b Benson, Andrew (October 24, 2021). "United States GP: Why are Red Bull quickest again?". BBC Sport. Retrieved October 24, 2021. ^ a b "2021 United States Grand Prix – Entry List" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021. ^ "Acura brand returns to F1 with Red Bull and AlphaTauri at US GP". www.autosport.com. October 20, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2022. ^ "Formula 1 2021 Season - Pirelli Unveils Tire Choices For All 23 GPs". F1Lead. February 20, 2021. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021. ^ a b c "United States timetable". Formula 1. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ "FP1: Bottas leads Hamilton and Verstappen in opening US Grand Prix practice session". Formula1. October 22, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ "FP2: Perez leads Norris in second practice as frustrated Verstappen falls foul of traffic". Formula1. October 22, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ "FP3: Perez tops final practice at Austin as Verstappen and Hamilton have quicker laps deleted". Formula1. October 23, 2021. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021. ^ a b Dart, Tom (October 23, 2021). "Hamilton laments 'real struggle' as Verstappen pips him to F1 US GP pole". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved October 24, 2021. ^ a b Baldwin, Alan; Ferris, Ken; Wallis, Daniel (October 24, 2021). "Verstappen on pole and Hamilton alongside in Texas". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2021. ^ Luke Smith (February 5, 2021). "Mazepin set to race under neutral flag after CAS ruling extends to F1". motorsport.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021. ^ "Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Qualifying". Formula1.com. October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ a b "Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Starting Grid". Formula1.com. October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ a b c "Bottas, Russell and Vettel hit with United States Grand Prix grid penalties after PU changes". www.formula1.com. October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021. ^ "Alonso set for back of the grid start in the US Grand Prix after changing PU components". www.formula1.com. October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021. ^ "Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Race Result". Formula1.com. October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021. ^ "Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Fastest Laps". Formula1.com. October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021. ^ a b "United States 2021 - Championship". www.statsf1.com. External links Previous race:2021 Turkish Grand Prix FIA Formula One World Championship2021 season Next race:2021 Mexico City Grand Prix Previous race:2019 United States Grand Prix United States Grand Prix Next race:2022 United States Grand Prix vte« previous Formula One Grands Prix (2020–2025)2020 AUS AUT STY HUN GBR 70A ESP BEL ITA TUS RUS EIF POR EMI TUR BHR SKH ABU 2021 BHR EMI POR ESP MON AZE FRA STY AUT GBR HUN BEL NED ITA RUS TUR USA MXC SAP QAT SAU ABU 2022 BHR SAU AUS EMI MIA ESP MON AZE CAN GBR AUT FRA HUN BEL NED ITA SIN JPN USA MXC SAP ABU 2023 BHR SAU AUS AZE MIA EMI MON ESP CAN AUT GBR HUN BEL NED ITA SIN JPN QAT USA MXC SAP LVG ABU 2024 BHR SAU AUS JPN CHN MIA EMI MON CAN ESP AUT GBR HUN BEL NED ITA AZE SIN USA MXC SAP LVG QAT ABU 2025 AUS CHN JPN BHR SAU MIA EMI MON ESP CAN AUT GBR BEL HUN NED ITA AZE SIN USA MXC SAP LVG QAT ABU
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One motor race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_racing"},{"link_name":"Circuit of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"2021 Formula One World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"United States Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Circuit of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 2021 United States Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021) was a Formula One motor race, held on October 25, 2021, at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas, United States. The race was the 17th round of the 2021 Formula One World Championship and the 50th running of the United States Grand Prix, the 42nd time the race was run as a World Championship event since the inaugural 1950 season, and the ninth time a World Championship round was held at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas.","title":"2021 United States Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circuit_of_the_Americas,_April_22,_2018_SkySat_(cropped2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Circuit of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_2021_US_Grand_Prix_statistics-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2021 W Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_W_Series"},{"link_name":"support races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_2021_US_Grand_Prix_statistics-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_USGP_why_Red_Bull_quickest-10"}],"text":"Aerial view of Circuit of the Americas.The race returned after being cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[5] There was a 20% risk of rain for qualifying and 40% for the race.[6] From this race onward, any practice times set during waved yellow flags would be deleted.[7] The final two rounds of the 2021 W Series were held as support races for the Grand Prix.[8][9] This was the ninth time that Austin has hosted a Formula One Grand Prix.[5] Some restrictions on paddock access related to the COVID-19 pandemic were lowered starting from this event.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Turkish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Max Verstappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Verstappen"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Valtteri Bottas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtteri_Bottas"},{"link_name":"Lando Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando_Norris"},{"link_name":"Sergio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_in_Formula_One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Verstappen_(Austin_2021).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Championship standings before the race","text":"After finishing second in the preceding Turkish Grand Prix, Max Verstappen led the drivers' championship from Lewis Hamilton by six points, Verstappen with 262.5 and Hamilton with 256.5. Behind them, Valtteri Bottas was in third place with 177 points. Lando Norris trailed him by 32 points, and Sergio Pérez trailed Norris by 10 points. In the constructors' championship, Mercedes led Red Bull Racing by 36 points. Behind them, third-placed McLaren led fourth-placed Ferrari by 7.5 points with 240 points, with Alpine a distant fifth with 104 points.Verstappen, the race winner, during Friday's free practice.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Formula One World Championship § Entries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Formula_One_World_Championship#Entries"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entry_list-11"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Mission Winnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_International"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Bahrain_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Emilia Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Emilia_Romagna_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Portuguese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Azerbaijan_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"French Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Italian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Turkish Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Turkish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entry_list-11"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Scuderia AlphaTauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_AlphaTauri"},{"link_name":"Acura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acura"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Entrants","text":"See also: 2021 Formula One World Championship § EntriesThe drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for the race.[11]The title sponsor of Ferrari, Mission Winnow, returned for this race. The name and sponsor logos were used by Ferrari at the Bahrain, Emilia Romagna, Portuguese, Spanish, Monaco, Azerbaijan, and Russian Grands Prix, but were not used in any races from the French Grand Prix to the Italian Grand Prix, and the Turkish Grand Prix, for legal reasons.[11] For this weekend exclusively, Honda-powered teams Red Bull Racing and Scuderia AlphaTauri raced with sponsorship by Honda's American brand Acura, replacing the engine manufacturer's logos in their cars' respective liveries.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C2, C3, and C4 compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_tyres"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tyre choices","text":"Sole tyre supplier Pirelli allocated the C2, C3, and C4 compounds of tyre to be used in the race.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC−05:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schedule-14"},{"link_name":"Valtteri Bottas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtteri_Bottas"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Max Verstappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Verstappen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sergio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Lando Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando_Norris"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Carlos Sainz Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The first practice session started at 11:30 local time (UTC−05:00) on Friday, October 22.[14] Valtteri Bottas was the fastest in the session, with Lewis Hamilton and Max Verstappen behind.[15] The second session started at 15:00 local time, also on Friday, and ended with Sergio Pérez fastest ahead of Lando Norris and Hamilton.[16] The third practice session started at 13:00 local time on Saturday, October 23. There were very stiff winds and high temperatures catching the drivers out throughout the session and Verstappen and Hamilton both had quicker lap times deleted for exceeding track limits on Turns 19 and 9, respectively, Pérez was once again the fastest driver, ahead of Carlos Sainz Jr. for Ferrari and Verstappen.[17]","title":"Practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC−05:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schedule-14"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer_Hamilton_laments_real_struggle-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_Verstappen_pole_Texas-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_USGP_why_Red_Bull_quickest-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer_Hamilton_laments_real_struggle-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_Verstappen_pole_Texas-19"}],"text":"Qualifying started at 16:00 local time (UTC−05:00) on Saturday, October 23.[14] The surface temperature was around 37 °C (99 °F).[clarification needed][18] Before qualifying, Red Bull made alterations to the rear wings of their cars after a crack was found on one of them.[19] Verstappen qualified on pole.[10] Hamilton qualified second, a fifth of a second slower than Verstappen.[18] Pérez qualified third, while Bottas qualified fourth, although the latter had a five-place grid penalty and was relegated to ninth on the starting grid.[19]","title":"Qualifying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"Valtteri Bottas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtteri_Bottas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penalties-24"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penalties-24"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"Fernando Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"George Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Russell_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penalties-24"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying classification","text":"Notes^1 – Valtteri Bottas received a five-place grid penalty for a new internal combustion engine.[23]\n^2 – Sebastian Vettel was required to start the race from the back of the grid for exceeding his quota of power unit elements.[23]\n^3 – Fernando Alonso was required to start the race from the back of the grid for exceeding his quota of power unit elements.[24]\n^4 – George Russell was required to start the race from the back of the grid for exceeding his quota of power unit elements.[23]","title":"Qualifying"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC−05:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schedule-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_2021_US_Grand_Prix_statistics-5"}],"text":"The race started at 14:00 local time (UTC−05:00) on Sunday, October 24, and was run over fifty-six laps.[14][5]","title":"Race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_5"}],"sub_title":"Race classification","text":"Notes^1 – Includes one point for fastest lap.","title":"Race"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Max Verstappen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Verstappen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Valtteri Bottas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtteri_Bottas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sergio Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_P%C3%A9rez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lando Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lando_Norris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_in_Formula_One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_F1_Team"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-28"}],"text":"Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Max Verstappen*\n\n287.5\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Lewis Hamilton*\n\n275.5\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n Valtteri Bottas*\n\n185\n\n\n 1\n\n4\n\n Sergio Pérez\n\n150\n\n\n 1\n\n5\n\n Lando Norris\n\n149\n\n\nSource:[27]\n\n\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nConstructor\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Mercedes*\n\n460.5\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Red Bull Racing-Honda*\n\n437.5\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n McLaren-Mercedes*\n\n254\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Ferrari*\n\n250.5\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n Alpine-Renault\n\n104\n\n\nSource:[27]Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.\nBold text and an asterisk indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion.","title":"Championship standings after the race"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RAF_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RAF_21-1"},{"link_name":"Nikita Mazepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Mazepin"},{"link_name":"Russian Automobile Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Automobile_Federation"},{"link_name":"Court of Arbitration for Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport"},{"link_name":"World Anti-Doping Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency"},{"link_name":"state-sponsored doping program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doping-20"}],"text":"^ a b Nikita Mazepin is Russian, but he competed as a neutral competitor using the designation RAF (Russian Automobile Federation), as the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld a ban on Russia competing at World Championships. The ban was implemented by the World Anti-Doping Agency in response to the state-sponsored doping program of Russian athletes.[20]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Circuit of the Americas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Circuit_of_the_Americas%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped2%29.jpg/220px-Circuit_of_the_Americas%2C_April_22%2C_2018_SkySat_%28cropped2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Verstappen, the race winner, during Friday's free practice.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Max_Verstappen_%28Austin_2021%29.jpg/220px-Max_Verstappen_%28Austin_2021%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"2021 United States Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2021_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"title":"2021 W Series Austin round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_W_Series_Austin_round"}]
[{"reference":"Smith, Luke (August 28, 2021). \"Formula 1 reveals updated 2021 calendar, drops to 22 races\". Autosport. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/formula-1-reveals-updated-2021-calendar-drops-to-22-races/6655341/","url_text":"\"Formula 1 reveals updated 2021 calendar, drops to 22 races\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosport","url_text":"Autosport"}]},{"reference":"\"United States 2021\". Formula1. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/racing/2021/United_States/Circuit.html","url_text":"\"United States 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Dodgins, Tony; Hamilton, Maurice; Hughes, Mark; Kirby, Gordon (January 8, 2021). Autocourse 2020-2021. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Icon Publishing Limited. pp. 272–281. ISBN 978-1910584-42-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hughes_(journalist)","url_text":"Hughes, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Kirby","url_text":"Kirby, Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910584-42-2","url_text":"978-1910584-42-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 1 announces TV, race attendance and digital audience figures for 2021\". Formula1.com. February 17, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-announces-tv-race-attendance-and-digital-audience-figures-for-2021.1YDpVJIOHGNuok907sWcKW.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 announces TV, race attendance and digital audience figures for 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Alan; Osmond, Ed (October 20, 2021). \"Motor racing-Formula One statistics for the U.S. Grand Prix\". Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-motor-f1-usa-statistics-idUKKBN2HA28S","url_text":"\"Motor racing-Formula One statistics for the U.S. Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"What's the weather forecast for the United States Grand Prix?\". Formula 1. October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.whats-the-weather-forecast-for-the-united-states-grand-prix.71WO1zCv9lb9BMRVcBuvQe.html","url_text":"\"What's the weather forecast for the United States Grand Prix?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drivers to have lap times set under double waved yellows deleted from US Grand Prix\". www.formula1.com. October 21, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.drivers-to-have-lap-times-set-under-double-waved-yellows-deleted-from-us.4GIVeeemzQrrQGD8MvWots.html","url_text":"\"Drivers to have lap times set under double waved yellows deleted from US Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022010235/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.drivers-to-have-lap-times-set-under-double-waved-yellows-deleted-from-us.4GIVeeemzQrrQGD8MvWots.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Alan; Davis, Toby (October 21, 2021). \"Motor racing-W Series heads for Texan title-decider with a tie at the top\". Reuters. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/motor-wseries/motor-racing-w-series-heads-for-texan-title-decider-with-a-tie-at-the-top-idINL4N2RG3ZS","url_text":"\"Motor racing-W Series heads for Texan title-decider with a tie at the top\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Giles (October 22, 2021). \"W Series gears up for gripping finale for co-leaders Powell and Chadwick\". The Guardian. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/oct/22/alice-powell-jamie-chadwick-austin-w-series-finale","url_text":"\"W Series gears up for gripping finale for co-leaders Powell and Chadwick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Benson, Andrew (October 24, 2021). \"United States GP: Why are Red Bull quickest again?\". BBC Sport. Retrieved October 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/59026230","url_text":"\"United States GP: Why are Red Bull quickest again?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 United States Grand Prix – Entry List\" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/decision-document/2021%20United%20States%20Grand%20Prix%20-%20Entry%20List.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 United States Grand Prix – Entry List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"}]},{"reference":"\"Acura brand returns to F1 with Red Bull and AlphaTauri at US GP\". www.autosport.com. October 20, 2021. 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Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.fp1-bottas-leads-hamilton-and-verstappen-in-opening-us-grand-prix-practice.5UoegVdakoZH7HJ32liYdE.html","url_text":"\"FP1: Bottas leads Hamilton and Verstappen in opening US Grand Prix practice session\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211022181758/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.fp1-bottas-leads-hamilton-and-verstappen-in-opening-us-grand-prix-practice.5UoegVdakoZH7HJ32liYdE.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FP2: Perez leads Norris in second practice as frustrated Verstappen falls foul of traffic\". Formula1. October 22, 2021. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. 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Retrieved October 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/oct/23/max-verstappen-pips-lewis-hamilton-to-claim-us-f1-gp-pole-in-austin","url_text":"\"Hamilton laments 'real struggle' as Verstappen pips him to F1 US GP pole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group","url_text":"Guardian Media Group"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Alan; Ferris, Ken; Wallis, Daniel (October 24, 2021). \"Verstappen on pole and Hamilton alongside in Texas\". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/verstappen-pole-texas-with-hamilton-alongside-2021-10-23/","url_text":"\"Verstappen on pole and Hamilton alongside in Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Luke Smith (February 5, 2021). \"Mazepin set to race under neutral flag after CAS ruling extends to F1\". motorsport.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russia-mazepin-neutral-flag-f1/5345260/","url_text":"\"Mazepin set to race under neutral flag after CAS ruling extends to F1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210205211019/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/russia-mazepin-neutral-flag-f1/5345260/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Qualifying\". Formula1.com. October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2021/races/1102/united-states/qualifying.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Qualifying\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Starting Grid\". Formula1.com. October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2021/races/1102/united-states/starting-grid.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Starting Grid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bottas, Russell and Vettel hit with United States Grand Prix grid penalties after PU changes\". www.formula1.com. October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.bottas-russell-and-vettel-set-for-united-states-grand-prix-grid-penalties.3fCBizKiZNzaIp5r6GDPvi.html","url_text":"\"Bottas, Russell and Vettel hit with United States Grand Prix grid penalties after PU changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alonso set for back of the grid start in the US Grand Prix after changing PU components\". www.formula1.com. October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.alonso-set-for-back-of-the-grid-start-in-the-us-grand-prix-after-changing-pu.2Vt6qHObMLvadjAoRul1bm.html","url_text":"\"Alonso set for back of the grid start in the US Grand Prix after changing PU components\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Race Result\". Formula1.com. October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2021/races/1102/united-states/race-result.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Race Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Fastest Laps\". Formula1.com. October 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/2021/races/1102/united-states/fastest-laps.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2021 – Fastest Laps\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States 2021 - Championship\". www.statsf1.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/2021/etats-unis/championnat.aspx","url_text":"\"United States 2021 - Championship\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Philharmonic
Dresden Philharmonic
["1 History","2 Principal conductors","3 References","4 External links"]
Orchestra based in Dresden Dresdner PhilharmonieOrchestraofficial logo since 2019Founded1870Principal conductorSir Donald Runnicles (designate, effective 2025)Websitewww.dresdnerphilharmonie.de The Dresdner Philharmonie at the renovated Kulturpalast The Dresdner Philharmonie (Dresden Philharmonic) is a German symphony orchestra based in Dresden. Its principal concert venue is the Kulturpalast. The orchestra also performs at the Kreuzkirche, the Hochschule für Musik Dresden, and the Schloss Albrechtsberg. It receives financial support from the city of Dresden. The choral ensembles affiliated with the orchestra are the Dresden Philharmonic Choir and Dresden Philharmonic Chamber Choir. The current Intendantin of the orchestra is Frauke Roth, in the post since 2015, and currently under contract to the orchestra through 2026. History The orchestra was founded in 1870 and gave its first concert in the Gewerbehaussaal on 29 November 1870, under the name Gewerbehausorchester. The orchestra acquired its current name in 1915. During the existence of the DDR, the orchestra took up its primary residence in the Kulturpalast. After German reunification, plans had been proposed for a new concert hall. These had not come to fruition by the time of the principal conductorship of Marek Janowski, who cited this lack of development of a new hall for the orchestra as the reason for his resignation from the post in 2003. Michael Sanderling became principal conductor in 2011, with an initial contract of three years. In October 2013, the orchestra announced the extension of Sanderling's contract as principal conductor through the 2018–2019 season. In November 2016, Sanderling announced, via a letter to the mayor of Dresden, his intention to stand down as chief conductor of the orchestra in 2019, in protest at learning of proposed culture budget reductions via media reports instead of being informed directly from the civic authorities. In September 2018, the orchestra announced the re-appointment of Janowski as its chief conductor, effective with the 2019–2020 season, with an initial contract of three seasons. In November 2020, the orchestra announced the extension of Janowski's contract as chief conductor by one season, through the summer of 2023, when Janowski concluded his second tenure with the orchestra. In December 2022, Sir Donald Runnicles first guest-conducted the orchestra. In December 2023, the Dresden Philharmonic announced the appointment of Runnicles as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2025-2026 season. He is scheduled to serve as chief conductor-designate for the 2024-2025 season. Past principal guest conductors of the orchestra have included Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (later chief conductor of the orchestra from 2004 to 2011), Yuri Temirkanov, Bertrand de Billy, and Markus Poschner. The orchestra's current principal guest conductor is Kahchun Wong, as of the 2023-2024 season. Wong is scheduled to conclude in the post at the close of the 2024-2025 season. In November 2023, Tabita Berglund first guest-conducted the orchestra.  In May 2024, on the basis of this appearance, the Dresden Philharmonic announced the appointment of Berglund as its next principal guest conductor, the first female conductor to be named to the post, for a minimum initial period of two seasons. In popular culture, the Dresden Philharmonic was the featured orchestra in the film Tár (2022). Principal conductors Hermann Mannsfeldt (1870–1885) Michael Zimmermann (1885–1886) Ernst Stahl (1886–1890) August Trenkler (1890–1903) Willy Olsen (1903–1915) Edwin Lindner (1915–1923) Joseph Gustav Mraczek (1923–1924) Eduard Mörike (1924–1929) Paul Scheinpflug (1929–1932) Werner Ladwig (1932–1934) Paul van Kempen (1934–1942) Carl Schuricht (1942–1944) Gerhart Wiesenhütter (1945–1946) Heinz Bongartz (1947–1964) Horst Förster (1964–1967) Kurt Masur (1967–1972) Günther Herbig (1972–1976) Herbert Kegel (1977–1985) Jörg-Peter Weigle (1986–1994) Michel Plasson (1994–2001) Marek Janowski (2001–2003) Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (2004–2011) Michael Sanderling (2011–2019) Marek Janowski (2019–2023) Donald Runnicles (designate, effective 2025) References ^ "Frauke Roth bleibt Philharmonie-Intendantin in Dresden". NMZ. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ "Sanderling bis 2019 Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie". Sächsische Zeitung. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2014. ^ Thomas Baumann-Hartwig (27 November 2016). "Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie schmeißt hin". Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ "Rückkehr zur Dresdner Philharmonie: Marek Janowski neuer Chefdirigent". BR-Klassik. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018. ^ "Chefdirigent Janowski verlängert Vertrag bei Dresdner Philharmonie". NMZ. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020. ^ "Sir Donald Runnicles soll Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie werden" (Press release). Stadt Dresden. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023. ^ "Dresdner Philharmonie engagiert erstmals Frau in Gastdirigent-Position". NMZ. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ "Tabita Berglund wird Erste Gastdirigentin der Dresdner Philharmonie" (Press release). Dresden Philharmonic. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ Mulcahey, Matt (15 December 2022). "Within the Silences: The Sound Team Behind Tár". Filmmaker. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ Welch, Alex (28 October 2022). "Sophie Kauer on working with Cate Blanchett and mastering music in Tár". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. External links Dresdner Philharmonie and Philharmoniker official website CDs of Dresdner Philharmonie released by GENUIN Bach Cantatas page profile of the orchestra vteDresden Philharmonic Principal Conductors Hermann Mannsfeldt (1870) Michael Zimmermann (1885) Ernst Stahl (1886) August Trenkler (1890) Willy Olsen (1903) Edwin Lindner (1915) Joseph Gustav Mraczek (1923) Eduard Mörike (1924) Paul Scheinpflug (1929) Werner Ladwig (1932) Paul van Kempen (1934) Carl Schuricht (1942) Gerhart Wiesenhütter (1945) Heinz Bongartz (1947) Horst Förster (1964) Kurt Masur (1967) Günther Herbig (1972) Herbert Kegel (1977) Jörg-Peter Weigle (1986) Michel Plasson (1994) Marek Janowski (2001) Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (2004) Michael Sanderling (2011) Marek Janowski (2019) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dresdner_Philharmonie_im_Kulturpalast_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kulturpalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturpalast"},{"link_name":"symphony orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Kulturpalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturpalast_(Dresden)"},{"link_name":"Kreuzkirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzkirche,_Dresden"},{"link_name":"Hochschule für Musik Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_%22Carl_Maria_von_Weber%22"},{"link_name":"Schloss Albrechtsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrechtsberg_Palace_(Dresden)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Dresdner Philharmonie at the renovated KulturpalastThe Dresdner Philharmonie (Dresden Philharmonic) is a German symphony orchestra based in Dresden. Its principal concert venue is the Kulturpalast. The orchestra also performs at the Kreuzkirche, the Hochschule für Musik Dresden, and the Schloss Albrechtsberg. It receives financial support from the city of Dresden. The choral ensembles affiliated with the orchestra are the Dresden Philharmonic Choir and Dresden Philharmonic Chamber Choir.The current Intendantin of the orchestra is Frauke Roth, in the post since 2015, and currently under contract to the orchestra through 2026.[1]","title":"Dresden Philharmonic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Marek Janowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Janowski"},{"link_name":"Michael Sanderling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sanderling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Donald Runnicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Runnicles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Fr%C3%BChbeck_de_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Yuri Temirkanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Temirkanov"},{"link_name":"Bertrand de Billy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_de_Billy"},{"link_name":"Markus Poschner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Poschner"},{"link_name":"Kahchun Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kah_Chun"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tabita Berglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabita_Berglund"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The orchestra was founded in 1870 and gave its first concert in the Gewerbehaussaal on 29 November 1870, under the name Gewerbehausorchester. The orchestra acquired its current name in 1915. During the existence of the DDR, the orchestra took up its primary residence in the Kulturpalast. After German reunification, plans had been proposed for a new concert hall. These had not come to fruition by the time of the principal conductorship of Marek Janowski, who cited this lack of development of a new hall for the orchestra as the reason for his resignation from the post in 2003.Michael Sanderling became principal conductor in 2011, with an initial contract of three years. In October 2013, the orchestra announced the extension of Sanderling's contract as principal conductor through the 2018–2019 season.[2] In November 2016, Sanderling announced, via a letter to the mayor of Dresden, his intention to stand down as chief conductor of the orchestra in 2019, in protest at learning of proposed culture budget reductions via media reports instead of being informed directly from the civic authorities.[3]In September 2018, the orchestra announced the re-appointment of Janowski as its chief conductor, effective with the 2019–2020 season, with an initial contract of three seasons.[4] In November 2020, the orchestra announced the extension of Janowski's contract as chief conductor by one season, through the summer of 2023,[5] when Janowski concluded his second tenure with the orchestra. In December 2022, Sir Donald Runnicles first guest-conducted the orchestra. In December 2023, the Dresden Philharmonic announced the appointment of Runnicles as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2025-2026 season. He is scheduled to serve as chief conductor-designate for the 2024-2025 season.[6]Past principal guest conductors of the orchestra have included Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (later chief conductor of the orchestra from 2004 to 2011), Yuri Temirkanov, Bertrand de Billy, and Markus Poschner. The orchestra's current principal guest conductor is Kahchun Wong, as of the 2023-2024 season. Wong is scheduled to conclude in the post at the close of the 2024-2025 season.[7] In November 2023, Tabita Berglund first guest-conducted the orchestra.  In May 2024, on the basis of this appearance, the Dresden Philharmonic announced the appointment of Berglund as its next principal guest conductor, the first female conductor to be named to the post, for a minimum initial period of two seasons.[8]In popular culture, the Dresden Philharmonic was the featured orchestra in the film Tár (2022).[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Scheinpflug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheinpflug"},{"link_name":"Werner Ladwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Ladwig"},{"link_name":"Paul van Kempen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Kempen"},{"link_name":"Carl Schuricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schuricht"},{"link_name":"Heinz Bongartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Bongartz"},{"link_name":"Kurt Masur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Masur"},{"link_name":"Günther Herbig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Herbig"},{"link_name":"Herbert Kegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kegel"},{"link_name":"Jörg-Peter Weigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg-Peter_Weigle"},{"link_name":"Michel Plasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Plasson"},{"link_name":"Marek Janowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Janowski"},{"link_name":"Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Fr%C3%BChbeck_de_Burgos"},{"link_name":"Michael Sanderling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sanderling"},{"link_name":"Donald Runnicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Runnicles"}],"text":"Hermann Mannsfeldt (1870–1885)\nMichael Zimmermann (1885–1886)\nErnst Stahl (1886–1890)\nAugust Trenkler (1890–1903)\nWilly Olsen (1903–1915)\nEdwin Lindner (1915–1923)\nJoseph Gustav Mraczek (1923–1924)\nEduard Mörike (1924–1929)\nPaul Scheinpflug (1929–1932)\nWerner Ladwig (1932–1934)\nPaul van Kempen (1934–1942)\nCarl Schuricht (1942–1944)\nGerhart Wiesenhütter (1945–1946)\nHeinz Bongartz (1947–1964)\nHorst Förster (1964–1967)\nKurt Masur (1967–1972)\nGünther Herbig (1972–1976)\nHerbert Kegel (1977–1985)\nJörg-Peter Weigle (1986–1994)\nMichel Plasson (1994–2001)\nMarek Janowski (2001–2003)\nRafael Frühbeck de Burgos (2004–2011)\nMichael Sanderling (2011–2019)\nMarek Janowski (2019–2023)\nDonald Runnicles (designate, effective 2025)","title":"Principal conductors"}]
[{"image_text":"The Dresdner Philharmonie at the renovated Kulturpalast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dresdner_Philharmonie_im_Kulturpalast_2.jpg/220px-Dresdner_Philharmonie_im_Kulturpalast_2.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Frauke Roth bleibt Philharmonie-Intendantin in Dresden\". NMZ. 29 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/frauke-roth-bleibt-philharmonie-intendantin-in-dresden","url_text":"\"Frauke Roth bleibt Philharmonie-Intendantin in Dresden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sanderling bis 2019 Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie\". Sächsische Zeitung. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034622/http://www.sz-online.de/nachrichten/kultur/sanderling-bis-2019-chefdirigent-der-dresdner-philharmonie-2682211.html","url_text":"\"Sanderling bis 2019 Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie\""},{"url":"http://www.sz-online.de/nachrichten/kultur/sanderling-bis-2019-chefdirigent-der-dresdner-philharmonie-2682211.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Baumann-Hartwig (27 November 2016). \"Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie schmeißt hin\". Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170529215305/http://www.dnn.de/Kultur/Kultur-News/Chefdirigent-der-Dresdner-Philharmonie-schmeisst-hin","url_text":"\"Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie schmeißt hin\""},{"url":"http://www.dnn.de/Kultur/Kultur-News/Chefdirigent-der-Dresdner-Philharmonie-schmeisst-hin","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rückkehr zur Dresdner Philharmonie: Marek Janowski neuer Chefdirigent\". BR-Klassik. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.br-klassik.de/aktuell/news-kritik/marek-janowski-chefdirigent-dresdner-philharmonie-nachfolger-von-michael-sanderling-100.html","url_text":"\"Rückkehr zur Dresdner Philharmonie: Marek Janowski neuer Chefdirigent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chefdirigent Janowski verlängert Vertrag bei Dresdner Philharmonie\". NMZ. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/chefdirigent-janowski-verlaengert-vertrag-bei-dresdner-philharmonie","url_text":"\"Chefdirigent Janowski verlängert Vertrag bei Dresdner Philharmonie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Donald Runnicles soll Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie werden\" (Press release). Stadt Dresden. 20 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dresden.de/de/rathaus/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2023/12/pm_047.php","url_text":"\"Sir Donald Runnicles soll Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie werden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dresdner Philharmonie engagiert erstmals Frau in Gastdirigent-Position\". NMZ. 3 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nmz.de/menschen/personalia/dresdner-philharmonie-engagiert-erstmals-frau-gastdirigent-position","url_text":"\"Dresdner Philharmonie engagiert erstmals Frau in Gastdirigent-Position\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tabita Berglund wird Erste Gastdirigentin der Dresdner Philharmonie\" (Press release). Dresden Philharmonic. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dresdnerphilharmonie.de/de/presse/tabita-berglund-wird-erste-gastdirigentin-der-dresdner-philharmonie/","url_text":"\"Tabita Berglund wird Erste Gastdirigentin der Dresdner Philharmonie\""}]},{"reference":"Mulcahey, Matt (15 December 2022). \"Within the Silences: The Sound Team Behind Tár\". Filmmaker. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmakermagazine.com/117839-sound-team-tar/#.Y66Dv-1Bzmg","url_text":"\"Within the Silences: The Sound Team Behind Tár\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker_(magazine)","url_text":"Filmmaker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230064131/https://filmmakermagazine.com/117839-sound-team-tar/#.Y66Dv-1Bzmg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Alex (28 October 2022). \"Sophie Kauer on working with Cate Blanchett and mastering music in Tár\". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/tar-sophie-kauer-interview/","url_text":"\"Sophie Kauer on working with Cate Blanchett and mastering music in Tár\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Trends","url_text":"Digital Trends"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230064130/https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/tar-sophie-kauer-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.dresdnerphilharmonie.de/","external_links_name":"www.dresdnerphilharmonie.de"},{"Link":"https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/frauke-roth-bleibt-philharmonie-intendantin-in-dresden","external_links_name":"\"Frauke Roth bleibt Philharmonie-Intendantin in Dresden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034622/http://www.sz-online.de/nachrichten/kultur/sanderling-bis-2019-chefdirigent-der-dresdner-philharmonie-2682211.html","external_links_name":"\"Sanderling bis 2019 Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie\""},{"Link":"http://www.sz-online.de/nachrichten/kultur/sanderling-bis-2019-chefdirigent-der-dresdner-philharmonie-2682211.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170529215305/http://www.dnn.de/Kultur/Kultur-News/Chefdirigent-der-Dresdner-Philharmonie-schmeisst-hin","external_links_name":"\"Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie schmeißt hin\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnn.de/Kultur/Kultur-News/Chefdirigent-der-Dresdner-Philharmonie-schmeisst-hin","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.br-klassik.de/aktuell/news-kritik/marek-janowski-chefdirigent-dresdner-philharmonie-nachfolger-von-michael-sanderling-100.html","external_links_name":"\"Rückkehr zur Dresdner Philharmonie: Marek Janowski neuer Chefdirigent\""},{"Link":"https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/chefdirigent-janowski-verlaengert-vertrag-bei-dresdner-philharmonie","external_links_name":"\"Chefdirigent Janowski verlängert Vertrag bei Dresdner Philharmonie\""},{"Link":"https://www.dresden.de/de/rathaus/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2023/12/pm_047.php","external_links_name":"\"Sir Donald Runnicles soll Chefdirigent der Dresdner Philharmonie werden\""},{"Link":"https://www.nmz.de/menschen/personalia/dresdner-philharmonie-engagiert-erstmals-frau-gastdirigent-position","external_links_name":"\"Dresdner Philharmonie engagiert erstmals Frau in Gastdirigent-Position\""},{"Link":"https://www.dresdnerphilharmonie.de/de/presse/tabita-berglund-wird-erste-gastdirigentin-der-dresdner-philharmonie/","external_links_name":"\"Tabita Berglund wird Erste Gastdirigentin der Dresdner Philharmonie\""},{"Link":"https://filmmakermagazine.com/117839-sound-team-tar/#.Y66Dv-1Bzmg","external_links_name":"\"Within the Silences: The Sound Team Behind Tár\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230064131/https://filmmakermagazine.com/117839-sound-team-tar/#.Y66Dv-1Bzmg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/tar-sophie-kauer-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Sophie Kauer on working with Cate Blanchett and mastering music in Tár\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230064130/https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/tar-sophie-kauer-interview/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dresdnerphilharmonie.de/","external_links_name":"Dresdner Philharmonie and Philharmoniker official website"},{"Link":"https://www.genuinclassics.com/_new/artist_1.php?k=123","external_links_name":"CDs of Dresdner Philharmonie"},{"Link":"http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Dresdner-Philharmonie.htm","external_links_name":"Bach Cantatas page profile of the orchestra"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109415606","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133022259","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5055179","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139030612","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139030612","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/815129-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007447891305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82069839","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0029261&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09309573?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6fc009d4-6f05-4ffa-8151-a560508f6f4c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/147326435","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benhur_Kivalu
Benhur Kivalu
["1 Career","2 Post-career","3 References","4 External links"]
Rugby playerBenhur KivaluBirth nameDaniel Benhur KivaluDate of birth (1972-09-02) 2 September 1972 (age 51)Place of birthVailoa, SamoaHeight6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Weight286 lb (130 kg)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Lock, Number 8Amateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)1995 Avalon ()Senior careerYears Team Apps (Points)1996–20042004–05 Fukuoka Sanix BombsKintetsu Liners ()Provincial / State sidesYears Team Apps (Points)1995-1996 Wellington B 2 (10)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1998–2005 Tonga 39 (40) Benhur Kivalu (born 2 September 1972 in Vailoa) is a Samoan-born Tongan former rugby union player. He played as a lock and as a number eight. Career His first international match for Tonga was against Samoa, at Sydney, on 18 September 1998. He was also part of the 1999 and 2003 World Cup rosters. His last match for the 'Ikale Tahi was against Samoa, at Nuku'alofa, on 22 July 2005. Post-career After his playing career, he was the coach of Tonga national under-20 rugby union team. Currently, he is the "Regional Development Officer" for Tonga Rugby Union. References ^ "All change for Tonga". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2019-03-01. ^ "Kintetsu Liners: Le glorieux club des années 50 à 70". Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-05-07. ^ B. H. Kivalu at New Zealand Rugby History ^ "Development Officer Benhur Kivalu". tongarugbyunion.net. Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2017-05-07. External links Benhur Kivalu at ESPNscrum vteTonga squad – 1999 Rugby World CupForwards Afeaki Edwards Fainga'anuku F. Faletau K. Faletau Fatani Kivalu Koloi Mafi Maka Penisini Taʻu Taumoepeau Te Pou Toloke Ka. Tuipulotu F. Vunipola Backs Fakaʻosifolau Finau Manu Martens Taione Tapueluelu Tatafu Taufahema Taumalolo Taupeaafe Tiueti Sa. Tuipulotu Si. Tuʻipulotu E. Vunipola Wooley Coach: Tuʻihalamaka vteTonga squad – 2003 Rugby World CupForwards I. Afeaki S. Afeaki Fenukitau Kivalu Latu Langi Lavaka Leaʻaetoa Maʻasi Naufahu M. Ngauamo Pulu Taukafa Tonga Tuʻamoheloa Vaki Backs Alatini Fifita Hola Hufanga Leger Martens J. Ngauamo Palu Payne Tuʻifua Tuipulotu Ulufonua Vaʻenuku Coach: Love vtePacific Islanders 2004 tour of Australia and New ZealandFiji Bai Bobo Doviverata Koyamaibole Ligairi Lotawa Rabeni Rawaqa Rauluni Sivivatu Tuilevu Samoa Fa'atau Lafaiali'i Lavea Levi Lima Mapusua Sititi So'oialo Vili Tonga Afeaki (c) Filise Kivalu Lauaki Lutui Moala Taumoepeau Tongaʻuiha Cook Islands Tamarua Head coach Boe
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vailoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailoa"}],"text":"Benhur Kivalu (born 2 September 1972 in Vailoa) is a Samoan-born Tongan former rugby union player. He played as a lock and as a number eight.","title":"Benhur Kivalu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup"}],"text":"His first international match for Tonga was against Samoa, at Sydney, on 18 September 1998. He was also part of the 1999 and 2003 World Cup rosters. His last match for the 'Ikale Tahi was against Samoa, at Nuku'alofa, on 22 July 2005.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonga national under-20 rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Tonga Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After his playing career, he was the coach of Tonga national under-20 rugby union team. Currently, he is the \"Regional Development Officer\" for Tonga Rugby Union.[4]","title":"Post-career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"All change for Tonga\". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2019-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2424139/All-change-for-Tonga.html","url_text":"\"All change for Tonga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301201440/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2424139/All-change-for-Tonga.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kintetsu Liners: Le glorieux club des années 50 à 70\". Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233501/http://www.japonrugby.net/kintetsu-liners-le-glorieux-club-des-annees-50-a-70.php","url_text":"\"Kintetsu Liners: Le glorieux club des années 50 à 70\""},{"url":"http://www.japonrugby.net/kintetsu-liners-le-glorieux-club-des-annees-50-a-70.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Development Officer Benhur Kivalu\". tongarugbyunion.net. Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2017-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426143650/http://tongarugbyunion.net/main/the-tru/tru-history/development-officer/","url_text":"\"Development Officer Benhur Kivalu\""},{"url":"http://tongarugbyunion.net/main/the-tru/tru-history/development-officer/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_S%C5%82upsk-S%C5%82awno
Lands of Schlawe and Stolp
["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Samborides","2.2 Inheritance conflict","2.3 Duchy of Pomerania","3 See also","4 Citations","4.1 Notes","4.2 References"]
Not to be confused with Pomerania-Stolp. Schlawe and Stolp as part of Herzogtum Pommern (i.e. Duchy of Pomerelia) under Duke Swantopolk II about 1250;1886 map by Gustav Droysen The Schlawe and Stolp Land, also known as Słupsk and Sławno Land, is a historical region in Pomerania, centered on the towns of Sławno (Schlawe) and Słupsk (Stolp) in Farther Pomerania, in present-day Poland. The area is of some historic significance, as it initially was ruled by a cadet branch of the House of Griffin and did not belong to the Duchy of Pomerania (Slavinia) under Duke Wartislaw I and his descendants, when they became vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1181. Ruled by the Samboride dukes of Pomerelia from 1227 and conquered by Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal in 1309, it was not incorporated into the Duchy of Pomerania until 1317. Geography The small region comprises the easternmost lands of historic Farther Pomerania, where the Wieprza and Słupia Rivers empty into the Baltic Sea. The area laid beyond the territory of the Prince-Bishops of Cammin, with the border running along the Unieść creek, Lake Jamno and the Góra Chełmska hill (about 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Koszalin) in the west. In the east, the Łeba River marked the historic border with Lauenburg and Bütow Land in Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania). Since World War II and the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line in 1945, the Farther Pomeranian region belongs to Poland. Part of the larger Szczecin Voivodeship from 1945, the powiats (counties) of Sławno and Słupsk in 1950 were incorporated into Koszalin Voivodeship and from 1975 belonged to the smaller Słupsk Voivodeship. Since the 1998 administrative reform the Lands of Schlawe-Stolp are divided between West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Sławno) and Pomeranian Voivodeship (Słupsk). History In the early 12th century, the Pomeranian lands had been again subdued by the Polish prince Bolesław III Wrymouth. His vassal, the Griffin duke Wartislaw, then ruled over the lands around the mouth of the Oder River and Szczecin, while the eastern Lands of Schlawe and Stolp since the 1120s were ruled by his brother Duke Ratibor I. When Wartislaw was murdered about 1135, Ratibor also assumed the rule over his late brother's duchy as regent for his minor nephews, however upon his own death in 1156, the domains were again separated: Schlawe-Stolp was inherited by Ratibor's sons Swietopelk and Bogislaw, the so-called "Ratiborides" cadet branch of the Griffin House of Pomerania, while their cousin Duke Bogislaw I of Pomerania pledged allegiance to Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1181. Nevertheless, all Pomerania was under Danish occupation from the 1180s to 1227. Samborides The last member of the Ratiborides branch of the Griffins, Ratibor II, died in 1223. This led to an inheritance dispute between the Pomeranian Griffins and the Samborides dukes of neighbouring Pomerelia, vassals of the Piast Kingdom of Poland. As Ratibor II had died during the Danish period, Denmark administered the area until she had to withdraw after the lost Battle of Bornhöved in 1227. Duke Barnim I of Pomerania immediately took control of the lands after the Danish withdrawal, but had to yield rights to the Pomerelian duke Swietopelk II, who claimed a closer relationship to the extinct Ratiborides, and took over Schlawe-Stolp in 1235/36. In the 1250s, the Pomeranian dukes mounted an unsuccessful campaign to regain the area. After the death of Duke Swietopelk II in 1266, Duke Barnim I of Pomerania again assumed the rule over the Land of Schlawe, which he ceded to Prince Vitslav II of Rügen, the founder of Rügenwalde, in 1269. However, the Griffins had to cope with the rising Margraves of Brandenburg, who had secured their enfeoffment with Pomerania by Emperor Frederick II in 1231. On 1 April 1269 the Ascanian margraves John II, Otto IV and Conrad of Brandenburg-Stendal signed the Treaty of Arnswalde with late Swantopelks's son Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia and acquired the seignory over Schlawe-Stolp. Finally on 3 September 1273 the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp became a fief under the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg. Contested by Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia, Prince Vitslav II of Rügen finally withdrew in 1275 and two years later sold his rights to the area for 3.500 Brandenburgian Marks in silver to the Margraves of Brandenburg. In 1283, Mestwin II of Pomerelia finally took over. With his death in 1294 the Samborides dynasty became extinct. Competition arose anew, as in his testimony late Duke Mestwin II had ignored his earlier contracts and by the secret Treaty of Kępno had inserted the former Polish High Duke, Przemysł II of Greater Poland, as his successor. Inheritance conflict Kingdom of Poland in 1294-96, Pomerelian and Greater Polish lands of Przemysł II in yellow Przemysł II was crowned King of Poland in 1295 and assumed the rule over the Pomerelian lands with Schlawe-Stolp. However, after he was murdered the next year, the lands of Schlawe, Stolp and Rügenwalde fell to the Brandenburgian House of Ascania: A last attempt had been made by Przemysł II to occupy the region, but in 1296 the Polish invasion troops were beaten by a Pomeranian contingent in a decisive battle near Bukowo, a village in the vicinity of the town of Rügenwalde. the death of King Przemysł II of Poland in 1296, a conflict over his succession broke out between his Piast cousin Władysław I the Elbow-high and the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. According to a chronic of 1652 by M. Merian, the Schlawe-Stolp lands were again taken over by Vitslav of Rügen and Count Adolph from Holstein. In 1301 Vitslav's son Prince Sambor of Rügen enfeoffed his castellan Matthew in Schlawe with his domains in the surroundings of Schlawe, Rügenwalde and Stolp. The Pomeranian dukes, acting under the sovereignty of Brandenburg, were forced out and had to withdraw at about 1301, after Wenceslaus II had become king of both Poland and Bohemia. He inserted a Polish administrator in the lands of Schlawe and Stolp, Frederic of Čachovice, a Czech noble, who appeared in Schlawe in December 1302. Pomerelian lands with Schlawe-Stolp (green) under the Teutonic Knights, 1308 After both King Wenceslaus II and his young successor, Wenceslaus III, had died, Duke Władysław I could reconquer large parts of the Polish territories. In 1305 the Brandenburg margraves had returned to the lands of Schlawe, Rügenwalde and Stolp. In 1307 they launched from the region a campaign against the fortified castle of Gdańsk in Pomerelia. The attack failed, however, since the local warlord, Wŀadisŀaw Ŀokietek, had recruited soldiers of the Teutonic Knights in order to help defending it. After the Teutonic takeover of Danzig in November 1308, whereby the Knights seized the city and allegedly slaughtered many of the inhabitants, the Ascanian Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal by the Treaty of Soldin sold his claims to Pomerelia east of the Łeba River to the Teutonic Order for the sum of 10,000 silver marks, but retained Schlawe-Stolp. Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen and Master Heinrich von Dirschau und Schwetz integrated remaining Gdańsk Pomerania into their Monastic State. Emperor Henry VII ratified the Soldin Treaty in 1313, and, though he could not assert any feudal claims to the territory of the extinct Samboride dukes, the now Brandenburgian Lands of Schlawe and Stolp finally were incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. Duchy of Pomerania Schlawe and Stolp as part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast, about 1400 The districts of Schlawe (now Sławno), Rügenwalde (Darłowo) and Stolp (Słupsk), remained with the Margraviate of Brandenburg and were ruled by the margraves' vassals, the Swienca family, who had administered the area already before under other dynasties. Upon the 1317 Treaty of Templin, the Griffin duke Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast could take over these areas as a fief from Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg. In 1347, the area became fully attached to the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast. The lands of Stolp were pawned to the Teutonic Order from 1329 to 1341, the Bütow area was bought by the Order in 1329 and thus remained outside Pomerania-Wolgast. The lands of Schlawe and Stolp became part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp after the partition of the Pomeranian duchy in 1368. While the Pomerelian lands were incorporated into the Polish province of Royal Prussia in 1466, the eastern border of the lands of Schlawe and Stolp to Pomerelia shifted several times, before they, together with adjacent Lauenburg and Bütow Land, were integrated into the Prussian Province of Pomerania in 1653. See also Duchy of Pomerania History of Pomerania List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes Citations Notes ^ German: Länder Schlawe und Stolp ^ Polish: Ziemia Słupsko-Sławieńska References ^ Richard Roepell: Geschichte Polens, Hamburg 1840, pp. 552.PDF ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.87, ISBN 3-88680-272-8 ^ Hans Barnig: Geschichte Pommerns, Part I: Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit (1300-1648), Böhlau, Cologne/Weimar/Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-412-07189-7, p. 13. ^ Carlheinz Rosenow: Rügenwalde an der Ostsee - Kleine Geschichte der Heimatstadt, in: Der Kreis Schlawe - Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M. Vollack, ed.), Vol. II, Husum 1989. pp. 687-698. ^ Der Kreis Schlawe - Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M. Vollack, Hrsg.), Vol. II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, Husum 1989, ISBN 3-88042-337-7, pp. 683-684 and 729-730. ^ Karl Rosenow: Herzogsschloß und Fürstengruft, Mewes, Rügenwalde 1925 (or later), p. 9. ^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens - Zweiter Theil (1300-1386), Gotha 1863, p. 6. PDF ^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens - Zweiter Theil (1300-1386, Gotha 1863, p. 28 ff. PDF ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.105, ISBN 3-88680-272-8 ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.106, ISBN 3-88680-272-8 ^ Roderich Schmidt: Die Lande Lauenburg und Bütow in ihrer wechselnden Zugehörigkeit zum Deutschen Orden, zu Pommern und Polen und zu Brandenburg-Preußen, in: Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa - Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation (D. Willoweit und H. Lemberg, Hrsg.), Oldenbourg, München 2006, ISBN 978-3-486-57839-3. pp. 93-106. PDF vteGeography of PomeraniaRegionsCurrent Western Pomerania Farther Pomerania Pomerelia Gdańsk Pomerania Kashubia Kociewie Tuchola Forest Chełmno Land Michałów Land Lubawa Land Former Circipania Lauenburg and Bütow Land Lands of Schlawe and Stolp Administration Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Brandenburg West Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomerania Euroregion Cities and towns Anklam Barth Demmin Gartz Greifswald Grudziądz Heringsdorf Kołobrzeg Koszalin Ribnitz-Damgarten Sagard Sassnitz Słupsk Stargard Starogard Gdański Stralsund Świnoujście Szczecin Tczew Toruń Tricity metro Gdańsk Gdynia Sopot Ueckermünde Wejherowo Wolgast Zingst List of towns in Western Pomerania List of towns in Farther Pomerania List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania A–H I–P Q–Z Inhabited islands Kirr Hiddensee Ummanz Dänholm Rügen Öhe Riems Vilm Greifswalder Oie Görmitz Usedom Karsibór Wolin Wolińska Kępa Chrząszczewska Pucka Grodzka Kępa Parnicka Zaleskie Łęgi Zielona Łasztownia Ostrów Grabowski Salt Island Młyńska Island Port Ołowianka Ostrów Sobieszewo Peninsulae and headlands Darß-Zingst Jasmund Hel Mönchgut Reddevitz Höft Rewa Sandbar Cape Rozewie Cape Rzucewo Westerplatte Wittow Cape Arkona Bug Schaabe Zudar Palmer Ort Rivers Brda Drawa Drwęca Dziwna Grabowa Gwda Ina Łeba Motława Oder West East Regalica Parsęta Peene Peenestrom Piaśnica Płonia Radunia Randow Recknitz Reda Rega Ryck Słupia Świna Tollense Trebel Uecker Vistula Leniwka Śmiała Wisła Martwa Wisła Przekop Canal Wda Wieprza Wierzyca Lakes Charzykowskie Lake Dąbie Lake Drawsko Lake Gardno Lake Jamno Lake Lake Kummerow Łebsko Lake Miedwie Lake Raduńskie Lake Wdzydze Lake Wicko Lake Bays, lagoons Achterwasser Balmer See Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain Bodstedter Bodden Barther Bodden Grabow Bay of Gdańsk Bay of Puck Bay of Pomerania Bay of Greifswald Rügischer Bodden Hagensche Wiek Having Wreecher See Kamieński Lagoon North Rügen Bodden Wieker Bodden Rassower Strom Großer Jasmunder Bodden Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden Prorer Wiek Szczecin Lagoon Nowe Warpno Bay Neuwarper See Tromper Wiek West Rügen Bodden Vitter Bodden Schaproder Bodden Udarser Wiek Kubitzer Bodden Liebitz National parks Western Pomerania Lagoon Area Jasmund Lower Oder Valley Wolin Drawa Slovincian Bory Tucholskie vteHistory of Pomerania 10,000 BC – 600 AD 600–1100 1100–1300 1300–1500 1500–1806 1806–1933 1933–1945 1945–present AdministrativeWestern Pomerania Billung March Northern March Principality of Rügen Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Gützkow Partitions Pomerania-Demmin Pomerania-Stettin Pomerania-Schlawe Pomerania-Wolgast Pomerania-Stolp Pomerania-Neustettin Pomerania-Stargard Pomerania-Rügenwalde Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp Pomerania-Barth Swedish Pomerania Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Stettin Region Stralsund Region List of placenames Enclave of Police Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952 Bezirk Frankfurt Bezirk Neubrandenburg Bezirk Rostock Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Brandenburg West Pomeranian Voivodeship Farther Pomerania Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Cammin Schlawe-Stolp Partitions Pomerania-Stolp Brandenburgian Pomerania Starostwo of Draheim Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Stettin Region Köslin Region List of placenames Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary West Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomeranian Voivodeship Lauenburg-Bütow classified as Farther Pomerania or Pomerelia Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Partitions Royal Prussia Pomeranian Voivodeship Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn Brandenburgian Pomerania Lauenburg and Bütow Land Province of Pomerania 1815–1945 Köslin Region Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Pomeranian Voivodeship Pomerelia (Kashubia, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest, Chełmno Land) Polish Pomerelia Danish Pomerelia Duchy of Pomerelia Samborides Duchy of Gdańsk Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo Duchy of Białogarda Duchy of Lubiszewo Duchy of Świecie State of the Teutonic Order Royal Prussia 1466–1793 Pomeranian Voivodeship Chełmno Voivodeship Free City of Danzig 1807–1814 West Prussia Posen-West Prussia Region Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 (Polish Corridor) Free City of Danzig 1920–1939 Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975 Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975 Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975 Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998 Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998 Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998 Toruń Voivodeship 1975–1998 Contemporary Pomeranian Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship Gmina Biały Bór Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship EcclesiasticalRoman CatholicHistorical Christianization of Pomerania Diocese of Wollin/Cammin Diocese of Kolberg Diocese of Chełmno Diocese of Roskilde Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig Apostolic Administration of Tütz Prelature of Schneidemühl Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl) with see in Gorzów Wielkopolski 1945–1972 Extant Archdiocese of Berlin Diocese of Bydgoszcz Archdiocese of Gdańsk Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg Diocese of Pelplin Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień Diocese of Toruń Diocese of Włocławek ProtestantHistorical Protestant Reformation Evangelical State Church in Prussia Pomeranian Evangelical Church Extant Protestant Church in Germany Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław Pentecostal Church in Poland Demography and anthropologyArchaeological cultures Hamburg Maglemosian Ertebølle-Ellerbek Linear Pottery Funnelbeaker Havelland Corded Ware Comb Ceramic Nordic Bronze Age Lusatian Jastorf Pomeranian Oksywie Wielbark Gustow Dębczyn (Denzin) Peoples Gepids Goths Lemovii Rugii Vidivarii Vistula Veneti Slavic Pomeranians Prissani Rani Ukrani Veleti Lutici Velunzani German Pomeranians Kashubians Poles Slovincians Major demographic events Migration Period Ostsiedlung WWII flight and expulsion of Germans Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians Languages and dialectsWest Germanic Low German Low Prussian Central Pomeranian Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch East Pomeranian West Pomeranian Standard German West Slavic Polabian Polish Pomeranian Kashubian Slovincian Treaties1200–1500 Kremmen (1236) Landin (1250) Kępno (1282) Soldin (1309) Templin (1317) Ueckermünde (1327) Kalisz (1343) Stralsund (1354) Stralsund (1370) Pyzdry (1390) Raciążek (1404) Thorn, First (1411) Eberswalde, First (1415) Melno (1422) Perleberg (1427) Eberswalde, Second (1427) Łęczyca (1433) Brześć Kujawski (1435) Soldin (1466) Thorn, Second (1466) Prenzlau (1448/1468/1472/1479) Pyritz (1493) 1500–1700 Thorn (1521) Kraków (1525) Grimnitz (1529) Augsburg (1555) Lublin (1569) Stettin (1570) Franzburg (1627) Stettin (1630) Westphalia (1648) Stettin (1653) Labiau (1656) Wehlau and Bromberg (1657) Oliva (1660) Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679) Lund (1679) 1700–present Stockholm (1719 / 1720) Frederiksborg (1720) Polish Partitions Treaties (1772/1773, 1793, 1795) Tilsit (1807) Kiel (1814) Vienna (1815) North German Confederation Treaty (1866) Peace of Prague (1866) Versailles (1919) Polish Concordat (1925) Prussian Concordat (1929) Reichskonkordat (1933) Molotov–Ribbentrop (1939) Potsdam (1945) Zgorzelec (1951) Moscow (1970) Warsaw (1970) Helsinki Accords (1975) Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement (1989) Two Plus Four (1990) German Reunification Treaty (1990) German–Polish Border Treaty (1991) Treaty of Good Neighbourship (1991) Polish Concordat (1993) Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution (1996) Treaty of Accession 2003
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bistum_Cammin_1250.PNG"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"historical region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_region"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Sławno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awno"},{"link_name":"Słupsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk"},{"link_name":"Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"House of Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Slavinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavinia"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Samboride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samborides"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Pomerania-Stolp.Schlawe and Stolp as part of Herzogtum Pommern (i.e. Duchy of Pomerelia) under Duke Swantopolk II about 1250;1886 map by Gustav DroysenThe Schlawe and Stolp Land,[a] also known as Słupsk and Sławno Land,[b] is a historical region in Pomerania, centered on the towns of Sławno (Schlawe) and Słupsk (Stolp) in Farther Pomerania, in present-day Poland.The area is of some historic significance, as it initially was ruled by a cadet branch of the House of Griffin and did not belong to the Duchy of Pomerania (Slavinia) under Duke Wartislaw I and his descendants, when they became vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1181. Ruled by the Samboride dukes of Pomerelia from 1227 and conquered by Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal in 1309, it was not incorporated into the Duchy of Pomerania until 1317.","title":"Lands of Schlawe and Stolp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wieprza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieprza"},{"link_name":"Słupia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upia"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Prince-Bishops of Cammin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin"},{"link_name":"Unieść","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unie%C5%9B%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jamno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamno_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Koszalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin"},{"link_name":"Łeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eba_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg and Bütow Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Oder-Neisse line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line"},{"link_name":"Szczecin Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)"},{"link_name":"powiats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat"},{"link_name":"Sławno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awno_County"},{"link_name":"Słupsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_County"},{"link_name":"Koszalin Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)"},{"link_name":"Słupsk Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"}],"text":"The small region comprises the easternmost lands of historic Farther Pomerania, where the Wieprza and Słupia Rivers empty into the Baltic Sea. The area laid beyond the territory of the Prince-Bishops of Cammin, with the border running along the Unieść creek, Lake Jamno and the Góra Chełmska hill (about 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Koszalin) in the west. In the east, the Łeba River marked the historic border with Lauenburg and Bütow Land in Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania).Since World War II and the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line in 1945, the Farther Pomeranian region belongs to Poland. Part of the larger Szczecin Voivodeship from 1945, the powiats (counties) of Sławno and Słupsk in 1950 were incorporated into Koszalin Voivodeship and from 1975 belonged to the smaller Słupsk Voivodeship. Since the 1998 administrative reform the Lands of Schlawe-Stolp are divided between West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Sławno) and Pomeranian Voivodeship (Słupsk).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bolesław III Wrymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Ratibor I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratibor_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"House of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw I of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"}],"text":"In the early 12th century, the Pomeranian lands had been again subdued by the Polish prince Bolesław III Wrymouth. His vassal, the Griffin duke Wartislaw, then ruled over the lands around the mouth of the Oder River and Szczecin, while the eastern Lands of Schlawe and Stolp since the 1120s were ruled by his brother Duke Ratibor I.When Wartislaw was murdered about 1135, Ratibor also assumed the rule over his late brother's duchy as regent for his minor nephews, however upon his own death in 1156, the domains were again separated: Schlawe-Stolp was inherited by Ratibor's sons Swietopelk and Bogislaw, the so-called \"Ratiborides\" cadet branch of the Griffin House of Pomerania, while their cousin Duke Bogislaw I of Pomerania pledged allegiance to Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1181. Nevertheless, all Pomerania was under Danish occupation from the 1180s to 1227.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ratibor II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratibor_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Samborides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samborides"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Piast Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bornhöved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1227)"},{"link_name":"Barnim I of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnim_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Swietopelk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swietopelk_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Vitslav II of Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitslav_II,_Prince_of_R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Rügenwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo"},{"link_name":"Margraves of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ascanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal"},{"link_name":"Otto IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal"},{"link_name":"Conrad of Brandenburg-Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Arnswalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Arnswalde"},{"link_name":"Mestwin II of Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestwin_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kępno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno"},{"link_name":"Przemysł II of Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchholz_p.87-4"}],"sub_title":"Samborides","text":"The last member of the Ratiborides branch of the Griffins, Ratibor II, died in 1223. This led to an inheritance dispute between the Pomeranian Griffins and the Samborides dukes of neighbouring Pomerelia, vassals of the Piast Kingdom of Poland. As Ratibor II had died during the Danish period, Denmark administered the area until she had to withdraw after the lost Battle of Bornhöved in 1227. Duke Barnim I of Pomerania immediately took control of the lands after the Danish withdrawal, but had to yield rights to the Pomerelian duke Swietopelk II, who claimed a closer relationship to the extinct Ratiborides, and took over Schlawe-Stolp in 1235/36.In the 1250s, the Pomeranian dukes mounted an unsuccessful campaign to regain the area. After the death of Duke Swietopelk II in 1266, Duke Barnim I of Pomerania again assumed the rule over the Land of Schlawe, which he ceded to Prince Vitslav II of Rügen, the founder of Rügenwalde, in 1269. However, the Griffins had to cope with the rising Margraves of Brandenburg, who had secured their enfeoffment with Pomerania by Emperor Frederick II in 1231. On 1 April 1269 the Ascanian margraves John II, Otto IV and Conrad of Brandenburg-Stendal signed the Treaty of Arnswalde with late Swantopelks's son Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia and acquired the seignory over Schlawe-Stolp.Finally on 3 September 1273 the Lands of Schlawe and Stolp became a fief under the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg.[1] Contested by Duke Mestwin II of Pomerelia, Prince Vitslav II of Rügen finally withdrew in 1275 and two years later sold his rights to the area for 3.500 Brandenburgian Marks in silver to the Margraves of Brandenburg. In 1283, Mestwin II of Pomerelia finally took over. With his death in 1294 the Samborides dynasty became extinct. Competition arose anew, as in his testimony late Duke Mestwin II had ignored his earlier contracts and by the secret Treaty of Kępno had inserted the former Polish High Duke, Przemysł II of Greater Poland, as his successor.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polska_WladLokietka_(1275-1300).png"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bukowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukowo_Morskie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Władysław I the Elbow-high","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teutonic_takeover_1308_license.PNG"},{"link_name":"Wenceslaus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Teutonic takeover of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig"},{"link_name":"Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Soldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)"},{"link_name":"Siegfried von Feuchtwangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_von_Feuchtwangen"},{"link_name":"Dirschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirschau"},{"link_name":"Schwetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwetz"},{"link_name":"Monastic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_state_of_the_Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Inheritance conflict","text":"Kingdom of Poland in 1294-96, Pomerelian and Greater Polish lands of Przemysł II in yellowPrzemysł II was crowned King of Poland in 1295 and assumed the rule over the Pomerelian lands with Schlawe-Stolp. However, after he was murdered the next year, the lands of Schlawe, Stolp and Rügenwalde fell to the Brandenburgian House of Ascania:[3] A last attempt had been made by Przemysł II to occupy the region, but in 1296 the Polish invasion troops were beaten by a Pomeranian contingent in a decisive battle near Bukowo, a village in the vicinity of the town of Rügenwalde.[4]the death of King Przemysł II of Poland in 1296, a conflict over his succession broke out between his Piast cousin Władysław I the Elbow-high and the Bohemian king Wenceslaus II. According to a chronic of 1652 by M. Merian, the Schlawe-Stolp lands were again taken over by Vitslav of Rügen and Count Adolph from Holstein.[5] In 1301 Vitslav's son Prince Sambor of Rügen enfeoffed his castellan Matthew in Schlawe with his domains in the surroundings of Schlawe, Rügenwalde and Stolp.[6] The Pomeranian dukes, acting under the sovereignty of Brandenburg, were forced out and had to withdraw at about 1301, after Wenceslaus II had become king of both Poland and Bohemia. He inserted a Polish administrator in the lands of Schlawe and Stolp, Frederic of Čachovice, a Czech noble, who appeared in Schlawe in December 1302.[7]Pomerelian lands with Schlawe-Stolp (green) under the Teutonic Knights, 1308After both King Wenceslaus II and his young successor, Wenceslaus III, had died, Duke Władysław I could reconquer large parts of the Polish territories. In 1305 the Brandenburg margraves had returned to the lands of Schlawe, Rügenwalde and Stolp.[8] In 1307 they launched from the region a campaign against the fortified castle of Gdańsk in Pomerelia. The attack failed, however, since the local warlord, Wŀadisŀaw Ŀokietek, had recruited soldiers of the Teutonic Knights in order to help defending it. After the Teutonic takeover of Danzig in November 1308, whereby the Knights seized the city and allegedly slaughtered many of the inhabitants, the Ascanian Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg-Stendal by the Treaty of Soldin sold his claims to Pomerelia east of the Łeba River to the Teutonic Order for the sum of 10,000 silver marks, but retained Schlawe-Stolp. Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen and Master Heinrich von Dirschau und Schwetz integrated remaining Gdańsk Pomerania into their Monastic State. Emperor Henry VII ratified the Soldin Treaty in 1313, and, though he could not assert any feudal claims to the territory of the extinct Samboride dukes, the now Brandenburgian Lands of Schlawe and Stolp finally were incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bistum_Cammin_1400.PNG"},{"link_name":"Swienca family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swienca_family"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Templin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin"},{"link_name":"Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_IV,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchholz_p.105-11"},{"link_name":"Bütow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buchholz_p.106-12"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp"},{"link_name":"Royal Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg and Bütow Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Province of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Duchy of Pomerania","text":"Schlawe and Stolp as part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast, about 1400The districts of Schlawe (now Sławno), Rügenwalde (Darłowo) and Stolp (Słupsk), remained with the Margraviate of Brandenburg and were ruled by the margraves' vassals, the Swienca family, who had administered the area already before under other dynasties. Upon the 1317 Treaty of Templin, the Griffin duke Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast could take over these areas as a fief from Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg. In 1347, the area became fully attached to the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast.[9] The lands of Stolp were pawned to the Teutonic Order from 1329 to 1341, the Bütow area was bought by the Order in 1329 and thus remained outside Pomerania-Wolgast.[10]The lands of Schlawe and Stolp became part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp after the partition of the Pomeranian duchy in 1368. While the Pomerelian lands were incorporated into the Polish province of Royal Prussia in 1466, the eastern border of the lands of Schlawe and Stolp to Pomerelia shifted several times, before they, together with adjacent Lauenburg and Bütow Land, were integrated into the Prussian Province of Pomerania in 1653.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ German: Länder Schlawe und Stolp\n\n^ Polish: Ziemia Słupsko-Sławieńska","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cXAPAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA552&dq=Stope+und+Schlawe&lr="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buchholz_p.87_4-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88680-272-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-412-07189-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-07189-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88042-337-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88042-337-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cVsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6&dq=Scassowo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cVsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA368&dq=Caro,+R%C3%BCgenwalde#PPA28,M1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buchholz_p.105_11-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88680-272-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buchholz_p.106_12-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-88680-272-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88680-272-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-486-57839-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57839-3"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-W9_1hHDnZAC&pg=PA93&dq=Roderich+Schmidt&lr=#PPA93,M1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Western Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerelia"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Kashubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubia"},{"link_name":"Kociewie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kociewie"},{"link_name":"Tuchola Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchola_Forest"},{"link_name":"Chełmno Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land"},{"link_name":"Michałów Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82%C3%B3w_Land"},{"link_name":"Lubawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubawa"},{"link_name":"Former","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Circipania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circipania"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg and Bütow Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land"},{"link_name":"Lands of Schlawe and Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pomerania Euroregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania_Euroregion"},{"link_name":"Anklam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklam"},{"link_name":"Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Demmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demmin"},{"link_name":"Gartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartz"},{"link_name":"Greifswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifswald"},{"link_name":"Grudziądz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz"},{"link_name":"Heringsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heringsdorf"},{"link_name":"Kołobrzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg"},{"link_name":"Koszalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin"},{"link_name":"Ribnitz-Damgarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribnitz-Damgarten"},{"link_name":"Sagard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagard"},{"link_name":"Sassnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassnitz"},{"link_name":"Słupsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upsk"},{"link_name":"Stargard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargard"},{"link_name":"Starogard Gdański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stralsund"},{"link_name":"Świnoujście","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"Tczew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tczew"},{"link_name":"Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Tricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricity,_Poland"},{"link_name":"metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Sopot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopot"},{"link_name":"Ueckermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueckerm%C3%BCnde"},{"link_name":"Wejherowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wejherowo"},{"link_name":"Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolgast"},{"link_name":"Zingst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingst,_Germany"},{"link_name":"List of towns in Western Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pomerania#Cities_and_towns"},{"link_name":"List of towns in Farther Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Farther_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"A–H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania,_A%E2%80%93H&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I–P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania,_I%E2%80%93P&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Q–Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania,_Q%E2%80%93Z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirr"},{"link_name":"Hiddensee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddensee"},{"link_name":"Ummanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummanz"},{"link_name":"Dänholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4nholm"},{"link_name":"Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Öhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96he"},{"link_name":"Riems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riems"},{"link_name":"Vilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilm"},{"link_name":"Greifswalder Oie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifswalder_Oie"},{"link_name":"Görmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rmitz"},{"link_name":"Usedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedom"},{"link_name":"Karsibór","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsib%C3%B3r"},{"link_name":"Wolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolin"},{"link_name":"Wolińska Kępa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woli%C5%84ska_K%C4%99pa"},{"link_name":"Chrząszczewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrz%C4%85szczewska_Island"},{"link_name":"Pucka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka"},{"link_name":"Grodzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka"},{"link_name":"Kępa Parnicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka"},{"link_name":"Zaleskie 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Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal Church in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Demography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_culture"},{"link_name":"Maglemosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglemosian_culture"},{"link_name":"Ertebølle-Ellerbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture"},{"link_name":"Linear 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(Denzin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture"},{"link_name":"Gepids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepids"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Lemovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemovii"},{"link_name":"Rugii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugii"},{"link_name":"Vidivarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidivarii"},{"link_name":"Vistula Veneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_Veneti"},{"link_name":"Slavic Pomeranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Prissani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prissani"},{"link_name":"Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Ukrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrani"},{"link_name":"Veleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"Lutici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici"},{"link_name":"Velunzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velunzani"},{"link_name":"German Pomeranians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)"},{"link_name":"Kashubians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubians"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"Slovincians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincians"},{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"Ostsiedlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"link_name":"WWII flight and expulsion of Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered_Territories"},{"link_name":"West Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"Low Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Central Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect"},{"link_name":"East Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect"},{"link_name":"Standard German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"West Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Polabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_language"},{"link_name":"Kashubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovincian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovincian_language"},{"link_name":"Kremmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen"},{"link_name":"Landin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin"},{"link_name":"Kępno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno"},{"link_name":"Soldin (1309)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)"},{"link_name":"Templin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin"},{"link_name":"Ueckermünde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)"},{"link_name":"Stralsund (1354)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)"},{"link_name":"Stralsund (1370)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)"},{"link_name":"Pyzdry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry"},{"link_name":"Raciążek (1404)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek"},{"link_name":"Thorn, First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)"},{"link_name":"Eberswalde, First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno"},{"link_name":"Perleberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eberswalde, Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Łęczyca (1433)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca"},{"link_name":"Brześć Kujawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski"},{"link_name":"Soldin (1466)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)"},{"link_name":"Thorn, Second (1466)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)"},{"link_name":"Prenzlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau"},{"link_name":"Pyritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz"},{"link_name":"Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Grimnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Stettin (1570)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)"},{"link_name":"Franzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg"},{"link_name":"Stettin (1630)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Stettin (1653)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)"},{"link_name":"Labiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau"},{"link_name":"Wehlau and Bromberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)"},{"link_name":"Lund (1679)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)"},{"link_name":"Frederiksborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg"},{"link_name":"Polish Partitions Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"North German Confederation Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Peace of Prague (1866)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Polish Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1925"},{"link_name":"Prussian Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Concordat"},{"link_name":"Reichskonkordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskonkordat"},{"link_name":"Molotov–Ribbentrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Zgorzelec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec"},{"link_name":"Moscow (1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Warsaw (1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Accords"},{"link_name":"Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Two Plus Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Reunification Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty"},{"link_name":"German–Polish Border Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Good Neighbourship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship"},{"link_name":"Polish Concordat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Accession 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Richard Roepell: Geschichte Polens, Hamburg 1840, pp. 552.PDF\n\n^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.87, ISBN 3-88680-272-8\n\n^ Hans Barnig: Geschichte Pommerns, Part I: Vom Werden des neuzeitlichen Staates bis zum Verlust der staatlichen Selbständigkeit (1300-1648), Böhlau, Cologne/Weimar/Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-412-07189-7, p. 13.\n\n^ Carlheinz Rosenow: Rügenwalde an der Ostsee - Kleine Geschichte der Heimatstadt, in: Der Kreis Schlawe - Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M. Vollack, ed.), Vol. II, Husum 1989. pp. 687-698.\n\n^ Der Kreis Schlawe - Ein pommersches Heimatbuch (M. Vollack, Hrsg.), Vol. II: Die Städte und Landgemeinden, Husum 1989, ISBN 3-88042-337-7, pp. 683-684 and 729-730.\n\n^ Karl Rosenow: Herzogsschloß und Fürstengruft, Mewes, Rügenwalde 1925 (or later), p. 9.\n\n^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens - Zweiter Theil (1300-1386), Gotha 1863, p. 6. PDF\n\n^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens - Zweiter Theil (1300-1386, Gotha 1863, p. 28 ff. PDF\n\n^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.105, ISBN 3-88680-272-8\n\n^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.106, ISBN 3-88680-272-8\n\n^ Roderich Schmidt: Die Lande Lauenburg und Bütow in ihrer wechselnden Zugehörigkeit zum Deutschen Orden, zu Pommern und Polen und zu Brandenburg-Preußen, in: Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa - Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation (D. Willoweit und H. Lemberg, Hrsg.), Oldenbourg, München 2006, ISBN 978-3-486-57839-3. pp. 93-106. PDFvteGeography of PomeraniaRegionsCurrent\nWestern Pomerania\nFarther Pomerania\nPomerelia\nGdańsk Pomerania\nKashubia\nKociewie\nTuchola Forest\nChełmno Land\nMichałów Land\nLubawa Land\nFormer\nCircipania\nLauenburg and Bütow Land\nLands of Schlawe and Stolp\nAdministration\nMecklenburg-Vorpommern\nBrandenburg\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nKuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship\nPomerania Euroregion\nCities and towns\nAnklam\nBarth\nDemmin\nGartz\nGreifswald\nGrudziądz\nHeringsdorf\nKołobrzeg\nKoszalin\nRibnitz-Damgarten\nSagard\nSassnitz\nSłupsk\nStargard\nStarogard Gdański\nStralsund\nŚwinoujście\nSzczecin\nTczew\nToruń\nTricity metro\nGdańsk\nGdynia\nSopot\nUeckermünde\nWejherowo\nWolgast\nZingst\nList of towns in Western Pomerania\nList of towns in Farther Pomerania\nList of placenames in the Province of Pomerania\nA–H\nI–P\nQ–Z\nInhabited islands\nKirr\nHiddensee\nUmmanz\nDänholm\nRügen\nÖhe\nRiems\nVilm\nGreifswalder Oie\nGörmitz\nUsedom\nKarsibór\nWolin\nWolińska Kępa\nChrząszczewska\nPucka\nGrodzka\nKępa Parnicka\nZaleskie Łęgi\nZielona\nŁasztownia\nOstrów Grabowski\nSalt Island\nMłyńska Island\nPort\nOłowianka\nOstrów\nSobieszewo\nPeninsulae and headlands\nDarß-Zingst\nJasmund\nHel\nMönchgut\nReddevitz Höft\nRewa Sandbar\nCape Rozewie\nCape Rzucewo\nWesterplatte\nWittow\nCape Arkona\nBug\nSchaabe\nZudar\nPalmer Ort\nRivers\nBrda\nDrawa\nDrwęca\nDziwna\nGrabowa\nGwda\nIna\nŁeba\nMotława\nOder\nWest\nEast\nRegalica\nParsęta\nPeene\nPeenestrom\nPiaśnica\nPłonia\nRadunia\nRandow\nRecknitz\nReda\nRega\nRyck\nSłupia\nŚwina\nTollense\nTrebel\nUecker\nVistula\nLeniwka\nŚmiała Wisła\nMartwa Wisła\nPrzekop Canal\nWda\nWieprza\nWierzyca\nLakes\nCharzykowskie Lake\nDąbie Lake\nDrawsko Lake\nGardno Lake\nJamno Lake\nLake Kummerow\nŁebsko Lake\nMiedwie Lake\nRaduńskie Lake\nWdzydze Lake\nWicko Lake\nBays, lagoons\nAchterwasser\nBalmer See\nDarss-Zingst Bodden Chain\nBodstedter Bodden\nBarther Bodden\nGrabow\nBay of Gdańsk\nBay of Puck\nBay of Pomerania\nBay of Greifswald\nRügischer Bodden\nHagensche Wiek\nHaving\nWreecher See\nKamieński Lagoon\nNorth Rügen Bodden\nWieker Bodden\nRassower Strom\nGroßer Jasmunder Bodden\nKleiner Jasmunder Bodden\nProrer Wiek\nSzczecin Lagoon\nNowe Warpno Bay\nNeuwarper See\nTromper Wiek\nWest Rügen Bodden\nVitter Bodden\nSchaproder Bodden\nUdarser Wiek\nKubitzer Bodden\nLiebitz\nNational parks\nWestern Pomerania Lagoon Area\nJasmund\nLower Oder Valley\nWolin\nDrawa\nSlovincian\nBory TucholskievteHistory of Pomerania\n10,000 BC – 600 AD\n600–1100\n1100–1300\n1300–1500\n1500–1806\n1806–1933\n1933–1945\n1945–present\nAdministrativeWestern Pomerania\nBillung March\nNorthern March\nPrincipality of Rügen\nDuchy of Pomerania\nHouse of Pomerania\nList of Dukes\nGützkow\nPartitions\nPomerania-Demmin\nPomerania-Stettin\nPomerania-Schlawe\nPomerania-Wolgast\nPomerania-Stolp\nPomerania-Neustettin\nPomerania-Stargard\nPomerania-Rügenwalde\nPomerania-Wolgast-Stolp\nPomerania-Barth\nSwedish Pomerania\nProvince of Pomerania 1815–1945\nStettin Region\nStralsund Region\nList of placenames\nEnclave of Police\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nMecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952\nBezirk Frankfurt\nBezirk Neubrandenburg\nBezirk Rostock\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nMecklenburg-Vorpommern\nBrandenburg\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nFarther Pomerania\nDuchy of Pomerania\nHouse of Pomerania\nList of Dukes\nCammin\nSchlawe-Stolp\nPartitions\nPomerania-Stolp\nBrandenburgian Pomerania\nStarostwo of Draheim\nProvince of Pomerania 1815–1945\nStettin Region\nKöslin Region\nList of placenames\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nSłupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nLauenburg-Bütow classified as Farther Pomerania or Pomerelia\nDuchy of Pomerania\nHouse of Pomerania\nList of Dukes\nPartitions\nRoyal Prussia\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nLauenburg-Bütow Pawn\nBrandenburgian Pomerania\nLauenburg and Bütow Land\nProvince of Pomerania 1815–1945\nKöslin Region\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975\nSłupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nPomerelia (Kashubia, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest, Chełmno Land)\nPolish Pomerelia\nDanish Pomerelia\nDuchy of Pomerelia\nSamborides\nDuchy of Gdańsk\nDuchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo\nDuchy of Białogarda\nDuchy of Lubiszewo\nDuchy of Świecie\nState of the Teutonic Order\nRoyal Prussia 1466–1793\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nChełmno Voivodeship\nFree City of Danzig 1807–1814\nWest Prussia\nPosen-West Prussia Region\nPomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939 (Polish Corridor)\nFree City of Danzig 1920–1939\nReichsgau Danzig-West Prussia\nGdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975\nBydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975\nSzczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975\nGdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nKoszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998\nSłupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998\nBydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998\nToruń Voivodeship 1975–1998\nContemporary\nPomeranian Voivodeship\nWest Pomeranian Voivodeship\nGmina Biały Bór\nKuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship\nEcclesiasticalRoman CatholicHistorical\nChristianization of Pomerania\nDiocese of Wollin/Cammin\nDiocese of Kolberg\nDiocese of Chełmno\nDiocese of Roskilde\nApostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany\nPrince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania\nApostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig\nApostolic Administration of Tütz\nPrelature of Schneidemühl\nApostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl) with see in Gorzów Wielkopolski 1945–1972\nExtant\nArchdiocese of Berlin\nDiocese of Bydgoszcz\nArchdiocese of Gdańsk\nDiocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg\nDiocese of Pelplin\nArchdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień\nDiocese of Toruń\nDiocese of Włocławek\nProtestantHistorical\nProtestant Reformation\nEvangelical State Church in Prussia\nPomeranian Evangelical Church\nExtant\nProtestant Church in Germany\nEvangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany\nLutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania\nEvangelical Reformed Church in Germany\nEvangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland\nLutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland\nLutheran Diocese of Wrocław\nPentecostal Church in Poland\nDemography and anthropologyArchaeological cultures\nHamburg\nMaglemosian\nErtebølle-Ellerbek\nLinear Pottery\nFunnelbeaker\nHavelland\nCorded Ware\nComb Ceramic\nNordic Bronze Age\nLusatian\nJastorf\nPomeranian\nOksywie\nWielbark\nGustow\nDębczyn (Denzin)\nPeoples\nGepids\nGoths\nLemovii\nRugii\nVidivarii\nVistula Veneti\nSlavic Pomeranians\nPrissani\nRani\nUkrani\nVeleti\nLutici\nVelunzani\nGerman Pomeranians\nKashubians\nPoles\nSlovincians\nMajor demographic events\nMigration Period\nOstsiedlung\nWWII flight and expulsion of Germans\nPost-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians\nLanguages and dialectsWest Germanic\nLow German\nLow Prussian\nCentral Pomeranian\nMecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch\nEast Pomeranian\nWest Pomeranian\nStandard German\nWest Slavic\nPolabian\nPolish\nPomeranian\nKashubian\nSlovincian\nTreaties1200–1500\nKremmen (1236)\nLandin (1250)\nKępno (1282)\nSoldin (1309)\nTemplin (1317)\nUeckermünde (1327)\nKalisz (1343)\nStralsund (1354)\nStralsund (1370)\nPyzdry (1390)\nRaciążek (1404)\nThorn, First (1411)\nEberswalde, First (1415)\nMelno (1422)\nPerleberg (1427)\nEberswalde, Second (1427)\nŁęczyca (1433)\nBrześć Kujawski (1435)\nSoldin (1466)\nThorn, Second (1466)\nPrenzlau (1448/1468/1472/1479)\nPyritz (1493)\n1500–1700\nThorn (1521)\nKraków (1525)\nGrimnitz (1529)\nAugsburg (1555)\nLublin (1569)\nStettin (1570)\nFranzburg (1627)\nStettin (1630)\nWestphalia (1648)\nStettin (1653)\nLabiau (1656)\nWehlau and Bromberg (1657)\nOliva (1660)\nSaint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)\nLund (1679)\n1700–present\nStockholm (1719 / 1720)\nFrederiksborg (1720)\nPolish Partitions Treaties (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)\nTilsit (1807)\nKiel (1814)\nVienna (1815)\nNorth German Confederation Treaty (1866)\nPeace of Prague (1866)\nVersailles (1919)\nPolish Concordat (1925)\nPrussian Concordat (1929)\nReichskonkordat (1933)\nMolotov–Ribbentrop (1939)\nPotsdam (1945)\nZgorzelec (1951)\nMoscow (1970)\nWarsaw (1970)\nHelsinki Accords (1975)\nPolish-East German Maritime Border Agreement (1989)\nTwo Plus Four (1990)\nGerman Reunification Treaty (1990)\nGerman–Polish Border Treaty (1991)\nTreaty of Good Neighbourship (1991)\nPolish Concordat (1993)\nConvention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution (1996)\nTreaty of Accession 2003","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"Schlawe and Stolp as part of Herzogtum Pommern (i.e. Duchy of Pomerelia) under Duke Swantopolk II about 1250;1886 map by Gustav Droysen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bistum_Cammin_1250.PNG/360px-Bistum_Cammin_1250.PNG"},{"image_text":"Kingdom of Poland in 1294-96, Pomerelian and Greater Polish lands of Przemysł II in yellow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Polska_WladLokietka_%281275-1300%29.png/220px-Polska_WladLokietka_%281275-1300%29.png"},{"image_text":"Pomerelian lands with Schlawe-Stolp (green) under the Teutonic Knights, 1308","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Teutonic_takeover_1308_license.PNG/220px-Teutonic_takeover_1308_license.PNG"},{"image_text":"Schlawe and Stolp as part of the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast, about 1400","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bistum_Cammin_1400.PNG/220px-Bistum_Cammin_1400.PNG"}]
[{"title":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cXAPAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA552&dq=Stope+und+Schlawe&lr=","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cVsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6&dq=Scassowo","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cVsTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA368&dq=Caro,+R%C3%BCgenwalde#PPA28,M1","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-W9_1hHDnZAC&pg=PA93&dq=Roderich+Schmidt&lr=#PPA93,M1","external_links_name":"PDF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakrisal
Lakrisal
["1 History","2 Production","3 Varieties","4 References"]
Liquorice candy This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lakrisal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lakrisal wrapper. Lakrisal is a Malaco brand of salty liquorice (liquorice and ammonium chloride flavored candy) sold in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands. Unlike most salty liquorice candies, Lakrisal does not contain any starch or gum arabic (E414). Instead, it is made almost entirely of sugar, liquorice, and ammonium chloride. Because of this, Lakrisal drops are powdery, and have been pressed to stay in one piece like tablets. Persons suffering from hypertension should avoid excessive intake of Lakrisal. Lakrisal is also unlike most salty liquorice candies by not being black. Instead, it is a very light brownish gray colour. Lakrisal drops are disk-shaped, about 18 mm in diameter and about 4 mm thick. They are sold in tubes of about 20 drops each. A Lakrisal tube with several drops. History Lakrisal is a direct continuation of a similar product Bronzol, launched as a throat tablet, which was advertised under the slogan "Hälsan för halsen - Bronzol!" ("Health for the throat - Bronzol!", sung to the melody of Shave and a Haircut). Liquorice or salmiak throat tablets have been produced and sold in the Nordic countries since the 1950s. Even the cough medicine brand Quiller-syrup uses the same flavors. Production Lakrisal is produced by Cloetta; formerly by Leaf International. Varieties In the 1980s, a new lemon-flavoured variety of Lakrisal was introduced. It proved quite unpopular and was soon discontinued. Another flavour was the "hot" Lakrisal that included chili pepper powder and pepper oil. References ^ "Brands and products: Lakrisal". Cloetta.com. Cloetta. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakrisal_wrapper.png"},{"link_name":"Malaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaco"},{"link_name":"salty liquorice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salty_liquorice"},{"link_name":"liquorice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquorice"},{"link_name":"ammonium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride"},{"link_name":"candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy"},{"link_name":"Nordic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"gum arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lakrisal_tube_with_drops.JPG"}],"text":"Lakrisal wrapper.Lakrisal is a Malaco brand of salty liquorice (liquorice and ammonium chloride flavored candy) sold in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands.Unlike most salty liquorice candies, Lakrisal does not contain any starch or gum arabic (E414). Instead, it is made almost entirely of sugar, liquorice, and ammonium chloride. Because of this, Lakrisal drops are powdery, and have been pressed to stay in one piece like tablets.Persons suffering from hypertension should avoid excessive intake of Lakrisal.[citation needed]Lakrisal is also unlike most salty liquorice candies by not being black. Instead, it is a very light brownish gray colour. Lakrisal drops are disk-shaped, about 18 mm in diameter and about 4 mm thick. They are sold in tubes of about 20 drops each.A Lakrisal tube with several drops.","title":"Lakrisal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shave and a Haircut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shave_and_a_Haircut"},{"link_name":"salmiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmiak"}],"text":"Lakrisal is a direct continuation of a similar product Bronzol, launched as a throat tablet, which was advertised under the slogan \"Hälsan för halsen - Bronzol!\" (\"Health for the throat - Bronzol!\", sung to the melody of Shave and a Haircut). Liquorice or salmiak throat tablets have been produced and sold in the Nordic countries since the 1950s. Even the cough medicine brand Quiller-syrup uses the same flavors.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cloetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloetta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leaf International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_International"}],"text":"Lakrisal is produced by Cloetta;[1] formerly by Leaf International.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon"}],"text":"In the 1980s, a new lemon-flavoured variety of Lakrisal was introduced. It proved quite unpopular and was soon discontinued. Another flavour was the \"hot\" Lakrisal that included chili pepper powder and pepper oil.","title":"Varieties"}]
[{"image_text":"Lakrisal wrapper.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lakrisal_wrapper.png/220px-Lakrisal_wrapper.png"},{"image_text":"A Lakrisal tube with several drops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lakrisal_tube_with_drops.JPG/220px-Lakrisal_tube_with_drops.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_prize
Grote Prize
["1 Recipients","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
The George Grote Prize in Ancient History is an early career academic prize for notable unpublished work by emerging scholars in the field of ancient history. The prize, named for historian George Grote, was first awarded in 1982 and has been awarded by the Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, every two to three years since. A cash prize of £3000 is funded by an endowment left by Victor Ehrenberg. Recipients Winners, who are selected based on a thesis on a subject of their own choosing, must be members of a University of London institution and have completed no more than four years of full-time research (or the part-time equivalent). Entries are judged by a committee of teachers of ancient history within the University of London. Winners are announced in the German review journal Gnomon. Past winners have included Robin Osborne, Armand D'Angour and Charles Crowther. See also List of history awards Conington Prize References ^ Williams, Lisa (1990). The Grant Register, 1991-1993. London: Macmillan. p. 342. ^ https://ics.sas.ac.uk/awards/award-prizes Archived 8 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Institute of Classical Studies: Awards and Prizes. Retrieved 29 April 2019. ^ "George Grote Prize in Ancient History". Gnomon. 54 (3): 320. 1982. JSTOR 27688096. ^ Osborne, Robin. Demos: The Discovery of Classical Attika. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xii and 15-42. ^ d'Angour, Armand J. (1999). "Archinus, Eucleides and the Reform of the Athenian Alphabet". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 43: 109–130. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00481.x. JSTOR 43646755. ^ Crowther, Charles (1995). "Iasos in the Second Century Bc III: Foreign Judges from Priene". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 40: 91–138. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.1995.tb00467.x. External links George Grote Prize in Ancient History Archived 8 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine (middle of page)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Grote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grote"},{"link_name":"Institute of Classical Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Classical_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Victor Ehrenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ehrenberg_(historian)"}],"text":"The prize, named for historian George Grote, was first awarded in 1982 and has been awarded by the Institute of Classical Studies, University of London, every two to three years since.[1] A cash prize of £3000 is funded by an endowment left by Victor Ehrenberg.","title":"Grote Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gnomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Robin Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Armand D'Angour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_D%27Angour"},{"link_name":"Charles Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Crowther_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor43646755-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Winners, who are selected based on a thesis on a subject of their own choosing, must be members of a University of London institution and have completed no more than four years of full-time research (or the part-time equivalent). Entries are judged by a committee of teachers of ancient history within the University of London.[2] Winners are announced in the German review journal Gnomon.[3]Past winners have included Robin Osborne, Armand D'Angour and Charles Crowther.[4][5][6]","title":"Recipients"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of history awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_history_awards"},{"title":"Conington Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conington_Prize"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Maley
David Maley
["1 Hockey career","2 Broadcasting career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Regular season and playoffs","4.2 International","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
American ice hockey player and radio/television analyst Ice hockey player David MaleyBorn (1963-04-24) April 24, 1963 (age 61)Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, U.SHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 195 lb (88 kg; 13 st 13 lb)Position Left wingShot LeftPlayed for Montreal Canadiens New Jersey Devils Edmonton Oilers San Jose Sharks New York IslandersNational team  United StatesNHL draft 33rd overall, 1982Montreal CanadiensPlaying career 1986–1996 1999–2000 David Joseph Maley (born April 24, 1963) is an American radio and television analyst for the San Jose Sharks and former professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devils, Edmonton Oilers, San Jose Sharks and New York Islanders between 1986 and 1994. Hockey career Maley was a part of the University of Wisconsin–Madison team that won the NCAA Division I hockey championship in 1983, and a member of the Montreal Canadiens when they won the Stanley Cup in 1986. Broadcasting career Maley is a pre-game analyst and intermission reporter for Sharks radio broadcasts. He also joins Dan Rusanowsky and Baker, now Hedican in a "triple-cast" format during some regular season and home playoff games. Personal life Maley grew up in Edina, Minnesota. He is an uncle of NFL tight end Rhett Ellison. A resident of San Jose, Maley owns Rollin' Ice, a roller hockey facility. He is also the president of the Silver Creek Sportsplex, an indoor sports and fitness facility in San Jose. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1982–83 University of Wisconsin WCHA 47 17 23 40 24 — — — — — 1983–84 University of Wisconsin WCHA 38 10 28 38 56 — — — — — 1984–85 University of Wisconsin WCHA 35 19 9 28 86 — — — — — 1985–86 University of Wisconsin WCHA 42 20 40 60 135 — — — — — 1985–86 Montreal Canadiens NHL 3 0 0 0 0 7 1 3 4 2 1986–87 Montreal Canadiens NHL 48 6 12 18 55 — — — — — 1986–87 Sherbrooke Canadiens AHL 11 1 5 6 25 12 7 7 14 10 1987–88 New Jersey Devils NHL 44 4 2 6 65 20 3 1 4 80 1987–88 Utica Devils AHL 9 5 3 8 40 — — — — — 1988–89 New Jersey Devils NHL 68 5 6 11 249 — — — — — 1989–90 New Jersey Devils NHL 67 8 17 25 160 6 0 0 0 25 1990–91 New Jersey Devils NHL 64 8 14 22 151 — — — — — 1991–92 New Jersey Devils NHL 37 7 11 18 58 — — — — — 1991–92 Edmonton Oilers NHL 23 3 6 9 46 10 1 1 2 4 1992–93 Edmonton Oilers NHL 13 1 1 2 29 — — — — — 1992–93 San Jose Sharks NHL 43 1 6 7 126 — — — — — 1993–94 San Jose Sharks NHL 19 0 0 0 30 — — — — — 1993–94 New York Islanders NHL 37 0 6 6 74 3 0 0 0 0 1995–96 San Francisco Spiders IHL 71 16 13 29 248 4 0 0 0 2 1999–00 Albany River Rats AHL 60 5 10 15 52 5 0 1 1 4 NHL totals 466 43 81 124 1043 46 5 5 10 111 International Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM 1991 United States WC 8 0 1 1 2 Senior totals 8 0 1 1 2 See also Striker's Den References ^ "Scoggins: Vikings rookie Rhett Ellison has his own beat - StarTribune.com". Star Tribune. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database This biographical article relating to an American ice hockey winger is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations
Germany–Myanmar relations
["1 Relations before 1988","1.1 Political relations","1.2 Development aid","1.3 Fritz Werner GmbH","2 Relations from 1988 to 2012","2.1 The consequences of the 1988 coup","2.2 Sanctions of the EU and Germany","3 Relations since 2012","3.1 Rising economic ties","3.2 Development aid","4 German institutions in Myanmar","5 Migration","6 Literature","7 References","8 External links"]
Bilateral relationsGermany–Myanmar relations Germany Myanmar In 2014, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (before 1989: Union of Burma) celebrated the 60th anniversary of Germany–Myanmar relations. Relations before 1988 From 1954 to 1988, Germany and Myanmar maintained a close relationship that was largely supported by Germany's development policy. Political relations The first diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Union of Burma began in 1952, based in part on the initiative of various representatives of German business, including Krupp, AEG, Siemens, and the Berli Jucker trading house in Bangkok, who had been pushing for a diplomatic mission since the early 1950s. In addition, the FRG wanted to pre-empt the GDR, which had already opened its first trade mission in 1954, to contain its influence on Burma and prevent its recognition. Diplomatic relations between the FRG and Burma were established that same year. In 1955, the Federal Republic established a legation in Rangoon. It was not until much later, in 1973, that the GDR also established a diplomatic mission. The Hallstein Doctrine of the FRG was not consistently implemented in the case of Burma. The German government was more concerned with keeping communism in check. Military buildup to fend off communist insurgencies received full support. Relations were built on strong cooperation with the Burmese military to secure influence. No emphasis was placed on issues that are essential from today's perspective, such as human rights or democracy. Burma never addressed the "German Question" and maintained bilateral relations with both the FRG and the GDR. Burma sided with the GDR through political proximity, but at the same time was dependent on development aid from the FRG. The high point of German-Burmese relations was represented by the state visits of German President Richard von Weizsäcker to Burma in February 1986 and Burmese President San Yu to Germany in October 1987. Development aid The FRG launched development assistance programs shortly after establishing diplomatic relations with Burma. Although Germany was the second largest donor nation behind Japan and the most important Western European development partner for Burma, providing DM 1.15 billion between 1956 and 1988, the partnership was less significant from a German perspective. The approach to development assistance at the time was significantly different from that practiced today. Instead of providing humanitarian and grassroots aid through NGOs, Germany focused on technical projects and cooperation. A large part of the development aid benefited projects of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. In addition, German experts accompanied technical projects in an advisory capacity. In addition to development aid and cooperation in the technical and academic fields, the aid also included loans to the Burmese state. Burmese officials and military personnel also repeatedly visited the Federal Republic for training purposes. Furthermore, Germany awarded scholarships to Burmese students in Germany. The Burmese government, however, tried to stop this by imposing punitive fines and revocation of citizenship upon completion of studies abroad. Fritz Werner GmbH A special role in the bilateral relationship was played by the Fritz Werner GmbH company from Geisenheim, which specialized primarily in industrial plants for the production of armaments. It was state-owned from 1954 to 1990 and consequently enjoyed full support from the authorities in doing business with Myanmar. Its discreet handling of the state's internal affairs and reliability helped the company to gain a foothold in Burma. The management of Fritz-Werner GmbH had excellent relations with the military and the government, especially with General Ne Win, and systematically built on these over the years. By 1988, 600-700 young military officers and engineers had been trained in the GmbH's workshops in Berlin and Geisenheim. Among the participants in the training project were Maung Maung Kha, who later became prime minister, and U Maung Cho, the minister responsible for the defense industry. The relationship went so far that the head of Fritz-Werner GmbH had a more privileged position than the German Embassy in Rangoon and acted as a mediator in most bilateral projects and agreements. In total, Fritz-Werner GmbH advised on 22 of its own and another five external projects in Burma until 1988. The close relationship enabled Fritz-Werner GmbH to be the only company allowed to invest in Burma during the Ne Win era, when foreign companies were only allowed to invest in the country in partnership with the state. However, its business in Burma has been criticized for playing a major role in the military's rise to power and the bloody suppression of pro-democracy protests in August 1988. State-owned Fritz-Werner GmbH and the government were suspected of involvement in the events and of supplying the military with armaments. The German government denied any knowledge of this. Relations from 1988 to 2012 German-Myanmar relations from 1988 to 2012 were characterized by stagnation. The consequences of the 1988 coup After the mass demonstrations in Burma in August 1988 and the coup on September 18 of the same year, the strategy of German foreign policy toward the country changed abruptly. While the funds for development aid still amounted to 31.7 million USD in 1988, ten projects worth 50 million DM were already shut down in December 1988 and the majority of the experts in the country were ordered back to Germany. Only three experts remained in the country to finish projects that had been started. These radical measures can be described as a "negative pedant to the non-reaction before 1988, as the Federal Republic had turned a blind eye to the dictatorial features of Ne Win's government." The new strategy had a negative impact on Germany's foreign policy. The new strategy resulted in Germany losing its privileged position and all networks in the country. Sanctions of the EU and Germany In 1990, the EU also reacted with its first sanctions. It imposed an arms embargo on Myanmar and withdrew all military attachés. It also suspended development cooperation. Only humanitarian aid was still permitted at this time. The Maastricht Treaty (1992) established the goal of a "common foreign policy" for the first time. The European Union could now act as such on the international stage. It could express its position on armed conflicts, on human rights issues, or on other topics. The treaty entered into force in 1993. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the interests of individual countries moved into the background. The FRG promoted the establishment of the CFSP, but left decision-making to Northern European countries, such as the Netherlands, UK, Denmark, and Ireland, which advocated tightening sanctions against Myanmar. In the wake of the death of Danish diplomat James Leander Nichols in a burmese prison in 1996, the EU issued its first unified statement on Myanmar and committed all EU states to base their foreign policy actions on it. A visa ban was imposed on members of the regime as well as their families. In the following years, further EU sanctions were gradually imposed; for example, the visa ban was extended to tourists in 1997. In 1998, the EU imposed economic sanctions for the first time in history by revoking Myanmar's Generalized System of Preferences rights. In 1999, the Federal Republic used its EU presidency to initiate meetings with the EU Troika and Myanmar's military government in July 1999 and April 2000. Despite repeated multinational talks with representatives of the EU and Myanmar as well as ASEAN states, sanctions were extended in 2003. When Khin Nyunt and a considerable part of the state apparatus were removed from office in 2004, the EU lost its interlocutors within the military regime. The turning point came in 2011. In response to the first free elections since 1988, EU sanctions were initially suspended for a year and then lifted altogether in 2012, with the exception of the arms embargo. Although the Federal Republic aligned itself with the EU's strategy toward Myanmar on the basis of the CFSP throughout the period from 1993 to 2011, it did attempt to intervene in some ways. For example, it was not entirely convinced that the sanctions imposed by the EU would have the desired effect. During the period, Germany supported United Nations aid projects to combat drugs abuse, and measures relating to infrastructure. Bilateral relations in the area of education continued to a limited extent. Germany awarded approximately 40-50 scholarships to Myanmar each year. Relations since 2012 There have been efforts to revive the partnership since 2012, after it was restricted for several years by EU sanctions. Rising economic ties From February 9 to 12, 2014, Joachim Gauck became the first German president to visit Myanmar since 1986. Among other things, Gauck met with President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. During the German president's visit, an agreement regarding Myanmar's old debts was also signed. "The bilateral agreement settles the debts in arrears as of the end of 2012, amounting to about 1.1 billion euros, of which 50 percent will be forgiven. The remaining 50 percent, or about 542 million euros, will be deferred and is to be repaid between 2020 and 2027." The background to this agreement was the Paris Club's decision on the multilateral debt settlement in January 2013. Since 2011, trade between Germany and Myanmar has been slowly picking up. Thus, there is a high demand for German products, especially in the field of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, as well as chemical products and pharmaceuticals. Germany imports mainly garments and foodstuffs; in addition, imports of raw materials, such as wood, as well as processed gemstones are becoming increasingly important for foreign trade statistics. More and more large, German companies are discovering the Myanmar market for themselves, with Henkel, the drug manufacturer Stada, and Adidas, among others, producing in Myanmar as of 2014. Development aid During his visit in February 2012, the then Federal Minister Dirk Niebel advocated promoting sustainable economic development. German involvement in this area, represented by GIZ, focuses primarily on promoting vocational training, as Germany's dual education system is a perfect template. It also supports projects to further develop the private and financial sectors Non-governmental organizations from Germany are also involved in areas such as humanitarian aid, poverty alleviation, curbing drug cultivation, and the health sector. In 2020, Germany again suspended its development aid to the country. After the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état relations worsened further. German institutions in Myanmar German Embassy in Rangoon (1954) Delegate Office of the German Economy, AHK Myanmar (2013) Goethe-Institut in Rangoon (2014 reopended) German-Myanmar Business Chamber (2015) Migration With officially registered 1402 Burmese (2013), Germany is the second largest European country after the United Kingdom for migrants from Myanmar. Literature Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Birma zwischen „Unabhängigkeit Zuerst-Unabhängigkeit Zuletzt“. LIT-Verlag, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-8258-4360-2. Michael von Hauff: Economic and Social Development in Burma/Myanmar, The Relevance of Reforms. Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-89518-635-6. Lukas Brandau: EU-Sanktionen: das Beispiel Myanmar. Abera, 2010, ISBN 978-3-934376-91-5. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Revel, Arthur. "Die deutsch-myanmarischen Beziehungen vor und nach 1988" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 2022-11-09. ^ "Myanmar: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-09. ^ Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Unverstandene Partnerschaft in der „Einen Welt“. Eine Studie zu den deutsch-birmanischen Beziehungen am Beispiel der Firma Fritz Werner in Birma. In: Weltmission heute. 1993, p 22 ^ Horst Rudolf: „Zum Stand der Zusammenarbeit auf dem Bildungssektor zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Myanmar“ in: Geiger, Heinrich (publisher): Südostasien: Religion – Kultur – Bildung. Der Beitrag des KAAD zur Bildungszusammenarbeit mit den Festlandstaaten Südostasiens .Verlag des Katholischen Akademischen Ausländer-Dienstes, 2001, p. 43. ^ a b c Lwin, Aung. "The German Connection – A European Economic Super Power and a Military Dictatorship". ^ Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Birma zwischen „Unabhängigkeit Zuerst – Unabhängigkeit Zuletzt“: Die birmanische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung und ihre Sicht der zeitgenössischen Welt am Beispiel der birmanisch-deutschen Beziehungen zwischen 1920 und 1948. In: Demokratie und Entwicklung. volume 38. 2000, p. 14. ^ Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Unverstandene Partnerschaft in der „Einen Welt“. Eine Studie zu den deutsch-birmanischen Beziehungen am Beispiel der Firma Fritz Werner in Birma. In: Weltmission heute. 1993, S. 53 ff. ^ a b c d Arthur Minsat: „Sechzig Jahre Deutsch-Myanmarischer Beziehungen: Eine Retrospktive“ In: Ute Köster/Phuong Le Trong/Christina Grein (publisher), „Handbuch Myanmar“, 2014 ^ Marco Bünte: „Problemstaat“ Myanmar – Zum schwierigen Umgang mit dem Militärregime (PDF) Aufruf: 26. Januar 2016. ^ Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Marlies Pretzlaff, Klaus-Jürgen Hedrich, Norbert Blüm, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion der CDU/CSU, Drucksache 14/3930. ^ Answer of the Federal Government to the small inquiry of the Members of Parliament Rainer Funke, Daniel Bahr(Münster), Rainer Brüderle, further Members of Parliament and the parliamentary group of the FDP, Drucksache 15/2643. ^ Deutsche Botschaft Rangun: Bilaterale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen. "rangun.diplo.de". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2022-11-09. January 2016 ^ "Deutschland zieht sich aus Myanmar zurück | DW | 14.05.2020". DW.COM (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-09. ^ Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie1 Reihe2: Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit – Ausländische Bevölkerung. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Germany-Myanmar relations. Information from the German Foreign Office on relations with Myanmar vte Foreign relations of GermanyAfrica Algeria Angola Cameroon Central African Republic DR Congo Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Liberia Libya Madagascar Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Ecuador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Paraguay Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China (Hong Kong) India Indonesia Iran Iraq (Kurdistan Region) Israel (Consuls in Haifa and Eilat) Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Lithuania Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway North Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Historical Arab world German entry into World War I Munich Agreement China before 1941 Soviet Union before 1941 Inner German relations East Germany–United States relations Ostpolitik Yugoslavia Ambassadors of Nazi Germany Foreign relations of Nazi Germany Foreign relations of East Germany Other Federal Foreign Office Foreign ministers of Germany Diplomatic missions of / in Germany / Ambassadors of Germany Germany and the United Nations vte Foreign relations of MyanmarAmericas United States Venezuela Asia Bangladesh Brunei China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Israel Japan Laos Malaysia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Denmark France Germany Holy See Russia Serbia Ukraine United Kingdom Former Yugoslavia Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions of Myanmar / in Myanmar Burmese diaspora
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Union of Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_The_Union_of_Myanmar"}],"text":"In 2014, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (before 1989: Union of Burma) celebrated the 60th anniversary of Germany–Myanmar relations.","title":"Germany–Myanmar relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"From 1954 to 1988, Germany and Myanmar maintained a close relationship that was largely supported by Germany's development policy.","title":"Relations before 1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949-1990)"},{"link_name":"Union of Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"AEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG_(German_company)"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"Berli Jucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berli_Jucker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legation"},{"link_name":"Rangoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hallstein Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Burmese military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_military"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z%C3%B6llner22ff-3"},{"link_name":"Richard von Weizsäcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker"},{"link_name":"San Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Yu"}],"sub_title":"Political relations","text":"The first diplomatic relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Union of Burma began in 1952, based in part on the initiative of various representatives of German business, including Krupp, AEG, Siemens, and the Berli Jucker trading house in Bangkok, who had been pushing for a diplomatic mission since the early 1950s. In addition, the FRG wanted to pre-empt the GDR, which had already opened its first trade mission in 1954, to contain its influence on Burma and prevent its recognition.[1] Diplomatic relations between the FRG and Burma were established that same year. In 1955, the Federal Republic established a legation in Rangoon. It was not until much later, in 1973, that the GDR also established a diplomatic mission.[2]The Hallstein Doctrine of the FRG was not consistently implemented in the case of Burma. The German government was more concerned with keeping communism in check. Military buildup to fend off communist insurgencies received full support.[1] Relations were built on strong cooperation with the Burmese military to secure influence. No emphasis was placed on issues that are essential from today's perspective, such as human rights or democracy.[1] Burma never addressed the \"German Question\" and maintained bilateral relations with both the FRG and the GDR. Burma sided with the GDR through political proximity, but at the same time was dependent on development aid from the FRG.[3] The high point of German-Burmese relations was represented by the state visits of German President Richard von Weizsäcker to Burma in February 1986 and Burmese President San Yu to Germany in October 1987.","title":"Relations before 1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"DM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"German Agency for Technical Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudolf43-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Development aid","text":"The FRG launched development assistance programs shortly after establishing diplomatic relations with Burma. Although Germany was the second largest donor nation behind Japan and the most important Western European development partner for Burma, providing DM 1.15 billion between 1956 and 1988, the partnership was less significant from a German perspective.[1] The approach to development assistance at the time was significantly different from that practiced today. Instead of providing humanitarian and grassroots aid through NGOs, Germany focused on technical projects and cooperation. A large part of the development aid benefited projects of the German Agency for Technical Cooperation and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.[1] In addition, German experts accompanied technical projects in an advisory capacity. In addition to development aid and cooperation in the technical and academic fields, the aid also included loans to the Burmese state. Burmese officials and military personnel also repeatedly visited the Federal Republic for training purposes.[1] Furthermore, Germany awarded scholarships to Burmese students in Germany.[4] The Burmese government, however, tried to stop this by imposing punitive fines and revocation of citizenship upon completion of studies abroad.[5]","title":"Relations before 1988"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fritz Werner GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Werner_Werkzeugmaschinen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geisenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisenheim"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z%C3%B6llner2000:14-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ne Win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Win"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Maung Maung Kha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maung_Maung_Kha"},{"link_name":"U Maung Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U_Maung_Cho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Z%C3%B6llner53ff-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"sub_title":"Fritz Werner GmbH","text":"A special role in the bilateral relationship was played by the Fritz Werner GmbH company from Geisenheim, which specialized primarily in industrial plants for the production of armaments. It was state-owned from 1954 to 1990 and consequently enjoyed full support from the authorities in doing business with Myanmar.[6] Its discreet handling of the state's internal affairs and reliability helped the company to gain a foothold in Burma.[1] The management of Fritz-Werner GmbH had excellent relations with the military and the government, especially with General Ne Win, and systematically built on these over the years. By 1988, 600-700 young military officers and engineers had been trained in the GmbH's workshops in Berlin and Geisenheim.[5] Among the participants in the training project were Maung Maung Kha, who later became prime minister, and U Maung Cho, the minister responsible for the defense industry.[1] The relationship went so far that the head of Fritz-Werner GmbH had a more privileged position than the German Embassy in Rangoon and acted as a mediator in most bilateral projects and agreements.[7] In total, Fritz-Werner GmbH advised on 22 of its own and another five external projects in Burma until 1988. The close relationship enabled Fritz-Werner GmbH to be the only company allowed to invest in Burma during the Ne Win era, when foreign companies were only allowed to invest in the country in partnership with the state. However, its business in Burma has been criticized for playing a major role in the military's rise to power and the bloody suppression of pro-democracy protests in August 1988.[1][5] State-owned Fritz-Werner GmbH and the government were suspected of involvement in the events and of supplying the military with armaments. The German government denied any knowledge of this.","title":"Relations before 1988"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"German-Myanmar relations from 1988 to 2012 were characterized by stagnation.","title":"Relations from 1988 to 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass demonstrations in Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8888_Uprising"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"The consequences of the 1988 coup","text":"After the mass demonstrations in Burma in August 1988 and the coup on September 18 of the same year, the strategy of German foreign policy toward the country changed abruptly. While the funds for development aid still amounted to 31.7 million USD in 1988, ten projects worth 50 million DM were already shut down in December 1988 and the majority of the experts in the country were ordered back to Germany.[1] Only three experts remained in the country to finish projects that had been started. These radical measures can be described as a \"negative pedant to the non-reaction before 1988, as the Federal Republic had turned a blind eye to the dictatorial features of Ne Win's government.\"[1] The new strategy had a negative impact on Germany's foreign policy. The new strategy resulted in Germany losing its privileged position and all networks in the country.","title":"Relations from 1988 to 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Burma"},{"link_name":"arms embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_embargo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minsat242f-8"},{"link_name":"Maastricht Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Common Foreign and Security Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"James Leander Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Leander_Nichols&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minsat242f-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BCnte2007-9"},{"link_name":"EU Troika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troika_(European_group)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drucksache_14-39302-10"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"Khin Nyunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khin_Nyunt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minsat242f-8"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drucksache_15-2643-11"}],"sub_title":"Sanctions of the EU and Germany","text":"In 1990, the EU also reacted with its first sanctions. It imposed an arms embargo on Myanmar and withdrew all military attachés. It also suspended development cooperation. Only humanitarian aid was still permitted at this time.[8] The Maastricht Treaty (1992) established the goal of a \"common foreign policy\" for the first time. The European Union could now act as such on the international stage. It could express its position on armed conflicts, on human rights issues, or on other topics. The treaty entered into force in 1993. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the interests of individual countries moved into the background. The FRG promoted the establishment of the CFSP, but left decision-making to Northern European countries, such as the Netherlands, UK, Denmark, and Ireland, which advocated tightening sanctions against Myanmar. In the wake of the death of Danish diplomat James Leander Nichols in a burmese prison in 1996, the EU issued its first unified statement on Myanmar and committed all EU states to base their foreign policy actions on it. A visa ban was imposed on members of the regime as well as their families. In the following years, further EU sanctions were gradually imposed; for example, the visa ban was extended to tourists in 1997. In 1998, the EU imposed economic sanctions for the first time in history by revoking Myanmar's Generalized System of Preferences rights.[8][9] In 1999, the Federal Republic used its EU presidency to initiate meetings with the EU Troika and Myanmar's military government in July 1999 and April 2000.[10] Despite repeated multinational talks with representatives of the EU and Myanmar as well as ASEAN states, sanctions were extended in 2003. When Khin Nyunt and a considerable part of the state apparatus were removed from office in 2004, the EU lost its interlocutors within the military regime. The turning point came in 2011. In response to the first free elections since 1988, EU sanctions were initially suspended for a year and then lifted altogether in 2012, with the exception of the arms embargo.[1][8] Although the Federal Republic aligned itself with the EU's strategy toward Myanmar on the basis of the CFSP throughout the period from 1993 to 2011, it did attempt to intervene in some ways. For example, it was not entirely convinced that the sanctions imposed by the EU would have the desired effect. During the period, Germany supported United Nations aid projects to combat drugs abuse, and measures relating to infrastructure. Bilateral relations in the area of education continued to a limited extent. Germany awarded approximately 40-50 scholarships to Myanmar each year.[11]","title":"Relations from 1988 to 2012"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There have been efforts to revive the partnership since 2012, after it was restricted for several years by EU sanctions.","title":"Relations since 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joachim Gauck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gauck"},{"link_name":"Thein Sein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thein_Sein"},{"link_name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi"},{"link_name":"Paris Club's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Club"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"chemical products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_products"},{"link_name":"pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"garments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"foodstuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodstuffs"},{"link_name":"raw materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"gemstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deutsche_Botschaft_Rangun-12"},{"link_name":"Henkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkel"},{"link_name":"Stada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stada_Arzneimittel"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"}],"sub_title":"Rising economic ties","text":"From February 9 to 12, 2014, Joachim Gauck became the first German president to visit Myanmar since 1986. Among other things, Gauck met with President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. During the German president's visit, an agreement regarding Myanmar's old debts was also signed. \"The bilateral agreement settles the debts in arrears as of the end of 2012, amounting to about 1.1 billion euros, of which 50 percent will be forgiven. The remaining 50 percent, or about 542 million euros, will be deferred and is to be repaid between 2020 and 2027.\" The background to this agreement was the Paris Club's decision on the multilateral debt settlement in January 2013.Since 2011, trade between Germany and Myanmar has been slowly picking up. Thus, there is a high demand for German products, especially in the field of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, as well as chemical products and pharmaceuticals. Germany imports mainly garments and foodstuffs; in addition, imports of raw materials, such as wood, as well as processed gemstones are becoming increasingly important for foreign trade statistics.[12] More and more large, German companies are discovering the Myanmar market for themselves, with Henkel, the drug manufacturer Stada, and Adidas, among others, producing in Myanmar as of 2014.","title":"Relations since 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirk Niebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Niebel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minsat242f-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2021 Myanmar coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"}],"sub_title":"Development aid","text":"During his visit in February 2012, the then Federal Minister Dirk Niebel advocated promoting sustainable economic development. German involvement in this area, represented by GIZ, focuses primarily on promoting vocational training, as Germany's dual education system is a perfect template. It also supports projects to further develop the private and financial sectors Non-governmental organizations from Germany are also involved in areas such as humanitarian aid, poverty alleviation, curbing drug cultivation, and the health sector.[8]In 2020, Germany again suspended its development aid to the country.[13] After the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état relations worsened further.","title":"Relations since 2012"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goethe-Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-Institut"}],"text":"German Embassy in Rangoon (1954)\nDelegate Office of the German Economy, AHK Myanmar (2013)\nGoethe-Institut in Rangoon (2014 reopended)\nGerman-Myanmar Business Chamber (2015)","title":"German institutions in Myanmar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistisches_Bundesamt-14"}],"text":"With officially registered 1402 Burmese (2013), Germany is the second largest European country after the United Kingdom for migrants from Myanmar.[14]","title":"Migration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8258-4360-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-4360-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89518-635-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89518-635-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-934376-91-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934376-91-5"}],"text":"Hans-Bernd Zöllner: Birma zwischen „Unabhängigkeit Zuerst-Unabhängigkeit Zuletzt“. LIT-Verlag, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-8258-4360-2.\nMichael von Hauff: Economic and Social Development in Burma/Myanmar, The Relevance of Reforms. Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-89518-635-6.\nLukas Brandau: EU-Sanktionen: das Beispiel Myanmar. Abera, 2010, ISBN 978-3-934376-91-5.","title":"Literature"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Revel, Arthur. \"Die deutsch-myanmarischen Beziehungen vor und nach 1988\" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 2022-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/05777.pdf","url_text":"\"Die deutsch-myanmarischen Beziehungen vor und nach 1988\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar: Steckbrief\". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/myanmar-node/myanmar/212098","url_text":"\"Myanmar: Steckbrief\""}]},{"reference":"Lwin, Aung. \"The German Connection – A European Economic Super Power and a Military Dictatorship\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199401/msg00036.html","url_text":"\"The German Connection – A European Economic Super Power and a Military Dictatorship\""}]},{"reference":"\"rangun.diplo.de\". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2022-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203215201/http://www.rangun.diplo.de/Vertretung/rangun/de/05-Wirtschaft/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen.html","url_text":"\"rangun.diplo.de\""},{"url":"http://www.rangun.diplo.de/Vertretung/rangun/de/05-Wirtschaft/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deutschland zieht sich aus Myanmar zurück | DW | 14.05.2020\". DW.COM (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/de/deutschland-zieht-sich-aus-myanmar-zur%C3%BCck/a-53435651","url_text":"\"Deutschland zieht sich aus Myanmar zurück | DW | 14.05.2020\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/05777.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Die deutsch-myanmarischen Beziehungen vor und nach 1988\""},{"Link":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/myanmar-node/myanmar/212098","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar: Steckbrief\""},{"Link":"https://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199401/msg00036.html","external_links_name":"\"The German Connection – A European Economic Super Power and a Military Dictatorship\""},{"Link":"https://giga.hamburg/en/system/files/publications/gf_asien_0711.pdf","external_links_name":"„Problemstaat“ Myanmar – Zum schwierigen Umgang mit dem Militärregime"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160203215201/http://www.rangun.diplo.de/Vertretung/rangun/de/05-Wirtschaft/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen.html","external_links_name":"\"rangun.diplo.de\""},{"Link":"http://www.rangun.diplo.de/Vertretung/rangun/de/05-Wirtschaft/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen/bilaterale-Wirtschaftsbeziehungen.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/de/deutschland-zieht-sich-aus-myanmar-zur%C3%BCck/a-53435651","external_links_name":"\"Deutschland zieht sich aus Myanmar zurück | DW | 14.05.2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200137004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile","external_links_name":"Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit – Ausländische Bevölkerung."},{"Link":"https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/bilateral/228658","external_links_name":"Information from the German Foreign Office on relations with Myanmar"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2012_UCI_Professional_Continental_and_Continental_teams
List of 2012 UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams
["1 UCI Professional Continental Teams","1.1 List of 2012 UCI Africa Tour professional teams","1.2 List of 2012 UCI America Tour professional teams","1.3 List of 2012 UCI Asia Tour professional teams","1.4 List of 2012 UCI Europe Tour professional teams","1.5 List of 2012 UCI Oceania Tour professional teams","2 UCI Continental Teams","2.1 List of 2012 UCI Africa Tour teams","2.2 List of 2012 UCI America Tour teams","2.3 List of 2012 UCI Asia Tour teams","2.4 List of 2012 UCI Europe Tour teams","2.5 List of 2012 UCI Oceania Tour teams","3 References"]
Listed below are the UCI Professional Continental and Continental Teams that compete in road bicycle racing events of the UCI Continental Circuits organised by the International Cycling Union (UCI). The UCI Continental Circuits are divided in 5 continental zones, America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania. UCI Professional Continental Teams According to the UCI Rulebook, "a professional continental team is an organisation created to take part in road events open to professional continental teams. It is known by a unique name and registered with the UCI in accordance with the provisions below. The professional continental team comprises all the riders registered with the UCI as members of the team, the paying agent, the sponsors and all other persons contracted by the paying agent and/or the sponsors to provide for the continuing operation of the team (manager, team manager, coach, paramedical assistant, mechanic, etc.). Each professional continental team must employ at least 14 riders, 2 team managers and 3 other staff (paramedical assistants, mechanics, etc.) on a full time basis for the whole registration year." List of 2012 UCI Africa Tour professional teams Code Official Team Name Country Website No team registered List of 2012 UCI America Tour professional teams Code Official Team Name Country CSM SpiderTech–C10  Canada COL Colombia–Coldeportes  Colombia TT1 Team Type 1–Sanofi  United States UHC UnitedHealthcare  United States List of 2012 UCI Asia Tour professional teams Code Official Team Name Country CHA Champion System  China List of 2012 UCI Europe Tour professional teams Code Official Team Name Country LAN Landbouwkrediet–Colnago  Belgium TSV Team Flanders–Baloise  Belgium VWA Accent.jobs–Willems Veranda's  Belgium ACG Andalucía  Spain CJR Caja Rural  Spain BSC Bretagne–Schuller  France COF Cofidis  France SAU Saur–Sojasun  France EUC Team TotalEnergies  France FAR Vini Zabù  United Kingdom APP Team NetApp  Germany COG Colnago–CSF Bardiani  Ireland UNA Utensilnord–Named  Ireland ASA Acqua & Sapone  Italy AND GW Erco Shimano  Italy ARG Argos–Shimano  Netherlands RVL RusVelo  Russia List of 2012 UCI Oceania Tour professional teams Code Official Team Name Country No team registered UCI Continental Teams According to the UCI Rulebook, "a UCI continental team is a team of road riders recognised and licensed to take part in events on the continental calendars by the national federation of the nationality of the majority of its riders and registered with the UCI. The precise structure (legal and financial status, registration, guarantees, standard contract, etc.) of these teams shall be determined by the regulations of the national federation." Riders may be professional or amateur. The nation under which the team is registered is the nation under which the majority of its riders are registered, a rule which the men's continental teams share with the UCI women's teams. List of 2012 UCI Africa Tour teams Code Official Team Name Country GVA Geofco-Ville d'Alger  Algeria GSP Groupement Sportif Petrolier Algérie  Algeria OTA Olympique Team Algérie  Algeria VCS Vélo Club SOVAC-Algérie  Algeria MPC Marco Polo Cycling–Donckers Koffie  Ethiopia MTN MTN–Qhubeka  South Africa BNT Team Bonitas  South Africa List of 2012 UCI America Tour teams Code Official Team Name Country SLS San Luis Somos Todos  Argentina DAT Clube DataRo de Ciclismo  Brazil FUN Funvic–Pindamonhangaba  Brazil RCT Real Cycling Team  Brazil EKG Ekoi.com–Gaspesien  Canada COD Colombia–Comcel  Colombia EPM EPM–UNE  Colombia GOB Gobernación de Antioquia-Indeportes Antioquia  Colombia MOT Movistar Continental Team  Colombia FUN Start Cycling Team–Atacama Flowery Desert  Paraguay BHD BMC–Hincapie Sportswear Team  United States BLS Bontrager–Livestrong  United States CDT Chipotle–First Solar Development Team  United States JSH Jamis–Sutter Home  United States JBC Jelly Belly Cycling Team  United States KPC Kenda–5-hour Energy  United States XRG Team Exergy  United States TMK Team Mountain Khakis–SmartStop  United States OPT Optum–Kelly Benefit Strategies  United States WPC Wonderful Pistachios  United States List of 2012 UCI Asia Tour teams Code Official Team Name Country SLY China 361° Cycling Team  China GTC Gan Su Sports Lottery Cycling Team  China HEN Hengxiang Cycling Team  China HBR Holy Brother Cycling Team  China MSS Max Success Sports  China TYD Qinghai Tianyoude Cycling Team  China AZC Azad University Cross Team  Iran MSK Mes–Kerman  Iran TPT Tabriz Petrochemical Team  Iran AS2 Continental Team Astana  Kazakhstan AIS Aisan Racing Team  Japan BGT Bridgestone–Anchor  Japan CSZ Cannondale–SpaceZeroPoint  Japan MTR Matrix Powertag  Japan SMN Shimano Racing Team  Japan PPO Team Nippo  Japan UKO Team Ukyo  Japan BLZ Utsunomiya Blitzen  Japan GGC Geumsan Ginseng Cello  South Korea KSP KSPO  South Korea SCT Seoul Cycling Team  South Korea TSI OCBC Singapore Continental Cycling Team  Singapore TSG Terengganu Cycling Team  Malaysia ACT Action Cycling Team  Taiwan RTS RTS Racing Team  Taiwan TSM Team Senter–Merida  Taiwan List of 2012 UCI Europe Tour teams Code Official Team Name Country KTM Arbö–Gebrüder Weiss–Oberndorfer  Austria RAD RC Arbö–Wels–Gourmetfein  Austria VBG Team Vorarlberg  Austria TIR Tirol Cycling Team  Austria WSA WSA–Viperbike  Austria SKT An Post–Sean Kelly  Belgium BKP BKCP–Powerplus  Belgium CMD Colba–Superano Ham  Belgium FWB Idemasport–Biowanze  Belgium JVC Jong Vlaanderen  Belgium PCW T.Palm–Pôle Continental Wallon  Belgium SUN Sunweb–Revor  Belgium FID Telenet–Fidea  Belgium WBC Wallonie Bruxelles–Crédit Agricole  Belgium LOB Loborika Favorit Team  Croatia MKT Meridiana–Kamen  Croatia ASP AC Sparta Praha  Czech Republic ADP ASC Dukla Praha  Czech Republic PSK Whirlpool–Author  Czech Republic BWC Blue Water Cycling  Denmark CWO Christina Watches–Onfone  Denmark DKK Team Designa Køkken–Knudsgaard  Denmark GLU Glud & Marstrand–LRØ  Denmark JJS J.Jensen–Sandstød Salg Og Event  Denmark VPC Forsikring–Himmerland  Denmark TTF Team TreFor  Denmark BUR Burgos BH–Castilla y Leon  Spain ORB Orbea  Spain AUB Auber 93  France LPM La Pomme Marseille  France RLM Roubaix–Lille Métropole  France VRU Véranda Rideau–Super U  France EDR Endura Racing  United Kingdom NGR Node 4–Giordana Racing  United Kingdom RCS Rapha Condor–Sharp  United Kingdom IGS Team IG–Sigma Sport  United Kingdom RAL Team Raleigh–GAC  United Kingdom UKY Team UK Youth  United Kingdom LKT LKT Team Brandenburg  Germany TSP Nutrixxion–Abus  Germany TTR Team Raiko–Stölting  Germany TRS Eddy Merckx–Indeland  Germany THF Team Heizomat  Germany NSP Team NSP–Ghost  Germany SCS Team Specialized Concept Store  Germany TET Thüringer Energie Team  Germany TKT Gios Deyser–Leon Kastro  Greece SPT SP Tableware Cycling Team  Greece MIE Miche–Guerciotti  Italy IDE Team Idea  Italy WIT Team WIT  Italy ALB Alpha Baltic–Unitymarathons.com  Latvia RBD Rietumu–Delfin  Latvia LET Leopard–Trek Continental Team  Luxembourg CCD Differdange–Magic–SportFood.de  Luxembourg RIJ Cycling Team De Rijke  Netherlands CJP Cycling Team Jo Piels  Netherlands KOG Koga Cycling Team  Netherlands MET Metec Continental Cyclingteam  Netherlands RB3 Rabobank Continental Team  Netherlands AUC Argon 18–Unaas Cycling  Norway FRT Frøy–Trek  Norway TJB Joker–Merida  Norway OCM Oneco–Mesterhus Cycling Team  Norway PBC Plussbank BMC  Norway KRA Team Ringeriks–Kraft Look  Norway OHR Team Øster Hus–Ridley  Norway BGZ Bank BGŻ  Poland BDC BDC–Marcpol Team  Poland CCC CCC–Polkowice  Poland WIB Wibatech–LMGK Ziemia Brzeska  Poland PRT Carmim–Prio  Portugal EFG Efapel–Glassdrive  Portugal LAR LA–Antarte  Portugal BOA Onda  Portugal TCT Tuşnad Cycling Team  Romania TIK Itera–Katusha  Russia LOK Lokosphinx  Russia ADR Adria Mobil  Slovenia RAR Radenska  Slovenia SAK Sava  Slovenia ARH Atlas Personal–Jakroo   Switzerland DUK Dukla Trenčín–Trek  Slovakia TCC Team Cykelcity.se  Sweden KTS Konya–Torku Şekerspor  Turkey SLC Salcano–Arnavutkoy  Turkey AMO Amore & Vita  Ukraine ISD ISD–Lampre Continental  Ukraine KLS Kolss Cycling Team  Ukraine List of 2012 UCI Oceania Tour teams Code Official Team Name Country DPC Drapac Cycling  Australia GEN Genesys Wealth Advisers  Australia BFL Team Budget Forklifts  Australia JAI Team Jayco–AIS  Australia PBR PureBlack Racing  New Zealand SUB Subway Cycling Team  New Zealand References Sports portal ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2011-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Cervélo women registered as Dutch team in 2010". 26 November 2009. Preceded by2011 List of UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams 2012 Succeeded by2013 vteUCI ProTeams and Continental teams by year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vte← 20112012 road cycling season by team2013 → 2012 in men's road cycling 2012 in women's road cycling List of 2012 UCI ProTeams and riders Ag2r–La Mondiale Astana BMC Racing Team Euskaltel–Euskadi FDJ–BigMat Garmin–Sharp Orica–GreenEDGE Team Katusha Lampre–ISD Liquigas–Cannondale Lotto–Belisol Movistar Team Omega Pharma–Quick-Step Rabobank RadioShack–Nissan Saxo Bank–Tinkoff Bank Team Sky Vacansoleil–DCM List of 2012 UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams Accent.jobs–Willems Veranda's Acqua & Sapone Andalucía Androni Giocattoli Bretagne–Schuller Caja Rural Champion System Cofidis Colnago–CSF Inox Colombia–Coldeportes Team Europcar Farnese Vini–Selle Italia Landbouwkrediet–Euphony Team NetApp Project 1t4i RusVelo Saur–Sojasun SpiderTech–C10 Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator Team Type 1–Sanofi UnitedHealthcare Utensilnord–Named List of 2012 UCI Women's Teams and riders Rabobank Women Cycling Team Team Specialized–lululemon AA Drink–leontien.nl GreenEDGE–AIS Hitec Products–Mistral Home Diadora–Pasta Zara Be Pink Faren Honda Team RusVelo Lotto Belisol Ladies Dolmans–Boels Cycling Team MCipollini–Giambenini Team Skil–Argos Vaiano Tepso Kleo Ladies Team TIBCO–To the Top S.C. Michela Fanini Rox Team GSD gestion Exergy TWENTY12 Vienne Futuroscope ABUS Nutrixxion Bizkaia–Durango Fassa Bortolo–Servetto Axman Team Taiwan Topsport Vlaanderen–Ridley Forno d'Asolo Colavita Lointek Sengers Ladies Cycling Team Team Ibis Cycles Team Bizhub–FCF ASPTT Dijon–Bourgogne China Chongming–Giant Pro Cycling Alriksson Go:Green Scappa Speed Queens Verinlegno–Fabiani vte2012 in road cycling (men, women)UCI World Circuits UCI World Tour UCI Women's Road World Cup UCI Women's Road World Ranking UCI Continental Circuits UCI Africa Tour UCI America Tour UCI Asia Tour UCI Europe Tour UCI Oceania Tour International Games Summer Olympics Championships World: UCI Road World Championships Continental: African Asian European (U23) Oceanian Pan American National: National road cycling championships UCI Cycling teams UCI ProTeams UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams UCI Women's Teams
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of 2012 UCI Professional Continental and Continental teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"According to the UCI Rulebook, \"a professional continental team is an organisation created to take part in road events open to professional continental teams. It is known by a unique name and registered with the UCI in accordance with the provisions below.The professional continental team comprises all the riders registered with the UCI as members of the team, the paying agent, the sponsors and all other persons contracted by the paying agent and/or the sponsors to provide for the continuing operation of the team (manager, team manager, coach, paramedical assistant, mechanic, etc.).\nEach professional continental team must employ at least 14 riders, 2 team managers and 3 other staff (paramedical assistants, mechanics, etc.) on a full time basis for the whole registration year.\"","title":"UCI Professional Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Africa Tour professional teams","title":"UCI Professional Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI America Tour professional teams","title":"UCI Professional Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Asia Tour professional teams","title":"UCI Professional Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Europe Tour professional teams","title":"UCI Professional Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Oceania Tour professional teams","title":"UCI Professional Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCI women's teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UCI_Women%27s_Teams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to the UCI Rulebook, \"a UCI continental team is a team of road riders recognised and licensed to take part in events on the continental calendars by the national federation of the nationality of the majority of its riders and registered with the UCI. The precise structure (legal and financial status, registration, guarantees, standard contract, etc.) of these teams shall be determined by the regulations of the national federation.\"Riders may be professional or amateur. The nation under which the team is registered is the nation under which the majority of its riders are registered, a rule which the men's continental teams share with the UCI women's teams.[2]","title":"UCI Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Africa Tour teams","title":"UCI Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI America Tour teams","title":"UCI Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Asia Tour teams","title":"UCI Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Europe Tour teams","title":"UCI Continental Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of 2012 UCI Oceania Tour teams","title":"UCI Continental Teams"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Trades_Hall
Sydney Trades Hall
["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Condition","2.2 Modifications and dates","3 Heritage listing","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","5.2 Attribution","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°52′38″S 151°12′15″E / 33.8773°S 151.2041°E / -33.8773; 151.2041Building in Sydney, Australia Sydney Trades HallSydney Trades HallLocation4-10 Goulburn Street, Sydney central business district, City of Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaCoordinates33°52′38″S 151°12′15″E / 33.8773°S 151.2041°E / -33.8773; 151.2041Built1888–1916ArchitectJohn Smedley;Spain, Cosh and Minnett (later additions)Architectural style(s)Victorian Free ClassicalOwnerUnions NSW New South Wales Heritage RegisterOfficial nameSydney Trades Hall; Trades Hall BuildingTypeState heritage (built)Designated2 April 1999Reference no.322TypeTrade Union OfficeCategoryCommunity Facilities Location in Sydney central business district The Sydney Trades Hall is a heritage-listed trade union building located at 4-10 Goulburn Street in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Smedley, with later additions Spain and Cosh and Minnett and built from 1888 to 1916. It is also known as Trades Hall Building. The building was built and owned by the Trades Hall Association, the original trade union affiliates who built the hall in 1888, and is now owned by Unions NSW. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History The Trades Hall was conceived on 14 December 1882 when representatives of thirteen unions met at The Swan with Two Necks Hotel in George Street. This was the original meeting place for the Union Movement. It was there that the organisation that led to the building of the Sydney Trades Hall was formed. A grant of land was made for the Trades Hall site on 13 October 1885, to the trustees: Henry Copeland (Member of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, MLA) of Newtown, Jacob Garrard (MLA) of Balmain, William Ferrier of Balmain (a stonemason), John Edward West of Woolloomooloo (a plumber and gasfitter), John Richard Talbot of Sydney (iron moulder), John Atkinson of Balmain (a boilermaker), Thomas Caddy of Surry Hills (a draper), and Richard Mooney of Woolloomooloo (a journeyman tailor). The trustees were required to "hold and use or allow the said land hereby granted and the buildings to be erected thereon to be at all times hereafter maintained and used as and for a Trades Hall and Literary Institute for the use of the Artificers and Operatives of Sydney aforesaid and others under and in accordance with such Regulations as shall from time to time be made by the Governor". The Sydney Trades Hall is linked with the history of the union movement in New South Wales, one of the first formalised union movements in the world. Similarly, the birth of the New South Wales Labor Party can be traced to unions who had offices at Trades Hall deciding to form a party to enable a labour voice in the Parliament following the collapse of the Maritime and Shearers Strike early that century. The first portion of the building was designed in 1887, by architect John Smedley, one of Australia's first native born architects. Smedley won a design competition for the building, which was intended for meetings held by working men and as a place where lectures could be given and instruction in literature obtained. It also included a library and the banner room. On 28 January 1888 Lord Carrington, as State Governor (also Grand Master Freemason of the United Grand Lodge in NSW), laid the foundation stone of Sydney's Trades Hall. Due to lack of funds, it took several years for the building to be erected. Finally, the opening ceremony was performed on 26 January 1895 by the Minister for Education and the Chairman of the Land Trustees, Mr Jacob Garrard. In his address he commented, "The Trades of the colony will now have a home of their own". According to Mr McIntyre, president of the Builders and Contractors Association, "every man employed had been a unionist, and had received the full rate of pay ordered by the associated trades." The subsequent major additions completed in 1900, 1912 and 1916 followed closely the Victorian Italianate Style of the original building. The architects for these additions were Spain, Cosh and Minnett. An apocryphal has it that in 1932, New South Wales Premier, Jack Lang had the State's money removed from bank accounts and taken to Trades Hall, where the NSW ALP had offices, so that the Federal Government would not be able to seize it. He was subsequently dismissed from office by Governor Philip Game. This is untrue. Lang refused to allow Federal Government officials into the NSW Treasury where state revenue was held, to prevent the people of NSW being deprived of services because of the demand that British banks should be repaid before people were paid. If he had moved the money to Trades Hall he would have been guilty of theft on a large scale! Thus he did not move it from government buildings. Description A large load-bearing brick and sandstone building of four storeys and basement. An octagonal tower of five storeys at the corner of Goulburn and Dixon Streets is capped by a pitched copper roof surmounted by a sheathed square copper cupola. Although enlarged considerably at three main periods, c. 1900, 1912 and 1916 the additions closely follow the original Victorian neo classical design consisting of sandstone to the ground floor, window trims grouped three to a bay, string courses, cornice and balustered parapet with face brickwork to the remainder. The original building is part of the four bays to Goulburn Street while the seven bays to Dixon Street are additions. Condition As of 30 September 1997, the building's physical condition was judged to be good, with low archaeological potential. The building externally has had little alteration. Modifications and dates 1888 – foundation stone laid; 1895 – opened; c. 1900 – addition; 1912 – addition; 1916 – addition. Heritage listing As at 10 December 2008, The Sydney Trades Hall is important as one of the first and continuing headquarters of much of the New South Wales Trade Union Movement. It is a fitting reminder of an important part of Australia's history which was to be followed by many western countries based on Australian experience. The birth of the Labour Party may be traced to Trades Hall leaders. The building's design is by one of Australia's first native born architects, John Smedley. Its composed facades and tower contribute to the Haymarket area by retaining a nineteenth century character and provide a dominant landmark. The Trades Hall was held in high esteem by the working community and this was reinforced by Mr Jacob Gerrard's address at the official opening day. The subsequent rapid growth of the trade Union Movement earlier this century saw the original building enlarged considerably to accommodate its needs. Original records of meetings and other historical events in the life of the Trade Union Movement have been collected and are kept in the original library and banner room. Sydney Trades Hall was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Sydney Trades Hall is important as one of the first and continuing headquarters of much of the New South Wales Trade Union Movement. It is a fitting reminder of an important part of Australia's history which was to be followed by many western countries based on Australian experience. The birth of the Labour Party may be traced to Trades Hall leaders. The building's design is by one of Austrlai's first native born architects, John Smedley. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Sydney Trades Hall composed facades and tower contribute to the Haymarket area by retaining a nineteenth century character. In particular it provides a dominant landmark with its well crafted and extensive facades which have an almost "civic like" presence. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. It was held in high esteem by the working community and this was reinforced by Mr Jacob Gerrard address at the official opening day. The subsequent rapid growth of the trade Union Movement earlier this century saw the original building enlarged considerably to accommodate its needs. The provision of centralised office accommodation and meeting rooms for unions, the Trades Hall has become inseparably linked with the history of the trade Union Movement in NSW and as such is held in high regard by much of the State's workforce. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. https://tradeshallsydney.wordpress.com/virtual-tour/ Original records of meetings and other historical events in the life of the Trade Union Movement have been collected and are kept in the original library. The Library collection itself is as it was in 1914 and held on the shelving built at the time. and banner room. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.The collection of banners includes 35 large (over 3 metres by 4 metres) banner dating from 1885 to 1930, plus others pre 1960. There are also 70 small silk banners made for unions to carry on the annual eight-hour day processions. These were made by the Committee (who had offices in the Hall) for unions who had the eight hour work day as part of the conditions of employment in their industry or occupation. To speak with one voice : history of the Trades Hall, Sydney / Kylie Hilton (Sydney: Commissioned by Unions NSW, 2006) The Sydney Trades Hall is rare for the role it has played in providing a centralised place of operation for the Trade Union Movement. It is rare as the only trade union building in the world that continues to house collections of union material at this scale in the building that they have always been stored in. The banners and library are part of the Heritage of the building and must remain with it. See also Organized labour portal Australian labour movement References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Sydney Trades Hall". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00322. Retrieved 13 October 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence. ^ a b c d e f g h Daybreak Architects, n.d. ^ Hocking, Jenny. Gough Whitlam: A Moment in History, Volume 1 Melbourne: The Miegunyah Press, 2008; p. 52 ^ Sheedy, 1977. Bibliography Daybreak Architects Pty Ltd (n.d.). Report to the Heritage Council of NSW - Sydney Trades Hall. Heritage NSW (2013). "Sydney Trades Hall". O'Rourke, Claire (18 October 2003). "Trades hall taking out trash in revamp". Sydney Morning Herald. Sheedy, D. (1977). National Trust Classification Card - Trades Hall. Attribution This Wikipedia article was originally based on Sydney Trades Hall, entry number 322 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 13 October 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Trades Hall. Towart, Neale (2001). "Trades Hall - the Royal Connection". James, Bob (1999). "The Knights of Labor and their Context". vteArchitecture of SydneyHistorical buildings and structures(pre-1930s) Admiralty House Boronia House Carthona Central Local Court Central railway station Chief Secretary's Cloncorrick Customs House Conservatorium of Music Downing Centre Education Department General Post Office GIO Building Government House Hong Kong House Hyde Park Barracks Hyde Park Obelisk Lands Department Lindesay Mortuary railway station Parliament House Queen Victoria Building Registrar-General's St Andrew's Cathedral St Mary's Cathedral Sydney Hospital The Mint Sydney Observatory Town Hall Trades Hall The Old Treasury University of Sydney (Main Quad.) Victoria Barracks Modern buildings and structures(post-1930s) 1 Bligh Street 25 Martin Place AMP Building Anzac Memorial Auburn Gallipoli Mosque Aurora Place Australia Square Bennelong Apartments Blues Point Tower Central Park Chau Chak Wing Museum Chifley Tower Citigroup Centre Dr Chau Chak Wing Building Deutsche Bank Place Dunc Gray Velodrome Governor Phillip Tower Grace Building Horizon Apartments International Towers Latitude MLC Building Paddy's Markets (redev.) Quay Quarter Tower The Ribbon Sirius Building Sofitel Sydney Wentworth Stamford on Kent Suncorp Place Sydney Harbour Bridge Sydney Opera House Sydney Tower TNT Towers UTS Tower World Tower Zenith Centre Notable architects Australian architects NSW Government architects Styles Non-residential Residential Tallest buildings vteSydney central business district historical attractionsGovernment buildings Anzac Memorial Central Local Court House Chief Secretary's Building Clarence Street Police Station (former) Customs House Department of Education Building Department of Lands Building Downing Centre First Government House General Post Office Government House Hay Street Nos. 181–187 Haymarket Post Office Health Department building (former) Hyde Park Barracks Hyde Park Obelisk Parliament House, Sydney Registrar-General's building State Library of NSW Supreme Court of NSW Banco Court Greenway Wing Old Registry Wing Sydney Cenotaph Sydney Mint Sydney Water Head Office (former) Treasury building (former) Commercial buildings AMA House APA building AWA Tower Australian Hall Bathurst Street (Nos. 107–109) Bulletin Place warehouses Burns Philp building Challis House CML building Corn Exchange Erskine Street Police Station George Street No. 341 No. 343 Nos. 348–352 No. 354 GIO building Grahame's Corner Hawken and Vance Produce Exchange Hinchcliff House Hong Kong House International House John Bridge Woolstore Judges House, The Kyle House Liner House Metters Building MLC Building National House New South Wales Club building Perpetual Trustee Company building Pinnacle House Public Trust Office Qantas House Queen Victoria Building Red Cross House Royal Automobile Club of Australia building Sir Stamford Hotel State Savings Bank building Strand Arcade Sussex Street Nos. 121–127 Nos. 139–153 No. 161 Nos. 163–169 Sydney School of Arts building Trades Hall The Sydney Club Transport House Trickett's Hotel (former) Trust Building Wales House York Street No. 22 No. 73 Residential buildings History House Phillip Street Terraces Young Street Terraces Churches and other places of worship St Andrew's Cathedral Christ Church St Laurence Great Synagogue St James' Church St Mary's Cathedral Pitt Street Uniting Church St Stephen's Church Pubs and hotels Arthouse Bristol Arms Crown (pub) Dundee Arms Grace George Hollywood Hotel CBD Metropolitan Royal George Skinners Sussex Transport infrastructure Central railway station St James railway station Martin Place railway station Museum railway station Pyrmont Bridge Railway Square road overbridge Cultural institutions and parklands Australian Museum Capitol Theatre Hyde Park Justice and Police Museum Macquarie Place Park Royal Botanic Garden State Theatre Sydney Conservatorium of Music The Domain Other significant historical features Darling Harbour Carousel HMAS Sydney I – SMS Emden Memorial Little Hunter and Hamilton Street Precinct Man O'War Steps Sharpies Golf House Sign Sydney Town Hall Tank Stream
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_hall"},{"link_name":"Goulburn Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulburn_Street"},{"link_name":"Sydney central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"City of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Spain and Cosh and Minnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain_and_Cosh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unions NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Council_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"}],"text":"Building in Sydney, AustraliaThe Sydney Trades Hall is a heritage-listed trade union building located at 4-10 Goulburn Street in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Smedley, with later additions Spain and Cosh and Minnett and built from 1888 to 1916. It is also known as Trades Hall Building. The building was built and owned by the Trades Hall Association, the original trade union affiliates who built the hall in 1888, and is now owned by Unions NSW. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.[1]","title":"Sydney Trades Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Street,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"grant of land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Balmain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"stonemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemason"},{"link_name":"Woolloomooloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolloomooloo"},{"link_name":"plumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber"},{"link_name":"gasfitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasfitter"},{"link_name":"iron moulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_moulder"},{"link_name":"boilermaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilermaker"},{"link_name":"Surry Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surry_Hills"},{"link_name":"draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper"},{"link_name":"tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailor"},{"link_name":"union movement in New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_labour_movement"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wynn-Carrington,_1st_Marquess_of_Lincolnshire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"State Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Minister for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Jack Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lang_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Federal Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"dismissed from office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Dismissal_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Philip Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Game"}],"text":"The Trades Hall was conceived on 14 December 1882 when representatives of thirteen unions met at The Swan with Two Necks Hotel in George Street. This was the original meeting place for the Union Movement. It was there that the organisation that led to the building of the Sydney Trades Hall was formed.[1]A grant of land was made for the Trades Hall site on 13 October 1885, to the trustees: Henry Copeland (Member of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, MLA) of Newtown, Jacob Garrard (MLA) of Balmain, William Ferrier of Balmain (a stonemason), John Edward West of Woolloomooloo (a plumber and gasfitter), John Richard Talbot of Sydney (iron moulder), John Atkinson of Balmain (a boilermaker), Thomas Caddy of Surry Hills (a draper), and Richard Mooney of Woolloomooloo (a journeyman tailor). The trustees were required to \"hold and use or allow the said land hereby granted and the buildings to be erected thereon to be at all times hereafter maintained and used as and for a Trades Hall and Literary Institute for the use of the Artificers and Operatives of Sydney aforesaid and others under and in accordance with such Regulations as shall from time to time be made by the Governor\".The Sydney Trades Hall is linked with the history of the union movement in New South Wales, one of the first formalised union movements in the world. Similarly, the birth of the New South Wales Labor Party can be traced to unions who had offices at Trades Hall deciding to form a party to enable a labour voice in the Parliament following the collapse of the Maritime and Shearers Strike early that century.[1]The first portion of the building was designed in 1887, by architect John Smedley, one of Australia's first native born architects. Smedley won a design competition for the building, which was intended for meetings held by working men and as a place where lectures could be given and instruction in literature obtained. It also included a library and the banner room.[1] On 28 January 1888 Lord Carrington, as State Governor (also Grand Master Freemason of the United Grand Lodge in NSW), laid the foundation stone of Sydney's Trades Hall. Due to lack of funds, it took several years for the building to be erected. Finally, the opening ceremony was performed on 26 January 1895 by the Minister for Education and the Chairman of the Land Trustees, Mr Jacob Garrard. In his address he commented, \"The Trades of the colony will now have a home of their own\".[1] According to Mr McIntyre, president of the Builders and Contractors Association, \"every man employed had been a unionist, and had received the full rate of pay ordered by the associated trades.\"[1]The subsequent major additions completed in 1900, 1912 and 1916 followed closely the Victorian Italianate Style of the original building. The architects for these additions were Spain, Cosh and Minnett.[1][2]An apocryphal has it that in 1932, New South Wales Premier, Jack Lang had the State's money removed from bank accounts and taken to Trades Hall, where the NSW ALP had offices, so that the Federal Government would not be able to seize it.[3] He was subsequently dismissed from office by Governor Philip Game. This is untrue. Lang refused to allow Federal Government officials into the NSW Treasury where state revenue was held, to prevent the people of NSW being deprived of services because of the demand that British banks should be repaid before people were paid. If he had moved the money to Trades Hall he would have been guilty of theft on a large scale! Thus he did not move it from government buildings.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"cupola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"brickwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickwork"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-322-1-4"}],"text":"A large load-bearing brick and sandstone building of four storeys and basement. An octagonal tower of five storeys at the corner of Goulburn and Dixon Streets is capped by a pitched copper roof surmounted by a sheathed square copper cupola. Although enlarged considerably at three main periods, c. 1900, 1912 and 1916 the additions closely follow the original Victorian neo classical design consisting of sandstone to the ground floor, window trims grouped three to a bay, string courses, cornice and balustered parapet with face brickwork to the remainder. The original building is part of the four bays to Goulburn Street while the seven bays to Dixon Street are additions.[1][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"}],"sub_title":"Condition","text":"As of 30 September 1997, the building's physical condition was judged to be good, with low archaeological potential.[1]The building externally has had little alteration.[1][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foundation stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"}],"sub_title":"Modifications and dates","text":"1888 – foundation stone laid;\n1895 – opened;\nc. 1900 – addition;\n1912 – addition;\n1916 – addition.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"},{"link_name":"New South Wales State Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"},{"link_name":"https://tradeshallsydney.wordpress.com/virtual-tour/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tradeshallsydney.wordpress.com/virtual-tour/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nswshr-322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daybreak-2"}],"text":"As at 10 December 2008, The Sydney Trades Hall is important as one of the first and continuing headquarters of much of the New South Wales Trade Union Movement. It is a fitting reminder of an important part of Australia's history which was to be followed by many western countries based on Australian experience. The birth of the Labour Party may be traced to Trades Hall leaders. The building's design is by one of Australia's first native born architects, John Smedley. Its composed facades and tower contribute to the Haymarket area by retaining a nineteenth century character and provide a dominant landmark. The Trades Hall was held in high esteem by the working community and this was reinforced by Mr Jacob Gerrard's address at the official opening day. The subsequent rapid growth of the trade Union Movement earlier this century saw the original building enlarged considerably to accommodate its needs. Original records of meetings and other historical events in the life of the Trade Union Movement have been collected and are kept in the original library and banner room.[1][2]Sydney Trades Hall was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.The Sydney Trades Hall is important as one of the first and continuing headquarters of much of the New South Wales Trade Union Movement. It is a fitting reminder of an important part of Australia's history which was to be followed by many western countries based on Australian experience. The birth of the Labour Party may be traced to Trades Hall leaders. The building's design is by one of Austrlai's first native born architects, John Smedley.[1][2]The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.The Sydney Trades Hall composed facades and tower contribute to the Haymarket area by retaining a nineteenth century character. In particular it provides a dominant landmark with its well crafted and extensive facades which have an almost \"civic like\" presence.[1][2]The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.It was held in high esteem by the working community and this was reinforced by Mr Jacob Gerrard address at the official opening day. The subsequent rapid growth of the trade Union Movement earlier this century saw the original building enlarged considerably to accommodate its needs. The provision of centralised office accommodation and meeting rooms for unions, the Trades Hall has become inseparably linked with the history of the trade Union Movement in NSW and as such is held in high regard by much of the State's workforce.[1][2]The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.\nhttps://tradeshallsydney.wordpress.com/virtual-tour/Original records of meetings and other historical events in the life of the Trade Union Movement have been collected and are kept in the original library. The Library collection itself is as it was in 1914 and held on the shelving built at the time. and banner room.[1][2]The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.The collection of banners includes 35 large (over 3 metres by 4 metres) banner dating from 1885 to 1930, plus others pre 1960. There are also 70 small silk banners made for unions to carry on the annual eight-hour day processions. These were made by the Committee (who had offices in the Hall) for unions who had the eight hour work day as part of the conditions of employment in their industry or occupation. \nTo speak with one voice : history of the Trades Hall, Sydney / Kylie Hilton (Sydney: Commissioned by Unions NSW, 2006)The Sydney Trades Hall is rare for the role it has played in providing a centralised place of operation for the Trade Union Movement.[1][2] It is rare as the only trade union building in the world that continues to house collections of union material at this scale in the building that they have always been stored in. The banners and library are part of the Heritage of the building and must remain with it.","title":"Heritage listing"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sydney Trades Hall\". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00322. Retrieved 13 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au/App/Item/ViewItem?itemId=5045314","url_text":"\"Sydney Trades Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register","url_text":"New South Wales State Heritage Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning_%26_Environment","url_text":"Department of Planning & Environment"}]},{"reference":"Daybreak Architects Pty Ltd (n.d.). Report to the Heritage Council of NSW - Sydney Trades Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heritage NSW (2013). \"Sydney Trades Hall\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tradeshall.com.au/","url_text":"\"Sydney Trades Hall\""}]},{"reference":"O'Rourke, Claire (18 October 2003). \"Trades hall taking out trash in revamp\". Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Sheedy, D. (1977). National Trust Classification Card - Trades Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Towart, Neale (2001). \"Trades Hall - the Royal Connection\".","urls":[{"url":"http://workers.labor.net.au/84/c_historicalfeature_hall.html","url_text":"\"Trades Hall - the Royal Connection\""}]},{"reference":"James, Bob (1999). \"The Knights of Labor and their Context\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.takver.com/history/secsoc02.htm","url_text":"\"The Knights of Labor and their Context\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Municipal_Airport
Erie Municipal Airport
["1 Facilities and aircraft","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°00′37″N 105°02′53″W / 40.01028°N 105.04806°W / 40.01028; -105.04806For the airport in Erie, Pennsylvania, see Erie International Airport. AirportErie Municipal AirportIATA: noneICAO: KEIKFAA LID: EIKSummaryAirport typePublicOwnerTown of ErieServesErie, ColoradoElevation AMSL5,130 ft / 1,564 mCoordinates40°00′37″N 105°02′53″W / 40.01028°N 105.04806°W / 40.01028; -105.04806Websitewww.ErieCO.gov/...MapEIKLocation of airport in ColoradoRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 16/34 4,700 1,433 Concrete Statistics (2011)Aircraft operations95,000Based aircraft188Source: Federal Aviation Administration Erie Municipal Airport (ICAO: KEIK, FAA LID: EIK, formerly 48V) is an airport in Weld County, Colorado, United States. It is owned by the Town of Erie and located three nautical miles (6 km) south of its central business district. This airport was included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. It was formerly a private airport called Tri-County Airport. The airport is at the southwestern corner of Weld County, bordering Boulder County to the west and the City and County of Broomfield to the south. This particular part of Broomfield was in Adams County prior to the creation of Broomfield County in 2001. The airport is on the north side of State Highway 7 (Baseline Road) about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of I-25. Adjacent to the airport is the Erie Airpark subdivision, a residential area designed for private-plane commuters. Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned EIK by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned EIK to Yeysk, Russia). Facilities and aircraft Erie Municipal Airport covers an area of 115 acres (47 ha) at an elevation of 5,130 feet (1,564 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 16/34 with a concrete surface measuring 4,700 by 60 feet (1,433 x 18 m). A former runway designed 9/27, now closed, had an asphalt surface measuring 2,250 by 50 feet (686 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2011, the airport had 95,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 260 per day. At that time there were 188 aircraft based at this airport: 88% single-engine, 5% multi-engine, 4% helicopter, 3% ultralight, <1% jet, and <1% glider. See also List of airports in Colorado References ^ a b c d e f FAA Airport Form 5010 for EIK PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. Effective November 15, 2012. ^ "48V – Erie Municipal Airport". FAA data republished by AirNav. 8 June 2006. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. ^ "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on 2012-09-27. ^ Cameron, Beverly (2008). "Tri County/Erie Airport History". Colorado Airport History. Colorado Humanities. Retrieved 14 August 2016. ^ "Erie Municipal Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: KEIK, FAA: EIK)". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved June 22, 2013. ^ "IATA Airport Code Search (EIK: Yeysk)". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved June 22, 2013. External links Erie Municipal Airport at Town of Erie website Erie Municipal Airport (EIK) at Colorado DOT airport directory Vector Air, the fixed-base operator (FBO) Aerial image as of October 1999 from USGS The National Map FAA Terminal Procedures for EIK, effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this airport: FAA airport information for EIK AirNav airport information for KEIK FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erie International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport"},{"link_name":"Weld County, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"Town of Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"km","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Plan_of_Integrated_Airport_Systems"},{"link_name":"categorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA_airport_categories"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COHumanities-4"},{"link_name":"Boulder County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"City and County of Broomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Adams County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"State Highway 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Baseline Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_Road_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"location identifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yeysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeysk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IATA-6"}],"text":"For the airport in Erie, Pennsylvania, see Erie International Airport.AirportErie Municipal Airport (ICAO: KEIK, FAA LID: EIK, formerly 48V)[2] is an airport in Weld County, Colorado, United States.[1] It is owned by the Town of Erie and located three nautical miles (6 km) south of its central business district.[1] This airport was included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.[3] It was formerly a private airport called Tri-County Airport.[4]The airport is at the southwestern corner of Weld County, bordering Boulder County to the west and the City and County of Broomfield to the south. This particular part of Broomfield was in Adams County prior to the creation of Broomfield County in 2001. The airport is on the north side of State Highway 7 (Baseline Road) about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of I-25. Adjacent to the airport is the Erie Airpark subdivision, a residential area designed for private-plane commuters.Although many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned EIK by the FAA[1] but has no designation from the IATA[5] (which assigned EIK to Yeysk, Russia).[6]","title":"Erie Municipal Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"ultralight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralight"},{"link_name":"jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft"},{"link_name":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"}],"text":"Erie Municipal Airport covers an area of 115 acres (47 ha) at an elevation of 5,130 feet (1,564 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 16/34 with a concrete surface measuring 4,700 by 60 feet (1,433 x 18 m).[1] A former runway designed 9/27, now closed, had an asphalt surface measuring 2,250 by 50 feet (686 x 15 m).For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2011, the airport had 95,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 260 per day. At that time there were 188 aircraft based at this airport: 88% single-engine, 5% multi-engine, 4% helicopter, 3% ultralight, <1% jet, and <1% glider.[1]","title":"Facilities and aircraft"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of airports in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Colorado"}]
[{"reference":"\"48V – Erie Municipal Airport\". FAA data republished by AirNav. 8 June 2006. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617063932/http://www.airnav.com/airport/48V","url_text":"\"48V – Erie Municipal Airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration","url_text":"FAA"},{"url":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/48V","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\" (PDF). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on 2012-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927084535/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"url":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Beverly (2008). \"Tri County/Erie Airport History\". Colorado Airport History. Colorado Humanities. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coloradoairporthistory.com/stories/story-erie.htm","url_text":"\"Tri County/Erie Airport History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erie Municipal Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: KEIK, FAA: EIK)\". Great Circle Mapper. Retrieved June 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://gc.kls2.com/airport/KEIK","url_text":"\"Erie Municipal Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: KEIK, FAA: EIK)\""}]},{"reference":"\"IATA Airport Code Search (EIK: Yeysk)\". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved June 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx","url_text":"\"IATA Airport Code Search (EIK: Yeysk)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association","url_text":"International Air Transport Association"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Erie_Municipal_Airport&params=40_00_37_N_105_02_53_W_region:US-CO_scale:10000_type:airport","external_links_name":"40°00′37″N 105°02′53″W / 40.01028°N 105.04806°W / 40.01028; -105.04806"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Erie_Municipal_Airport&params=40_00_37_N_105_02_53_W_region:US-CO_scale:10000_type:airport","external_links_name":"40°00′37″N 105°02′53″W / 40.01028°N 105.04806°W / 40.01028; -105.04806"},{"Link":"http://www.erieco.gov/index.aspx?nid=93","external_links_name":"www.ErieCO.gov/..."},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=EIK","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for EIK"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617063932/http://www.airnav.com/airport/48V","external_links_name":"\"48V – Erie Municipal Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/48V","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927084535/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A\""},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/media/2011/npias_2011_appA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.coloradoairporthistory.com/stories/story-erie.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tri County/Erie Airport History\""},{"Link":"http://gc.kls2.com/airport/KEIK","external_links_name":"\"Erie Municipal Airport (IATA: none, ICAO: KEIK, FAA: EIK)\""},{"Link":"http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx","external_links_name":"\"IATA Airport Code Search (EIK: Yeysk)\""},{"Link":"http://www.erieco.gov/index.aspx?nid=93","external_links_name":"Erie Municipal Airport"},{"Link":"http://www.coloradodot.info/programs/aeronautics/colorado-airport-system/ColoradoAirportMap/EIK","external_links_name":"Erie Municipal Airport (EIK)"},{"Link":"http://www.vectorair.net/","external_links_name":"Vector Air"},{"Link":"http://msrmaps.com/map.aspx?t=1&s=11&lat=40.0102&lon=-105.0469&w=750&h=900&lp=---+None+---","external_links_name":"Aerial image as of October 1999"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dtpp/search/results/?cycle=2407&ident=EIK","external_links_name":"FAA Terminal Procedures for EIK"},{"Link":"https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=EIK","external_links_name":"airport information for EIK"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KEIK","external_links_name":"airport information for KEIK"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/KEIK","external_links_name":"airport information"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/airport/KEIK","external_links_name":"live flight tracker"},{"Link":"https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/KEIK.html","external_links_name":"current"},{"Link":"https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KEIK.html","external_links_name":"past three days"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/?id=KEIK&zoom=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/airport/EIK","external_links_name":"Terminal Procedures"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palads_Cinema
Palads Teatret
["1 History","2 Recent developments","3 In popular culture","4 Night club","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°40′35″N 12°33′48″E / 55.67639°N 12.56333°E / 55.67639; 12.56333Palads, Copenhagen Palads Teatret (the Palads Cinema), also known simply as the Palads, is a cinema operated by Nordisk Film in Copenhagen, Denmark. It offers a wide selection of films in its 17 auditoriums, more than in any other Danish cinema. History The first Palads Cinema in the old railway station The Palads was established in Copenhagen's former central railway station on Axeltorv which had ceased operations in 1911 following the construction of a new station. After major reconstruction work, the cinema opened on 18 October 1912. With 1780 seats and a 30-man orchestra, it was Scandinavia's largest entertainment centre. The former station building was completely demolished in 1917, providing space for today's building designed by Andreas Clemmensen and Johan Nielsen. Kai Nielsen's sculpture of Ursus and the Bull was positioned on the roof from the beginning but was not gilded until 1949. In 1955, the cinema was comprehensively renovated under the supervision of Holger Pind with new ventilation, carpeting, seating, rosewood wall panelling and the installation of a CinemaScope screen 12 m (39 ft) wide. In the mid-1970s, the cinema suffered from diminishing audiences threatening its viability. Drawing on the experience of the Marignan Concorde cinema in Paris which had been divided up into six auditoriums, the Palads was restructured into 12 auditoriums in 1978. Despite general scepticism, the alterations proved a huge success attracting 57,921 visitors in just one week. In September 1979, a further five auditoriums were opened in the basement. The interior was redecorated throughout in blue and grey with red seating. In 1989, the outside of the building was painted in vivid pastel colours by the artist Poul Gernes, livening up its appearance, especially when illuminated in the evening. Recent developments Today the cinema consists of 17 auditoriums with a total of 2,600 seats. In 2010, the foyer was completely renovated, reflecting modern trends in design and technology. The venue is also used for a variety of other events such as sports functions and ballet performances. The cinema currently offers the widest selection of films in Denmark, covering the interests of all age groups. It is fitted with the latest technical equipment including Digital 3D. In popular culture The building has been used as a location in the films Man elsker kun een gang (1945) and Olsen-banden går amok (1973). Night club At the end of The Palads Building, Axeltorv 5, has since the 70s housed various nightclubs, outstanding was the Daddy's Dance Hall, which from 1975 to 1978 was a live music venue, distinctive for their line in the music program were two concerts with the Sex Pistols in 1977. References ^ a b c "Palads Teatret". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ a b c d Thomas Hauerslev. "Palads Teatret, København" (in Danish). biografmuseet.dk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2013. ^ "Palads Teatret, København". danskefilm.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 16 March 2017. ^ Daddy's Dance Hall Copenhagen Concert Setlists : The Setlist Wiki External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palads Teatret. Official website (in Danish) vteCopenhagenSee also: Urban area of CopenhagenOfficial districts Amager Vest Amager Øst Bispebjerg Brønshøj-Husum Indre By Nørrebro Østerbro Valby Vanløse Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave Notable localitiesand neighbourhoods Indre By Bellahøj Carlsberg Christiania Christianshavn Frederiksberg Frederiksstaden Holmen Islands Brygge Kongens Nytorv Nyboder Nyhavn Slotsholmen Parks and open spaces Amager Strandpark Assistens Cemetery Frederiksberg Gardens Kastellet Kongens Have Superkilen Churches St. Alban's Alexander Nevsky Church St. Andrew's Anna Church St. Ansgar's Cathedral St. Augustine's Bernstorff Palace Bethlehem Church Brorson's Church Christian's Church Christ Church Elijah's Church Frederik's Church Frederiksberg Church Godthaab Church Grundtvig's Church Gustaf Church Hans Tausen's Church Holmen Church Holy Ghost Church Immanuel Church Isaiah Church St. James's Jerusalem's Church Jesus Church St. John's Church Kildevæld Church St. Luke's Church Mariendal Church St. Mark's St. Matthew's Nathanael's Church St. Paul's St. Peter's Philip's Church Reformed Church Church of Our Saviour Simon Peter's Church Solbjerg Church Sundby Church Trinitatis Church Zion's Church Museums Cisternerne Amber Museum Danish Design Centre Danish Museum of Art & Design Danish Revue Museum Fotografisk Center University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Hirschsprung Collection Jewish Museum Kastrupgård Kunsthal Charlottenborg Medical Museion Museum of Copenhagen National Museum of Denmark National Museum of Photography Natural History Museum of Denmark North Atlantic House Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Police Museum Revue Museum Royal Danish Naval Museum National Gallery of Denmark Storm P. Museum Tycho Brahe Planetarium War Museum Landmarks Amalienborg Børsen Charlottenborg Palace Christiansborg Palace Copenhagen City Hall Harbour Baths Fortifications Frederiksberg Palace Hotel Astoria Kongens Nytorv Lakes Langelinie The Little Mermaid Medicon Valley Nørreport Station Opera House Øresund Bridge Palace Hotel Radisson Blu Royal Hotel Rosenborg Castle Royal Danish Playhouse Royal Library Tivoli Gardens Politics and administration Capital Region Copenhagen Municipality Lord mayors of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Municipality Education Copenhagen Business School Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Technical University of Denmark University of Copenhagen UCC Transport Copenhagen Airport Copenhagen Central Station Copenhagen Metro S-train Cycling (Super Bikeways) Districts History Lists Transport Category vteCinemas in Copenhagen Cinemateket CinemaxX Empire Bio Gloria Biograf Grand Imperial Palads 55°40′35″N 12°33′48″E / 55.67639°N 12.56333°E / 55.67639; 12.56333
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palads,_Copenhagen,_2017-02-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nordisk Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordisk_Film"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsd-1"}],"text":"Palads, CopenhagenPalads Teatret (the Palads Cinema), also known simply as the Palads, is a cinema operated by Nordisk Film in Copenhagen, Denmark. It offers a wide selection of films in its 17 auditoriums, more than in any other Danish cinema.[1]","title":"Palads Teatret"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paladsteatret_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen's former central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Axeltorv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axeltorv"},{"link_name":"Andreas Clemmensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Clemmensen"},{"link_name":"Kai Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Nielsen_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th-2"},{"link_name":"Holger Pind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holger_Pind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"rosewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood"},{"link_name":"CinemaScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th-2"},{"link_name":"Poul Gernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poul_Gernes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsd-1"}],"text":"The first Palads Cinema in the old railway stationThe Palads was established in Copenhagen's former central railway station on Axeltorv which had ceased operations in 1911 following the construction of a new station. After major reconstruction work, the cinema opened on 18 October 1912. With 1780 seats and a 30-man orchestra, it was Scandinavia's largest entertainment centre. The former station building was completely demolished in 1917, providing space for today's building designed by Andreas Clemmensen and Johan Nielsen. Kai Nielsen's sculpture of Ursus and the Bull was positioned on the roof from the beginning but was not gilded until 1949.[2]In 1955, the cinema was comprehensively renovated under the supervision of Holger Pind with new ventilation, carpeting, seating, rosewood wall panelling and the installation of a CinemaScope screen 12 m (39 ft) wide. In the mid-1970s, the cinema suffered from diminishing audiences threatening its viability. Drawing on the experience of the Marignan Concorde cinema in Paris which had been divided up into six auditoriums, the Palads was restructured into 12 auditoriums in 1978. Despite general scepticism, the alterations proved a huge success attracting 57,921 visitors in just one week. In September 1979, a further five auditoriums were opened in the basement. The interior was redecorated throughout in blue and grey with red seating.[2]In 1989, the outside of the building was painted in vivid pastel colours by the artist Poul Gernes, livening up its appearance, especially when illuminated in the evening.[2][1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dsd-1"},{"link_name":"Digital 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_3D"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-th-2"}],"text":"Today the cinema consists of 17 auditoriums with a total of 2,600 seats. In 2010, the foyer was completely renovated, reflecting modern trends in design and technology. The venue is also used for a variety of other events such as sports functions and ballet performances.[1] The cinema currently offers the widest selection of films in Denmark, covering the interests of all age groups. It is fitted with the latest technical equipment including Digital 3D.[2]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Man elsker kun een gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_elsker_kun_een_gang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olsen-banden går amok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsen-banden_g%C3%A5r_amok"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The building has been used as a location in the films Man elsker kun een gang (1945) and Olsen-banden går amok (1973).[3]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Axeltorv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axeltorv"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"At the end of The Palads Building, Axeltorv 5, has since the 70s housed various nightclubs, outstanding was the Daddy's Dance Hall, which from 1975 to 1978 was a live music venue, distinctive for their line in the music program were two concerts with the Sex Pistols in 1977.[4]","title":"Night club"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Palads Teatret\". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 28 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Film/Filmproduktion,_distribution_og_forevisninger/Palads_Teatret?highlight=Palads%20teatret","url_text":"\"Palads Teatret\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Hauerslev. \"Palads Teatret, København\" (in Danish). biografmuseet.dk. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212044/http://www.biografmuseet.dk/biografer/k/kobenhavn/p/palads_teatret/index.htm","url_text":"\"Palads Teatret, København\""},{"url":"http://www.biografmuseet.dk/biografer/k/kobenhavn/p/palads_teatret/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Palads Teatret, København\". danskefilm.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://danskefilm.dk/lokation.php?id=315","url_text":"\"Palads Teatret, København\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palads_Teatret&params=55_40_35_N_12_33_48_E_","external_links_name":"55°40′35″N 12°33′48″E / 55.67639°N 12.56333°E / 55.67639; 12.56333"},{"Link":"http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Film/Filmproduktion,_distribution_og_forevisninger/Palads_Teatret?highlight=Palads%20teatret","external_links_name":"\"Palads Teatret\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212044/http://www.biografmuseet.dk/biografer/k/kobenhavn/p/palads_teatret/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Palads Teatret, København\""},{"Link":"http://www.biografmuseet.dk/biografer/k/kobenhavn/p/palads_teatret/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://danskefilm.dk/lokation.php?id=315","external_links_name":"\"Palads Teatret, København\""},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/venue/daddys-dance-hall-copenhagen-denmark-3bd6180c.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://nfbio.dk/palads","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palads_Teatret&params=55_40_35_N_12_33_48_E_","external_links_name":"55°40′35″N 12°33′48″E / 55.67639°N 12.56333°E / 55.67639; 12.56333"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cserh%C3%A1t
Cserhát
["1 See also"]
Coordinates: 47°55′N 19°30′E / 47.917°N 19.500°E / 47.917; 19.500This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cserhát" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Location of the Cserhát Mountains proper within physical subdivisions of Hungary Cserhát Mountains near the ethnographic village of Hollókő Cserhát () is a mountain range in Hungary, part of the North Hungarian Mountains, divided between Pest and Nógrád counties. Its highest point is the Karancs with an elevation of 729 metres above sea level. Cserhát stretches from Cserhátalja to the valley of the Ipoly (Slovak: Ipeľ) river. Its central part is mountainous, covered with forests, while its southern and northern parts are hilly. Architecturally, the territory is rich in castles. Hollókő, an ethnographic village, is located there. See also Geography of Hungary North Hungarian Mountains vteGeographical regions of HungaryWest-Hungarian Borderland Alpokalja Kőszeg Mountains Sopron Mountains Vas Hills Balfi Hills Physico-geographical mesoregions of HungaryLittle Hungarian Plain Hanság Fertőzug Neusiedl Basin Rábaköz Szigetköz Marcal Basin Moson Plain Komárom-Esztergom Plain Transdanubia Baranya Zala Hills Inner Somogy Outer Somogy Zselic Völgység Szekszárd Hills Baranya Hills Villány Mountains Transdanubian Mountains Keszthely Mountains Tapolca Basin Balaton Uplands Bakony Bakonyalja Sokoró Vértesalja Velence Hills Gerecse Mountains Buda Hills Pilis Mountains Visegrád Mountains Vértes Mountains Transdanubian Hills Mecsek Outer Somogy Inner Somogy Tolna-Baranya Hills Balaton Basin North HungarianMountains Börzsöny Cserhát Mátra Mátralába Bükk Zemplén Mountains Great Hungarian Plain Bácska Bánát Mezőföld Sárrét Sárköz Drávamellék Kunság (Kiskunság, Nagykunság) Jászság Pest Plain Heves Plain Borsodi-Mezőség Bodrogköz Tiszahát Szatmár Plain Maros-Körös köze Körös-vidék Hortobágy Hajdúság Nyírség Tiszántúl Tiszazug Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 47°55′N 19°30′E / 47.917°N 19.500°E / 47.917; 19.500 This Hungarian geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HU_Cserh%C3%A1t.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cserhats_near_holloko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hollókő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%B3k%C5%91"},{"link_name":"[ˈtʃɛrhaːt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"North Hungarian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hungarian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(county)"},{"link_name":"Nógrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_(county)"},{"link_name":"Karancs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karancs_(mountain)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cserhátalja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cserh%C3%A1talja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ipoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipe%C4%BE"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Hollókő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%B3k%C5%91"},{"link_name":"ethnographic village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographic_village"}],"text":"Location of the Cserhát Mountains proper within physical subdivisions of HungaryCserhát Mountains near the ethnographic village of HollókőCserhát ([ˈtʃɛrhaːt]) is a mountain range in Hungary, part of the North Hungarian Mountains, divided between Pest and Nógrád counties. Its highest point is the Karancs with an elevation of 729 metres above sea level.Cserhát stretches from Cserhátalja to the valley of the Ipoly (Slovak: Ipeľ) river. Its central part is mountainous, covered with forests, while its southern and northern parts are hilly.Architecturally, the territory is rich in castles. Hollókő, an ethnographic village, is located there.","title":"Cserhát"}]
[{"image_text":"Location of the Cserhát Mountains proper within physical subdivisions of Hungary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HU_Cserh%C3%A1t.png/250px-HU_Cserh%C3%A1t.png"},{"image_text":"Cserhát Mountains near the ethnographic village of Hollókő","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cserhats_near_holloko.jpg/250px-Cserhats_near_holloko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Physico-geographical mesoregions of Hungary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mesoregions_of_Hungary.png/130px-Mesoregions_of_Hungary.png"}]
[{"title":"Geography of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary"},{"title":"North Hungarian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hungarian_Mountains"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hungary_geographical_regions"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_geographical_regions"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_geographical_regions"},{"title":"Geographical regions of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary"},{"title":"West-Hungarian Borderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West-Hungarian_Borderland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Alpokalja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpokalja"},{"title":"Kőszeg Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91szeg_Mountains"},{"title":"Sopron Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopron_Mountains"},{"title":"Vas Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vas_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Balfi Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfi_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesoregions_of_Hungary.png"},{"title":"Little Hungarian Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Hungarian_Plain"},{"title":"Hanság","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans%C3%A1g&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Fertőzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fert%C5%91zug&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Neusiedl Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neusiedl_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Rábaköz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1bak%C3%B6z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Szigetköz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szigetk%C3%B6z"},{"title":"Marcal 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Somogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_Somogy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zselic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zselic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Völgység","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lgys%C3%A9g&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Szekszárd Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szeksz%C3%A1rd_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Baranya Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baranya_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Villány Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill%C3%A1ny_Mountains"},{"title":"Transdanubian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdanubian_Mountains"},{"title":"Keszthely Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keszthely_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tapolca Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapolca_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Balaton Uplands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balaton_Uplands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bakony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakony"},{"title":"Bakonyalja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakonyalja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sokoró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sokor%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vértesalja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9rtesalja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Velence Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velence_Hills"},{"title":"Gerecse Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerecse_Mountains"},{"title":"Buda Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Hills"},{"title":"Pilis Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilis_Mountains"},{"title":"Visegrád Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Mountains"},{"title":"Vértes Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rtes_Mountains"},{"title":"Transdanubian Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transdanubian_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mecsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsek"},{"title":"Outer Somogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_Somogy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Inner Somogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_Somogy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tolna-Baranya Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolna-Baranya_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Balaton Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balaton_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"North HungarianMountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hungarian_Mountains"},{"title":"Börzsöny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rzs%C3%B6ny"},{"title":"Cserhát","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Mátra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1tra"},{"title":"Mátralába","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1tral%C3%A1ba"},{"title":"Bükk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCkk"},{"title":"Zemplén Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zempl%C3%A9n_Mountains"},{"title":"Great Hungarian Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain"},{"title":"Bácska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka"},{"title":"Bánát","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"title":"Mezőföld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mez%C5%91f%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sárrét","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1rr%C3%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sárköz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolna_County"},{"title":"Drávamellék","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr%C3%A1vamell%C3%A9k&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kunság","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g"},{"title":"Kiskunság","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiskuns%C3%A1g"},{"title":"Nagykunság","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykuns%C3%A1g"},{"title":"Jászság","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1szs%C3%A1g"},{"title":"Pest 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_New_York_state_election
1937 New York state election
["1 History","2 Result","3 Notes","4 Sources","5 See also"]
Elections in New York State Federal government Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Dem 2004 Dem 2008 Dem GOP 2012 2016 Dem GOP 2020 Dem 2024 Dem GOP U.S. Senate 1789 1791 1795 1796 sp 1797 Jan 1798 sp Aug 1798 sp Apr 1800 sp Nov 1800 sp 1801 1802 sp 1803 Feb 1804 sp Nov 1804 sp 1807 1809 1813 1815 1819–20 1821 1825–26 1827 1829 sp 1831 1833 1833 sp 1837 1839–40 1843 1845 sp 1849 1851 1855 1857 1861 1863 1867 1869 1873 1875 1879 1881 1881 sp 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1938 sp 1940 1944 1946 1949 sp 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2010 sp 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 U.S. House 1789 1790 1791 1st sp 1793 1794 1796 1798 1799 1st sp 1800 1801 5th sp 1801 6th sp 1802 1803 6th sp 1803 7th sp 1804 1st sp 2nd and 3rd sp 1805 2nd and 3rd sp 1806 1808 12th sp 1810 2nd sp 1812 6th sp 1813 15th sp 1813 2nd sp 1814 1815 6th sp 1815 12th sp 1816 20th sp 21st sp 1817 4th sp 1818 1821 6th sp 1821 9th sp 1822 1823 28th sp 1824 1826 1827 29th sp 1828 5th sp 1830 6th sp 20th sp 1832 1834 1836 17th sp 30th sp 1838 1840 1841 26th May sp 26th Nov sp 1842 1844 1846 12th sp 1848 1850 1852 1854 12th sp 1856 1858 1859 4th sp 1860 31st sp 1862 1863 14th sp 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1879 12th sp 1880 32nd sp 1881 9th sp 11th sp 22nd sp 1881 27th sp 1882 1884 1885 8th sp 1886 15th sp 1888 1889 6th sp 9th sp 27th sp 1890 1891 2nd sp 10th sp 1891 12th sp 22nd sp 1892 1894 14th sp 15th sp 1895 10th sp 1896 1897 3rd sp 1898 1899 34th sp 1900 1902 26th sp 1904 12th sp 1906 8th sp 1908 3rd sp 1910 1912 26th sp 1913 13th sp 20th sp 1914 1915 31st sp 1916 1917 15th sp 1918 7th sp 8th sp 21st sp 22nd sp 1920 14th sp 26th sp 1922 1923 11th sp 16th sp 19th sp 24th sp 32nd sp 1924 1926 1927 35th sp 1928 32nd sp 1929 21st sp 1930 18th sp 1931 7th sp 9th sp 1932 1933 34th sp 1934 1935 2nd sp 22nd sp 1936 1937 27th sp 17th sp 25th sp 1938 1939 34th sp 1940 14th sp 22nd sp 31st sp 1941 14th sp 17th sp 1942 1944 4th sp 11th sp 21st sp 1946 19th sp 1947 14th sp 1948 24th sp 1949 7th sp 10th sp 20th sp 1950 1952 5th sp 32nd sp 1954 1956 22nd sp 1958 1959 43rd sp 1960 23rd sp 1962 6th sp 1964 1966 17th sp 1968 13th sp 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 18th sp 21st sp 1980 1982 1983 7th sp 1984 1986 6th sp 1988 1990 14th sp 18th sp 1992 17th sp 1994 1996 1997 13th sp 1998 6th sp 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 20th sp 23rd sp 2010 29th sp 2011 9th sp 26th sp 2012 2014 2015 11th sp 2016 2018 14th 25th sp 2020 27th sp 2022 19th sp 23rd sp 2024 3rd sp 26th sp State government New York gubernatorial elections 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 1882 1885 1888 1891 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Comptroller elections 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Senate elections 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State Assembly elections 99th district, 2006 2008 2016 2018 2020 2022 State elections by year 1811-LtGSE 1844 1846 1847-JSE 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1870–JSE 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 2002 2006 2008 2009 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 New York City Mayoral elections Pre-consolidation: 1886 Post-consolidation: 1917 1921 1925 1929 1932 1933 1937 1941 1945 1950 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 City Council elections Pre-consolidation: 1808 Post-consolidation: 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Public Advocate elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2019 (special) 2019 2021 Comptroller elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Borough president elections 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Albany Mayoral elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Buffalo Mayoral elections 1881 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Rochester Mayoral elections 1997 2001 2005 2009 2011 sp 2013 2017 2021 Syracuse Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 2021 vte The 1937 New York state election was held on November 2, 1937, to elect a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, delegates for the New York State Constitutional Convention, to be held in 1938, were elected, and an amendment to the State Constitution which proposed the increase of the term in office of the members of the New York State Assembly to two years, and of the statewide elected state officers (Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller, Attorney General) to four years, was accepted. History In 1937, there was only one state officer to be elected statewide for a standing office: a judge of the Court of Appeals, to succeed Irving Lehman, whose term would expire at the end of the year. Besides, 15 delegates-at-large for the constitutional convention were elected statewide, the remaining delegates were elected in the assembly districts. The Socialist met on September 19 and nominated Miss Marion L. Severn for the Court of Appeals. The Republican State Committee met on September 23. They endorsed the Democratic incumbent Irving Lehman. The Democratic State Committee met on September 24 at Albany, New York, U.S. Postmaster General James A. Farley presided. The incumbent Irving Lehman was nominated to succeed himself. The American Labor State Committee met on September 25 and endorsed the Democratic incumbent Irving Lehman for re-election. Besides, delegates-at-large for the constitutional convention were nominated, including the endorsement of seven Democrats but no Republicans. Result The jointly nominated incumbent Irving was re-elected. This was the last general election of assemblymen in an odd-numbered year. 1937 state election result Office Republican ticket Democratic ticket American Labor ticket City Fusion ticket Socialist ticket Judge of the Court of Appeals Irving Lehman 2,435,478 Irving Lehman 998,158 Irving Lehman 432,149 Irving Lehman 135,114 Marion L. Severn 40,132 Notes ^ CAMPAIGN ISSUES SET BY SOCIALISTS in NYT on September 19, 1937 (subscription required) ^ STATE REPUBLICANS REFUSE LA GUARDIA PLACE AS DELEGATE in NYT on September 23, 1937 (subscription required) ^ CONSTITUTION LIST SNUBS COPELAND; ...Renaming Judge Lehman in NYT on September 25, 1937 (subscription required) ^ LABOR PARTY BACKS DEMOCRATS' SLATE in NYT on September 26, 1937 (subscription required) ^ Marion L. Severn, lawyer, ran also in 1938 for Attorney General Sources Result (for delegates-at-large) : MOFFAT IS LEADER IN CONVENTION VOTE in NYT on December 16, 1937 (subscription required) Result in the New York Red Book (1938) See also New York state elections vteElections in New York (state)General 1844 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1988 2002 2006 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 U.S. President 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. SenateClass 1 1789 1791 1797 Jan. 1798 (Special) Aug. 1798 (Special) Apr. 1800 (Special) 1803 1804 (Special) 1809 1815 1821 1827 1829 (Special) 1833 1839–40 1845 1851 1857 1863 1869 1875 1881 1881 (Special) 1887 1893 1899 1905 1911 1916 1922 1928 1934 1938 (Special) 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2010 (Special) 2012 2018 2024 Class 3 1789 1795 1796 (Special) Nov. 1800 (Special) 1801 1802 (Special) 1804 (Special) 1807 1813 1819–20 1825–26 1831 1833 (Special) 1837 1843 1845 (Special) 1849 1855 1861 1867 1873 1879 1881 (Special) 1885 1891 1897 1903 1909 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1949 (Special) 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 2022 U.S. House 1789 1790 1793 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1821 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 6th sp 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 20th sp 23rd sp 2010 29th 2011 9th sp 26th sp 2012 2014 2016 2018 14th 25th sp 22nd 2020 27th sp 2022 19th sp 23rd sp 2024 3rd sp 26th sp Governor andLieutenant Governor 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1811 sp 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 sp 1882 1898 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Comptroller 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State LegislatureState Assembly 2008 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State Senate 2008 2010 2012 2018 2020 2022 Judicial 1847 (Special) 1870 (Special) See also Political party strength in New York (state)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"New York State Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Constitutional_Convention"},{"link_name":"State Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Constitution"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Comptroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Comptroller"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General"}],"text":"The 1937 New York state election was held on November 2, 1937, to elect a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly. Besides, delegates for the New York State Constitutional Convention, to be held in 1938, were elected, and an amendment to the State Constitution which proposed the increase of the term in office of the members of the New York State Assembly to two years, and of the statewide elected state officers (Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller, Attorney General) to four years, was accepted.","title":"1937 New York state election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irving Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Lehman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postmaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Postmaster_General"},{"link_name":"James A. Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Farley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1937, there was only one state officer to be elected statewide for a standing office: a judge of the Court of Appeals, to succeed Irving Lehman, whose term would expire at the end of the year. Besides, 15 delegates-at-large for the constitutional convention were elected statewide, the remaining delegates were elected in the assembly districts.The Socialist met on September 19 and nominated Miss Marion L. Severn for the Court of Appeals.[1]The Republican State Committee met on September 23. They endorsed the Democratic incumbent Irving Lehman.[2]The Democratic State Committee met on September 24 at Albany, New York, U.S. Postmaster General James A. Farley presided. The incumbent Irving Lehman was nominated to succeed himself.[3]The American Labor State Committee met on September 25 and endorsed the Democratic incumbent Irving Lehman for re-election. Besides, delegates-at-large for the constitutional convention were nominated, including the endorsement of seven Democrats but no Republicans.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The jointly nominated incumbent Irving was re-elected.This was the last general election of assemblymen in an odd-numbered year.","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"CAMPAIGN ISSUES SET BY SOCIALISTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1937/09/19/archives/campaign-issues-set-by-socialists-st-lawrence-power-child-labor.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"STATE REPUBLICANS REFUSE LA GUARDIA PLACE AS DELEGATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1937/09/23/archives/state-republicans-refuse-la-guardia-place-as-delegate-simpson-crews.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"CONSTITUTION LIST SNUBS COPELAND; ...Renaming Judge Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FC34541B728DDDAC0A94D1405B878FF1D3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"LABOR PARTY BACKS DEMOCRATS' SLATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1937/09/26/archives/labor-party-backs-democrats-slate-duplicates-seven-nominations-for.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ CAMPAIGN ISSUES SET BY SOCIALISTS in NYT on September 19, 1937 (subscription required)\n\n^ STATE REPUBLICANS REFUSE LA GUARDIA PLACE AS DELEGATE in NYT on September 23, 1937 (subscription required)\n\n^ CONSTITUTION LIST SNUBS COPELAND; ...Renaming Judge Lehman in NYT on September 25, 1937 (subscription required)\n\n^ LABOR PARTY BACKS DEMOCRATS' SLATE in NYT on September 26, 1937 (subscription required)\n\n^ Marion L. Severn, lawyer, ran also in 1938 for Attorney General","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MOFFAT IS LEADER IN CONVENTION VOTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1937/12/16/archives/moffat-is-leader-in-connection-vote-corsi-another-republican-runs.html"}],"text":"Result (for delegates-at-large) : MOFFAT IS LEADER IN CONVENTION VOTE in NYT on December 16, 1937 (subscription required)\nResult in the New York Red Book (1938)","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/19/archives/campaign-issues-set-by-socialists-st-lawrence-power-child-labor.html","external_links_name":"CAMPAIGN ISSUES SET BY SOCIALISTS"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/23/archives/state-republicans-refuse-la-guardia-place-as-delegate-simpson-crews.html","external_links_name":"STATE REPUBLICANS REFUSE LA GUARDIA PLACE AS DELEGATE"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0710FC34541B728DDDAC0A94D1405B878FF1D3","external_links_name":"CONSTITUTION LIST SNUBS COPELAND; ...Renaming Judge Lehman"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/26/archives/labor-party-backs-democrats-slate-duplicates-seven-nominations-for.html","external_links_name":"LABOR PARTY BACKS DEMOCRATS' SLATE"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/12/16/archives/moffat-is-leader-in-connection-vote-corsi-another-republican-runs.html","external_links_name":"MOFFAT IS LEADER IN CONVENTION VOTE"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gross_(musician)
John Gross (musician)
["1 Early career","2 Later career","3 Reception","4 Awards","5 Discography","5.1 As leader","5.2 As sideman","6 Publications","7 References","8 External links"]
John GrossBackground informationBirth nameJohn Curtis GrossBorn(1944-05-30)May 30, 1944Burbank, California, United StatesGenresJazzOccupation(s)Musician, producerInstrument(s)Tenor sax, clarinet, fluteYears active1958 – presentMusical artist John Gross (né John Curtis Gross; born on May 30, 1944, in Burbank, California) is an American saxophone, flute and clarinet player. He is the creator of a notational method called Multiphonics for the Saxophone. Early career Raised in a musical family, he launched his professional career at age of 8 in Los Angeles, playing clarinet for the L.A. County Parks and Recreation Youth Orchestra. Gross studied clarinet with Phil Sobel and Vito Susca, and saxophone with Ronnie Lang and John Graas. As a child and youth Gross played in the Burbank Youth Symphony, All-Southern California Junior High School Orchestra, American Youth Symphony, L.A. All-City High School Band, I.O.F. Robin Hood Youth Band, and Sepulveda Youth Band. At age 14, Gross was playing at the Gas House in Venice Beach, the epicenter of L.A. Beat culture (which led to a police visit, and the threat of juvenile detention for John and his date). John earned his jazz improv chops in L.A.'s jazz scene playing at venues such as the Hillcrest Club on Washington Boulevard with jazz greats such as Ornette Coleman, Don Cherry, Gary Peacock, and Horace Tapscott, who were participants of the scene at the time, and the shapers of L.A. jazz. At age 16, Gross dropped out of the California State University, Northridge, and hit the road with Harry James. The band was playing on a bill with the famous crooner Billy Eckstine ("My Foolish Heart"). Gross continued to work in top-level bands in the early '60s, touring with Lionel Hampton, Johnny Mathis, Stan Kenton, and Woody Herman. In the mid-60s, Gross was playing at the Lighthouse Café in Hermosa Beach with regulars Warne Marsh, Lou Ciotti, Frank Strazzeri, Putter Smith, Dave Parlato, Abe and Sam Most, Jimmy Zito, Hart Smith, Sal Nistico, Frank De La Rossa and Dave Koonse. Later career Gross spent five years (1967–1972) as house band member at Shelly Manne's Hollywood club, "Shelly's Manne-Hole," playing opposite such jazz greats as Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Bill Evans, Thelonious Monk, Art Blakey, Abbey Lincoln, Muddy Waters, Gary Barone, Mike Wofford, and Dave Parlato. He toured Europe with Manne in 1970 playing on "Alive in London", recorded during a fondly remembered residency at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London. Gross spent four years (1979–1983) touring worldwide with Toshiko Akiyoshi's big band, including a gig at Carnegie Hall. The Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band was known for its wild "tenor battles" between Gross and Toshiko's husband Lew Tabackin. Among the countless other musicians Gross has played, toured and/or recorded with are Earl Grant, Oliver Nelson, Don Ellis, Gerald Wilson, Bill Holman, Alan Jones Sextet, Piotr Wojtasik, and Gordon Lee. He has also performed with Rosemary Clooney, Nancy King, Diana Krall, Freddie Hubbard, Larry Young, Donald Bailey, Drew Gress, Dave Holland, Cubby O'Brien, Russ Morgan, Kay Kyser, Lennon Sisters, Roger Williams, Ernie Andrews, Gladys Knight, Stevie Wonder, Brad Turner, Carole King, Belinda Underwood, Glen Moore, Gary Versace, Israel Annoh, Pat Coleman, Alain Jean-Marie, The Hitchens Consort, Larry Koonse, The Belmondo Brothers, and Francois Theberge. Gross received a preliminary Grammy nomination (best jazz album and best jazz soloist) for his 1990 trio album Three Play with bassist Putter Smith and guitarist Larry Koonse. He moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1991. Reception Gross is known as a musician's musician, a mainstay, and in 1994, Saxophone Journal called him one of the most meaningful players on the American jazz scene. Awards Winner, Alto Sax Soloist, Lighthouse International Jazz Festival, 1958 Winner, Alto Sax Soloist, Long Beach Jazz Festival, 1958 Discography As leader John Gross Quartet, Caution (Vee-Jay, 1975) John Gross Trio, Threeplay (1989) John Gross and Billy Mintz, Beautiful You (2004) John Gross Trio with Dave Frishberg, Strange Feeling (2006) As sideman With Shelly Manne Outside (Contemporary, 1969) Alive in London (Contemporary, 1970) Mannekind (Mainstream, 1972) With the Putter Smith Quintet Lost and Found, 1977 Nightsong, 1995 With the Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band Farewell (Victor, 1980) From Toshiko with Love (Victor, 1981) European Memoirs (Victor, 1982) With others Oliver Nelson Orchestra, Black, Brown and Beautiful, (Flying Dutchman, 1969) Kim Richmond Ensemble, Looking In, Looking Out, 1983 Kim Richmond Concert Jazz Orchestra, Passages, 1992 William Thomas, Notes from a Drummer, 1991 Jeff Johnson, My Heart, 1991 Pat Coleman/Bob Murphy Quartet, Come Rain or Come Shine, 1996 Gordon Lee Quartet, Rough Jazz, 1997 Howard Roberts, Magic Band, (1968), 1998 Tom Wakeling/Brad Turner Quartet,Live at the Cotton Club, 1998 Alan Jones Sextet, Unsafe, 1999 Alan Jones Sextet, Leroy Vinnegar Suite, (2001) Karen Hammack/Paul Kreibich Quartet, Lonesome Tree 2004 Belinda Underwood, Uncurling, 2005 David Friesen, Four to Go, 1992 David Friesen, Five and Three, 2006 David Friesen, Circle of Three, 2010 Publications Gross John (1999), Multiphonics for the Saxophone: A Practical Guide; 178 Different Note Combinations Diagrammed and Explained, Advance Music. OCLC 475411398 References ^ Gioia, Ted ,"West Coast Jazz,1945-1960", University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0-520-21729-2, p.355 ^ Chamberlain, Safford, "An Unsung Cat, The Life and Music of Warne Marsh", Scarecrow Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8108-3718-8, p. 149 ^ Jazz Play Along, Vol 3, 1996 ^ Cook, Richard, & Morton, Brian, "Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings, 9th Edition", ISBN 978-0-14-103401-0, p.936 ^ D. Clark, Vancouver Courier, December 1994 ^ Tim E. Price, Saxophone Journal, Dorn Publications, May/June 1994 OCLC 7198516 External links John Gross interview - Oregon Public Television Gross and Mintz live at Muddy Waters in Santa Barbara on YouTube Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
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He is the creator of a notational method called Multiphonics for the Saxophone.","title":"John Gross (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"John Graas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graas"},{"link_name":"American Youth Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Youth_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ornette Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Don Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cherry_(trumpeter)"},{"link_name":"Gary Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Peacock"},{"link_name":"Horace Tapscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Tapscott"},{"link_name":"California State University, Northridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"Billy Eckstine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Eckstine"},{"link_name":"Lionel Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Hampton"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mathis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mathis"},{"link_name":"Stan Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton"},{"link_name":"Woody Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Herman"},{"link_name":"Lighthouse Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hermosa Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermosa_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Warne Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warne_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Frank Strazzeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Strazzeri"},{"link_name":"Putter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putter_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sal Nistico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Nistico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Raised in a musical family, he launched his professional career at age of 8 in Los Angeles, playing clarinet for the L.A. County Parks and Recreation Youth Orchestra. Gross studied clarinet with Phil Sobel and Vito Susca, and saxophone with Ronnie Lang and John Graas. As a child and youth Gross played in the Burbank Youth Symphony, All-Southern California Junior High School Orchestra, American Youth Symphony, L.A. All-City High School Band, I.O.F. Robin Hood Youth Band, and Sepulveda Youth Band.At age 14, Gross was playing at the Gas House in Venice Beach, the epicenter of L.A. Beat culture (which led to a police visit, and the threat of juvenile detention for John and his date). John earned his jazz improv chops in L.A.'s jazz scene playing at venues such as the Hillcrest Club on Washington Boulevard[1] with jazz greats such as Ornette Coleman, Don Cherry, Gary Peacock, and Horace Tapscott, who were participants of the scene at the time, and the shapers of L.A. jazz.At age 16, Gross dropped out of the California State University, Northridge, and hit the road with Harry James. The band was playing on a bill with the famous crooner Billy Eckstine (\"My Foolish Heart\").Gross continued to work in top-level bands in the early '60s, touring with Lionel Hampton, Johnny Mathis, Stan Kenton, and Woody Herman.In the mid-60s, Gross was playing at the Lighthouse Café in Hermosa Beach with regulars Warne Marsh, Lou Ciotti, Frank Strazzeri, Putter Smith, Dave Parlato, Abe and Sam Most, Jimmy Zito, Hart Smith, Sal Nistico, Frank De La Rossa and Dave Koonse.[2]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelly Manne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Manne"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Sonny Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Bill Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evans"},{"link_name":"Thelonious Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"Abbey Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"Gary Barone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Barone_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mike Wofford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wofford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Scott%27s_Jazz_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Akiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi_%E2%80%93_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band"},{"link_name":"Lew Tabackin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Tabackin"},{"link_name":"Earl Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Grant"},{"link_name":"Oliver Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Don Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Gerald Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Bill Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Holman_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Nancy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_King_(jazz_singer)"},{"link_name":"Diana Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall"},{"link_name":"Freddie Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Larry Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Young_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Donald Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bailey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Drew Gress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Gress"},{"link_name":"Dave Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Holland"},{"link_name":"Cubby O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubby_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Russ Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Kay Kyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Kyser"},{"link_name":"Lennon Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Roger Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Ernie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Gladys Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"Glen Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Moore"},{"link_name":"Alain Jean-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Jean-Marie"},{"link_name":"Grammy nomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Nominees"},{"link_name":"Putter Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putter_Smith"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"}],"text":"Gross spent five years (1967–1972) as house band member at Shelly Manne's Hollywood club, \"Shelly's Manne-Hole,\" playing opposite such jazz greats as Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Bill Evans, Thelonious Monk, Art Blakey, Abbey Lincoln, Muddy Waters, Gary Barone, Mike Wofford, and Dave Parlato.[3] He toured Europe with Manne in 1970 playing on \"Alive in London\", recorded during a fondly remembered residency at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London.[4]Gross spent four years (1979–1983) touring worldwide with Toshiko Akiyoshi's big band, including a gig at Carnegie Hall. The Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band was known for its wild \"tenor battles\" between Gross and Toshiko's husband Lew Tabackin.Among the countless other musicians Gross has played, toured and/or recorded with are Earl Grant, Oliver Nelson, Don Ellis, Gerald Wilson, Bill Holman, Alan Jones Sextet, Piotr Wojtasik, and Gordon Lee.He has also performed with Rosemary Clooney, Nancy King, Diana Krall, Freddie Hubbard, Larry Young, Donald Bailey, Drew Gress, Dave Holland, Cubby O'Brien, Russ Morgan, Kay Kyser, Lennon Sisters, Roger Williams, Ernie Andrews, Gladys Knight, Stevie Wonder, Brad Turner, Carole King, Belinda Underwood, Glen Moore, Gary Versace, Israel Annoh, Pat Coleman, Alain Jean-Marie, The Hitchens Consort, Larry Koonse, The Belmondo Brothers, and Francois Theberge.Gross received a preliminary Grammy nomination (best jazz album and best jazz soloist) for his 1990 trio album Three Play with bassist Putter Smith and guitarist Larry Koonse. He moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1991.","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gross is known as a musician's musician, a mainstay,[5] and in 1994, Saxophone Journal called him one of the most meaningful players on the American jazz scene.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Winner, Alto Sax Soloist, Lighthouse International Jazz Festival, 1958\nWinner, Alto Sax Soloist, Long Beach Jazz Festival, 1958","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"John Gross Quartet, Caution (Vee-Jay, 1975)\nJohn Gross Trio, Threeplay (1989)\nJohn Gross and Billy Mintz, Beautiful You (2004)\nJohn Gross Trio with Dave Frishberg, Strange Feeling (2006)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shelly Manne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Manne"},{"link_name":"Outside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_(Shelly_Manne_album)"},{"link_name":"Alive in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive_in_London"},{"link_name":"Mannekind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannekind"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi_%E2%80%93_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band"},{"link_name":"Farewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_(Toshiko_Akiyoshi_%E2%80%93_Lew_Tabackin_Big_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"From Toshiko with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Toshiko_with_Love"},{"link_name":"European Memoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Memoirs"},{"link_name":"Oliver Nelson Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Black, Brown and Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black,_Brown_and_Beautiful"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Shelly ManneOutside (Contemporary, 1969)\nAlive in London (Contemporary, 1970)\nMannekind (Mainstream, 1972)With the Putter Smith QuintetLost and Found, 1977\nNightsong, 1995With the Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big BandFarewell (Victor, 1980)\nFrom Toshiko with Love (Victor, 1981)\nEuropean Memoirs (Victor, 1982)With othersOliver Nelson Orchestra, Black, Brown and Beautiful, (Flying Dutchman, 1969)\nKim Richmond Ensemble, Looking In, Looking Out, 1983\nKim Richmond Concert Jazz Orchestra, Passages, 1992\nWilliam Thomas, Notes from a Drummer, 1991\nJeff Johnson, My Heart, 1991\nPat Coleman/Bob Murphy Quartet, Come Rain or Come Shine, 1996\nGordon Lee Quartet, Rough Jazz, 1997\nHoward Roberts, Magic Band, (1968), 1998\nTom Wakeling/Brad Turner Quartet,Live at the Cotton Club, 1998\nAlan Jones Sextet, Unsafe, 1999\nAlan Jones Sextet, Leroy Vinnegar Suite, (2001)\nKaren Hammack/Paul Kreibich Quartet, Lonesome Tree 2004\nBelinda Underwood, Uncurling, 2005\nDavid Friesen, Four to Go, 1992\nDavid Friesen, Five and Three, 2006\nDavid Friesen, Circle of Three, 2010","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"475411398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/475411398"}],"text":"Gross John (1999), Multiphonics for the Saxophone: A Practical Guide; 178 Different Note Combinations Diagrammed and Explained, Advance Music. OCLC 475411398","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/475411398","external_links_name":"475411398"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7198516","external_links_name":"7198516"},{"Link":"http://www.opb.org/programs/artbeat/segments/view/425?q=john+gross","external_links_name":"John Gross interview - Oregon Public Television"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bISns5WZw","external_links_name":"Gross and Mintz live at Muddy Waters in Santa Barbara"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000056504428","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/79754697","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxFTckKbTm7kktHF9dQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134735668","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99041989","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/058b869b-02dd-4588-a2fc-2af1f493785a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bra_R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1
Věra Růžičková
["1 References","2 External links"]
Czech gymnast Věra Růžičková Růžičková in 2011 Medal record Women's gymnastics Representing  Czechoslovakia Olympic Games 1948 London Team Věra Růžičková (10 August 1928 – 24 November 2018) was a Czech gymnast who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics, winning gold in the team event. She was born in Brno. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Věra Růžičková". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2012. ^ Zemřela olympijská vítězka v gymnastice z Londýna 1948 Růžičková (in Czech) External links Media related to Věra Růžičková at Wikimedia Commons Vera Ruzickova at Olympics.com Věra Růžičková at Olympedia vteOlympic Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Team All-Around 1928  Netherlands 1936  Germany 1948  Czechoslovakia 1952  Soviet Union 1956  Soviet Union 1960  Soviet Union 1964  Soviet Union 1968  Soviet Union 1972  Soviet Union 1976  Soviet Union 1980  Soviet Union 1984  Romania 1988  Soviet Union 1992  Unified Team 1996  United States 2000  Romania 2004  Romania 2008  China 2012  United States 2016  United States 2020  ROC 1948:  Czechoslovakia (TCH), Zdeňka Honsová, Marie Kovářová, Miloslava Misáková, Milena Müllerová, Věra Růžičková, Olga Šilhánová, Božena Srncová, Zdeňka Veřmiřovská This biographical article related to Czech artistic gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Czechoslovak Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"1948 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Věra Růžičková (10 August 1928 – 24 November 2018) was a Czech gymnast who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics, winning gold in the team event. She was born in Brno.[1][2]","title":"Věra Růžičková"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Věra Růžičková\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161203215928/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ru/vera-ruzickova-1.html","url_text":"\"Věra Růžičková\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ru/vera-ruzickova-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161203215928/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ru/vera-ruzickova-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Věra Růžičková\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ru/vera-ruzickova-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/zemrela-olympijska-vitezka-v-gymnastice-z-londyna-1948-ruzickova/1691121","external_links_name":"Zemřela olympijská vítězka v gymnastice z Londýna 1948 Růžičková"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/vera-ruzickova","external_links_name":"Vera Ruzickova"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/29144","external_links_name":"Věra Růžičková"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%9Bra_R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%9Bra_R%C5%AF%C5%BEi%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Danish_parliamentary_election
2005 Danish general election
["1 Background","2 Electoral system","3 Campaign","4 Results","4.1 Maps","5 Aftermath","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
2005 Danish general election ← 2001 8 February 2005 2007 → All 179 seats in the Folketing90 seats needed for a majorityTurnout84.54% Party Leader % Seats +/– Venstre Anders Fogh Rasmussen 29.03 52 −4 Social Democrats Mogens Lykketoft 25.84 47 −5 DPP Pia Kjærsgaard 13.25 24 +2 Conservatives Bendt Bendtsen 10.27 18 +2 Social Liberals Marianne Jelved 9.18 17 +8 SF Holger K. Nielsen 5.99 11 −1 Red–Green Collective leadership 3.40 6 +2 Elected in the Faroe Islands Republican Høgni Hoydal 25.36 1 0 People's Anfinn Kallsberg 24.02 1 +1 Elected in Greenland Siumut Hans Enoksen 33.66 1 0 Inuit Ataqatigiit Josef Motzfeldt 25.04 1 0 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Most voted-for bloc by municipality Most voted-for bloc by nomination district and constituency Distribution of constituency and levelling seats Prime Minister before Prime Minister-elect Anders Fogh RasmussenVenstre Anders Fogh RasmussenVenstre General elections were held in Denmark on 8 February 2005. Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen's Venstre remained the largest party in the Folketing and his governing coalition with the Conservative People's Party remained intact, with the Danish People's Party providing the parliamentary support needed for the minority government. The Danish Social Liberal Party made the biggest gains of any party, although it remained outside the governing group of parties. The elections marked the second time in a row that the Social Democrats were not the largest party in parliament, a change from most of the 20th century. The Social Democrats lost five seats and leader Mogens Lykketoft resigned immediately after the elections. Voter turnout was 85% in Denmark proper, 73% in the Faroe Islands and 59% in Greenland. Background Prior to the SARS pandemic in 2003 and with Boxing Day tsunami in December 2004, Prime Minister Rasmussen called the elections on 18 January. Rasmussen still had almost a year left in his term, but he said that the country wanted to call the election before municipal elections in November. His reasoning was that he wanted a clear mandate for the municipal and county government restructuring that his government was implementing. In the previous elections in 2001, the governing coalition of Venstre and the Conservative People's Party had won 94 of the 175 seats together with the supporting Danish People's Party. Electoral system This was the last election in which the counties were used as constituencies. Campaign Venstre campaigned on their municipal restructuring plan, as well as a continuation of the "tax-freeze" and tight immigration requirements. They also promised to see 60,000 jobs created during a second term. The largest opposition party, the Social Democrats focused on employment, which they claim has decreased under the current government. The Danish People's Party, which supported the Venstre–Conservative coalition, criticized the "tax-freeze" but agreed, conditionally, to support it for another parliamentary term. They also wanted increasingly tough immigration restrictions. Results 63 out of the 179 members of the new Folketing were newly elected. Although women made up 38% of the total, several women held prominent positions, notably Pia Kjærsgaard, leader of the third largest party, the Danish People's Party. Marianne Jelved (leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party), Connie Hedegaard (Minister of the Environment), Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil (front figure of Enhedslisten) and Helle Thorning-Schmidt (later elected as leader of Social Democrats) were other important woman in the parliament. A couple of parties, including the Social Democrats were holding leadership races, which might have been won by women. 9 of the top 20 candidates, in terms of personal votes, were women. PartyVotes%Seats+/–Denmark properVenstre974,63629.0352–4Social Democrats867,34925.8447–5Danish People's Party444,94713.2524+2Conservative People's Party344,88610.2718+2Danish Social Liberal Party308,2129.1817+8Socialist People's Party201,0475.9911–1Red–Green Alliance114,1233.406+2Christian Democrats58,0711.730–4Centre Democrats33,8801.0100Minority Party8,8500.260NewIndependents1,2110.0400Total3,357,212100.001750Valid votes3,357,21299.19Invalid/blank votes27,3480.81Total votes3,384,560100.00Registered voters/turnout4,003,61684.54Faroe IslandsRepublican Party6,30125.3610People's Party5,96724.021+1Social Democratic Party5,51822.2100Union Party5,33321.470–1Centre Party8293.340NewSelf-Government5852.3500Independents3091.240NewTotal24,842100.0020Valid votes24,84299.62Invalid/blank votes940.38Total votes24,936100.00Registered voters/turnout34,16672.98GreenlandSiumut7,76133.6610Inuit Ataqatigiit5,77425.0410Democrats4,90921.290NewAtassut3,77416.3700Independents8413.6500Total23,059100.0020Valid votes23,05998.06Invalid/blank votes4571.94Total votes23,516100.00Registered voters/turnout39,58859.40Source: Danmarks Statistik, Nohlen & Stöver Maps Largest party within each nomination district and constituency. Largest party within each municipality. Aftermath Following the elections, Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen reformed his liberal-conservative cabinet as the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II with parliamentary support from Danish People's Party. See also List of members of the Folketing, 2005–2007 References ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p525 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7 ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p550 Further reading Pedersen, Karina (November 2005). "The 2005 Danish general election: A phase of consolidation". West European Politics. 28 (5): 1101–1108. doi:10.1080/01402380500311848. S2CID 153566223. External links Official info from Folketinget website Angus Reid Consultants - Election Tracker vte Elections and referendums in DenmarkFolketing elections 1849 1852 1853 (Feb) 1853 (May) 1854 1855 1858 1861 1864 1866 (Jun) 1866 (Oct) 1869 1872 1873 1876 1879 1881 (May) 1881 (Jul) 1884 1887 1890 1892 1895 1898 1901 1903 1906 1909 1910 1913 1915 1918 1920 (Apr) 1920 (Jul) 1920 (Sep) 1924 1926 1929 1932 1935 1939 1943 1945 1947 1950 1953 (Apr) 1953 (Sep) 1957 1960 1964 1966 1968 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1984 1987 1988 1990 1994 1998 2001 2005 2007 2011 2015 2019 2022 Next Landsting elections 1849 1853 1855 1859 1863 1866 (Jun) 1866 (Oct) 1870 1874 1878 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1915 1918 1920 (Aug) 1920 (Oct) 1924 1928 1932 1936 1939 1943 (1945) 1947 1951 1953 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Local elections 1900 1901 1902 1903 1906 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1935 1937 1943 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 Other elections Constituent Assembly 1848 Rigsraadet: 1856 1864 1865 Referendums 1916 1920 1939 1953 1961 1963 1969 1971 1972 1978 1986 1992 1993 1998 2000 2009 2014 2015 2022 See also: Elections and referendums in Greenland Faroe Islands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN-1"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Anders Fogh Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Venstre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Folketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing"},{"link_name":"Conservative People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Danish People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Danish Social Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Mogens Lykketoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogens_Lykketoft"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"General elections were held in Denmark on 8 February 2005.[1] Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen's Venstre remained the largest party in the Folketing and his governing coalition with the Conservative People's Party remained intact, with the Danish People's Party providing the parliamentary support needed for the minority government. The Danish Social Liberal Party made the biggest gains of any party, although it remained outside the governing group of parties. The elections marked the second time in a row that the Social Democrats were not the largest party in parliament, a change from most of the 20th century. The Social Democrats lost five seats and leader Mogens Lykketoft resigned immediately after the elections. Voter turnout was 85% in Denmark proper, 73% in the Faroe Islands and 59% in Greenland.[2]","title":"2005 Danish general election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SARS pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002-2004_SARS_outbreak"},{"link_name":"Boxing Day tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"previous elections in 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Danish_general_election"}],"text":"Prior to the SARS pandemic in 2003 and with Boxing Day tsunami in December 2004, Prime Minister Rasmussen called the elections on 18 January. Rasmussen still had almost a year left in his term, but he said that the country wanted to call the election before municipal elections in November. His reasoning was that he wanted a clear mandate for the municipal and county government restructuring that his government was implementing.In the previous elections in 2001, the governing coalition of Venstre and the Conservative People's Party had won 94 of the 175 seats together with the supporting Danish People's Party.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Denmark"}],"text":"This was the last election in which the counties were used as constituencies.","title":"Electoral system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venstre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Danish People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)"}],"text":"Venstre campaigned on their municipal restructuring plan, as well as a continuation of the \"tax-freeze\" and tight immigration requirements. They also promised to see 60,000 jobs created during a second term.The largest opposition party, the Social Democrats focused on employment, which they claim has decreased under the current government.The Danish People's Party, which supported the Venstre–Conservative coalition, criticized the \"tax-freeze\" but agreed, conditionally, to support it for another parliamentary term. They also wanted increasingly tough immigration restrictions.","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pia Kjærsgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaard"},{"link_name":"Marianne Jelved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Jelved"},{"link_name":"Danish Social Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Radikale_Venstre"},{"link_name":"Connie Hedegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Hedegaard"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Environment_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_Rosenkrantz-Theil"},{"link_name":"Enhedslisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhedslisten"},{"link_name":"Helle Thorning-Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helle_Thorning-Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokraterne"}],"text":"63 out of the 179 members of the new Folketing were newly elected. Although women made up 38% of the total, several women held prominent positions, notably Pia Kjærsgaard, leader of the third largest party, the Danish People's Party. Marianne Jelved (leader of the Danish Social Liberal Party), Connie Hedegaard (Minister of the Environment), Pernille Rosenkrantz-Theil (front figure of Enhedslisten) and Helle Thorning-Schmidt (later elected as leader of Social Democrats) were other important woman in the parliament. A couple of parties, including the Social Democrats were holding leadership races, which might have been won by women. 9 of the top 20 candidates, in terms of personal votes, were women.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folketingsvalget_2005_-_Opstillingskredse.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folketingsvalget_2005_-_Kommuner.svg"}],"sub_title":"Maps","text":"Largest party within each nomination district and constituency.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLargest party within each municipality.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anders Fogh Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen_II"}],"text":"Following the elections, Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen reformed his liberal-conservative cabinet as the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II with parliamentary support from Danish People's Party.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West European Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_European_Politics"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/01402380500311848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380500311848"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153566223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153566223"}],"text":"Pedersen, Karina (November 2005). \"The 2005 Danish general election: A phase of consolidation\". West European Politics. 28 (5): 1101–1108. doi:10.1080/01402380500311848. S2CID 153566223.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of members of the Folketing, 2005–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Folketing,_2005%E2%80%932007"}]
[{"reference":"Pedersen, Karina (November 2005). \"The 2005 Danish general election: A phase of consolidation\". West European Politics. 28 (5): 1101–1108. doi:10.1080/01402380500311848. S2CID 153566223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_European_Politics","url_text":"West European Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380500311848","url_text":"10.1080/01402380500311848"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153566223","url_text":"153566223"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.dst.dk/Site/Dst/SingleFiles/GetArchiveFile.aspx?fi=947683459&fo=0&ext=formid","external_links_name":"Danmarks Statistik"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402380500311848","external_links_name":"10.1080/01402380500311848"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153566223","external_links_name":"153566223"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050305181407/http://www.ft.dk/valg/","external_links_name":"Official info from Folketinget website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060509142051/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=5618","external_links_name":"Angus Reid Consultants - Election Tracker"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-29_Vysota
R-29 Vysota
["1 Variants","1.1 R-29","1.2 R-29R","1.3 R-29RK","1.4 R-29RL","1.5 R-29RM","1.6 R-29RMU","1.7 R-29RMU2","2 Operators","2.1 Former operators","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Submarine-launched ballistic missile R-29 Vysota/RSM-40 TypeSLBMPlace of originSoviet Union/RussiaService historyIn service1974–presentUsed byRussian NavyProduction historyDesignerMakeyev Rocket Design BureauSpecificationsMass32,800 kg (72,300 lb)Length13.2 m (43 ft)Diameter1.8mPropellantliquidGuidancesystemastro-inertial R-29 Vysota (Russian: Р-29 Высота, lit. 'height') is a family of Soviet submarine-launched ballistic missiles, designed by Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau. All variants use astro-inertial guidance systems. Variants R-29 Deployment date: 1974 Manufacturer designation: 4K75 DoD designation: SS-N-8 Mod 1 ASCC designation: "Sawfly" SALT designation: RSM-40 Submarine: Delta I and Delta II Total Mass: 32,800 kg Core Diameter: 1.80 m Total Length: 13.20 m Span: 1.80 m Payload: 1100 kg Maximum range: 7,700 km (4,784 miles) Number of Standard Warheads: 1 (800 kt) Number of stages: 2 R-29R Deployment date: 1978 Manufacturer designation: 4K75R DoD designation: SS-N-18 Mod 1 ASCC designation: "Stingray" SALT designation: RSM-50 Submarine: Delta III Total Mass: 35,300 kg Core Diameter: 1.80 m Total Length: 14.40 m Span: 1.80 m Payload: 1650 kg Maximum range: 6,500 km (4,038 miles) Number of Standard Warheads: 3 (500 kt) Number of stages: 2 R-29RK Manufacturer designation: 4K75RK DoD designation: SS-N-18 Mod 2 ASCC designation: "Stingray" SALT designation: RSM-50 Submarine: Delta III Total Mass: 34,388 kg Core Diameter: 1.80 m Total Length: 14.40 m Span: 1.80 m Maximum range: 6,500 km (4,038 miles) Number of Standard Warheads: 7 (100 kt) Number of stages: 2 R-29RL Manufacturer designation: 4K75RL DoD designation: SS-N-18 Mod 3 ASCC designation: "Stingray" SALT designation: RSM-50 Submarine: Delta III Total Mass: 35,300 kg Core Diameter: 1.80 m Total Length: 14.09 m Span: 1.80 m Maximum range: 9,000 km (5,592 miles) Number of Standard Warheads: 1 (450 kt) Number of stages: 2 R-29RM Main article: R-29RM Shtil R-29RMU Main article: R-29RMU Sineva R-29RMU2 Main article: R-29RMU2 Layner Operators  Russia The Russian Navy is the only operator of the R-29 missile family. Modernized and active variants are the R-29RMU Sineva and R-29RMU2 Layner. As of 2023, 64 R-29RMU/RMU2 on Delta-class ballistic missile submarines: Delta IV class has 16 (R-29RMU/RMU2) per ship. K-51 Verkhoturye K-114 Tula K-18 Karelia K-407 Novomoskovsk Former operators  Soviet Union Soviet Navy See also RSM-56 Bulava Kanyon UGM-133 Trident II M45 (missile) M51 (missile) JL-1 JL-2 K Missile family Pukkuksong-1 R-39 Rif R-39M References ^ "Ballistic and cruise missile threat". Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. ^ "R-29 / SS-N-8 SAWFLY". Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015. ^ a b "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". bos.sagepub.com. ^ ru:Подводные лодки проекта 667БДР «Кальмар» ^ "Strategic Fleet". russianforces.org. January 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2019. ^ Podvig, Pavel (14 March 2018). "Two Project 667BDR submarines withdrawn from service". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 25 August 2019. External links CSIS Missile Threat - SS-N-18 FAS guide on the R-29R FAS guide on the R-29RM State Rocket Company Makayev vteNATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missilesAir-to-air(full list) AA-1 Alkali AA-2 Atoll AA-3 Anab AA-4 Awl AA-5 Ash AA-6 Acrid AA-7 Apex AA-8 Aphid AA-9 Amos AA-10 Alamo AA-11 Archer AA-12 Adder AA-13 Arrow K-74M2 (R-73M) K-77M (R-77M) KS-172 Air-to-surface(full list) 10Kh 14Kh 18Kh RV-1 AS-1 Kennel AS-2 Kipper AS-3 Kangaroo AS-4 Kitchen AS-5 Kelt AS-6 Kingfish AS-7 Kerry AS-8 Kokon AT-6 AS-9 Kyle AS-10 Karen AS-11 Kilter AS-12 Kegler AS-13 Kingbolt AS-14 Kedge AS-15 Kent AS-16 Kickback AS-17 Krypton AS-18 Kazoo AS-X-19 Koala AS-20 Kayak AS-X-21 AS-22 Kh-59MK2S/69 AS-4M Kh-32 AS-23 Kh-38/36 AS-24 Kh-36 Kh-45 AS-25 Kh-50 AS-26 Kh-BD Kh-90 AS-27 Sunburn A Kh-41 AS-28 Strobile A Kh-61 AS-29 Sizzler Club A Hermes A ATS Kh-50 LMUR Izd. 305 Iz 85 Kh-MD-E Kh-74M2 "GZUR" AS-X-36 Stone AH (Kh-76) AS-37 BrahMos AL Zirkon (Kh-72) ASM BrahMos-II Anti-tankguided(full list) AT-1 Snapper AT-2 Swatter AT-3 Sagger AT-4 Spigot AT-5 Spandrel AT-6 Spiral AT-7 Saxhorn AT-8 Songster AT-9 Spiral-2 AT-10 Stabber AT-11 Sniper AT-12 Swinger AT-13 Saxhorn-2 АТ-14 Spriggan АТ-15 Springer AT-16 Scallion 'Avtonomya' IR FF Hermes A/M/K ATS LMUR Izd. 305 Kh-50 Iz 85 Kh-MD-E Surface-to-air(full list)Ground-based SA-1 Guild SA-2 Guideline SA-3 Goa SA-4 Ganef SA-5 Gammon SA-6 Gainful SA-7 Grail SA-8 Gecko SA-9 Gaskin SA-10 Grumble SA-11 Gadfly SA-12 Gladiator/Giant SA-13 Gopher SA-14 Gremlin SA-15 Gauntlet SA-16 Gimlet SA-17 Grizzly SA-18 Grouse SA-19 Grison SA-20 Gargoyle SA-21 Growler SA-22 Greyhound SA-23 Gladiator/Giant SA-24 Grinch SA-29 Gizmo Morfey S-350 Sosna-R/RA Naval-based SA-N-1 Goa SA-N-2 Guideline SA-NX-2C M-3 SA-N-3 Goblet SA-N-4 Gecko SA-N-5 Grail SA-N-6 Grumble SA-N-7 Gadfly SA-N-8 Gremlin SA-N-9 Gauntlet SA-N-10 Grouse SA-N-11 Grison SA-N-12 Grizzly SA-N-14 Grouse SA-N-20 Gargoyle SA-N-21 Greyhound 9K96 Redut Palash/Palma Anti-ballistic ABM-1 Galosh ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle S-500 A-235 Surface-to-surface(full list)Ground-based SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D) SS-2 Sibling SS-3 Shyster SS-4 Sandal SS-5 Skean SS-6 Sapwood SS-7 Saddler SS-8 Sasin SS-8B Sasin 2 SS-9 Scarp SS-10 Scrag SS-11 Sego SS-12 Scaleboard SS-X-13 Savage SS-13 Savage SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat SS-15 Scrooge SS-16 Sinner SS-17 Spanker SS-18 Satan SS-19 Stiletto SS-20 Saber SS-21 Scarab SS-22 Scaleboard SS-23 Spider SS-24 Scalpel SS-25 Sickle SS-26 Stone SS-27 Sickle B SS-28 Saber 2 SS-29 Sickle C SS-X-30 Satan 2 SS-X-31 Sickle D SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B Avangard / HGV Yu-7# SS-X-33 Stone AN Naval-based 14KhK1 15Kh 17Kh KS-1 Komet P-20 Sokol P-40 P-47 SS-N-1 Scrubber SS-N-2 Styx SS-N-3c Shaddock SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal SS-N-4 Sark SS-N-5 Sark/Serb D-6 D-6M D-7 R-15M SS-N-6 Serb SS-N-7 Starbright SS-N-8 Sawfly SS-N-9 Siren SS-N-12 Sandbox SS-NX-13 Serb SS-N-14 Silex SS-N-15 Starfish SS-N-16 Stallion SS-N-17 Snipe SS-N-18 Stingray SS-N-19 Shipwreck SS-N-20 Sturgeon SS-N-21 Sampson SS-N-22 Sunburn SS-N-23 Skif R29RM SS-N-23A Skif SS-N-23B Skif SS-NX-24 Scorpion SS-N-25 Switchblade SS-N-26 Strobile SS-N-27 Sizzler SS-N-30A 3M-14 SS-NX-28 SS-N-29 SS-N-32 SS-NX-33 SS-NX-34 Skif SS-N-35 SS-N-36 SS-NX-37 SS-NX-38 Canyon Ship-to-ship 10KhN SSC-1B Sepal Redut SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1 P-20 Sokol SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch SSC-3 Styx Rubezh SSC-4 Slingshot SSC-X-5 Scorpion SSC-6 Sennight SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728 SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729 SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54 SSC-13 BrahMos SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S SSC-7/12 3M-80MV SSC-X-11 "GZUR" SSC-X-15 Skif SSC-X-9 Stone AN Hermes M ATS Hermes K ATS vteRussian and former Soviet military designation sequences for radar, missile and rocket systemsRadarsystemsLand-based A-100 P-3 P-8 P-10 P-12 P-14 P-15 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-30 P-35 P-37 P-40 P-50 P-70 P-80 P-100 Kabina 66 Kasta 2E RSN-225 Azov SNR-75 1S91 30N6 36D6 64N6 76N6 96L6E 9S15 9S19 9S32 Duga Dnestr Dnepr Daryal Dunay Volga Don-2N Voronezh Container Ship-borne Airborne N001 N002 N005 N006 N007 N008 N010 N011 N012 N014 N019 N025 N035 N036 MissilesICBM BZhRK GR-1 R-7 R-9 R-16 R-26 R-36 R-36M R-46 RS-24 RS-26 RT-2 RT-2PM RT-2PM2 RT-20 RT-21 RT-23 RS-28 Sarmat UR-100 UR-100MR UR-100N UR-200 IRBM R-14 RSD-10 MRBM R-5 R-12 RT-15 SRBM 2K1 2K6 9K52 9K720 R-1 R-2 R-11 R-11A R-17 OTR-21 OTR-23 TR-1 SLBM R-13 R-15 R-21 R-27 R-29 R-39 RSM-45 RSM-56 Surface-to-surface (cruise) Burya RSS-40 3M-51 Alfa 3M-54 Kalibr 9M730 Burevestnik Surface-to-surface (naval) P-1 P-5 P-15 P-70 P-120 P-270 P-500 P-700 P-750 P-800 P-900 P-900A P-1000 RKV-500A RPK-2 RPK-6 RPK-7 URPK-3 URPK-4 URPK-5 Surface-to-air 2K11 Krug 2K12 Kub 2K22 Tunguska Kashtan CIWS 9K31 Strela-1 9K32 Strela-2 9K33 Osa 9K34 Strela-3 9K38 Igla/9K338 Igla-S 9K333 Verba 9K35 Strela-10 9K37 Buk 9K330 Tor Pantsir-S1 42S6 Morfey S-25 Berkut S-75 Dvina S-125 Neva/Pechora S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna S-300 S-350 (50R6) Vityaz S-400 Triumf S-500/55R6M Triumfator-M M-11 Shtorm Sosna-R Air-to-surface KSR-2 KSR-5 KS-1 K-10S Kh-11 Kh-15 Kh-20 Kh-22 Kh-23 Kh-25 Kh-26 Kh-28 Kh-29 Kh-31 Kh-35 Kh-38 Kh-41 Kh-55 Kh-58 Kh-59 Kh-80 Kh-90 9M114V Shturm-V Hermes-A Kh-47M2 Kinzhal Air-to-air K-5 R-3 R-4 R-8 R-23 R-27 R-33 R-37 R-38 R-40 R-60 R-73 R-77 R-172 Anti-tank 3M6 9K111 9K112 9K114 9K115 9K115-2 9K121 9M14 9M15 9M17 9M113 9M117 9M119 9M120 9M123 9M133 9M133M Kornet-M Kornet-D Hermes UnguidedrocketsAir-launched RP-1 RP-5 RP-6 RP-9 RP-15 RP-21 RS-82 RS-132 Rocket artillery BM-14 BM-21 BM-24 BM-25 BM-27 BM-30 TOS-1 Engines RD-8 RD-9 R-11 R-13 R-15 R-25 R-29 RD-33 RD-45 RD-58 RD-107 RD-117 RD-0120 RD-0124 RD-0146 RD-170 RD-180 RD-191 RD-500
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"submarine-launched ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeyev_Rocket_Design_Bureau"},{"link_name":"astro-inertial guidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro-inertial_guidance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"R-29 Vysota (Russian: Р-29 Высота, lit. 'height') is a family of Soviet submarine-launched ballistic missiles, designed by Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau.\nAll variants use astro-inertial guidance systems.[2]","title":"R-29 Vysota"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DoD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"ASCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Standardization_Coordinating_Committee"},{"link_name":"SALT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks"},{"link_name":"Delta I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Delta II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine"}],"sub_title":"R-29","text":"Deployment date: 1974\nManufacturer designation: 4K75\nDoD designation: SS-N-8 Mod 1\nASCC designation: \"Sawfly\"\nSALT designation: RSM-40\nSubmarine: Delta I and Delta II\nTotal Mass: 32,800 kg\nCore Diameter: 1.80 m\nTotal Length: 13.20 m\nSpan: 1.80 m\nPayload: 1100 kg\nMaximum range: 7,700 km (4,784 miles)\nNumber of Standard Warheads: 1 (800 kt)\nNumber of stages: 2","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagepub.com-3"},{"link_name":"Delta III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sagepub.com-3"}],"sub_title":"R-29R","text":"[citation needed]Deployment date: 1978 [3]\nManufacturer designation: 4K75R\nDoD designation: SS-N-18 Mod 1\nASCC designation: \"Stingray\"\nSALT designation: RSM-50\nSubmarine: Delta III\nTotal Mass: 35,300 kg\nCore Diameter: 1.80 m\nTotal Length: 14.40 m\nSpan: 1.80 m\nPayload: 1650 kg\nMaximum range: 6,500 km (4,038 miles)\nNumber of Standard Warheads: 3 (500 kt) [3]\nNumber of stages: 2","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Delta III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine"}],"sub_title":"R-29RK","text":"[citation needed]Manufacturer designation: 4K75RK\nDoD designation: SS-N-18 Mod 2\nASCC designation: \"Stingray\"\nSALT designation: RSM-50\nSubmarine: Delta III\nTotal Mass: 34,388 kg\nCore Diameter: 1.80 m\nTotal Length: 14.40 m\nSpan: 1.80 m\nMaximum range: 6,500 km (4,038 miles)\nNumber of Standard Warheads: 7 (100 kt)\nNumber of stages: 2","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Delta III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"R-29RL","text":"[citation needed]Manufacturer designation: 4K75RL\nDoD designation: SS-N-18 Mod 3\nASCC designation: \"Stingray\"\nSALT designation: RSM-50\nSubmarine: Delta III\nTotal Mass: 35,300 kg\nCore Diameter: 1.80 m\nTotal Length: 14.09 m\nSpan: 1.80 m\nMaximum range: 9,000 km (5,592 miles)\nNumber of Standard Warheads: 1 (450 kt)[4]\nNumber of stages: 2","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"R-29RM","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"R-29RMU","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"R-29RMU2","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Delta-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"ballistic missile submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Delta IV class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-class_submarine#Delta_IV_(Project_667BDRM,_Delfin)_7_boats"},{"link_name":"Verkhoturye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Verkhoturye_(K-51)"},{"link_name":"Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Tula_(K-114)"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Karelia_(K-18)"},{"link_name":"Novomoskovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Novomoskovsk_(K-407)"}],"text":"RussiaThe Russian Navy is the only operator of the R-29 missile family. Modernized and active variants are the R-29RMU Sineva and R-29RMU2 Layner. As of 2023, 64 R-29RMU/RMU2 on Delta-class ballistic missile submarines:[5][6]\nDelta IV class has 16 (R-29RMU/RMU2) per ship.\nK-51 Verkhoturye\nK-114 Tula\nK-18 Karelia\nK-407 Novomoskovsk","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Soviet UnionSoviet Navy","title":"Operators"}]
[]
[{"title":"RSM-56 Bulava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSM-56_Bulava"},{"title":"Kanyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyon"},{"title":"UGM-133 Trident II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGM-133_Trident_II"},{"title":"M45 (missile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_(missile)"},{"title":"M51 (missile)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M51_(missile)"},{"title":"JL-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-1"},{"title":"JL-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-2"},{"title":"K Missile family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Missile_family"},{"title":"Pukkuksong-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KN-11"},{"title":"R-39 Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-39_Rif"},{"title":"R-39M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-39M"}]
[{"reference":"\"Ballistic and cruise missile threat\". Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170718062556/http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE=&portalid=19","url_text":"\"Ballistic and cruise missile threat\""},{"url":"http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"R-29 / SS-N-8 SAWFLY\". Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150409074314/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/slbm/r-29.htm","url_text":"\"R-29 / SS-N-8 SAWFLY\""},{"url":"https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/slbm/r-29.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research\". bos.sagepub.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://bos.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/04/13/0096340215581363.full.pdf+html","url_text":"\"SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic Fleet\". russianforces.org. January 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://russianforces.org/navy/","url_text":"\"Strategic Fleet\""}]},{"reference":"Podvig, Pavel (14 March 2018). \"Two Project 667BDR submarines withdrawn from service\". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://russianforces.org/blog/2018/03/two_project_667bdr_submarines.shtml","url_text":"\"Two Project 667BDR submarines withdrawn from service\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University_School_of_Law
Emory University School of Law
["1 Campus","2 Admissions and academics","3 Clinics and programs","4 Publications","5 Employment","6 Costs","7 Notable alumni","7.1 Academia","7.2 Business","7.3 Entertainment","7.4 Government and politics","7.5 Judiciary","8 Notable faculty","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°47′23.1″N 84°19′12.75″W / 33.789750°N 84.3202083°W / 33.789750; -84.3202083Private law school in Atlanta, Georgia, US This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Emory University School of Law" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Emory University School of LawMottoCor prudentis possidebit scientiam (Latin)The wise heart seeks knowledge (Proverbs 18:15)Parent schoolEmory UniversityEstablished1916; 108 years ago (1916)School typePrivateEndowmentUS $43 millionParent endowment$7.31 billion (2018)DeanMary Anne BobinskiLocationAtlanta, Georgia, United StatesEnrollment815Faculty147USNWR ranking35th (tied) (2024)Bar pass rate90.9% (Georgia bar exam, July 2021 first-time takers) Websitewww.law.emory.edu Emory University School of Law is the law school of Emory University, a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1916 and was the first law school in Georgia to be granted membership in the American Association of Law Schools. Campus Emory University School of Law Emory Law is located in Gambrell Hall, part of Emory’s 630-acre (2.5 km2) campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood, six miles (10 km) northeast of downtown Atlanta. Gambrell Hall Gambrell Hall contains classrooms, faculty offices, administrative offices, student-organization offices, and a 325-seat auditorium. The school provides wireless Internet access throughout its facilities. Gambrell Hall also houses a courtroom. Hugh F. MacMillan Library Emory's five-story Hugh F. MacMillan Law Library opened in August 1995. The library is situated adjacent to Gambrell Hall and includes access to over 400,000 volumes and more than 4,000 serials subscriptions. Admissions and academics Admission to the law school is selective. For the JD class entering in the fall of 2022, 32.19% of applicants were accepted with 16.34% of those accepted enrolling. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the Class of 2025 were 161 and 169, respectively, with a median of 168. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.43 and 3.90, respectively, with a median of 3.80. Nearly half of Emory Law students are women, and about 32% are from underrepresented ethnic groups. Approximately 60% of students come from outside the Southeastern U.S. It is ranked tied for #35 among ABA-approved law schools in the 2024 rankings by U.S. News & World Report. Doctor of Law Degree The School of Law offers a three-year, full-time program leading to a Juris Doctor degree. Emory Law is particularly known for its expertise in Bankruptcy Law, Environmental Law, Feminist Legal Theory, Intellectual Property Law, International law, Law and Religion, and Transactional Law. Joint-Degree Programs Emory Law also offers joint-degree programs through cooperation with the Goizueta Business School (JD/MBA and JM/MBA), the Candler School of Theology (JD/MTS and JD/M.Div.), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (JD/Ph.D.), the Rollins School of Public Health (JD/MPH), the Emory Center for Ethics (JD/MA in bioethics), and joint JD and Master of Laws degree (JD/LLM) through Emory University School of Law. LLM Programs In partnership with Central European University, Emory also provides an LLM program for students with a U.S. law degree seeking advanced training in international commercial law and international politics. Emory also has a separate LLM program for qualified foreign professionals seeking training in international and comparative law. Juris Master Program Emory Law's Juris Master is a 30-credit hour program that is intended to supplement a student's interest or professional experience in allied fields to law. The program offers a range of customized concentrations to allow students to enhance their skills in their home profession or interest area through a greater understanding of the law, legal concepts and frameworks. The coursework can be completed either full-time in nine months or part-time in up to four years. Clinics and programs Students' expertise is developed through several clinics and programs. Emory Law also offers several summer study abroad programs in Budapest at the Central European University (CEU) and throughout the world. Academic programs A team from Emory Law's TI:GER IP/patent/technology program, a collaborative program between Emory and Georgia Tech, was featured on CNN Money. Other academic programs at Emory Law include: Environmental and Natural Resources Law Program Externship Program Transactional Law Certificate Program Kessler-Eidson Program for Trial Techniques Emory Law School Supreme Court Advocacy Program Centers Barton Child Advocacy Center Center for Advocacy and Dispute Resolution Center on Federalism and Intersystemic Governance Center for International and Comparative Law Center for the Study of Law and Religion Center for Transactional Law and Practice Feminism and Legal Theory Project Global Health Law and Policy Project Project on War and Security in Law, Culture, and Society Vulnerability and the Human Condition Initiative Clinics Barton Policy and Legislative Clinics Barton Appeal for Youth Clinic Barton Juvenile Defender Clinic International Humanitarian Law Clinic Turner Environmental Law Clinic Volunteer Clinic for Veterans Externships The law school has a comprehensive externship program. Students have the opportunity to experience what it's like to work in a public defender or prosecutor's office, government agency, nonprofit organization, judge's chambers, or in-house counsel's office in the Atlanta metro area. Publications Emory Law Journal, which hosts the annual Randolph W. Thrower Symposium. Emory Bankruptcy Developments Journal, the only national bankruptcy journal edited and produced entirely by law students, which hosts an annual banquet. Emory Corporate Governance and Accountability Review, a law journal focusing on corporate law and compliance issues. Emory International Law Review, which publishes articles on topics ranging from human rights to international intellectual property issues. IP Theory (online only, published jointly with Indiana University Maurer School of Law) Journal of Law and Religion, a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journal edited by the Center for the Study of Law and Religion, with student participation, and published in collaboration with Cambridge University Press Emory Law journal articles are accessible online through its Open Access institutional repository, Emory Law Scholarly Commons Employment According to Emory's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 71.5% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required, non-school funded employment nine months after graduation. Emory's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 13.2%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2017 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation, and an additional 3.7% were in school funded positions. Costs The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Emory for the 2023–2024 academic year is $96,884. Notable alumni This section is missing information about the kind of degree and date granted usually supplied for alumni. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (January 2024) Main article: List of Emory University School of Law alumni Academia Ben F. Johnson, Dean of the Emory University School of Law and the Georgia State University College of Law, former member of the Georgia State Senate Sam Olens, president of Kennesaw State University and Attorney General of Georgia Business John Chidsey, current CEO of Subway (restaurant) and former Executive Chairman and CEO of the Burger King Corporation C. Robert Henrikson, former chairman, president, and CEO of MetLife Jim Lanzone, President and CEO of CBS Interactive; Chief Digital Officer of CBS Corporation Raymond W. McDaniel Jr., president and chief executive officer of Moody's Corporation Entertainment W. Watts Biggers, co-creator of the animated TV series Underdog Glenda Hatchett star of the television show Judge Hatchett Bobby Jones, former amateur golfer, founder and designer of the Augusta National Golf Club Bob Varsha, on-air personality for Speed Government and politics David I. Adelman, former United States Ambassador to Singapore Luis A. Aguilar, (LL.M.; J.D.), commissioner at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Sanford Bishop, current U.S. Representative for Georgia's 2nd congressional district Wyche Fowler, United States Congressman, United States Senator Georgia, former United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia Gordon Giffin, former United States Ambassador to Canada Carte Goodwin, former United States Senator of West Virginia Sam Nunn, former United States Senator Randolph W. Thrower, former U.S. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Judiciary Fred P. Branson, chief justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court Orinda D. Evans, former chief district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia Leah Ward Sears, former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia Notable faculty Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im Frank S. Alexander Dorothy A. Brown Michael Broyde Kathleen Cleaver Martha Albertson Fineman Richard D. Freer Michael J. Perry Charles A. Shanor Johan D. van der Vyver John Witte Jr. References ^ "Emory Law School: History". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2009-05-11. ^ Ashmore, Lisa. "The business of running a law school: What you know - or don't - about endowments | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. Retrieved 2016-07-07. ^ "Emory University School of Law Official ABA Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. ^ "2013 Standard 509 Information Report" (PDF). Emory University Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-04-27. ^ a b "Emory University". usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023. ^ https://www.gabaradmissions.org/getpdfform.action?id=2160 Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Tuition and Financial Aid | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2016-04-27. ^ "History and Mission | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022. ^ "Emory University School of Law | the Law School Admission Council". Archived from the original on 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2022-06-14. ^ "Emory Law School: About Us". Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-11. Hugh F. MacMillan Law Library: About Us ^ "ABA Required Disclosures | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". abarequireddisclosures.org. Archived from the original on 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2022-05-11. ^ "Emory Law School: Stats at a glance". Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-07-05. ^ "Study Abroad | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2014-11-18. Retrieved 2014-09-04. ^ "Student grudge match - A new tool for finding cancer faster (15) - FORTUNE Small Business". Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2008-04-15. ^ "Centers | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-04. ^ "Clinics | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-04. ^ "Externships | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2020-07-11. ^ "Membership | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-09-04. ^ "About | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2014-09-04. ^ Emory Law News Center (October 20, 2020). "Emory Law launches Scholarly Commons". Emory University Law in Action. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2023. ^ "Emory University". www.lstreports.com. Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2018-06-01. ^ "Emory University, ABA Charts". www.lstreports.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2018-06-01. ^ "Tuition and Financial Aid | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-05-07. ^ "John Chidsey". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015. ^ "Jim Lanzone Named Chief Digital Officer for CBS Corp". 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020. External links Official Site vteEmory UniversityAcademics Candler School of Theology Emory College of Arts and Sciences Goizueta Business School Laney Graduate School Oxford College Emory Healthcare School of Medicine Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Rollins School of Public Health Winship Cancer Institute Yerkes National Primate Research Center School of Law Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (with Georgia Tech) Campus & facilities Briarcliff Campus Carlos Museum Carter Center Donna and Marvin Schwartz Center for Performing Arts Emory Eagles Emory University Hospital The Emory Wheel Lullwater House Emory University Libraries People Alumni and faculty vteLaw schools of the Southeastern United StatesAlabama Birmingham School of Law Cumberland School of Law (Samford Univ.) Miles Law School Thomas Goode Jones School of Law (Faulkner Univ.) University of Alabama School of Law Arkansas University of Arkansas School of Law William H. Bowen School of Law (UALR) Florida Ave Maria School of Law Dwayne O. Andreas School of Law (Barry Univ.) Florida A&M University College of Law Florida International University College of Law Florida State University College of Law Fredric G. Levin College of Law (UF) University of Miami School of Law Shepard Broad Law Center (Nova Southeastern Univ.) St. Thomas University School of Law Stetson University College of Law Georgia Atlanta's John Marshall Law School Emory University School of Law Georgia State University College of Law Savannah Law School University of Georgia School of Law Walter F. George School of Law (Mercer Univ.) Louisiana Loyola University New Orleans College of Law Paul M. Hebert Law Center (LSU) Southern University Law Center Tulane University Law School Mississippi University of Mississippi School of Law Mississippi College School of Law North Carolina Duke University School of Law Elon University School of Law Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law (Campbell Univ.) North Carolina Central University School of Law University of North Carolina School of Law Wake Forest University School of Law Puerto Rico Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law (closed) Interamerican University of Puerto Rico School of Law Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law University of Puerto Rico School of Law South Carolina Charleston School of Law University of South Carolina School of Law Tennessee Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law (Univ. of Memphis) Duncan School of Law (Lincoln Memorial Univ.) Nashville School of Law University of Tennessee College of Law Vanderbilt University Law School Virginia Appalachian School of Law Antonin Scalia Law School (George Mason) The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School Liberty University School of Law Regent University School of Law University of Richmond School of Law University of Virginia School of Law Washington and Lee University School of Law William & Mary Law School Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_schools_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Emory University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"American Association of Law Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Law_Schools"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Private law school in Atlanta, Georgia, USEmory University School of Law is the law school of Emory University, a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia. It was founded in 1916 and was the first law school in Georgia to be granted membership in the American Association of Law Schools.[8]","title":"Emory University School of Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EmoryLaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University"},{"link_name":"Druid Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid_Hills,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"downtown Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Emory University School of LawEmory Law is located in Gambrell Hall, part of Emory’s 630-acre (2.5 km2) campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood, six miles (10 km) northeast of downtown Atlanta.Gambrell HallGambrell Hall contains classrooms, faculty offices, administrative offices, student-organization offices, and a 325-seat auditorium. The school provides wireless Internet access throughout its facilities. Gambrell Hall also houses a courtroom.[9]Hugh F. MacMillan LibraryEmory's five-story Hugh F. MacMillan Law Library opened in August 1995. The library is situated adjacent to Gambrell Hall and includes access to over 400,000 volumes and more than 4,000 serials subscriptions.[10]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSAT"},{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"ABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Bankruptcy Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Environmental Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Law"},{"link_name":"Feminist Legal Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property"},{"link_name":"International law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"Law and Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Religion"},{"link_name":"Transactional Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_law"},{"link_name":"Goizueta Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goizueta_Business_School"},{"link_name":"Candler School of Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candler_School_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Rollins School of Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins_School_of_Public_Health"},{"link_name":"Central European University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"international commercial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_commercial_law"}],"text":"Admission to the law school is selective. For the JD class entering in the fall of 2022, 32.19% of applicants were accepted with 16.34% of those accepted enrolling. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the Class of 2025 were 161 and 169, respectively, with a median of 168. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.43 and 3.90, respectively, with a median of 3.80.[11]Nearly half of Emory Law students are women, and about 32% are from underrepresented ethnic groups. Approximately 60% of students come from outside the Southeastern U.S.[12]It is ranked tied for #35 among ABA-approved law schools in the 2024 rankings by U.S. News & World Report.[5]Doctor of Law DegreeThe School of Law offers a three-year, full-time program leading to a Juris Doctor degree. Emory Law is particularly known for its expertise in Bankruptcy Law, Environmental Law, Feminist Legal Theory, Intellectual Property Law, International law, Law and Religion, and Transactional Law.Joint-Degree ProgramsEmory Law also offers joint-degree programs through cooperation with the Goizueta Business School (JD/MBA and JM/MBA), the Candler School of Theology (JD/MTS and JD/M.Div.), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (JD/Ph.D.), the Rollins School of Public Health (JD/MPH), the Emory Center for Ethics (JD/MA in bioethics), and joint JD and Master of Laws degree (JD/LLM) through Emory University School of Law.LLM ProgramsIn partnership with Central European University, Emory also provides an LLM program for students with a U.S. law degree seeking advanced training in international commercial law and international politics. Emory also has a separate LLM program for qualified foreign professionals seeking training in international and comparative law.Juris Master ProgramEmory Law's Juris Master is a 30-credit hour program that is intended to supplement a student's interest or professional experience in allied fields to law. The program offers a range of customized concentrations to allow students to enhance their skills in their home profession or interest area through a greater understanding of the law, legal concepts and frameworks. The coursework can be completed either full-time in nine months or part-time in up to four years.","title":"Admissions and academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Central European University (CEU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Georgia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Students' expertise is developed through several clinics and programs. Emory Law also offers several summer study abroad programs in Budapest at the Central European University (CEU) and throughout the world.[13]Academic programsA team from Emory Law's TI:GER IP/patent/technology program, a collaborative program between Emory and Georgia Tech, was featured on CNN Money.[14]\nOther academic programs at Emory Law include:Environmental and Natural Resources Law Program\nExternship Program\nTransactional Law Certificate Program\nKessler-Eidson Program for Trial Techniques\nEmory Law School Supreme Court Advocacy ProgramCenters[15]Barton Child Advocacy Center\nCenter for Advocacy and Dispute Resolution\nCenter on Federalism and Intersystemic Governance\nCenter for International and Comparative Law\nCenter for the Study of Law and Religion\nCenter for Transactional Law and Practice\nFeminism and Legal Theory Project\nGlobal Health Law and Policy Project\nProject on War and Security in Law, Culture, and Society\nVulnerability and the Human Condition InitiativeClinics[16]Barton Policy and Legislative Clinics\nBarton Appeal for Youth Clinic\nBarton Juvenile Defender Clinic\nInternational Humanitarian Law Clinic\nTurner Environmental Law Clinic\nVolunteer Clinic for VeteransExternships[17]The law school has a comprehensive externship program. Students have the opportunity to experience what it's like to work in a public defender or prosecutor's office, government agency, nonprofit organization, judge's chambers, or in-house counsel's office in the Atlanta metro area.","title":"Clinics and programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Emory International Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_International_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Maurer School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Maurer_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Journal of Law and Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Law_and_Religion"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Emory Law Journal, which hosts the annual Randolph W. Thrower Symposium.\nEmory Bankruptcy Developments Journal, the only national bankruptcy journal edited and produced entirely by law students, which hosts an annual banquet.[18]\nEmory Corporate Governance and Accountability Review, a law journal focusing on corporate law and compliance issues.\nEmory International Law Review, which publishes articles on topics ranging from human rights to international intellectual property issues.[19]\nIP Theory (online only, published jointly with Indiana University Maurer School of Law)\nJournal of Law and Religion, a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journal edited by the Center for the Study of Law and Religion, with student participation, and published in collaboration with Cambridge University Press\nEmory Law journal articles are accessible online through its Open Access institutional repository, Emory Law Scholarly Commons[20]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"According to Emory's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 71.5% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required, non-school funded employment nine months after graduation.[21] Emory's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 13.2%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2017 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation, and an additional 3.7% were in school funded positions.[22]","title":"Employment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Emory for the 2023–2024 academic year is $96,884.[23]","title":"Costs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben F. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_F._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Georgia State University College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_University_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Sam Olens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Olens"},{"link_name":"Kennesaw State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennesaw_State_University"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"Academia","text":"Ben F. Johnson, Dean of the Emory University School of Law and the Georgia State University College of Law, former member of the Georgia State Senate\nSam Olens, president of Kennesaw State University and Attorney General of Georgia","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Chidsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chidsey"},{"link_name":"Subway (restaurant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Burger King Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"C. Robert Henrikson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Robert_Henrikson"},{"link_name":"MetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife"},{"link_name":"Jim Lanzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lanzone"},{"link_name":"CBS Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Raymond W. McDaniel Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_W._McDaniel_Jr."},{"link_name":"Moody's Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Corporation"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"John Chidsey, current CEO of Subway (restaurant) and former Executive Chairman and CEO of the Burger King Corporation[24]\nC. Robert Henrikson, former chairman, president, and CEO of MetLife\nJim Lanzone, President and CEO of CBS Interactive; Chief Digital Officer of CBS Corporation[25]\nRaymond W. McDaniel Jr., president and chief executive officer of Moody's Corporation","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. Watts Biggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Watts_Biggers"},{"link_name":"Underdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdog_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Glenda Hatchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenda_Hatchett"},{"link_name":"Judge Hatchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Hatchett"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Augusta National Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Bob Varsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Varsha"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(TV_channel)"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment","text":"W. Watts Biggers, co-creator of the animated TV series Underdog\nGlenda Hatchett star of the television show Judge Hatchett\nBobby Jones, former amateur golfer, founder and designer of the Augusta National Golf Club\nBob Varsha, on-air personality for Speed","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David I. Adelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I._Adelman"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Luis A. Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_A._Aguilar"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Sanford Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Bishop"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Georgia's 2nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Wyche Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyche_Fowler"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Gordon Giffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Giffin"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Canada"},{"link_name":"Carte Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sam Nunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nunn"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"Randolph W. Thrower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_W._Thrower"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Internal Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Internal_Revenue"}],"sub_title":"Government and politics","text":"David I. Adelman, former United States Ambassador to Singapore\nLuis A. Aguilar, (LL.M.; J.D.), commissioner at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\nSanford Bishop, current U.S. Representative for Georgia's 2nd congressional district\nWyche Fowler, United States Congressman, United States Senator Georgia, former United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia\nGordon Giffin, former United States Ambassador to Canada\nCarte Goodwin, former United States Senator of West Virginia\nSam Nunn, former United States Senator\nRandolph W. Thrower, former U.S. Commissioner of Internal Revenue","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred P. Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_P._Branson"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Orinda D. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinda_D._Evans"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Leah Ward Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Ward_Sears"},{"link_name":"chief justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"sub_title":"Judiciary","text":"Fred P. Branson, chief justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court\nOrinda D. Evans, former chief district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia\nLeah Ward Sears, former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi_Ahmed_An-Na%27im"},{"link_name":"Frank S. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_S._Alexander"},{"link_name":"Dorothy A. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_A._Brown_(law_professor)"},{"link_name":"Michael Broyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Broyde"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Cleaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver"},{"link_name":"Martha Albertson Fineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Albertson_Fineman"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Freer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Freer"},{"link_name":"Michael J. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Perry"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Shanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Shanor"},{"link_name":"Johan D. van der Vyver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_D._van_der_Vyver"},{"link_name":"John Witte Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Witte_Jr."}],"text":"Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im\nFrank S. Alexander\nDorothy A. Brown\nMichael Broyde\nKathleen Cleaver\nMartha Albertson Fineman\nRichard D. Freer\nMichael J. Perry\nCharles A. Shanor\nJohan D. van der Vyver\nJohn Witte Jr.","title":"Notable faculty"}]
[{"image_text":"Emory University School of Law","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/EmoryLaw.jpg/220px-EmoryLaw.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Emory Law School: History\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2009-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205090828/http://www.law.emory.edu/about/history.html","url_text":"\"Emory Law School: History\""},{"url":"http://www.law.emory.edu/about/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ashmore, Lisa. \"The business of running a law school: What you know - or don't - about endowments | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA\". Emory University School of Law. Archived from the original on 2016-06-12. 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Emory University Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.emory.edu/_includes/documents/sections/about/ABA-documents/2013-std-509-information-report.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Standard 509 Information Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018074152/http://law.emory.edu/_includes/documents/sections/about/ABA-documents/2013-std-509-information-report.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emory University\". usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. 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Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.emory.edu/admission/tuition-and-financial-aid/jd-tuition.html","url_text":"\"Tuition and Financial Aid | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230208035018/http://law.emory.edu/admission/tuition-and-financial-aid/jd-tuition.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Chidsey\". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://topics.wsj.com/person/C/john-chidsey/990","url_text":"\"John Chidsey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907091737/http://topics.wsj.com/person/C/john-chidsey/990","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jim Lanzone Named Chief Digital Officer for CBS Corp\". 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/jim-lanzone-cbs-chief-digital-officer-cbs-all-access-1201793824/","url_text":"\"Jim Lanzone Named Chief Digital Officer for CBS Corp\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200711215756/https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/jim-lanzone-cbs-chief-digital-officer-cbs-all-access-1201793824/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Boehmer
Louis Boehmer
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Louis BoehmerLouis BoehmerBorn(1843-05-30)May 30, 1843Lüneburg, Kingdom of HanoverDiedJuly 29, 1896(1896-07-29) (aged 53)Lüneburg, GermanyNationalityGermanOccupationAgronomist Louis Boehmer (30 May 1843 - 29 July 1896) was an ethnic German-American agronomist and government advisor in Meiji period Japan who later worked as a success entrepreneur in Yokohama. Biography Louis Boehmer was born in Lüneburg in the Kingdom of Hanover. He apprenticed as a gardener, and received an appointment to tend the royal gardens of the Kingdom of Hannover. However, after the Franco-Prussian War of 1867, he immigrated to America and become a successful gardener in Rochester, New York. In January 1871, when Kuroda Kiyotaka was in the United States hiring foreign advisors for his Hokkaidō Colonization Office, Boehmer was recommended as a horticulturist by a mutual friend of Horace Capron. Boehmer arrived in Yokohama, Japan on March 23, 1872 and was initially placed in charge of an experimental farm in Aoyama, Tokyo where he raised carrots, potatoes, asparagus, as well as wheat, barley and soybeans. He also planted apple, cherry, peach and pear fruit trees as well as grapes, and introduced new varieties of livestock. With the end of the Boshin War, the Japanese government redoubled its efforts to settle Hokkaidō, especially with displaced former samurai from pro-Tokugawa shogunate domains. Boehler arrived in Hakodate on May 19, 1874 and spent the next five months travelling around the island exploring sites for experimental government farms. While in Saru District, he discovered the local Ainu tribe growing hops, which when combined with locally-grown barley enabled him to recommend to Horace Capon at the nearby Sapporo Agricultural College that a brewery be established. The new operation was run by Edwin Dun and exists to this date under the name of Sapporo Breweries. Boehler transferred to Sapporo in 1876, where he assisted Edwin Dun for several years. After the break-up of Hokkaidō Colonization Office in 1882, Boehmer established his own nursery in Yamate Bluff, Yokohama, trading under the name of L. Boehmer & Company. The firm specialized in exporting Japanese plants to Europe and the United States, and supplied plants and flowers to the German Emperor and helped popularize the Japanese art of bonsai to the western world. Boehmer retired in 1890, selling the business to fellow expatriate German businessman Alfred Unger, but the company continued to operate under his name until 1908. On October 13, 1894 Boehler departed Japan due to failing health. He died in his native Germany on July 29, 1896. References Irish, Ann. Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island. Macfarland (2009) ISBN 0-7864-4449-5 ^ Irish. Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island ^ "Mary e. Unger and dwarf trees". Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-04. "Dwarf Trees" from Mary E. Unger's The Favorite Flowers of Japan Authority control databases VIAF
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams_(murderer)
Ratcliff Highway murders
["1 First attack","2 Investigation","3 Second attack","4 Survivor's testimony","5 Suspect","6 Break in the case","7 Suicide","8 Some alternative suspects","9 Puzzling motivation","10 In media and popular culture","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 51°30′33″N 00°03′45″W / 51.50917°N 0.06250°W / 51.50917; -0.06250Murders during 1811 in London, England This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ratcliff Highway murders" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ratcliff Highway murdersPostmortem sketch of John Williams, supposed murdererDate7 and 19 December 1811LocationWapping, London, England, UKAlso known asJohn MurphyOutcomeDeclared guilty after committing suicide in his prison cell, 28 December 1811DeathsTimothy Marr, Celia Marr, Timothy Marr (3 mos.), James Gowan, John Williamson, Elizabeth Williamson, and Bridget Anna Harrington The Ratcliff Highway murders (sometimes Ratcliffe Highway murders) were two attacks on two separate families – the Marr and Williamson families – that resulted in seven fatalities. The two attacks occurred twelve days apart in December 1811, in homes located half a mile apart near the London Docklands district of Wapping, London, England, United Kingdom. The main suspect in the slayings, John Williams, killed himself before he could be put on trial. First attack This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ratcliff Highway murders" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) The first attack took place on 7 December 1811 in the living quarters behind a linen draper's shop at 29 Ratcliffe Highway, on the south side of the street between Cannon Street Road and Artichoke Hill. Ratcliffe Highway was the old name for a road in the East End of London, now simply called "The Highway", then one of three main roads leaving the city. The road was in a dangerous and run-down area of seedy businesses, dark alleys and dilapidated tenements. The victims of the first murders were the Marr family. Timothy Marr, whose age was reported as either 24 or 27, had previously served several years with the East India Company (EIC) aboard the trading ship Dover Castle, and now kept a linen draper's and hosier's shop. Marr had a young wife, Celia; a 14-week-old son, Timothy (who had been born on 29 August); an apprentice, James Gowan; and a servant girl, Margaret Jewell. All had been living at 29 Ratcliffe Highway since April of that year. Newspaper sketch of the Marr mercer shop and residence Just before midnight on 7 December 1811, the Marrs were in their shop and residence preparing for the next day's business when an intruder entered their home. 7 December fell on a Saturday, then pay day for many British working people and the busiest day of the week for shopkeepers. Jewell was not present at 29 Ratcliffe Highway because she had just been sent to purchase oysters as a late-night meal for Marr and a treat for his young wife, who was still recovering from childbirth. Jewell was then to go to a nearby bakery at John Hill and pay an outstanding bill. One report stated that as she opened the shop door she saw the figure of a man framed in the light. As the entire area was usually busy after normal business hours, Jewell took no notice and went on with her errand. Finding the oyster shop closed, she walked back past the Marrs' home, where she saw her employer through the window, still at work, and went to pay the baker's bill. Finding the baker's closed, Jewell decided to go to another shop in a final attempt to find some oysters, but, after finding that shop shuttered as well, she returned empty-handed. Arriving at the shop at twenty minutes past midnight, Jewell found the building dark and the door locked. Thinking that the Marrs had forgotten that she was still out, she knocked, but received no answer. Jewell initially heard no movement inside, then a noise that sounded like footsteps on the stairs, so she assumed that someone was coming to let her in. She heard the baby upstairs cry out. However, no one came to the door. Hearing footsteps on the pavement behind her, Jewell became frightened and slammed the knocker against the door "with unintermitting violence", drawing attention to herself. George Olney, a night watchman who called out the time every half-hour, came to find out who she was. Olney, who knew the Marrs well, knocked at the door and called out, but noticed that the shutters were in place yet were not latched. The noise awakened John Murray, a pawnbroker and Marr's next-door neighbour. Alarmed, he jumped over the wall that divided his yard from 29 Ratcliffe Highway, and saw a light on and the back door standing open. Murray entered and went up the back steps, calling to the Marrs that they had neglected to fasten their shutters. He heard nothing. Returning downstairs and entering the shop, Murray beheld "the carnage of the night stretched out on the floor". The "narrow premises ... so floated with gore that it was hardly possible to escape the pollution of blood in picking out a path to the front door." He first saw Gowan, the apprentice, lying on the floor about five feet from the stairs, just inside the shop door. The bones of the boy's face were smashed, his blood was dripping onto the floor, and his brains had been pulverised and cast about the walls and across the counters. Murray went to the front door to let Olney in, but stumbled across another corpse, that of Celia Marr. She lay face down, her head battered, her wounds still emitting blood. Murray let in Olney and together they searched for Timothy Marr. They found him behind the shop counter, battered to death. Murray and Olney rushed to the living quarters, and found the infant dead in his crib, which was covered with blood. One side of the infant's face had been crushed and his throat had been slit so that his head was nearly severed from his body. By the time Murray and Olney discovered the infant, more people from the neighbourhood had gathered outside and the Thames River Police were summoned. The first officer on the scene was Charles Horton. As nothing appeared to have been taken – money was in the till and £152 was found in a drawer in the bedroom – there seemed to be no motive. A thief might have been scared off before he finished, but the other possibility was some sort of revenge attack by someone who knew Timothy Marr. Horton initially believed that the weapon used had been a ripping chisel. One was found in the shop, but it was clean. In the bedroom he found a heavy, long-handled shipwright's hammer, or maul, covered with blood, leaning against a chair. Horton assumed this was the murder weapon, abandoned when Jewell's knocking scared the killer away. Human hairs were stuck in the drying blood on the flat, heavy end, and the tapered end, used for driving nails into wood, was chipped. Contemporary newspaper illustration of the pen maul used in the first murders, showing the initials "IP" or "JP" Two sets of footprints were then discovered at the back of the shop. These appeared to belong to the killers, as they contained both blood and sawdust from carpentry work done inside earlier in the day. A group of citizens followed the tracks to Pennington Street, which ran behind the house, and found a possible witness who reported that he had seen a group of some ten men running away from an empty house in the direction of New Gravel Lane (now Glamis Road) shortly after the alarm had been raised. Speculation now arose that the crime was the work of a criminal gang. Horton took the bloodstained maul back to his station to find that three sailors, who had been seen in the area that night, were in custody. One appeared to have spots of blood on his clothing, but all three had convincing alibis and were released. Other men were apprehended in the area on the basis of witnesses' reports, but the cases against them also fell apart. A reward of 50 guineas was offered for the apprehension of the perpetrator, and, to notify area residents, a handbill was drafted and stuck on church doors. Reward notice for £50 for information regarding the Marr murders. James Gowan, Marr's apprentice, is misidentified as "Biggs". Investigation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On 10 December a coroner's jury heard that someone must have been watching the shop and residence for an opportunity. The crime had been committed between 11:55 p.m., when Jewell left, and 12:20 a.m., when she returned. Murray stated that he had heard bumping noises around 12:10 a.m., so it was decided that the killers had still been in the home when Jewell returned and had fled out the back door. The Marr funeral procession on Sunday, 15 December 1811 An attempt was made to trace the maul by the chip in its blade. There was no blood on the chisel, but since Jewell stated that Marr had been looking for one earlier that evening, it was thought that it was brought to be used as a weapon, since if it had been in plain sight, he would have found it. Cornelius Hart, one of the carpenters who had worked in the shop that day, was detained, but no case could be made against him and he was released. Marr's brother also came under scrutiny, since he was rumoured to have had a disagreement with him, but after being interrogated for forty-eight hours, he was exonerated because he had a firm alibi. A servant girl who had previously been let go was also questioned, but she lacked motive as well as criminal companions, and was too small to have performed the murders by herself. The four victims were given a memorial service, then buried beneath a monument in the parish church of St. George in the East, where the infant had been baptised three months earlier. When the maul was cleaned on Thursday 19 December it appeared that some initials were carved into the handle, perhaps with a seaman's coppering punch: "I.P." or "J.P." Those who were working on the case now had a way to try to trace the owner. Second attack This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ratcliff Highway murders" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) The same night the initials were discovered on the maul, and twelve days after the first killings, the second set of murders occurred at The King's Arms, a tavern at 81 New Gravel Lane (now Garnet Street). The victims were John Williamson, the 56-year-old publican, who had run the tavern for fifteen years; Elizabeth, his 60-year-old wife; and their servant, Bridget Anna Harrington, who was in her late 50s. The King's Arms was a tall two-storey building, but despite its proximity to the Highway it was not a rowdy establishment, as the Williamsons liked to retire early. Earlier that night Williamson had told one of the parish constables that he had seen a man wearing a brown jacket lurking around the place and listening at his door. He asked the officer to keep an eye out for the stranger and arrest him. Not long afterwards the same constable heard a cry of "Murder!" As a crowd gathered outside The King's Arms a nearly naked man descended from the upper floor using a rope of knotted sheets. As he dropped to the street, he was crying incoherently. He was John Turner, a lodger and journeyman who had been at the tavern for some eight months. Newspaper illustration of the escape of John Turner from the second murder scene at the King's Arms. The crowd forced the tavern doors open and saw the body of John Williamson lying face up on the steps leading into the taproom. His head had been beaten and his throat had been cut, and there was an iron crowbar lying at his side. While the crowbar appeared to be the weapon used to beat him, a sharper implement had been used to slit his throat and nearly hack off his hand. Elizabeth Williamson and the maid were found in the parlour, their skulls smashed and their throats cut. The maid's feet were beneath the grate, as if she had been struck down while preparing the fire for the next morning. Her mistress's neck had been severed to the bone. The crowd armed themselves and stormed through the inn in search of possible perpetrators. They then discovered the Williamsons' 14-year-old granddaughter, Catherine Stillwell, in her bed, alive and untouched. Given what had happened to the Marr family twelve days earlier, it seemed miraculous that she had slept through the entire attack and had no idea what had just occurred downstairs. The bodies were placed on their beds and the girl was taken to a safer home. Fire bells were rung to call out volunteers, while London Bridge was sealed off. Acting on eyewitness accounts that a tall man had been loitering outside the tavern that night, wearing a flushing coat (a loose-fitting, hooded garment), several Bow Street Runners were assigned to hunt down the murderer. According to one report, Turner claimed that he had shouted for help, scaring the killer away. He also reportedly stated that he had seen the tall man near Mrs Williamson's corpse, but he was also viewed as a suspect and his report was not given its full weight. Entry to the premises was found to have been gained by forcing open the cellar flap. An open window was discovered, with bloodstains on the sill indicating the murderer's escape route, and a footprint in the mud outside seemed to confirm this. The unknown assailant apparently escaped by running along a clay-covered slope, so it was assumed by the police that he would have got clay all over his clothing, making him easy to identify. It was pointed out that this type of escape route was similar to the one taken by the person who had murdered the Marr family. There were no known connections between the two families, and there was also no apparent motive for this second slaughter. As Mr Williamson's watch was missing and both crimes had been interrupted, they might still have started off as simple robberies. A haphazard task force was assembled, composed of constables from various parishes and a group of Bow Street Runners. They quickly arrested a suspect who lived in the area, had recently purchased a gallon of brandy and had recently cleaned trousers to get rid of what a local doctor claimed were bloodstains. No forensic tests existed to test his theory, but the man was detained anyway. Other witnesses claimed that they had seen two men running up Ratcliff Highway that night, a tall man with a limp and a shorter man, but the descriptions were vague and did not result in any clear leads. Local magistrates convened and quickly offered another reward of 100 guineas, double the amount of the reward in the case of the Marr family, for information leading to the capture of the culprit, and handbills were drafted and posted within the hour. Rewards were offered by three different parishes for information, including two other offers of £50. Survivor's testimony This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Richard Ryder, the Home Secretary, responded to public panic and pressure and appointed Aaron Graham, a Bow Street magistrate, to the inquiry. London newspapers focused on the crimes for some three weeks, and a coroner's inquest was called at The Black Horse, a tavern across from The King's Arms. Turner claimed that he had entered The King's Arms at about 10:40 on the night of 19 December and had gone to his room on the upper floor. He had heard Mrs Williamson lock the door, then heard the front door bang open "hard" and Bridget shout, "We are all murdered!". Williamson then exclaimed, "I am a dead man." As he lay in bed listening, Turner heard several blows. He also heard someone walking about, but so quietly that he believed their shoes had no nails. (The shoe print outside was made by a shoe with nails.) After a few minutes he left his bed and went to investigate. As Turner crept down the stairs, he heard three drawn-out sighs and saw that a door stood open, with a light shining on the other side. He peered in and caught a glimpse of a man he estimated was six feet tall, wearing a dark flushing coat, leaning over Mrs Williamson and going through her pockets. Turner saw only one man before going back up the stairs. Rather than become a victim as well, he then tied two sheets together in his bedroom and lowered himself out of the house. He knew that Mr Williamson's watch was missing and described it, but could not recall there ever being a crowbar in the tavern like the one found next to the corpse. The conclusion was that it must have been brought there by the killer. Those who had seen the corpses testified and the surgeon who had examined them also gave his report. The jury returned a verdict of willful murder by a person or persons unknown. Suspect This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ratcliff Highway murders" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) A principal suspect in the murders, John Williams (also known as John Murphy), was a 27-year-old Irish or Scottish seaman and a lodger at The Pear Tree, a public house on Cinnamon Street off the Highway in Old Wapping. Williams' roommate had noticed that he had returned after midnight on the night of the tavern murders. Thomas De Quincey claimed that Williams had been an acquaintance of Timothy Marr, and described him as: "a man of middle stature, slenderly built, rather thin but wiry, tolerably muscular, and clear of all superfluous flesh. His hair was of the most extraordinary and vivid colour, viz., a bright yellow, something between an orange and a yellow colour". The Times was more specific: he was five-foot-nine, slender, had a "pleasing countenance," and did not limp. Williams had nursed a grievance against Marr from when they were shipmates, but the subsequent murders at The King's Arms remain unexplained. The Shadwell Police Office examined Williams as well as several other suspects. Williams had two pawn tickets on his person, some silver coins and a pound note. His last voyage had been on Roxburgh Castle, an EIC trading ship, and he had narrowly escaped being part of a failed mutiny attempt. Williams was educated and had a reputation for being honest, as he always paid for his rooms, and was popular with women. He had been seen drinking with at least one other man at The King's Arms shortly before the murders, so he was subjected to an intense interrogation. Williams was of medium height and slight build, so his description in no way matched Turner's description of a large man in a dark flushing coat. He said that he had never denied being at The King's Arms that evening, but the Williamsons considered him a family friend. Mrs Williamson had even touched his face that night in a motherly gesture. What aroused suspicion was Williams' earlier mention that he had no money, although he was seen to have some after the murders. He claimed that he had pawned articles of clothing afterwards, offering the pawn tickets as proof, and that after he had left the tavern that evening he had consulted a surgeon about an old wound, as well as a woman with some knowledge of medicine. No one investigated this alibi or checked the dates on the pawn tickets. Despite his insistence that he was innocent, Williams was remanded to Coldbath Fields Prison, also known as the Clerkenwell Gaol, where another suspect was also incarcerated. The police were still not sure how many men were involved and confined three suspects in all. Break in the case This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On 24 December, more than two weeks after the Marr family had been murdered and five days after the killing of the Williamson family, the maul was identified as belonging to a sailor named John Petersen, who was away at sea. The information was volunteered by a Mr Vermiloe, the landlord of The Pear Tree, who was incarcerated in Newgate Prison for debt. Constables searched the premises and found Petersen's trunk, which was missing a maul. Vermiloe recalled that not only had the maul been in the chest, but that he himself had used it and was responsible for chipping it. That was a significant lead. It has been noted that the substantial reward money for information leading to the arrest of the murderers would have cleared Vermiloe's debts. Before an open forum of witnesses that day, Turner was asked if he could identify Williams as the man he had seen standing over Mrs Williamson. He could not, but did state that he knew Williams from earlier visits to the tavern. Williams's laundress was called to see if she had washed any bloody clothing. She said that two weeks earlier she had noticed that one of his shirts was torn and that another had blood on the collar, as if from bloody fingers. She assumed that Williams had been in a fight. She had not washed any clothing for him since before the Williamsons were murdered. Williams claimed that the torn and bloodstained shirts were the result of a brawl after a card game, but he was silenced by the magistrates and returned to prison. The facts in evidence against Williams were that he had had an opportunity to take the maul, that he had money after the murders but not before, that he had returned to his room just after the killer had fled the second crime scene, and that he had had bloody and torn shirts. Although an attempt was made to identify the maul and ascertain whether any of Williams's shirts had blood stains on them, the courts could not assess forensic evidence and gave great weight to eyewitnesses' statements. Suicide This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Williams never went to trial. On 28 December he used his scarf to hang himself from an iron bar in his cell. No one discovered this until just before he was to be taken for another hearing before the Shadwell magistrates. An officer announced to the court that the accused was dead and that his body was cold. Williams' suicide surprised everyone who had spoken to him. Several prisoners and a warden said that he had appeared to be in good spirits only the day before, believing that he would soon be exonerated and released. This led to later speculation that Williams was murdered to prevent authorities from looking elsewhere. The hearing continued despite the dead man's inability to defend himself. The Times reported that a secret prison correspondence had been discovered between Williams and one of the other suspects, "which clearly connects them with the shocking transactions". Another man who had shared the room at The Pear Tree with Williams said that he had found his own stockings muddied and hidden behind a chest, and concluded that Williams had worn his stockings out that night and got them dirty. He claimed that after he confronted Williams he immediately took them into the yard and washed them. Their landlady confirmed these statements and added that, while the stockings were quite muddy, she had also seen blood on them. She explained that she had not told anyone about this before Williams's death because she feared that he might kill her. A female witness who knew Williams well connected him with a chisel that was proved to have been taken from the same seaman's chest as the maul. The court finally declared Williams guilty of the crimes, taking his suicide as a clear statement of his guilt. The cases against other suspects collapsed and, although Williams had not previously been connected with the murders of the Marr family, he was deemed the sole perpetrator of both. Burial procession of John William , showing the cart stopping before the King's Arms. The Home Secretary was more than happy to agree with the opinion of the bench, and decided that the best way to end the matter was to parade Williams's body through Wapping and Shadwell so that the residents could see that while he had "cheated the hangman", he was indeed dead and no longer a menace. The Thames River Police, the Bow Street Mounted Patrol, and local constables and watchmen were ordered to oversee the event. On New Year's Eve, Williams's body was removed from the prison at 11 a.m., with "an immense concourse of persons", said to total 180,000, taking part in a procession up the Ratcliffe Highway. When the cart carrying the body drew opposite the Marr family house, the procession halted for nearly a quarter of an hour. A drawing was made that shows, not the slender man described in newspaper accounts, but a stocky labourer. In his pocket was a piece of metal that he had apparently ripped from the prison wall to stab himself with, in the event that he was unsuccessful at hanging himself. When the cart came opposite the late Mr Marr's house a halt was made for nearly a quarter of an hour. ... The procession then advanced to St George's Turnpike, where the New Road is intersected by Cannon Street Road. Those who accompanied the procession arrived at a grave already dug six feet down. The remains of John Williams were tumbled out of the cart and lowered into this hole, and then someone hammered a stake through his heart. — Thomas De Quincey Sketch of John Williams' corpse on the death cart, along with the murder implements of pen maul, ripping chisel and iron crowbar. This representation of a stocky labourer was published 4 years after the event and does not match his physical description, that of a slender man. The date of the first murder is also incorrect. Suicides could not be buried in consecrated ground. The stake was meant to keep the restless soul from wandering, while the crossroads were meant to confuse whatever evil ghost arose from the grave. In addition, the grave was deliberately made too small for the body, so that the murderer would feel uncomfortable even in death. Quicklime was added and the pit was covered over. The procession also stopped for ten minutes in front of The King's Arms, where the coachman reportedly whipped the dead man three times across the face. In August 1886, a gas company began to excavate a trench in the area where Williams had been buried. They accidentally unearthed a skeleton, reportedly buried upside down and with the remains of the wooden stake through its torso. "It was six feet below the surface of the road where Cannon Street Road and Cable Street cross at St George's in the East." The landlord of The Crown and Dolphin, a public house at the corner of Cannon Street Road, is said to have retained the skull as a souvenir. The pub has since been renovated and the whereabouts of the skull are currently unknown. Some alternative suspects This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John Williams's arrest would have interested two other people involved: Cornelius Hart and William "Long Billy" Ablass. Hart, who had done carpentry work at the Marrs' shop on the day of the murders, claimed to have lost a chisel and made several enquiries about its whereabouts to Marr. Jewell testified that Marr searched his shop that night, but could find no trace of it. When Hart had visited the shop on the morning after the murders, he found the chisel placed in a prominent position and removed it as evidence. Hart always denied any particular dealings with Williams, although other witnesses provided a link between the two. Following Williams's arrest Hart enquired at The Pear Tree whether Williams was being retained in custody. Ablass was a seaman who had sailed with Williams aboard Roxburgh Castle. He had a history of aggressive behaviour and had been involved in the unsuccessful mutiny aboard the ship, and was placed in confinement afterwards, while Williams was thought to have simply been led astray by his shipmates. Ablass was drinking in company with Williams at The King's Arms on the night of the murders, and was a far better match for Turner's description of the killer. He was also lame, matching the earlier eyewitness description of one of the men running up the Highway after the first murders, and was unable to account for some of his time on the nights of both murders. He was detained as a suspect. When evidence emerged that Marr, Williams and Ablass had all served together as seamen before Marr went into business on his own, it was suggested that there were links, and possibly old scores to settle, between the three. Puzzling motivation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The motive for the Ratcliff Highway Murders has remained a mystery, and a cause for speculation for detectives and crime buffs. Colin Wilson theorised that Williams was syphilitic and harboured a grudge against humanity. P.D. James and Critchley, however, believe that the proceedings were conducted quickly in order to close the case and appease the frightened public. An early eyewitness insisted that the two men seen on the road outside The King's Arms had spoken, and one had called out what sounded like a name, possibly "Mahoney" or "Hughey". Williams's name did not sound like that, but once he was in custody the report was ignored. Williams had misrepresented himself on occasion and could have been using an alias. Following a lead about two men walking up the street together, who were not proved to have had anything to do with the murders, authorities ignored the facts about the open tavern window and the footprint in the mud outside. James and Critchley believe that it was possible someone else had perpetrated the assaults, making Williams merely a tragic and unfortunate pawn. In January 1812 the authorities still felt a need to prove that Williams had committed the murders. The weapon, either a razor or knife, that was used to cut the throats of the victims, and clearly linked to Williams, became the sought-after piece of evidence. A police officer stated that he had originally found a knife like that in the pocket of Williams's coat, but had not seen it since. Newspaper accounts of this testimony shifted from calling the weapon a razor, which they took from the surgeon's reports, to claiming that the wounds had been clearly made with a sharp knife. Eventually a knife was indeed found, and was said to have blood on it, but whether it had actually belonged to Williams or had been planted in his room to confirm his guilt is still unknown. In media and popular culture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The murders and the murderer are analyzed by Thomas De Quincey in his famous essay On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts (1827). The murders and Charles Horton are featured in Lloyd Shepherd’s historical novel, The English Monster (2012). The murders are featured in Lona Manning’s historical novel, A Marriage of Attachment (2018). The murders are mentioned (albeit with a supernatural element) in KJ Charles’s Magpie Lord series; in Peter Ackroyd's Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem as a motivation of the murderer; in Arthur Conan Doyle’s first Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet; in Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab; in Alison Goodman's novel The Dark Days Club; and in G.K. Chesterton's "Father Brown" stories, The Blue Cross and The Mirror of the Magistrate. The murders are repeatedly referenced in Alan Moore's graphic novel From Hell, where Sir William Gull speculates that the murders were a false flag operation of sorts committed by the Freemasons in order to spur on the creation of the modern police force and thus further the organization's authoritarian agenda. The murders provided the backdrop for the first two episodes of the third series of British television drama Whitechapel in 2012. They were also given a fictionalised treatment in Lloyd Shepherd's first novel, The English Monster (2012). The murders are central to the story in David Morrell's thriller, Murder as a Fine Art, published in 2013. See also St George in the East The Highway (London) Ratcliff Wapping The Maul and the Pear Tree References ^ "200th Anniversary Of The Ratcliffe Highway Murders". Londonist. 7 December 2011. ^ a b c De Quincey, Thomas. On Murder considered as one of the Fine Arts. No other contemporary accounts support this statement. ^ a b c "Ratcliffe Highway Murders". Thames Police Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2007. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ratcliff Highway murders. T.A. Critchley & James, P.D., The Maul and the Pear Tree: The Ratcliffe Highway Murders, 1811, 1971; ISBN 0-571-20282-9 Peter Ackroyd, Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (inspired by the tale of the murders) Judith Flanders, The Invention of Murder. HarperPress, 2011; ISBN 978-0-00-724888-9 vteHistory of LondonEvolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo-Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th-century London 19th-century London 1900–1939 World War II (The Blitz) 1945–2000 21st century Events Coronations Peasants' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco-British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Abdication of Edward VIII Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup final Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings Anti-war protests 7/7 bombings Olympic Games (1908 1948 2012) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire COVID-19 pandemic Government Historic Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Current Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London Politics Political parties Labour Conservatives Liberal Democrats London Green Party London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewer system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Scheduled monuments Category 51°30′33″N 00°03′45″W / 51.50917°N 0.06250°W / 51.50917; -0.06250
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Docklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docklands"},{"link_name":"Wapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Murders during 1811 in London, EnglandThe Ratcliff Highway murders (sometimes Ratcliffe Highway murders) were two attacks on two separate families – the Marr and Williamson families – that resulted in seven fatalities. The two attacks occurred twelve days apart in December 1811, in homes located half a mile apart near the London Docklands district of Wapping, London, England, United Kingdom. The main suspect in the slayings, John Williams, killed himself before he could be put on trial.[1]","title":"Ratcliff Highway murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper"},{"link_name":"East End of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"The Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highway_(London)"},{"link_name":"tenements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenement"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Dover Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Castle_(1798_EIC_ship)"},{"link_name":"hosier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosier"},{"link_name":"apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratcliff_Highway_Murders_-_newspaper_sketch_of_the_Marr_mercer_shop_and_residence.jpg"},{"link_name":"entered their home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_invasion"},{"link_name":"pay day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/payday"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"pawnbroker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnbroker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Thames River Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_River_Police"},{"link_name":"chisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisel"},{"link_name":"shipwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwright"},{"link_name":"maul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgehammer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders,_Seaman%27s_Maul_used_in_the_first_murders.jpg"},{"link_name":"criminal gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"alibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibi"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames-3"},{"link_name":"handbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders_Reward_poster.jpg"}],"text":"The first attack took place on 7 December 1811 in the living quarters behind a linen draper's shop at 29 Ratcliffe Highway, on the south side of the street between Cannon Street Road and Artichoke Hill. Ratcliffe Highway was the old name for a road in the East End of London, now simply called \"The Highway\", then one of three main roads leaving the city. The road was in a dangerous and run-down area of seedy businesses, dark alleys and dilapidated tenements.The victims of the first murders were the Marr family. Timothy Marr, whose age was reported as either 24 or 27, had previously served several years with the East India Company (EIC) aboard the trading ship Dover Castle, and now kept a linen draper's and hosier's shop. Marr had a young wife, Celia; a 14-week-old son, Timothy (who had been born on 29 August); an apprentice, James Gowan; and a servant girl, Margaret Jewell. All had been living at 29 Ratcliffe Highway since April of that year.Newspaper sketch of the Marr mercer shop and residenceJust before midnight on 7 December 1811, the Marrs were in their shop and residence preparing for the next day's business when an intruder entered their home. 7 December fell on a Saturday, then pay day for many British working people and the busiest day of the week for shopkeepers.Jewell was not present at 29 Ratcliffe Highway because she had just been sent to purchase oysters as a late-night meal for Marr and a treat for his young wife, who was still recovering from childbirth. Jewell was then to go to a nearby bakery at John Hill and pay an outstanding bill. One report stated that as she opened the shop door she saw the figure of a man framed in the light.[2] As the entire area was usually busy after normal business hours, Jewell took no notice and went on with her errand. Finding the oyster shop closed, she walked back past the Marrs' home, where she saw her employer through the window, still at work, and went to pay the baker's bill. Finding the baker's closed, Jewell decided to go to another shop in a final attempt to find some oysters, but, after finding that shop shuttered as well, she returned empty-handed.Arriving at the shop at twenty minutes past midnight, Jewell found the building dark and the door locked. Thinking that the Marrs had forgotten that she was still out, she knocked, but received no answer. Jewell initially heard no movement inside, then a noise that sounded like footsteps on the stairs, so she assumed that someone was coming to let her in. She heard the baby upstairs cry out. However, no one came to the door. Hearing footsteps on the pavement behind her, Jewell became frightened and slammed the knocker against the door \"with unintermitting violence\", drawing attention to herself. George Olney, a night watchman who called out the time every half-hour, came to find out who she was. Olney, who knew the Marrs well, knocked at the door and called out, but noticed that the shutters were in place yet were not latched. The noise awakened John Murray, a pawnbroker and Marr's next-door neighbour. Alarmed, he jumped over the wall that divided his yard from 29 Ratcliffe Highway, and saw a light on and the back door standing open. Murray entered and went up the back steps, calling to the Marrs that they had neglected to fasten their shutters. He heard nothing.Returning downstairs and entering the shop, Murray beheld \"the carnage of the night stretched out on the floor\". The \"narrow premises ... so floated with gore that it was hardly possible to escape the pollution of blood in picking out a path to the front door.\"[2] He first saw Gowan, the apprentice, lying on the floor about five feet from the stairs, just inside the shop door. The bones of the boy's face were smashed, his blood was dripping onto the floor, and his brains had been pulverised and cast about the walls and across the counters.Murray went to the front door to let Olney in, but stumbled across another corpse, that of Celia Marr. She lay face down, her head battered, her wounds still emitting blood. Murray let in Olney and together they searched for Timothy Marr. They found him behind the shop counter, battered to death. Murray and Olney rushed to the living quarters, and found the infant dead in his crib, which was covered with blood. One side of the infant's face had been crushed and his throat had been slit so that his head was nearly severed from his body.By the time Murray and Olney discovered the infant, more people from the neighbourhood had gathered outside and the Thames River Police were summoned. The first officer on the scene was Charles Horton. As nothing appeared to have been taken – money was in the till and £152 was found in a drawer in the bedroom – there seemed to be no motive. A thief might have been scared off before he finished, but the other possibility was some sort of revenge attack by someone who knew Timothy Marr.Horton initially believed that the weapon used had been a ripping chisel. One was found in the shop, but it was clean. In the bedroom he found a heavy, long-handled shipwright's hammer, or maul, covered with blood, leaning against a chair. Horton assumed this was the murder weapon, abandoned when Jewell's knocking scared the killer away. Human hairs were stuck in the drying blood on the flat, heavy end, and the tapered end, used for driving nails into wood, was chipped.Contemporary newspaper illustration of the pen maul used in the first murders, showing the initials \"IP\" or \"JP\"Two sets of footprints were then discovered at the back of the shop. These appeared to belong to the killers, as they contained both blood and sawdust from carpentry work done inside earlier in the day. A group of citizens followed the tracks to Pennington Street, which ran behind the house, and found a possible witness who reported that he had seen a group of some ten men running away from an empty house in the direction of New Gravel Lane (now Glamis Road) shortly after the alarm had been raised. Speculation now arose that the crime was the work of a criminal gang. Horton took the bloodstained maul back to his station to find that three sailors, who had been seen in the area that night, were in custody. One appeared to have spots of blood on his clothing, but all three had convincing alibis and were released. Other men were apprehended in the area on the basis of witnesses' reports, but the cases against them also fell apart. A reward of 50 guineas was offered for the apprehension of the perpetrator,[3] and, to notify area residents, a handbill was drafted and stuck on church doors.Reward notice for £50 for information regarding the Marr murders. James Gowan, Marr's apprentice, is misidentified as \"Biggs\".","title":"First attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coroner's jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner%27s_jury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratcliffe_Highway_murders_-_funeral_of_the_Marr_family.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. George in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_in_the_East"}],"text":"On 10 December a coroner's jury heard that someone must have been watching the shop and residence for an opportunity. The crime had been committed between 11:55 p.m., when Jewell left, and 12:20 a.m., when she returned. Murray stated that he had heard bumping noises around 12:10 a.m., so it was decided that the killers had still been in the home when Jewell returned and had fled out the back door.The Marr funeral procession on Sunday, 15 December 1811An attempt was made to trace the maul by the chip in its blade. There was no blood on the chisel, but since Jewell stated that Marr had been looking for one earlier that evening, it was thought that it was brought to be used as a weapon, since if it had been in plain sight, he would have found it. Cornelius Hart, one of the carpenters who had worked in the shop that day, was detained, but no case could be made against him and he was released. Marr's brother also came under scrutiny, since he was rumoured to have had a disagreement with him, but after being interrogated for forty-eight hours, he was exonerated because he had a firm alibi. A servant girl who had previously been let go was also questioned, but she lacked motive as well as criminal companions, and was too small to have performed the murders by herself.The four victims were given a memorial service, then buried beneath a monument in the parish church of St. George in the East, where the infant had been baptised three months earlier. When the maul was cleaned on Thursday 19 December it appeared that some initials were carved into the handle, perhaps with a seaman's coppering punch: \"I.P.\" or \"J.P.\" Those who were working on the case now had a way to try to trace the owner.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"journeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders,_escape_of_John_Turner.jpg"},{"link_name":"taproom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproom"},{"link_name":"crowbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbar_(tool)"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"loitering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loitering"},{"link_name":"Bow Street Runners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"magistrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate"}],"text":"The same night the initials were discovered on the maul, and twelve days after the first killings, the second set of murders occurred at The King's Arms, a tavern at 81 New Gravel Lane (now Garnet Street). The victims were John Williamson, the 56-year-old publican, who had run the tavern for fifteen years; Elizabeth, his 60-year-old wife; and their servant, Bridget Anna Harrington, who was in her late 50s. The King's Arms was a tall two-storey building, but despite its proximity to the Highway it was not a rowdy establishment, as the Williamsons liked to retire early.Earlier that night Williamson had told one of the parish constables that he had seen a man wearing a brown jacket lurking around the place and listening at his door. He asked the officer to keep an eye out for the stranger and arrest him. Not long afterwards the same constable heard a cry of \"Murder!\" As a crowd gathered outside The King's Arms a nearly naked man descended from the upper floor using a rope of knotted sheets. As he dropped to the street, he was crying incoherently. He was John Turner, a lodger and journeyman who had been at the tavern for some eight months.[3]Newspaper illustration of the escape of John Turner from the second murder scene at the King's Arms.The crowd forced the tavern doors open and saw the body of John Williamson lying face up on the steps leading into the taproom. His head had been beaten and his throat had been cut, and there was an iron crowbar lying at his side. While the crowbar appeared to be the weapon used to beat him, a sharper implement had been used to slit his throat and nearly hack off his hand. Elizabeth Williamson and the maid were found in the parlour, their skulls smashed and their throats cut. The maid's feet were beneath the grate, as if she had been struck down while preparing the fire for the next morning. Her mistress's neck had been severed to the bone.The crowd armed themselves and stormed through the inn in search of possible perpetrators. They then discovered the Williamsons' 14-year-old granddaughter, Catherine Stillwell, in her bed, alive and untouched. Given what had happened to the Marr family twelve days earlier, it seemed miraculous that she had slept through the entire attack and had no idea what had just occurred downstairs. The bodies were placed on their beds and the girl was taken to a safer home. Fire bells were rung to call out volunteers, while London Bridge was sealed off. Acting on eyewitness accounts that a tall man had been loitering outside the tavern that night, wearing a flushing coat (a loose-fitting, hooded garment), several Bow Street Runners were assigned to hunt down the murderer. According to one report, Turner claimed that he had shouted for help, scaring the killer away.[2] He also reportedly stated that he had seen the tall man near Mrs Williamson's corpse, but he was also viewed as a suspect and his report was not given its full weight.Entry to the premises was found to have been gained by forcing open the cellar flap. An open window was discovered, with bloodstains on the sill indicating the murderer's escape route, and a footprint in the mud outside seemed to confirm this. The unknown assailant apparently escaped by running along a clay-covered slope, so it was assumed by the police that he would have got clay all over his clothing, making him easy to identify. It was pointed out that this type of escape route was similar to the one taken by the person who had murdered the Marr family. There were no known connections between the two families, and there was also no apparent motive for this second slaughter. As Mr Williamson's watch was missing and both crimes had been interrupted, they might still have started off as simple robberies.A haphazard task force was assembled, composed of constables from various parishes and a group of Bow Street Runners. They quickly arrested a suspect who lived in the area, had recently purchased a gallon of brandy and had recently cleaned trousers to get rid of what a local doctor claimed were bloodstains. No forensic tests existed to test his theory, but the man was detained anyway. Other witnesses claimed that they had seen two men running up Ratcliff Highway that night, a tall man with a limp and a shorter man, but the descriptions were vague and did not result in any clear leads. Local magistrates convened and quickly offered another reward of 100 guineas, double the amount of the reward in the case of the Marr family, for information leading to the capture of the culprit, and handbills were drafted and posted within the hour. Rewards were offered by three different parishes for information, including two other offers of £50.","title":"Second attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ryder_(politician,_born_1766)"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"}],"text":"Richard Ryder, the Home Secretary, responded to public panic and pressure and appointed Aaron Graham, a Bow Street magistrate, to the inquiry. London newspapers focused on the crimes for some three weeks, and a coroner's inquest was called at The Black Horse, a tavern across from The King's Arms. Turner claimed that he had entered The King's Arms at about 10:40 on the night of 19 December and had gone to his room on the upper floor. He had heard Mrs Williamson lock the door, then heard the front door bang open \"hard\" and Bridget shout, \"We are all murdered!\". Williamson then exclaimed, \"I am a dead man.\" As he lay in bed listening, Turner heard several blows. He also heard someone walking about, but so quietly that he believed their shoes had no nails. (The shoe print outside was made by a shoe with nails.) After a few minutes he left his bed and went to investigate.As Turner crept down the stairs, he heard three drawn-out sighs and saw that a door stood open, with a light shining on the other side. He peered in and caught a glimpse of a man he estimated was six feet tall, wearing a dark flushing coat, leaning over Mrs Williamson and going through her pockets. Turner saw only one man before going back up the stairs. Rather than become a victim as well, he then tied two sheets together in his bedroom and lowered himself out of the house. He knew that Mr Williamson's watch was missing and described it, but could not recall there ever being a crowbar in the tavern like the one found next to the corpse. The conclusion was that it must have been brought there by the killer.Those who had seen the corpses testified and the surgeon who had examined them also gave his report. The jury returned a verdict of willful murder by a person or persons unknown.","title":"Survivor's testimony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Scottish seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Quincey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames-3"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle_(1809_ship)"},{"link_name":"mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Coldbath Fields Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldbath_Fields_Prison"}],"text":"A principal suspect in the murders, John Williams (also known as John Murphy), was a 27-year-old Irish or Scottish seaman and a lodger at The Pear Tree, a public house on Cinnamon Street off the Highway in Old Wapping. Williams' roommate had noticed that he had returned after midnight on the night of the tavern murders. Thomas De Quincey claimed that Williams had been an acquaintance of Timothy Marr, and described him as: \"a man of middle stature, slenderly built, rather thin but wiry, tolerably muscular, and clear of all superfluous flesh. His hair was of the most extraordinary and vivid colour, viz., a bright yellow, something between an orange and a yellow colour\". The Times was more specific: he was five-foot-nine, slender, had a \"pleasing countenance,\" and did not limp. Williams had nursed a grievance against Marr from when they were shipmates, but the subsequent murders at The King's Arms remain unexplained.[3]The Shadwell Police Office examined Williams as well as several other suspects. Williams had two pawn tickets on his person, some silver coins and a pound note. His last voyage had been on Roxburgh Castle, an EIC trading ship, and he had narrowly escaped being part of a failed mutiny attempt. Williams was educated and had a reputation for being honest, as he always paid for his rooms, and was popular with women. He had been seen drinking with at least one other man at The King's Arms shortly before the murders, so he was subjected to an intense interrogation. Williams was of medium height and slight build, so his description in no way matched Turner's description of a large man in a dark flushing coat. He said that he had never denied being at The King's Arms that evening, but the Williamsons considered him a family friend. Mrs Williamson had even touched his face that night in a motherly gesture. What aroused suspicion was Williams' earlier mention that he had no money, although he was seen to have some after the murders. He claimed that he had pawned articles of clothing afterwards, offering the pawn tickets as proof, and that after he had left the tavern that evening he had consulted a surgeon about an old wound, as well as a woman with some knowledge of medicine. No one investigated this alibi or checked the dates on the pawn tickets.Despite his insistence that he was innocent, Williams was remanded to Coldbath Fields Prison, also known as the Clerkenwell Gaol, where another suspect was also incarcerated. The police were still not sure how many men were involved and confined three suspects in all.","title":"Suspect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgehammer"},{"link_name":"Newgate Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newgate_Prison"}],"text":"On 24 December, more than two weeks after the Marr family had been murdered and five days after the killing of the Williamson family, the maul was identified as belonging to a sailor named John Petersen, who was away at sea. The information was volunteered by a Mr Vermiloe, the landlord of The Pear Tree, who was incarcerated in Newgate Prison for debt. Constables searched the premises and found Petersen's trunk, which was missing a maul. Vermiloe recalled that not only had the maul been in the chest, but that he himself had used it and was responsible for chipping it. That was a significant lead. It has been noted that the substantial reward money for information leading to the arrest of the murderers would have cleared Vermiloe's debts.Before an open forum of witnesses that day, Turner was asked if he could identify Williams as the man he had seen standing over Mrs Williamson. He could not, but did state that he knew Williams from earlier visits to the tavern. Williams's laundress was called to see if she had washed any bloody clothing. She said that two weeks earlier she had noticed that one of his shirts was torn and that another had blood on the collar, as if from bloody fingers. She assumed that Williams had been in a fight. She had not washed any clothing for him since before the Williamsons were murdered. Williams claimed that the torn and bloodstained shirts were the result of a brawl after a card game, but he was silenced by the magistrates and returned to prison.The facts in evidence against Williams were that he had had an opportunity to take the maul, that he had money after the murders but not before, that he had returned to his room just after the killer had fled the second crime scene, and that he had had bloody and torn shirts. Although an attempt was made to identify the maul and ascertain whether any of Williams's shirts had blood stains on them, the courts could not assess forensic evidence and gave great weight to eyewitnesses' statements.","title":"Break in the case"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders_-_Procession_to_interment_of_the_supposed_murderer_John_William.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas De Quincey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_of_John_Williams%27_corpse_on_the_death_cart,_published_4_years_after_the_event.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quicklime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicklime"}],"text":"Williams never went to trial. On 28 December he used his scarf to hang himself from an iron bar in his cell. No one discovered this until just before he was to be taken for another hearing before the Shadwell magistrates. An officer announced to the court that the accused was dead and that his body was cold. Williams' suicide surprised everyone who had spoken to him. Several prisoners and a warden said that he had appeared to be in good spirits only the day before, believing that he would soon be exonerated and released. This led to later speculation that Williams was murdered to prevent authorities from looking elsewhere.The hearing continued despite the dead man's inability to defend himself. The Times reported that a secret prison correspondence had been discovered between Williams and one of the other suspects, \"which clearly connects them with the shocking transactions\". Another man who had shared the room at The Pear Tree with Williams said that he had found his own stockings muddied and hidden behind a chest, and concluded that Williams had worn his stockings out that night and got them dirty. He claimed that after he confronted Williams he immediately took them into the yard and washed them. Their landlady confirmed these statements and added that, while the stockings were quite muddy, she had also seen blood on them. She explained that she had not told anyone about this before Williams's death because she feared that he might kill her. A female witness who knew Williams well connected him with a chisel that was proved to have been taken from the same seaman's chest as the maul.The court finally declared Williams guilty of the crimes, taking his suicide as a clear statement of his guilt. The cases against other suspects collapsed and, although Williams had not previously been connected with the murders of the Marr family, he was deemed the sole perpetrator of both.Burial procession of John William [sic], showing the cart stopping before the King's Arms.The Home Secretary was more than happy to agree with the opinion of the bench, and decided that the best way to end the matter was to parade Williams's body through Wapping and Shadwell so that the residents could see that while he had \"cheated the hangman\", he was indeed dead and no longer a menace. The Thames River Police, the Bow Street Mounted Patrol, and local constables and watchmen were ordered to oversee the event.On New Year's Eve, Williams's body was removed from the prison at 11 a.m., with \"an immense concourse of persons\", said to total 180,000, taking part in a procession up the Ratcliffe Highway. When the cart carrying the body drew opposite the Marr family house, the procession halted for nearly a quarter of an hour. A drawing was made that shows, not the slender man described in newspaper accounts, but a stocky labourer. In his pocket was a piece of metal that he had apparently ripped from the prison wall to stab himself with, in the event that he was unsuccessful at hanging himself.When the cart came opposite the late Mr Marr's house a halt was made for nearly a quarter of an hour. ... The procession then advanced to St George's Turnpike, where the New Road [now Commercial Road] is intersected by Cannon Street Road. Those who accompanied the procession arrived at a grave already dug six feet down. The remains of John Williams were tumbled out of the cart and lowered into this hole, and then someone hammered a stake through his heart. — Thomas De QuinceySketch of John Williams' corpse on the death cart, along with the murder implements of pen maul, ripping chisel and iron crowbar. This representation of a stocky labourer was published 4 years after the event and does not match his physical description, that of a slender man. The date of the first murder is also incorrect.Suicides could not be buried in consecrated ground. The stake was meant to keep the restless soul from wandering, while the crossroads were meant to confuse whatever evil ghost arose from the grave. In addition, the grave was deliberately made too small for the body, so that the murderer would feel uncomfortable even in death. Quicklime was added and the pit was covered over. The procession also stopped for ten minutes in front of The King's Arms, where the coachman reportedly whipped the dead man three times across the face.In August 1886, a gas company began to excavate a trench in the area where Williams had been buried. They accidentally unearthed a skeleton, reportedly buried upside down and with the remains of the wooden stake through its torso. \"It was six feet below the surface of the road where Cannon Street Road and Cable Street cross at St George's in the East.\" The landlord of The Crown and Dolphin, a public house at the corner of Cannon Street Road, is said to have retained the skull as a souvenir. The pub has since been renovated and the whereabouts of the skull are currently unknown.","title":"Suicide"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John Williams's arrest would have interested two other people involved: Cornelius Hart and William \"Long Billy\" Ablass.Hart, who had done carpentry work at the Marrs' shop on the day of the murders, claimed to have lost a chisel and made several enquiries about its whereabouts to Marr. Jewell testified that Marr searched his shop that night, but could find no trace of it. When Hart had visited the shop on the morning after the murders, he found the chisel placed in a prominent position and removed it as evidence. Hart always denied any particular dealings with Williams, although other witnesses provided a link between the two. Following Williams's arrest Hart enquired at The Pear Tree whether Williams was being retained in custody.\nAblass was a seaman who had sailed with Williams aboard Roxburgh Castle. He had a history of aggressive behaviour and had been involved in the unsuccessful mutiny aboard the ship, and was placed in confinement afterwards, while Williams was thought to have simply been led astray by his shipmates. Ablass was drinking in company with Williams at The King's Arms on the night of the murders, and was a far better match for Turner's description of the killer. He was also lame, matching the earlier eyewitness description of one of the men running up the Highway after the first murders, and was unable to account for some of his time on the nights of both murders. He was detained as a suspect. When evidence emerged that Marr, Williams and Ablass had all served together as seamen before Marr went into business on his own, it was suggested that there were links, and possibly old scores to settle, between the three.","title":"Some alternative suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Wilson"},{"link_name":"syphilitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"P.D. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.D._James"},{"link_name":"alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"}],"text":"The motive for the Ratcliff Highway Murders has remained a mystery, and a cause for speculation for detectives and crime buffs. Colin Wilson theorised that Williams was syphilitic and harboured a grudge against humanity. P.D. James and Critchley, however, believe that the proceedings were conducted quickly in order to close the case and appease the frightened public. An early eyewitness insisted that the two men seen on the road outside The King's Arms had spoken, and one had called out what sounded like a name, possibly \"Mahoney\" or \"Hughey\". Williams's name did not sound like that, but once he was in custody the report was ignored. Williams had misrepresented himself on occasion and could have been using an alias. Following a lead about two men walking up the street together, who were not proved to have had anything to do with the murders, authorities ignored the facts about the open tavern window and the footprint in the mud outside. James and Critchley believe that it was possible someone else had perpetrated the assaults, making Williams merely a tragic and unfortunate pawn.In January 1812 the authorities still felt a need to prove that Williams had committed the murders. The weapon, either a razor or knife, that was used to cut the throats of the victims, and clearly linked to Williams, became the sought-after piece of evidence. A police officer stated that he had originally found a knife like that in the pocket of Williams's coat, but had not seen it since. Newspaper accounts of this testimony shifted from calling the weapon a razor, which they took from the surgeon's reports, to claiming that the wounds had been clearly made with a sharp knife. Eventually a knife was indeed found, and was said to have blood on it, but whether it had actually belonged to Williams or had been planted in his room to confirm his guilt is still unknown.","title":"Puzzling motivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Murder_Considered_as_one_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Peter Ackroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd"},{"link_name":"Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Leno_and_the_Limehouse_Golem"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"A Study in Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Fergus Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Hume"},{"link_name":"The Mystery of a Hansom Cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_a_Hansom_Cab"},{"link_name":"Alison Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Goodman"},{"link_name":"The Dark Days Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Days_Club"},{"link_name":"G.K. Chesterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.K._Chesterton"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"From Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Hell"},{"link_name":"Sir William Gull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Gull,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"false flag operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag_operation"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morrell"}],"text":"The murders and the murderer are analyzed by Thomas De Quincey in his famous essay On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts (1827). The murders and Charles Horton are featured in Lloyd Shepherd’s historical novel, The English Monster (2012). The murders are featured in Lona Manning’s historical novel, A Marriage of Attachment (2018).The murders are mentioned (albeit with a supernatural element) in KJ Charles’s Magpie Lord series; in Peter Ackroyd's Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem as a motivation of the murderer; in Arthur Conan Doyle’s first Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet; in Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab; in Alison Goodman's novel The Dark Days Club; and in G.K. Chesterton's \"Father Brown\" stories, The Blue Cross and The Mirror of the Magistrate.The murders are repeatedly referenced in Alan Moore's graphic novel From Hell, where Sir William Gull speculates that the murders were a false flag operation of sorts committed by the Freemasons in order to spur on the creation of the modern police force and thus further the organization's authoritarian agenda.The murders provided the backdrop for the first two episodes of the third series of British television drama Whitechapel in 2012. They were also given a fictionalised treatment in Lloyd Shepherd's first novel, The English Monster (2012). The murders are central to the story in David Morrell's thriller, Murder as a Fine Art, published in 2013.","title":"In media and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ratcliff Highway murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ratcliff_Highway_murders"},{"link_name":"James, P.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.D._James"},{"link_name":"The Maul and the Pear Tree: The Ratcliffe Highway Murders, 1811","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maul_and_the_Pear_Tree"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-20282-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-20282-9"},{"link_name":"Peter 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Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"Fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortifications_of_London"},{"link_name":"Scheduled monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_London"},{"link_name":"51°30′33″N 00°03′45″W / 51.50917°N 0.06250°W / 51.50917; -0.06250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ratcliff_Highway_murders&params=51_30_33_N_00_03_45_W_type:landmark_scale:3000"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ratcliff Highway murders.T.A. Critchley & James, P.D., The Maul and the Pear Tree: The Ratcliffe Highway Murders, 1811, 1971; ISBN 0-571-20282-9\nPeter Ackroyd, Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (inspired by the tale of the murders)\nJudith Flanders, The Invention of Murder. HarperPress, 2011; ISBN 978-0-00-724888-9vteHistory of LondonEvolution\nLondinium\nLundenwic\nCity of London\nCity of Westminster\nMiddlesex\nCounty of London\nGreater London\nTimeline\nPeriods\nRoman London\nAnglo-Saxon London\nNorman and Medieval London\nTudor London\nStuart London\n18th-century London\n19th-century London\n1900–1939\nWorld War II (The Blitz)\n1945–2000\n21st century\nEvents\nCoronations\nPeasants' Revolt\nBlack Death\nGreat Plague\nGreat Fire\n1854 cholera outbreak\nGreat Stink\nGreat Exhibition\n1908 Franco-British Exhibition\nThe Battle of Cable Street\nFestival of Britain\nGreat Smog\nAbdication of Edward VIII\nSwinging London\nLondon Plan\n1966 FIFA World Cup final\nHyde Park and Regent's Park bombings\nAnti-war protests\n7/7 bombings\nOlympic Games (1908\n1948\n2012)\n2012 Summer Paralympics\nGrenfell Tower fire\nCOVID-19 pandemic\nGovernment\nHistoric\nMetropolitan Board of Works\nLondon County Council\nGreater London Council\nCurrent\nGreater London Authority\nLondon Assembly\nMayor of London\nPolitics\nPolitical parties\nLabour\nConservatives\nLiberal Democrats\nLondon Green Party\nLondon independence\nServices\nBow Street Runners\nMetropolitan Police\nLondon Ambulance Service\nLondon Fire Brigade\nPort of London Authority\nLondon sewer system\nLondon Underground\nLondon Metropolitan Archives\nCity of London\nCity of London Corporation\nLord Mayor of the City of London\nWards of the City of London\nGuildhall\nLivery Companies\nLord Mayor's Show\nCity of London Police\nBank of England\nStructures\nSt Paul's Cathedral\nTower of London\nPalace of Whitehall\nWestminster Hall\nLondon Bridge\nTower Bridge\nWestminster Abbey\nBig Ben\nThe Monument\nFortifications\nScheduled monuments\n\n Category51°30′33″N 00°03′45″W / 51.50917°N 0.06250°W / 51.50917; -0.06250","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Newspaper sketch of the Marr mercer shop and residence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ratcliff_Highway_Murders_-_newspaper_sketch_of_the_Marr_mercer_shop_and_residence.jpg/220px-Ratcliff_Highway_Murders_-_newspaper_sketch_of_the_Marr_mercer_shop_and_residence.jpg"},{"image_text":"Contemporary newspaper illustration of the pen maul used in the first murders, showing the initials \"IP\" or \"JP\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders%2C_Seaman%27s_Maul_used_in_the_first_murders.jpg/220px-Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders%2C_Seaman%27s_Maul_used_in_the_first_murders.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reward notice for £50 for information regarding the Marr murders. James Gowan, Marr's apprentice, is misidentified as \"Biggs\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders_Reward_poster.jpg/220px-Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders_Reward_poster.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Marr funeral procession on Sunday, 15 December 1811","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ratcliffe_Highway_murders_-_funeral_of_the_Marr_family.jpg/220px-Ratcliffe_Highway_murders_-_funeral_of_the_Marr_family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Newspaper illustration of the escape of John Turner from the second murder scene at the King's Arms.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders%2C_escape_of_John_Turner.jpg/220px-Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders%2C_escape_of_John_Turner.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burial procession of John William [sic], showing the cart stopping before the King's Arms.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders_-_Procession_to_interment_of_the_supposed_murderer_John_William.jpg/220px-Ratcliffe_Highway_Murders_-_Procession_to_interment_of_the_supposed_murderer_John_William.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sketch of John Williams' corpse on the death cart, along with the murder implements of pen maul, ripping chisel and iron crowbar. This representation of a stocky labourer was published 4 years after the event and does not match his physical description, that of a slender man. The date of the first murder is also incorrect.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sketch_of_John_Williams%27_corpse_on_the_death_cart%2C_published_4_years_after_the_event.jpg/220px-Sketch_of_John_Williams%27_corpse_on_the_death_cart%2C_published_4_years_after_the_event.jpg"}]
[{"title":"St George in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_in_the_East"},{"title":"The Highway (London)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highway_(London)"},{"title":"Ratcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratcliff"},{"title":"Wapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping"},{"title":"The Maul and the Pear Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maul_and_the_Pear_Tree"}]
[{"reference":"\"200th Anniversary Of The Ratcliffe Highway Murders\". Londonist. 7 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://londonist.com/2011/12/200th-anniversary-of-the-ratcliffe-highway-murders","url_text":"\"200th Anniversary Of The Ratcliffe Highway Murders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ratcliffe Highway Murders\". Thames Police Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thamespolicemuseum.org.uk/h_ratcliffehighwaymurders_1.html","url_text":"\"Ratcliffe Highway Murders\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFT-1
Exploration Flight Test-1
["1 Objectives","2 Vehicle assembly","3 Flight","4 Launch attempts","5 Post-flight disposition of capsule","6 Gallery","7 References","8 External links"]
2014 unmanned test flight of the Orion spacecraft by NASA "OFT 1" and "EFT 1" redirect here. For other uses, see OFT (disambiguation) and EFT (disambiguation). Exploration Flight Test-1Launch of EFT-1 on December 5, 2014NamesOrion Flight Test-1 (OFT-1)Mission typeUncrewed test flightOperatorNASACOSPAR ID2014-077A SATCAT no.40329Mission duration4 hours, 24 minutesOrbits completed2 Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftOrion CM-001Spacecraft typeOrion MPCVManufacturerLockheed Martin Start of missionLaunch dateDecember 5, 2014, 12:05 (2014-12-05UTC12:05Z) UTC (07:05 EST)RocketDelta IV HeavyLaunch siteCape Canaveral SLC-37BContractorUnited Launch Alliance End of missionRecovered byUSS AnchorageLanding dateDecember 5, 2014, 16:29 (2014-12-05UTC16:30Z) UTCLanding sitePacific Ocean,640 miles (1,030 km) SSE of San Diego23°37′N 114°28′W / 23.61°N 114.46°W / 23.61; -114.46 (EFT-1 splashdown) Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricApogee altitude5,800 kilometres (3,604 mi) Orion program← Pad Abort 1Ascent Abort-2 →  Exploration Flight Test-1 or EFT-1 (previously known as Orion Flight Test 1 or OFT-1) was the first test flight of the crew module portion of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Without a crew, it was launched on December 5, 2014, at 12:05 UTC (7:05 am EST), by a Delta IV Heavy rocket from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. The mission was a four-hour, two-orbit test of the Orion crew module featuring a high apogee on the second orbit and concluding with a high-energy reentry at around 8.9 kilometers per second (20,000 mph). This mission design corresponds to the Apollo 2/3 missions of 1966, which validated the Apollo flight control system and heat shield at re-entry conditions planned for the return from lunar missions. NASA heavily promoted the mission, collaborating with Sesame Street and its characters to educate children about the flight test and the Orion spacecraft. Objectives The flight was intended to test various Orion systems, including separation events, avionics, heat shielding, parachutes, and recovery operations prior to its flight aboard the Space Launch System on the Artemis 1 mission. Artemis 1 launched on November 16, 2022, more than seven years after EFT-1. Vehicle assembly EFT-1 Orion was built by Lockheed Martin. On June 22, 2012, the final welds of the EFT-1 Orion were completed at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was then transported to Kennedy Space Center's Operations and Checkout Building, where the remainder of the spacecraft was completed. The Delta IV rocket was put in a vertical position on October 1, 2014, and Orion was mated with the vehicle on November 11. Flight Mission diagram EFT-1 Rendering of Orion capsule and Delta IV upper-stage during EFT-1 Earth seen from the EFT-1 Orion spacecraft The four-and-a-half-hour flight took the Orion spacecraft on two orbits of Earth. Peak altitude was approximately 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi). The high altitude allowed the spacecraft to reach reentry speeds of up to 8.9 km/s (20,000 mph), which exposed the heat shield to temperatures up to around 2,200 °C (4,000 °F). During the flight, the crew module, a structural representation of the service module, a partial launch abort system containing only the jettison motor, and Orion-to-stage adapter were evaluated. The spacecraft remained attached to the dummy service module on the Delta IV's upper stage until re-entry began and relied on internal batteries for power rather than photovoltaic arrays, which were not contained in the structural representation. Data gathered from the test flight were analyzed by the critical design review (CDR) in April 2015. Time Event L-6:00:00 Orion powered on, mobile service tower retracts. Fueling of Delta IV Heavy begins 0:00:00 Launch window opens (7:05 a.m. EST, 12:05 UTC). EFT-1 launches. 0:01:23 Max Q 0:01:23 Reach Mach 1 0:03:56 Booster separation 0:05:30 First stage MECO (main engine cut-off) 0:05:33 First stage separation 0:05:49 Second stage ignition No. 1 0:06:15 Structural representation of service module fairing jettison 0:06:20 Launch Abort System jettison 0:17:39 SECO No. 1 (second engine cut-off), Orion begins first orbit 1:55:26 Orion completes first orbit, second stage ignition No. 2 2:00:09 SECO No. 2 (second engine cut-off) 2:05:00 Enter first high radiation period 2:20:00 Leave first high radiation period 2:40:00 Reaction control system (RCS) activation 3:05:00 Reach peak altitude (5,800 kilometers/3,600 miles) 3:23:41 Orion separates from service module and second stage, second stage performs disposal burn 3:57:00 Orion positions for reentry 4:13:41 Entry interface 4:20:22 Forward bay cover jettisons, parachute deployment begins (two drogues, three mains) 4:24:46 Splashdown and recovery by the USS Anchorage crew After splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, crews from the USS Anchorage recovered the EFT-1 Orion crew vehicle. Plans were later made to outfit the capsule for an ascent abort test in 2017. Launch attempts Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go (%) Notes 1 4 Dec 2014, 7:05:00 am Hold — Fouled Range A boat entered the launch range. 2 4 Dec 2014, 7:17:00 am Hold 0 days, 0 hours, 12 minutes Weather Gust wind excess speed limit (21 kn or 24 mph or 39 km/h). 3 4 Dec 2014, 7:55:00 am Hold 0 days, 0 hours, 38 minutes Weather Gust wind excess speed limit (21 kn or 24 mph or 39 km/h). 4 4 Dec 2014, 8:26:00 am Hold 0 days, 0 hours, 31 minutes Technical  ​(T-00:03:09) A fuel fill and drain valve did not close. 5 4 Dec 2014, 9:44:00 am Scrubbed 0 days, 1 hour, 18 minutes Technical 24-hour recycle. 6 5 Dec 2014, 7:05:00 am Success 0 days, 21 hours, 21 minutes Post-flight disposition of capsule The Orion capsule used for EFT-1 is now on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, in the "NASA Now" exhibit. Gallery First weld on the EFT-1 Orion structure, September 2011 Orion structure after final weld, June 2012, at the Michoud Assembly Facility Orion's Service Module prior to encapsulation, December 2013, in the Operations and Checkout Building (O&C) EFT-1 Orion Weight and Center of Gravity Test, June 2014 EFT-1 Orion back shell tile installation, September 2014 Completed EFT-1 Orion, September 2014 EFT-1 Orion in fairing and with LES, October 2014 EFT-1 Orion on its Delta IV Heavy, November 2014 The EFT-1 Orion before splashdown, 5 December 2014 Recovery of the EFT-1 Orion by the USS Anchorage, 5 December 2014 Recovery of Orion capsule Recovery of Orion capsule References ^ Rhian, Jason (March 14, 2014). "NASA's EFT-1 Mission Slips to December". SpaceFlight Insider. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2014. ^ Siceloff, Steven (December 5, 2014). "LIFTOFF! Orion Begins New Era in Space Exploration!". Orion. NASA. Retrieved December 7, 2014. ^ Foust, Jeff (December 5, 2014). "Delta 4 Heavy Launches Orion on Second Attempt". SpaceNews. Retrieved February 24, 2023. ^ a b Bergin, Chris (November 14, 2011). "EFT-1 Orion Receives Hatch Door—Denver Orion Ready for Modal Testing". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved November 16, 2011. ^ NASA (November 24, 2014). "Sesame Street Characters 'On Board' as NASA Counts Down to Orion's Test Flight". NASA.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2014. ^ "NASA: Artemis I". NASA. Retrieved September 2, 2022. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (June 26, 2012). "Space-bound Orion capsule to arrive in Florida next week". SpaceFlightNow. Retrieved June 28, 2012. ^ "NASA Unveils Orion During Ceremony". NASA. July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2012. ^ "NASA’s Orion Spacecraft, Rocket Move Closer to First Flight" NASA. Retrieved: 5 October 2014. ^ "Orion Spacecraft Complete" Archived October 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine NASA. Retrieved: 30 October 2014. ^ "Orion Arrives at Launch Pad" NASA. Retrieved: 12 November 2014. ^ a b "Orion First Flight Test – NASA Facts" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved October 10, 2014. ^ "OFT-1: NASA gearing up for Orion's 2013 debut via Delta IV Heavy". August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2011. ^ "EFT-1 September, 2014 launch date "paced" by the Delta IV-H". nasaspaceflight.com. November 7, 2012. ^ NASA. "Orion Exploration Flight Test-1" (PDF). Retrieved December 15, 2014. ^ Stephen Clark (November 23, 2011). "Cracks discovered in Orion capsule's pressure shell". Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011. ^ "Orion EFT-1 flown spacecraft joins display in 'NASA Now' exhibit | collectSPACE". collectSPACE.com. Retrieved September 21, 2020. External links Spaceflight portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exploration Flight Test-1. Orion MPCV homepage (NASA) Archived May 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine EFT-1 Fact sheet (NASA) EFT-1 Press kit (NASA) Animation of the EFT-1 mission (NASA) Video of the launch of EFT-1 – 5 December 2014 (NASA) Video of the landing of the EFT-1 Orion – 5 December 2014 (NASA/U.S. Navy) vteOrion spacecraftComponents Crew module European Service Module Orbital Maneuvering System Programs Artemis Constellation Exploration Ground Systems Launch vehicles Delta IV Heavy Orion Abort Test Booster Space Launch System Precursors or Cancelled Crew Exploration Vehicle Ares V Ares I MissionsAbort tests MLAS (Jul 2009) Pad Abort-1 (May 2010) Ascent Abort-2 (Jul 2019) Uncrewed Ares I-X (Oct 2009) Exploration Flight Test-1 (Dec 2014) Artemis 1 (Nov 2022) Crewed Artemis 2 (2025) Artemis 3 (2026) Artemis 4 (2028) Artemis 5 (2029) Future missions indicated in italics. Category vte← 2013Orbital launches in 20142015 →January GSAT-14 Thaicom 6 CRS Orb-1 (Flock-1 × 28, ArduSat-2, Lituanica SAT-1, LitSat-1, SkyCube, UAPSat-1) TDRS-L February Progress M-22M ABS-2, Athena-Fidus Türksat 4A USA-248 GPM Core, Ginrei, KSAT-2, INVADER, OPUSAT, STARS-II, TeikyoSat-3, ITF-1 March Ekspress AT1, Ekspress AT2 Astra 5B, Amazonas 4A Kosmos 2494 Soyuz TMA-12M Shijian XI-06 April USA-249 / DMSP-5D3 F19 Sentinel-1A IRNSS-1B Progress M-23M Ofek-10 USA-250 EgyptSat 2 SpaceX CRS-3 (KickSat) Luch 5V, KazSat-3 May Kosmos 2495 Ekspress AM4R USA-251 USA-252 Kosmos 2496, Kosmos 2497, Kosmos 2498, Kosmos 2499 ALOS-2, Raijin-2, UNIFORM-1, SOCRATES, SPROUT Eutelsat 3B Soyuz TMA-13M June Kosmos 2500 / GLONASS-M 755 AprizeSat 9, AprizeSat 10, BRITE-Montreal, BRITE-Toronto, BugSat 1, Deimos-2, Hodoyoshi 3, Hodoyoshi 4, KazEOSat 2, Perseus-M1, Perseus-M2, SaudiSat-4, TabletSat-Aurora, UniSat-6 (Lemur-1, Tigrisat), Flock-1c × 11 SPOT 7, CanX-4, CanX-5 July OCO-2 Gonets-M × 3 Meteor-M No.2 O3b × 4 CRS Orb-2 (Flock-1b × 28, TechEdSat-4) Orbcomm-OG2 × 6 Foton-M No.4 Progress M-24M USA-253 / GSSAP 1, USA-254 / GSSAP 2, USA-255 / ANGELS Georges Lemaître ATV August USA-256 AsiaSat 8 Yaogan 20 A, B, C WorldView-3 Gaofen 2, Heweliusz Galileo FOC-1, Galileo FOC-2 September Chuangxin 1-04, Lingqiao AsiaSat 6 Yaogan 21, Tiantuo 2 MEASAT 3b, Optus 10 USA-257 SpaceX CRS-4 Soyuz TMA-14M Olimp-K Shijian XI-07 October Himawari 8 IRNSS-1C ARSAT-1, Intelsat 30 Yaogan 22 Ekspress AM6 Chang'e 5-T1, 4M Shijian 11-08 Cygnus CRS Orb-3† (Arkyd-3†, Flock-1d × 26†) Progress M-25M USA-258 / GPS IIF 8 Meridian 7 November Sasuke, Hodoyoshi 1, Kinshachi 1, Tsukushi, TSUBAME Yaogan 23 Yaogan 24 Kuaizhou 2 Soyuz TMA-15M Kosmos 2501 December Hayabusa2, PROCYON, Shinen 2, DESPATCH Orion EFT-1 DirecTV-14, GSAT-16 CBERS-4 Yaogan 25 A, B, C USA-259 Yamal-401 O3b × 4 (FM9 to FM12) Kondor-E No.2 IPM Kosmos 2502 Resurs-P No.2 Yaogan 26 Astra 2G Fengyun 2-08 Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OFT (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFT_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"EFT (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFT_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"EST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Delta IV Heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"Space Launch Complex 37B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_37"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral Space Force Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"apogee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis"},{"link_name":"reentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_entry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSF2-4"},{"link_name":"Apollo 2/3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-102"},{"link_name":"heat shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shield"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"OFT 1\" and \"EFT 1\" redirect here. For other uses, see OFT (disambiguation) and EFT (disambiguation).Exploration Flight Test-1 or EFT-1 (previously known as Orion Flight Test 1 or OFT-1) was the first test flight of the crew module portion of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Without a crew, it was launched on December 5, 2014, at 12:05 UTC (7:05 am EST), by a Delta IV Heavy rocket from Space Launch Complex 37B at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.[3]The mission was a four-hour, two-orbit test of the Orion crew module featuring a high apogee on the second orbit and concluding with a high-energy reentry at around 8.9 kilometers per second (20,000 mph).[4] This mission design corresponds to the Apollo 2/3 missions of 1966, which validated the Apollo flight control system and heat shield at re-entry conditions planned for the return from lunar missions.NASA heavily promoted the mission, collaborating with Sesame Street and its characters to educate children about the flight test and the Orion spacecraft.[5]","title":"Exploration Flight Test-1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"separation events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistage_rocket#Separation_events"},{"link_name":"avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics"},{"link_name":"heat shielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shield"},{"link_name":"parachutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"Space Launch System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Launch_System"},{"link_name":"Artemis 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The flight was intended to test various Orion systems, including separation events, avionics, heat shielding, parachutes, and recovery operations prior to its flight aboard the Space Launch System on the Artemis 1 mission. Artemis 1 launched on November 16, 2022,[6] more than seven years after EFT-1.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completed-7"},{"link_name":"Michoud Assembly Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-completed-7"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Operations and Checkout Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"EFT-1 Orion was built by Lockheed Martin.[7] On June 22, 2012, the final welds of the EFT-1 Orion were completed at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana.[7] It was then transported to Kennedy Space Center's Operations and Checkout Building, where the remainder of the spacecraft was completed.[8]\nThe Delta IV rocket was put in a vertical position on October 1, 2014, and Orion was mated with the vehicle on November 11.[9][10][11]","title":"Vehicle assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_mission_diagram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_IV_Heavy_on_pad_with_Orion_EFT-1_(KSC-2014-4686).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rendering_of_Orion_Exploration_Flight_Test_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_from_NASA%27s_Orion_spacecraft_-_signpost_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSF2-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"crew module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)#Crew_Module"},{"link_name":"service module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Service_Module"},{"link_name":"launch abort system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_abort_modes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"photovoltaic arrays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_array"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSF1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nasaspaceflight-14"},{"link_name":"USS Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Anchorage_(LPD-23)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Mission diagramEFT-1Rendering of Orion capsule and Delta IV upper-stage during EFT-1Earth seen from the EFT-1 Orion spacecraftThe four-and-a-half-hour flight took the Orion spacecraft on two orbits of Earth. Peak altitude was approximately 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi). The high altitude allowed the spacecraft to reach reentry speeds of up to 8.9 km/s (20,000 mph), which exposed the heat shield to temperatures up to around 2,200 °C (4,000 °F).[4][12]During the flight, the crew module, a structural representation of the service module, a partial launch abort system containing only the jettison motor, and Orion-to-stage adapter were evaluated.[12] The spacecraft remained attached to the dummy service module on the Delta IV's upper stage until re-entry began and relied on internal batteries for power rather than photovoltaic arrays, which were not contained in the structural representation.[13] Data gathered from the test flight were analyzed by the critical design review (CDR) in April 2015.[14]After splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, crews from the USS Anchorage recovered the EFT-1 Orion crew vehicle. Plans were later made to outfit the capsule for an ascent abort test in 2017.[16]","title":"Flight"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Launch attempts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Orion capsule used for EFT-1 is now on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, in the \"NASA Now\" exhibit.[17]","title":"Post-flight disposition of capsule"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_wield_of_first_space_bound_Orion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michoud Assembly Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_SM_encapsulated.jpg"},{"link_name":"Operations and Checkout Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_Weight_and_Center_of_Gravity_Test.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_back_shell_tile_installation.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion%27s_First_Crew_Module_Complete.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_in_fairing_and_with_mock-LAS.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_is_ready_for_first_flight.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_Exploration_Flight_Test-1_crew_module_before_splashdown_2014.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_recovery.2.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Anchorage_(LPD-23)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_recovery.3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EFT-1_Orion_recovery.5.jpg"}],"text":"First weld on the EFT-1 Orion structure, September 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrion structure after final weld, June 2012, at the Michoud Assembly Facility\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrion's Service Module prior to encapsulation, December 2013, in the Operations and Checkout Building (O&C)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEFT-1 Orion Weight and Center of Gravity Test, June 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEFT-1 Orion back shell tile installation, September 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCompleted EFT-1 Orion, September 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEFT-1 Orion in fairing and with LES, October 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEFT-1 Orion on its Delta IV Heavy, November 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe EFT-1 Orion before splashdown, 5 December 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRecovery of the EFT-1 Orion by the USS Anchorage, 5 December 2014\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRecovery of Orion capsule\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRecovery of Orion capsule","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Mission diagram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EFT-1_mission_diagram.jpg/220px-EFT-1_mission_diagram.jpg"},{"image_text":"EFT-1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Delta_IV_Heavy_on_pad_with_Orion_EFT-1_%28KSC-2014-4686%29.jpg/220px-Delta_IV_Heavy_on_pad_with_Orion_EFT-1_%28KSC-2014-4686%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rendering of Orion capsule and Delta IV upper-stage during EFT-1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rendering_of_Orion_Exploration_Flight_Test_1.jpg/220px-Rendering_of_Orion_Exploration_Flight_Test_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Earth seen from the EFT-1 Orion spacecraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Earth_from_NASA%27s_Orion_spacecraft_-_signpost_crop.jpg/220px-Earth_from_NASA%27s_Orion_spacecraft_-_signpost_crop.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Rhian, Jason (March 14, 2014). \"NASA's EFT-1 Mission Slips to December\". SpaceFlight Insider. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513165319/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/nasas-eft-1-mission-slips-december/","url_text":"\"NASA's EFT-1 Mission Slips to December\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpaceFlight_Insider&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"SpaceFlight Insider"},{"url":"http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/nasas-eft-1-mission-slips-december/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siceloff, Steven (December 5, 2014). \"LIFTOFF! Orion Begins New Era in Space Exploration!\". Orion. NASA. Retrieved December 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.nasa.gov/orion/2014/12/05/liftoff-orion-begins-new-era-in-space-exploration/","url_text":"\"LIFTOFF! Orion Begins New Era in Space Exploration!\""}]},{"reference":"Foust, Jeff (December 5, 2014). \"Delta 4 Heavy Launches Orion on Second Attempt\". SpaceNews. Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/delta-4-heavy-launches-orion-second-attempt/","url_text":"\"Delta 4 Heavy Launches Orion on Second Attempt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceNews","url_text":"SpaceNews"}]},{"reference":"Bergin, Chris (November 14, 2011). \"EFT-1 Orion Receives Hatch Door—Denver Orion Ready for Modal Testing\". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved November 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/11/eft-1-orion-hatch-door-orion-modal-testing","url_text":"\"EFT-1 Orion Receives Hatch Door—Denver Orion Ready for Modal Testing\""}]},{"reference":"NASA (November 24, 2014). \"Sesame Street Characters 'On Board' as NASA Counts Down to Orion's Test Flight\". NASA.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/content/sesame-street-characters-on-board-with-orion/#.VIN40THF-4k","url_text":"\"Sesame Street Characters 'On Board' as NASA Counts Down to Orion's Test Flight\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA: Artemis I\". NASA. Retrieved September 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i/index.html","url_text":"\"NASA: Artemis I\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Stephen (June 26, 2012). \"Space-bound Orion capsule to arrive in Florida next week\". SpaceFlightNow. Retrieved June 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1206/26orion/","url_text":"\"Space-bound Orion capsule to arrive in Florida next week\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Unveils Orion During Ceremony\". NASA. July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_arrival.html","url_text":"\"NASA Unveils Orion During Ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orion First Flight Test – NASA Facts\" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved October 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/fs-2014-08-005-jsc-orion-eft-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Orion First Flight Test – NASA Facts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"\"OFT-1: NASA gearing up for Orion's 2013 debut via Delta IV Heavy\". August 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615185234/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/oft-1-nasa-orions-2013-debut-via-delta-iv-heavy/","url_text":"\"OFT-1: NASA gearing up for Orion's 2013 debut via Delta IV Heavy\""},{"url":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/oft-1-nasa-orions-2013-debut-via-delta-iv-heavy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EFT-1 September, 2014 launch date \"paced\" by the Delta IV-H\". nasaspaceflight.com. November 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/11/eft-1-september-2014-launch-paced-delta-ivh","url_text":"\"EFT-1 September, 2014 launch date \"paced\" by the Delta IV-H\""}]},{"reference":"NASA. \"Orion Exploration Flight Test-1\" (PDF). Retrieved December 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/663703main_flighttest1_fs_051812.pdf","url_text":"\"Orion Exploration Flight Test-1\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Clark (November 23, 2011). \"Cracks discovered in Orion capsule's pressure shell\". Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/23eft1cracks/","url_text":"\"Cracks discovered in Orion capsule's pressure shell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orion EFT-1 flown spacecraft joins display in 'NASA Now' exhibit | collectSPACE\". collectSPACE.com. Retrieved September 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041317a-orion-eft1-kennedy-display.html","url_text":"\"Orion EFT-1 flown spacecraft joins display in 'NASA Now' exhibit | collectSPACE\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-077A","external_links_name":"2014-077A"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Exploration_Flight_Test-1&params=23.61_N_114.46_W_type:event&title=EFT-1+splashdown","external_links_name":"23°37′N 114°28′W / 23.61°N 114.46°W / 23.61; -114.46 (EFT-1 splashdown)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513165319/http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/nasas-eft-1-mission-slips-december/","external_links_name":"\"NASA's EFT-1 Mission Slips to December\""},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/nasas-eft-1-mission-slips-december/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blogs.nasa.gov/orion/2014/12/05/liftoff-orion-begins-new-era-in-space-exploration/","external_links_name":"\"LIFTOFF! Orion Begins New Era in Space Exploration!\""},{"Link":"https://spacenews.com/delta-4-heavy-launches-orion-second-attempt/","external_links_name":"\"Delta 4 Heavy Launches Orion on Second Attempt\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/11/eft-1-orion-hatch-door-orion-modal-testing","external_links_name":"\"EFT-1 Orion Receives Hatch Door—Denver Orion Ready for Modal Testing\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/content/sesame-street-characters-on-board-with-orion/#.VIN40THF-4k","external_links_name":"\"Sesame Street Characters 'On Board' as NASA Counts Down to Orion's Test Flight\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i/index.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA: Artemis I\""},{"Link":"http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1206/26orion/","external_links_name":"\"Space-bound Orion capsule to arrive in Florida next week\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_arrival.html","external_links_name":"\"NASA Unveils Orion During Ceremony\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-s-orion-spacecraft-rocket-move-closer-to-first-flight/","external_links_name":"\"NASA’s Orion Spacecraft, Rocket Move Closer to First Flight\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-s-orion-spacecraft-complete-media-invited-to-learn-more-about-its-first/index.html#.VFN0474_ypc","external_links_name":"\"Orion Spacecraft Complete\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141031010641/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-s-orion-spacecraft-complete-media-invited-to-learn-more-about-its-first/index.html#.VFN0474_ypc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-s-orion-spacecraft-arrives-at-launch-pad-hoisted-onto-rocket-ahead-of-its/index.html#.VGPgML4_ypc","external_links_name":"\"Orion Arrives at Launch Pad\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/fs-2014-08-005-jsc-orion-eft-final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Orion First Flight Test – NASA Facts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615185234/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/oft-1-nasa-orions-2013-debut-via-delta-iv-heavy/","external_links_name":"\"OFT-1: NASA gearing up for Orion's 2013 debut via Delta IV Heavy\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/08/oft-1-nasa-orions-2013-debut-via-delta-iv-heavy/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/11/eft-1-september-2014-launch-paced-delta-ivh","external_links_name":"\"EFT-1 September, 2014 launch date \"paced\" by the Delta IV-H\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/663703main_flighttest1_fs_051812.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Orion Exploration Flight Test-1\""},{"Link":"http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/23eft1cracks/","external_links_name":"\"Cracks discovered in Orion capsule's pressure shell\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041317a-orion-eft1-kennedy-display.html","external_links_name":"\"Orion EFT-1 flown spacecraft joins display in 'NASA Now' exhibit | collectSPACE\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/index.html","external_links_name":"Orion MPCV homepage (NASA)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527030459/http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/663703main_flighttest1_fs_051812.pdf","external_links_name":"EFT-1 Fact sheet (NASA)"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/JSC_OrionEFT-1_PressKit_accessible.pdf","external_links_name":"EFT-1 Press kit (NASA)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A3-gsHP4cA","external_links_name":"Animation of the EFT-1 mission (NASA)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Hn8qnsucwo","external_links_name":"Video of the launch of EFT-1 – 5 December 2014 (NASA)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoItSvCBN0U","external_links_name":"Video of the landing of the EFT-1 Orion – 5 December 2014 (NASA/U.S. Navy)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Baldwyn
Charles Baldwyn
["1 References"]
British politician (1729–1801) Charles Baldwyn (1729–1801) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1766 to 1780. Baldwyn was the son of Charles Baldwyn of Bockleton and his wife Elizabeth Allgood, daughter of John Allgood of Newcastle upon Tyne and was baptized on 29 September 1729. He matriculated at St Mary Hall, Oxford in 1747. In April 1751 his father died and he succeeded to the estates. He married Catherine Childe, daughter of William Lacon Childe, MP for Shropshire on 14 May 1752. The Baldwyns were old Shropshire gentry and several generations of the family had sat in Parliament for Ludlow. Baldwyn was elected Member of Parliament for Shropshire in an by-election on 8 May 1766 which was uncontested after a threat of Whig opposition. He was the choice of the Shropshire Tories and of Lord Powis, a ministerialist by preference under George II and George III. Baldwyn was re-elected unopposed in 1768 and 1774. In 1779, at the end of his parliamentary career, The Public Ledger published a character sketch of him as ‘A puzzle-headed country gentleman, of Tory principles. Votes constantly with the minister, and avers that Kings and Governments, let their actions be what they will, must and ought to be supported. The extent of his compliance with Governments is somewhat exaggerated On matters about which the country gentlemen felt strongly, Baldwyn would go against the Government. Less than a dozen speeches by him are recorded during his 14 years in Parliament. Baldwyn did not stand in 1780 by which time his financial position was precarious. He received a secret service pension but it is uncertain how long he had it but payments are mentioned between March 1779 and July 1780. On 27 Aug. 1782 Baldwyn wrote to Shelburne, then First Lord of the Treasury: I little thought I should be under the necessity of ever becoming so humble a petitioner being disappointed of assistance where I had the greatest reason to expect it, I have no prospect of being able to extricate myself from my difficulties, or even preserve my liberty, unless I obtain some relief from Government though an advocate for public economy, I am persuaded you wish to encourage such acts of royal benevolence, as are unmixed with corruption. He enclosed a printed leaflet of three pages, Case of Charles Baldwyn, Esq. He claimed to have ruined himself for the sake of his eldest son, who now refused to come to his financial rescue. The story is unconvincing: it is one of bad bargains with every member of the family he had to deal with; and while denying that he had gambled, he admits having speculated: he purchased ‘estates when land sold very dear’; borrowed money ‘the interest whereof is since raised’; and afterwards was ‘under a necessity of selling estates very cheap’. Still, he claims that, while he ‘impaired his finances he has served his son to whose welfare indeed he had in a great measure sacrificed his own fortune, his liberty, all the comforts of life, and perhaps his life itself, for as he finds his health much injured, he doubts not but his existence will be shortened by his uneasiness of mind.’ Baldwyn died on 28 September 1801. References ^ a b c d "BALDWYN, Charles (1729-1801), of Bockleton, Salop". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 5 October 2017. Parliament of Great Britain Preceded bySir John AstleyRichard Lyster Member of Parliament for Shropshire 1766–1780 With: Sir John Astley 1766-1772Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn 1772-1774Noel Hill 1774-1780 Succeeded byNoel HillSir Richard Hill Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Bockleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockleton"},{"link_name":"St Mary Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"William Lacon Childe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lacon_Childe"},{"link_name":"Ludlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-1"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1768_British_general_election"},{"link_name":"1774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774_British_general_election"},{"link_name":"The Public Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_Ledger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-1"},{"link_name":"1780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1780_British_general_election"},{"link_name":"First Lord of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-1"}],"text":"Charles Baldwyn (1729–1801) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1766 to 1780.Baldwyn was the son of Charles Baldwyn of Bockleton and his wife Elizabeth Allgood, daughter of John Allgood of Newcastle upon Tyne and was baptized on 29 September 1729. He matriculated at St Mary Hall, Oxford in 1747. In April 1751 his father died and he succeeded to the estates. He married Catherine Childe, daughter of William Lacon Childe, MP for Shropshire on 14 May 1752. The Baldwyns were old Shropshire gentry and several generations of the family had sat in Parliament for Ludlow.[1]Baldwyn was elected Member of Parliament for Shropshire in an by-election on 8 May 1766 which was uncontested after a threat of Whig opposition. He was the choice of the Shropshire Tories and of Lord Powis, a ministerialist by preference under George II and George III. Baldwyn was re-elected unopposed in 1768 and 1774. In 1779, at the end of his parliamentary career, The Public Ledger published a character sketch of him as ‘A puzzle-headed country gentleman, of Tory principles. Votes constantly with the minister, and avers that Kings and Governments, let their actions be what they will, must and ought to be supported. The extent of his compliance with Governments is somewhat exaggerated On matters about which the country gentlemen felt strongly, Baldwyn would go against the Government. Less than a dozen speeches by him are recorded during his 14 years in Parliament.[1]Baldwyn did not stand in 1780 by which time his financial position was precarious. He received a secret service pension but it is uncertain how long he had it but payments are mentioned between March 1779 and July 1780. On 27 Aug. 1782 Baldwyn wrote to Shelburne, then First Lord of the Treasury:I little thought I should be under the necessity of ever becoming so humble a petitioner [...] being disappointed of assistance where I had the greatest reason to expect it, I have no prospect of being able to extricate myself from my difficulties, or even preserve my liberty, unless I [...] obtain some relief from Government [...] though an advocate for public economy, I am persuaded you wish to encourage such acts of royal benevolence, as are unmixed with corruption. [...]He enclosed a printed leaflet of three pages, Case of Charles Baldwyn, Esq. He claimed to have ruined himself for the sake of his eldest son, who now refused to come to his financial rescue. The story is unconvincing: it is one of bad bargains with every member of the family he had to deal with; and while denying that he had gambled, he admits having speculated: he purchased ‘estates when land sold very dear’; borrowed money ‘the interest whereof is since raised’; and afterwards was ‘under a necessity of selling estates very cheap’. Still, he claims that, while he ‘impaired his finances [...] he has served his son to whose welfare indeed he had in a great measure sacrificed his own fortune, his liberty, all the comforts of life, and perhaps his life itself, for as he finds his health much injured, he doubts not but his existence will be shortened by his uneasiness of mind.’[1]Baldwyn died on 28 September 1801.[1]","title":"Charles Baldwyn"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BALDWYN, Charles (1729-1801), of Bockleton, Salop\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 5 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/baldwyn-charles-1729-1801","url_text":"\"BALDWYN, Charles (1729-1801), of Bockleton, Salop\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_and_the_Invisible_World
Ebenezer and the Invisible World
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2023 video gameEbenezer and the Invisible WorldDeveloper(s) Play on Worlds Orbit Studio Publisher(s)Play on WorldsEngineUnityPlatform(s) Nintendo Switch PlayStation 4 PlayStation 5 Windows Xbox One Xbox Series X/S ReleaseWW: November 3, 2023Genre(s)MetroidvaniaMode(s)Single-player Ebenezer and the Invisible World is a Metroidvania video game developed by Play on Worlds and Orbit Studio. Play on Worlds published it in November 2023. Gameplay After the events of A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by a ghost who requests his help in stopping an greedy industrialist. Ebenezer and the Invisible World is a Metroidvania game in which players gather items and power-ups, fight evil ghosts, and attempt to save the poor people of London. Development Play on Worlds released Ebenezer and the Invisible World for Windows, PlayStation 4 and 5, Xbox One and Series X/S, and Switch on November 3, 2023. Reception Ebenezer and the Invisible World received mixed reviews on Metacritic. Shacknews said its "execution falls short on nearly all fronts". Although they liked the art, they said it made the hitboxes difficult to detect, and they felt the generous amount of power-ups meant that combat was too easy. They also felt the gameplay was too derivative and the story lacked characterization for Scrooge. Nintendo World enjoyed the combat and platform elements, but they encountered many bugs on the Switch, which they said ruined their experience. Push Square likewise recommended against the game based on bugs, though they praised the story and art. References ^ Saver, Michael; Pung, Julia; Stanton, Devon (2024-01-04). "Made with Unity: 2023 in review". Unity Technologies. Retrieved 2024-01-13. ^ a b Tan, Nick (2023-11-02). "Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review: Bah, humbug!". Shacknews. Retrieved 2024-01-14. ^ Romano, Sal (2023-08-31). "Ebenezer and the Invisible World launches November 3". Gematsu. Retrieved 2024-01-14. ^ "Ebenezer and the Invisible World". Metacritic. Retrieved 2024-01-14. ^ Cannon, Trent (2023-11-03). "Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review (Switch eShop)". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2024-01-14. ^ Fitzgerald, Simon (2023-11-03). "Mini Review: Ebenezer and the Invisible World (PS4) - Gorgeous Metroidvania Burdened by (Bah Hum)bugs". Push Square. Retrieved 2024-01-14. External links Official website vteCharles Dickens's A Christmas CarolCharacters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Tiny Tim Jacob Marley Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Films Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901) A Christmas Carol (1908) A Christmas Carol (1910) Scrooge (1913) The Right to Be Happy (1916) Scrooge (1935) A Christmas Carol (1938) Scrooge (1951) It's Never Too Late (1953) A Christmas Carol (1960) Scrooge (1970) A Christmas Carol (1971) An American Christmas Carol (1979) Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) Scrooged (1988) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) A Christmas Carol (1997) Christmas Carol: The Movie (2001) A Carol Christmas (2003) Springtime with Roo (2004) Chasing Christmas (2005) A Christmas Carol (2006) An American Carol (2008) Barbie in a Christmas Carol (2008) Ghosts of Girlfriends Past (2009) A Christmas Carol (2009) The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol (2011) Scrooge & Marley (2012) A Christmas Carol (2020) Spirited (2022) Scrooge: A Christmas Carol (2022) Television The Christmas Carol (1949) A Christmas Carol (1954) Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962) Carol for Another Christmas (1964) A Special Sesame Street Christmas (1978) The Stingiest Man in Town (1978) Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol (1979) Rich Little's Christmas Carol (1979) A Christmas Carol (1982) A Christmas Carol (1984) Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988) A Flintstones Christmas Carol (1994) Ebbie (1995) Ms. Scrooge (1997) An All Dogs Christmas Carol (1998) Ebenezer (1998) A Christmas Carol (1999) A Diva's Christmas Carol (2000) A Christmas Carol (2000) A Christmas Carol (2004) An Easter Carol (2004) Karroll's Christmas (2004) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Nan's Christmas Carol (2009) "A Christmas Carol" (Doctor Who) (2010) It's Christmas, Carol! (2012) Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale (2013) A Hearth's Warming Tail (2016) A Christmas Carol (2019) Musicals Scrooge (1992) A Christmas Carol (1994) Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge (2002) Plays A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future (1844) A Christmas Carol (1988) Fellow Passengers (2004) A Klingon Christmas Carol (2007) A Christmas Carol (2017) A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story (2021) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol (2009) Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (2011) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman: Noël (comic) "Green Chri$tma$" (single) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins (2005 musical) The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017 film) Ebenezer and the Invisible World (video game) Related John Leech (illustrator) List of Christmas films
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metroidvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroidvania"}],"text":"Ebenezer and the Invisible World is a Metroidvania video game developed by Play on Worlds and Orbit Studio. Play on Worlds published it in November 2023.","title":"Ebenezer and the Invisible World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Scrooge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge"},{"link_name":"Metroidvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroidvania"},{"link_name":"power-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shacknews-2"}],"text":"After the events of A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by a ghost who requests his help in stopping an greedy industrialist. Ebenezer and the Invisible World is a Metroidvania game in which players gather items and power-ups, fight evil ghosts, and attempt to save the poor people of London.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Play on Worlds released Ebenezer and the Invisible World for Windows, PlayStation 4 and 5, Xbox One and Series X/S, and Switch on November 3, 2023.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shacknews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews"},{"link_name":"hitboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitbox"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shacknews-2"},{"link_name":"Nintendo World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_World"},{"link_name":"platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ebenezer and the Invisible World received mixed reviews on Metacritic.[4] Shacknews said its \"execution falls short on nearly all fronts\". Although they liked the art, they said it made the hitboxes difficult to detect, and they felt the generous amount of power-ups meant that combat was too easy. They also felt the gameplay was too derivative and the story lacked characterization for Scrooge.[2] Nintendo World enjoyed the combat and platform elements, but they encountered many bugs on the Switch, which they said ruined their experience.[5] Push Square likewise recommended against the game based on bugs, though they praised the story and art.[6]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Saver, Michael; Pung, Julia; Stanton, Devon (2024-01-04). \"Made with Unity: 2023 in review\". Unity Technologies. Retrieved 2024-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.unity.com/games/made-with-unity-2023-review","url_text":"\"Made with Unity: 2023 in review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Technologies","url_text":"Unity Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Nick (2023-11-02). \"Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review: Bah, humbug!\". Shacknews. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/137619/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world-review-bah-humbug","url_text":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review: Bah, humbug!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"}]},{"reference":"Romano, Sal (2023-08-31). \"Ebenezer and the Invisible World launches November 3\". Gematsu. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gematsu.com/2023/08/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world-launches-november-3","url_text":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World launches November 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world/","url_text":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Cannon, Trent (2023-11-03). \"Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review (Switch eShop)\". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world","url_text":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review (Switch eShop)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Simon (2023-11-03). \"Mini Review: Ebenezer and the Invisible World (PS4) - Gorgeous Metroidvania Burdened by (Bah Hum)bugs\". Push Square. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world","url_text":"\"Mini Review: Ebenezer and the Invisible World (PS4) - Gorgeous Metroidvania Burdened by (Bah Hum)bugs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://blog.unity.com/games/made-with-unity-2023-review","external_links_name":"\"Made with Unity: 2023 in review\""},{"Link":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/137619/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world-review-bah-humbug","external_links_name":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review: Bah, humbug!\""},{"Link":"https://www.gematsu.com/2023/08/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world-launches-november-3","external_links_name":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World launches November 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world/","external_links_name":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world","external_links_name":"\"Ebenezer and the Invisible World Review (Switch eShop)\""},{"Link":"https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/ebenezer-and-the-invisible-world","external_links_name":"\"Mini Review: Ebenezer and the Invisible World (PS4) - Gorgeous Metroidvania Burdened by (Bah Hum)bugs\""},{"Link":"https://www.ebenezerinvisibleworld.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_and_Marina
Pearl and Marina
["1 Concept and design","2 Appearances","3 Merchandise and promotion","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
Fictional pop duo in the Splatoon series Fictional character Pearl and MarinaSplatoon charactersConcept art for Pearl (left) and Marina (right)First appearanceSplatoon 2 (2017)Created byRina HondaVoiced byRina Itou (Pearl)Alice Peralta (Marina)In-universe informationFull namePearl HouzukiMarina IdaSpeciesInkling (Pearl)Octoling (Marina) Pearl and Marina are a duo of characters from the Splatoon video game series. They were first introduced in Splatoon 2 (2017) as members of a pop music act known as Off the Hook (テンタクルズ, Tentakuruzu, "Tentacles" in Japanese), who perform a variety of songs which is utilized as in-game music. The characters are also used by the developers to convey content updates and announcements to players of Splatoon 2. Pearl and Marina are voiced by voice actresses Rina Itou and Alice Peralta, respectively. They perform both the spoken dialogue as well as the tracks that their characters sing through a voice changer effect. Both characters have received a generally positive reception, with some critics identifying them as key elements of Splatoon 2 which drew significant fan interest. Concept and design Pearl and Marina were created for the video game Splatoon 2 by Nintendo artist Rina Honda. Marina's full name is revealed by her and Pearl's chat log in Octo Expansion to be Marina Ida, while her full name in Japanese is Iida Marine (イイダ・マリネ). Pearl's full name is revealed by Marina in her dev diary in Side Order to be Pearl Houzuki, while her full Japanese name is revealed to be Hōzuki Hime (ホウズキ・ヒメ) in the Octotune Soundtrack booklet. Within the fictional Splatoon universe, Pearl and Marina are members of two species of sapient terrestrial cephalopods: Pearl, an Inkling, is 21 at the time of Splatoon 2, while Marina, an Octoling, is 18. Before the duo's character designs were finalized, Pearl was originally designed as an Octoling, which gives off more of a similarity to Callie and Marie of the Squid Sisters. She was later redesigned as an Inkling and was made shorter to contrast said similarities. Appearances Pearl and Marina appear in Splatoon 2, serving as the idols of Inkopolis News that introduce competitive modes and updates to the multiplayer, replacing Callie and Marie from the first game. The two were separate artists, before they decided to get together, forming the band "Off the Hook". During the events of the final boss in the original Splatoon, Marina was an observer of Agent 3's battle against DJ Octavio. She soon deserted her race after hearing the Squid Sisters' song, Calamari Inkantation, saying: "This changes everything." Pearl and Marina later appear in the paid downloadable content expansion Octo Expansion, where they communicate with the player-character Agent 8, an amnesiac Octoling. The player is able to read text chats between Pearl, Marina and the character Cap'n Cuttlefish, learning more about all three. Pearl and Marina aid Agent 8 in getting to the surface area and assist in the final battle against the Telephone, who wishes to destroy the Inkling and Octoling species. Marina helps strategize the fight, and Pearl uses her Killer Wail attack to defeat it. The duo initially appear in Splatoon 3 as musicians in a new musical unit known as Damp Socks feat. Off the Hook with Pearl and Marina providing vocals for the band's music. Pearl and Marina feature in more prominent roles in Wave 2 of the game's Expansion Pass, Side Order. Agent 8 wakes up in a virtual world version of Inkopolis Square with Pearl, who takes the form of a drone that assists Agent 8 in combat. After rescuing Marina, the creator of this virtual world, in the expansion's intro, the group team up with Acht, an old friend of Marina's who first appeared in Octo Expansion, and set out to defeat Order, the entity who has hijacked the world from Marina. Later, after completing the Spire for the first time, you unlock the option to travel to Inkopolis Square, where Pearl and Marina can be seen there as part of decoration. Similarly to the Squid Sisters in the unlockable "Inkopolis Plaza" area in Wave 1, Pearl and Marina continue to perform for each Splatfest in the Square. Merchandise and promotion A two-pack amiibo set was released on July 13, 2018, featuring Pearl and Marina. Pearl and Marina received Sanrio-based plush toys of themselves. Pearl and Marina performed in a virtual concert as part of the Splatoon European Championship. They later had a virtual concert at NicoNico Chokaigi 2018 where they performed the theme song of Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion, Nasty Majesty, which is the first time the song had been performed in full before. In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, they appear as a collectible Spirit together. Reception Pearl and Marina quickly became fan favorites after being revealed, receiving a number of fan works based on them. Polygon writer Allegra Frank and Destructoid writer Chris Moyse noted that Pearl was gremlin-like, which caused her to be more divisive than Marina who Frank said was "categorically beloved." Frank suggested that the divisiveness is due to the desire by Marina fans to "pump Marina up" as well as Pearl's attitude. She notes however that over time she had begun to grow in popularity, due in part to a rise in fan art of her. Moyse disagreed with the earlier assessment of Pearl, calling her "Queen of the World." Writer Jess Joho suggested that Marina's higher degree of popularity stems from her more revealing clothing and Pearl's younger appearance. Paste Magazine's Holly Green included Pearl and Marina in her list of the best new game characters of 2017. She was initially worried about whether they would be superior to Callie and Marie, but found herself enjoying them nonetheless. She felt that Marina was a better character than Pearl due to Pearl's eagerness and arrogance, but noted that an "effective frontwoman" needs those traits. She challenges readers to name a more iconic duo than them. Despite Electronic Gaming Monthly's Mollie L. Patterson love for Callie and Marie, she grew to prefer Pearl and Marina, and eventually came to appreciate Pearl as much as Marina. She also praised the chemistry and songs of the duo. Digital Trends' Gabe Gurwin noted that their popularity came from Marina's "cheery personality" and design and Pearl's "gangsta-rap chops." Pearl and Marina were included on a Digital Trends list of the 10 characters they would like to see in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. They were also included in Geek.com writer Will Greenwald's list of female characters he would like in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, noting that he liked them both equally despite Marina being a fan favorite over Pearl. Kotaku writer Heather Alexandra felt that Marina was "ruining" Splatfests for them due to Alexandra's inclination to pick a team not based on what they preferred, but rather on what team Marina was on. They stated that they like both, but Marina is "god tier." Electronic Gaming Monthly staff noted that Marina is "EGM's official queen" and that they would win every Splatfest for her. Writer Alex Perry suggested that Marina's side in the Splatfests would win due to how popular she is. Writer Jonathan Holmes praised Marina as being a good character for people of color (POC) to see themselves in as well as the first leading female POC Nintendo character. He also suggested that her being an Octoling, which he calls a minority group in Splatoon, enhances this. He also praised the design for not falling into tropes such as giving POC characters white hair. Geek.com writer Jordan Minor included Marina in his list of his favorite black Nintendo characters. Hardcore Gamer's Kirsten Swalley wished to have learned more about Marina's backstory and why she was a part of Inkopolis despite being an Octoling, and expressed an interest in a game that explored this. The outfits worn by Pearl and Marina in Octo Expansion were speculated by fans and critics to be in reference to rappers The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur, including US Gamer and Complex. When asked for clarification, Nogami chose to be mum on the issue, feeling that answering the question would take away from the mystery. The relationship between Pearl and Marina has been subject to debate, with some people claiming that they are in a romantic relationship while others feel it is just a friendship. Writer Patricia Hernandez felt that the writing in the final Splatfest was leaning towards a romantic relationship but that it was vague enough to allow for either interpretation. References ^ a b "シリーズ累計販売約1000万本突破、『スプラトゥーン』の世界観全体のデザインを担う". Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2020-07-11. ^ a b c Reseigh-Lincoln, Dom (July 11, 2018). "Video: See The Voices Behind Pearl And Marina Laying Down Some Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion Tunes". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Ramos, Jeff (2017-07-06). "Splatoon 2's new hosts, Pearl and Marina, are already fan favorites". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-03-16. ^ Iggy (July 6, 2018). "Splatoon 2 Octotune Soundtrack Reveals Marina and Pearl's Full Names". NintendoSoup. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Vogel, Mitch (November 30, 2017). "Nintendo Reveals the Ages of Pearl and Marina". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ "Splatoon 2 art book shows Off the Hook's Pearl as an Octoling - and more!". Nintendo Wire. 2017-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-03-01. ^ Reseigh-Lincoln, Dom (March 13, 2018). "You Can Pre-Order the Splatoon 2 Pearl And Marina Amiibo Two Pack Right Now". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Marrujo, Robert (February 8, 2019). "Splatoon 2 x Hello Kitty Plush Inbound". Nintendojo. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Khan, Asif (April 13, 2018). "Off the Hook Performs Live Concert at Splatoon European Championship". Shack News. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Wong, Alistair (April 29, 2018). "Off The Hook Debuts Splatoon 2 Octo Expansion's Main Theme At NicoNico Chokaigi 2018". Siliconera. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019. ^ Hernández, David (December 21, 2018). "Todos los espíritus en Super Smash Bros Ultimate". Hobby Consolas. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2024. ^ Ramos, Jeff (July 6, 2017). "Splatoon 2's new hosts, Pearl and Marina, are already fan favorites". Polygon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Oxford, Nadia (July 7, 2017). "The Internet Falls on Its Knees in Worship of Splatoon 2's New Pop Idols". US Gamer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Hathaway, Jay (August 11, 2017). "Nintendo's 'Splatoon 2′ is being overrun with memes". Daily Dot. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Perry, Alex (July 7, 2017). "'Splatoon 2' Pearl and Marina "Off the Hook": The internet reacts to the nautical pop stars". Mic. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2019. ^ a b Frank, Allegra (July 12, 2017). "Not everyone hates Splatoon 2's punching bag, Pearl". Polygon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ a b Moyse, Chris (December 2, 2017). "How old do you think Splatoon's Marina & Pearl are...? Nope". Destructoid. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Joho, Jess (July 27, 2017). "'Splatoon 2' is secretly one of the horniest video games around". Mashable. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Green, Holly (December 13, 2017). "The Best New Game Characters of 2017". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Patterson, Mollie L. (July 24, 2017). "Splatoon 2 review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ a b Gurwin, Gabe (March 15, 2018). "10 new characters we want to see in 'Super Smash Bros. for Switch'". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Greenwald, Will (March 14, 2018). "10 Female Fighters Who Should Be In The Switch Super Smash Bros". Geek.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019. ^ Alexandra, Heather (July 17, 2017). "Marina Might Ruin Splatoon 2's Splatfests, Bless Her". Kotaku. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ "The biggest new games out this week: July 18th-24th". Electronic Gaming Monthly. July 18, 2017. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Perry, Alex (July 21, 2017). "'Splatoon 2' Splatfest Start Date: Nintendo details first official teams—Ketchup vs. Mayonnaise". Mic. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2019. ^ Holmes, Jonathan (July 7, 2017). "Is Marina from Splatoon 2 Nintendo's first Black leading lady?". Destructoid. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ Minor, Jordan (February 2, 2018). "Reggie Fils-Aime and Our Other Favorite Black Nintendo Characters". Geek.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019. ^ Swalley, Kirsten (October 9, 2017). "The Splatoon Series Would Make for an Amazing RPG Spin-Off". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ "Splatoon 2 Expansion Trailer Appears to Pay Tribute to Notorious BIG and Tupac". US Gamer. March 8, 2018. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Martinez, Jose (March 10, 2018). "People Think There's a 2Pac and Biggie Tribute in 'Splatoon 2: Octo' Trailer". Complex. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Shea, Brian (March 28, 2018). "Splatoon Producer Talks Octo Expansion, Biggie And Tupac References, And Super Smash Bros". Game Informer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019. ^ Hernandez, Patricia (July 22, 2019). "Splatoon 2 fans are now convinced Pearl and Marina are an item". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019. External links Off the Hook on Play Nintendo vteSplatoonGames Splatoon Splatoon 2 Octo Expansion Splatoon 3 Side Order People Hisashi Nogami Katsuya Eguchi Toru Minegishi Characters Callie and Marie Pearl and Marina Other media List of live performances Manga Related Mario Kart 8 Deluxe Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Category Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Splatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon"},{"link_name":"Splatoon 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"voice actresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"voice changer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_changer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voice-2"}],"text":"Fictional characterPearl and Marina are a duo of characters from the Splatoon video game series. They were first introduced in Splatoon 2 (2017) as members of a pop music act known as Off the Hook (テンタクルズ, Tentakuruzu, \"Tentacles\" in Japanese),[3] \nwho perform a variety of songs which is utilized as in-game music. The characters are also used by the developers to convey content updates and announcements to players of Splatoon 2.Pearl and Marina are voiced by voice actresses Rina Itou and Alice Peralta, respectively. They perform both the spoken dialogue as well as the tracks that their characters sing through a voice changer effect.[2] Both characters have received a generally positive reception, with some critics identifying them as key elements of Splatoon 2 which drew significant fan interest.","title":"Pearl and Marina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Splatoon 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-designer-1"},{"link_name":"Octo Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octo_Expansion"},{"link_name":"Side Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_3:_Side_Order"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"Inkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkling_(Splatoon)"},{"link_name":"Splatoon 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Callie and Marie of the Squid Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_Sisters"}],"text":"Pearl and Marina were created for the video game Splatoon 2 by Nintendo artist Rina Honda.[1] Marina's full name is revealed by her and Pearl's chat log in Octo Expansion to be Marina Ida, while her full name in Japanese is Iida Marine (イイダ・マリネ). Pearl's full name is revealed by Marina in her dev diary in Side Order to be Pearl Houzuki, while her full Japanese name is revealed to be Hōzuki Hime (ホウズキ・ヒメ) in the Octotune Soundtrack booklet.[4] Within the fictional Splatoon universe, Pearl and Marina are members of two species of sapient terrestrial cephalopods: Pearl, an Inkling, is 21 at the time of Splatoon 2, while Marina, an Octoling, is 18.[5]Before the duo's character designs were finalized, Pearl was originally designed as an Octoling,[6] which gives off more of a similarity to Callie and Marie of the Squid Sisters. She was later redesigned as an Inkling and was made shorter to contrast said similarities.","title":"Concept and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Splatoon 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2"},{"link_name":"Callie and Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callie_and_Marie"},{"link_name":"the first game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"Octo Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2:_Octo_Expansion"},{"link_name":"Splatoon 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_3"},{"link_name":"Side Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_3:_Side_Order"}],"text":"Pearl and Marina appear in Splatoon 2, serving as the idols of Inkopolis News that introduce competitive modes and updates to the multiplayer, replacing Callie and Marie from the first game. The two were separate artists, before they decided to get together, forming the band \"Off the Hook\". During the events of the final boss in the original Splatoon, Marina was an observer of Agent 3's battle against DJ Octavio. She soon deserted her race after hearing the Squid Sisters' song, Calamari Inkantation, saying: \"This changes everything.\"Pearl and Marina later appear in the paid downloadable content expansion Octo Expansion, where they communicate with the player-character Agent 8, an amnesiac Octoling. The player is able to read text chats between Pearl, Marina and the character Cap'n Cuttlefish, learning more about all three. Pearl and Marina aid Agent 8 in getting to the surface area and assist in the final battle against the Telephone, who wishes to destroy the Inkling and Octoling species. Marina helps strategize the fight, and Pearl uses her Killer Wail attack to defeat it.The duo initially appear in Splatoon 3 as musicians in a new musical unit known as Damp Socks feat. Off the Hook with Pearl and Marina providing vocals for the band's music. Pearl and Marina feature in more prominent roles in Wave 2 of the game's Expansion Pass, Side Order. Agent 8 wakes up in a virtual world version of Inkopolis Square with Pearl, who takes the form of a drone that assists Agent 8 in combat. After rescuing Marina, the creator of this virtual world, in the expansion's intro, the group team up with Acht, an old friend of Marina's who first appeared in Octo Expansion, and set out to defeat Order, the entity who has hijacked the world from Marina. Later, after completing the Spire for the first time, you unlock the option to travel to Inkopolis Square, where Pearl and Marina can be seen there as part of decoration. Similarly to the Squid Sisters in the unlockable \"Inkopolis Plaza\" area in Wave 1, Pearl and Marina continue to perform for each Splatfest in the Square.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amiibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiibo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sanrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanrio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"virtual concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_concert"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatoon_2:_Octo_Expansion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A two-pack amiibo set was released on July 13, 2018, featuring Pearl and Marina.[7] Pearl and Marina received Sanrio-based plush toys of themselves.[8]Pearl and Marina performed in a virtual concert as part of the Splatoon European Championship.[9] They later had a virtual concert at NicoNico Chokaigi 2018 where they performed the theme song of Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion, Nasty Majesty, which is the first time the song had been performed in full before.[10]In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, they appear as a collectible Spirit together.[11]","title":"Merchandise and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"gremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremlin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtoid-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polygon-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtoid-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Paste Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"people of color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_color"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"Tupac Shakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Shakur"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gi-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Pearl and Marina quickly became fan favorites after being revealed, receiving a number of fan works based on them.[12][13][14][15] Polygon writer Allegra Frank and Destructoid writer Chris Moyse noted that Pearl was gremlin-like, which caused her to be more divisive than Marina who Frank said was \"categorically beloved.\"[16][17] Frank suggested that the divisiveness is due to the desire by Marina fans to \"pump Marina up\" as well as Pearl's attitude. She notes however that over time she had begun to grow in popularity, due in part to a rise in fan art of her.[16] Moyse disagreed with the earlier assessment of Pearl, calling her \"Queen of the World.\"[17] Writer Jess Joho suggested that Marina's higher degree of popularity stems from her more revealing clothing and Pearl's younger appearance.[18] Paste Magazine's Holly Green included Pearl and Marina in her list of the best new game characters of 2017. She was initially worried about whether they would be superior to Callie and Marie, but found herself enjoying them nonetheless. She felt that Marina was a better character than Pearl due to Pearl's eagerness and arrogance, but noted that an \"effective frontwoman\" needs those traits. She challenges readers to name a more iconic duo than them.[19] Despite Electronic Gaming Monthly's Mollie L. Patterson love for Callie and Marie, she grew to prefer Pearl and Marina, and eventually came to appreciate Pearl as much as Marina. She also praised the chemistry and songs of the duo.[20] Digital Trends' Gabe Gurwin noted that their popularity came from Marina's \"cheery personality\" and design and Pearl's \"gangsta-rap chops.\"[21] Pearl and Marina were included on a Digital Trends list of the 10 characters they would like to see in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.[21] They were also included in Geek.com writer Will Greenwald's list of female characters he would like in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, noting that he liked them both equally despite Marina being a fan favorite over Pearl.[22]Kotaku writer Heather Alexandra felt that Marina was \"ruining\" Splatfests for them due to Alexandra's inclination to pick a team not based on what they preferred, but rather on what team Marina was on. They stated that they like both, but Marina is \"god tier.\"[23] Electronic Gaming Monthly staff noted that Marina is \"EGM's official queen\" and that they would win every Splatfest for her.[24] Writer Alex Perry suggested that Marina's side in the Splatfests would win due to how popular she is.[25] Writer Jonathan Holmes praised Marina as being a good character for people of color (POC) to see themselves in as well as the first leading female POC Nintendo character. He also suggested that her being an Octoling, which he calls a minority group in Splatoon, enhances this. He also praised the design for not falling into tropes such as giving POC characters white hair.[26] Geek.com writer Jordan Minor included Marina in his list of his favorite black Nintendo characters.[27] Hardcore Gamer's Kirsten Swalley wished to have learned more about Marina's backstory and why she was a part of Inkopolis despite being an Octoling, and expressed an interest in a game that explored this.[28]The outfits worn by Pearl and Marina in Octo Expansion were speculated by fans and critics to be in reference to rappers The Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur, including US Gamer and Complex.[29][30] When asked for clarification, Nogami chose to be mum on the issue, feeling that answering the question would take away from the mystery.[31]The relationship between Pearl and Marina has been subject to debate, with some people claiming that they are in a romantic relationship while others feel it is just a friendship. Writer Patricia Hernandez felt that the writing in the final Splatfest was leaning towards a romantic relationship but that it was vague enough to allow for either interpretation.[32]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"シリーズ累計販売約1000万本突破、『スプラトゥーン』の世界観全体のデザインを担う\". Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2020-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://a.tamabi.ac.jp/mag/archives/20190706033544.htm","url_text":"\"シリーズ累計販売約1000万本突破、『スプラトゥーン』の世界観全体のデザインを担う\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210118005104/https://a.tamabi.ac.jp/mag/archives/20190706033544.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reseigh-Lincoln, Dom (July 11, 2018). \"Video: See The Voices Behind Pearl And Marina Laying Down Some Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion Tunes\". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/07/video_see_the_voices_behind_pearl_and_marina_laying_down_some_splatoon_2_octo_expansion_tunes","url_text":"\"Video: See The Voices Behind Pearl And Marina Laying Down Some Splatoon 2: Octo Expansion Tunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322233255/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2018/07/video_see_the_voices_behind_pearl_and_marina_laying_down_some_splatoon_2_octo_expansion_tunes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Jeff (2017-07-06). \"Splatoon 2's new hosts, Pearl and Marina, are already fan favorites\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2020-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/6/15928612/splatoon-2-marina-pearl","url_text":"\"Splatoon 2's new hosts, Pearl and Marina, are already fan favorites\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215145507/https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/6/15928612/splatoon-2-marina-pearl","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iggy (July 6, 2018). \"Splatoon 2 Octotune Soundtrack Reveals Marina and Pearl's Full Names\". NintendoSoup. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. 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Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/12/nintendo_reveals_the_ages_of_pearl_and_marina","url_text":"\"Nintendo Reveals the Ages of Pearl and Marina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322234111/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2017/12/nintendo_reveals_the_ages_of_pearl_and_marina","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Splatoon 2 art book shows Off the Hook's Pearl as an Octoling - and more!\". Nintendo Wire. 2017-12-01. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. 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Nope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190509122850/https://www.destructoid.com/how-old-do-you-think-splatoon-s-marina-pearl-are-nope--475815.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joho, Jess (July 27, 2017). \"'Splatoon 2' is secretly one of the horniest video games around\". Mashable. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/2017/07/27/splatoon-2-sexual-slutoon/#Csdtn6kCGPqr","url_text":"\"'Splatoon 2' is secretly one of the horniest video games around\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190528145858/https://mashable.com/2017/07/27/splatoon-2-sexual-slutoon/#Csdtn6kCGPqr","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Green, Holly (December 13, 2017). \"The Best New Game Characters of 2017\". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. 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Retrieved May 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgamer.net/articles/splatoon-2-expansion-trailer-appears-to-pay-tribute-to-notorious-big-and-tupac","url_text":"\"Splatoon 2 Expansion Trailer Appears to Pay Tribute to Notorious BIG and Tupac\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190518070505/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/splatoon-2-expansion-trailer-appears-to-pay-tribute-to-notorious-big-and-tupac","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Jose (March 10, 2018). \"People Think There's a 2Pac and Biggie Tribute in 'Splatoon 2: Octo' Trailer\". Complex. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2018/03/people-think-theres-a-2pac-and-biggie-tribute-in-splatoon-2-octo-trailer","url_text":"\"People Think There's a 2Pac and Biggie Tribute in 'Splatoon 2: Octo' Trailer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190518071803/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2018/03/people-think-theres-a-2pac-and-biggie-tribute-in-splatoon-2-octo-trailer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Brian (March 28, 2018). \"Splatoon Producer Talks Octo Expansion, Biggie And Tupac References, And Super Smash Bros\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2018/03/26/splatoon-producer-talks-octo-expansion-biggie-tupac-inklings-super-smash-bros.aspx","url_text":"\"Splatoon Producer Talks Octo Expansion, Biggie And Tupac References, And Super Smash Bros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190518074040/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2018/03/26/splatoon-producer-talks-octo-expansion-biggie-tupac-inklings-super-smash-bros.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Patricia (July 22, 2019). \"Splatoon 2 fans are now convinced Pearl and Marina are an item\". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2019/7/22/20705894/pearl-marina-splatoon-2-splatocalypse-chaos-order-gay","url_text":"\"Splatoon 2 fans are now convinced Pearl and Marina are an item\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190817235925/https://www.polygon.com/2019/7/22/20705894/pearl-marina-splatoon-2-splatocalypse-chaos-order-gay","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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item\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190817235925/https://www.polygon.com/2019/7/22/20705894/pearl-marina-splatoon-2-splatocalypse-chaos-order-gay","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://play.nintendo.com/themes/friends/pearl-marina/","external_links_name":"Off the Hook"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/527287eb-b3b5-4734-91ee-fea6e39ea5a8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weston
Jeff Celentano
["1 Filmography (director)","2 References","3 External links"]
American actor Jeff CelentanoBorn (1960-05-24) May 24, 1960 (age 64)Pemberton, New Jersey Jeff Celentano (born May 24, 1960) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer, and film director. Celentano starred as an actor in such films as The Player, American Ninja 2: The Confrontation, Puppet Master II, and Demonic Toys. In 1992, he turned to directing with his first short film, Dickwad. Which won several film festivals as best comedy short. Celentano was an acting teacher and the Executive Director of Drama at The Performer's Academy in Lake Forest, California. Filmography (director) 1994 – Dickwad 1995 – Under the Hula Moon 1998 – Gunshy 2000 – Primary Suspect 2004 – Moscow Heat 2007 – Say It in Russian 2009 – Breaking Point 2018 – Glass Jaw' 2023 – The Hill 2024 - Blackwater Lane References ^ "Jeff Celentano - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 5, 2023. ^ a b "Jeff Celentano - Film Director, Writer, Actor - Acting Workshops-Actors Showcase - Writing Workshops". PRWeb. March 5, 2005. Retrieved January 5, 2023. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (January 5, 2023). "Briarcliff Entertainment Acquires Dennis Quaid-Led Sports Drama 'The Hill;' Sets Wide Domestic Theatrical Release August 18". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 5, 2023. External links Official Site Jeff Celentano at IMDb vteFilms directed by Jeff Celentano Under the Hula Moon (1995) Gunshy (1998) Primary Suspect (2000) Moscow Heat (2004) Say It in Russian (2007) Breaking Point (2009) The Hill (2023) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Korea Netherlands Poland Other SNAC
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Jamison
Roosevelt Jamison
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Roosevelt Jamison" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Roosevelt JamisonBorn(1936-07-15)July 15, 1936Olive Branch, Mississippi United StatesDiedMarch 27, 2013(2013-03-27) (aged 76)Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.Occupation(s)Songwriter, personal manager, impresario, publicistYears active1960sMusical artist Roosevelt Jamison (July 15, 1936 – March 27, 2013) was an American music manager, publicist and songwriter who worked in Memphis, Tennessee, during the 1960s. His most notable composition was "That's How Strong My Love Is", first recorded by O.V. Wright and released on Quinton Claunch's Goldwax record label in 1964. Biography Jamison was born in Olive Branch, Mississippi. He was always interested in music and was an important figure on the Memphis scene, managing local groups and rehearsing them at the back of the Interstate Blood Bank he ran on Beale Street. It was through these groups that he discovered O.V. Wright and James Carr, who were both with the gospel group The Harmony Echoes. Jamison began writing his own songs, resulting in the hugely successful "That's How Strong My Love Is", which was originally released by O.V. Wright. "That's How Strong My Love Is" was much covered, most notably by Otis Redding, appearing on his 1965 album The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads, and on Out of Our Heads by The Rolling Stones, also in 1965. In 1973 Humble Pie included it on their album Eat It. The song has also been covered on albums by Taj Mahal, Candi Staton, Percy Sledge and Buddy Miller, as well as by Roland Gift on the Beautiful Girls movie soundtrack and by Battlefield Band on their 2011 album, Line Up. After a contract dispute between Wright and Don Robey, the duo parted company and Jamison focused all his attention on mentoring soul singer James Carr. From a young age, Carr was shy and withdrawn and he ended up suffering from manic depression. For most of the rest of Carr's life, Jamison served as his manager, mentor, publicist, composer and confidant. With Jamison pushing the naturally withdrawn Carr, the singer managed to score several hits for the Goldwax label, including "The Dark End of the Street". Jamison remained committed to Carr long after Goldwax folded in 1969. In 1977 Jamison mortgaged his home to finance a Carr comeback on Jamison's own Rivercity Records label, featuring "Let Me Be Right", which saw marginal success. Carr later left the R&B music business and returned to his gospel church roots instead. Aside from his music interests, Jamison spent early years in sickle cell research under Dr. L.W. Diggs at the University of Tennessee. He taught Anatomy and Physiology at Draughn's Business College for several years. He also worked as an assistant supervisor of the hematology lab at City of Memphis Hospital (The Med), until his retirement. Jamison died at his home in Memphis, Tennessee on March 27, 2013, at the age of 76. References ^ "James Carr, Life at the end of a dark street". Blue Juice. Archived from the original on 2007-10-02. Retrieved 2007-10-01. External links Tribute to Jamison by Peter Guralnick Song lyrics Song Facts: "That's How Strong My Love Is" Ace Records Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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His most notable composition was \"That's How Strong My Love Is\", first recorded by O.V. Wright and released on Quinton Claunch's Goldwax record label in 1964.","title":"Roosevelt Jamison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olive Branch, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Branch,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Beale Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Street"},{"link_name":"O.V. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.V._Wright"},{"link_name":"James Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carr_(musician)"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Otis Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Redding"},{"link_name":"The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Otis_Redding_Sings_Soul_Ballads"},{"link_name":"Out of Our Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Our_Heads"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Humble Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_Pie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Eat It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_It_(Humble_Pie_album)"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Candi Staton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Staton"},{"link_name":"Percy Sledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Sledge"},{"link_name":"Buddy Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Miller"},{"link_name":"Roland Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Gift"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Girls_(film)"},{"link_name":"Battlefield Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_Band"},{"link_name":"Line Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-up_(Battlefield_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Don Robey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Robey"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"manic depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manic_depression"},{"link_name":"The Dark End of the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_End_of_the_Street"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"sickle cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"}],"text":"Jamison was born in Olive Branch, Mississippi. He was always interested in music and was an important figure on the Memphis scene, managing local groups and rehearsing them at the back of the Interstate Blood Bank he ran on Beale Street. It was through these groups that he discovered O.V. Wright and James Carr, who were both with the gospel group The Harmony Echoes.[1]Jamison began writing his own songs, resulting in the hugely successful \"That's How Strong My Love Is\", which was originally released by O.V. Wright. \"That's How Strong My Love Is\" was much covered, most notably by Otis Redding, appearing on his 1965 album The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads, and on Out of Our Heads by The Rolling Stones, also in 1965. In 1973 Humble Pie included it on their album Eat It. The song has also been covered on albums by Taj Mahal, Candi Staton, Percy Sledge and Buddy Miller, as well as by Roland Gift on the Beautiful Girls movie soundtrack and by Battlefield Band on their 2011 album, Line Up.After a contract dispute between Wright and Don Robey, the duo parted company and Jamison focused all his attention on mentoring soul singer James Carr. From a young age, Carr was shy and withdrawn and he ended up suffering from manic depression. For most of the rest of Carr's life, Jamison served as his manager, mentor, publicist, composer and confidant. With Jamison pushing the naturally withdrawn Carr, the singer managed to score several hits for the Goldwax label, including \"The Dark End of the Street\". Jamison remained committed to Carr long after Goldwax folded in 1969. In 1977 Jamison mortgaged his home to finance a Carr comeback on Jamison's own Rivercity Records label, featuring \"Let Me Be Right\", which saw marginal success. Carr later left the R&B music business and returned to his gospel church roots instead.Aside from his music interests, Jamison spent early years in sickle cell research under Dr. L.W. Diggs at the University of Tennessee. He taught Anatomy and Physiology at Draughn's Business College for several years. He also worked as an assistant supervisor of the hematology lab at City of Memphis Hospital (The Med), until his retirement.Jamison died at his home in Memphis, Tennessee on March 27, 2013, at the age of 76.","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_Script
Pallava script
["1 History","2 Characteristics","2.1 Consonants","2.2 Independent Vowels","3 Examples","4 Unicode","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Brahmic writing system Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pallava script'Pallava' in Pallava scriptScript type Abugida Time period4th century CE to 8th century CEDirectionLeft-to-right LanguagesTamil, Old Khmer, Old Malay, Burmese, Thai, Sri Lankan Sinhala, Lao, Mon, Balinese, etc.Related scriptsParent systemsEgyptian hieroglyphsProto-SinaiticPheonicianAramaicBrahmiTamil-BrahmiPallava scriptChild systemsTamil, Grantha, Mon-Burmese, Khmer, Cham, KawiSister systemsVatteluttu This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Brahmic scripts The Brahmi script and its descendants Northern Brahmic Gupta Sharada Landa Gurmukhi Khojki Khudabadi Multani Mahajani Takri Dogri Siddham Nagari Devanagari Gujarati Modi Nandinagari Kaithi Sylheti Nagri Gaudi Bengali–Assamese Bengali Assamese Tirhuta Odia Nepalese Bhujimol Ranjana Soyombo Pracalit Tibetan Meitei Lepcha Limbu Khema Phagspa Zanabazar square Marchen Marchung Pungs-chen Pungs-chung Drusha Kalinga Bhaiksuki Tocharian Southern Brahmic Tamil-Brahmi Pallava Tamil Grantha Malayalam Tigalari Dhives Akuru Saurashtra Khmer Khom Thai Proto-Tai script? Sukhothai Thai Fakkham Thai Noi Lao Tai Viet Dai Don Lai Tay Lai Pao Cham Kawi Balinese Batak Buda Javanese Old Sundanese Sundanese Lontara Makasar Ulu scripts Incung Lampung Lembak Ogan Pasemah Rejang Serawai Baybayin Buhid Hanunoo Tagbanwa Kulitan Mon–Burmese Burmese Chakma S'gaw Karen Shan Tanchangya Lik-Tai scripts Ahom Khamti Tai Le Modern Mon Tai Tham New Tai Lue Pyu Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Sinhala Bhattiprolu Kadamba Telugu-Kannada Kannada Goykanadi Telugu vte The Pallava script or Pallava Grantha is a Brahmic script named after the Pallava dynasty of Southern India (Tamilakam) and is attested to since the 4th century CE. In India, the Pallava script evolved from Tamil-Brahmi. The Grantha script originated from the Pallava script. Pallava also spread to Southeast Asia and evolved into local scripts such as Balinese, Baybayin, Javanese, Kawi, Khmer, Lanna, Lao, Mon–Burmese, New Tai Lue, Sundanese, and Thai. Epigrapher Arlo Griffiths argues that the name of the script is misleading as not all of the relevant scripts referred to have a connection with the Pallava dynasty. He instead advocates that these scripts be called Late Southern Brāhmī scripts. History During the rule of Pallavas, the script accompanied priests, monks, scholars, and traders into Southeast Asia. Pallavas developed the Pallava script based on the Tamil-Brahmi. The main characteristics of the newer script are aesthetically matched and fuller consonant glyphs. Similar to Pallava script, also visible in the writing systems of Chalukya, Kadamba, and Vengi at the time of Ikshvakus. Brahmi's design was slightly different from the scripts of Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras. Pallava script was the first significant development of Brahmi in India, combining rounded and rectangular strokes and adding typographical effects, and was suitable for civic and religious inscriptions. Kadamba-Pallava script evolved into early forms of Kannada and Telugu scripts. Glyphs become more rounded and incorporate loops because of writing upon leaves and paper. The script is not yet a part of Unicode but proposals have been made to include it. In 2018, Anshuman Pandey made a proposal. Characteristics The form shown here is based on examples from the 7th century CE. Letters labeled * have uncertain sound value, as they have little occurrence in Southeast Asia. Consonants Each consonant has an inherent /a/, which will be sounded if no vowel sign is attached. If two consonants follow one another without intervening vowel, the second consonant is made into a subscript form, and attached below the first. ka kha ga gha nga ca cha ja jha* nya ṭa ṭha* ḍa ḍha* ṇa ta tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma ya ra la va śa ṣa sa ha Independent Vowels a ā i ī u e o ai* au* Examples Kadamba-Pallava script Pallava script at the 8th century Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. The Ciaruteun inscription, a 5th-century Pallava stone inscription discovered in Indonesia One of the oldest inscriptions discovered in Indonesia, the Yūpa inscriptions of King Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura written in the 4th century AD Unicode A proposal to encode the script in Unicode was submitted in 2018. References ^ a b Griffiths, Arlo (2014). "53-57". LOST KINGDOMS: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588395245. ^ Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 40. ^ "Grantha alphabet". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Balinese alphabet". Retrieved 13 July 2019. ^ "Tagalog". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Javanese alphabet". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Kawi alphabet". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Khmer". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Lanna alphabet". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Lao". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Mon". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "New Tai Lue script". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Sundanese". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ "Thai". Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ http://www.skyknowledge.com/burnell-plate4.gif ^ a b "Pallava script". Skyknowledge.com. 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-03-13. ^ Pandey, Anshuman. (2018). Preliminary proposal to encode Pallava in Unicode. ^ Pandey, Anshuman. (2018). Preliminary proposal to encode Pallava in Unicode. Bibliography Sivaramamurti, C, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum. Chennai 1999 External links Media related to Pallava script at Wikimedia Commons vteTypes of writing systemsOverview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts TypesAbjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Elifba Egyptian hieroglyphs Elymaic Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Mandaic Manichaean Nabataean Ancient North Arabian Pahlavi Book Inscriptional Inscriptional Parthian Psalter Pegon Phoenician Paleo-Hebrew Pitman shorthand Proto-Sinaitic Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic AbugidasBrahmicNorthern Bengali–Assamese Bhaiksuki Brahmi script Devanagari Dogri Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhi Kaithi Kalinga Khema Khojki Khudabadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Mahajani Marchen Meitei Modi Multani Nagari Nandinagari Nepalese scripts Bhujimol Golmol Himmol Kummol Kvemmol Pachumol Pracalit Ranjana Tamyig Tirhuta Limbu Litumol Odia Karani ʼPhags-pa Sharada Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagri Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tocharian Zanabazar square Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buda Buhid Chakma Cham Fakkham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunoo Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Khom Thai Kulitan Lanna Langdi Lao Leke Lontara Bilang-bilang Makasar Malayalam Old Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Mon–Burmese Pallava Pyu Saurashtra Shan Sinhala Sukhothai Sundanese Old Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le New Tai Lue Tai Noi Tai Tham Tai Viet Lai Tay Tamil Tamil-Brahmi Tanchangya Telugu Thai Tigalari Ulu scripts Incung Lampung Lembak Ogan Pasemah Rejang Serawai Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Others Bharati Boyd's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Dham Fox I Geʽez Gunjala Gondi Japanese Braille Sarati Jenticha Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Pahawh Hmong Sorang Sompeng Tengwar Thaana Thomas Natural Shorthand Warang Citi Mwangwego Rma AlphabetsLinear Adlam Ariyaka Armenian Avestan Pazend Avoiuli Bassa Vah Carian Caucasian Albanian Cirth Coelbren Coorgi–Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Bosnian Early Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Enochian Etruscan Evenki Formosan Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Gadabuursi Garay alphabet Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Veso Bey Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek (Archaic) Greco-Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi Jenticha Kaddare Kayah Li Klingon Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Interlac IPA Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Mundari Bani N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Ol Onal Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Phrygian Pisidian Runic Anglo-Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Shavian Sidetic Sorang Sompeng Sunuwar Tifinagh Todhri Tolong Siki Vagindra Vellara Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Warang Citi Yezidi Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Telegraph code New York Point Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbols Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji Isotype Kaidā Miꞌkmaw Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Olmec Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec LogogramsChinese family of scriptsChinese characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze scripts Seal script large small bird-worm Hanja Kanji Chữ Nôm Sawndip Bowen Chinese-influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logosyllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto-Elamite Tenevil Yi (Classical) Logoconsonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu-Arabic Abjad Attic (Greek) Muisca Roman Other Sitelen Pona Semi-syllabariesFull Linear Elamite Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Dunging Redundant Espanca script Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Bopomofo Quốc Âm Tân Tự Sign languages ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Canadian Aboriginal Cherokee Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian Iban Idu Kana Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian cuneiform Sumerian Vai Woleai Yi Yugtun vteBraille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scriptsFrench-ordered Albanian Azerbaijani Cantonese Catalan Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned) Czech Dutch English (Unified English) Esperanto French German Ghanaian Guarani Hawaiian Hungarian Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot) Maltese Māori Navajo Nigerian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Samoan Slovak South African Spanish Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned) Turkish Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Zambian Nordic family Estonian Faroese Icelandic Scandinavian Danish Finnish Greenlandic Northern Sámi Norwegian Swedish Russian lineage familyi.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts Belarusian Bulgarian Kazakh Kyrgyz Mongolian Russian Tatar Ukrainian Egyptian lineage familyi.e. Arabic-mediated scripts Arabic Persian Urdu (Pakistan) Indian lineage familyi.e. Bharati Braille Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) Gujarati Kannada Malayalam Odia Punjabi Sinhala Tamil Telugu Urdu (India) Other scripts Amharic Armenian Burmese Dzongkha (Bhutanese) Georgian Greek Hebrew Inuktitut (reassigned vowels) Khmer Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels) Tibetan Reordered Algerian Braille (obsolete) Frequency-based American Braille (obsolete) Independent Chinese semi-syllabaries Cantonese Mainland Chinese Mandarin Taiwanese Mandarin Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) Japanese Korean Eight-dot Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo People Louis Braille Charles Barbier Róża Czacka Valentin Haüy Harris Mowbray Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brahmic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts"},{"link_name":"Pallava dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Southern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Tamilakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilakam"},{"link_name":"Tamil-Brahmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Grantha script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantha_script"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spread to Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_script"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Baybayin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybayin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawi_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tham_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mon–Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New Tai Lue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_script"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-griffiths-1"}],"text":"The Pallava script or Pallava Grantha is a Brahmic script named after the Pallava dynasty of Southern India (Tamilakam) and is attested to since the 4th century CE. In India, the Pallava script evolved from Tamil-Brahmi.[2] The Grantha script originated from the Pallava script.[3] Pallava also spread to Southeast Asia and evolved into local scripts such as Balinese,[4] Baybayin,[5] Javanese,[6] Kawi,[7] Khmer,[8] Lanna,[9] Lao,[10] Mon–Burmese,[11] New Tai Lue,[12] Sundanese,[13] and Thai.[14]Epigrapher Arlo Griffiths argues that the name of the script is misleading as not all of the relevant scripts referred to have a connection with the Pallava dynasty. He instead advocates that these scripts be called Late Southern Brāhmī scripts.[1]","title":"Pallava script"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pallavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavas"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Tamil-Brahmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skynowledge-16"},{"link_name":"Kannada and Telugu scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_script"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skynowledge-16"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"During the rule of Pallavas, the script accompanied priests, monks, scholars, and traders into Southeast Asia. Pallavas developed the Pallava script based on the Tamil-Brahmi. The main characteristics of the newer script are aesthetically matched and fuller consonant glyphs. Similar to Pallava script, also visible in the writing systems of Chalukya,[15] Kadamba, and Vengi at the time of Ikshvakus. Brahmi's design was slightly different from the scripts of Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras. Pallava script was the first significant development of Brahmi in India, combining rounded and rectangular strokes and adding typographical effects, and was suitable for civic and religious inscriptions. Kadamba-Pallava script[16] evolved into early forms of Kannada and Telugu scripts. Glyphs become more rounded and incorporate loops because of writing upon leaves and paper.[16]The script is not yet a part of Unicode but proposals have been made to include it. In 2018, Anshuman Pandey made a proposal.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The form shown here is based on examples from the 7th century CE. Letters labeled * have uncertain sound value, as they have little occurrence in Southeast Asia.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Each consonant has an inherent /a/, which will be sounded if no vowel sign is attached. If two consonants follow one another without intervening vowel, the second consonant is made into a subscript form, and attached below the first.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Independent Vowels","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huruf_Pallawa.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_-_Kanchipuram_-_020_(2243370563)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kailasanatha temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchi_Kailasanathar_Temple"},{"link_name":"Kanchipuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchipuram"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beschreven_steen_bij_de_onderneming_Semplak_Buitenzorg_TMnr_60016469.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ciaruteun inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaruteun_inscription"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kutai_Prasasti_of_Mulawarman.JPG"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Yūpa inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABpa#Y%C5%ABpa_inscription_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Mulavarman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulavarman"},{"link_name":"Kutai Martadipura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutai"},{"link_name":"4th century AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century_AD"}],"text":"Kadamba-Pallava script\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPallava script at the 8th century Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Ciaruteun inscription, a 5th-century Pallava stone inscription discovered in Indonesia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the oldest inscriptions discovered in Indonesia, the Yūpa inscriptions of King Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura written in the 4th century AD","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"A proposal to encode the script in Unicode was submitted in 2018.[18]","title":"Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sivaramamurti, C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Sivarama_Murti"}],"text":"Sivaramamurti, C, Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum. Chennai 1999","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Griffiths, Arlo (2014). \"53-57\". LOST KINGDOMS: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588395245.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6301451","url_text":"LOST KINGDOMS: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588395245","url_text":"9781588395245"}]},{"reference":"Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Grantha alphabet\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm","url_text":"\"Grantha alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balinese alphabet\". Retrieved 13 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm","url_text":"\"Balinese alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tagalog\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tagalog.htm","url_text":"\"Tagalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Javanese alphabet\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm","url_text":"\"Javanese alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kawi alphabet\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kawi.htm","url_text":"\"Kawi alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Khmer\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm","url_text":"\"Khmer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lanna alphabet\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lanna.htm","url_text":"\"Lanna alphabet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lao\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm","url_text":"\"Lao\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mon\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mon.htm","url_text":"\"Mon\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Tai Lue script\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tailue.htm","url_text":"\"New Tai Lue script\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sundanese\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sundanese.php","url_text":"\"Sundanese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thai\". Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/thai.htm","url_text":"\"Thai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pallava script\". Skyknowledge.com. 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skyknowledge.com/pallava.htm","url_text":"\"Pallava script\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cunningham_(knight)
Henry Cunningham (knight)
["1 Life","2 Citations","3 References"]
15th century Scottish noble Henry Cunningham, was a Scottish noble who took part in the Hundred Years War. He captured Walter, Baron FitzWalter, during the battle of Baugé in 1421 in France. Life Henry was the third son of William Cunningham of Kilmaurs and Margaret Danielston. As part of the Scottish division of the French army during the battle of Baugé on 22 March 1421, he captured Walter, Baron FitzWalter. Citations ^ Mitchell 1825, p. 331. References Mitchell, James (1825). The Scotsman's library, being a collection of anecdotes and facts illustrative of Scotland and Scotsmen. J. Anderson. OCLC 457961411.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hundred Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Walter, Baron FitzWalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_FitzWalter"},{"link_name":"battle of Baugé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9"}],"text":"Henry Cunningham, was a Scottish noble who took part in the Hundred Years War. He captured Walter, Baron FitzWalter, during the battle of Baugé in 1421 in France.","title":"Henry Cunningham (knight)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilmaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmaurs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1825331-1"}],"text":"Henry was the third son of William Cunningham of Kilmaurs and Margaret Danielston. As part of the Scottish division of the French army during the battle of Baugé on 22 March 1421, he captured Walter, Baron FitzWalter.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1825331_1-0"},{"link_name":"Mitchell 1825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMitchell1825"}],"text":"^ Mitchell 1825, p. 331.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mitchell, James (1825). The Scotsman's library, being a collection of anecdotes and facts illustrative of Scotland and Scotsmen. J. Anderson. OCLC 457961411.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scotsmanslibrar00mitcgoog","url_text":"The Scotsman's library, being a collection of anecdotes and facts illustrative of Scotland and Scotsmen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457961411","url_text":"457961411"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/scotsmanslibrar00mitcgoog","external_links_name":"The Scotsman's library, being a collection of anecdotes and facts illustrative of Scotland and Scotsmen"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457961411","external_links_name":"457961411"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S14_(1912)
SMS S14 (1912)
["1 Construction and design","2 Construction and service","2.1 First World War","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
History German Empire NameS14 BuilderSchichau-Werke, Elbing Launched2 March 1912 Commissioned1 November 1914 FateSunk by external explosion, 19 February 1915 General characteristics Displacement697 t (686 long tons) Length71.1 m (233 ft 3 in) oa Beam7.6 m (24 ft 11 in) Draft3.11 m (10 ft 2 in) Propulsion 4× water-tube boilers 2× steam turbines 17,000 metric horsepower (17,000 shp; 13,000 kW) Speed32 knots (59.3 km/h; 36.8 mph) Range1,190 nmi (2,200 km; 1,370 mi) at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) Complement74 officers and sailors Armament 2 x 8.8 cm (3.5 in)/30 guns 4 x 50 cm (20 in) torpedo tubes SMS S14 was a V1-class torpedo boat of the Imperial German Navy. She served with the German High Seas Fleet at the start of the First World War, and was sunk by an internal explosion on 19 February 1915. Construction and design In 1911, the Imperial German Navy decided to break the pattern of each year's orders of torpedo boats being a development of the previous year's designs, as it felt that they were getting too big to work for the fleet. Instead the 12 torpedo boats (six each ordered from AG Vulcan and Germaniawerft) (the V1-class) were smaller than those ordered in recent years in order to be more manoeuvrable and so work better with the fleet. This change resulted in the numbering series for torpedo boats being restarted. The 1912 programme placed orders for a flotilla of 12 torpedo boats of similar design (S13 to S24) with Schichau-Werke. The reduction in size resulted in the ships' seaworthiness being adversely affected, however, with the 1911 and 1912 torpedo boats acquiring the disparaging nickname "Admiral Lans' cripples". The Schichau boats were 71.5 m (234 ft 7 in) long overall and 71.0 m (232 ft 11 in) at the waterline, with a beam of 7.43 m (24 ft 5 in) and a draught of 2.77 m (9 ft 1 in). Displacement was 568 tonnes (559 long tons) normal and 695 tonnes (684 long tons) deep load. Three coal-fired and one oil-fired water-tube boilers fed steam to two direct-drive steam turbines rated at 15,700 metric horsepower (15,500 shp; 11,500 kW), giving a design speed of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph). 108 tonnes (106 long tons) of coal and 72 tonnes (71 long tons) of oil were carried, giving a range of 1,050 nautical miles (1,940 km; 1,210 mi) at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) or 600 nautical miles (1,100 km; 690 mi) at 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph). S14's armament consisted of two 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 naval guns in single mounts fore and aft, one on the Forecastle and one aft. Four single 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes were fitted, with two on the ship's beam in the gap between the forecastle and the ship's bridge which were capable of firing straight ahead, and two on the ship's centreline aft of the funnels. Up to 18 mines could be carried. The ship had a crew of 74 officers and other ranks. Construction and service S14, yard number 865, was launched at Schichau's shipyard in Elbing, East Prussia (now Elbląg in Poland) on 2 March 1912 and was commissioned on 1 November 1912. First World War S14 was a member of the 13th Half-flotilla of the 7th Torpedo boat flotilla of the German High Seas Fleet on the outbreak of war. The 7th Torpedo Boat Flotilla supported the Raid on Yarmouth on 3 November 1914 and the Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 3 December 1914. S14 was sunk on 19 February 1915 by an internal explosion on the Jade (53°40′N 8°5′E / 53.667°N 8.083°E / 53.667; 8.083). 11 of her crew were killed. The ship was salvaged later in the year and was scrapped at Wilhelmshaven. Notes ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" (German: His Majesty's Ship) ^ The "S" in S14 denotes the shipyard at which she was built, in this case Schichau-Werke. ^ The Imperial German Navy's practice was to split a year's orders into half-flotillas of six torpedo boats from different builders, to differing detailed design. ^ SK stood for Schnellfeuerkanone (quick-firing gun). ^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, the L/30 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/30 gun is 30 caliber, meaning that the gun is 30 times as long as it is in diameter. References ^ a b c Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 164 ^ a b c d e f Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 167 ^ a b c d Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 51 ^ Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 17 ^ Moore 1990, p. 117 ^ a b Gröner, Jung & Maass 1983, p. 52 ^ Fock 1989, p. 347 ^ Fock 1989, p. 350 ^ Fock 1989, p. 348 Bibliography Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4. Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6. Moore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio. ISBN 1-85170-378-0. vteV1-class destroyers German Imperial NavyVulcan StettinV1 group (1911 programme) V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 (1912) V5 (1913) V6 (1912) V6 (1913) Germaniawerft KielG7 group (1911 programme) G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 Schichau ElbingS13 group (1912 programme) S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24  Royal Hellenic Navy Keravnos, ex-V5 (1912) Nea Genea, ex-V6 (1912) German ocean-going torpedo boats of World War I Decommissioned Hellenic Navy ships vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1915Shipwrecks 6 Feb HMS Erne, Potaro 15 Feb: V25 19 Feb: HMS Goldfinch, SMS S14 24 Feb: Dague Other incidents 15 Feb: Rurik 17 Feb: Magnetic 1914 1915 1916 January 1915 March 1915
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"SMS S14 (1912)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AG Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Krupp_Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"V1-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"S13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S13_(1911)"},{"link_name":"S24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S24_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Schichau-Werke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schichau-Werke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p167-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p167-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p164-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grov2_p51-6"},{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline_length"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"steam turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grov2_p51-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p167-5"},{"link_name":"8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.8_cm_SK_L/30_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p167-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jfww1_p117-10"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p167-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grov2_p51-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p167-5"}],"text":"In 1911, the Imperial German Navy decided to break the pattern of each year's orders of torpedo boats being a development of the previous year's designs, as it felt that they were getting too big to work for the fleet. Instead the 12 torpedo boats (six each ordered from AG Vulcan and Germaniawerft[c]) (the V1-class) were smaller than those ordered in recent years in order to be more manoeuvrable and so work better with the fleet. This change resulted in the numbering series for torpedo boats being restarted. The 1912 programme placed orders for a flotilla of 12 torpedo boats of similar design (S13 to S24) with Schichau-Werke.[2] The reduction in size resulted in the ships' seaworthiness being adversely affected, however,[2] with the 1911 and 1912 torpedo boats acquiring the disparaging nickname \"Admiral Lans' cripples\".[1][3]The Schichau boats were 71.5 m (234 ft 7 in) long overall and 71.0 m (232 ft 11 in) at the waterline, with a beam of 7.43 m (24 ft 5 in) and a draught of 2.77 m (9 ft 1 in). Displacement was 568 tonnes (559 long tons) normal and 695 tonnes (684 long tons) deep load. Three coal-fired and one oil-fired water-tube boilers fed steam to two direct-drive steam turbines rated at 15,700 metric horsepower (15,500 shp; 11,500 kW), giving a design speed of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph).[3] 108 tonnes (106 long tons) of coal and 72 tonnes (71 long tons) of oil were carried, giving a range of 1,050 nautical miles (1,940 km; 1,210 mi) at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) or 600 nautical miles (1,100 km; 690 mi) at 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph).[2]S14's armament consisted of two 8.8 cm (3.5 in) SK L/30 naval guns[d][e] in single mounts fore and aft, one on the Forecastle and one aft. Four single 50 cm (19.7 in) torpedo tubes were fitted, with two on the ship's beam in the gap between the forecastle and the ship's bridge which were capable of firing straight ahead, and two on the ship's centreline aft of the funnels.[2][5] Up to 18 mines could be carried.[2][3] The ship had a crew of 74 officers and other ranks.[2]","title":"Construction and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yard number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_number"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grov2_p51-6"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"Elbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbing"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Elbląg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grov2_p52-11"}],"text":"S14, yard number 865,[3] was launched at Schichau's shipyard in Elbing, East Prussia (now Elbląg in Poland) on 2 March 1912 and was commissioned on 1 November 1912.[6]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Seas Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Raid on Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Yarmouth"},{"link_name":"Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Scarborough,_Hartlepool_and_Whitby"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Bight"},{"link_name":"53°40′N 8°5′E / 53.667°N 8.083°E / 53.667; 8.083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SMS_S14_(1912)&params=53_40_N_8_5_E_"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grov2_p52-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"First World War","text":"S14 was a member of the 13th Half-flotilla of the 7th Torpedo boat flotilla of the German High Seas Fleet on the outbreak of war.[7] The 7th Torpedo Boat Flotilla supported the Raid on Yarmouth on 3 November 1914 and the Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby on 3 December 1914.[8] S14 was sunk on 19 February 1915 by an internal explosion on the Jade (53°40′N 8°5′E / 53.667°N 8.083°E / 53.667; 8.083). 11 of her crew were killed. The ship was salvaged later in the year and was scrapped at Wilhelmshaven.[6][9]","title":"Construction and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Seiner Majestät Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiner_Majest%C3%A4t_Schiff"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p164-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conways06_p164-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grob2p17-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"}],"text":"^ \"SMS\" stands for \"Seiner Majestät Schiff\" (German: His Majesty's Ship)\n\n^ The \"S\" in S14 denotes the shipyard at which she was built, in this case Schichau-Werke.[1]\n\n^ The Imperial German Navy's practice was to split a year's orders into half-flotillas of six torpedo boats from different builders, to differing detailed design.[1]\n\n^ SK stood for Schnellfeuerkanone (quick-firing gun).[4]\n\n^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, the L/30 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/30 gun is 30 caliber, meaning that the gun is 30 times as long as it is in diameter.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7822-0207-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7822-0207-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-245-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7637-4801-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4801-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85170-378-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-378-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:V_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:V_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:V_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"V1-class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"German Imperial Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vulcan Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG_Vulcan_Stettin"},{"link_name":"V1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V1"},{"link_name":"V2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V2"},{"link_name":"V3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V3"},{"link_name":"V4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V4"},{"link_name":"V5 (1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Keravnos"},{"link_name":"V5 (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V5_(1913)"},{"link_name":"V6 (1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Nea_Genea"},{"link_name":"V6 (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V6_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Germaniawerft Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Krupp_Germaniawerft"},{"link_name":"G7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G7"},{"link_name":"G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G8"},{"link_name":"G9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G9"},{"link_name":"G10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G10"},{"link_name":"G11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G11"},{"link_name":"G12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_G12"},{"link_name":"Schichau Elbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schichau-Werke"},{"link_name":"S13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S13_(1911)"},{"link_name":"S14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S15_(1912)"},{"link_name":"S16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S16_(1912)"},{"link_name":"S17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S17_(1912)"},{"link_name":"S18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S18_(1912)"},{"link_name":"S19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S19_(1912)"},{"link_name":"S20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S20_(1912)"},{"link_name":"S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S21_(1913)"},{"link_name":"S22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S22_(1913)"},{"link_name":"S23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S23_(1913)"},{"link_name":"S24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_S24_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Royal Hellenic Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"Keravnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Keravnos"},{"link_name":"Nea Genea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Nea_Genea"},{"link_name":"German ocean-going torpedo boats of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_ocean-going_torpedo_boats_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Decommissioned Hellenic Navy ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decommissioned_ships_of_the_Hellenic_Navy"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:February_1915_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:February_1915_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:February_1915_shipwrecks"},{"link_name":"Shipwrecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_February_1915"},{"link_name":"HMS Erne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Erne_(1903)"},{"link_name":"Potaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Potaro"},{"link_name":"V25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_V25"},{"link_name":"HMS Goldfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Goldfinch_(1910)"},{"link_name":"SMS S14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_destroyer_Dague"},{"link_name":"Rurik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Rurik_(1906)"},{"link_name":"Magnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Magnetic"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1914"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1916"},{"link_name":"January 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_January_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_January_1915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1915"},{"link_name":"March 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_March_1915"}],"text":"Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4.\nGardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.\nGröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6.\nMoore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio. ISBN 1-85170-378-0.vteV1-class destroyers German Imperial NavyVulcan StettinV1 group (1911 programme)\nV1\nV2\nV3\nV4\nV5 (1912)\nV5 (1913)\nV6 (1912)\nV6 (1913)\nGermaniawerft KielG7 group (1911 programme)\nG7\nG8\nG9\nG10\nG11\nG12\nSchichau ElbingS13 group (1912 programme)\nS13\nS14\nS15\nS16\nS17\nS18\nS19\nS20\nS21\nS22\nS23\nS24\n Royal Hellenic Navy\nKeravnos, ex-V5 (1912)\nNea Genea, ex-V6 (1912)\n\nGerman ocean-going torpedo boats of World War I\nDecommissioned Hellenic Navy shipsvteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1915Shipwrecks\n6 Feb HMS Erne, Potaro\n15 Feb: V25\n19 Feb: HMS Goldfinch, SMS S14\n24 Feb: Dague\nOther incidents\n15 Feb: Rurik\n17 Feb: Magnetic\n1914 1915 1916 January 1915 March 1915","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor! Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten 1914 bis 1939 (in German). Herford, Germany: Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mBH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7822-0207-4","url_text":"3-7822-0207-4"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1983). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graef Verlag. ISBN 3-7637-4801-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4801-6","url_text":"3-7637-4801-6"}]},{"reference":"Moore, John (1990). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. London: Studio. ISBN 1-85170-378-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-378-0","url_text":"1-85170-378-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SMS_S14_(1912)&params=53_40_N_8_5_E_","external_links_name":"53°40′N 8°5′E / 53.667°N 8.083°E / 53.667; 8.083"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wathba
Al-Wathba SC
["1 History","2 Achievements","3 Current squad","4 Performance in the AFC competition","5 Continental record","6 References","7 External links"]
Syrian football club Football clubAl-Wathba SCFull nameAl-Wathba Sport ClubNickname(s)The Knights (Arabic: الفرسان)Founded1937; 87 years ago (1937) as Al-Fedaa ClubGroundKhaled bin Walid StadiumBassel al-Assad StadiumCapacity32,00025,000Chairman Youssef SalamehManager Firas MaasasLeagueSyrian Premier League2022–235thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Al-Wathba active sections Football Basketball Al-Wathba Sport Club (Arabic: نادي الوثبة الرياضي) is a Syrian professional football club based in Homs that competes in the Syrian Premier League. History One of the oldest Syrian clubs, Al-Wathba were founded in 1937 as "Al-Fedaa Club" by a number of young amateur athletes who used "Dar Al-Jodi", located in al-Hamidiyah neighborhood of Homs, to practice their sport activities. In 1953, the club obtained the license, adding football, basketball games, athletics, swimming, and cycling. They won the Homs championship from 1963 to 1968. Al-Wathba is the first football club represented the city of Homs in the Syrian Premier League which started in 1973. The club was very close to winning the Premier League many times during the 1980s, the best place they achieved is 2nd in the 1981–82 season. In February 2013, during the Syrian civil war, Yussef Sleman, one of the players was killed in a mortar strike at the Tishreen Stadium. In 2019, Al-Wathba won the Syrian Cup, to be their first title in their history. In 2019–20 season, Al-Wathba finished second in the league, their best position since 1981–82. Achievements Syrian Premier League: Runners-up (3) : 1981–82, 2019–20, 2021–22 Syrian Cup: Winners (1): 2018–19 Runners-up (1) : 2021–22 Al-Wathba Cup: Winners (1): 2020 Current squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  SYR Fadi Bitar — GK  SYR Nizar Droubi — DF  SYR Manhal Kousa — DF  SYR Subhi Aqoul — DF  SYR Sabi Al Hamwi — DF  SYR Rami Jablawi — DF  SYR Abd Al Motin Wahoud — MF  SYR Nasser Shandin — MF  SYR Mohannad Al Dikh — MF  SYR Mohamed Kroma — MF  SYR Jamil Mahmoud No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  SYR Mohamed Al Farra — MF  SYR Ali Al Sarem — MF  SYR Fahd Aodi — MF  SYR Deab Al Majzoub — MF  SYR Salim Shatila — MF  IRN Reza Bitaraf — MF  SYR Bakr Ghalioum — MF  SYR Maher Daboul — FW  SYR Anas Bouta — FW  SYR George Kamar — FW  SYR Samer Touma — FW  SYR Ali Ghosn Performance in the AFC competition AFC Cup: 1 appearance 2020: abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic in Asia Continental record Season Competition Round Club Home Away 2020 AFC Cup Group B Al-Faisaly – 0–0 Al-Kuwait 0–0 – Al-Ansar – – References ^ "Al Wathba". Eurosport. Retrieved 14 February 2022. ^ "نادي الوثبة الرياضي.. تاريخ حافل بالبطولات". SANA. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2017. ^ "Syria footballer killed as mortars hit stadium". AFP. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-20. ^ "Syria footballer 'killed in Damascus stadium attack'". BBC News. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2013-02-20. ^ "لقب اول للوثبة في كأس سوريا". elaph.com (in Arabic). 29 June 2019. ^ "مدير الكرة بالوثبة في حوار لكووورة: كنا نستحق حصد لقب الدوري السوري". kooora.com (in Arabic). 1 August 2020. External links Al Wathba Official site vte Football in SyriaSyrian Football AssociationNational teamsMen Senior Under-23 Under-20 Under-17 Futsal Beach soccer Women Senior Under-20 League competitions Syrian Premier League Syrian League 1st Division Syrian Women Championship Cup competitions Syrian Cup Syrian Super Cup Other competitions 1974 Kuneitra Cup (defunct) vteSyrian Premier League2023–24 clubs Al-Futowa Al-Hurriya Al-Ittihad Al-Jaish Al-Karamah Al-Sahel Al-Taliya Al-Wahda Al-Wathba Hutteen Jableh Tishreen Former clubs Afrin Al-Herafyeen Al-Horgelah Al-Jazeera Al-Jihad Al-Majd Al-Muhafaza Al-Nawair Al-Shorta Al-Shouleh Al-Yaqdhah Al-Yarmouk Baniyas Refinery Barada Mayadin Omayya Qardaha Shorta Aleppo Seasons 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2013 2014 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Statistics and awards Top scorers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Syrian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Football clubAl-Wathba Sport Club (Arabic: نادي الوثبة الرياضي) is a Syrian professional football club based in Homs that competes in the Syrian Premier League.[1]","title":"Al-Wathba SC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"Syrian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Yussef Sleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yussef_Sleman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP-3"},{"link_name":"Tishreen Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishreen_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-4"},{"link_name":"Syrian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Syrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"One of the oldest Syrian clubs, Al-Wathba were founded in 1937 as \"Al-Fedaa Club\" by a number of young amateur athletes who used \"Dar Al-Jodi\", located in al-Hamidiyah neighborhood of Homs, to practice their sport activities.[2] In 1953, the club obtained the license, adding football, basketball games, athletics, swimming, and cycling. They won the Homs championship from 1963 to 1968.Al-Wathba is the first football club represented the city of Homs in the Syrian Premier League which started in 1973. The club was very close to winning the Premier League many times during the 1980s, the best place they achieved is 2nd in the 1981–82 season.[citation needed]In February 2013, during the Syrian civil war, Yussef Sleman,[3] one of the players was killed in a mortar strike at the Tishreen Stadium.[4]In 2019, Al-Wathba won the Syrian Cup, to be their first title in their history.[5] In 2019–20 season, Al-Wathba finished second in the league, their best position since 1981–82.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Syrian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Syrian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Syrian_Cup"}],"text":"Syrian Premier League:Runners-up (3) : 1981–82, 2019–20, 2021–22Syrian Cup:Winners (1): 2018–19\nRunners-up (1) : 2021–22Al-Wathba Cup:Winners (1): 2020","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_AFC_Cup"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia"}],"text":"AFC Cup: 1 appearance2020: abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic in Asia","title":"Performance in the AFC competition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Continental record"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casebook_of_the_Black_Widowers
Casebook of the Black Widowers
["1 Contents","2 Notes","3 External links"]
1980 collection of mystery short stories by Isaac Asimov Casebook of the Black Widowers Cover of first edition, 1980AuthorIsaac AsimovLanguageEnglishSeriesBlack WidowersGenreMysteryPublisherDoubledayPublication date1980Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages182ISBN0-449-24384-2OCLC7412834Preceded byMore Tales of the Black Widowers Followed byBanquets of the Black Widowers  Casebook of the Black Widowers is a collection of mystery short stories by American author Isaac Asimov, featuring his fictional club of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers. It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in January 1980 and in paperback by the Fawcett Crest imprint of Ballantine Books in March 1981. This book is the third of six in the Black Widowers series, based on a literary dining club he belonged to known as the Trap Door Spiders. It collects twelve stories by Asimov, nine reprinted from mystery magazines and three previously unpublished, together with a general introduction and an afterword by the author following each story. Each story involves the club members' knowledge of trivia. Contents "Introduction" "The Cross of Lorraine" "The Family Man" "The Sports Page" "Second Best" "The Missing Item" "The Next Day" "Irrelevance!" "None So Blind" "The Backward Look" "What Time Is It?" "Middle Name" "To the Barest" Notes ^ Casebook of the Black Widowers title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ^ Asimov 1994, I. Asimov, chapter "120. The Trap Door Spiders". External links Casebook of the Black Widowers title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Casebook of the Black Widowers at Open Library vteShort-story collections by Isaac Asimov I, Robot (1950) The Martian Way and Other Stories (1955) Earth Is Room Enough (1957) Nine Tomorrows (1959) The Rest of the Robots (1964) Through a Glass, Clearly (1967) Asimov's Mysteries (1968) Nightfall and Other Stories (1969) The Early Asimov (1972) The Best of Isaac Asimov (1973) Tales of the Black Widowers (1974) Buy Jupiter and Other Stories (1975) The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories (1976) More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976) The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977) Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980) The Complete Robot (1982) The Winds of Change and Other Stories (1983) The Union Club Mysteries (1983) Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984) The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985) The Edge of Tomorrow (1985) The Alternate Asimovs (1986) The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986) The Best Science Fiction of Isaac Asimov (1986) Science Fiction by Asimov (1986) Robot Dreams (1986) Azazel (1988) The Asimov Chronicles (1989) Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990) Robot Visions (1990) The Complete Stories, Volume 1 (1990) The Complete Stories, Volume 2 (1992) Gold (1995) Magic (1996) The Return of the Black Widowers (2003) List of short stories by Isaac Asimov vteMystery collections by Isaac AsimovBlack Widowers Tales of the Black Widowers (1974) More Tales of the Black Widowers (1976) Casebook of the Black Widowers (1980) Banquets of the Black Widowers (1984) Puzzles of the Black Widowers (1990) The Return of the Black Widowers (2003) Larry The Key Word and Other Mysteries (1977) The Disappearing Man and Other Mysteries (1985) Other mysteries Asimov's Mysteries (1968) The Union Club Mysteries (1983) The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986) List of short stories by Isaac Asimov This article about a collection of mystery short stories published in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Pictures
Phoenix Pictures
["1 History","2 Films","2.1 1990s","2.2 2000s","2.3 2010s","2.4 2020s","3 Television","3.1 Television series/miniseries","3.2 Television movies","4 References","5 External links"]
American film production company founded in November 1995 Phoenix PicturesIndustryFilmFoundedCulver City, California (November 1995 (1995-11))FounderMike MedavoyArnold MesserHeadquartersLos Angeles, California, United StatesWebsitephoenixpictures.com Phoenix Pictures is an American independent film production company that has produced films since the mid to late 1990s with features including The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996), The Thin Red Line (1998), Zodiac (2007), Black Swan (2010), and Shutter Island (2010). History Producers Mike Medavoy and Arnold Messer founded Phoenix in November 1995 as an independent production company. They acquired financing from Onex Corporation, Pearson Television, and Sony Pictures Entertainment. It struck a deal with CBS to air its movies on network television. Its business model was based on packaging films to present to studios and to then navigate the films' development. In 1996, the studio struck an exclusive deal with Showtime Networks to air its networks on pay television. Variety said Phoenix Pictures was one of the few companies to produce more than 25 films with the same executive team in place. Films The films that are produced by Phoenix. 1990s Release Date Title Notes Budget Gross (worldwide) November 15, 1996 The Mirror Has Two Faces co-production with Arnon Milchan Productions, Barwood Films and TriStar Pictures $42 million $91.6 million December 25, 1996 The People vs. Larry Flynt co-production with Ixtlan Productions and Columbia Pictures $35 million $20.3 million October 3, 1997 U Turn co-production with Illusion Entertainment Group and Clyde is Hungry Films; distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the TriStar Pictures label $19 million $6.6 million January 23, 1998 Swept from the Sea co-production with Tapson Steel Films; distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the TriStar Pictures label N/A $283,081 September 25, 1998 Urban Legend co-production with Original Film; distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the TriStar Pictures label $14 million $72.5 million October 23, 1998 Apt Pupil co-production with Bad Hat Harry Productions; distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the TriStar Pictures label $14 million $8.9 million December 25, 1998 The Thin Red Line co-production with Fox 2000 Pictures and Geisler-Roberdeau Productions; distributed by 20th Century Fox $52 million $98.1 million July 16, 1999 Lake Placid co-production with Rocking Chair Productions and Fox 2000 Pictures; distributed by 20th Century Fox $27–35 million $56.9 million August 4, 1999 Dick co-production with Pacific Western Productions; distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the Columbia Pictures label $13 million $6.3 million 2000s Release Date Title Notes Budget Gross (worldwide) March 31, 2000 Whatever It Takes distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the Columbia Pictures label $32 million $9 million August 4, 2000 Mad About Mambo co-production with USA Films N/A $65,283 September 22, 2000 Urban Legends: Final Cut co-production with Original Film; distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the Columbia Pictures label $14 million $38.6 million November 17, 2000 The 6th Day distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing under the Columbia Pictures label $82 million $96.1 million April 3, 2003 Basic co-production with Intermedia Films and Columbia Pictures $50 million $42.8 million April 18, 2003 Holes co-production with Walt Disney Pictures, Walden Media and Chicago Pacific Entertainment; distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution $20 million $71.4 million March 11, 2004 In My Country co-production with The Film Consortium, Merlin Films, UK Film Council, Industrial Development Corporation, South Africa Limited, Inside Track Productions and Robert Chartoff Productions; distributed by Sony Pictures Classics $12 million $1.49 million July 29, 2005 Stealth co-production with Columbia Pictures, Original Film and Laura Ziskin Productions $135 million $76.9 million September 22, 2006 All the King's Men co-production with Columbia Pictures and Relativity Media $55 million $9.5 million March 2, 2007 Zodiac co-production with Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures $65 million $84.8 million March 9, 2007 Miss Potter co-production with the UK Film Council, BBC Films, Grosvenor Park Media and Isle of Man Film; distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and The Weinstein Company $30 million $35.9 million April 13, 2007 Pathfinder co-production with 20th Century Fox $45 million $30.8 million July 3, 2007 License to Wed co-production with Warner Bros. Pictures, Village Roadshow Pictures, Robert Simonds Productions, Undergorund Films and Management and Proposal Productions $35 million $70.2 million August 24, 2007 Resurrecting the Champ co-production with Alberta Film Entertainment, Battleplan Productions and Yari Film Group $13 million $3.2 million 2010s Release Date Title Notes Budget Gross (worldwide) February 19, 2010 Shutter Island co-production with Sikelia Productions, Appain Way Productions and Paramount Pictures $80 million $294.8 million December 3, 2010 Black Swan co-production with Cross Creek Pictures, Protoza Pictures, Dune Entertainment and Fox Searchlight Pictures $13 million $330.4 million May 18, 2012 What to Expect When You're Expecting co-production with Alcon Entertainment, What to Expect Productions and Lionsgate $40 million $84.4 million October 2, 2015 Shanghai co-production with Barry Mendel Productions and The Weinstein Company $50 million $9.24 million November 13, 2015 The 33 co-production with Alcon Entertainment and RatPac-Dune Entertainment; distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures $26 million $24.9 million May 12, 2017 Absolutely Anything uncredited; co-production with Bill & Ben Productions, GFM Films and Premiere Pictures; distributed by Atlas Distribution Company N/A $3.8 million 2020s Release Date Title Notes Budget Gross (worldwide) August 11, 2023 The Last Voyage of the Demeter co-production with New Republic Pictures, Latina Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures; distributed by Universal Pictures TBA TBA Television Television series/miniseries Start Date End Date Title Network Notes Seasons Episodes November 7, 1999 November 10, 1999 Shake, Rattle and Roll: An American Love Story CBS miniseries; co-production with Morling Manor Music & Media and CBS Productions 1 2 March 12, 2001 March 25, 2004 The Chris Isaak Show Showtime co-production with C.I. Productions, Once and Future Films, Viacom Productions and Showtime Networks 3 47 November 7, 2017 December 19, 2017 The Long Road Home National Geographic miniseries; co-production with Finngate Television and Fuzzy Door Productions 1 8 February 2, 2018 February 27, 2020 Altered Carbon Netflix co-production with Virago Productions, Mythology Entertainment and Skydance Television 2 18 Television movies Release Date Title Network Notes October 21, 2001 In the Time of the Butterflies Paramount+ with Showtime uncredited; co-production with MGM Television and Ventanarosa December 16, 2001 Off Season co-production with Palm Avenue Pictures and Hallmark Entertainment November 10, 2002 The Outsider co-production with Coote Hayes Productions, DEJ Productions and Hallmark Entertainment References ^ a b McNary, Dave (August 26, 2011). "Phoenix Pictures to shutter in 2013". Variety. ^ Eller, Claudia; Bates, James (November 28, 1995). "2 Veteran Movie Producers Unveil Phoenix Pictures". The Los Angeles Times. p. D6. ^ Slide, Anthony (1998). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Scarecrow Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8108-6636-2. ^ Cox, Dan (1995-12-04). "Medavoy Rises Atop Phoenix". Variety. Retrieved 2020-04-29. ^ "COMPANY TOWN ANNEX". Los Angeles Times. 1996-03-06. Retrieved 2020-04-29. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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[]
null
[{"reference":"McNary, Dave (August 26, 2011). \"Phoenix Pictures to shutter in 2013\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/film/news/phoenix-pictures-to-shutter-in-2013-1118041885/","url_text":"\"Phoenix Pictures to shutter in 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Eller, Claudia; Bates, James (November 28, 1995). \"2 Veteran Movie Producers Unveil Phoenix Pictures\". The Los Angeles Times. p. D6.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-28/business/fi-7986_1_phoenix-pictures","url_text":"\"2 Veteran Movie Producers Unveil Phoenix Pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Slide, Anthony (1998). The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry. Scarecrow Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-8108-6636-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newhistoricaldic00slid","url_text":"The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newhistoricaldic00slid/page/158","url_text":"158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6636-2","url_text":"978-0-8108-6636-2"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Dan (1995-12-04). \"Medavoy Rises Atop Phoenix\". Variety. Retrieved 2020-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1995/film/features/medavoy-rises-atop-phoenix-99123632/","url_text":"\"Medavoy Rises Atop Phoenix\""}]},{"reference":"\"COMPANY TOWN ANNEX\". Los Angeles Times. 1996-03-06. Retrieved 2020-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-06-fi-43690-story.html","url_text":"\"COMPANY TOWN ANNEX\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_Railway_Bridge
Chepstow Railway Bridge
["1 Background","2 The Chepstow Bridge design","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 51°38′37.10″N 2°40′1.00″W / 51.6436389°N 2.6669444°W / 51.6436389; -2.6669444Bridge spanning the River Wye between England and Wales This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Brunel's original railway bridge over the Wye at Chepstow, before its 1962 replacement. Chepstow Railway Bridge was built to the instructions of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1852. The "Great Tubular Bridge" over the River Wye at Chepstow, which at that point forms the boundary between Wales and England, is considered one of Brunel's major achievements, despite its appearance. It was economical in its use of materials, and would prove to be the design prototype for Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash. Although the superstructure has since been replaced, Brunel's tubular iron supports are still in place. It is a Grade II listed structure. Background Surviving section of one of the horizontal girders, preserved outside the offices of the adjacent Mabey Bridge works. Brunel had to take the two tracks of the South Wales Railway across the River Wye. The Admiralty had insisted on a 300-foot (91 m) clear span over the river, with the bridge a minimum of 50 feet (15 m) above high tide. The span would have to be self-supporting, since although the Gloucestershire side of the river consists of a limestone cliff, the Monmouthshire side is low-lying sedimentary deposit subject to regular flooding. Thus on that side, there was nowhere for an abutment capable of either resisting the outward push of an arch bridge, or the inward pull of a conventional suspension bridge. In any case, neither could be used: an arch bridge would not have met the height and width restrictions imposed by the Admiralty, and suspension bridges were notoriously unfit for carrying railway trains. The concentrated weight caused the chains to deflect, allowing the bridge-deck to ride dangerously up and down. A self-supporting truss bridge was the only option. Robert Stephenson had bridged the River Conwy (1848) and the Menai Straits (1850) with spans of 400 and 450 feet (140 m) respectively, using large box-girder sections of riveted wrought iron. Conwy-like box-girders would have been very expensive to use at Chepstow as well as being heavy (problematic, since the spans had to be lifted much higher than at Conwy). Brunel, characteristically, sought a radical solution. He had already built a bowstring or tied arch bridge at Windsor (1849) consisting of three triangular cross-section cellular arch ribs "strung" by wrought iron deck girders supported by vertical hangers from the arches. This was the same year as Stephenson's tied arch High Level Bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne, which was supposed to have influenced Brunel at Chepstow. However, Brunel's solution for the latter was to make a leap forward, based, nevertheless, on sound engineering principles and a variation of the tied-arch theme. The experiments of William Fairbairn, and the mathematical analysis of Eaton Hodgkinson had shown by a series of experiments that an enclosed box girder, made of riveted wrought iron, combined relative lightness with great strength. The tubular wrought-iron girder – be the cross-section rectangular, triangular or circular – formed a most efficient truss component. If the cross-section was large enough it could be self-supporting. It was Fairbairn's experiments that led to the design of the Menai and Conwy bridges. Stephenson had originally proposed using a box-girder section suspended from chains. The box section would, he argued, be stiff enough to overcome the conventional problems of the bridge-decks of suspension bridges. In the event, Fairbairn showed that a properly constructed box girder would be strong enough so that the chains could be dispensed with. Nevertheless, the decision (not to use chains) was taken late in the project, so the Britannia bridge support towers were still built with holes for the chains. Stephenson's box-girders were a great innovation, and using steel or pre-stressed concrete instead of wrought iron, box-girder construction is the standard today for large bridges. But as Berridge has observed, "Brunel was never one to follow fashion for fashion's sake... (at Chepstow)... Here was the real engineer at work, designing the bridge to suit the site and the best way of getting it into position". The bridge filled a gap in the main rail line between Gloucester and Swansea. The line between Chepstow railway station and Swansea was opened on 18 June 1850, and on 19 September 1851 the line was completed between Gloucester and a station east of the river, known as Chepstow East. Until the bridge was completed and opened, through passengers were carried from one station to the other by coach, using the 1816 road bridge across the River Wye. The railway bridge was opened to public use for the first time on 19 July 1852; Chepstow East station closed at the same time as redundant. Originally there was only one line of railway over the bridge; a second was brought into use on 18 April 1853. The new railway line, and bridge, had the effect of reducing the journey time between London and Swansea from 15 hours, by rail, road and ferry, to 5 hours by rail. The Chepstow Bridge design Section of truss supporting the tubular girder Brunel's cast iron pillars for the original bridge, still supporting the modern railway bridge and its underhung truss. Brunel recognised that a circular cross-section tubular girder – a shallow "bow", excellent in compression and tension – could be strung by suspension chains to form a stiff, self-supporting structure very much lighter (thus less expensive) than a Stephenson-type box girder. Instead of hanging the chains from towers and suspending the bridge deck from them, Brunel used the chains to stress and slightly bow the tubes, which were braced against the chains using struts. The bridge deck was rigid, because it was effectively clamped against the tubes by the chains. Brunel solved the problem in his own way, and for more than 100 years, the Chepstow and subsequently the Royal Albert Bridge were the only suspension bridges on the British railway system. Though rivals, Brunel and Stephenson supported one another professionally. When Stephenson was under pressure during the enquiry following the collapse of his cast-iron girder bridge over the River Dee, which resulted in several deaths, Brunel refused to condemn the use of cast-iron girders when cross-examined as an expert witness. He was also present to provide Stephenson moral support when the great Britannia box-girders were floated across the river prior to being jacked up to their final positions. So when it came to the revolutionary design at Chepstow, The Times of 24 February 1852, reported that “Mr Stephenson, the eminent engineer, has examined the (great railway) bridge (at Chepstow) and concurred in the plan adopted by Mr Brunel...”. The bridge was a triumph of the application of a radical design to a specific problem using available materials. The total cost (£77,000) was half what the Conwy bridge cost (£145,190 18s 0d) — admittedly with a main span of only 300 feet (91 m) compared with Conwy's 400 feet (120 m), but there were no deep-water foundations needed at Conwy, and at Chepstow, the cost included a further 300 feet (91 m) of land spans. With regard to the appearance of the bridge, the Illustrated London News stated that "the peculiarity of the site did not permit any display of 'Art' – that is, of architectural embellishment; indeed, a pure taste rejects any attempt to decorate a large mechanical work with sham columns, pilasters, and small ornamental details." The bridge was constructed on site for Brunel by Edward Finch of Liverpool as partner in the firm Finch & Willey. After it was completed, Finch remained in Chepstow, and developed a major engineering and, later, shipbuilding business on the site, beside the river. The adjoining site, later occupied by the engineering firm Mabey Bridge (formerly Fairfield Mabey), was engaged in prefabricated bridge construction, and in 1987 was responsible for building the A48 road bridge which now runs alongside the railway bridge. Mabey left the site in 2015, and as at 2020 it is being redeveloped for housing. Legacy Present day Chepstow Railway Bridge However, even Brunel was not infallible, and his foresight in allowing for slight movement of the suspension chains against supports on the bridge-deck to relieve stress, led to a weakening of the structure. In the 1950s, the speed of trains using the bridge was restricted to 15 miles per hour (24 km/h), because some of the girders had become distorted. In 1962, a new structure to support the bridge beneath the main span was put in place. Of the bridges mentioned here, the Windsor and Conwy bridges are still standing and in use, although the Conwy spans have been shortened using intermediate supports; the Britannia bridge had to be replaced in 1970 after a fire. Nevertheless, Brunel's Chepstow bridge was a watershed, leading to a final refinement of the design in his great masterpiece, the Royal Albert Bridge over the River Tamar at Saltash, which continues to carry the former Cornwall Railway main line into Cornwall. See also List of crossings of the River Wye List of bridges in Wales List of railway bridges and viaducts in the United Kingdom References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chepstow Railway Bridge. ^ "Chepstow Rail Bridge, Tidenham Date Listed: 7 August 1954 English Heritage Building ID: 354595". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ Chepstow Museum (1989). Anne Rainsbury (ed.). Chepstow and River Wye in old photographs. Alan Sutton. p. 37. ISBN 0-86299-406-3. ^ a b c Chepstow Society, Brunel's Tubular Suspension Bridge over the River Wye, 1970, SBN 900278 04 8 ^ MacDermot, E.T. (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863. Paddington: Great Western Railway. pp. 567, 569. ^ Gillings, Annabel (2006). Brunel. London: Haus. p. 162. ISBN 9781904950448. ^ Ivor Waters, The Town of Chepstow, 1972 ^ Alan Crow, Bridges on the River Wye, 1995, ISBN 0-9518589-9-8 ^ Saul Cooke-Black, "Major housing scheme for 345 homes at the former Fairfield-Mabey Bridge site in Chepstow is approved by councillors", South Wales Argus, 7 May 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2020 Berridge, P.S.A. (1969), The girder bridge after Brunel and others, ISBN 0-08-007095-7 Rolt, L.T.C. (1957) Isambard Kingdom Brunel, ISBN 0-14-021195-0 Rolt, L.T.C. (1960) George and Robert Stephenson: The Railway Revolution, ISBN 0-14-007646-8 vteIsambard Kingdom BrunelRailways Great Western Bristol and Exeter Bristol and Gloucester Bristol and South Wales Union Cheltenham and Great Western Union Cornwall Dartmouth and Torbay East Somerset Great Western and Brentford Llynvi Valley Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton South Devon South Devon and Tavistock South Wales South Wales Mineral Taff Vale Vale of Neath West Cornwall West Somerset Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway stations Bath Spa Bradford-on-Avon Bridgend Bridgwater Bristol Temple Meads Charfield Charlbury Chippenham Cirencester Town Crediton Culham Exeter St Davids Exeter St Thomas Liskeard Mortimer Paddington The Railway Station Hilton Hotel, Paddington St Germans Salisbury Stroud Weston Junction Yatton Bridges and viaducts Angarrack viaduct Avon Bridge Bath:St James's Bridge; Skew Bridge; St James' Viaduct Bishop's Bridge Chepstow Bridge Chippenham viaduct Clifton Suspension Bridge Cornwall Railway viaducts Carnon St Pinnock Cumberland Basin swing bridges "Devil's Bridge", Uphill Gatehampton Railway Bridge Hungerford Bridge Landore Viaduct Loughor Viaduct Maidenhead Bridge Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway Moulsford Railway Bridge Royal Albert Bridge Somerset Bridge Three Bridges, London Usk Bridge Wharncliffe Viaduct Windsor Bridge Tunnels and earthworks Box Tunnel Cockett Tunnel Great Western Main Line Llansamlet arches Sapperton Tunnel Sonning Cutting South Devon Banks South Devon Railway sea wall Thames Tunnel Wellington Bank, Somerset Ships, harbours and waterways Great Western Steamship Company SS Great Western SS Great Britain Balanced rudder SS Great Eastern Isambard Kingdom Brunel Standing Before the Launching Chains of the Great Eastern (1857 photograph) SS Archimedes borrowed by Brunel, used for propeller tests Brentford Dock Bristol Harbour Cumberland Basin Underfall Yard Millbay Docks Westport Canal Other engineering and building Atmospheric railway Balloon flange girder Baulk road Broad gauge Brook House, Steventon Crew's Hole tar works Crystal Palace water towers Great Exhibition (Brunel on committee) Malmaison Hotel, Reading Renkioi Hospital Fellow of the Royal Society Institution of Civil Engineers (VP from 1850) Abraham-Louis Breguet (trained Brunel) Robert Pearson Brereton (Chief assistant) Personal Marc Isambard Brunel (father) Sophia Kingdom (mother) Lindsey House (childhood home) University of Caen Normandy Lycée Henri-IV Henry Marc Brunel (second son) Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream (picture commissioned by Brunel) Brunel Manor (commissioned by Brunel for his retirement) Sarah Guppy, whose portrait was painted by Brunel Kensal Green Cemetery Legacy and commemoration Statues of Brunel Victoria Embankment Paddington Station Bristol Temple Meads Station Brunel Museum Being Brunel Broad gauge running line Blue plaque, 98 Cheyne Walk List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks (SS Great Britain #97) Brunel University London NR Brunel (Network Rail typeface) Brunel Award 100 Greatest Britons (Brunel #2) Two Brunel £2 coins in 2006 2012 London Olympics opening ceremony featured Brunel Brunel (opera project) • Other works of Brunel 51°38′37.10″N 2°40′1.00″W / 51.6436389°N 2.6669444°W / 51.6436389; -2.6669444
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The \"Great Tubular Bridge\" over the River Wye at Chepstow, which at that point forms the boundary between Wales and England, is considered one of Brunel's major achievements, despite its appearance. It was economical in its use of materials, and would prove to be the design prototype for Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash. Although the superstructure has since been replaced, Brunel's tubular iron supports are still in place. It is a Grade II listed structure.[1]","title":"Chepstow Railway Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surviving_girder_section,_Chepstow_railway_bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mabey Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabey_Group"},{"link_name":"South Wales Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Railway"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"abutment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutment"},{"link_name":"arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"suspension bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge"},{"link_name":"truss bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"River Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Conwy"},{"link_name":"Menai Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Strait"},{"link_name":"tied arch bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Railway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"High Level Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Level_Bridge,_River_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"William Fairbairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn"},{"link_name":"Eaton Hodgkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson"},{"link_name":"box girder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_girder"},{"link_name":"Menai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Conwy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_railway_bridge"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Chepstow railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chepstow East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_East_railway_station"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(carriage)"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aust_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chepsoc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Surviving section of one of the horizontal girders, preserved outside the offices of the adjacent Mabey Bridge works.Brunel had to take the two tracks of the South Wales Railway across the River Wye. The Admiralty had insisted on a 300-foot (91 m) clear span over the river, with the bridge a minimum of 50 feet (15 m) above high tide.[2] The span would have to be self-supporting, since although the Gloucestershire side of the river consists of a limestone cliff, the Monmouthshire side is low-lying sedimentary deposit subject to regular flooding. Thus on that side, there was nowhere for an abutment capable of either resisting the outward push of an arch bridge, or the inward pull of a conventional suspension bridge. In any case, neither could be used: an arch bridge would not have met the height and width restrictions imposed by the Admiralty, and suspension bridges were notoriously unfit for carrying railway trains. The concentrated weight caused the chains to deflect, allowing the bridge-deck to ride dangerously up and down. A self-supporting truss bridge was the only option.Robert Stephenson had bridged the River Conwy (1848) and the Menai Straits (1850) with spans of 400 and 450 feet (140 m) respectively, using large box-girder sections of riveted wrought iron. Conwy-like box-girders would have been very expensive to use at Chepstow as well as being heavy (problematic, since the spans had to be lifted much higher than at Conwy). Brunel, characteristically, sought a radical solution. He had already built a bowstring or tied arch bridge at Windsor (1849) consisting of three triangular cross-section cellular arch ribs \"strung\" by wrought iron deck girders supported by vertical hangers from the arches. This was the same year as Stephenson's tied arch High Level Bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne, which was supposed to have influenced Brunel at Chepstow. However, Brunel's solution for the latter was to make a leap forward, based, nevertheless, on sound engineering principles and a variation of the tied-arch theme.The experiments of William Fairbairn, and the mathematical analysis of Eaton Hodgkinson had shown by a series of experiments that an enclosed box girder, made of riveted wrought iron, combined relative lightness with great strength. The tubular wrought-iron girder – be the cross-section rectangular, triangular or circular – formed a most efficient truss component. If the cross-section was large enough it could be self-supporting. It was Fairbairn's experiments that led to the design of the Menai and Conwy bridges. Stephenson had originally proposed using a box-girder section suspended from chains. The box section would, he argued, be stiff enough to overcome the conventional problems of the bridge-decks of suspension bridges. In the event, Fairbairn showed that a properly constructed box girder would be strong enough so that the chains could be dispensed with. Nevertheless, the decision (not to use chains) was taken late in the project, so the Britannia bridge support towers were still built with holes for the chains. Stephenson's box-girders were a great innovation, and using steel or pre-stressed concrete instead of wrought iron, box-girder construction is the standard today for large bridges. But as Berridge has observed, \"Brunel was never one to follow fashion for fashion's sake... (at Chepstow)... Here was the real engineer at work, designing the bridge to suit the site and the best way of getting it into position\".The bridge filled a gap in the main rail line between Gloucester and Swansea. The line between Chepstow railway station and Swansea was opened on 18 June 1850, and on 19 September 1851 the line was completed between Gloucester and a station east of the river, known as Chepstow East. Until the bridge was completed and opened, through passengers were carried from one station to the other by coach, using the 1816 road bridge across the River Wye. The railway bridge was opened to public use for the first time on 19 July 1852; Chepstow East station closed at the same time as redundant. Originally there was only one line of railway over the bridge; a second was brought into use on 18 April 1853. The new railway line, and bridge, had the effect of reducing the journey time between London and Swansea from 15 hours, by rail, road and ferry, to 5 hours by rail.[3][4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_of_Brunel_-_Fig_11_-_Section_of_truss_on_Chepstow_Bridge.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Original_pillars,_Chepstow_Railway_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chepsoc-3"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Mabey Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabey_Group"},{"link_name":"A48 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A48_road"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crow-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Section of truss supporting the tubular girderBrunel's cast iron pillars for the original bridge, still supporting the modern railway bridge and its underhung truss.Brunel recognised that a circular cross-section tubular girder – a shallow \"bow\", excellent in compression and tension – could be strung by suspension chains to form a stiff, self-supporting structure very much lighter (thus less expensive) than a Stephenson-type box girder. Instead of hanging the chains from towers and suspending the bridge deck from them, Brunel used the chains to stress and slightly bow the tubes, which were braced against the chains using struts. The bridge deck was rigid, because it was effectively clamped against the tubes by the chains. Brunel solved the problem in his own way, and for more than 100 years, the Chepstow and subsequently the Royal Albert Bridge were the only suspension bridges on the British railway system.Though rivals, Brunel and Stephenson supported one another professionally. When Stephenson was under pressure during the enquiry following the collapse of his cast-iron girder bridge over the River Dee, which resulted in several deaths, Brunel refused to condemn the use of cast-iron girders when cross-examined as an expert witness.[5] He was also present to provide Stephenson moral support when the great Britannia box-girders were floated across the river prior to being jacked up to their final positions. So when it came to the revolutionary design at Chepstow, The Times of 24 February 1852, reported that “Mr Stephenson, the eminent engineer, has examined the (great railway) bridge (at Chepstow) and concurred in the plan adopted by Mr Brunel...”.The bridge was a triumph of the application of a radical design to a specific problem using available materials. The total cost (£77,000) was half what the Conwy bridge cost (£145,190 18s 0d) — admittedly with a main span of only 300 feet (91 m) compared with Conwy's 400 feet (120 m), but there were no deep-water foundations needed at Conwy, and at Chepstow, the cost included a further 300 feet (91 m) of land spans.With regard to the appearance of the bridge, the Illustrated London News stated that \"the peculiarity of the site did not permit any display of 'Art' – that is, of architectural embellishment; indeed, a pure taste rejects any attempt to decorate a large mechanical work with sham columns, pilasters, and small ornamental details.\"[3]The bridge was constructed on site for Brunel by Edward Finch of Liverpool as partner in the firm Finch & Willey. After it was completed, Finch remained in Chepstow, and developed a major engineering and, later, shipbuilding business on the site, beside the river. The adjoining site, later occupied by the engineering firm Mabey Bridge (formerly Fairfield Mabey), was engaged in prefabricated bridge construction, and in 1987 was responsible for building the A48 road bridge which now runs alongside the railway bridge.[6][7] Mabey left the site in 2015, and as at 2020 it is being redeveloped for housing.[8]","title":"The Chepstow Bridge design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Wye_Railway_bridge_at_Chepstow.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chepsoc-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Tamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tamar"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"}],"text":"Present day Chepstow Railway BridgeHowever, even Brunel was not infallible, and his foresight in allowing for slight movement of the suspension chains against supports on the bridge-deck to relieve stress, led to a weakening of the structure. In the 1950s, the speed of trains using the bridge was restricted to 15 miles per hour (24 km/h), because some of the girders had become distorted. In 1962, a new structure to support the bridge beneath the main span was put in place.[3]Of the bridges mentioned here, the Windsor and Conwy bridges are still standing and in use, although the Conwy spans have been shortened using intermediate supports; the Britannia bridge had to be replaced in 1970 after a fire. Nevertheless, Brunel's Chepstow bridge was a watershed, leading to a final refinement of the design in his great masterpiece, the Royal Albert Bridge over the River Tamar at Saltash, which continues to carry the former Cornwall Railway main line into Cornwall.","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Brunel's original railway bridge over the Wye at Chepstow, before its 1962 replacement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Brunel_Chepstow_bridge.jpg/300px-Brunel_Chepstow_bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Surviving section of one of the horizontal girders, preserved outside the offices of the adjacent Mabey Bridge works.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Surviving_girder_section%2C_Chepstow_railway_bridge.jpg/170px-Surviving_girder_section%2C_Chepstow_railway_bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Section of truss supporting the tubular girder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Life_of_Brunel_-_Fig_11_-_Section_of_truss_on_Chepstow_Bridge.png/170px-Life_of_Brunel_-_Fig_11_-_Section_of_truss_on_Chepstow_Bridge.png"},{"image_text":"Brunel's cast iron pillars for the original bridge, still supporting the modern railway bridge and its underhung truss.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Original_pillars%2C_Chepstow_Railway_Bridge.jpg/170px-Original_pillars%2C_Chepstow_Railway_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Present day Chepstow Railway Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/River_Wye_Railway_bridge_at_Chepstow.jpg/220px-River_Wye_Railway_bridge_at_Chepstow.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of crossings of the River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Wye"},{"title":"List of bridges in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Wales"},{"title":"List of railway bridges and viaducts in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_bridges_and_viaducts_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"\"Chepstow Rail Bridge, Tidenham Date Listed: 7 August 1954 English Heritage Building ID: 354595\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-354595-chepstow-rail-bridge-chepstow-community-#.VwpKYTEQEnM","url_text":"\"Chepstow Rail Bridge, Tidenham Date Listed: 7 August 1954 English Heritage Building ID: 354595\""}]},{"reference":"Chepstow Museum (1989). Anne Rainsbury (ed.). Chepstow and River Wye in old photographs. Alan Sutton. p. 37. ISBN 0-86299-406-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-406-3","url_text":"0-86299-406-3"}]},{"reference":"MacDermot, E.T. (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863. Paddington: Great Western Railway. pp. 567, 569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway","url_text":"Great Western Railway"}]},{"reference":"Gillings, Annabel (2006). Brunel. London: Haus. p. 162. ISBN 9781904950448.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904950448","url_text":"9781904950448"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chepstow_Railway_Bridge&params=51_38_37.10_N_2_40_1.00_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°38′37.10″N 2°40′1.00″W / 51.6436389°N 2.6669444°W / 51.6436389; -2.6669444"},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-354595-chepstow-rail-bridge-chepstow-community-#.VwpKYTEQEnM","external_links_name":"\"Chepstow Rail Bridge, Tidenham Date Listed: 7 August 1954 English Heritage Building ID: 354595\""},{"Link":"https://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/news/17624108.major-housing-scheme-for-345-homes-at-the-former-fairfield-mabey-bridge-site-in-chepstow-is-approved-by-councillors/","external_links_name":"Saul Cooke-Black, \"Major housing scheme for 345 homes at the former Fairfield-Mabey Bridge site in Chepstow is approved by councillors\", South Wales Argus, 7 May 2019"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chepstow_Railway_Bridge&params=51_38_37.10_N_2_40_1.00_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°38′37.10″N 2°40′1.00″W / 51.6436389°N 2.6669444°W / 51.6436389; -2.6669444"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K14
NBA 2K14
["1 Development","2 Reception","3 Additions and changes","4 References","5 External links"]
2013 basketball video game 2013 video gameNBA 2K14Cover art featuring LeBron JamesDeveloper(s)Visual ConceptsPublisher(s)2KSeriesNBA 2KPlatform(s)AndroidiOSMicrosoft WindowsPlayStation 3PlayStation 4Xbox 360Xbox OneReleaseNA: October 1, 2013HK: October 2, 2013AU: October 3, 2013EU: October 4, 2013PHI: October 4, 2013IND: October 4, 2013JP: November 7, 2013PlayStation 4NA: November 15, 2013EU: November 29, 2013Xbox OneNA: November 22, 2013EU: November 22, 2013Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer NBA 2K14 is a 2013 basketball video game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K. The fifteenth installment in the series, it was released on October 1, 2013, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360, and the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One versions were released on the consoles' respective launch dates. LeBron James of the Miami Heat became the cover athlete, and also served as the music curator for the game. 2K Sports also released the DLC pack that as a bonus for pre-ordering the game, they would receive 10,000 VC, bonus content for "Path to Greatness" mode, adding James in the Blacktop mode and a signature skill for MyCareer mode. On August 14, 2013, 2K Sports announced that Crew Mode would return to this year's installment of NBA 2K. NBA 2K14 is the successor to NBA 2K13 and was succeeded by NBA 2K15 in the NBA 2K series. Development On July 2, 2013, 2K Sports and EuroLeague signed an exclusive multi-year deal to include teams in the game. This marks the first time EuroLeague teams have appeared in the NBA 2K series, similar to EA's NBA Live series, which included FIBA teams and also the U.S. national basketball team found in 2K13, beginning with Live 08 and ending with Live 10. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PS3) 84/100(X360) 87/100(PS4) 85/100(XONE) 86/100(iOS) 59/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer8.5/10GameRevolutionGameSpot8/10GamesRadar+Giant BombIGN9.3/10Push SquareTouchArcade(iOS) NBA 2K14 received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Ryan McCaffrey of IGN rated the game a 9.3 praising the gameplay saying, "With just enough new features, and tighter-than-ever gameplay, NBA 2K14 tops its predecessors and competitors... again". Tom McShea of GameSpot rated the game an 8.0 praising the game as well but criticizing designing of the game. USA Today's Brett Molina rated the game 3.5 out of 4 stars, noting that the game's new dribble and shoot mechanics may be simpler to newcomers, but frustrating to veteran gamers. Matt Bertz of Game Informer stated that the presentation was "the best the sports genre has to offer", but criticized the lack of improvements made to both the My Career and Association modes. Andy Hartup of GamesRadar+ praised the amazingly realistic player models, My Career mode, and improved presentation while criticizing recycled content and the uncanny valley nature of the player models. Greg Giddens of Push Square concluded that "NBA 2K14 on the PS4 is a stunning digital facsimile of basketball. The title's visually jaw dropping, technically stunning, and represents a whole different ball game to its PS3 counterpart. The new My Career and My GM campaigns don't always score a slam dunk, but they're engaging enough to dribble your way through, making this is a top option..." Shortly after release, the game was the best-selling sports game on 8th-consoles. During the 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated NBA 2K14 for "Sports Game of the Year". Additions and changes As well as the aforementioned new soundtrack and inclusion of EuroLeague teams (at the expense of the "Celeb" team, "Team USA", "Dream Team" and 2001–2002 Sacramento Kings classic squad), several new changes have been made since 2K13: "LeBron: Path to Greatness" mode, which is not found on the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of the game, is reminiscent of a expanded version of NBA 2K11's Jordan Challenge, where players get to control LeBron James' career in an alternate future of the NBA from the 2013–14 to the 2019–20 season (either as a member of the Miami Heat for the entire time, or a more complex route where LeBron plays for the Heat, before later leaving to join the New York Knicks, only for him to leave again to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers, before making one last return to the Heat.) as they attempt to win 7 NBA championships (while it is actually five championships as Lebron James had already won two in real life by the time of the beginning of the game mode). Lebron James' future is laid out by the game meaning players' choices are somewhat predetermined. New signature skills, including an exclusive pre-order "LeBron Coast to Coast" skill (Speed, Quickness and Ball-Handling attributes are boosted 4 points and the shot penalty enforced for hitting a defender is decreased), One Man Fastbreak (a speed and handling increase on a fastbreak), Pick Dodger (player doesn't get caught on screens), Tenacious Rebounder (increase in rebounding skill), Flashy Passer (less likelihood of a "flashy pass" going astray - see below), Screen Outlet/Pick & Roll Maestro (skills which give boosts in pick and roll situations). a new way of passing by holding a trigger and pressing a control stick in the direction the player want to pass (includes blind passes). The "potential" stat now limited and restricted the overall level a player can grow to, rather than increasing as the player improves as happened in previous NBA 2K titles. It curbed the amount by which players' attributes could improve in Association Mode (fixing the flaw of too many players turning into superstars in future seasons). More than 50 hours of new commentary from Kevin Harlan, Clark Kellogg, and Steve Kerr, new draft night audio and new "MyCareer" voiceovers. A new "Training Camp" mode, which is there to guide players to master the new controls. Training Drills now have their own menu in My Career mode, meaning players don't have to return to the main menu (and back again) to do multiple training sessions. Always Online DRM added in patch requiring users to be connected to 2K servers to play MyCareer and MyGM modes. However, the patch is only available on the PS4 and the Xbox One versions of the game and not on the PS3, Xbox 360 and PC versions of the game. References ^ "NBA 2K14 (Kindle Tablet Edition): Appstore for Android". Amazon. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2013-10-22. ^ NBA 2K14 coming on Oct. 1; Xbox One, PS4 versions at launch Archived 2014-05-15 at the Wayback Machine (Joystiq) ^ "NBA 2K14 - The Reign Begins". Youtube.com. 2013-06-06. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2013-10-22. ^ NBA 2K14 Pre Order Bonuses Archived 2014-05-13 at the Wayback Machine (MyXboxLive) ^ 2K Sports' NBA 2K14 to Include Top Euroleague Basketball Teams for the First Time in the Series Archived 2014-12-29 at the Wayback Machine (Euroleague) ^ "NBA 2K14 for PlayStation 3 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ "NBA 2K14 for Xbox 360 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ "NBA 2K14 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ "NBA 2K14 for Xbox One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ "NBA 2K14 for iOS/iPad Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ McCaffrey, Ryan (25 September 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ McShea, Tom (9 December 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Navarro, Alex (26 September 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review". Giant Bomb. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Bertz, Matt (1 October 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review - All Hail The King, For Better Or Worse". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Burnett, Karl (4 October 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review - It's Like 'NBA 2K13', Only Not As Good". TouchArcade. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Hartup, Andy (14 November 2013). "NBA 2K14 PS4 review". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Giddens, Greg (4 December 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review (PS4)". Push Square. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Charles, Devin (9 October 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ "NBA 2K14 reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved Feb 1, 2014. ^ McCaffrey, Ryan (Sep 25, 2013). "NBA 2K14 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved Sep 30, 2013. ^ Molina, Brett (Sep 24, 2013). "Review: NBA 2K14 fit for a King". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved Sep 30, 2013. ^ Giddens, Greg (4 December 2013). "Review: NBA 2K14 (PlayStation 4)". Push Square. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022. ^ Langshaw, Mark. (December 15, 2013). "NBA 2K14 named best-selling sports game on next-gen consoles" Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. Digital Spy. Retrieved June 26, 2015. ^ "2014 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ "NBA 2K14 Video - Player Ratings: Classic Teams and Euroleague". Operation Sports. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ "NBA 2K14 review (PS3): Dominates the virtual courts". Digital Spy. October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ "New Signature Skills Revealed". Operation Sports. August 30, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ "NBA2K14 and Player Potential: Why it is now so important!". NBA 2K Blog. October 20, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ Hartup, Andy (August 25, 2013). "NBA 2K14 - 50+ New Hours of Fresh Commentary EVERY year". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2013. ^ "2K Patches in Always Online DRM to Next-Gen NBA2K14". GameFAQs. December 11, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2013. External links NBA 2K14 at MobyGames vteNBA 2KSega Sports/ESPN NBA 2K 1 2 3 ESPN NBA Basketball ESPN NBA 2K5 Take-Two Interactive/2K Sports 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Related articles NBA 2K League Playgrounds 2 Mobile
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Visual Concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Concepts"},{"link_name":"2K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K_(company)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"LeBron James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James"},{"link_name":"Miami Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Heat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_economy"},{"link_name":"MyCareer mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_mode"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2K Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2K_Sports"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K13"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K15"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K"}],"text":"2013 video gameNBA 2K14 is a 2013 basketball video game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K. The fifteenth installment in the series, it was released on October 1, 2013, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360,[2] and the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One versions were released on the consoles' respective launch dates. LeBron James of the Miami Heat became the cover athlete,[3] and also served as the music curator for the game. 2K Sports also released the DLC pack that as a bonus for pre-ordering the game, they would receive 10,000 VC, bonus content for \"Path to Greatness\" mode, adding James in the Blacktop mode and a signature skill for MyCareer mode.[4] On August 14, 2013, 2K Sports announced that Crew Mode would return to this year's installment of NBA 2K. NBA 2K14 is the successor to NBA 2K13 and was succeeded by NBA 2K15 in the NBA 2K series.","title":"NBA 2K14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NBA Live series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"FIBA teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"},{"link_name":"U.S. national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Live 08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_08"},{"link_name":"Live 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_10"}],"text":"On July 2, 2013, 2K Sports and EuroLeague signed an exclusive multi-year deal to include teams in the game.[5] This marks the first time EuroLeague teams have appeared in the NBA 2K series, similar to EA's NBA Live series, which included FIBA teams and also the U.S. national basketball team found in 2K13, beginning with Live 08 and ending with Live 10.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-ps3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-x360-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-ps4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-ios-10"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Giant Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"TouchArcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchArcade"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Annual_D.I.C.E._Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Sports Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Sports_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(PS3) 84/100[6](X360) 87/100[7](PS4) 85/100[8](XONE) 86/100[9](iOS) 59/100[10]Review scoresPublicationScoreGame Informer8.5/10[14]GameRevolution[18]GameSpot8/10[12]GamesRadar+[16]Giant Bomb[13]IGN9.3/10[11]Push Square[17]TouchArcade(iOS) [15]NBA 2K14 received \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[19]Ryan McCaffrey of IGN rated the game a 9.3 praising the gameplay saying, \"With just enough new features, and tighter-than-ever gameplay, NBA 2K14 tops its predecessors and competitors... again\".[20] Tom McShea of GameSpot rated the game an 8.0 praising the game as well but criticizing designing of the game. USA Today's Brett Molina rated the game 3.5 out of 4 stars, noting that the game's new dribble and shoot mechanics may be simpler to newcomers, but frustrating to veteran gamers.[21] Matt Bertz of Game Informer stated that the presentation was \"the best the sports genre has to offer\", but criticized the lack of improvements made to both the My Career and Association modes. Andy Hartup of GamesRadar+ praised the amazingly realistic player models, My Career mode, and improved presentation while criticizing recycled content and the uncanny valley nature of the player models. Greg Giddens of Push Square concluded that \"NBA 2K14 on the PS4 is a stunning digital facsimile of basketball. The title's visually jaw dropping, technically stunning, and represents a whole different ball game to its PS3 counterpart. The new My Career and My GM campaigns don't always score a slam dunk, but they're engaging enough to dribble your way through, making this is a top option...\"[22]Shortly after release, the game was the best-selling sports game on 8th-consoles.[23]During the 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated NBA 2K14 for \"Sports Game of the Year\".[24]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacramento Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Kings"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"NBA 2K11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_2K11"},{"link_name":"LeBron James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"pick and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kevin Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Harlan"},{"link_name":"Clark Kellogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kellogg"},{"link_name":"Steve Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Always Online DRM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always-on_DRM"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"As well as the aforementioned new soundtrack and inclusion of EuroLeague teams (at the expense of the \"Celeb\" team, \"Team USA\", \"Dream Team\" and 2001–2002 Sacramento Kings classic squad),[25] several new changes have been made since 2K13:\"LeBron: Path to Greatness\" mode, which is not found on the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of the game, is reminiscent of a expanded version of NBA 2K11's Jordan Challenge, where players get to control LeBron James' career in an alternate future of the NBA from the 2013–14 to the 2019–20 season (either as a member of the Miami Heat for the entire time, or a more complex route where LeBron plays for the Heat, before later leaving to join the New York Knicks, only for him to leave again to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers, before making one last return to the Heat.) as they attempt to win 7 NBA championships (while it is actually five championships as Lebron James had already won two in real life by the time of the beginning of the game mode). Lebron James' future is laid out by the game meaning players' choices are somewhat predetermined.[26]\nNew signature skills, including an exclusive pre-order \"LeBron Coast to Coast\" skill (Speed, Quickness and Ball-Handling attributes are boosted 4 points and the shot penalty enforced for hitting a defender is decreased), One Man Fastbreak (a speed and handling increase on a fastbreak), Pick Dodger (player doesn't get caught on screens), Tenacious Rebounder (increase in rebounding skill), Flashy Passer (less likelihood of a \"flashy pass\" going astray - see below), Screen Outlet/Pick & Roll Maestro (skills which give boosts in pick and roll situations).[27] a new way of passing by holding a trigger and pressing a control stick in the direction the player want to pass (includes blind passes).\nThe \"potential\" stat now limited and restricted the overall level a player can grow to, rather than increasing as the player improves as happened in previous NBA 2K titles. It curbed the amount by which players' attributes could improve in Association Mode (fixing the flaw of too many players turning into superstars in future seasons).[28]\nMore than 50 hours of new commentary from Kevin Harlan, Clark Kellogg, and Steve Kerr,[29] new draft night audio and new \"MyCareer\" voiceovers.\nA new \"Training Camp\" mode, which is there to guide players to master the new controls.\nTraining Drills now have their own menu in My Career mode, meaning players don't have to return to the main menu (and back again) to do multiple training sessions.\nAlways Online DRM added in patch requiring users to be connected to 2K servers to play MyCareer and MyGM modes. However, the patch is only available on the PS4 and the Xbox One versions of the game and not on the PS3, Xbox 360 and PC versions of the game.[30]","title":"Additions and changes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 (Kindle Tablet Edition): Appstore for Android\". Amazon. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2013-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/NBA-2K14-Kindle-Tablet-Edition/dp/B00FFHG6KQ/ref=sr_1_9?s=mobile-apps&ie=UTF8&qid=1381048839&sr=1-9&keywords=NBA","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 (Kindle Tablet Edition): Appstore for Android\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018162956/https://www.amazon.com/NBA-2K14-Kindle-Tablet-Edition/dp/B00FFHG6KQ/ref%3Dsr_1_9?s=mobile-apps&ie=UTF8&qid=1381048839&sr=1-9&keywords=NBA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 - The Reign Begins\". Youtube.com. 2013-06-06. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2013-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiQEqZ-QuUo","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 - The Reign Begins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160729154053/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiQEqZ-QuUo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 for PlayStation 3 Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-2k14/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-3","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 for PlayStation 3 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105183457/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/nba-2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 for Xbox 360 Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-2k14/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-360","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 for Xbox 360 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181954/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/nba-2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 for PlayStation 4 Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-2k14/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181953/https://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/nba-2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 for Xbox One Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-2k14/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 for Xbox One Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105191513/https://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/nba-2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 for iOS/iPad Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-2k14/critic-reviews/?platform=ios-iphoneipad","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 for iOS/iPad Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181957/https://www.metacritic.com/game/ios/nba-2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCaffrey, Ryan (25 September 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/26/nba-2k14-review","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181954/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/26/nba-2k14-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McShea, Tom (9 December 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nba-2k14-review/1900-6415551/","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181954/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/nba-2k14-review/1900-6415551/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Navarro, Alex (26 September 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review\". Giant Bomb. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giantbomb.com/reviews/nba-2k14-review/1900-599/","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Bomb","url_text":"Giant Bomb"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035344/https://www.giantbomb.com/reviews/nba-2k14-review/1900-599/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bertz, Matt (1 October 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review - All Hail The King, For Better Or Worse\". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/games/nba_2k14/b/xbox360/archive/2013/10/01/nba-2k14-review.aspx","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review - All Hail The King, For Better Or Worse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181955/https://www.gameinformer.com/games/nba_2k14/b/xbox360/archive/2013/10/01/nba-2k14-review.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burnett, Karl (4 October 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review - It's Like 'NBA 2K13', Only Not As Good\". TouchArcade. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://toucharcade.com/2013/10/04/nba-2k14-review-its-like-nba-2k13-only-not-as-good/","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review - It's Like 'NBA 2K13', Only Not As Good\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchArcade","url_text":"TouchArcade"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181955/https://toucharcade.com/2013/10/04/nba-2k14-review-its-like-nba-2k13-only-not-as-good/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hartup, Andy (14 November 2013). \"NBA 2K14 PS4 review\". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/nba-2k14-review/","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 PS4 review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar","url_text":"GamesRadar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181953/https://www.gamesradar.com/nba-2k14-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giddens, Greg (4 December 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review (PS4)\". Push Square. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/nba_2k14","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review (PS4)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square","url_text":"Push Square"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181955/https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/nba_2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Charles, Devin (9 October 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review\". GameRevolution. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/61790-nba-2k14-review","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181955/https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/61790-nba-2k14-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved Feb 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/nba-2k14/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150831161047/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/nba-2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCaffrey, Ryan (Sep 25, 2013). \"NBA 2K14 Review\". IGN. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved Sep 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/26/nba-2k14-review","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203153940/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/26/nba-2k14-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Molina, Brett (Sep 24, 2013). \"Review: NBA 2K14 fit for a King\". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved Sep 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/gaming/2013/09/24/nba-2k14-review/2859787/","url_text":"\"Review: NBA 2K14 fit for a King\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002060834/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/gaming/2013/09/24/nba-2k14-review/2859787/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giddens, Greg (4 December 2013). \"Review: NBA 2K14 (PlayStation 4)\". Push Square. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/nba_2k14","url_text":"\"Review: NBA 2K14 (PlayStation 4)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105181955/https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps4/nba_2k14","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year\". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2014&idGameAwardType=126","url_text":"\"2014 Awards Category Details Sports Game of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 Video - Player Ratings: Classic Teams and Euroleague\". Operation Sports. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on October 22, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151022174551/http://www.operationsports.com/news/664783/nba-2k14-video-player-ratings-classic-teams-and-euroleague/","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 Video - Player Ratings: Classic Teams and Euroleague\""},{"url":"http://www.operationsports.com/news/664783/nba-2k14-video-player-ratings-classic-teams-and-euroleague//","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA 2K14 review (PS3): Dominates the virtual courts\". Digital Spy. October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/review/a522212/nba-2k14-review-ps3-dominates-the-virtual-courts.html","url_text":"\"NBA 2K14 review (PS3): Dominates the virtual courts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150629152623/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/gaming/review/a522212/nba-2k14-review-ps3-dominates-the-virtual-courts.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Signature Skills Revealed\". Operation Sports. August 30, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051728/http://www.operationsports.com/news/656509/nba-2k14-new-signature-skills-revealed-including-pre-order-lebron-coast-to-coast/","url_text":"\"New Signature Skills Revealed\""},{"url":"http://www.operationsports.com/news/656509/nba-2k14-new-signature-skills-revealed-including-pre-order-lebron-coast-to-coast/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NBA2K14 and Player Potential: Why it is now so important!\". NBA 2K Blog. October 20, 2013. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Dancing_(song)
Dirty Dancing (song)
["1 Song information","2 Critical reception","3 Promotion","4 Music video","5 Track listing","6 Chart performance","7 Charts","8 References"]
2008 single by New Kids on the Block"Dirty Dancing"Single by New Kids on the Blockfrom the album The Block ReleasedDecember 19, 2008 (Germany)Recorded2008GenrePopurban poprocksteadyLength3:37LabelInterscopeSongwriter(s)Donnie WahlbergRedOneJoaquin BynumProducer(s)RedOneNew Kids on the Block singles chronology "Single" (2008) "Dirty Dancing" (2008) "2 in the Morning" (2009) "Dirty Dancing" is the third overall single from New Kids on the Block's 2008 album, The Block. It was produced by RedOne. The lead vocals were sung by Jordan Knight and Donnie Wahlberg. A new version of the song featuring South Korea boy band Seventeen was released to coincide the fifteenth anniversary of their album release, The Block. Song information "Dirty Dancing" was only released in Germany on December 19, 2008, as the second single from the album in that market. However, the song has charted in Canada, Austria and on the European Hot 100. It became The Block's most successful single in Europe. Critical reception British tabloid The News Letter described the song as "more sophisticated than the blaring, synth-heavy pop of their classic years". In its review of The Block, Sputnik Music said: "to the wafer-thin sexual metaphors of ‘Dirty Dancing’". Slant Magazine said: "they show their age by pretending it's still 1987 on "Dirty Dancing" ("Ooh, it's so crazy/She's like Baby/I'm like Swayze")". In its review of The Block, The A.V. Club stated that "in songs like "Dirty Dancing" they… well, they merely sound like a boy band, and pay for the simple incongruity of it all" Now Magazine comments on the song: "Throwback references date their fan base, though, with songs like Dirty Dancing (“She’s like Baby, I’m like Swayze”)". British newspaper Lisburn Today described it as "sexy". In its review of The Block, Billboard declared: "They also turn an homage to "Dirty Dancing" into a bump and grind that is far, far from the innocence of the Patrick Swayze original, or the New Kids music, for that matter". Promotion New Kids On The Block sang an excerpt from the song at 2008 American Music Awards as well as Good Morning America. Music video Shot in a medieval background, the video, directed by Til Schweiger, intersperses scenes from the German film "The 1½ Knights - In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde" (German title: "1½ Ritter - Auf der Suche nach der hinreißenden Herzelinde"), in which he appears, with footage of the band performing the song in front of a mostly all-female audience. Track listing Germany Dirty Dancing Dirty Dancing Maxi Single Dirty Dancing Looking Like Danger Dirty Dancing Chart performance The song debuted at #92 on the German Singles Chart and peaked at #23. On the Canadian Hot 100 it also debuted at #92 and is now at #31 and on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles Chart debuted at #72 and then rose to #59. It debuted at #100 on the Canadian Airplay Chart and it peaked at #72. The single debuted at #82 on the European Hot 100. In its second week, it rose to #76. The song remained on chart for four weeks. In Austria, the song debuted at #65 and after having fallen a week later, rose to #71 in its third week on the chart. "Dirty Dancing" has gathered 17,577,000 audience impressions and 3,354 total spins in the United States of America to date, without being officially released. "Dirty Dancing" reached the #1 position on the CHUM chart in Toronto on February 21, 2009. "Dirty Dancing" has been on the CHUM Chart 12 weeks before reaching #1. Charts Chart (2008–2009) Peakposition Austrian Singles Chart 65 Canadian Hot 100 31 European Hot 100 76 German Singles Chart 23 References ^ Susan-Han (2023-08-30). "Seventeen announce an unexpected collaboration with New Kids On The Block". allkpop. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ http://www.weblinkportal.de/nkotb-single-dirty-dancing-zu-haben-13505 ^ "N-k-o-t-b.de". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-01-22. ^ News Letter ^ Sputnik Music ^ Slant Magazine ^ A.V. Club ^ Now Magazine ^ "Lisburn Today". Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-01-22. ^ Billboard ^ YouTube ^ Shouted FM ^ "N-k-o-t-b.de". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-01-22. ^ YouTube ^ German Singles Chart Archived 2012-08-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ Billboard ^ CANOE -- JAM Archived April 17, 2005, at the Library of Congress Web Archives ^ Billboard ^ Mediabase ^ Chum Chart ^ aCharts ^ Billboard ^ "Germany (Deutschland) Top 100 Hits - World Charts". Archived from the original on 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2010-10-21. vteNew Kids on the Block Jonathan Knight Jordan Knight Joey McIntyre Donnie Wahlberg Danny Wood Studio albums New Kids on the Block Hangin' Tough Merry, Merry Christmas Step by Step Face the Music The Block 10 Still Kids Compilation albums No More Games/The Remix Album H.I.T.S. Greatest Hits Super Hits NKOTBSB Extended plays Thankful Singles "Be My Girl" "Stop It Girl" "Please Don't Go Girl" "You Got It (The Right Stuff)" "I'll Be Loving You (Forever)" "Hangin' Tough" "Didn't I (Blow Your Mind)" "Cover Girl" "This One's for the Children" "Funky, Funky Xmas" "Step by Step" "Valentine Girl" "Tonight" "Let's Try It Again" "Games" "Call It What You Want" "Baby, I Believe in You" "If You Go Away" "Dirty Dawg" "Never Let You Go" "Summertime" "Single" "Dirty Dancing" "2 in the Morning" "Don't Turn Out the Lights" "Remix (I Like The)" Tours Hangin' Tough Tour Magic Summer Tour (1990) Face the Music Tour New Kids on the Block Live NKOTBSB Tour The Package Tour The Main Event Total Package Tour Magic Summer Tour (2024) Related articles Johnny Wright Discography TV series Maurice Starr Mark Wahlberg Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch New Edition NKOTBSB Jordan Knight Performs New Kids on the Block: The Remix Album
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It became The Block's most successful single in Europe.","title":"Song information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)"},{"link_name":"The News Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Letter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Block_(album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The A.V. 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Club stated that \"in songs like \"Dirty Dancing\" they… well, they merely sound like a boy band, and pay for the simple incongruity of it all\" [7] Now Magazine comments on the song: \"Throwback references date their fan base, though, with songs like Dirty Dancing (“She’s like Baby, I’m like Swayze”)\".[8]\nBritish newspaper Lisburn Today described it as \"sexy\".[9] In its review of The Block, Billboard declared: \"They also turn an homage to \"Dirty Dancing\" into a bump and grind that is far, far from the innocence of the Patrick Swayze original, or the New Kids music, for that matter\".[10]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"}],"text":"New Kids On The Block sang an excerpt from the song at 2008 American Music Awards[11] as well as Good Morning America.","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Til Schweiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Til_Schweiger"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Shot in a medieval background, the video, directed by Til Schweiger, intersperses scenes from the German film \"The 1½ Knights - In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde\" (German title: \"1½ Ritter - Auf der Suche nach der hinreißenden Herzelinde\"),[12][13] in which he appears, with footage of the band performing the song in front of a mostly all-female audience.[14]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"GermanyDirty Dancing [RedOne mix]\nDirty Dancing [Video]Maxi SingleDirty Dancing [RedOne mix]\nLooking Like Danger\nDirty Dancing [Music video]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Canadian Airplay Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Broadcast_Data_Systems"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"CHUM chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_chart"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The song debuted at #92 on the German Singles Chart and peaked at #23.[15] On the Canadian Hot 100 it also debuted at #92 and is now at #31 and on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles Chart debuted at #72 and then rose to #59.[16] It debuted at #100 on the Canadian Airplay Chart and it peaked at #72.[17] The single debuted at #82 on the European Hot 100. In its second week, it rose to #76. The song remained on chart for four weeks.[18] In Austria, the song debuted at #65 and after having fallen a week later, rose to #71 in its third week on the chart.\"Dirty Dancing\" has gathered 17,577,000 audience impressions and 3,354 total spins in the United States of America to date, without being officially released.[19]\"Dirty Dancing\" reached the #1 position on the CHUM chart in Toronto on February 21, 2009. \"Dirty Dancing\" has been on the CHUM Chart 12 weeks before reaching #1.[20]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Susan-Han (2023-08-30). \"Seventeen announce an unexpected collaboration with New Kids On The Block\". allkpop. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allkpop.com/article/2023/08/seventeen-announce-an-unexpected-collaboration-with-new-kids-on-the-block","url_text":"\"Seventeen announce an unexpected collaboration with New Kids On The Block\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allkpop","url_text":"allkpop"}]},{"reference":"\"N-k-o-t-b.de\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202091403/http://translate.google.pt/translate?prev=hp&hl=pt-PT&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n-k-o-t-b.de%2Freleases.php&sl=de&tl=en","url_text":"\"N-k-o-t-b.de\""},{"url":"http://translate.google.pt/translate?prev=hp&hl=pt-PT&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n-k-o-t-b.de%2Freleases.php&sl=de&tl=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lisburn Today\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205010221/http://www.lisburntoday.co.uk/starentertainment/NEW-KIDS-STILL-HAVE-THE.4897651.jp","url_text":"\"Lisburn Today\""},{"url":"http://www.lisburntoday.co.uk/starentertainment/NEW-KIDS-STILL-HAVE-THE.4897651.jp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"N-k-o-t-b.de\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-02. Retrieved 2009-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202091403/http://translate.google.pt/translate?prev=hp&hl=pt-PT&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n-k-o-t-b.de%2Freleases.php&sl=de&tl=en","url_text":"\"N-k-o-t-b.de\""},{"url":"http://translate.google.pt/translate?prev=hp&hl=pt-PT&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n-k-o-t-b.de%2Freleases.php&sl=de&tl=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany (Deutschland) Top 100 Hits - World Charts\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2010-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120817034623/http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm","url_text":"\"Germany (Deutschland) Top 100 Hits - World Charts\""},{"url":"http://www.worldcharts.co.uk/world%20charts/germany.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ferry_Organization
RAF Ferry Command
["1 History","1.1 Reduction in status to No. 45 Group","2 In media","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Former command of the Royal Air Force Royal Air Force Ferry CommandActive20 July 1941–25 March 1943Country United KingdomBranch Royal Air ForceTypeCommandRoleAircraft deliveryEngagementsWorld War IIMilitary unit RAF Ferry Command was the secretive Royal Air Force command formed on 20 July 1941 to ferry urgently needed aircraft from their place of manufacture in the United States and Canada, to the front line operational units in Britain, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the Second World War. It was later subsumed into the new Transport Command on 25 March 1943 by being reduced to Group status. History A mixed service and civilian crew of No. 45 Group RAF leave their Consolidated Liberator B Mark VI on arriving at Celone, Italy, after a ferry flight from Canada. Likely in the first months of 1944, as this is when 31 Squadron SAAF was re-equipping with Liberators. RAF Darrell's Island in the Imperial fortress of Bermuda during World War II. This base was used throughout the war for trans-Atlantic ferrying of flying boats such as the Catalinas to the rear of photo, which were flown there from United States factories to be tested prior to acceptance by the Air Ministry and delivery across the Atlantic. RAF Transport Command flights (such as those flown by the Coronados in the foreground) also utilised the airfield. The practice of ferrying aircraft from US manufacturers to the UK was begun by the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Its minister, Lord Beaverbrook, a Canadian by origin, reached an agreement with Sir Edward Beatty, a friend and chairman of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, to provide ground facilities and support. MAP would discreetly provide civilian crews and management. Previously, aircraft were being assembled, dismantled and then transported by ship across the Atlantic, and were subject to long delays and frequent attacks by German U-Boats. Former RAF officer Don Bennett, a specialist in long distance flying and later Air Vice Marshal and commander of the Pathfinder force, led the first test delivery formation flight in November 1940. The mission was so successful that by 1941, MAP took the operation out of the hands of CPR to put the whole operation under the Atlantic Ferry Organization ("Atfero") which was set up by Morris W. Wilson, a banker in Montreal. Wilson hired civilian pilots of widely different backgrounds and nationalities to fly the aircraft to the UK. Because the planes were now being flown on their own, each aircraft required specially trained navigators and radio operators. These crews were then ferried back by ships in convoys. "Atfero hired the pilots, planned the routes, selected the airports set up weather and radiocommunication stations." Aircraft were first transported to Dorval Airport near Montreal, and then flown to RCAF Station Gander in Newfoundland for the trans-Atlantic flight. The organization was passed to Air Ministry administration though retaining civilian pilots, some of which were Americans, alongside RAF and RCAF pilots, navigators and radio operators. The crews were briefed by local meteorologists including R. E. Munn. After completing delivery, crews were eventually flown back to Canada, returning to Dorval for their next run. Ferry Command was formed on 20 July 1941, by the raising of the RAF Atlantic Ferry Service to Command status. Its commander for its whole existence was Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Bowhill. Dorval, near Montreal, continued as its base of operations. The main function of Ferry Command was the ferrying of new aircraft from factory to operational unit. Ferry Command originally did this over only one Northern area of the world, rather than the more general routes that Transport Command later developed, including routes over the jungles of South America and Africa and the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East. Ferry Command's operational area was initially the North Atlantic, and its responsibility was to bring the larger aircraft that had the range to do the trip over the ocean, with the addition of extra fuel tanks, from American and Canadian factories to the RAF home Commands. This was pioneering work. Before Ferry Command, only about a hundred aircraft had attempted a North Atlantic crossing in good weather, and only about half had made it. Over the course of the war, more than 9,000 essential aircraft were individually ferried across the ocean and the aircraft played a significant role in the outcome of the war. This was accomplished without radar by using primarily Celestial Navigation by specially trained navigators. Reduction in status to No. 45 Group Ferry Command was subsumed into the new Transport Command on 25 March 1943 by being reduced to Group status as No 45 (Atlantic Ferry) Group. No. 45 Group RAF's main task was the ferrying of U.S. and Canadian built aircraft across the Atlantic. It also administered trans-Atlantic passenger and freight services. The group still retained responsibility for Atlantic aircraft ferrying operations, but Transport Command was a worldwide formation, rather than a single-mission command. Bowhill became the first commander of Transport Command. On 8 September 1944, No. 231 Squadron RAF reformed at Dorval, Canada, from No. 45 Group Communications Squadron. The squadron's Coronado flying boats operated between North America, West Africa and the UK, using Largs on the Firth of Clyde as its British terminal. Other flights were flown with landplanes, using several of the types available to No. 45 Group as required. In September 1945 the squadron moved to Bermuda, where it disbanded on 15 January 1946. In summer 1945 45 Group included No. 112 (North Atlantic) Wing at Dorval, with 231 Squadron, 5 Aircraft Preparation Unit, 6 Ferry Unit all at Dorval; 6 APU at Bermuda; 313 Ferry Training Unit at North Bay; and RAF Station Reykjavik with the RAF Hospital there and No. 9 Mechanical Transport Company. By the end of the war, crossing the Atlantic had become an almost routine operation, presaging the inauguration of scheduled commercial air transport services after the war. In media Above and Beyond (2006), a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) four-hour mini-series, was inspired by the true story of RAF Ferry Command, recounting the delivery of aircraft across the North Atlantic to the Royal Air Force. The film concludes with the departure of Don Bennett and the handover of control to RAF Command. The Lockheed Hudson is the primary aircraft portrayed in the mini-series, in the form of a real life example alongside numerous CGI Hudsons. See also List of Royal Air Force commands References Notes ^ a b c "Ferrying Aircraft Overseas". Juno Beach Centre. 31 March 2014. ^ "World War In the Air: One Way Airline". Time. 20 October 1941. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. ^ Davis, Jeffrey (January 1985). "ATFERO: The Atlantic Ferry Organization". Journal of Contemporary History. 20 (1): 71–97. doi:10.1177/002200948502000104. S2CID 162187889. ^ Stitt, Robert M. (2010). Boeing B-17 Fortress in RAF Coastal Command Service. Mushroom Model Publications. ISBN 978-8-38945-088-3. ^ "Atlantic Ferry". Flight. XL (1719): e–g. 4 December 1941. ^ a b c d Barrass, M. B. "RAF Home Commands formed between 1939–1957". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. ^ a b "Flying the Secret Sky: The Story of the RAF Ferry Command". VanDerKloot Film & Television. 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. ^ Halley 1988, p. 299. ^ Ocean Bridge, Appendix C. ^ "Above & Beyond". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2010. Bibliography Atlantic Bridge: the Official Account of RAF Transport Command's Ocean Ferry, HM Stationery Office, 1945 Christie, Carl A.; Hatch, F. J. (1995). Ocean Bridge: The History of RAF Ferry Command. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8131-5. Delve, Ken (1994). The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-451-5. Biss RCAF Ret., F/L E.E. (2005). Yesterday's Sky. Mississauga: Winston Manor Press. ISBN 978-0-9869660-0-2. External links Marix, R. L. G. (4 November 1943). "Some Aspects of the Royal Air Force Transport Command". The Empire Club of Canada Addresses. Toronto, Canada: 96–114. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command-_No._247_Group_Operations_in_the_Azores,_1943-1945._CA138.jpg https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2RAF-c13.html - NZ ETC Ferry Command
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(military_formation)"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_flying"},{"link_name":"Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(military_aviation_unit)"}],"text":"Military unitRAF Ferry Command was the secretive Royal Air Force command formed on 20 July 1941 to ferry urgently needed aircraft from their place of manufacture in the United States and Canada, to the front line operational units in Britain, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East during the Second World War.It was later subsumed into the new Transport Command on 25 March 1943 by being reduced to Group status.","title":"RAF Ferry Command"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Consolidated_B-24_Liberator_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command,_1943-1945._CNA2784.jpg"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Liberator"},{"link_name":"31 Squadron SAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_Squadron_SAAF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_Darell%27s_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darrell's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell%27s_Island,_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Imperial fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_fortress"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Catalinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina"},{"link_name":"RAF Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Coronados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_PB2Y_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Aircraft Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Aircraft_Production"},{"link_name":"Lord Beaverbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Don Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Pathfinder force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juno-1"},{"link_name":"Morris W. 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Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._E._Munn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"Air Chief Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Frederick Bowhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Bowhill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"ferrying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_flying"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kloot-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kloot-7"}],"text":"A mixed service and civilian crew of No. 45 Group RAF leave their Consolidated Liberator B Mark VI on arriving at Celone, Italy, after a ferry flight from Canada. Likely in the first months of 1944, as this is when 31 Squadron SAAF was re-equipping with Liberators.RAF Darrell's Island in the Imperial fortress of Bermuda during World War II. This base was used throughout the war for trans-Atlantic ferrying of flying boats such as the Catalinas to the rear of photo, which were flown there from United States factories to be tested prior to acceptance by the Air Ministry and delivery across the Atlantic. RAF Transport Command flights (such as those flown by the Coronados in the foreground) also utilised the airfield.The practice of ferrying aircraft from US manufacturers to the UK was begun by the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Its minister, Lord Beaverbrook, a Canadian by origin, reached an agreement with Sir Edward Beatty, a friend and chairman of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, to provide ground facilities and support. MAP would discreetly provide civilian crews and management. Previously, aircraft were being assembled, dismantled and then transported by ship across the Atlantic, and were subject to long delays and frequent attacks by German U-Boats.Former RAF officer Don Bennett, a specialist in long distance flying and later Air Vice Marshal and commander of the Pathfinder force, led the first test delivery formation flight in November 1940.[1] The mission was so successful that by 1941, MAP took the operation out of the hands of CPR to put the whole operation under the Atlantic Ferry Organization (\"Atfero\") which was set up by Morris W. Wilson, a banker in Montreal. Wilson hired civilian pilots of widely different backgrounds and nationalities to fly the aircraft to the UK. Because the planes were now being flown on their own, each aircraft required specially trained navigators and radio operators. These crews were then ferried back by ships in convoys. \"Atfero hired the pilots, planned the routes, selected the airports [and] set up weather and radiocommunication stations.\"[2][3]Aircraft were first transported to Dorval Airport near Montreal, and then flown to RCAF Station Gander in Newfoundland for the trans-Atlantic flight.[1] The organization was passed to Air Ministry administration though retaining civilian pilots, some of which were Americans, alongside RAF and RCAF pilots, navigators [4] and radio operators. The crews were briefed by local meteorologists including R. E. Munn. After completing delivery, crews were eventually flown back to Canada, returning to Dorval for their next run.[5]Ferry Command was formed on 20 July 1941, by the raising of the RAF Atlantic Ferry Service to Command status.[6] Its commander for its whole existence was Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Bowhill.[6] Dorval, near Montreal, continued as its base of operations.The main function of Ferry Command was the ferrying of new aircraft from factory to operational unit.[7] Ferry Command originally did this over only one Northern area of the world, rather than the more general routes that Transport Command later developed, including routes over the jungles of South America and Africa and the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East. Ferry Command's operational area was initially the North Atlantic, and its responsibility was to bring the larger aircraft that had the range to do the trip over the ocean, with the addition of extra fuel tanks, from American and Canadian factories to the RAF home Commands.[7]This was pioneering work. Before Ferry Command, only about a hundred aircraft had attempted a North Atlantic crossing in good weather, and only about half had made it. Over the course of the war, more than 9,000 essential aircraft were individually ferried across the ocean and the aircraft played a significant role in the outcome of the war. This was accomplished without radar by using primarily Celestial Navigation by specially trained navigators.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"No 45 (Atlantic Ferry) Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._45_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"No. 45 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._45_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-6"},{"link_name":"No. 231 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._231_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Dorval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorval"},{"link_name":"Coronado flying boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PB2Y_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Largs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs"},{"link_name":"Firth of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley1988-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juno-1"}],"sub_title":"Reduction in status to No. 45 Group","text":"Ferry Command was subsumed into the new Transport Command on 25 March 1943 by being reduced to Group status as No 45 (Atlantic Ferry) Group.[6] No. 45 Group RAF's main task was the ferrying of U.S. and Canadian built aircraft across the Atlantic. It also administered trans-Atlantic passenger and freight services. The group still retained responsibility for Atlantic aircraft ferrying operations, but Transport Command was a worldwide formation, rather than a single-mission command. Bowhill became the first commander of Transport Command.[6]On 8 September 1944, No. 231 Squadron RAF reformed at Dorval, Canada, from No. 45 Group Communications Squadron. The squadron's Coronado flying boats operated between North America, West Africa and the UK, using Largs on the Firth of Clyde as its British terminal. Other flights were flown with landplanes, using several of the types available to No. 45 Group as required. In September 1945 the squadron moved to Bermuda, where it disbanded on 15 January 1946.[8]In summer 1945 45 Group included No. 112 (North Atlantic) Wing at Dorval, with 231 Squadron, 5 Aircraft Preparation Unit, 6 Ferry Unit all at Dorval; 6 APU at Bermuda; 313 Ferry Training Unit at North Bay; and RAF Station Reykjavik with the RAF Hospital there and No. 9 Mechanical Transport Company.[9]By the end of the war, crossing the Atlantic had become an almost routine operation, presaging the inauguration of scheduled commercial air transport services after the war.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Above and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_and_Beyond_(mini_series)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Above and Beyond (2006), a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) four-hour mini-series, was inspired by the true story of RAF Ferry Command, recounting the delivery of aircraft across the North Atlantic to the Royal Air Force. The film concludes with the departure of Don Bennett and the handover of control to RAF Command. The Lockheed Hudson is the primary aircraft portrayed in the mini-series, in the form of a real life example alongside numerous CGI Hudsons.[10]","title":"In media"}]
[{"image_text":"A mixed service and civilian crew of No. 45 Group RAF leave their Consolidated Liberator B Mark VI on arriving at Celone, Italy, after a ferry flight from Canada. Likely in the first months of 1944, as this is when 31 Squadron SAAF was re-equipping with Liberators.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CNA2784.jpg/220px-Consolidated_B-24_Liberator_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CNA2784.jpg"},{"image_text":"RAF Darrell's Island in the Imperial fortress of Bermuda during World War II. This base was used throughout the war for trans-Atlantic ferrying of flying boats such as the Catalinas to the rear of photo, which were flown there from United States factories to be tested prior to acceptance by the Air Ministry and delivery across the Atlantic. RAF Transport Command flights (such as those flown by the Coronados in the foreground) also utilised the airfield.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/RAF_Darell%27s_Island.jpg/220px-RAF_Darell%27s_Island.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Royal Air Force commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_commands"}]
[{"reference":"\"Ferrying Aircraft Overseas\". Juno Beach Centre. 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.junobeach.org/canada-in-wwii/articles/ferrying-aircrafts-overseas/","url_text":"\"Ferrying Aircraft Overseas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Beach_Centre","url_text":"Juno Beach Centre"}]},{"reference":"\"World War In the Air: One Way Airline\". Time. 20 October 1941. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805130949/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851303,00.html","url_text":"\"World War In the Air: One Way Airline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851303,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Jeffrey (January 1985). \"ATFERO: The Atlantic Ferry Organization\". Journal of Contemporary History. 20 (1): 71–97. doi:10.1177/002200948502000104. S2CID 162187889.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History","url_text":"Journal of Contemporary History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948502000104","url_text":"10.1177/002200948502000104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162187889","url_text":"162187889"}]},{"reference":"Stitt, Robert M. (2010). Boeing B-17 Fortress in RAF Coastal Command Service. Mushroom Model Publications. ISBN 978-8-38945-088-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-38945-088-3","url_text":"978-8-38945-088-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic Ferry\". Flight. XL (1719): e–g. 4 December 1941.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1941/1941%20-%202889.html","url_text":"\"Atlantic Ferry\""}]},{"reference":"Barrass, M. B. \"RAF Home Commands formed between 1939–1957\". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafweb.org/Organsation/Cmd_H3A.htm","url_text":"\"RAF Home Commands formed between 1939–1957\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flying the Secret Sky: The Story of the RAF Ferry Command\". VanDerKloot Film & Television. 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130812054225/http://vanderkloot.com/sky2.html","url_text":"\"Flying the Secret Sky: The Story of the RAF Ferry Command\""},{"url":"http://www.vanderkloot.com/sky2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Above & Beyond\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070812230119/http://www.cbc.ca/aboveandbeyond/","url_text":"\"Above & Beyond\""},{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/aboveandbeyond/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christie, Carl A.; Hatch, F. J. (1995). Ocean Bridge: The History of RAF Ferry Command. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8131-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oceanbridgehisto0000chri","url_text":"Ocean Bridge: The History of RAF Ferry Command"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8131-5","url_text":"978-0-8020-8131-5"}]},{"reference":"Delve, Ken (1994). The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-451-5","url_text":"1-85310-451-5"}]},{"reference":"Biss RCAF Ret., F/L E.E. (2005). Yesterday's Sky. Mississauga: Winston Manor Press. ISBN 978-0-9869660-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9869660-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9869660-0-2"}]},{"reference":"Marix, R. L. G. (4 November 1943). \"Some Aspects of the Royal Air Force Transport Command\". The Empire Club of Canada Addresses. Toronto, Canada: 96–114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Marix","url_text":"Marix, R. L. G."},{"url":"http://speeches.empireclub.org/62592/data","url_text":"\"Some Aspects of the Royal Air Force Transport Command\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Orr
Corinne Orr
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Films","2.2 TV series","2.3 Home videos","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian actress Corinne OrrOrr in 2011Born (1936-01-06) January 6, 1936 (age 88)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaOccupations Actress spokesperson Years active1957–present Corinne Orr (born January 6, 1936) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her work on the English version of the anime series Speed Racer. Biography Orr became involved in children's theatre beginning at the age of 10 (with her first role being in Alice in Wonderland) after she began taking elocution lessons due to her French accent, and started to develop her repertoire of voices. By the age of 14, she was working at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), as well as acting in stage theaters at the Mountain Playhouse in Montreal and the Crest Theatre in Toronto, working for the Montreal Shakespearian Company and alongside such notables as William Shatner. With her solid background on the stage, Orr was hired by CBC Radio for roles in their radio dramas such as Laura Limited. She then moved to CBC Television to portray the character of Suzie the Mouse in the children's soap opera Chez Helene, a bilingual program devoted to teaching children English and French. Corinne Orr (right) with Peter Fernandez and a fan of Orr-voiced character Lady Kale (from Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders) at New York Anime Festival 2007 Following her move to New York City, Orr began working regularly on radio and television, and as a voice artist, having been credited over 200 voice-over roles. One of her first jobs was a continuing role in the daytime soap opera The Nurses; others included voice acting roles in several CBS Radio Adventure Theater and CBS Radio Mystery Theater programs. She also began her lucrative career as spokesperson for a variety of companies in a wide range of radio and television commercials. In addition to commercials, Orr has narrated children's stories, provided voices for several dolls, and recorded numerous audiobooks. She was the voice of the Snuggle bear for 15 years and narrated Aliki Brandenberg's Mummies Made in Egypt for the PBS series Reading Rainbow, and participated in a special redubbing of an episode of Late Night with David Letterman. Orr's work as a voice actress included dubbing foreign films (including anime films) and series into English. Her television credits include the English versions of several 1960s-1990s Japanese series such as Marine Boy, where she voiced both male and female leads. She has also worked on American cartoon series such as The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders, as well as direct-to-video animated films. She remains best known for her work on the English dubbed version of the 1960s anime Speed Racer, where she portrayed Speed's girlfriend Trixie and all of the female characters, as well as the voice of Speed's kid brother Spritle, who had a raspy voice, and which became a hit and a cult title in the United States. Following the release of the compilation film Speed Racer: The Movie, together with a fellow voice actor on the show, Peter Fernandez, she went on Children's Safety Network-sponsored tours around the country with the Mach 5 car in order to promote their campaign for children's safety. Her voice can be also heard in the 2008 Speed Racer live-action film. After the death of Fernandez in 2010, she became the last surviving English-language cast member of Speed Racer. Orr judged the Daytime Emmy Awards for 18 years and served on the Screen Actors Guild council for 13 years. She has appeared as a guest of honor at numerous entertainment conventions (often with Fernandez, with whom she has worked together in most of her voice acting roles), including Friends of Old Time Radio, The Hollywood Show, Anime Weekend Atlanta, Zentrancon, Zenkaikon, Anime North, New York Anime Festival, and New York Comic Con. She was featured in Paley Archive's Women in Film series, Anthony Wynn's book Conversations at Warp Speed, and the documentary film Otaku Unite!. She also participated in many charity activities, such as a Pygmalion play where all the money went to a charity, volunteer work at New York hospital, teaching voiceover courses and reading to the homeless. Filmography Films A Car's Life: Sparky's Big Adventure- Sparky, Norbert Alakazam the Great - DeeDee (speaking) Bug Bites: An Ant's Life- Rose, Gigi Car's Life 2- Gracie, Sparky Car's Life: The Royal Heist - Sparky, Gracie Car's Life: Junkyard Blues - Sparky, Gracie Enchanted Journey - Nono For Those I Loved Gammera the Invincible Gamera vs. Jiger Gnomes Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster - Female voices Grave of the Fireflies - Setsuko (credited as Rhoda Chrosite) (CPM dub) Jack and the Beanstalk - Princess Margaret Jack and the Witch - Allegra Kai Doh Maru - Oni-hime The Little Norse Prince - Hilda Noel Otaku Unite! - Herself Peter Pan - Tiger Lily Plan Bee - Bing Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter - Swee'Pea / Olive Oyl / Blondie Bumstead / Cookie Bumstead / Lois Flagston / Dot Flagston / Ditto Flagston / Dale Arden / other voices Speed Racer (2008) - Grand Prix female announcer Spider's Web: A Pig's Tale - Walt / Ester / Cynthia / Lucy Sport Billy - Sport Billy / Lilly / Queen Vanda / Pandusa / additional voices Twelve Months - Anja The Wild Swans - Elisa / Adult Elisa / Teardrop #1 The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots - Princess Rose TV series Ace Ventura: Pet Detective The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers - Queen of the Crown / Ingrid Arroyo / Kiwi Kids / additional voices The Edge of Night - Mrs. Turner (1980) The Flying House - Salome Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero - Zena / Rhom Marine Boy - Marine Boy / Neptina / Clicli / all female characters PB&J Otter - Wanda Raccoon / Shirley Duck / Georgina Snooty / Betty Lou Beaver Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders - Lady Kale (Queen Kale) / Queen Anya Reading Rainbow - Herself Samurai Jack Sesame Street - various voices Space Ghost Coast to Coast Speed Racer - Trixie Fontaine / Spritle Racer / Mom Racer / additional voices Stanley - Grandma Griff Star Blazers - Queen Mariposa / Nova (third season) Taco & Paco Ultraman Ultraman Tiga The World of Hans Christian Andersen - Elisa / Kitty Kat / Little Boy / Match Girl Home videos Richard Scarry's Best Busy People Video Ever! Richard Scarry's Best Learning Songs Video Ever! References ^ a b c d e f John Lentini, Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr at Anime Weekend Atlanta 2008 on YouTube, Anime on Location. ^ Toon Zone News Interviews Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr About "Speed Racer", Toon Zone, December 25, 2007. ^ a b c d John C. Snider, Go, Go, Go Speed Racer! Interviews with Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, www.scifidimensions.com. ^ a b c Corinne Orr Archived 2014-03-15 at the Wayback Machine, Anime North official website. ^ Corinne Orr Does Voices Galore, The Ottawa Journal, August 30, 1968. ^ Old Show, New Voices in Bizarre 'Late Night', The News and Courier, September 30, 1986. ^ Earl Wilson Reports, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, September 7, 1968. ^ 'Speed Racer': Corinne Orr, USATODAY.com, January 21, 2005. ^ Gina Misiroglu, The Superhero Book, p.449. ^ Louis R. Carlozo, Nostalgia for 'Racer' more than kid stuff, Chicago Tribune, May 9, 2008. ^ a b 'Speed Racer' voice Peter Fernandez dies at 83, msnbc.com, July 16, 2010. ^ Valerie J. Nelson, Peter Fernandez dies at 83; helped bring Japanese animation to American audiences, Los Angeles Times, July 25, 2010. ^ a b Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr (BSS #164), The Bat Segundo Show, December 20, 2007. ^ Jonathan Clements, Helen McCarthy, The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, p.709. ^ Corinne Orr to Make Rare Live Appearance, SciFi Japan. ^ Corinne Orr Dinner Contest, Zentrancon 2005 official website. ^ About Zenkaikon, Zenkaikon 2014 official website. ^ New York Anime Festival Reveals First Guests of Honor on New Official Website, Anime News Network, June 21, 2007. ^ NYCC 2010 GUESTS Archived 2014-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, New York Comic Con official website. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corinne Orr. Corinne Orr at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Corinne Orr at IMDb  Corinne Orr at Behind The Voice Actors Corinne Orr convention appearances on AnimeCons.com
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Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Boy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_the_Galaxy_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Gwenevere_and_the_Jewel_Riders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifi-3"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifi-3"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Peter Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msnbc-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbs-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msnbc-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbs-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Anime Weekend Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Weekend_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-1"},{"link_name":"Zentrancon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrancon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Zenkaikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenkaikon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Anime North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_North"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-an-4"},{"link_name":"New York Anime Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Anime_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Anthony Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Otaku Unite!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku_Unite!"},{"link_name":"Pygmalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifi-3"}],"text":"Orr became involved in children's theatre beginning at the age of 10 (with her first role being in Alice in Wonderland) after she began taking elocution lessons due to her French accent,[1][2] and started to develop her repertoire of voices. By the age of 14,[3] she was working at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), as well as acting in stage theaters at the Mountain Playhouse in Montreal and the Crest Theatre in Toronto,[4] working for the Montreal Shakespearian Company and alongside such notables as William Shatner.[1] With her solid background on the stage, Orr was hired by CBC Radio[1] for roles in their radio dramas such as Laura Limited. She then moved to CBC Television to portray the character of Suzie the Mouse in the children's soap opera Chez Helene,[1][5] a bilingual program devoted to teaching children English and French.Corinne Orr (right) with Peter Fernandez and a fan of Orr-voiced character Lady Kale (from Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders) at New York Anime Festival 2007Following her move to New York City, Orr began working regularly on radio and television, and as a voice artist, having been credited over 200 voice-over roles.[4] One of her first jobs was a continuing role in the daytime soap opera The Nurses; others included voice acting roles in several CBS Radio Adventure Theater and CBS Radio Mystery Theater programs. She also began her lucrative career as spokesperson for a variety of companies in a wide range of radio and television commercials. In addition to commercials, Orr has narrated children's stories, provided voices for several dolls, and recorded numerous audiobooks. She was the voice of the Snuggle bear for 15 years and narrated Aliki Brandenberg's Mummies Made in Egypt for the PBS series Reading Rainbow, and participated in a special redubbing of an episode of Late Night with David Letterman.[6] Orr's work as a voice actress included dubbing foreign films (including anime films) and series into English. Her television credits include the English versions of several 1960s-1990s Japanese series such as Marine Boy, where she voiced both male and female leads.[7] She has also worked on American cartoon series such as The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers and Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders,[3] as well as direct-to-video animated films.She remains best known for her work on the English dubbed version of the 1960s anime Speed Racer, where she portrayed Speed's girlfriend Trixie[8] and all of the female characters,[3] as well as the voice of Speed's kid brother Spritle, who had a raspy voice, and which became a hit and a cult title in the United States. Following the release of the compilation film Speed Racer: The Movie, together with a fellow voice actor on the show, Peter Fernandez, she went on Children's Safety Network-sponsored tours around the country with the Mach 5 car in order to promote their campaign for children's safety.[9] Her voice can be also heard in the 2008 Speed Racer live-action film.[10] After the death of Fernandez in 2010, she became the last surviving English-language cast member of Speed Racer.[11][12]Orr judged the Daytime Emmy Awards for 18 years and served on the Screen Actors Guild council for 13 years. She has appeared as a guest of honor at numerous entertainment conventions (often with Fernandez,[13] with whom she has worked together in most of her voice acting roles[11]),[14] including Friends of Old Time Radio,[13] The Hollywood Show,[15] Anime Weekend Atlanta,[1] Zentrancon,[16] Zenkaikon,[17] Anime North,[4] New York Anime Festival,[18] and New York Comic Con.[19] She was featured in Paley Archive's Women in Film series, Anthony Wynn's book Conversations at Warp Speed, and the documentary film Otaku Unite!. She also participated in many charity activities, such as a Pygmalion play where all the money went to a charity,[3] volunteer work at New York hospital, teaching voiceover courses and reading to the homeless.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alakazam the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alakazam_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Enchanted Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanted_Journey"},{"link_name":"For Those I Loved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Those_I_Loved"},{"link_name":"Gammera the Invincible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamera_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gamera vs. Jiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamera_vs._Jiger"},{"link_name":"Gnomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomes_(film)"},{"link_name":"Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_vs._the_Sea_Monster"},{"link_name":"Grave of the Fireflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_of_the_Fireflies"},{"link_name":"CPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Media"},{"link_name":"Jack and the Beanstalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Jack and the Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_and_the_Witch"},{"link_name":"Kai Doh Maru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Doh_Maru"},{"link_name":"The Little Norse Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hols:_Prince_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_(film)"},{"link_name":"Otaku Unite!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaku_Unite!"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Tiger Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Lily_(Peter_Pan)"},{"link_name":"Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_Meets_the_Man_Who_Hated_Laughter"},{"link_name":"Swee'Pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swee%27Pea"},{"link_name":"Olive Oyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Oyl"},{"link_name":"Blondie Bumstead / Cookie Bumstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"Lois Flagston / Dot Flagston / Ditto Flagston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_and_Lois"},{"link_name":"Dale Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Arden"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sport Billy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Billy"},{"link_name":"Twelve Months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Months_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wild Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Swans_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_Puss_%27n_Boots"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"A Car's Life: Sparky's Big Adventure- Sparky, Norbert\nAlakazam the Great - DeeDee (speaking)\nBug Bites: An Ant's Life- Rose, Gigi\nCar's Life 2- Gracie, Sparky\nCar's Life: The Royal Heist - Sparky, Gracie\nCar's Life: Junkyard Blues - Sparky, Gracie\nEnchanted Journey - Nono\nFor Those I Loved\nGammera the Invincible\nGamera vs. Jiger\nGnomes\nGodzilla vs. the Sea Monster - Female voices\nGrave of the Fireflies - Setsuko (credited as Rhoda Chrosite) (CPM dub)\nJack and the Beanstalk - Princess Margaret\nJack and the Witch - Allegra\nKai Doh Maru - Oni-hime\nThe Little Norse Prince - Hilda\nNoel\nOtaku Unite! - Herself\nPeter Pan - Tiger Lily\nPlan Bee - Bing\nPopeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter - Swee'Pea / Olive Oyl / Blondie Bumstead / Cookie Bumstead / Lois Flagston / Dot Flagston / Ditto Flagston / Dale Arden / other voices\nSpeed Racer (2008) - Grand Prix female announcer\nSpider's Web: A Pig's Tale - Walt / Ester / Cynthia / Lucy\nSport Billy - Sport Billy / Lilly / Queen Vanda / Pandusa / additional voices\nTwelve Months - Anja\nThe Wild Swans - Elisa / Adult Elisa / Teardrop #1\nThe Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots - Princess Rose","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ace Ventura: Pet Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Ventura:_Pet_Detective_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_the_Galaxy_Rangers"},{"link_name":"The Edge of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edge_of_Night"},{"link_name":"The Flying House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cypher in Dimension Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cypher_in_Dimension_Zero"},{"link_name":"Marine Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Boy"},{"link_name":"PB&J Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PB%26J_Otter"},{"link_name":"Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Gwenevere_and_the_Jewel_Riders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-1"},{"link_name":"Reading Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Samurai Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Jack"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer"},{"link_name":"Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_(2001_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Star Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Blazers"},{"link_name":"Ultraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman"},{"link_name":"Ultraman Tiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Tiga"},{"link_name":"The World of Hans Christian Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_of_Hans_Christian_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Elisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Swans"},{"link_name":"Match Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Match_Girl"}],"sub_title":"TV series","text":"Ace Ventura: Pet Detective\nThe Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers - Queen of the Crown / Ingrid Arroyo / Kiwi Kids / additional voices\nThe Edge of Night - Mrs. Turner (1980)\nThe Flying House - Salome\nJohnny Cypher in Dimension Zero - Zena / Rhom\nMarine Boy - Marine Boy / Neptina / Clicli / all female characters\nPB&J Otter - Wanda Raccoon / Shirley Duck / Georgina Snooty / Betty Lou Beaver\nPrincess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders - Lady Kale (Queen Kale[1]) / Queen Anya\nReading Rainbow - Herself\nSamurai Jack\nSesame Street - various voices\nSpace Ghost Coast to Coast\nSpeed Racer - Trixie Fontaine / Spritle Racer / Mom Racer / additional voices\nStanley - Grandma Griff\nStar Blazers - Queen Mariposa / Nova (third season)\nTaco & Paco\nUltraman\nUltraman Tiga\nThe World of Hans Christian Andersen - Elisa / Kitty Kat / Little Boy / Match Girl","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Scarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scarry"}],"sub_title":"Home videos","text":"Richard Scarry's Best Busy People Video Ever!\nRichard Scarry's Best Learning Songs Video Ever!","title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Corinne Orr (right) with Peter Fernandez and a fan of Orr-voiced character Lady Kale (from Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders) at New York Anime Festival 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Me_With_Corinne_Orr_and_Peter_Fernandez.jpg/220px-Me_With_Corinne_Orr_and_Peter_Fernandez.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY3cbKyA0dE","external_links_name":"Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr at Anime Weekend Atlanta 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.toonzone.net/2007/12/toon-zone-news-interviews-peter-fernandez-amp-corinne-orr-about-speed-racer/","external_links_name":"Toon Zone News Interviews Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr About \"Speed Racer\""},{"Link":"http://www.scifidimensions.com/Jan01/speedracer.htm","external_links_name":"Go, Go, Go Speed Racer! Interviews with Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017101538/http://www.scifidimensions.com/Jan01/speedracer.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://animenorth.com/an07/guest_orr.php","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140315220521/http://animenorth.com/an07/guest_orr.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/community/chat_03/2003-06-11-orr.htm","external_links_name":"'Speed Racer': Corinne Orr"},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-09/features/0805070630_1_speed-racer-hot-car-mach","external_links_name":"Nostalgia for 'Racer' more than kid stuff"},{"Link":"http://www.today.com/id/38272710/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/speed-racer-voice-peter-fernandez-dies/","external_links_name":"'Speed Racer' voice Peter Fernandez dies at 83"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/25/local/la-me-peter-fernandez-20100726","external_links_name":"Peter Fernandez dies at 83; helped bring Japanese animation to American audiences"},{"Link":"http://www.edrants.com/segundo/peter-fernandez-corinne-orr-bss-164/","external_links_name":"Peter Fernandez & Corinne Orr (BSS #164)"},{"Link":"http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2013/03/27/corinne-orr-to-make-rare-live-appearance/","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr to Make Rare Live Appearance"},{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/zentrancon/","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr Dinner Contest"},{"Link":"https://www.zenkaikon.com/info/about-zenkaikon","external_links_name":"About Zenkaikon"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2007-06-21/new-york-anime-festival-reveals-first-guests-of-honor-on-new-official-website","external_links_name":"New York Anime Festival Reveals First Guests of Honor on New Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkcomiccon.com/RNA/RNA_NewYorkComicCon_V2/documents/2012/NYCC10_Guests_FINAL.pdf?v=634775532775553719","external_links_name":"NYCC 2010 GUESTS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140411142845/http://www.newyorkcomiccon.com/RNA/RNA_NewYorkComicCon_V2/documents/2012/NYCC10_Guests_FINAL.pdf?v=634775532775553719","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=3542","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0650541/","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr"},{"Link":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Corinne-Orr/","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr"},{"Link":"https://animecons.com/guests/bio/582/","external_links_name":"Corinne Orr"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shredder_Orpheus
Shredder Orpheus
["1 Development","2 Plot","3 Cast","4 Release","4.1 Film festival","4.2 Soundtrack","4.3 Anniversary Blu-Ray","5 Reception","6 References","7 External links"]
1989 American filmShredder OrpheusDirected byRobert McGinleyWritten byRobert McGinleyProduced byRobert McGinleyLisanne DuttonJosh ConescuStarringRobert McGinleyMegan MurphyGian-Carlo ScandiuzziVera McCaughanNarrated bySteven Jesse BernsteinCinematographyErich VolkstorfEdited byLinda MitchellKathy SchicklingMusic byRoland BarkerProductioncompaniesBoom! Cult, Inc.Distributed byImage Network Inc.Release date 1989 (1989) Running time89 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Shredder Orpheus is a 1989 film by Robert McGinley that has later become a cult classic, based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. It was Amy Denio's film debut. Development The movie was expanded from a previous short, Orpheus and Eurydice, into a feature-length film. Initially wanting to cast others as Orpheus, McGinley was convinced to take the role himself. Shot in Seattle, Washington, a majority of the film's locations were used illegally. The soundtrack was composed by Roland Barker. Plot In the Grey Zone, a nebulous post-apocalyptic community built out of shipping containers, Axel (Steven Jesse Bernstein), Scratch (Linda Severt), and Razoreus (Marshall Reid) distract themselves from ennui by skateboarding and listening to the music of Orpheus (Robert McGinley) and his band, the Shredders. On one such night, a mysterious cameraman films Orpheus's lover, Eurydice (Megan Murphy) and takes the footage to Hades (Gian-Carlo Scandiuzzi) and Persephone (Vera McCaughan), the managers of the Euthanasia Broadcast Network, or EBN. The EBN programming brainwashes and sucks the souls out of the living, where they become part of the network. Needing fresh talent to corner the youth market, Hades sends his goons to murder and kidnap Eurydice at her wedding to Orpheus. Orpheus's manager, Linus (John Billingsley) gives the couple a "Gibsonian Lyre-Axe Guitar" supposedly made by Jimi Hendrix that can unlock new realms of human consciousness. With its power, Orpheus pursues Eurydice's captors through an EBN door. Inside the EBN, Orpheus meets his parents, Apollo and Calliope, and barely escapes having his memories erased by a magic paper shredder that shreds the minds of incoming souls. Persephone takes an interest in Orpheus's arrival and helps him confront Hades on-air, and Orpheus's resulting performance convinces Hades to turn his quest into a ratings stunt: he'll let Orpheus and Eurydice go as long as he doesn't look back until they're both out. Due to Scratch calling her name, Orpheus turns around before Eurydice's fully out, and she's sent back to the EBN. One year later, the EBN enjoys high ratings, while Orpheus has become a celebrity and drowns his sorrows in music and skateboarding. He has entered a depression over missing Eurydice, who has become a dancer for the network, and Linus and the others cover for missing gigs and have to remind him to eat. Orpheus's interest is piqued when Axel's gang mentions a gate to the underworld in a mysterious parking garage no one has successfully skated before, but when Linus suggests a tarot reading from an oracle, she cautions him against unnecessary risks. Meanwhile, Persephone wants Orpheus back on-air to encourage a better performance from Eurydice, and the EBN sends Orpheus a magic skateboard that lets him navigate the hellish parking garage. Orpheus confronts Hades and is given another chance to save Eurydice in the form of a game show; one door leads to Eurydice, while the other leads to his death. Orpheus accepts the challenge, but unbeknownst to him, Eurydice is locked in her dressing room and thus neither door is correct. Upon choosing the wrong door, the Furies decapitate Orpheus with a chainsaw, and, in a moment staged by the EBN, Eurydice reunites with Orpheus in death. Hades and Persephone exult over the spectacle, while Orpheus's head is recovered by Razoreus. After a failed attempt to break into the garage, Axel and his gang strike against the EBN by blowing up one of their satellite dishes. The youth of the Grey Zone begin to look up to Orpheus, using his skull and music for skateboarding rituals. Axel expresses hope that one day they'll realize he risked everything, even himself, for love. Cast Robert McGinley as Orpheus Megan Murphy as Eurydice Steven Jesse Bernstein as Axel Linda Severt as Scratch Marshall Reid as Razoreus Gian-Carlo Scandiuzzi as Hades Vera McCaughan as Persephone John Billingsley as Linus Brian Faker as EBN Producer Whitey Shapiro as Apollo Barb Benedetti as Calliope Gypsy Mandelbaum as Oracle Oscar Knudsen as Cerberus Tex Germany as Minister Cindy Kelly, Deborah Labounty, Lahly Poore, and Deborah Sabin as the Furies Release Film festival The film was shown at BAM Rose Cinemas on September 23, 2013. It was later shown again at The Brattle Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts as part of the theater's "Trash Night" on May 19, 2015. Soundtrack On November 11, 2014, the film's remastered soundtrack was released on vinyl by Light in the Attic Records under its Traction imprint. The music was composed by Roland Barker, Bill Rieflin, Dennis Rea, and Amy Denio. It is the only release of the soundtrack. The vinyl includes 17 songs and comes bundled with a Shredder Orpheus DVD. Anniversary Blu-Ray For the film's 34th anniversary, a limited edition Blu-Ray was released by Vinegar Syndrome and American Genre Film Archive that restored the entire uncut film from the original elements. Special features include audio commentary, behind-the-scenes photos, the original VHS version, trailers and promos, writings on the myth, and subtitles. Reception Nathan Phillips, writing for The Movie Elite said, "Shredder Orpheus is a love letter to independent artistry and ’80s counterculture that is, frankly, missing or underrepresented in today’s social climate, and if it were possible to be nostalgic about the future, it would be via the attitudes present in the future as seen in Shredder Orpheus, a blast from the past.". Tony Kay, writing for City Arts Magazine, said "Shredder Orpheus is an animal all its own. Written by, directed by and starring On the Boards co-founder Robert McGinley, it was a complete anomaly during its initial 1989 release—an all-local feature film made back when Seattle was still considered a backwater town by most of the world (grunge and the dotcom boom were still gleams in the city’s collective eye). Within this isolated Petri dish, McGinley enlisted a ragtag cast and crew of artists and creatives to put a unique spin on the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. Two decades later, the results remain a kick to watch." The cinephile blog House of Self-Indulgence said "Sure, the film looks like a veiled excuse to film people doing skateboard tricks in a dystopian landscape ruled by a sinister television station, but it has a lot to say about mass media, the afterlife, love, youth culture and corporate mind control." References ^ "PRESS | Shredder Orpheus". 14 May 2014. ^ Jones, Andrew (1995). Plunderphonics, 'pataphysics & Pop Mechanics. SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 99. ISBN 9780946719150. ^ "PRESS | Shredder Orpheus". 14 May 2014. ^ "HISTORY | Shredder Orpheus". 14 May 2014. ^ "Shredder Orpheus". Brooklyn Academy of Music. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. ^ "Trash Night: Shredder Orpheus". Brattle Film Foundation. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017. ^ Hudson, Alex (October 3, 2014). "Cult Classic Skateboard Flick 'Shredder Orpheus' Gets Fitted with First-Ever Soundtrack Release". Exclaim. Retrieved April 27, 2017. ^ "American Genre Film Archive SHREDDER ORPHEUS". ^ "Shredder Orpheus". ^ Phillips, Nathan (August 10, 2018). "Shredder Orpheus 1989". The Movie Elite. Retrieved August 20, 2018. ^ Kay, Tony (February 27, 2015). "Shredder Orpheus 1989". City Arts Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ "Shredder Orpheus 1989". The House of Self-Indulgence. August 10, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2023. External links Shredder Orpheus at IMDb Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_McGinley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cult classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_classic"},{"link_name":"Orpheus and Eurydice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus_and_Eurydice"},{"link_name":"Amy Denio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Denio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shredder Orpheus is a 1989 film by Robert McGinley that has later become a cult classic, based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. It was Amy Denio's film debut.[2]","title":"Shredder Orpheus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roland Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Barker"}],"text":"The movie was expanded from a previous short, Orpheus and Eurydice, into a feature-length film.[3] Initially wanting to cast others as Orpheus, McGinley was convinced to take the role himself. Shot in Seattle, Washington, a majority of the film's locations were used illegally.[4] The soundtrack was composed by Roland Barker.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Jesse Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Jesse_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"link_name":"Eurydice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurydice"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_of_Thrace"},{"link_name":"John Billingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Billingsley"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Calliope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope"},{"link_name":"tarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot"},{"link_name":"the Furies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Furies"}],"text":"In the Grey Zone, a nebulous post-apocalyptic community built out of shipping containers, Axel (Steven Jesse Bernstein), Scratch (Linda Severt), and Razoreus (Marshall Reid) distract themselves from ennui by skateboarding and listening to the music of Orpheus (Robert McGinley) and his band, the Shredders. On one such night, a mysterious cameraman films Orpheus's lover, Eurydice (Megan Murphy) and takes the footage to Hades (Gian-Carlo Scandiuzzi) and Persephone (Vera McCaughan), the managers of the Euthanasia Broadcast Network, or EBN.The EBN programming brainwashes and sucks the souls out of the living, where they become part of the network. Needing fresh talent to corner the youth market, Hades sends his goons to murder and kidnap Eurydice at her wedding to Orpheus. Orpheus's manager, Linus (John Billingsley) gives the couple a \"Gibsonian Lyre-Axe Guitar\" supposedly made by Jimi Hendrix that can unlock new realms of human consciousness. With its power, Orpheus pursues Eurydice's captors through an EBN door.Inside the EBN, Orpheus meets his parents, Apollo and Calliope, and barely escapes having his memories erased by a magic paper shredder that shreds the minds of incoming souls. Persephone takes an interest in Orpheus's arrival and helps him confront Hades on-air, and Orpheus's resulting performance convinces Hades to turn his quest into a ratings stunt: he'll let Orpheus and Eurydice go as long as he doesn't look back until they're both out. Due to Scratch calling her name, Orpheus turns around before Eurydice's fully out, and she's sent back to the EBN.One year later, the EBN enjoys high ratings, while Orpheus has become a celebrity and drowns his sorrows in music and skateboarding. He has entered a depression over missing Eurydice, who has become a dancer for the network, and Linus and the others cover for missing gigs and have to remind him to eat. Orpheus's interest is piqued when Axel's gang mentions a gate to the underworld in a mysterious parking garage no one has successfully skated before, but when Linus suggests a tarot reading from an oracle, she cautions him against unnecessary risks. Meanwhile, Persephone wants Orpheus back on-air to encourage a better performance from Eurydice, and the EBN sends Orpheus a magic skateboard that lets him navigate the hellish parking garage.Orpheus confronts Hades and is given another chance to save Eurydice in the form of a game show; one door leads to Eurydice, while the other leads to his death. Orpheus accepts the challenge, but unbeknownst to him, Eurydice is locked in her dressing room and thus neither door is correct. Upon choosing the wrong door, the Furies decapitate Orpheus with a chainsaw, and, in a moment staged by the EBN, Eurydice reunites with Orpheus in death. Hades and Persephone exult over the spectacle, while Orpheus's head is recovered by Razoreus. After a failed attempt to break into the garage, Axel and his gang strike against the EBN by blowing up one of their satellite dishes. The youth of the Grey Zone begin to look up to Orpheus, using his skull and music for skateboarding rituals. Axel expresses hope that one day they'll realize he risked everything, even himself, for love.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Robert McGinley as Orpheus\nMegan Murphy as Eurydice\nSteven Jesse Bernstein as Axel\nLinda Severt as Scratch\nMarshall Reid as Razoreus\nGian-Carlo Scandiuzzi as Hades\nVera McCaughan as Persephone\nJohn Billingsley as Linus\nBrian Faker as EBN Producer\nWhitey Shapiro as Apollo\nBarb Benedetti as Calliope\nGypsy Mandelbaum as Oracle\nOscar Knudsen as Cerberus\nTex Germany as Minister\nCindy Kelly, Deborah Labounty, Lahly Poore, and Deborah Sabin as the Furies","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Film festival","text":"The film was shown at BAM Rose Cinemas on September 23, 2013.[5] It was later shown again at The Brattle Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts as part of the theater's \"Trash Night\" on May 19, 2015.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_record"},{"link_name":"Light in the Attic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_in_the_Attic_Records"},{"link_name":"Bill Rieflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rieflin"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rea"},{"link_name":"Amy Denio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Denio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"On November 11, 2014, the film's remastered soundtrack was released on vinyl by Light in the Attic Records under its Traction imprint. The music was composed by Roland Barker, Bill Rieflin, Dennis Rea, and Amy Denio. It is the only release of the soundtrack. The vinyl includes 17 songs and comes bundled with a Shredder Orpheus DVD.[7]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vinegar Syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar_Syndrome"},{"link_name":"American Genre Film Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Genre_Film_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Anniversary Blu-Ray","text":"For the film's 34th anniversary, a limited edition Blu-Ray was released by Vinegar Syndrome and American Genre Film Archive[8] that restored the entire uncut film from the original elements. Special features include audio commentary, behind-the-scenes photos, the original VHS version, trailers and promos, writings on the myth, and subtitles.[9]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Movie Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Movie_Elite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"City Arts Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_Arts_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Nathan Phillips, writing for The Movie Elite said, \"Shredder Orpheus is a love letter to independent artistry and ’80s counterculture that is, frankly, missing or underrepresented in today’s social climate, and if it were possible to be nostalgic about the future, it would be via the attitudes present in the future as seen in Shredder Orpheus, a blast from the past.\".[10]Tony Kay, writing for City Arts Magazine, said \"Shredder Orpheus is an animal all its own. Written by, directed by and starring On the Boards co-founder Robert McGinley, it was a complete anomaly during its initial 1989 release—an all-local feature film made back when Seattle was still considered a backwater town by most of the world (grunge and the dotcom boom were still gleams in the city’s collective eye). Within this isolated Petri dish, McGinley enlisted a ragtag cast and crew of artists and creatives to put a unique spin on the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. Two decades later, the results remain a kick to watch.\"[11]The cinephile blog House of Self-Indulgence said \"Sure, the film looks like a veiled excuse to film people doing skateboard tricks in a dystopian landscape ruled by a sinister television station, but it has a lot to say about mass media, the afterlife, love, youth culture and corporate mind control.\"[12]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"PRESS | Shredder Orpheus\". 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://shredderorpheus.com/press/","url_text":"\"PRESS | Shredder Orpheus\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Andrew (1995). Plunderphonics, 'pataphysics & Pop Mechanics. SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 99. ISBN 9780946719150.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4PXRoyRqUDQC&pg=PA99","url_text":"Plunderphonics, 'pataphysics & Pop Mechanics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780946719150","url_text":"9780946719150"}]},{"reference":"\"PRESS | Shredder Orpheus\". 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://shredderorpheus.com/press/","url_text":"\"PRESS | Shredder Orpheus\""}]},{"reference":"\"HISTORY | Shredder Orpheus\". 14 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://shredderorpheus.com/history/","url_text":"\"HISTORY | Shredder Orpheus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shredder Orpheus\". Brooklyn Academy of Music. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170428052113/http://brooklynacademyofmusic.org/film/2013/shredder-orpheus","url_text":"\"Shredder Orpheus\""},{"url":"http://brooklynacademyofmusic.org/film/2013/shredder-orpheus","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trash Night: Shredder Orpheus\". Brattle Film Foundation. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170428053341/http://www.brattlefilm.org/2015/05/19/trash-night/","url_text":"\"Trash Night: Shredder Orpheus\""},{"url":"http://www.brattlefilm.org/2015/05/19/trash-night/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Alex (October 3, 2014). \"Cult Classic Skateboard Flick 'Shredder Orpheus' Gets Fitted with First-Ever Soundtrack Release\". Exclaim. Retrieved April 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/cult_classic_skateboard_flick_shredder_orpheus_gets_fitted_with_vinyl_soundtrack_release","url_text":"\"Cult Classic Skateboard Flick 'Shredder Orpheus' Gets Fitted with First-Ever Soundtrack Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Genre Film Archive SHREDDER ORPHEUS\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americangenrefilm.com/home-videos/shredder-orpheus/","url_text":"\"American Genre Film Archive SHREDDER ORPHEUS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shredder Orpheus\".","urls":[{"url":"https://vinegarsyndrome.com/collections/all-partner-label-releases/products/shredder-orpheus","url_text":"\"Shredder Orpheus\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Nathan (August 10, 2018). \"Shredder Orpheus 1989\". The Movie Elite. Retrieved August 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://themovieelite.com/movie/shredder-orpheus-1989/","url_text":"\"Shredder Orpheus 1989\""}]},{"reference":"Kay, Tony (February 27, 2015). \"Shredder Orpheus 1989\". City Arts Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityartsmagazine.com/after-26-years-shredder-orpheus-shreds/","url_text":"\"Shredder Orpheus 1989\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shredder Orpheus 1989\". The House of Self-Indulgence. August 10, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://houseofselfindulgence.blogspot.com/2014/07/shredder-orpheus-robert-mcginley-1990.html","url_text":"\"Shredder Orpheus 1989\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Mokwa
Tomasz Mokwa
["1 Honours","2 References","3 External links"]
Polish footballer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tomasz Mokwa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tomasz MokwaPersonal informationFull name Tomasz MokwaDate of birth (1993-02-10) 10 February 1993 (age 31)Place of birth Słupsk, PolandHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s) Right-backTeam informationCurrent team Piast GliwiceNumber 22Youth career Canal+ Słupsk Jantar Ustka2009–2012 Arka GdyniaSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2012–2013 Calisia Kalisz 33 (2)2013–2014 Flota Świnoujście 28 (0)2014–2017 Piast Gliwice 52 (2)2017–2019 GKS Katowice 6 (0)2019– Piast Gliwice 46 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 4 June 2024 Tomasz Mokwa (born 10 February 1993) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Ekstraklasa club Piast Gliwice. Honours Piast Gliwice Ekstraklasa: 2018–19 References ^ Interview with weszlo.com External links Tomasz Mokwa at Soccerway Tomasz Mokwa at 90minut.pl (in Polish) vtePiast Gliwice – current squad 2 Mosór 3 Muñoz 4 Czerwiński (c) 5 Huk 6 Chrapek 7 Félix 9 Piasecki 10 Wilczek 11 Kądzior 12 Jelonek 14 Holúbek 16 Dziczek 17 Karbowy 19 Ameyaw 20 Tomasiewicz 22 Mokwa 23 Mucha 25 Liszewski 26 Plach 30 Szczepański 31 Leśniak 33 Szymański 44 Krykun 77 Pyrka 79 Rychta 96 Kostadinov 99 Urbański Manager: Vuković This biographical article related to a Polish association football defender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"right-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)#Full-back"},{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"Piast Gliwice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Gliwice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tomasz Mokwa (born 10 February 1993) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Ekstraklasa club Piast Gliwice.[1]","title":"Tomasz Mokwa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Ekstraklasa"}],"text":"Piast GliwiceEkstraklasa: 2018–19","title":"Honours"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTNT_(AM)
WTNT (AM)
["1 History","2 Translators","3 References","4 External links"]
Radio station in Alexandria, Virginia For WTNT in Bethesda, Maryland (2001–2010), see WWRC. For the FM radio station located in Tallahassee, Florida, see WTNT-FM. WTNTAlexandria, VirginiaUnited StatesBroadcast areaMetropolitan Washington, D.C.Frequency730 kHzBrandingLa Mega CapitalProgrammingLanguage(s)SpanishFormatHitsOwnershipOwnerMetro RadioSister stationsWKDVHistoryFirst air dateDecember 10, 1945; 78 years ago (1945-12-10)Former call signsWPIK (1945–80)WPKX (1980–82)WRMR (1982–83)WPKX (1983–87)WCXR (1986)WCPT (1986–87)WPRD (1987)WCPT (1987–95)WBZS (1995–2000)WKDL (2000–06)WXTR (2006–10)Call sign meaning"Trinitrotoluene" (original slogan for the original WTNT was "Dynamite Talk")Technical informationFacility ID70036ClassDPower8,000 watts day25 watts nightTransmitter coordinates38°44′43.01″N 77°5′57.98″W / 38.7452806°N 77.0994389°W / 38.7452806; -77.0994389Translator(s)92.9 W225CN (Centreville)97.5 W248BN (Alexandria)LinksWebcastWTNT WebstreamWebsiteWTNT Online WTNT (730 kHz) is a Spanish hits AM radio station licensed to Alexandria, Virginia and serving the Washington metro area. WTNT is owned and operated by Metro Radio. 730 kHz is a Canadian and Mexican clear-channel frequency. The station flipped formats to a Spanish music and talk format dubbed "La Capital" on December 1, 2013. History WTNT signed on as WPIK December 10, 1945. For many years this station operated as the AM side to country station WXRA 105.9 FM, and for another period as WPKX "Kix Country". For a time 730 simulcast 105.9's next incarnation, classic rock, as WCXR. For a short while in the mid-1980s, the station featured a soul oldies format. It was also WRMR with a nostalgia format for a very short while (not to be confused with the Cleveland, Ohio, market WRMR). In 1987, it took the call letters WCPT, and became WBZS in May 1995. The station was owned by Metropolitan Broadcasting until 1989, Westinghouse Broadcasting from 1989 to 1993, and Viacom from 1993 to 1997. In July 1990, WCPT adopted a simulcast of CNN Headline News. From May 1995 to April 1999, WBZS offered a business news brokered financial advice format. Then, Mega Communications bought the station and installed a Mexican/tropical music format as "Radio Capital", which it simulcast with its co-owned WBZS-FM (92.7 FM, Prince Frederick, Maryland) and WBPS (94.3 FM, Warrenton, Virginia). Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder bought all three stations in 2006. The new three-station network ran a new sports radio formart as "Triple X ESPN Radio". The WXTR calls were installed at this point; the call letters were used in the past on different stations in the Washington area on two different stations (at 104.1 FM and 820 AM). In 2008, Snyder bought his network's primary competitor, WTEM (980 AM), and WXTR switched to ESPN Deportes Radio. On October 10, 2010, WXTR switched to a pop and soul oldies format. Radio Business Report quoted station management as saying the station would fill "a void in the marketplace". However, this change lasted only several days, as Red Zebra announced that WXTR would be sold off to Metro Radio that October 18. The WTNT call letters were moved from the 570 kHz facility, which changed to the WSPZ call letters, and picked up WTNT's previous talk format, which was dropped for sports talk in early September. On December 1, 2013, WTNT changed their format from talk to Spanish AC, branded as "La Capital". It eventually rebranded to "La Mega Capital" and moved towards a more Spanish contemporary format. Translators In addition to the main station, WTNT has two FM translators to widen its broadcast area. Call sign Frequency City of license FID ERP (W) HAAT Class FCC info W225CN 92.9 FM Centreville, Virginia 142765 25 77 m (253 ft) D LMS W248BN 97.5 FM Alexandria, Virginia 18863 250 213 m (699 ft) D LMS References ^ "WTNT Facility Record". Federal Communications Commission, audio division. ^ "WTNT La Capital". 730wtnt.com. November 24, 2013. ^ "FCC History Card - Facility ID 70036" (PDF). ^ "Call letters" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 18, 1983. p. 118. ^ "Call letters" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 10, 1986. p. 88. ^ "Call letters" (PDF). Broadcasting. No. August 30, 1982. p. 102. ^ "Call letters" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 30, 1986. p. 173. ^ Clabaugh, Jeff (January 20, 2006). "Snyder buys three Washington radio stations". Washington Business Journal. ^ Hughes, Dave (June 4, 2008). "Snyder To Buy WTEM & Two Talkers From Clear Channel". DCRTV. ^ "WXTR-AM DC flips from ESPN Deportes to Oldies". rbr.com. October 12, 2010. ^ "D.C.'s new conservative talk "WTNT" is at 730 AM, thanks to a sale". Radio-Info.com. October 18, 2010. ^ "WTNT Washington Flips to Spanish AC". External links Official website WTNT in the FCC AM station database WTNT in Nielsen Audio's AM station database vteRadio stations in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan areaBy AM frequency 570 630 730 780 900 920 950 980 1030 1050 1120 1160 1190 1220 1250 1260 1310 1340 1390 1450 1460 1480 1500 1540 1580 1600 By FM frequency 87.71 88.5 89.3 89.9 90.1 90.5 90.9 91.9 92.7 93.9 94.3 94.7 95.5 96.3 97.1 98.7 99.1 99.5 99.9 100.3 101.1 102.3 103.5 104.1 105.1 105.9 106.7 107.3 107.7 107.9 LPFM 94.3 96.7 WERA-LP WQER-LP 97.7 Translators 92.9 93.5 95.9 97.5 97.7 98.1 98.3 100.7 101.7 102.9 103.1 104.7 105.5 106.3 NOAA Weather Radiofrequency 162.45 162.55 Digital radioby frequency & subchannel 88.5-1 88.5-2 89.3-1 90.9-1 90.9-2 93.9-1 93.9-3 94.7-1 94.7-2 95.5-1 95.5-2 96.3-1 96.3-2 96.3-3 96.3-4 97.1-1 97.1-2 98.7-1 98.7-2 99.5-1 99.5-2 100.3-1 100.3-2 101.1-1 101.1-2 102.3-1 102.3-2 102.3-3 103.5-1 103.5-2 103.5-3 104.1-1 104.1-3 105.1-1 105.1-2 105.1-3 106.7-1 106.7-2 106.7-3 107.3-1 107.3-2 107.3-3 107.7-1 107.7-2 107.7-3 107.7-4 107.7-5 107.9-1 107.9-2 By call sign KHB36 W225CN W228DI W240DJ W248BN W249DX W251CH W252DC W264DB W269DH W275BO W276DT W284CQ W288BS W292BC WACA WAMU HD2 WASH HD2 WAVA WAVA-FM HD2 HD3 WBIG-FM WBQH WCSP-FM WCTN WDCH-FM WDCJ WDCT WDCN-LD1 WDON WERA-LP WETA HD2 WFAX WFED WFRE WGTS WHUR-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 WIAD HD2 WIHT HD2 WJEV-LP WJFK WJFK-FM HD2 HD3 WKDV WKIK WKYS HD3 WLVW WLXE WLZL WLZV WMAL-FM WMET WMMJ HD3 WMUC-FM WMZQ-FM HD2 WNG736 WOL WOWD-LP WPFW WPGC-FM HD2 WPIR WPRS-FM HD3 WPWC WQER-LP WQOF WRCW WSBN WTEM WTNT WTOP-FM HD2 HD3 WTSD WURA WUST WWDC HD2 WWGB WWRC WWWT-FM HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5 WYCB WZHF Internet Only WBSU WCUA WGMU WGTB WMCR WRGW WVAU Defunct NAA NOF WCAP WDM WDW WGMS (103.5 FM, 104.1 FM) WGTB (90.1 FM) WHFS (102.3 FM, 99.1 FM, 105.7 FM) WJH WKIK (1560 AM) WOOK (1340 AM) WQAW WTWP WWZZ (104.1 FM) Satellite radio local traffic/weather XM Channel 214 Sirius Channel 152 Radio stations in the Washington metropolitan area Washington, D.C. Frederick, Maryland Fredericksburg, Virginia Other nearby regions Baltimore Hagerstown Northern Neck Salisbury-Ocean City Winchester See also List of radio stations in Washington, D.C. List of radio stations in Virginia List of radio stations in Maryland Mass media in Washington, D.C. Radio stations TV stations Newspapers Notes 1. Audio from channel 6 TV station vteCHR / Top 40 radio stations in the Commonwealth of Virginia Charlottesville WHTE-FM Christiansburg WVHK Fredericksburg WVBX Harrisonburg WAZR WQPO Highland Springs WVNZ Marion WZVA Richmond WHCE WRVQ Roanoke WXLK Sandston WULT Stephens City WKSI-FM See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Virginia See also Contemporary Hit Radio Rhythmic KISS-FM MOVin
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWRC"},{"link_name":"WTNT-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTNT-FM"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington metro area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"730 kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/730_AM"},{"link_name":"clear-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Radio station in Alexandria, VirginiaFor WTNT in Bethesda, Maryland (2001–2010), see WWRC. For the FM radio station located in Tallahassee, Florida, see WTNT-FM.WTNT (730 kHz) is a Spanish hits AM radio station licensed to Alexandria, Virginia and serving the Washington metro area. WTNT is owned and operated by Metro Radio.[1] 730 kHz is a Canadian and Mexican clear-channel frequency.The station flipped formats to a Spanish music and talk format dubbed \"La Capital\" on December 1, 2013.[2]","title":"WTNT (AM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"WXRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAL-FM"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"WRMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKNR#WRMR_(850_AM)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932006)"},{"link_name":"CNN Headline News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLN_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"WBZS-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDCJ"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"WBPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLZV"},{"link_name":"Warrenton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Daniel Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Snyder"},{"link_name":"sports radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"ESPN Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Radio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"104.1 FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPRS-FM"},{"link_name":"820 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWFD"},{"link_name":"WTEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTEM"},{"link_name":"ESPN Deportes Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Deportes_Radio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WSPZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWRC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"WTNT signed on as WPIK December 10, 1945.[3] For many years this station operated as the AM side to country station WXRA 105.9 FM, and for another period as WPKX \"Kix Country\".[4] For a time 730 simulcast 105.9's next incarnation, classic rock, as WCXR.[5] For a short while in the mid-1980s, the station featured a soul oldies format. It was also WRMR with a nostalgia format for a very short while (not to be confused with the Cleveland, Ohio, market WRMR).[6] In 1987, it took the call letters WCPT,[7] and became WBZS in May 1995.The station was owned by Metropolitan Broadcasting until 1989, Westinghouse Broadcasting from 1989 to 1993, and Viacom from 1993 to 1997. In July 1990, WCPT adopted a simulcast of CNN Headline News. From May 1995 to April 1999, WBZS offered a business news brokered financial advice format.Then, Mega Communications bought the station and installed a Mexican/tropical music format as \"Radio Capital\", which it simulcast with its co-owned WBZS-FM (92.7 FM, Prince Frederick, Maryland) and WBPS (94.3 FM, Warrenton, Virginia). Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder bought all three stations in 2006. The new three-station network ran a new sports radio formart as \"Triple X ESPN Radio\".[8] The WXTR calls were installed at this point; the call letters were used in the past on different stations in the Washington area on two different stations (at 104.1 FM and 820 AM). In 2008, Snyder bought his network's primary competitor, WTEM (980 AM), and WXTR switched to ESPN Deportes Radio.[9]On October 10, 2010, WXTR switched to a pop and soul oldies format. Radio Business Report quoted station management as saying the station would fill \"a void in the marketplace\".[10] However, this change lasted only several days, as Red Zebra announced that WXTR would be sold off to Metro Radio that October 18. The WTNT call letters were moved from the 570 kHz facility, which changed to the WSPZ call letters, and picked up WTNT's previous talk format, which was dropped for sports talk in early September.[11]On December 1, 2013, WTNT changed their format from talk to Spanish AC, branded as \"La Capital\".[12]It eventually rebranded to \"La Mega Capital\" and moved towards a more Spanish contemporary format.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM translators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_translator"}],"text":"In addition to the main station, WTNT has two FM translators to widen its broadcast area.","title":"Translators"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"WTNT Facility Record\". Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTNT","url_text":"\"WTNT Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WTNT La Capital\". 730wtnt.com. November 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.730wtnt.com/","url_text":"\"WTNT La Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCC History Card - Facility ID 70036\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=66324&.pdf","url_text":"\"FCC History Card - Facility ID 70036\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call letters\" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 18, 1983. p. 118.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1983/BC-1983-04-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Call letters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call letters\" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 10, 1986. p. 88.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-10.pdf","url_text":"\"Call letters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call letters\" (PDF). Broadcasting. No. August 30, 1982. p. 102.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1982/BC-1982-08-30.pdf","url_text":"\"Call letters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call letters\" (PDF). Broadcasting. April 30, 1986. p. 173.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-04-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Call letters\""}]},{"reference":"Clabaugh, Jeff (January 20, 2006). \"Snyder buys three Washington radio stations\". Washington Business Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2006/01/16/daily41.html","url_text":"\"Snyder buys three Washington radio stations\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Dave (June 4, 2008). \"Snyder To Buy WTEM & Two Talkers From Clear Channel\". DCRTV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dcrtv.com/mediaw18.html","url_text":"\"Snyder To Buy WTEM & Two Talkers From Clear Channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"WXTR-AM DC flips from ESPN Deportes to Oldies\". rbr.com. October 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rbr.com/radio/radio-programming/28215.html","url_text":"\"WXTR-AM DC flips from ESPN Deportes to Oldies\""}]},{"reference":"\"D.C.'s new conservative talk \"WTNT\" is at 730 AM, thanks to a sale\". Radio-Info.com. October 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio-info.com/news/dcs-new-conservative-talk-wtnt-is-at-730-am-thanks-to-a-sale","url_text":"\"D.C.'s new conservative talk \"WTNT\" is at 730 AM, thanks to a sale\""}]},{"reference":"\"WTNT Washington Flips to Spanish AC\".","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/85235/wtnt-washington-flipping-to-spanish-ac/","url_text":"\"WTNT Washington Flips to Spanish AC\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WTNT_(AM)&params=38_44_43.01_N_77_5_57.98_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°44′43.01″N 77°5′57.98″W / 38.7452806°N 77.0994389°W / 38.7452806; -77.0994389"},{"Link":"http://vip.livecastnet.com:8000/capitalmega.mp3","external_links_name":"WTNT Webstream"},{"Link":"http://lamegacapital.com/","external_links_name":"WTNT Online"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=142765","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=18863","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"http://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTNT","external_links_name":"\"WTNT Facility Record\""},{"Link":"http://www.730wtnt.com/","external_links_name":"\"WTNT La Capital\""},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=66324&.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FCC History Card - Facility ID 70036\""},{"Link":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1983/BC-1983-04-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Call letters\""},{"Link":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-10.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Call letters\""},{"Link":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1982/BC-1982-08-30.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Call letters\""},{"Link":"http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-04-07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Call letters\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2006/01/16/daily41.html","external_links_name":"\"Snyder buys three Washington radio stations\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcrtv.com/mediaw18.html","external_links_name":"\"Snyder To Buy WTEM & Two Talkers From Clear Channel\""},{"Link":"http://www.rbr.com/radio/radio-programming/28215.html","external_links_name":"\"WXTR-AM DC flips from ESPN Deportes to Oldies\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio-info.com/news/dcs-new-conservative-talk-wtnt-is-at-730-am-thanks-to-a-sale","external_links_name":"\"D.C.'s new conservative talk \"WTNT\" is at 730 AM, thanks to a sale\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/85235/wtnt-washington-flipping-to-spanish-ac/","external_links_name":"\"WTNT Washington Flips to Spanish AC\""},{"Link":"http://somoslacapital.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTNT","external_links_name":"WTNT"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WTNT","external_links_name":"WTNT"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_B._Jacobs
Jack B. Jacobs
["1 References","2 External links"]
American judge Jack B. JacobsJustice of the Delaware Supreme CourtIn office2003–2014Preceded byJoseph T. WalshSucceeded byKaren L. ValihuraVice Chancellor of the Delaware Court of ChanceryIn office1985–2003Preceded byJoseph T. WalshSucceeded byDonald F. Parsons Personal detailsBorn (1942-07-23) July 23, 1942 (age 81)EducationUniversity of ChicagoHarvard Law School Jack Bernard Jacobs (born July 23, 1942) is a former justice of the Delaware Supreme Court, having served on that court from 2003 to 2014. He also served as a vice chancellor of the Delaware Court of Chancery from 1985 to 2003. He graduated from University of Chicago and Harvard Law School. References ^ Quillen, William T.; Hanrahan, Michael (1993). "A Short History of the Court of Chancery". ^ Who's Who in American Law, 2005-2006. Marquis Who's Who. 2005. p. 517. ^ "Supreme Court Justices". Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2013. ^ "Jacobs leaving Delaware Supreme Court". Delaware Online. April 1, 2014. External links http://judgepedia.org/Jack_Jacobs This biography of a state judge in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Delaware Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Delaware Court of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"}],"text":"Jack Bernard Jacobs (born July 23, 1942)[2] is a former justice of the Delaware Supreme Court,[3] having served on that court from 2003 to 2014. He also served as a vice chancellor of the Delaware Court of Chancery from 1985 to 2003.[4] He graduated from University of Chicago and Harvard Law School.","title":"Jack B. Jacobs"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Quillen, William T.; Hanrahan, Michael (1993). \"A Short History of the Court of Chancery\".","urls":[{"url":"https://courts.delaware.gov/chancery/history.aspx","url_text":"\"A Short History of the Court of Chancery\""}]},{"reference":"Who's Who in American Law, 2005-2006. Marquis Who's Who. 2005. p. 517.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinamerica0000unse_i4q1/page/516/mode/2up","url_text":"Who's Who in American Law, 2005-2006"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court Justices\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212044102/http://courts.delaware.gov/Supreme/justices.stm","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Justices\""},{"url":"http://courts.delaware.gov/supreme/justices.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacobs leaving Delaware Supreme Court\". Delaware Online. April 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/04/01/supreme-court-justice-jack-jacobs-step-july/7158465/","url_text":"\"Jacobs leaving Delaware Supreme Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Online","url_text":"Delaware Online"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://courts.delaware.gov/chancery/history.aspx","external_links_name":"\"A Short History of the Court of Chancery\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinamerica0000unse_i4q1/page/516/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Who's Who in American Law, 2005-2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212044102/http://courts.delaware.gov/Supreme/justices.stm","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Justices\""},{"Link":"http://courts.delaware.gov/supreme/justices.stm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2014/04/01/supreme-court-justice-jack-jacobs-step-july/7158465/","external_links_name":"\"Jacobs leaving Delaware Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"http://judgepedia.org/Jack_Jacobs","external_links_name":"http://judgepedia.org/Jack_Jacobs"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_B._Jacobs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mouzon
Siege of Mouzon
["1 References","2 Sources"]
Siege of MouzonPart of the Franco-Spanish WarDate12 – 28 September 1653LocationMosson, Côte-d'OrResult French victoryBelligerents  France SpainCommanders and leaders Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of AustriaStrength 8,000 1,500Casualties and losses Unknown 1,500 vteFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659) Flanders and Northern France Les Avins Leuven Hirson Le Catelet La Capelle Somme 1st Corbie 1st Landrecies 1st Saint Omer 1st Thionville Charlemont 1st Arras Aire-sur-la-Lys La Marfée Honnecourt Rocroi 2nd Thionville 1st Gravelines Béthune 2nd Saint Omer 1st Lens Bergues 1st Mardyck Furnes 1st Dunkirk Armentières Nieuwpoort Commines 2nd Landrecies Diksmuide Ypres 2nd Lens Rethel  Mouzon 2nd Arras 3rd Landrecies Valenciennes 2nd Mardyck 2nd Dunkirk The Dunes 2nd Gravelines Bergues Northern Spain and Southern France Leucate Fuenterrabía 1st Salses Ille-sur-Têt Montjuïc 1st Tarragona Almenar Montmeló La Granada Monzón Collioure 1st Tortosa Perpignan 1st Roses 2nd Salses 1st Lleida Miravet Monzón 2nd Lleida 4th Tarragona 2nd Roses San Lorenzo de Mongay Balaguer 3rd Lleida 4th Lleida 2nd Tortosa Montblanc 3rd Tortosa 2nd Barcelona Castelló d'Empúries Girona Villefranche-de-Conflent Cadaqués Solsona Berga Castellfollit Camprodon Italy 1st Valenza Morbegno Tornavento Marbegno Breme Vercelli Chieri Casale  Turin 2nd Valenza 1st Cremona Proh Naples 2nd Cremona Pavia 3rd Valenza France hinterland The Fronde Franche-Comté and Germany Dole Martignat Savigny Arbent Cornod Saint-Amour Sainte-Agnès Lons-le-Saunier Bletterans 1st Poligny 2nd Poligny Pontarlier Jonvelle Maynal Tuttlingen Caribbean Tortuga Naval battles 1st Lérins Islands Sardinia 2nd Lérins Islands 3rd Lérins Islands Genoa Getaria Laredo · Santoña Île de Ré Cádiz 2nd Tarragona 3rd Tarragona 1st Barcelona Cartagena Orbetello Castellammare Piombino · Porto Longone Cambrils Formentera Sant Feliu Bordeaux 3rd Barcelona The Siege of Mouzon was fought in eastern France during the Franco-Spanish War in 1653 a battle at the siege of the fortress of Mozon. The battle took place shortly after Viscount Turenne launched a mobile defense against the invading Spanish army, which was facing Rocroix The town was besieged. Leopold Williamommanded, about 34,000 Spanish troops, who began to invade France from the Flanders region in the summer of 1653 and obtained the help of Prince Condé. The commander-in-chief of the French army Viscount of Turennehad only more than one-third of the enemy's troops, so he chose to attack near the huge enemy force. Carry out a large number of maneuvers and counter-movements to deny the enemy the opportunity to capture important positions. When the Spanish army began to siege, Rocroix Turenne was well aware of the French army's numerical disadvantage and decided not to carry out a relief operation, but to make up for its strategic disadvantage by capturing Mozon. This is a very strategic fortress on the Meuse River, located between Sedan and Steney. After a seventeen-day siege, the French successfully captured the city. According to Duke of York, since he did not have any engineers, Viscount of Turenne had to draw up the plans himself and Supervise all siege works during the siege. References ^ Decroos 1874, p. 212. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDecroos1874 (help) ^ a b Ramsey 1735, p. 122. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRamsey1735 (help) ^ Longueville 1907, p. 2019. Sources Hozier, Sir Henry Montague (1885). Turenne. Chapman and Hall.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Longueville, Thomas (1907). Marshal Turenne. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Longmans, Green.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) de Périni, Hardy (1896). Batailles françaises 4e série 1643-1671. Paris: HACHETTE LIVRE-BNF.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_River"},{"link_name":"Sedan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan,_Ardennes"},{"link_name":"Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_(England)"}],"text":"vteFranco-Spanish War (1635–1659)\nFlanders and Northern France\nLes Avins\nLeuven\nHirson\nLe Catelet\nLa Capelle\nSomme\n1st Corbie\n1st Landrecies\n1st Saint Omer\n1st Thionville\nCharlemont\n1st Arras\nAire-sur-la-Lys\nLa Marfée\nHonnecourt\nRocroi\n2nd Thionville\n1st Gravelines\nBéthune\n2nd Saint Omer\n1st Lens\nBergues\n1st Mardyck\nFurnes\n1st Dunkirk\nArmentières\nNieuwpoort\nCommines\n2nd Landrecies\nDiksmuide\nYpres\n2nd Lens\nRethel [zh]\nMouzon\n2nd Arras\n3rd Landrecies\nValenciennes\n2nd Mardyck\n2nd Dunkirk\nThe Dunes\n2nd Gravelines\nBergues\nNorthern Spain and Southern France\nLeucate\nFuenterrabía\n1st Salses\nIlle-sur-Têt\nMontjuïc\n1st Tarragona\nAlmenar\nMontmeló\nLa Granada\nMonzón\nCollioure\n1st Tortosa\nPerpignan\n1st Roses\n2nd Salses\n1st Lleida\nMiravet\nMonzón\n2nd Lleida\n4th Tarragona\n2nd Roses\nSan Lorenzo de Mongay\nBalaguer\n3rd Lleida\n4th Lleida\n2nd Tortosa\nMontblanc\n3rd Tortosa\n2nd Barcelona\nCastelló d'Empúries\nGirona\nVillefranche-de-Conflent\nCadaqués\nSolsona\nBerga\nCastellfollit\nCamprodon\nItaly\n1st Valenza\nMorbegno\nTornavento\nMarbegno\nBreme\nVercelli\nChieri\nCasale [zh]\nTurin\n2nd Valenza\n1st Cremona\nProh\nNaples\n2nd Cremona\nPavia\n3rd Valenza\nFrance hinterland\nThe Fronde\nFranche-Comté and Germany\nDole\nMartignat\nSavigny\nArbent\nCornod\nSaint-Amour\nSainte-Agnès\nLons-le-Saunier\nBletterans\n1st Poligny\n2nd Poligny\nPontarlier\nJonvelle\nMaynal\nTuttlingen\nCaribbean\nTortuga\nNaval battles\n1st Lérins Islands\nSardinia\n2nd Lérins Islands\n3rd Lérins Islands\nGenoa\nGetaria\nLaredo · Santoña\nÎle de Ré\nCádiz\n2nd Tarragona\n3rd Tarragona\n1st Barcelona\nCartagena\nOrbetello\nCastellammare\nPiombino · Porto Longone\nCambrils\nFormentera\nSant Feliu\nBordeaux\n3rd BarcelonaThe Siege of Mouzon was fought in eastern France during the Franco-Spanish War in 1653 a battle at the siege of the fortress of Mozon. The battle took place shortly after Viscount Turenne launched a mobile defense against the invading Spanish army, which was facing Rocroix The town was besieged.Leopold Williamommanded, about 34,000 Spanish troops, who began to invade France from the Flanders region in the summer of 1653 and obtained the help of Prince Condé. The commander-in-chief of the French army Viscount of Turennehad only more than one-third of the enemy's troops, so he chose to attack near the huge enemy force. Carry out a large number of maneuvers and counter-movements to deny the enemy the opportunity to capture important positions. When the Spanish army began to siege, Rocroix Turenne was well aware of the French army's numerical disadvantage and decided not to carry out a relief operation, but to make up for its strategic disadvantage by capturing Mozon. [3]This is a very strategic fortress on the Meuse River, located between Sedan and Steney. After a seventeen-day siege, the French successfully captured the city. According to Duke of York, since he did not have any engineers, Viscount of Turenne had to draw up the plans himself and Supervise all siege works during the siege.","title":"Siege of Mouzon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dli.granth.87730"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default"},{"link_name":"Marshal Turenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/marshalturenne00longuoft"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default"}],"text":"Hozier, Sir Henry Montague (1885). Turenne. Chapman and Hall.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)\nLongueville, Thomas (1907). Marshal Turenne. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Longmans, Green.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)\nde Périni, Hardy (1896). Batailles françaises 4e série 1643-1671. Paris: HACHETTE LIVRE-BNF.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hozier, Sir Henry Montague (1885). Turenne. Chapman and Hall.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.87730","url_text":"Turenne"}]},{"reference":"Longueville, Thomas (1907). Marshal Turenne. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Longmans, Green.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/marshalturenne00longuoft","url_text":"Marshal Turenne"}]},{"reference":"de Périni, Hardy (1896). Batailles françaises 4e série 1643-1671. Paris: HACHETTE LIVRE-BNF.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.87730","external_links_name":"Turenne"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/marshalturenne00longuoft","external_links_name":"Marshal Turenne"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njazi_Kuqi
Njazi Kuqi
["1 Club career","1.1 FC Lahti","1.2 Birmingham","1.3 Groningen","1.4 Carl Zeiss Jena","1.5 TuS Koblenz","1.6 Stevenage","1.7 Dundee","1.8 TPS Turku","1.9 Panionios","1.10 Atromitos","1.11 ATK","1.12 Helsinki IFK","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 References","6 External links"]
Finnish footballer (born 1983) Njazi Kuqi Kuqi with Inter Turku in 2016Personal informationDate of birth (1983-03-25) 25 March 1983 (age 41)Place of birth Vučitrn, SFR YugoslaviaHeight 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Position(s) ForwardYouth career1998–1999 FinnPa1999–2000 MP2001 Kapa-51Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2002–2005 Lahti 53 (16)2005–2006 Birmingham City 0 (0)2006 → Blackpool (loan) 4 (0)2006 → Peterborough United (loan) 1 (0)2006 Groningen 0 (0)2007–2008 Carl Zeiss Jena 1 (0)2008–2010 TuS Koblenz 52 (11)2010 Stevenage 1 (0)2010 Dundee 3 (0)2011 TPS Turku 21 (8)2011–2012 Panionios 24 (10)2012–2013 Atromitos 24 (1)2014 Pro Vercelli 8 (0)2014 Olympiacos Volos 8 (3)2015 SG Sonnenhof 7 (0)2016 PK-35 Vantaa 12 (8)2016–2017 Inter Turku 31 (15)2017–2018 ATK 6 (1)2019 HIFK 6 (0)International career2005–2013 Finland 12 (5) Medal record Finland national football team Runner-up Baltic Cup 2012 Lahti Runner-up Finnish Cup 2002 Runner-up Finnish League Cup 2004 *Club domestic league appearances and goals Njazi Kuqi (born 25 March 1983) is a Finnish former professional footballer, who played as a forward. Kuqi started his career with FC Lahti of the Veikkausliiga in 2002, spending three years with the club and scoring twenty goals in all competitions. In January 2005, Kuqi signed for Birmingham City, but failed to make any first–team appearances during his 18-month spell with the club. During his time at Birmingham, Kuqi was loaned out for a month to Blackpool in January 2006, making four appearances before returning to his parent club. He was loaned out once again in March 2006, joining Peterborough United until the end of the 2005–06 season. However, he only made one appearance for Peterborough, and returned to Birmingham a month earlier than scheduled. At the end of the campaign, Kuqi was released by Birmingham. Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Kuqi joined Dutch side FC Groningen on a free transfer. However, he was released just two months after signing for the club, having not made a single appearance for the club. Six months later, in January 2007, Kuqi signed for German outfit FC Carl Zeiss Jena, but made just one first–team appearance in twelve months, before signing for TuS Koblenz in January 2008 on a three–year deal. He spent two and a half seasons with Koblenz, scoring eleven times. In August 2010, Kuqi joined League Two side Stevenage, but left after playing just one game. Shortly after, in September 2010, Kuqi joined Dundee on a one-year deal, but was released a month later when the club went into administration. Kuqi has also played internationally for the Finland national team, earning 12 caps and scoring 5 goals for his country. Club career FC Lahti Kuqi was born in Vučitrn, SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Vushtrri, Kosovo). He began his career with FC Lahti in 2002, where he was named Finland's Under-21 Player of the Year in 2004. Kuqi spent three seasons with the club, scoring a total of 20 goals in 57 appearances in all competitions. Birmingham In January 2005, Kuqi signed for Birmingham City for a fee of £400,000, but failed to make any first–team appearances for the club during the latter stages of the 2004–05 season, although he was an unused substitute in Birmingham's 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea in the FA Cup. Kuqi featured regularly for Birmingham's reserve side, but had a number of more experienced strikers in front of him, including Emile Heskey and Mikael Forssell, which made it difficult for him to break into the starting eleven. During the second half of the 2005–06 season, Kuqi was sent out on loan to Blackpool on a month's loan deal. A day after joining the club, he made his debut in the club's 4–2 win against Doncaster Rovers, coming on as an 81st-minute substitute. Kuqi subsequently started in the club's 3–0 loss away to MK Dons, and played a total of four times for Blackpool before returning to his parent club. In March 2006, Kuqi was loaned out once more, this time to Peterborough United until the end of the season. However, Kuqi played just once for the club, starting in Peterborough's 2–2 draw with Barnet, before returning to Birmingham a month earlier than expected. At the end of the 2006–07 season, Kuqi was released by Birmingham, having not made a single first–team appearance. Groningen In June 2006, Kuqi signed for FC Groningen on a free transfer, where he was to compete for a place in the team with players such as the former Manchester United striker Erik Nevland. After a range of conflicts, Kuqi was released by Groningen in August 2006, having made no first-team appearances for the club, with the season just two weeks old. Carl Zeiss Jena Six months later, he signed an 18-month contract with FC Carl Zeiss Jena after failing to win a contract during a trial at his brother's former club, Ipswich Town. However, Kuqi struggled to make first-team appearances for the club, and was subsequently featuring regularly in the reserve side, FC Carl Zeis Jena II, in the German NOFV-Oberliga. TuS Koblenz In January 2008, he joined TuS Koblenz on a three-year contract. During the second half of the club's 2007–08 campaign, Kuqi scored four goals in nine appearances, scoring his first goal for Koblenz in a 1–1 draw away to FC St. Pauli. He also scored in the club's 3–2 away win against 1. FC Kaiserslautern ten days later. He subsequently started the following season as the club's point of attack, and played a total of 29 games during the season, scoring five times as Koblenz narrowly avoided relegation. Kuqi remained at the club ahead of the 2009–10 season, although his season was disrupted by persistent injuries, only managing to play in 14 games, scoring twice in losses against FC St. Pauli and Karlsruher SC respectively. Kuqi played his last game for the club in March 2010, coming on as an 83rd-minute substitute in a 2–0 loss to Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. He left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season. Kuqi spent a week on trial at Dutch Eerste Divisie side RBC Roosendaal in July 2010, scoring in the club's 1–0 friendly win against Royal Antwerp. However, just three days after his trial at Roosendaal, Kuqi linked up with his brother Shefki once again, having previously played alongside him at Koblenz, as he joined Championship side Swansea City on trial for two weeks. He featured in a pre–season friendly against Port Talbot Town, scoring the winning goal in the 93rd minute. He also netted in another friendly against Llanelli, scoring the final goal of the game from 25–yards in a 5–1 win. However, he was unsuccessful in his attempt to earn a contract at Swansea, and subsequently requested a trial at League Two side Stevenage in August 2010. Stevenage He played in a reserve match for the club against Ipswich Town. Three days later, Kuqi made his debut in the club's 3–1 win against Stockport County, coming on as a substitute in the 84th minute. He left Stevenage after failing to secure a full-time contract with the club. Dundee Shortly after, on 1 September 2010, Kuqi signed for Scottish First Division club Dundee on a one-year contract. He made his debut for the club in a 3–1 loss to Dunfermline Athletic, and featured in two other games for the club. However, in October 2010, Kuqi was one of nine players released by Dundee after the club went into administration. On being released, Kuqi said "My family just moved in two weeks ago. Of course you feel let down. Before I came here they spoke differently. They promised things and then after five weeks you're in administration". TPS Turku On 28 March 2011, TPS Turku announced that the club had signed Kuqi on a one-year contract. He made his debut for the club on 6 May 2011, scoring in a 2–0 win over HJK Helsinki, the first game of the 2011 Veikkausliiga season. Kuqi scored eight goals in 23 appearances for the club during the 2011 season. Panionios In September 2011, Kuqi joined Super League side Panionios. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 away win against Panetolikos, scoring the only goal of the game in the eleventh minute. Two weeks later, in his third appearance for the club, Kuqi scored twice in a 3–0 victory away at Kerkyra. Atromitos In June 2012 it was announced that Kuqi would transfer from Panionios to another Super League club, Atromitos, a club which he left after a mutual consent contract termination. ATK On 12 September 2017, Kuqi joined Indian Super League franchise ATK for the 2017–18 season. He was released in January 2018, having scored once in six appearances. Helsinki IFK On 11 December 2018, Finnish Veikkausliiga-side HIFK Fotboll announced, that they had signed Kuqi for the 2019 season on a one-year deal. International career In March 2005, Kuqi was called up to the Finland squad for a friendly against Kuwait. He started the match, and scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win. Six days later, he came off the substitute's bench to score twice within the space of five minutes in Finland's 4–1 win against Saudi Arabia. In 2005, he got a six-month ban to the national team after leaving the team, after a U21-match against Czech Republic was played, for a birthday night out in Prague with a fellow international Toni Koskela. After that, Kuqi was out of the picture and it was thought that he was keen to play for Kosovo, but in August 2008 he was called up to the squad once more when Stuart Baxter selected him for a friendly against Israel, although he was an unused substitute. In September 2008, Kuqi gained his third cap as a 75th-minute substitute in Finland's 2010 World Cup qualifier against Germany, with the game ending 3–3. Personal life He is the younger brother of footballer Shefki Kuqi and older brother of footballer Albert Kuqi. They are of Kosovo Albanian descent. Career statistics As of 19 January 2018 Club Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National cup League cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Lahti 2002 Veikkausliiga 24 5 24 5 2003 Veikkausliiga 14 6 14 6 2004 Veikkausliiga 15 5 15 5 2005 Veikkausliiga 0 0 0 0 Total 53 16 53 16 Birmingham City 2004–05 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 2005–06 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Blackpool (loan) 2005–06 League One 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 Peterborough United (loan) 2005–06 League Two 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Carl Zeiss Jena 2006–07 2. Bundesliga 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2007–08 2. Bundesliga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 TuS Koblenz 2007–08 2. Bundesliga 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 2008–09 2. Bundesliga 29 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 30 6 2009–10 2. Bundesliga 14 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 Total 52 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 55 11 Stevenage 2010–11 League Two 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Dundee 2010–11 Scottish First Division 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 TPS Turku 2011 Veikkausliiga 21 8 2 0 23 8 Panionios 2011–12 Superleague Greece 24 10 2 0 — — 26 10 Atromitos 2012–13 Superleague Greece 16 1 1 0 — 2 0 19 1 Pro Vercelli 2013–14 Lega Pro Prima Divisione 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 Olympiacos Volou 2014–15 Football League (Greece) 8 3 3 0 — — 11 3 SG Sonnenhof Großaspach 2014–15 3. Liga 8 3 3 0 — — 11 3 PK-35 Vantaa 2016 Veikkausliiga 12 8 1 1 5 2 — 18 11 Inter Turku 2016 Veikkausliiga 13 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 8 2017 Veikkausliiga 18 7 3 0 — — 22 7 Total 31 15 3 0 0 0 1 0 35 15 ATK 2017–18 Indian Super League 6 1 — — — 6 1 Career total 248 76 16 1 5 2 6 0 375 79 ^ a b Appearances in UEFA Europa League ^ Appearance in Lega Pro Prima Divisione playoffs ^ Appearances in relegation play-offs International Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Finland 2005 2 3 2008 1 0 2012 8 2 2013 1 0 Total 12 5 Scores and results list Finland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kuqi goal. List of international goals scored by Njazi Kuqi No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 12 March 2005 Kuwait National Stadium, Kuwait City, Kuwait  Kuwait 1–0 1–0 Friendly 2 18 March 2005 Prince Mohamed bin Fahd Stadium, Dammam, Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia 2–1 4–1 Friendly 3 4–1 4 1 June 2012 Tamme Stadium, Tartu, Finland  Estonia 1–0 2–1 Friendly 5 2–0 References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "N. Kuqi". Soccerway. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Njazi Kuqi – ESPN". ESPN Soccernet. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ a b "Now Swansea have a look at Kuqi jr". This Is South Wales. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "FC Lahti – 2004". National Football Teams. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ a b "Peterborough seal Kuqi loan deal". BBC Sport. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Birmingham City 2004/2005 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Chelsea 2–0 Birmingham". BBC Sport. 30 January 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2011. ^ "Blues For Newcastle Reserves". Newcastle United F.C. 18 October 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2011. ^ "Birmingham City 2005/2006 player appearances". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Blackpool sign Birmingham's Kuqi". BBC Sport. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Blackpool 4–2 Doncaster". BBC Sport. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "MK Dons 3–0 Blackpool". BBC Sport. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2005/2006". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Peterborough 2–2 Barnet". BBC Sport. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ a b "Njazi Kuqi – All time playing career". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "FC Groningen – 2006/07". National Football Teams. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ a b c "Ipswich 3–1 Stevenage". Ipswich Town F.C. 18 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ a b c d e f g "Njazi Kuqi". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "St. Pauli 1–1 Koblenz". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Kaiserlautern 2–3 Koblenz". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Koblenz 1–5 St Pauli". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Karlsruhe 2–1 Koblenz". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Rot-Weiß Oberhausen 2–0 Koblenz". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ van Leeuwen, Gerrit (7 July 2010). "RBC trial Blues striker". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ "Koblenz claim Kuqi deal". Sky Sports. 11 July 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010. ^ "Trialist Njazi Kuqi nets winner on Swansea debut". BBC Sport. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Young Swans leave it late at Port Talbot". Swansea City F.C. 10 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ a b "Llanelli 1–5 Swansea City". BBC Sport. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Stevenage 3–1 Stockport". BBC Sport. 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Njazi Kuqi joins the Dee". Dundee F.C. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010. ^ "Dunfermline 3–1 Dundee". BBC Sport. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010. ^ a b "Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2010/2011". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ a b "Axed Dundee players feel let down by administration hit club". STV. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ Spence, Jim (15 October 2010). "Dundee given 50–50 survival chance by administrator". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ "Axed Dundee players seek clarity from union chief". BBC Sport. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010. ^ "Njazi Kuqi returns to Veikkausliiga". TPS Turku. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "TPS 2–0 HJK". Soccerway. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2011. ^ "Panetolikos 0–1 Panionios". Soccerway. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011. ^ "Kerkyra 0–3 Panionios". Soccerway. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011. ^ "Njazi Kuqi vaihtaa joukkuetta Kreikassa" (in Finnish). kymppipaikka.fi. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013. ^ "ISL: ATK sign Finnish striker Njazi Kuqi". The Indian Express. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017. ^ "ISL: Struggling ATK make several changes to squad". Indo-Asian News Service. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018. ^ Njazi Kuqi IFK:hon, hifkfotboll.fi, 11 December 2018 ^ a b "International Friendly Matches 2005". RSSSF. 31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Saudi Arabia 1–4 Finland". ESPN Soccernet. 18 March 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Football in Kosovo: What Does Independence Bring?". Pitch Invasion. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2010. ^ "International Friendly Matches 2008". RSSSF. 31 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Finland 3–3 Germany". Soccerway. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Making a play for citizenship". Six Degrees. 26 February 2010. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010. ^ Zavros, Christos (12 January 2016). "Shefki Kuqi houkutteli veljensä takaisin Veikkausliigaan". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 30 December 2021. ^ Wilson, Jonathan (20 February 2011). "Kuqi: I was terrified of making a sound". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 December 2021. a town in Kosovo, then in Yugoslavia, where two-thirds of the population were ethnic Albanians. Kuqi's family were among them ^ a b c d "Kuqi, Njazi". Veikkausliiga. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2004/2005". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ a b c "Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2005/2006". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Njazi Kuqi 2006/2007". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ a b "Njazi Kuqi 2007/2008". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Njazi Kuqi 2008/2009". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018. ^ "Njazi Kuqi 2009/2010". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018. External links Njazi Kuqi – FIFA competition record (archived) Njazi Kuqi at National-Football-Teams.com Njazi Kuqi at Soccerway
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In January 2005, Kuqi signed for Birmingham City, but failed to make any first–team appearances during his 18-month spell with the club. During his time at Birmingham, Kuqi was loaned out for a month to Blackpool in January 2006, making four appearances before returning to his parent club. He was loaned out once again in March 2006, joining Peterborough United until the end of the 2005–06 season. However, he only made one appearance for Peterborough, and returned to Birmingham a month earlier than scheduled. At the end of the campaign, Kuqi was released by Birmingham.Ahead of the 2006–07 season, Kuqi joined Dutch side FC Groningen on a free transfer. However, he was released just two months after signing for the club, having not made a single appearance for the club. Six months later, in January 2007, Kuqi signed for German outfit FC Carl Zeiss Jena, but made just one first–team appearance in twelve months, before signing for TuS Koblenz in January 2008 on a three–year deal. He spent two and a half seasons with Koblenz, scoring eleven times. In August 2010, Kuqi joined League Two side Stevenage, but left after playing just one game. Shortly after, in September 2010, Kuqi joined Dundee on a one-year deal, but was released a month later when the club went into administration. Kuqi has also played internationally for the Finland national team, earning 12 caps and scoring 5 goals for his country.","title":"Njazi Kuqi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vučitrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%C4%8Ditrn"},{"link_name":"SFR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vushtrri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vushtrri"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"FC Lahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lahti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Now_Swansea_have_a_look_at_Kuqi_jr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FC_Lahti_%E2%80%93_2004-4"}],"sub_title":"FC Lahti","text":"Kuqi was born in Vučitrn, SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Vushtrri, Kosovo). He began his career with FC Lahti in 2002, where he was named Finland's Under-21 Player of the Year in 2004.[3] Kuqi spent three seasons with the club, scoring a total of 20 goals in 57 appearances in all competitions.[4]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterborough_seal_Kuqi_loan_deal-5"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birmingham_City_2004/2005_player_appearances-6"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chelsea_2%E2%80%930_Birmingham-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blues_For_Newcastle_Reserves-8"},{"link_name":"Emile Heskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Heskey"},{"link_name":"Mikael Forssell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Forssell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birmingham_City_2005/2006_player_appearances-9"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackpool_sign_Birmingham's_Kuqi-10"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackpool_4%E2%80%932_Doncaster-11"},{"link_name":"MK Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MK_Dons_3%E2%80%930_Blackpool-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Games_played_by_Njazi_Kuqi_in_2005/2006-13"},{"link_name":"Peterborough United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterborough_seal_Kuqi_loan_deal-5"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterborough_2%E2%80%932_Barnet-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_%E2%80%93_All_time_playing_career-15"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_%E2%80%93_All_time_playing_career-15"}],"sub_title":"Birmingham","text":"In January 2005, Kuqi signed for Birmingham City for a fee of £400,000,[5] but failed to make any first–team appearances for the club during the latter stages of the 2004–05 season,[6] although he was an unused substitute in Birmingham's 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea in the FA Cup.[7] Kuqi featured regularly for Birmingham's reserve side,[8] but had a number of more experienced strikers in front of him, including Emile Heskey and Mikael Forssell, which made it difficult for him to break into the starting eleven.[9]During the second half of the 2005–06 season, Kuqi was sent out on loan to Blackpool on a month's loan deal.[10] A day after joining the club, he made his debut in the club's 4–2 win against Doncaster Rovers, coming on as an 81st-minute substitute.[11] Kuqi subsequently started in the club's 3–0 loss away to MK Dons,[12] and played a total of four times for Blackpool before returning to his parent club.[13] In March 2006, Kuqi was loaned out once more, this time to Peterborough United until the end of the season.[5] However, Kuqi played just once for the club, starting in Peterborough's 2–2 draw with Barnet,[14] before returning to Birmingham a month earlier than expected.[15] At the end of the 2006–07 season, Kuqi was released by Birmingham, having not made a single first–team appearance.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Groningen"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Erik Nevland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Nevland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FC_Groningen_%E2%80%93_2006/07-16"}],"sub_title":"Groningen","text":"In June 2006, Kuqi signed for FC Groningen on a free transfer, where he was to compete for a place in the team with players such as the former Manchester United striker Erik Nevland. After a range of conflicts, Kuqi was released by Groningen in August 2006, having made no first-team appearances for the club, with the season just two weeks old.[16]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Carl Zeiss Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Carl_Zeiss_Jena"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ipswich_3%E2%80%931_Stevenage-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_at_NFT-18"},{"link_name":"NOFV-Oberliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOFV-Oberliga"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_at_NFT-18"}],"sub_title":"Carl Zeiss Jena","text":"Six months later, he signed an 18-month contract with FC Carl Zeiss Jena after failing to win a contract during a trial at his brother's former club, Ipswich Town.[17] However, Kuqi struggled to make first-team appearances for the club,[18] and was subsequently featuring regularly in the reserve side, FC Carl Zeis Jena II, in the German NOFV-Oberliga.[18]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TuS Koblenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuS_Koblenz"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_at_NFT-18"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_2._Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"FC St. Pauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_St._Pauli"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Pauli_1%E2%80%931_Koblenz-19"},{"link_name":"1. FC Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_at_NFT-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaiserlautern_2%E2%80%933_Koblenz-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_at_NFT-18"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_2._Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-1"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_SC"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koblenz_1%E2%80%935_St_Pauli-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karlsruher_2%E2%80%931_Koblenz-22"},{"link_name":"Rot-Weiß Oberhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot-Wei%C3%9F_Oberhausen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rot-Wei%C3%9F_Oberhausen_2%E2%80%930_Koblenz-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_at_NFT-18"},{"link_name":"Eerste Divisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Divisie"},{"link_name":"RBC Roosendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBC_Roosendaal"},{"link_name":"Royal Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBC_trial_Blues_striker-24"},{"link_name":"Shefki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefki_Kuqi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koblenz_claim_Kuqi_deal-25"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Now_Swansea_have_a_look_at_Kuqi_jr-3"},{"link_name":"Port Talbot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trialist_Njazi_Kuqi_nets_winner_on_Swansea_debut-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young_Swans_leave_it_late_at_Port_Talbot-27"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Llanelli_1%E2%80%935_Swansea_City-28"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ipswich_3%E2%80%931_Stevenage-17"}],"sub_title":"TuS Koblenz","text":"In January 2008, he joined TuS Koblenz on a three-year contract.[18] During the second half of the club's 2007–08 campaign, Kuqi scored four goals in nine appearances, scoring his first goal for Koblenz in a 1–1 draw away to FC St. Pauli.[19] He also scored in the club's 3–2 away win against 1. FC Kaiserslautern ten days later.[18][20] He subsequently started the following season as the club's point of attack, and played a total of 29 games during the season, scoring five times as Koblenz narrowly avoided relegation.[18] Kuqi remained at the club ahead of the 2009–10 season, although his season was disrupted by persistent injuries,[1] only managing to play in 14 games, scoring twice in losses against FC St. Pauli and Karlsruher SC respectively.[21][22] Kuqi played his last game for the club in March 2010, coming on as an 83rd-minute substitute in a 2–0 loss to Rot-Weiß Oberhausen.[23] He left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season.[18]Kuqi spent a week on trial at Dutch Eerste Divisie side RBC Roosendaal in July 2010, scoring in the club's 1–0 friendly win against Royal Antwerp.[24] However, just three days after his trial at Roosendaal, Kuqi linked up with his brother Shefki once again, having previously played alongside him at Koblenz,[25] as he joined Championship side Swansea City on trial for two weeks.[3] He featured in a pre–season friendly against Port Talbot Town, scoring the winning goal in the 93rd minute.[26][27] He also netted in another friendly against Llanelli, scoring the final goal of the game from 25–yards in a 5–1 win.[28] However, he was unsuccessful in his attempt to earn a contract at Swansea, and subsequently requested a trial at League Two side Stevenage in August 2010.[17]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ipswich_3%E2%80%931_Stevenage-17"},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenage_3%E2%80%931_Stockport-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-1"}],"sub_title":"Stevenage","text":"He played in a reserve match for the club against Ipswich Town.[17] Three days later, Kuqi made his debut in the club's 3–1 win against Stockport County, coming on as a substitute in the 84th minute.[29] He left Stevenage after failing to secure a full-time contract with the club.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_joins_the_Dee-30"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunfermline_3%E2%80%931_Dundee-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb1011-32"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(British_football)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axed_Dundee_players_feel_let_down_by_administration_hit_club-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dundee_given_50%E2%80%9350_survival_chance_by_administrator-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axed_Dundee_players_seek_clarity_from_union_chief-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axed_Dundee_players_feel_let_down_by_administration_hit_club-33"}],"sub_title":"Dundee","text":"Shortly after, on 1 September 2010, Kuqi signed for Scottish First Division club Dundee on a one-year contract.[30] He made his debut for the club in a 3–1 loss to Dunfermline Athletic,[31] and featured in two other games for the club.[32] However, in October 2010, Kuqi was one of nine players released by Dundee after the club went into administration.[33][34][35] On being released, Kuqi said \"My family just moved in two weeks ago. Of course you feel let down. Before I came here they spoke differently. They promised things and then after five weeks you're in administration\".[33]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Njazi_Kuqi_returns_to_Veikkausliiga-36"},{"link_name":"HJK Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Jalkapalloklubi"},{"link_name":"2011 Veikkausliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Veikkausliiga"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPS_2%E2%80%930_HJK-37"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-1"}],"sub_title":"TPS Turku","text":"On 28 March 2011, TPS Turku announced that the club had signed Kuqi on a one-year contract.[36] He made his debut for the club on 6 May 2011, scoring in a 2–0 win over HJK Helsinki, the first game of the 2011 Veikkausliiga season.[37] Kuqi scored eight goals in 23 appearances for the club during the 2011 season.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superleague_Greece"},{"link_name":"Panionios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panionios_G.S.S."},{"link_name":"Panetolikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panetolikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panetolikos_0%E2%80%931_Panionios-38"},{"link_name":"Kerkyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.O._Kerkyra"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerkyra_0%E2%80%933_Panionios-39"}],"sub_title":"Panionios","text":"In September 2011, Kuqi joined Super League side Panionios. He made his debut for the club in a 1–0 away win against Panetolikos, scoring the only goal of the game in the eleventh minute.[38] Two weeks later, in his third appearance for the club, Kuqi scored twice in a 3–0 victory away at Kerkyra.[39]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atromitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atromitos_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Atromitos","text":"In June 2012 it was announced that Kuqi would transfer from Panionios to another Super League club, Atromitos,[40] a club which he left after a mutual consent contract termination.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Super_League"},{"link_name":"ATK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATK_(football_club)"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Indian_Super_League_season"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccerway-1"}],"sub_title":"ATK","text":"On 12 September 2017, Kuqi joined Indian Super League franchise ATK for the 2017–18 season.[41] He was released in January 2018, having scored once in six appearances.[42][1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veikkausliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikkausliiga"},{"link_name":"HIFK Fotboll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIFK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Helsinki IFK","text":"On 11 December 2018, Finnish Veikkausliiga-side HIFK Fotboll announced, that they had signed Kuqi for the 2019 season on a one-year deal.[43]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Friendly_Matches_2005-44"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Friendly_Matches_2005-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia_1%E2%80%934_Finland-45"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Toni Koskela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Koskela"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Football_in_Kosovo:_What_Does_Independence_Bring?-46"},{"link_name":"Stuart Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Friendly_Matches_2008-47"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_4#Finland_v_Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finland_3%E2%80%933_Germany-48"}],"text":"In March 2005, Kuqi was called up to the Finland squad for a friendly against Kuwait. He started the match, and scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win.[44] Six days later, he came off the substitute's bench to score twice within the space of five minutes in Finland's 4–1 win against Saudi Arabia.[44][45] In 2005, he got a six-month ban to the national team after leaving the team, after a U21-match against Czech Republic was played, for a birthday night out in Prague with a fellow international Toni Koskela. After that, Kuqi was out of the picture and it was thought that he was keen to play for Kosovo,[46] but in August 2008 he was called up to the squad once more when Stuart Baxter selected him for a friendly against Israel, although he was an unused substitute.[47] In September 2008, Kuqi gained his third cap as a 75th-minute substitute in Finland's 2010 World Cup qualifier against Germany, with the game ending 3–3.[48]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shefki Kuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shefki_Kuqi"},{"link_name":"Albert Kuqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kuqi"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Llanelli_1%E2%80%935_Swansea_City-28"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Making_a_play_for_citizenship-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Albanian"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"He is the younger brother of footballer Shefki Kuqi and older brother of footballer Albert Kuqi.[28][49][50] They are of Kosovo Albanian descent.[51]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 19 January 2018","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_59-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsUEL_59-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro Prima Divisione playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione#Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"^ a b Appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Appearance in Lega Pro Prima Divisione playoffs\n\n^ Appearances in relegation play-offs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Finland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kuqi goal.","title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"N. Kuqi\". Soccerway. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/njazi-kuqi/2286/","url_text":"\"N. Kuqi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi – ESPN\". ESPN Soccernet. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/stats?id=21740&cc=5739","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi – ESPN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Now Swansea have a look at Kuqi jr\". This Is South Wales. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/football/text/Swansea-look-Kuqi-jr/article-2400434-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"Now Swansea have a look at Kuqi jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Lahti – 2004\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/club/815/2004_2/Fc_Lahti.html","url_text":"\"FC Lahti – 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterborough seal Kuqi loan deal\". BBC Sport. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/peterborough_united/4813964.stm","url_text":"\"Peterborough seal Kuqi loan deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City 2004/2005 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/squad_season.sd?teamid=291","url_text":"\"Birmingham City 2004/2005 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea 2–0 Birmingham\". BBC Sport. 30 January 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/4197629.stm","url_text":"\"Chelsea 2–0 Birmingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blues For Newcastle Reserves\". Newcastle United F.C. 18 October 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312194112/http://www.nufc.co.uk/articles/20051018/blues-for-newcastle-reserves_2281670_728337","url_text":"\"Blues For Newcastle Reserves\""},{"url":"http://www.nufc.co.uk/articles/20051018/blues-for-newcastle-reserves_2281670_728337","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham City 2005/2006 player appearances\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/squad_season.sd?teamid=291","url_text":"\"Birmingham City 2005/2006 player appearances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool sign Birmingham's Kuqi\". BBC Sport. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackpool/4641046.stm","url_text":"\"Blackpool sign Birmingham's Kuqi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackpool 4–2 Doncaster\". BBC Sport. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/4634374.stm","url_text":"\"Blackpool 4–2 Doncaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"MK Dons 3–0 Blackpool\". BBC Sport. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_2/4680458.stm","url_text":"\"MK Dons 3–0 Blackpool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2005/2006\". Soccerbase. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=40603","url_text":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2005/2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterborough 2–2 Barnet\". BBC Sport. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/4796134.stm","url_text":"\"Peterborough 2–2 Barnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi – All time playing career\". Soccerbase. 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Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090715013733/http://msnsport.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12874_5426332,00.html","url_text":"\"Koblenz claim Kuqi deal\""},{"url":"http://msnsport.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12874_5426332,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trialist Njazi Kuqi nets winner on Swansea debut\". BBC Sport. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea_city/8807493.stm","url_text":"\"Trialist Njazi Kuqi nets winner on Swansea debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Young Swans leave it late at Port Talbot\". Swansea City F.C. 10 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713161208/http://www.swanseacity.net/page/Latest/0,,10354~2088998,00.html","url_text":"\"Young Swans leave it late at Port Talbot\""},{"url":"http://www.swanseacity.net/page/Latest/0,,10354~2088998,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Llanelli 1–5 Swansea City\". BBC Sport. 20 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/swansea_city/8839537.stm","url_text":"\"Llanelli 1–5 Swansea City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stevenage 3–1 Stockport\". BBC Sport. 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_3/8913102.stm","url_text":"\"Stevenage 3–1 Stockport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi joins the Dee\". Dundee F.C. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716224031/http://www.dundeefc.co.uk/news_detail_iframe.asp?h=NJAZI-KUQI-JOINS-THE-DEE&newsid=1165","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi joins the Dee\""},{"url":"http://www.dundeefc.co.uk/news_detail_iframe.asp?h=NJAZI-KUQI-JOINS-THE-DEE&newsid=1165","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dunfermline 3–1 Dundee\". BBC Sport. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/scot_div_1/8986157.stm","url_text":"\"Dunfermline 3–1 Dundee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2010/2011\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=40603&season_id=140","url_text":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2010/2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axed Dundee players feel let down by administration hit club\". STV. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101018235323/http://sport.stv.tv/football/scottish-first/dundee/203053-axed-dundee-players-feel-let-down-by-cash-strapped-club/","url_text":"\"Axed Dundee players feel let down by administration hit club\""},{"url":"http://sport.stv.tv/football/scottish-first/dundee/203053-axed-dundee-players-feel-let-down-by-cash-strapped-club/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spence, Jim (15 October 2010). \"Dundee given 50–50 survival chance by administrator\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/d/dundee/9085810.stm","url_text":"\"Dundee given 50–50 survival chance by administrator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Axed Dundee players seek clarity from union chief\". BBC Sport. 15 October 2010. 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Retrieved 6 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/09/10/greece/super-league/panaitolikos-agrinio/panionios-nfc/1212194/","url_text":"\"Panetolikos 0–1 Panionios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerkyra 0–3 Panionios\". Soccerway. 24 September 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/09/24/greece/super-league/pae-ao-kerkyra/panionios-nfc/1214443/","url_text":"\"Kerkyra 0–3 Panionios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi vaihtaa joukkuetta Kreikassa\" (in Finnish). kymppipaikka.fi. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120626044221/http://kymppipaikka.fi/2012/06/21/njazi-kuqi-vaihtaa-joukkuetta-kreikassa/","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi vaihtaa joukkuetta Kreikassa\""},{"url":"http://kymppipaikka.fi/2012/06/21/njazi-kuqi-vaihtaa-joukkuetta-kreikassa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ISL: ATK sign Finnish striker Njazi Kuqi\". The Indian Express. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-atk-sign-finnish-striker-njazi-kuqi-4840648/","url_text":"\"ISL: ATK sign Finnish striker Njazi Kuqi\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISL: Struggling ATK make several changes to squad\". Indo-Asian News Service. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ianslive.in/index.php?param=news/ISL_Struggling_ATK_make_several_changes_to_squad-576291/SPORTS/9","url_text":"\"ISL: Struggling ATK make several changes to squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Friendly Matches 2005\". RSSSF. 31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. 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Kuqi's family were among them","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/feb/20/shefki-kuqi-interview","url_text":"\"Kuqi: I was terrified of making a sound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Kuqi, Njazi\". Veikkausliiga. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.veikkausliiga.com/pelaajat/362590/kuqi-njazi","url_text":"\"Kuqi, Njazi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2004/2005\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=40603&season_id=134","url_text":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2004/2005\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2005/2006\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=40603&season_id=135","url_text":"\"Games played by Njazi Kuqi in 2005/2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2006/2007\". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/njazi-kuqi/2007/","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2006/2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2007/2008\". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/njazi-kuqi/2008/","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2007/2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2008/2009\". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/njazi-kuqi/2009/","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2008/2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2009/2010\". Fussballdaten. Retrieved 23 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/njazi-kuqi/2010/","url_text":"\"Njazi Kuqi 2009/2010\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dec
Billy Dec
["1 Early life and education","2 Hospitality industry","3 Entertainment industry","4 Charity work","5 Personal life","6 Filmography","6.1 Television guest appearances","7 Awards","8 References","9 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Billy Dec" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Billy Dec" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Billy Dec is a Filipino-American TV personality, background actor, and businessman in the hospitality industries. He is the CEO/Founder of hospitality management company Rockit Ranch, marketing agency COACT, and human resources firm HR Pro. He makes regular television appearances discussing food and entertainment, and his background acting experience includes Friends and Chicago Code. He also hosts a podcast, The Meal of Your Life!. Dec has also served on the White House Advisory Commission on Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders, the White House Bullying Prevention Task Force, and was the director of cultural relations on the Chicago 2016 Olympic committee. Early life and education Dec was born and raised in Chicago, and educated at St. Clement School and the Latin School of Chicago. Upon graduation, Dec attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, majoring in Economics/Pre-Law. During his time in college, he worked as a nightclub bouncer. After graduation, he was offered a job as a promoter, but turned it down to attend law school at Chicago Kent College of Law. Hospitality industry During his first year of law school, Dec established his first club, Solo. While in law school, he went on to open Equinox Wine Bar, Dragon Room, Circus and The Bedroom. In 2002, Dec and business partner Brad Young formed Rockit Ranch Productions, a restaurant and nightclub development and management company. Their first nightclub venture was Le Passage Nightclub, and their first restaurant was Rockit Bar and Grill, a restaurant themed around rock music. The company went on to open more venues including Rockit, Underground, Sunda, and Rockit Burger Bar. In 2019, Rockit Bar and Grill closed after 15 years. Entertainment industry In 2015, Dec launched a Chicago-based production company, Elston Films, with his wife Kat Stephans and producers DeAnna Cooper and Kevin Cooper. The company has yet to produce a single movie. Dec hosts a podcast entitled The Meal of Your Life, in which he interviews celebrity guests about a defining meal that has affected their lives. Past guests include David Schwimmer, Andrew Zimmern, Macy Gray, Carla Hall, Ming Tsai, Curtis Stone, and Rahm Emanuel. Charity work Dec is a supporter of several non-profit organizations and charity events based in Chicago, including Make-A-Wish Illinois, Best Buddies, Asian Americans Advancing Justice, the American Cancer Society, the Lookingglass Theatre Company, and Maggie Daley's After School Matters. He was the director of cultural relations on the Chicago 2016 Olympic committee, responsible for attracting celebrity support for the city's Olympic bid. Personal life In 2009, Dec married Katherine Stephans. Filmography Dec has worked as an extra on many major productions and has used his connections to get small speaking roles as well. Television guest appearances 2019: Today in Nashville, guest 2018: Today in Nashville, guest cohost 2007-2019: Today Show, food contributor 2016: Weekend Today, guest 2016: The Meredith Vieira Show, guest 2011-2016: Windy City LIVE, entertainment contributor 2014: Frankenfood, guest judge 2014: Good Morning America, food contributor 2014: Chicagoland, guest 2014: Fox & Friends, food contributor 2008: 24/7 Chicago, host Awards Year Award Industry 2023 Chicago / Illinois Tech, Personal Achievement Award Business 2019 Chicago / The Chicago Filipino Asian American Hall of Fame, Legend Award - (Won) Business 2019 Champaign-Urbana / University of Illinois, College of Liberal Arts & Science Alumni Award - (Won) Business 2017 Chicago / Chicago United, Business Leaders of Color - (Won) Business 2015 Midwest Emmy Award - | Outstanding Achievement for Informational Programs – Single Magazine Program, Program Series, or Segment (Won) Television 2010 Byrne Piven Community Service Award Community Service 2010 Chicago-Kent College of Law Professional Achievement Award Law 2010 Illinois Secretary of State's Asian Pacific American Business Leadership Award Business 2010 Illinois Secretary of State Judy Baar Topinka Certificate of Appreciation for Excellence in Business Business 2010 Filipino American TV Asian American Hall of Fame Award Television 2010 Cook County Treasurer Maria Pappas' Asian Pacific American Entrepreneur Award Business 2010 Cook County State Attorney's Asian Pacific American Community Leadership Award Business 2009 Midwest Emmy Award - Outstanding Achievement for Entertainment Programs – Arts/Entertainment Program or Program Series (Broadcast/Advanced Media) (Won) Television 2008 Nightclub & Bar Magazine's USA Operator of the Year (Won) Nightlife and Hospitality 2008 Midwest Emmy Award - | Outstanding Achievement for Informational Programs – Single Magazine Program, Program Series, or Segment (Nominated) Television References ^ Hipster club owner Billy Dec analyzes the science of Chicago’s scene Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Who The Heck Is Billy Dec? ^ Overview | Rockit Ranch Productions ^ Chicago's Best Winter Cocktails ^ Chicago's top 10 celebrity spots in October | Chicago Tribune ^ Chicago's top 10 celebrity spots in August | Chicago Tribune ^ https://chicago.eater.com/2019/7/9/20687391/rockit-bar-grill-river-north-closing-billy-dec-brad-young ^ "Board of Directors Lookingglass Theatre Company". lookingglasstheatre.org. Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-10-08. ^ TOC poll: Should Chicago get the 2016 Olympics? Archived February 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ 2014-2015 National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences - Chicago/Midwest Emmy Nominees ^ "Actress Kate Walsh receives award from Piven Theatre Workshop in Evanston". Archived from the original on 2010-10-23. Retrieved 2019-10-17. ^ Alumni Award Recipients 2010 ^ a b c d Famous Filipinos - Chicago Hearts Trivia ^ Billy Dec wins an Emmy, Chicago beams with pride Archived October 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Rockit Ranch Productions - Profiles - Billy Dec ^ 2007-2008 National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences - Chicago/Midwest Emmy Nominees External links Official Website of Billy Dec Billy Dec at IMDb
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He also hosts a podcast, The Meal of Your Life!.Dec has also served on the White House Advisory Commission on Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders, the White House Bullying Prevention Task Force, and was the director of cultural relations on the Chicago 2016 Olympic committee.","title":"Billy Dec"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Clement School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Clement_Catholic_Church,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Latin School of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_School_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medill-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotrib-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago Kent College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Kent_College_of_Law"}],"text":"Dec was born and raised in Chicago, and educated at St. Clement School and the Latin School of Chicago. Upon graduation, Dec attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, majoring in Economics/Pre-Law.[1][2] During his time in college, he worked as a nightclub bouncer. After graduation, he was offered a job as a promoter, but turned it down to attend law school at Chicago Kent College of Law.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"During his first year of law school, Dec established his first club, Solo. While in law school, he went on to open Equinox Wine Bar, Dragon Room, Circus and The Bedroom.In 2002, Dec and business partner Brad Young formed Rockit Ranch Productions, a restaurant and nightclub development and management company.[3] Their first nightclub venture was Le Passage Nightclub, and their first restaurant was Rockit Bar and Grill, a restaurant themed around rock music. The company went on to open more venues including Rockit, Underground, Sunda, and Rockit Burger Bar.[4][5][6] In 2019, Rockit Bar and Grill closed after 15 years.[7]","title":"Hospitality industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"David Schwimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schwimmer"},{"link_name":"Andrew Zimmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Zimmern"},{"link_name":"Macy Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy_Gray"},{"link_name":"Carla Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Hall"},{"link_name":"Ming Tsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Tsai"},{"link_name":"Curtis Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Stone"},{"link_name":"Rahm Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2015, Dec launched a Chicago-based production company, Elston Films, with his wife Kat Stephans and producers DeAnna Cooper and Kevin Cooper. The company has yet to produce a single movie. [citation needed]Dec hosts a podcast entitled The Meal of Your Life, in which he interviews celebrity guests about a defining meal that has affected their lives. Past guests include David Schwimmer, Andrew Zimmern, Macy Gray, Carla Hall, Ming Tsai, Curtis Stone, and Rahm Emanuel.[citation needed]","title":"Entertainment industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Best Buddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buddies_International"},{"link_name":"American Cancer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cancer_Society"},{"link_name":"Lookingglass Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookingglass_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Maggie Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Daley"},{"link_name":"Chicago 2016 Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_2016"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Dec is a supporter of several non-profit organizations and charity events based in Chicago, including Make-A-Wish Illinois, Best Buddies, Asian Americans Advancing Justice, the American Cancer Society, the Lookingglass Theatre Company,[8] and Maggie Daley's After School Matters. He was the director of cultural relations on the Chicago 2016 Olympic committee,[9] responsible for attracting celebrity support for the city's Olympic bid.","title":"Charity work"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2009, Dec married Katherine Stephans.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dec has worked as an extra on many major productions and has used his connections to get small speaking roles as well.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television guest appearances","text":"2019: Today in Nashville, guest\n2018: Today in Nashville, guest cohost\n2007-2019: Today Show, food contributor\n2016: Weekend Today, guest\n2016: The Meredith Vieira Show, guest\n2011-2016: Windy City LIVE, entertainment contributor\n2014: Frankenfood, guest judge\n2014: Good Morning America, food contributor\n2014: Chicagoland, guest\n2014: Fox & Friends, food contributor\n2008: 24/7 Chicago, host","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_LaRoche
Nicholas LaRoche
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Programs","4 Competitive highlights","5 References","6 External links"]
American figure skater (born 1983) Nicholas LaRocheBorn (1983-07-29) July 29, 1983 (age 40)Gardner, MassachusettsFigure skating careerCountryUnited StatesSkating clubAll Year FSCBegan skating1992Retired2009 Nicholas LaRoche (born July 29, 1983) is an American figure skater. He is the 2002 United States National Jr. Men's Figure Skating Champion, Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist, 2007 Ondrej Nepela Memorial silver medalist, and placed tenth at the 2002 World Junior Championships. Career LaRoche debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in 1999. He won the junior title at the 2002 U.S. Championships. He was assigned to the 2002 World Junior Championships where he placed tenth. Later that year, he won a bronze medal on the JGP series, in Germany. From 2003, LaRoche competed on the senior level at the U.S. Championships. He won the bronze medal at the 2003 Nebelhorn Trophy and silver at the 2007 Ondrej Nepela Memorial. His last competition was the 2009 nationals. On April 13, 2009, he announced his retirement on his official site. LaRoche coaches at the Toyota Training Center in El Segundo, California. He also runs the US Athletic Foundation, which he started with his sister Tricia, to assist athletes in all sports obtain funding. Personal life LaRoche's private life has been marred by tragedy. In 2003, his older brother, David, died at the age of 23. On July 1, 2008, his father, William LaRoche, apparently bludgeoned to death Nicholas' mother, Bernadette, before killing himself. Programs Season Short program Free skating 2007–2008 Fiesta Flamenca by Monty Kelly Unchained Melody by Alex North (piano version) 2006–2007 Moonlight Sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven Unchained Melody by Alex North Unforgettable 2005–2006 Kodo Drums Fiesta Flamenca by Monty Kelly 2004–2005 Time to Say Goodbye by Francesco Sartori Music by Johannes Brahms Music by Pyotr I. Tchaikovsky Music by Sergei Rachmaninov 2003–2004 Illumination by Rolf Løvland performed by Secret Garden Dragonheart by Randy Edelman Jurassic Park by John Williams 2002–2003 Another Cha Cha by Santa Esmeralda JFK 2001–2002 Star Island B-Tribe Competitive highlights Results International Event 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 Finlandia Trophy 5th Golden Spin 8th Nebelhorn Trophy 3rd Ondrej Nepela 4th 2nd International: Junior Junior Worlds 10th JGP Canada 5th JGP Germany 3rd JGP Netherlands 12th JGP Norway 5th National U.S. Champ. 7th J. 7th J. 1st J. 8th 12th 8th 11th 11th References ^ Przygodski, Linda (June 2, 2008). "Tragedy strikes figure skating family". IceNetwork. ^ a b c d "Nicholas LaRoche". IceNetwork. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. ^ "Nicholas LaROCHE: 2003/2004". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. ^ "Nicholas LaROCHE: 2002/2003". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on April 15, 2003. ^ "Nicholas LaROCHE: 2001/2002". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. ^ "Competition Results: Nicholas LaROCHE". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. ^ "Nicholas LaRoche". IceNetwork. External links Official site US Athletic Foundation Nicholas LaRoche at the International Skating Union Nicholas LaRoche at IceNetwork
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Natural_Resources_Council
Vermont Natural Resources Council
["1 Program work","2 Publications","3 Partnerships","4 Staff and board","5 External links"]
American non-profit environmental advocacy group This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vermont Natural Resources Council" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vermont Natural Resources CouncilVermont Natural Resources Council Inc.AbbreviationVNRCFormation1963; 61 years ago (1963)TypeNonprofitTax ID no. 03-0223731Legal status501(c)(3)HeadquartersMontpelier, VermontLocationUnited StatesBoard ChairWill LintilhacExecutive DirectorBrian ShupeBoard of directorsWill Lintilhac; Maisie Anrod; Steph Baer; Kathy Beyer; Megan Camp; Jameson C. Davis; Judy Dow; Elizabeth Gibson; Charlie Hancock; Nolan Holmes; Mark Nelson; Bindu Panikkar; Diane Snelling; Peter SterlingWebsitehttps://vnrc.org/ The Vermont Natural Resources Council (VNRC) is a non-profit environmental advocacy group headquartered at Montpelier in the U.S. state of Vermont. Founded in 1963, the organization works to protect Vermont's natural resources and environment through research, education, and advocacy. Program work VNRC focuses on four major program areas: energy, forests and biodiversity, sustainable communities, and water. Recent successes include: Passage of Vermont's groundwater law that designates groundwater a public trust; Passage of a new wetlands protection law Protection and strengthening of the Fair Use Appraisal Value property tax program, also known as 'Current Use,' which eases the pressure on farm and forest owners to sell their working land for property development Monitoring Vermont's 'Growth Center' law for proper application as municipalities around the state apply for growth center designation; Passage of an energy bill that allows "Clean Energy Assessment Districts" to be established by municipalities; municipalities can then use their bonding authority to make loans to homeowners for energy-efficiency or renewable energy projects to be paid back gradually through years of property taxes. Publications VNRC publishes several publications, including the Vermont Environmental Report and the Legislative Bulletin. VNRC also produces videos concerning environmental issues and legislative happenings. Partnerships VNRC is the Vermont affiliate of the National Wildlife Federation. VNRC is one of the partners in the Vermont Energy and Climate Action Network (VECAN) Staff and board VNRC's staff consists of 11 people: Executive Director, four Program Directors, Director of Development, Membership Director, Outreach Director, Staff Scientist, Communications Director, and Office Manager. VNRC's Board of Directors includes 13 members. External links http://www.vnrc.org Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_FINA_World_Swimming_Championships_(25_m)
1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
["1 Competing nations","2 Results","2.1 Men","2.2 Women","3 Medal table","4 References","5 External links"]
1997 FINA World Swimming ChampionshipsHost cityGöteborgCountrySwedenOpening17 April 1997 (1997-04-17)Closing20 April 1997 (1997-04-20)Main venueScandinavium← Rio de Janeiro 1995Hong Kong,China 1999 → Main article: FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) The 3rd FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) were an international swimming meet organized by FINA. It was held at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden April 17−20, 1997; and featured 501 swimmers from 71 nations. Competing nations The 71 nations with swimmers at the 1997 Short Course Worlds were:  Angola  Argentina  Australia  Austria  Bahamas  Barbados  Belarus  Brazil  Canada  Chile  China  Colombia  Costa Rica  Croatia  Cuba  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Ecuador  Estonia  France  Germany  Great Britain  Greece  Hong Kong  Iceland  Indonesia  Israel  Italy  Jamaica  Japan  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macedonia  Madagascar  Mexico  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway  Peru  Poland  Portugal  Puerto Rico  Romania  Russia  Singapore  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Africa  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Thailand  Trinidad and Tobago  Ukraine  USA  Uzbekistan  Venezuela Results Men Event Gold Silver Bronze 50m freestyle   details Francisco Sánchez   Venezuela 21.80 Mark Foster   Great Britain 22.03 Ricardo Busquets   Puerto Rico 22.17 100m freestyle   details Francisco Sánchez   Venezuela 47.86 Gustavo Borges   Brazil 48.16 Michael Klim   Australia 48.21 200m freestyle   details Gustavo Borges   Brazil 1:45.45 Trent Bray   New Zealand 1:45.81 Lars Conrad   Germany 1:46.44 400m freestyle   details Jacob Carstensen   Denmark 3:43.44 Chad Carvin   USA 3:43.73 Grant Hackett   Australia 3:43.83 1500m freestyle   details Grant Hackett   Australia 14:39.54 Jörg Hoffmann   Germany 14:40.67 Graeme Smith   Great Britain 14:46.85 100m backstroke   details Neisser Bent   Cuba 52.77 Brian Retterer   USA 53.06 Adrian Radley   Australia 53.36 200m backstroke   details Neisser Bent   Cuba 1:54.21 Wang Wei   China 1:54.82 Vladimir Selkov   Russia 1:55.15 100m breaststroke   details Patrik Isaksson   Sweden 59.99 Stanislav Lopukhov   Russia 1:00.05 Jens Kruppa   Germany 1:00.18 200m breaststroke   details Aleksandr Gukov   Belarus 2:09.25 Andrey Korneyev   Russia 2:09.28 Jens Kruppa   Germany 2.10.53 100m butterfly   details Lars Frölander   Sweden 51.95 Geoff Huegill   Australia 51.99 Michael Klim   Australia 52.02 200m butterfly   details James Hickman   Great Britain 1:55.55 Denys Sylantyev   Ukraine 1:55.76 Scott Goodman   Australia 1:55.94 200m I.M.   details Matthew Dunn   Australia 1:57.46 Christian Keller   Germany 1:58.35 Ron Karnaugh   USA 1:59.12 400m I.M.   details Matthew Dunn   Australia 4:06.89 Xie Xufeng   China 4:12.52 Christian Keller   Germany 4:12.53 4 × 100 m  freestyle relay   details Germany   Lars Conrad,  Christian Tröger,  Alexander Lüderitz,  Aimo Heilmann 3:14.08 Sweden   Fredrik Letzler,  Anders Holmertz,  Ola Fagerstrand,  Lars Frölander 3:14.22 Australia   Michael Klim,  Scott Logan,  Richard Upton,  Jeffrey English 3:14.83 4 × 200 m  freestyle relay   details Australia   Michael Klim,  Grant Hackett,  William Kirby,  Matthew Dunn 7:02.74 WR Sweden   Anders Lyrbring,  Anders Holmertz,  Lars Frölander,  Fredrik Letzler 7:05.61 Great Britain   Paul Palmer,  Andrew Clayton,   Mark Stevens,  James Salter 7:05.81 4 × 100 m  medley relay   details Australia   Adrian Radley,  Phil Rogers,  Geoff Huegill,  Michael Klim 3:30.66 WR Russia   Vladimir Selkov,  Stanislav Lopukhov,  Denis Pankratov,  Roman Yegorov 3:32.56 ER Great Britain   Martin Harris,  Richard Maden,  James Hickman,  Mark Foster 3:32.61 Women Event Gold Silver Bronze 50m freestyle   details Sandra Völker   Germany 24.70 ER Jenny Thompson   USA 24.78 Le Jingyi   China 24.83 100m freestyle   details Jenny Thompson   USA 53.46 Sandra Völker   Germany 53.50 Le Jingyi   China 53.72 200m freestyle   details Claudia Poll   Costa Rica 1:54.17 WR Nian Yun   China 1:56.24 Martina Moravcová   Slovakia 1:56.66 400m freestyle   details Claudia Poll   Costa Rica 4:00.03 WR Natasha Bowron   Australia 4:05.76 Kerstin Kielgass   Germany 4:07.13 800m freestyle   details Natasha Bowron   Australia 8:26.45 Kerstin Kielgass   Germany 8:28.10 Carla Geurts   Netherlands 8:28.96 100m backstroke   details Lu Donghua   China 59.75 Chen Yan   China 1:00.14 Misty Hyman   USA 1:00.17 200m backstroke   details Chen Yan   China 2:07.50 Misty Hyman   USA 2:07.66 Lia Oberstar   USA 2:08.29 100m breaststroke   details Kristy Ellem   Australia 1:08.27 Alicja Pęczak   Poland 1:08.33 Svitlana Bondarenko   Ukraine 1:08.39 200m breaststroke   details Kristy Ellem   Australia 2:22.68 Larisa Lăcustă   Romania 2:25.60 NR Alicja Pęczak   Poland 2:25.62 100m butterfly   details Jenny Thompson   USA 57.79 WR Cai Huijue   China 57.92 Misty Hyman   USA 57.95 200m butterfly   details Liu Limin   China 2:07.20 Hitomi Kashima   Japan 2:07.34 Misty Hyman   USA 2:07.54 200m I.M.   details Louise Karlsson   Sweden 2:11.19 Martina Moravcová   Slovakia 2:11.39 Sue Rolph   Great Britain 2:12.39 400m I.M.   details Emma Johnson   Australia 4:35.18 Sabine Herbst   Germany 4:36.02 Joanne Malar   Canada 4:37.46 4 × 100 m  freestyle relay   details China   Le Jingyi,  Chao Na,  Shan Ying,  Nian Yun 3:34.55 WR Germany   Simone Osygus,  Antje Buschschulte,   Katrin Meissner,  Sandra Völker 3:34.69 ER Sweden   Johanna Sjöberg,  Louise Karlsson,  Malin Svahnström,  Therese Alshammar 3:38.07 4 × 200 m  freestyle relay   details China   Wang Luna,  Nian Yun,  Chen Yan,  Shan Ying 7:51.92 WR Sweden   Johanna Sjöberg,  Josefin Lillhage,  Louise Jöhncke,  Malin Nilsson 7:56.04 Australia   Julia Greville,  Natasha Bowron,  Lise Mackie,  Emma Johnson 7:56.12 4 × 100 m  medley relay   details China  Lu Donghua,  Han Xue,  Cai Huijue,  Le Jingyi 3:57.83 USA   Lia Oberstar,  Amanda Beard,  Misty Hyman,  Jenny Thompson 3:58.94 Australia  Meredith Smith,  Kristy Ellem,  Angela Kennedy,  Sarah Ryan 4:01.55 Medal table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Australia (AUS)928192 China (CHN)652133 Sweden (SWE)33174 Germany (GER)265135 United States (USA)255126 Costa Rica (CRC)2002 Cuba (CUB)2002 Venezuela (VEN)20029 Great Britain (GBR)114610 Brazil (BRA)110211 Belarus (BLR)1001 Denmark (DEN)100113 Russia (RUS)031414 Poland (POL)0112 Slovakia (SVK)0112 Ukraine (UKR)011217 Japan (JPN)0101 New Zealand (NZL)0101 Romania (ROM)010120 Canada (CAN)0011 Netherlands (NED)0011 Puerto Rico (PUR)0011Totals (22 entries)32323296 References ^ HistoFINA, Volumes IIIa (2008 ed) Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine and IIIb (2008 ed) Archived 2015-07-09 at the Wayback Machine. ("HistoFINA" is FINA's self-history. Volume III is about the Short Course Worlds; part "a" contains men's statistics, part "b" women's statistics. ^ FINA World Swimming Championships (25m), 1993-2008 - A story of success Archived 2015-06-21 at the Wayback Machine, by Pedro Adrega. Published by FINA in 2008; retrieved 2012-03-07. ^ Participating Nations list Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine for the 1997 Short Course Worlds, from SwimRankings.net; retrieved 2012-03-09. External links vteWorld Aquatics competitionsExcludes the World Aquatics ChampionshipsSwimmingWorld Championships(25m) 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2021 2022 Men's medalists Women's medalists World Cup 1988–89 1989–90 1991 1991–92 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 World JuniorChampionships 2006 2008 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 DivingGrand Prix 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Super Finals 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 World Cup 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2021 2022 2023 2024 World Series 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 World JuniorChampionships 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2021 2022 2024 High divingWorld Cup 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 SynchronisedswimmingWorld Series 2017 2018 2019 World JuniorChampionships 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2022 World Cup (Defunct) 1979 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2010 2014 World Trophy (Defunct) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Open waterswimmingWorld Series 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 World JuniorChampionships 2012 2014 2016 2018 World Championships (Defunct) 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Water poloWorld CupMen 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2023 Women 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1988 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2023 World LeagueMen 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 Women 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 World JuniorChampionshipsMen 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Women 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 MastersWorld Championships 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 2017 2019 2022 2023 2024 SVT's open archive (in Swedish)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Scandinavium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavium"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 3rd FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) were an international swimming meet organized by FINA.[1] It was held at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden April 17−20, 1997; and featured 501 swimmers from 71 nations.[2]","title":"1997 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"}],"text":"The 71 nations with swimmers at the 1997 Short Course Worlds were:[3]Angola\n Argentina\n Australia\n Austria\n Bahamas\n Barbados\n Belarus\n Brazil\n Canada\n Chile\n China\n Colombia\n Costa Rica\n Croatia\n Cuba\n Cyprus\n Czech Republic\n Denmark\n Ecuador\n Estonia\n France\n Germany\n Great Britain\n Greece\n Hong Kong\n Iceland\n Indonesia\n Israel\n Italy\n Jamaica\n Japan\n Kazakhstan\n Kyrgyzstan\n Latvia\n Lithuania\n Luxembourg\n Macedonia\n Madagascar\n Mexico\n Netherlands\n New Zealand\n Norway\n Peru\n Poland\n Portugal\n Puerto Rico\n Romania\n Russia\n Singapore\n Slovakia\n Slovenia\n South Africa\n Spain\n Sweden\n Switzerland\n Thailand\n Trinidad and Tobago\n Ukraine\n USA\n Uzbekistan\n Venezuela","title":"Competing nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal table"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1346
1346
["1 Events","2 Asia","2.1 Western Asia","2.2 Central and East Asia","3 Europe","3.1 Scandinavia","3.2 Balkans and Asia Minor","3.3 Central","3.4 Western Europe","4 Births","5 Deaths","6 References"]
Calendar year Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 13th century 14th century 15th century Decades: 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s 1360s Years: 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1346 by topic Leaders Political entities State leaders Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births – Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments – Disestablishments Art and literature 1346 in poetry vte 1346 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1346MCCCXLVIAb urbe condita2099Armenian calendar795ԹՎ ՉՂԵAssyrian calendar6096Balinese saka calendar1267–1268Bengali calendar753Berber calendar2296English Regnal year19 Edw. 3 – 20 Edw. 3Buddhist calendar1890Burmese calendar708Byzantine calendar6854–6855Chinese calendar乙酉年 (Wood Rooster)4043 or 3836    — to —丙戌年 (Fire Dog)4044 or 3837Coptic calendar1062–1063Discordian calendar2512Ethiopian calendar1338–1339Hebrew calendar5106–5107Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1402–1403 - Shaka Samvat1267–1268 - Kali Yuga4446–4447Holocene calendar11346Igbo calendar346–347Iranian calendar724–725Islamic calendar746–747Japanese calendarJōwa 2(貞和２年)Javanese calendar1258–1259Julian calendar1346MCCCXLVIKorean calendar3679Minguo calendar566 before ROC民前566年Nanakshahi calendar−122Thai solar calendar1888–1889Tibetan calendar阴木鸡年(female Wood-Rooster)1472 or 1091 or 319    — to —阳火狗年(male Fire-Dog)1473 or 1092 or 320Year 1346 (MCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was a year in the 14th century, in the midst of a period known in European history as the Late Middle Ages. In Asia that year, the Black Death came to the troops of the Golden Horde Khanate; the disease also affected the Genoese Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after Kazan Khan was killed in an uprising, and the Chagatai Khanate began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty. The Indian kingdom of Vijayanagara won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well. In Eastern Europe, Stefan Dušan was proclaimed Tsar of Serbia on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father John VI Kantakouzenos and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of Northern Estonia to the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights after finally quelling the St. George's Night Uprising. In Central Europe, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected Roman King on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the Bardi family, faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The Hundred Years' War between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England continued in Western Europe, as Edward III of England led an invasion onto the continent and won a number of victories. Events Spring – A severe Bubonic Plague epidemic begins in the Crimea, marking the first major epidemic of the Black Death. March 18 – The French prepare to defend the channel coasts. April 1–August 20 – Siege of Aiguillon: The French fail to take Aiguillon from its English defenders. April 16 – The Serbian Empire is proclaimed in Skopje by Dusan Silni, occupying much of Southeast Europe. May–June – An English invasion fleet assembles at Portsmouth. June 9 – Battle of St Pol de Léon: The English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany. June 15 – Genoese forces led by Simone Vignoso land on the Mediterranean island of Chios and capture it from local Greek control within a week, apart from the Castle of Chios, which resists until 12 September. June 20 – The English win a small victory at La Roche-Derrien in Brittany. June 24 – The leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III. July – Edward III orders the closing of English ports to stop information from reaching France. July 3 – The English fleet attempts to sail from Portsmouth to Normandy, but is forced back by contrary winds. July 11 – Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans. July 11–12 – Edward III and the English army cross the English Channel and begin an invasion of France. July 12–18 – The English raid and burn neighbouring towns and villages in the Cotentin Peninsula. July 26 – Battle of Caen (1346): an English army captures and sacks the French city of Caen. August 10 – Jaume Ferrer sets out from Majorca for the "River of Gold", the Senegal River. August 24 – Battle of Blanchetaque: The English defeat the French. August 26 – Battle of Crécy: The English defeat the French, in the first European battle where gunpowder is used. September 4 – The English begin the siege of Calais. September–October – Anglo-Gascon offensives overrun large parts of southwest France. October 4 – The English capture and sack the French city of Poitiers. October 17 – Battle of Neville's Cross: The English army defeats the Scots. October–November – Several Mongol towns in the Crimea are cleared of inhabitants by the Black Death. Repairs are made in the Hagia Sophia. Asia Western Asia The Golden Horde's siege of Kaffa continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the Black Plague and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records: Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis In the same year , God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them. The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the Caucasus. The "European foreigners" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time. Another account of the events in the Crimea reads: It seemed to the besieged Christians as if arrows were shot out of the sky to strike and humble the pride of the infidels who rapidly died with marks on their bodies and lumps in their joints and several part, followed by putrid fever; all advice and help of the doctors being of no avail. Whereupon the Tartars, worn out by this pestilential disease, and falling on all sides as if thunderstruck, and seeing that they were perishing hopelessly, ordered the corpses to be placed upon their engines and thrown into the city of Kaffa. Accordingly were the bodies of the dead hurled over the walls, so that the Christians were not able to hide or protect themselves from this danger, although they carried away as many dead as possible and threw them into the sea. But soon the whole air became infected, and the water poisoned, and such a pestilence grew up that scarcely one out of a thousand was able to escape. Modern scholars consider this one of the earliest, and most deadly, biological attacks in world history, though in the end the Mongols were forced to retreat. Early sources state that the plague began its spread in the spring of 1346 at the River Don near the Black Sea, then spread throughout Russia, the Caucasus, and the Genovese provinces within the year. Further south in Georgia, King George the Brilliant died and was succeeded by King David IX. King George V had managed to increase the Georgian realm to all of Transcaucasia. However, after 1346 the Kingdom began to decline, caused by George's death and the devastating spread of the plague throughout the area soon afterwards. Central and East Asia Central Asia was marked in 1346 by the continued disintegration of the Mongol's domains, as well as by Muslim expansion. Kazan Khan, emperor of the Chagatai Khanate, was killed by the forces of Qazaghan in this year, putting an end to the Chagtai Khanate's status as a unified empire. Qazghan was the leader of the group of Turkish nobles opposed to Mongol rule. Qazghan had been wounded by Kazan's forces earlier in the year, but rather than taking advantage of his opponent's weakness, Kazan retreated and many of his troops abandoned him. To the east, Kashmir was conquered by Shah Mir, the first Muslim to rule the area. Kathmandu was also conquered in this year. However, Muslim expansion did suffer some defeats in southern India. The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara in India conquered the Hoysalas and celebrated its "festival of victory", strengthening their status as a legitimate Hindu empire in opposition to Muslim rule in the north. The Delhi Sultanate in Northern India, Muhammad bin Tughluq, had a particular disdain for Hinduism, and the Deccan culture of the south. Telugu chieftains gathered in opposition to the Sultan in this year and celebrated victory. Further east, Ibn Battuta traveled from Southeast Asia to Khanbaliq (Beijing) in China. Although the Muslim leaders there extended him a warm welcome, they advised him to leave the city soon. A civil war had caused the Khan to flee the city, and riots were becoming more and more widespread. Meanwhile, T'aigo Wangsa, a Korean Buddhist monk, traveled to China to receive training under the guidance of Buddhist leader Shih-wu. T'aigo later founded the T'aigo sect of Korean Buddhism. Europe Scandinavia In 1346 Denmark sold Northern Estonia (Danish Estonia) to the Teutonic Knights following the end of an uprising and conflict between the pro-Danish party (bishop Olaf of Lindanise) and the pro-German party (captain Marquard Breide), called the St. George's Night Uprising. The Danish dominions in were sold for 10,000 marks to the Livonian Order, ignoring the promise by Christopher II in 1329 never to abandon or sell its Estonian territories. The King of Denmark even made a public statement "repenting" for that broken promise, and asked forgiveness from the pope. The Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora in 1346 Balkans and Asia Minor In the Balkans, on April 16 (Easter Sunday), Stefan Dušan was crowned in Skopje as Tsar of the new Serbian Empire, which now occupied much of southeastern Europe. Also in 1346, both Bulgaria and Byzantium (which at this time covered most of Greece) were in the middle of a series of civil wars. At the same time, the Christian-held islands and possessions around the Aegean Sea were subject to Turkish raids. Orhan, the Ottoman Turkish prince of Bithynia was married to Theodora, daughter of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos. The Greek clergy believed that the marriage of a Christian princess and a prominent Muslim would increase the region's power. Orhan already had several other wives, and although Theodora was permitted to keep her religion, she was required to spend the rest of her life in an Islamic harem. Kantakouzenos hoped that Orhan would become his ally in any future wars, but Orhan, like his fellow Turks, became his enemy in the Genoese war. As part of the alliance, the Ottoman prince was permitted to sell the Christians he had captured at Constantinople as slaves in the public market. Central Charles IV, elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1346 On July 11, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In consequence of an alliance between his father and Pope Clement VI, the relentless enemy of the emperor Louis IV, Charles was chosen Roman king in opposition to Louis by some of the princes at Rhens. He had previously promised to be subservient to Clement, he confirmed the papacy in the possession of wide territories, promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church. Charles IV was at this time in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to by some as a "priest's king" (Pfaffenkönig). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis the Bavarian. Charles further endangered his high position when he backed the losing side in the Hundred Years' War. He lost his father and many of his best knights at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. He himself was wounded on the same field. Meanwhile, in Italy a number of banks in Florence collapsed due to internal problems in Florence, contributed by King Edward III of England defaulting on some of his loans. Most notably, the Bardi family went bankrupt in this year. Italy also suffered a famine, making it difficult for the Papacy to recruit troops for the attack on Smyrna. The Venetians, however, organized an alliance uniting several European parties (Sancta Unio), composed notably of the Knights Hospitaller, which carried out five consecutive attacks on İzmir and the Western Anatolian coastline controlled by Turkish states. In the realm of technology, papermaking reached Holland, and firearms made their way to Northern Germany in this year. The earliest records in the area place them in the city of Aachen. Western Europe On July 11, King Edward III crossed the English Channel and arrived in Normandy the following day with 1,600 ships. He took the ports of La Hogue and Barfleur with overwhelming force and continued inland towards Caen, taking towns along the way. The French mounted a defence at Caen, but were ultimately defeated. The French had been planning to cross the channel and invade England with a force of about 14,000 led by Jean le Franc, but Edward's attack forced them onto the defensive. Battle of Crecy, 1346 The French king, Philippe VI, destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at Crécy, which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Philippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. Philippe also urged the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the Battle of Neville's Cross, and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured Poitiers and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente. For his role in the Battle of Crécy, Edward, the Black Prince, Philippe VI honoured the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg and King of Bohemia (also known as John the Blind) by adopting his arms and motto: "Ich Dien" or "I Serve". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his heroic death at Crécy became the subject of legend, recorded by writers such as Froissart. Births July 20 – Margaret, Countess of Pembroke, English princess, daughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1361) date unknown – Eustache Deschamps, French poet (d. 1406) Deaths February 10 – Blessed Clare of Rimini (b. 1282) March 28 – Venturino of Bergamo, Dominican preacher (b. 1304) August – Muhammad Aytimur, leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar (alternative date is September) August 26 (killed in the Battle of Crécy): Charles II, Count of Alençon (b. 1297) Louis I, Count of Flanders (b. 1304) Louis II, Count of Blois John of Bohemia (b. 1296) Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1320) October – Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí, Scottish magnate October 17 (killed in the Battle of Neville's Cross): John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn November 14 – Ostasio I da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna (assassinated) November 27 – Saint Gregory of Sinai (b. c. 1260) date unknown Eustace Folville, English outlaw Hélion de Villeneuve, Grand Master of the Knights of St John References ^ a b Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pp. 51 ^ a b c d e f g h David, Dr. Crecy. 1346: Triumph of the Longbow. Osprey Publishing (UK), 2000. p. 85 ISBN 1-85532-966-2 ^ a b Evans, Arthur. Ancient Illyria. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. ISBN 1-84511-167-2 pg. iv ^ Vitale, Vito Antonio (1937). "Vignoso, Simone". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). ^ Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 207. ISBN 0-87169-114-0. ^ a b c d Jeep, John. Medieval Germany. New York: Garland Pub, 2001. p. 108 ISBN 0-8240-7644-3 ^ a b Lynn, John. Battle: a History of Combat and Culture. Boulder: Westview Press, 2004. pp. 91–92 ISBN 0-8133-3372-5 ^ Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle, Vol. I, (Faber & Faber, 1990), ISBN 978-0-571-20095-5, pp. 507–511. ^ Channu, Pierre; Bertram, Katharine (1979). European expansion in the later Middle Ages. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-44485-132-1. ^ a b Nicolle, David (2000). Crécy, 1346: Triumph of the Longbow. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-85532-966-2. ^ Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle, Vol. I, (Faber & Faber, 1990), ISBN 978-0-571-20095-5, pp. 541–550. ^ Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle, Vol. I, (Faber & Faber, 1990), ISBN 978-0-571-20095-5, pp. 544–546. ^ Kinross, John. Discovering Battlefields of England and Scotland. Princes Risborough: Shire, 2008. p. 40 ISBN 0-7478-0370-6 ^ a b Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pg. 50 ^ Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pg. 52 ^ Wheelis, Mark (September 2002). "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 971–975. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536. PMC 2732530. PMID 12194776. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008. ^ Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. pp. 60–61 ISBN 0-85115-943-5 ^ Lang, David Marshall (1955). "Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314–1346)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 74–91. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106354. JSTOR 609230. S2CID 154168058. ^ Grousset, Rene. The Empire of the Steppes. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9 pg. 342 ^ Brown, C. Coins of India. Laurier Books Ltd, 1988. ISBN 81-206-0345-1 pg. 83 ^ Ballaster, Ros. Fables of the East. Oxford University Press, USA, 2005. ISBN 0-19-926734-0 pg. 275 ^ "Himalayan Region, 1000–1400 a.d." New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008. ^ Bierman, Irene. The Experience of Islamic Art on the Margins of Islam. London: Ithaca Press, 2005. ISBN 0-86372-300-4 pgs. 117–118, 129 ^ "Indian History Time Line". Varadhi. 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008. ^ Batuta, Ibn and Ibrahimov Ibrahimovich. The Travels of Ibn Battuta to Central Asia. London: Ithaca Press, 2000. ISBN 0-86372-256-3 pg. 32 ^ Doniger, Wendy. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions; Wendy Doniger, Consulting Editor. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1999. ISBN 0-87779-044-2 pg. 1054 ^ Bousfield, Jonathan. The Rough Guide to the Baltic States. Rough Guides Limited, 2004. ISBN 1-85828-840-1 pp. 416 ^ a b Theunissen, Hans. "Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The cAhd-Names." Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies. 1.2 University of Utrecht (1998) ^ a b Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 267. ^ Gibbon, Edward. "The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire". Retrieved July 5, 2008. ^ Hunt, Edwin; "Dealings of the Bardi and Peruzzi" Journal of Economic History, 50, 1 (1990). ^ Sumption, Jonathan. The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8122-1655-5 pg. 489–490 ^ a b Hearder, Harry and Jonathan Morris. Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-00072-6 pp. 97. ^ Housley, Norman. The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378. Oxford Eng.: Clarendon, 1986. ISBN 0-19-821957-1 pp. 235. ^ Lewis, Charlton. China. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. ISBN 0-07-141279-4 pp. 87 ^ Delbrück, Hans et al. History of the Art of War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8032-6586-7 pp. 28. ^ Nossov, Konstantin. Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons. The Lyons Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59228-710-7 pp. 209. ^ Prestwich, Michael (2005). Plantaganet England 1225- 1360. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780199226870. ^ a b Knighton, Henry. Knighton's Chronicle 1337–1396. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-820503-1 pp. 52–75 ^ Ayton, Andrew. The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346. ISBN 1-85285-083-3 pp. 253–268 ^ František Šmahel; Martin Nodl; Václav Žůrek, eds. (2022). Festivities, Ceremonies, and Rituals in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in the Late Middle Ages. Brill. p. 109. ISBN 9789004514010. ^ Richardson, Douglas and Kimball G. Everingham. Plantagenet Ancestry: a Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2004. p. 29 ISBN 0-8063-1750-7 ^ Allen, Prudence. The Concept of Woman. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006. p. 448 ISBN 0-8028-3346-2 ^ Butler, Alban et al. Butler's Lives of the Saints. London: Burns & Oates, 1995. p. 103. ISBN 0-86012-251-4 ^ Musto, Ronald. Apocalypse in Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. p. 123. ISBN 0-520-23396-4 ^ Smith, Jr., John Masson. The History of the Sarbadar Dynasty 1336–1381 A.D. and Its Sources. The Hague: Mouton, 1970. ISBN 90-279-1714-0 ^ Arnold-Baker, Charles. The Companion to British History. New York: Routledge, 2001. p. 23. ISBN 0-415-26016-7 ^ Hansen, Mark. Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. New York: Sterling, 2006. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4027-2592-0 ^ Shakespeare, William and Giorgio Melchiori. King Edward III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 58. ISBN 0-521-43422-X ^ Mcandrew, Bruce. Scotland's Historic Heraldry. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2006. p. 133. ISBN 1-84383-261-5 ^ Mcandrew, Bruce. Scotland's Historic Heraldry. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2006. p. 184. ISBN 1-84383-261-5 ^ Cohn, Samuel. Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. p. 119. ISBN 0-7190-6731-6 ^ McGinn, Bernard and John Meyendorff. Christian Spirituality: Volume 1: Origins to the Twelfth Century. Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, 1986. p. 407 ISBN 0-7102-0927-4 ^ Keen, Maurice. The Outlaws of Medieval Legend. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. p. 198. ISBN 0-7102-1203-8 ^ Currey, E. Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean (Large Print Edition). BiblioBazaar, 2007. p. 244. ISBN 1-4346-7107-0
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCCCXLVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"14th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century"},{"link_name":"European history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Plague"},{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Tsar of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Orhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Northern Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Livonian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"St. George's Night Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Night_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Roman King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_King"},{"link_name":"Bardi family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi_family"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"an invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)"}],"text":"Calendar yearYear 1346 (MCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was a year in the 14th century, in the midst of a period known in European history as the Late Middle Ages. In Asia that year, the Black Death came to the troops of the Golden Horde Khanate; the disease also affected the Genoese Europeans they were attacking, before spreading to the rest of Europe. In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after Kazan Khan was killed in an uprising, and the Chagatai Khanate began to splinter and fall; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty. The Indian kingdom of Vijayanagara won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well.In Eastern Europe, Stefan Dušan was proclaimed Tsar of Serbia on April 16 (Easter Sunday) at Skopje. In the nearby Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father John VI Kantakouzenos and the Ottomans. Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued. Denmark sold its portion of Northern Estonia to the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights after finally quelling the St. George's Night Uprising. In Central Europe, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected Roman King on July 11. A number of banking families in Italy, including the Bardi family, faced bankruptcy in this year, and much of Italy suffered a famine. The Hundred Years' War between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England continued in Western Europe, as Edward III of England led an invasion onto the continent and won a number of victories.","title":"1346"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bubonic Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpl-1"},{"link_name":"March 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_18"},{"link_name":"channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"April 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1"},{"link_name":"August 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_20"},{"link_name":"Siege of Aiguillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Aiguillon"},{"link_name":"Aiguillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguillon,_Lot-et-Garonne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"April 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_16"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Dusan Silni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dusan-3"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May"},{"link_name":"June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"June 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_9"},{"link_name":"Battle of St Pol de Léon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St_Pol_de_L%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"Charles of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Simone Vignoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Vignoso"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Castle of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Chios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"June 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_20"},{"link_name":"La Roche-Derrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roche-Derrien"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"June 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_24"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"July 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_3"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy-2"},{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11"},{"link_name":"Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"King of the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles-6"},{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-7"},{"link_name":"July 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_12"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_18"},{"link_name":"Cotentin Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-7"},{"link_name":"July 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_26"},{"link_name":"Battle of Caen (1346)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)"},{"link_name":"sacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"August 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_10"},{"link_name":"Jaume Ferrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Ferrer"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"Senegal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"August 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_24"},{"link_name":"Battle of Blanchetaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque"},{"link_name":"August 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_26"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy2-10"},{"link_name":"September 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crecy2-10"},{"link_name":"September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Gascon offensives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"October 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_4"},{"link_name":"sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"October 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October"},{"link_name":"November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bpl-1"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"}],"text":"Spring – A severe Bubonic Plague epidemic begins in the Crimea, marking the first major epidemic of the Black Death.[1]\nMarch 18 – The French prepare to defend the channel coasts.[2]\nApril 1–August 20 – Siege of Aiguillon: The French fail to take Aiguillon from its English defenders.[2]\nApril 16 – The Serbian Empire is proclaimed in Skopje by Dusan Silni, occupying much of Southeast Europe.[3]\nMay–June – An English invasion fleet assembles at Portsmouth.[2]\nJune 9 – Battle of St Pol de Léon: The English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany.[2]\nJune 15 – Genoese forces led by Simone Vignoso land on the Mediterranean island of Chios and capture it from local Greek control within a week, apart from the Castle of Chios, which resists until 12 September.[4][5]\nJune 20 – The English win a small victory at La Roche-Derrien in Brittany.[2]\nJune 24 – The leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III.[2]\nJuly – Edward III orders the closing of English ports to stop information from reaching France.[2]\nJuly 3 – The English fleet attempts to sail from Portsmouth to Normandy, but is forced back by contrary winds.[2]\nJuly 11 – Charles IV, Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is elected King of the Romans.[6]\nJuly 11–12 – Edward III and the English army cross the English Channel and begin an invasion of France.[7]\nJuly 12–18 – The English raid and burn neighbouring towns and villages in the Cotentin Peninsula.[7]\nJuly 26 – Battle of Caen (1346): an English army captures and sacks the French city of Caen.[8]\nAugust 10 – Jaume Ferrer sets out from Majorca for the \"River of Gold\", the Senegal River.[9]\nAugust 24 – Battle of Blanchetaque: The English defeat the French.\nAugust 26 – Battle of Crécy: The English defeat the French, in the first European battle where gunpowder is used.[10]\nSeptember 4 – The English begin the siege of Calais.[10]\nSeptember–October – Anglo-Gascon offensives overrun large parts of southwest France.[11]\nOctober 4 – The English capture and sack the French city of Poitiers.[12]\nOctober 17 – Battle of Neville's Cross: The English army defeats the Scots.[13]\nOctober–November – Several Mongol towns in the Crimea are cleared of inhabitants by the Black Death.[1]\nRepairs are made in the Hagia Sophia.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Golden Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde"},{"link_name":"Kaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffa_(city)"},{"link_name":"Black Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Plague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doutielt3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tournai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournai"},{"link_name":"Gilles Li Muisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Li_Muisis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-14"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"siege of Kaffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kaffa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bp-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"biological attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"River Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Genovese provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genovese_provinces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"King George the Brilliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Western Asia","text":"The Golden Horde's siege of Kaffa continued through 1346, despite a number of obstacles. They were struck with the Black Plague and forced to retreat, although not until the following year. As one Russian historian records:Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from The Chronicles of Gilles Li MuisisIn the same year [1346], God's punishment struck the people in the eastern lands, in the town Ornach, and in Khastorokan, and in Sarai, and in Bezdezh, and in other towns in those lands; the mortality was great among the Bessermens, and among the Tartars, and among the Armenians and the Abkhazians, and among the Jews, and among the European foreigners, and among the Circassians, and among all who lived there, so that they could not bury them.[14]The many areas and peoples listed here represent much of Western Asia and the Caucasus. The \"European foreigners\" are those fighting with the Tartars in the Mongol-led siege of Kaffa. These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them. Travellers returning from the Crimea also carried the plague to Byzantium and Arabia, according to Greek and Arab scholars of the time.[14]Another account of the events in the Crimea reads:It seemed to the besieged Christians as if arrows were shot out of the sky to strike and humble the pride of the infidels who rapidly died with marks on their bodies and lumps in their joints and several part, followed by putrid fever; all advice and help of the doctors being of no avail. Whereupon the Tartars, worn out by this pestilential disease, and falling on all sides as if thunderstruck, and seeing that they were perishing hopelessly, ordered the corpses to be placed upon their engines and thrown into the city of Kaffa. Accordingly were the bodies of the dead hurled over the walls, so that the Christians were not able to hide or protect themselves from this danger, although they carried away as many dead as possible and threw them into the sea. But soon the whole air became infected, and the water poisoned, and such a pestilence grew up that scarcely one out of a thousand was able to escape.[15]Modern scholars consider this one of the earliest, and most deadly, biological attacks in world history, though in the end the Mongols were forced to retreat.[16] Early sources state that the plague began its spread in the spring of 1346 at the River Don near the Black Sea, then spread throughout Russia, the Caucasus, and the Genovese provinces within the year.[17]Further south in Georgia, King George the Brilliant died and was succeeded by King David IX. King George V had managed to increase the Georgian realm to all of Transcaucasia. However, after 1346 the Kingdom began to decline, caused by George's death and the devastating spread of the plague throughout the area soon afterwards.[18]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"Chagatai Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Qazaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaghan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Shah Mir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Mir"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ibn Battuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta"},{"link_name":"Khanbaliq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanbaliq"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Central and East Asia","text":"Central Asia was marked in 1346 by the continued disintegration of the Mongol's domains, as well as by Muslim expansion. Kazan Khan, emperor of the Chagatai Khanate, was killed by the forces of Qazaghan in this year, putting an end to the Chagtai Khanate's status as a unified empire. Qazghan was the leader of the group of Turkish nobles opposed to Mongol rule. Qazghan had been wounded by Kazan's forces earlier in the year, but rather than taking advantage of his opponent's weakness, Kazan retreated and many of his troops abandoned him.[19]To the east, Kashmir was conquered by Shah Mir, the first Muslim to rule the area.[20][21] Kathmandu was also conquered in this year.[22] However, Muslim expansion did suffer some defeats in southern India. The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara in India conquered the Hoysalas and celebrated its \"festival of victory\", strengthening their status as a legitimate Hindu empire in opposition to Muslim rule in the north. The Delhi Sultanate in Northern India, Muhammad bin Tughluq, had a particular disdain for Hinduism, and the Deccan culture of the south. Telugu chieftains gathered in opposition to the Sultan in this year and celebrated victory.[23][24]Further east, Ibn Battuta traveled from Southeast Asia to Khanbaliq (Beijing) in China. Although the Muslim leaders there extended him a warm welcome, they advised him to leave the city soon. A civil war had caused the Khan to flee the city, and riots were becoming more and more widespread.[25] Meanwhile, T'aigo Wangsa, a Korean Buddhist monk, traveled to China to receive training under the guidance of Buddhist leader Shih-wu. T'aigo later founded the T'aigo sect of Korean Buddhism.[26]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Knights"},{"link_name":"Marquard Breide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquard_Breide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. George's Night Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Night_Uprising"},{"link_name":"marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(weight)"},{"link_name":"Livonian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Order"},{"link_name":"Christopher II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orhan_I.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Scandinavia","text":"In 1346 Denmark sold Northern Estonia (Danish Estonia) to the Teutonic Knights following the end of an uprising and conflict between the pro-Danish party (bishop Olaf of Lindanise) and the pro-German party (captain Marquard Breide), called the St. George's Night Uprising. The Danish dominions in were sold for 10,000 marks to the Livonian Order, ignoring the promise by Christopher II in 1329 never to abandon or sell its Estonian territories. The King of Denmark even made a public statement \"repenting\" for that broken promise, and asked forgiveness from the pope.[27]The Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora in 1346","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"April 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_16"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dusan-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turk-28"},{"link_name":"Bithynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithynia"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyril267-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyril267-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Balkans and Asia Minor","text":"In the Balkans, on April 16 (Easter Sunday), Stefan Dušan was crowned in Skopje as Tsar of the new Serbian Empire, which now occupied much of southeastern Europe.[3] Also in 1346, both Bulgaria and Byzantium (which at this time covered most of Greece) were in the middle of a series of civil wars. At the same time, the Christian-held islands and possessions around the Aegean Sea were subject to Turkish raids.[28]Orhan, the Ottoman Turkish prince of Bithynia was married to Theodora, daughter of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos.[29] The Greek clergy believed that the marriage of a Christian princess and a prominent Muslim would increase the region's power. Orhan already had several other wives, and although Theodora was permitted to keep her religion, she was required to spend the rest of her life in an Islamic harem. Kantakouzenos hoped that Orhan would become his ally in any future wars, but Orhan, like his fellow Turks, became his enemy in the Genoese war. As part of the alliance, the Ottoman prince was permitted to sell the Christians he had captured at Constantinople as slaves in the public market.[29][30]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_IV._(HRR).jpg"},{"link_name":"July 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11"},{"link_name":"Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"Louis IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"king in opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiking"},{"link_name":"Rhens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles-6"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bardi family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi_family"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-italy-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turk-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Central","text":"Charles IV, elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1346On July 11, Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In consequence of an alliance between his father and Pope Clement VI, the relentless enemy of the emperor Louis IV, Charles was chosen Roman king in opposition to Louis by some of the princes at Rhens. He had previously promised to be subservient to Clement, he confirmed the papacy in the possession of wide territories, promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church.[6]Charles IV was at this time in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to by some as a \"priest's king\" (Pfaffenkönig). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis the Bavarian. Charles further endangered his high position when he backed the losing side in the Hundred Years' War. He lost his father and many of his best knights at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. He himself was wounded on the same field.[6]Meanwhile, in Italy a number of banks in Florence collapsed due to internal problems in Florence, contributed by King Edward III of England defaulting on some of his loans. Most notably, the Bardi family went bankrupt in this year.[31][32][33] Italy also suffered a famine, making it difficult for the Papacy to recruit troops for the attack on Smyrna.[33][34] The Venetians, however, organized an alliance uniting several European parties (Sancta Unio), composed notably of the Knights Hospitaller, which carried out five consecutive attacks on İzmir and the Western Anatolian coastline controlled by Turkish states.[28] In the realm of technology, papermaking reached Holland,[35] and firearms made their way to Northern Germany in this year. The earliest records in the area place them in the city of Aachen.[36][37]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knighton-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy-en-Ponthieu"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knighton-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"},{"link_name":"Edward, the Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince"},{"link_name":"John I, Count of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Luxemburg"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"John the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Western Europe","text":"On July 11, King Edward III crossed the English Channel and arrived in Normandy the following day[38] with 1,600 ships. He took the ports of La Hogue and Barfleur with overwhelming force and continued inland towards Caen, taking towns along the way. The French mounted a defence at Caen, but were ultimately defeated. The French had been planning to cross the channel and invade England with a force of about 14,000 led by Jean le Franc, but Edward's attack forced them onto the defensive.[39]Battle of Crecy, 1346The French king, Philippe VI, destroyed several bridges to prevent Edward's advance, but the English took the town of Poissy in August and repaired its bridge in order to advance. The French king mounted a defence near the forest at Crécy, which ended in another English victory. Edward then proceeded to Calais, laying siege to the city from September 4. Meanwhile, Jean de France, King Philippe's son, besieged the city of Aigullon, but with no success. Philippe also urged the Scots to continue the fight against England to the north. The Scots, believing that the English were preoccupied with Calais, marched into England toward Durham in October, but were met and defeated by an English force of knights and clergymen at the Battle of Neville's Cross, and King David of Scotland was captured. The Irish also mounted a brief resistance, but were similarly defeated. Before the end of the year, Edward also captured Poitiers and the towns surrounding Tonnay-Charente.[39][40]For his role in the Battle of Crécy, Edward, the Black Prince, Philippe VI honoured the bravery of John I, Count of Luxemburg and King of Bohemia (also known as John the Blind) by adopting his arms and motto: \"Ich Dien\" or \"I Serve\". John's decades of fighting had already made his name widely known throughout Europe, and his heroic death at Crécy became the subject of legend, recorded by writers such as Froissart.[41]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_20"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Countess of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Eustache Deschamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache_Deschamps"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"July 20 – Margaret, Countess of Pembroke, English princess, daughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1361)[42]\ndate unknown – Eustache Deschamps, French poet (d. 1406)[43]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_10"},{"link_name":"Clare of Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_of_Rimini"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"March 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_28"},{"link_name":"Venturino of Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturino_of_Bergamo"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Aytimur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Aytimur"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"August 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_26"},{"link_name":"Charles II, Count of Alençon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Louis I, Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Louis II, Count of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"John of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charles-6"},{"link_name":"Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October"},{"link_name":"Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghnall_Mac_Ruaidhr%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"October 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17"},{"link_name":"John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph,_3rd_Earl_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Moravia,_Earl_of_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"November 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_14"},{"link_name":"Ostasio I da Polenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostasio_I_da_Polenta"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"November 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_27"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Sinai"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Eustace Folville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Folville"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Hélion de Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lion_de_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"February 10 – Blessed Clare of Rimini (b. 1282)[44]\nMarch 28 – Venturino of Bergamo, Dominican preacher (b. 1304)[45]\nAugust – Muhammad Aytimur, leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar (alternative date is September)[46]\nAugust 26 (killed in the Battle of Crécy):\nCharles II, Count of Alençon (b. 1297)[47]\nLouis I, Count of Flanders (b. 1304)[48]\nLouis II, Count of Blois\nJohn of Bohemia (b. 1296)[6]\nRudolph, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1320)[49]\nOctober – Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí, Scottish magnate\nOctober 17 (killed in the Battle of Neville's Cross):\nJohn Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray[50]\nMaurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn[51]\nNovember 14 – Ostasio I da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna (assassinated)[52]\nNovember 27 – Saint Gregory of Sinai (b. c. 1260)[53]\ndate unknown\nEustace Folville, English outlaw[54]\nHélion de Villeneuve, Grand Master of the Knights of St John[55]","title":"Deaths"}]
[{"image_text":"Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims. Miniature (c. 1353) from The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Doutielt3.jpg/290px-Doutielt3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora in 1346","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orhan_I.jpg/170px-Orhan_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles IV, elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1346","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Karl_IV._%28HRR%29.jpg/170px-Karl_IV._%28HRR%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle of Crecy, 1346","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/220px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Vitale, Vito Antonio (1937). \"Vignoso, Simone\". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/simone-vignoso_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/","url_text":"\"Vignoso, Simone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Italiana","url_text":"Enciclopedia Italiana"}]},{"reference":"Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 207. ISBN 0-87169-114-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0","url_text":"0-87169-114-0"}]},{"reference":"Channu, Pierre; Bertram, Katharine (1979). European expansion in the later Middle Ages. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-44485-132-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-44485-132-1","url_text":"978-0-44485-132-1"}]},{"reference":"Nicolle, David (2000). Crécy, 1346: Triumph of the Longbow. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-85532-966-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-966-2","url_text":"1-85532-966-2"}]},{"reference":"Wheelis, Mark (September 2002). \"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa\". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 971–975. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536. PMC 2732530. PMID 12194776. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080521182654/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm","url_text":"\"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.010536","url_text":"10.3201/eid0809.010536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530","url_text":"2732530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12194776","url_text":"12194776"},{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lang, David Marshall (1955). \"Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314–1346)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 74–91. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106354. JSTOR 609230. S2CID 154168058.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang","url_text":"Lang, David Marshall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00106354","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X00106354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609230","url_text":"609230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154168058","url_text":"154168058"}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan Region, 1000–1400 a.d.\" New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725151638/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/ssh/ht07ssh.htm","url_text":"\"Himalayan Region, 1000–1400 a.d.\""},{"url":"http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/ssh/ht07ssh.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian History Time Line\". Varadhi. 2006. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080524022844/http://gloriousindia.com/history/time_line.html","url_text":"\"Indian History Time Line\""},{"url":"http://gloriousindia.com/history/time_line.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. New York: Oxford UP. p. 267.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gibbon, Edward. \"The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire\". Retrieved July 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume2/chap64.htm#Europe","url_text":"\"The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire\""}]},{"reference":"Prestwich, Michael (2005). Plantaganet England 1225- 1360. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780199226870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199226870","url_text":"9780199226870"}]},{"reference":"František Šmahel; Martin Nodl; Václav Žůrek, eds. (2022). Festivities, Ceremonies, and Rituals in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown in the Late Middle Ages. Brill. p. 109. ISBN 9789004514010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004514010","url_text":"9789004514010"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJCW
CJCW-FM
["1 History","1.1 AM to FM","2 Former logos","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°41′06″N 65°31′26″W / 45.68500°N 65.52389°W / 45.68500; -65.52389Radio station in Sussex, New Brunswick CJCW-FMSussex, New BrunswickBroadcast areaKings CountyFrequency92.9 MHz (FM)BrandingCJCW 92.9 FMProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatAdult contemporaryOwnershipOwnerMaritime Broadcasting SystemHistoryFirst air dateJune 14, 1975 (AM)May 4, 2024 (FM)Technical informationClassAPower723 watts (1,400 watts maximum)HAAT97.6 meters (320 ft)LinksWebcastListen LiveCJCW 92.9 FM – Online webcastWebsite590cjcw.com CJCW-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 92.9 FM in Sussex, New Brunswick. The station plays an adult contemporary format and is owned & operated by the Maritime Broadcasting System. The station has been on the air since June 14, 1975. History Island Radio was granted approval on November 8, 1975 to broadcast in Sussex with a power of 500 watts during the day, and 250 watts at night. Overnight programming was provided by CKCW-FM in Moncton. On June 15, 1975, CJCW first began broadcasting at 590 kHz. On April 7, 1978, the daytime operating power was increased to 1000 watts. Night operation was left at 250 watts. In 1986, the station was acquired by Maritime Broadcasting System. In 2000, CJCW switched to full-time local programming instead of simulcasting CKCW during overnight periods. The station was branded as Favourites 590 CJCW. On September 10, 2007, the station (along with sister stations CKNB-FM, CFAN-FM and CKDH-FM) was rebranded to 590 CJCW with "Your community, your radio station" as the positioning statement. CJCW also used The Best Hits of Yesterday and Today. AM to FM On May 5, 2023, Maritime Broadcasting System Limited submitted an application to convert CJCW 590 to the FM band. The station would operate at 92.9 MHz with an average effective radiated power (ERP) of 725 watts (directional antenna with a maximum ERP of 1,400 watts with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of 97 metres). The application was approved by the CRTC on February 9, 2024. In nearly three months after the approval, CJCW moved to 92.9 FM on May 4, 2024. Former logos 2001-2017 2017-2024 See also Maritime Broadcasting System References ^ Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2023-129 - Maritime Broadcasting System Limited Sussex, New Brunswick Application 2023-0084-6, CRTC, May 5, 2023 ^ Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2024-27, CJCW Sussex – Conversion to the FM band, CRTC, February 9, 2024 ^ Radio station making switch to FM, Telegraph-Journal, February 27, 2024 ^ CJCW In Sussex, NB Has Flipped to FM, Canadian Radio News at radiowest.ca, May 4, 2024 External links CJCW 92.9 FM CJCW-FM at The History of Canadian Broadcasting by the Canadian Communications Foundation CJCW-FM in the REC Canadian station database 45°41′06″N 65°31′26″W / 45.68500°N 65.52389°W / 45.68500; -65.52389 This article about a radio station in New Brunswick is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"Maritime Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Broadcasting_System"}],"text":"Radio station in Sussex, New BrunswickCJCW-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 92.9 FM in Sussex, New Brunswick. The station plays an adult contemporary format and is owned & operated by the Maritime Broadcasting System. The station has been on the air since June 14, 1975.","title":"CJCW-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"CKCW-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKCW-FM"},{"link_name":"Moncton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncton"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"Maritime Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"simulcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcasting"},{"link_name":"CKNB-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKNB-FM"},{"link_name":"CFAN-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFAN-FM"},{"link_name":"CKDH-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKDH-FM"}],"text":"Island Radio was granted approval on November 8, 1975 to broadcast in Sussex with a power of 500 watts during the day, and 250 watts at night. Overnight programming was provided by CKCW-FM in Moncton.On June 15, 1975, CJCW first began broadcasting at 590 kHz. On April 7, 1978, the daytime operating power was increased to 1000 watts. Night operation was left at 250 watts.In 1986, the station was acquired by Maritime Broadcasting System.In 2000, CJCW switched to full-time local programming instead of simulcasting CKCW during overnight periods. The station was branded as Favourites 590 CJCW.On September 10, 2007, the station (along with sister stations CKNB-FM, CFAN-FM and CKDH-FM) was rebranded to 590 CJCW with \"Your community, your radio station\" as the positioning statement. CJCW also used The Best Hits of Yesterday and Today.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"AM to FM","text":"On May 5, 2023, Maritime Broadcasting System Limited submitted an application to convert CJCW 590 to the FM band. The station would operate at 92.9 MHz with an average effective radiated power (ERP) of 725 watts (directional antenna with a maximum ERP of 1,400 watts with an effective height of antenna above average terrain [EHAAT] of 97 metres).[1] The application was approved by the CRTC on February 9, 2024. [2] [3] In nearly three months after the approval, CJCW moved to 92.9 FM on May 4, 2024. [4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:590_CJCW_2001.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:590_CJCW_2017.svg"}],"text":"2001-2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2017-2024","title":"Former logos"}]
[]
[{"title":"Maritime Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Broadcasting_System"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Coupe_de_France_Final
2021 Coupe de France final
["1 Background","2 Route to the final","3 Match","3.1 Details","4 Notes","5 References"]
Football match between Monaco and Paris Saint-Germain Football match2021 Coupe de France finalThe Stade de France hosted the finalEvent2020–21 Coupe de France Monaco Paris Saint-Germain Ligue 1 Ligue 1 0 2 Date19 May 2021 (2021-05-19)VenueStade de France, Saint-DenisRefereeFrançois LetexierAttendance0← 2020 2022 → The 2021 Coupe de France final was a football match between Monaco and Paris Saint-Germain to decide the winner of the 2020–21 Coupe de France, the 104th season of the Coupe de France. It took place on 19 May at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Paris. Paris Saint-Germain won the final 2–0 for their record fourteenth Coupe de France title. Background Monaco reached the final this year for the tenth time in its history, and the first since 2010, a game they lost to Paris Saint-Germain as well. Paris Saint-Germain were the defending champions, having won the 2020 final over Saint-Étienne 1–0 for their thirteenth title. Route to the final Monaco Round Paris Saint-Germain Opponent Result 2020–21 Coupe de France Opponent Result Grenoble 1–0 (A) Round of 64 Caen 1–0 (A) Nice 2–0 (A) Round of 32 Brest 3–0 (A) Metz 0–0 (5–4 pen.) (H) Round of 16 Lille 3–0 (H) Lyon 2–0 (A) Quarter-finals Angers 5–0 (H) GFA Rumilly-Vallières 5–1 (A) Semi-finals Montpellier 2–2 (6–5 pen.) (A) Note: H = home fixture, A = away fixture Match Details 19 May 2021 (2021-05-19)21:15 CEST Monaco0–2Paris Saint-Germain Report Icardi 19' Mbappé 81' Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 0Referee: François Letexier Monaco Paris Saint-Germain GK 1 Radosław Majecki RB 29 Djibril Sidibé CB 20 Axel Disasi  74' CB 3 Guillermo Maripán LB 12 Caio Henrique DM 8 Aurélien Tchouaméni CM 17 Aleksandr Golovin CM 22 Youssouf Fofana  60' RW 26 Ruben Aguilar  46' LW 31 Kevin Volland  74' CF 9 Wissam Ben Yedder (c)  60' Substitutes: GK 30 Vito Mannone DF 2 Fodé Ballo-Touré DF 32 Benoît Badiashile  74' DF 34 Chrislain Matsima MF 4 Cesc Fàbregas  74' MF 11 Gelson Martins  60' MF 36 Eliot Matazo FW 10 Stevan Jovetić  60' FW 27 Krépin Diatta  46' Manager: Niko Kovač GK 1 Keylor Navas RB 24 Alessandro Florenzi  68' CB 5 Marquinhos (c)  86' CB 4 Thilo Kehrer LB 22 Abdou Diallo CM 8 Leandro Paredes  79' CM 15 Danilo Pereira CM 27 Idrissa Gueye RW 11 Ángel Di María  90' CF 9 Mauro Icardi  79' LW 7 Kylian Mbappé Substitutes: GK 16 Sergio Rico DF 25 Mitchel Bakker DF 31 Colin Dagba  68' DF 32 Timothée Pembélé MF 12 Rafinha MF 19 Pablo Sarabia  90' MF 21 Ander Herrera  79' MF 23 Julian Draxler FW 18 Moise Kean  79' Manager: Mauricio Pochettino Assistant referees: Mehdi Rahmouni Cyril Mugnier Fourth official: Jérémy Stinat Video assistant referee: Willy Delajod Assistant video assistant referee: William Lavis Match rules 90 minutes. 30 minutes of extra time if necessary. Penalty shoot-out if scores still level. Nine named substitutes. Maximum of five substitutions, with a sixth allowed in extra time. Notes ^ a b The final was played behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France. ^ Each team was given only three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time. References ^ a b c d e Gaillard, Claire (11 May 2021). "Coupe de France : Letexier arbitrera la finale" . FFF.fr (in French). French Football Federation. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "Coupe de France : le tirage complet des demi-finales" (in French). 25 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "France - Coupe de France 2020/2021 Final". worldfootball.net. World Football. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "Mbappe magic sets up PSG for French Cup victory". Reuters. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ "Monaco 0–2 Paris Saint-Germain: PSG win sixth French Cup in seven years". BBC Sport. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ "Monaco met fin au rêve de Rumilly Vallières" . FFF.fr (in French). French Football Federation. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021. ^ "Monaco 0–1 Paris Saint-Germain". soccerway.com. Soccerway. 1 May 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2021. ^ "PSG beat 10-man St Etienne to win French Cup but Mbappe injured". Reuters. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "Paris Saint-Germain 1–0 Saint-Étienne". BBC Sport. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021. ^ "Règlement de la Coupe de France 2020–2021" (PDF). FFF.fr (in French). French Football Federation. 1 July 2020. pp. 8–10. Retrieved 13 May 2021. vteCoupe de FranceSeasons 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Preliminary rounds 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of finals Participants from Overseas territories vte2020–21 in French football« 2019–20 2021–22 »Domestic leagues Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National National 2 National 3 Women's domestic leagues D1 Féminine Domestic cups Coupe de France (Preliminaries, Final) Super cup Trophée des Champions Women's domestic cups Coupe de France Féminine (Final) Club seasonsLigue 1 Angers Bordeaux Brest Dijon Lens Lille Lorient Lyon Marseille Metz Monaco Montpellier Nantes Nice Nîmes Paris Saint-Germain Reims Rennes Saint-Étienne Strasbourg Ligue 2 AC Ajaccio Amiens Auxerre Caen Chambly Châteauroux Clermont Dunkerque Grenoble Guingamp Le Havre Nancy Niort Paris FC Pau Rodez Sochaux Toulouse Troyes Valenciennes Summer transfers Winter transfers vteAS Monaco FC matchesCoupe de France Finals 1960 1963 1974 1980 1984 1985 1989 1991 1992 2010 2021 Coupe de la Ligue Finals 2001 2003 2017 2018 Trophée des Champions 1960 1961 1985 1997 2000 2017 2018 2024 UEFA Champions League Final 2004 European Cup Winners' Cup Final 1992 vteParis Saint-Germain F.C. matchesNationalCoupe de France finals 1982 1983 1985 1993 1995 1998 2003 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2024 Coupe de la Ligue finals 1995 1998 2000 2008 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 Trophée des Champions 1995 1998 2004 2006 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 InternationalUEFA Champions LeagueFinal 2020 Knockout Barcelona 6–1 Paris Saint-Germain (2017) UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals 1996 1997 UEFA Intertoto Cup final 2001 UEFA Super Cup 1996
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"2020–21 Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Football matchThe 2021 Coupe de France final was a football match between Monaco and Paris Saint-Germain to decide the winner of the 2020–21 Coupe de France, the 104th season of the Coupe de France. It took place on 19 May at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Paris.[2][3]Paris Saint-Germain won the final 2–0 for their record fourteenth Coupe de France title.[4][5]","title":"2021 Coupe de France final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Coupe_de_France_final"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2020 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Coupe_de_France_final"},{"link_name":"Saint-Étienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Saint-%C3%89tienne"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Monaco reached the final this year for the tenth time in its history, and the first since 2010, a game they lost to Paris Saint-Germain as well.[6][7]Paris Saint-Germain were the defending champions, having won the 2020 final over Saint-Étienne 1–0 for their thirteenth title.[8][9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: H = home fixture, A = away fixture","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.footballdatabase.eu/en/match/overview/2220290-monaco-paris_sg"},{"link_name":"Icardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Icardi"},{"link_name":"Mbappé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylian_Mbapp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behind_closed_doors-2"},{"link_name":"François Letexier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Letexier"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"19 May 2021 (2021-05-19)21:15 CEST\nMonaco0–2Paris Saint-Germain\n\nReport\n\nIcardi 19'\nMbappé 81'\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 0[note 1]Referee: François Letexier","title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Behind_closed_doors_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Behind_closed_doors_2-1"},{"link_name":"behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"}],"text":"^ a b The final was played behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France.\n\n^ Each team was given only three opportunities to make substitutions, with a fourth opportunity in extra time, excluding substitutions made at half-time, before the start of extra time and at half-time in extra time.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Colville_of_Culross
Viscount Colville of Culross
["1 Lord Colville of Culross (1604)","1.1 Baron Colville of Culross (1885)","1.2 Viscount Colville of Culross (1902)","1.3 Title succession chart","1.4 Line of succession","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Viscountcy in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Viscount Colville of Culross, in the County of Perth, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 15 July 1902 for the politician and courtier, Charles Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross. He had already been created Baron Colville of Culross, in the County of Perth, in 1885, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. As of 2018, the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the fifth Viscount, who succeeded his father in 2010. The fourth Viscount was a judge and politician. Lord Colville of Culross was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remained in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat as a crossbencher. The title of Lord Colville of Culross was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1604 for Sir James Colville, with remainder to his heirs male whatsoever. The title descended among his male heirs until the death of his grandson, the fourth Lord, in c. 1680. He was succeeded by his fourth cousin Alexander Colville, the fifth Lord. His grandson, the seventh Lord, was a distinguished naval commander. His nephew, the ninth Lord, was an Admiral of the White and also sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish representative peer from 1818 to 1849. He was succeeded by his nephew, the aforementioned tenth Lord, who was elevated to a viscountcy in 1902. Admiral Sir Stanley Colville (1861–1939) was the second son of the 1st Viscount. The diarist Sir John "Jock" Colville (1915–1987) was the third son of the third son of the 1st Viscount. "Culross" is pronounced Coo-ros. It is a historic village on the Firth of Forth in Fife, and is maintained by the National Trust for Scotland. The titles emanate from an historic Colville connection to Culross Abbey and the Abbot of Culross. The first Lord Colville was awarded the lands of Culross Abbey in June 1592 and its title by James VI, rewarded for services to the Crown especially as a diplomat abroad in religious causes. The family seat was Worlingham Hall, near Beccles, Suffolk. Lord Colville of Culross (1604) James Colville, 1st Lord Colville of Culross (1551–1629) James Colville, 2nd Lord Colville of Culross (1604–1654) William Colville, 3rd Lord Colville of Culross (died 1656) John Colville, 4th Lord Colville of Culross (died c. 1680) Alexander Colville, 5th Lord Colville of Culross (1666–1717) John Colville, 6th Lord Colville of Culross (1690–1741) Alexander Colville, 7th Lord Colville of Culross (1717–1770) John Colville, 8th Lord Colville of Culross (1725–1811) John Colville, 9th Lord Colville of Culross (1768–1849) Charles John Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross (1818–1903) (created Baron Colville of Culross in 1885) Baron Colville of Culross (1885) Charles John Colville, 1st Baron Colville of Culross (1818–1903) (created Viscount Colville of Culross in 1902) Viscount Colville of Culross (1902) Charles John Colville, 1st Viscount Colville of Culross (1818–1903) Charles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross (1854–1928) Charles Alexander Colville, 3rd Viscount Colville of Culross  (1888–1945) (John) Mark Alexander Colville, 4th Viscount Colville of Culross (1933–2010) Charles Mark Townshend Colville, 5th Viscount Colville of Culross (born 1959) The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. Richmond James Innys Colville (born 1961) The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Alexander Richmond Philip Colville (born 1995) Title succession chart Title succession chart, Lords, Barons and Viscounts Colville of Culross. Sir James Colvilledied 1540 Sir James Colville1532–1561Alexander Colvillea. 1536 – 1597 Lord Colvilleof Culross James Colville1st Lord Colvilleof Culross1551–1629John Colville1573 – bt. 1645/1650 Robert ColvilleMaster of Colvilledied 1614Unknown sonRev.Alexander Colville1610–1676 James Colville2nd Lord Colvilleof Culross1604–1654Rev.John Colville1640 – c. 1677/1678 William Colville3rd Lord Colvilleof Culrossdied 1656John Colville4th Lord Colvilleof Culrossdied c. 1680Alexander Colville5th Lord Colvilleof Culross1666–1717 John Colville6th Lord Colvilleof Culross1690–1741 Alexander Colville7th Lord Colvilleof Culross1717–1770John Colville8th Lord Colvilleof Culross1725–1811 James ColvilleMaster of Colville1763–1786John Colville9th Lord Colvilleof Culross1768–1849Gen. Hon.Sir Charles Colville1770–1843 Baron Colvilleof CulrossViscount Colvilleof Culross Charles Colville1st Viscount Colvilleof Culross1818–1903 Charles Colville2nd Viscount Colvilleof Culross1854–1928 Charles Colville3rd Viscount Colvilleof Culross1888–1945 Mark Colville4th Viscount Colvilleof Culross1933–2010 Charles Colville5th Viscount Colvilleof Culrossborn 1959Hon.Richmond Colvilleborn 1961 Hon.Alexander Colvilleborn 1995 Line of succession Line of succession Charles John Colville, 1st Viscount Colville of Culross (1818–1903) Charles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross (1854–1928) Charles Alexander Colville, 3rd Viscount Colville of Culross (1888–1945) (John) Mark Alexander Colville, 4th Viscount Colville of Culross (1933–2010) Charles Mark Townshend Colville, 5th Viscount Colville of Culross (born 1959) (1) Hon. Richmond James Innys Colville, Master of Colville (born 1961) (2) Alexander Colville (born 1995) (3) Oliver Colville (born 1996) (4) Hon. Alexander Fergus Gale Colville (born 1964) (5) Hon. Rupert George Streatfeild Colville (born 1966) (6) Hon. Edmund Carleton Colville (born 1978) (7) Hon. Charles Anthony Colville (born 1935) (8) Robert Quintin Oxnam Colville (born 1971) (9) Charles Alexander Colville (born 1974) Adm. Hon. Sir Stanley Cecil James Colville (1861–1939) Cdr. Sir Richard Colville (1907–1975) Peter Alan Colville (1935–2004) (10) James Richard Colville (born 1976) Hon. George Charles Colville (1867–1943) David Richard Colville (1909–1987) (11) Robert John Colville (born 1941) (12) James Richard Charles Colville (born 1952) (13) Charles David James Colville (born 1987) (14) Edward Timothy George Colville (born 1988) Sir John Rupert "Jock" Colville (1915–1987) (15) Rupert Charles Colville (born 1960) See also Clan Colville References ^ "No. 27455". The London Gazette. 18 July 1902. p. 4586. ^ "No. 25544". The London Gazette. 29 December 1885. p. 6299. ^ Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. ^ Alumni Dublinenses : a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860), George Dames Burtchaell / Thomas Sadleir, p. 164: Dublin, Alex Thom and Co, 1935. External links Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 227. Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Charles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross vteExtant viscountcies in the peerages of Britain and IrelandSorted by kingdom in which created, then creation dateEngland Hereford Scotland Falkland Arbuthnott Oxfuird Great Britain Bolingbroke St John Cobham Falmouth Torrington Hood Ireland Gormanston Mountgarret Valentia Dillon Massereene Charlemont Downe Molesworth Chetwynd Midleton Boyne Gage Galway Powerscourt Ashbrook Southwell de Vesci Lifford Bangor Doneraile Harberton Hawarden Ferrard Monck Gort UnitedKingdom St Vincent Melville Sidmouth Exmouth Combermere Hill Hardinge Bridport Portman Hampden Hambleden Knutsford Esher Goschen Ridley Colville of Culross Selby Knollys Allendale Chilston Scarsdale Mersey Cowdray Devonport Astor Wimborne St Davids Rothermere Allenby Chelmsford Long Ullswater Younger of Leckie Bearsted Craigavon Bridgeman Hailsham Brentford Buckmaster Bledisloe Hanworth Trenchard Samuel Runciman of Doxford Davidson Weir Caldecote Camrose Stansgate Margesson Daventry Addison Kemsley Marchwood Montgomery of Alamein Waverley Thurso Brookeborough Norwich Leathers Soulbury Chandos Malvern De L'Isle Monckton of Brenchley Tenby Mackintosh of Halifax Dunrossil Stuart of Findhorn Rochdale Slim Head Boyd of Merton Mills Blakenham Eccles Dilhorne Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another of higher precedence.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charles Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_1st_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Colville_of_Culross&action=edit"},{"link_name":"fifth Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_5th_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"fourth Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Colville,_4th_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"hereditary peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"House of Lords Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"crossbencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbencher"},{"link_name":"Peerage of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sir James Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Colville,_1st_Lord_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"seventh Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Colville,_7th_Lord_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"ninth Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colville,_9th_Lord_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Stanley Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Colville"},{"link_name":"1st Viscount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_1st_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"Sir John \"Jock\" Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Colville"},{"link_name":"Culross Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culross_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Abbot of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"Worlingham Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlingham_Hall"},{"link_name":"Beccles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccles"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"}],"text":"Viscount Colville of Culross, in the County of Perth, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 15 July 1902 for the politician and courtier, Charles Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross.[1] He had already been created Baron Colville of Culross, in the County of Perth, in 1885, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[2] As of 2018[update], the titles are held by his great-great-grandson, the fifth Viscount, who succeeded his father in 2010. The fourth Viscount was a judge and politician. Lord Colville of Culross was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remained in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat as a crossbencher.The title of Lord Colville of Culross was created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1604 for Sir James Colville, with remainder to his heirs male whatsoever. The title descended among his male heirs until the death of his grandson, the fourth Lord, in c. 1680. He was succeeded by his fourth cousin Alexander Colville, the fifth Lord. His grandson, the seventh Lord, was a distinguished naval commander. His nephew, the ninth Lord, was an Admiral of the White and also sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish representative peer from 1818 to 1849. He was succeeded by his nephew, the aforementioned tenth Lord, who was elevated to a viscountcy in 1902.[3]Admiral Sir Stanley Colville (1861–1939) was the second son of the 1st Viscount. The diarist Sir John \"Jock\" Colville (1915–1987) was the third son of the third son of the 1st Viscount.\"Culross\" is pronounced Coo-ros. It is a historic village on the Firth of Forth in Fife, and is maintained by the National Trust for Scotland. The titles emanate from an historic Colville connection to Culross Abbey and the Abbot of Culross. The first Lord Colville was awarded the lands of Culross Abbey in June 1592 and its title by James VI, rewarded for services to the Crown especially as a diplomat abroad in religious causes.The family seat was Worlingham Hall, near Beccles, Suffolk.","title":"Viscount Colville of Culross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Colville, 1st Lord Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Colville,_1st_Lord_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander Colville, 7th Lord Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Colville,_7th_Lord_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"John Colville, 9th Lord Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Colville,_9th_Lord_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"Charles John Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_1st_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"}],"text":"James Colville, 1st Lord Colville of Culross (1551–1629)\nJames Colville, 2nd Lord Colville of Culross (1604–1654)\nWilliam Colville, 3rd Lord Colville of Culross (died 1656)[4]\nJohn Colville, 4th Lord Colville of Culross (died c. 1680)\nAlexander Colville, 5th Lord Colville of Culross (1666–1717)\nJohn Colville, 6th Lord Colville of Culross (1690–1741)\nAlexander Colville, 7th Lord Colville of Culross (1717–1770)\nJohn Colville, 8th Lord Colville of Culross (1725–1811)\nJohn Colville, 9th Lord Colville of Culross (1768–1849)\nCharles John Colville, 10th Lord Colville of Culross (1818–1903) (created Baron Colville of Culross in 1885)","title":"Lord Colville of Culross (1604)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles John Colville, 1st Baron Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_1st_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"}],"sub_title":"Baron Colville of Culross (1885)","text":"Charles John Colville, 1st Baron Colville of Culross (1818–1903) (created Viscount Colville of Culross in 1902)","title":"Lord Colville of Culross (1604)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles John Colville, 1st Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_1st_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"Charles Alexander Colville, 3rd Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Alexander_Colville,_3rd_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville_(3e_vicomte_Colville_de_Culross)"},{"link_name":"(John) Mark Alexander Colville, 4th Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Colville,_4th_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"Charles Mark Townshend Colville, 5th Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_5th_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"sub_title":"Viscount Colville of Culross (1902)","text":"Charles John Colville, 1st Viscount Colville of Culross (1818–1903)\nCharles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross (1854–1928)\nCharles Alexander Colville, 3rd Viscount Colville of Culross [fr] (1888–1945)\n(John) Mark Alexander Colville, 4th Viscount Colville of Culross (1933–2010)\nCharles Mark Townshend Colville, 5th Viscount Colville of Culross (born 1959)The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother, the Hon. Richmond James Innys Colville (born 1961)\nThe heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Alexander Richmond Philip Colville (born 1995)","title":"Lord Colville of Culross (1604)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Title succession chart","title":"Lord Colville of Culross (1604)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"link_name":"Charles John Colville, 1st Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_1st_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"link_name":"Charles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_2nd_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"link_name":"(John) Mark Alexander Colville, 4th Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Colville,_4th_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Viscount.svg"},{"link_name":"Charles Mark Townshend Colville, 5th Viscount Colville of Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colville,_5th_Viscount_Colville_of_Culross"},{"link_name":"Sir Stanley Cecil James Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Colville"},{"link_name":"Sir John Rupert \"Jock\" Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Colville"}],"sub_title":"Line of succession","text":"Line of succession\n\n\n\n\n Charles John Colville, 1st Viscount Colville of Culross (1818–1903)[citation needed]\n Charles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross (1854–1928)\n Charles Alexander Colville, 3rd Viscount Colville of Culross (1888–1945)\n (John) Mark Alexander Colville, 4th Viscount Colville of Culross (1933–2010)\n Charles Mark Townshend Colville, 5th Viscount Colville of Culross (born 1959)\n(1) Hon. Richmond James Innys Colville, Master of Colville (born 1961)\n(2) Alexander Colville (born 1995)\n(3) Oliver Colville (born 1996)\n(4) Hon. Alexander Fergus Gale Colville (born 1964)\n(5) Hon. Rupert George Streatfeild Colville (born 1966)\n(6) Hon. Edmund Carleton Colville (born 1978)\n(7) Hon. Charles Anthony Colville (born 1935)\n(8) Robert Quintin Oxnam Colville (born 1971)\n(9) Charles Alexander Colville (born 1974)\nAdm. Hon. Sir Stanley Cecil James Colville (1861–1939)\nCdr. Sir Richard Colville (1907–1975)\nPeter Alan Colville (1935–2004)\n(10) James Richard Colville (born 1976)\nHon. George Charles Colville (1867–1943)\nDavid Richard Colville (1909–1987)\n(11) Robert John Colville (born 1941)\n(12) James Richard Charles Colville (born 1952)\n(13) Charles David James Colville (born 1987)\n(14) Edward Timothy George Colville (born 1988)\nSir John Rupert \"Jock\" Colville (1915–1987)\n(15) Rupert Charles Colville (born 1960)","title":"Lord Colville of Culross (1604)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Clan Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Colville"}]
[{"reference":"\"No. 27455\". The London Gazette. 18 July 1902. p. 4586.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27455/page/4586","url_text":"\"No. 27455\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25544\". The London Gazette. 29 December 1885. p. 6299.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25544/page/6299","url_text":"\"No. 25544\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 227.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/227","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_%26_Son","url_text":"Dean & Son"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_Colville_of_Culross&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27455/page/4586","external_links_name":"\"No. 27455\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25544/page/6299","external_links_name":"\"No. 25544\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/227","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-charles-colville","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Charles Robert William Colville, 2nd Viscount Colville of Culross"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Women%27s_Volleyball_Cup
Dutch Women's Volleyball Cup
["1 Competition history","2 Winners list","3 References","4 External links"]
Volleyball in the Netherlands Dutch Women's Volleyball CupSportVolleyballFounded1974AdministratorNeVoBoCountry NetherlandsContinentEuropeMost recentchampion(s)Sliedrecht Sport (6th titles)Most titlesVC Sneek (7 titles)Official websitehttps://www.nevobo.nl/ The Dutch Women's Volleyball Cup is the top annual women's volleyball cup competition in the Netherlands Started in 1974, Ruled and managed by the Dutch Volleyball Association (NeVoBo), it is contested by clubs from all Divisions first second and third tier. The advantages was given to clubs from the 1st tier to advance automatically to the 8 round playoffs. Competition history This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024) Winners list Years Winners Score Runners-up 1974 Van Houten/VCH 1975 Van Houten/VCH 1976 Van Houten/VCH 1977 Van Houten/VCH 1978 Van Houten/VCH 1979 Starlift Voorburg 1980 Prins/DVC Dokkum 1981 Prins/DVC Dokkum 1982 Starlift Voorburg 1983 FBTO/DVC Dokkum 1984 Ubbink/Orion 1985 AMVJ Amstelveen 1986 Tromp/Olympus 1987 Avéro/Olympus Sneek 1988 Avéro/OS 3 – 0(?) Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde 1989 Avéro/OS 1990 Martinus Amstelveen 1991 Martinus Amstelveen 1992 Avéro/OS 1993 VVC Vught Etiflex/Ommen 1994 VVC Vught 1995 AMVJ Amstelveen 3 – 0(15-13, 15-1, 15-9) VVC Vught 1996 VVC Vught 1997 VVC Vught 1998 ARKE/Pollux Oldenzaal 1999 Pelgrim/Volco 3 – 1(?) VVC Vught 2000 Facopa VC Weert 3 – 2(21-25, 21-25, 25-13, 25-23, 17-15) ARKE/Pollux Oldenzaal 2001 ARKE/Pollux Oldenzaal Sliedrecht Sport 2002 Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde 3 – 0(25-23, 25-17, 25-23) ARKE/Pollux Oldenzaal 2003 ARKE/Pollux Oldenzaal 3 – 0(?) Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde 2004 Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde 3 – 0(25-18, 25-20, 25-11) ARKE/Pollux Oldenzaal 2005 Longa'59 Lichtenvoorde 2006 HCCnet / Martinus 3 – 1(?) Plantina Longa 2007 DELA/Martinus Amstelveen 3 – 1(24-26, 25-21, 25-21, 25-21) Plantina Longa 2008 DELA/Martinus Amstelveen 3 – 0(26-24, 25-8, 25-22) Sliedrecht Sport 2009 DELA/Martinus Amstelveen 3 – 1(25-22, 25-17, 23-25, 25-18) Dros/Alterno 2010 TVC Amstelveen 3 – 0(25-16, 25-17, 25-19) Dros/Alterno 2011 Irmato VC Weert 3 – 0(25-22, 25-10, 25-14) VC Sneek 2012 Sliedrecht Sport 3 – 0(25-23, 25-19, 26-24) Irmato VC Weert 2013 Alterno Apeldoorn 3 – 2(21-25, 25-12, 17-25, 25-15, 15-10) Eurosped 2014 VC Sneek 3 – 1(19-25, 28-26, 25-20, 28-26) Peelpush 2015 Sliedrecht Sport 3 – 2(22-25, 20-25, 29-27, 25-20, 16-14) VC Sneek 2016 Eurosped TVT 3 – 1(16-25, 25-19, 25-17, 25-19) VV Set-Up'65 2017 VC Sneek 3 – 1(30-28, 22-25, 25-13, 25-23) Sliedrecht Sport 2018 Sliedrecht Sport 3 – 0(25-21, 25-20, 25-16) Eurosped TVT 2019 Sliedrecht Sport 3 – 0(25-16, 25-23, 25-16) VV Apollo 8 2020 Sliedrecht Sport 3 – 0(25-14, 33-31, 25-14) Laudame Financials/VCN 2021 VV Apollo 8 3 – 1(27-25, 25-13, 16-25, 25-19) Laudame Financials/VCN 2022 Sliedrecht Sport 3 – 1(26-24, 25-27, 25-19, 25-17) VV Utrecht References ^ Sports 123 Retrieved 28 October 2022 ^ Dutch Cup women.volleybox.net Retrieved 30 October 2022 External links Dutch Volleyball Association (in Dutch) vteVolleyball in the NetherlandsNederlandse VolleybalbondNational teamsMen Senior U 23 U 21 U 19 Women Senior U 23 U 20 U 18 League competitionsMen Eredivisie Heren Topdivisie Heren Women Eredivisie Dames Topdivisie dames Cup competitionsMen Dutch Volleyball Cup Dutch Super Cup Women Dutch Volleyball Cup Dutch Super Cup CategoriesOthers Dutch coaches Dutch clubs Main Arenas Players Dutch players Dutch beach volleyball players Dutch sitting volleyball players Expatriate players in the Netherlands vteEuropean women's national volleyball Cups CEV Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark England East Germany Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia vteWomen's volleyball CupsAfrica Algeria Cameroon Egypt Kenya Morocco Tunisia (Super) Asia and Oceania Australia China Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan New Zealand South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Finland France Germany (Super) Greece (Super) Hungary Iceland Israel Italy (Super) Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal (Super) Romania Russia (Super) Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain (Super) Sweden Switzerland Turkey (Super) Ukraine North, Central Americaand Caribbean Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil Chile Peru Uruguay
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch Volleyball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Volleybalbond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Dutch Women's Volleyball Cup is the top annual women's volleyball cup competition in the Netherlands Started in 1974, Ruled and managed by the Dutch Volleyball Association (NeVoBo), it is contested by clubs from all Divisions first second and third tier. \nThe advantages was given to clubs from the 1st tier to advance automatically to the 8 round playoffs.[1][2]","title":"Dutch Women's Volleyball Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competition history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners list"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fool%27s_Overture
Even in the Quietest Moments...
["1 Background and recording","2 Artwork","3 Critical reception","4 Track listing","5 1997 and 2002 A&M reissue","6 Personnel","6.1 Supertramp","6.2 Production","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications and sales","9 References"]
1977 studio album by SupertrampEven in the Quietest Moments...Studio album by SupertrampReleased8 April 1977RecordedNovember 1976 – January 1977Studio Caribou Ranch, Nederland Record Plant, Los Angeles Genre Progressive rock art rock Length43:27LabelA&MProducerSupertrampSupertramp chronology Crisis? What Crisis?(1975) Even in the Quietest Moments...(1977) Breakfast in America(1979) Singles from Even in the Quietest Moments... "Give a Little Bit"Released: 27 May 1977 "Babaji"Released: 11 November 1977 Even in the Quietest Moments... is the fifth album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in April 1977. It was recorded mainly at Caribou Ranch Studios in Colorado with overdubs, vocals, and mixing completed at the Record Plant in Los Angeles. This was Supertramp's first album to use engineer Peter Henderson, who would work with the band for their next three albums as well. Even in the Quietest Moments… reached number 16 on the Billboard Pop Albums Chart in 1977 and within a few months of release became Supertramp's first Gold (500,000 copies or more)–selling album in the US. In addition, "Give a Little Bit" became a US Top 20 single and reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart. While "Give a Little Bit" was the big hit, both "Fool's Overture" and the title track also received a fair amount of FM album-rock play. In 1978, Even in the Quietest Moments… was ranked 63rd in The World Critic Lists, which recognised the 200 greatest albums of all time as voted for by notable rock critics and DJs. Background and recording I think it was Roger who wanted to get out of Los Angeles to do a record. At the time, the sky was the limit, so we decided to record at the Caribou Ranch, on a mountaintop outside of Denver. What we didn't realize was that the thin air in the mountains makes your voice go weird. It also made it hard for John to play the sax. So we ended up finishing it back in L.A. at the Record Plant. – Rick Davies, Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology CD booklet (2005) Though all the songs are credited as being written jointly by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, Davies wrote "Lover Boy", "Downstream", and "From Now On" by himself, and Hodgson in turn wrote "Give a Little Bit", "Even in the Quietest Moments", "Babaji", and "Fool's Overture" unaided. Davies said of "Lover Boy" that "I was inspired by advertisements in men's magazines telling you how to pick up women. You know, you send away for it and it's guaranteed not to fail. If you haven't slept with at least five women in two weeks, you can get your money back." Bob Siebenberg recounted that "Rick had been working on 'Lover Boy' for quite a while and finally came up with the long middle section. I just heard that as a really slow, really solid sort of beat, just to give the song dynamics underneath it all, because the song itself is really powerful and it needed something really solid underneath it." Most of "Even in the Quietest Moments" was written during the soundcheck for a show at the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen. Davies and Hodgson worked out the various parts of the song with Hodgson using an Oberheim and a Solina string synthesiser and Davies at the drum kit. Davies commented on the music: "It starts off in a very standard melody thing and then it notches onto a sort of one chord progression or perhaps we should call it a digression. It's a thing where there's hundreds of sounds coming in and going out, a whole collage thing." Hodgson said of the lyrics: "It's kind of a dual love song – it could be to a girl or it could be to God." Gary Graff of Billboard rated "Even in the Quietest Moments" as Supertramp's fourth-best song. "Downstream" is performed solely by Davies on vocal and piano, which were recorded together in one take. Siebenberg has described the song as his favourite on the album "because it's so personal and so pure". Graff rated "From Now On" as Supertramp's eighth-best song, highlighting John Helliwell's saxophone solo and the call-and-response singalong at the end. "Fool's Overture" had the working title of "The String Machine Epic", and according to John Helliwell: "It came primarily from a few melodies Roger worked out on the string machine thing we use on stage." Written and sung by guitarist/keyboardist Roger Hodgson – who took five years to compose it – the song is a collage of progressive instrumentation and sound samples. Hodgson stated that the song's lyrics are essentially meaningless, explaining: "I like being vague and yet saying enough to set people's imaginations running riot." He also said:It was very magical the way it came together. It was actually three separate pieces of music that I had for a few years and then one day they all just came together in what I think is a magnificent, kind of epic piece of music. First are excerpts of Winston Churchill's famous 4 June 1940 House of Commons speech regarding Britain's involvement in the Second World War ("Never Surrender"), followed by sounds of police cars and bells from London's Big Ben clock tower. The flageolet-sounding instrument plays an excerpt from Gustav Holst's "Venus", from his orchestral suite The Planets. There is also a reading of the first verse of William Blake's poem "And did those feet in ancient time" (more commonly known as "Jerusalem"), ended by a short sample of the band's song "Dreamer". Ultimate Classic Rock critic Nick DeRiso rated it as Supertramp's seventh-best song. Hodgson rated it as one of the 10 best songs he has written. Artwork The front cover is a photo of an actual snow-covered piano and bench with a scenic mountain peak backdrop—an actual, but gutted, grand piano was brought to the Eldora Mountain Resort (a ski area near Caribou Ranch Studios)—which was left overnight and photographed after a fresh snowfall. The sheet music on the piano, though titled "Fool's Overture", is actually "The Star-Spangled Banner". A remastered CD version of the album with full original artwork, lyrics, and credits restored (including the inner sleeve picture of the band absent from the original CD) was released on 11 June 2002 on A&M Records in the US. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideC+The Encyclopedia of Popular MusicMusicHound RockThe Rolling Stone Album Guide In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau remarked that, unlike most progressive rock, which is "pretentious background schlock that's all too hard to ignore", the album is "modest background schlock that sounds good when it slips into the ear." AllMusic gave a mixed retrospective review of the album, calling it "elegant yet mildly absurd, witty but kind of obscure", but adding that it "places a greater emphasis on melody and gentle textures than any previous Supertramp release". It criticised the album as not being "full formed", but marked "Give a Little Bit", "Lover Boy", "Fool's Overture", and "From Now On" as worthy of praise. Track listing All songs credited to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson. Listed below are the actual writers, also lead singers of their songs. Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Give a Little Bit"Roger Hodgson4:082."Lover Boy"Rick Davies6:493."Even in the Quietest Moments"Hodgson6:264."Downstream"Davies4:00Total length:21:23 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length5."Babaji"Hodgson4:516."From Now On"Davies6:217."Fool's Overture"Hodgson10:52Total length:22:04 1997 and 2002 A&M reissue The 1997 and 2002 A&M Records reissues were mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, in 1997 and 2002. The reissues were supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel. Personnel Supertramp Roger Hodgson – vocals, 12-string guitar (tracks 1, 3), electric guitar (tracks 1, 2, 5, 6), piano (tracks 5, 7), synthesizers (track 7), pump organ (track 7) Rick Davies – vocals, piano (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7), organ (tracks 1, 3, 6), synthesizers (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7), clavinet (track 1), electric piano (track 6), melodica (track 6) Dougie Thomson – bass (tracks 1–3, 5–7) John Helliwell – saxophones (tracks 1, 2, 5–7), clarinets (track 3, 7) Bob Siebenberg (credited as Bob C. Benberg) – drums and percussion (tracks 1–3, 5–7) Production Supertramp – producers, orchestral arrangements Peter Henderson – engineer Tom Anderson – assistant engineer, remixing Tom Likes – assistant engineer Steve Smith – assistant engineer Geoff Emerick – mixing engineer Russel Pope – concert sound engineer Garey Mielke – Oberheim programming Michel Colombier, Supertramp – orchestral arrangements Mike Doud – art direction and design Bob Seidemann – photography Kenneth McGowan – inner sleeve photography Frank DeLuna – mastering on original LP Greg Calbi – remastering Jay Messina – remastering Charts Weekly charts Chart (1977–78) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 5 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 1 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 1 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 14 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 2 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 3 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 5 UK Albums (OCC) 12 US Billboard 200 16 US CashBox Top 100 19 Chart (2007) Peakposition Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 5 Year-end charts Chart (1977) Position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 7 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 7 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 4 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 7 US Billboard 200 41 Chart (1978) Position German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 42 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ France (SNEP) Platinum 400,000* Germany (BVMI) Gold 250,000^ Netherlands (NVPI) 2× Gold 100,000^ Norway — 20,000 Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Platinum 50,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 60,000^ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ "BPI certification". ^ Plochinski, Gary (1998). "Supertramp". In Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (eds.). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Detroit, MI: Visible Ink Press. pp. 1110–1111. ^ Rice, Tim; Gambaccini, Paul; Rice, Jonathan (1995). British Hit Singles. London: Guinness Superlatives. p. 303. ISBN 0-85112-633-2. ^ The World Critic Lists. 1978. Archived at rocklistmusic.co.uk ^ a b c d e f g Melhuish, Martin (1986). The Supertramp Book. Toronto, Canada: Omnibus Press. pp. 119–137. ISBN 0-9691272-2-7. ^ Melhuish, Martin (1986). The Supertramp Book. Toronto, Canada: Omnibus Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-9691272-2-7. ^ a b Graff, Gary (10 October 2017). "Supertramp's 10 Best Songs: Critic's Picks". Billboard. Retrieved 16 June 2022. ^ Statement by Hodgson at the Starlite Festival in Marbella in 2015 ^ a b Hodgson, Roger (20 March 2023). "Supertramp's Roger Hodgson: the 10 best songs I've written". Prog. Louder Sound. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ a b c DeRiso, Nick. "Top 10 Supertramp Songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ Hurwitz, Matt (3 April 2018). "Classic Tracks: Supertramp's "Give a Little Bit"". Mixonline. Retrieved 22 April 2019. ^ a b Even in the Quietest Moments... at AllMusic ^ a b Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: S". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 13 March 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7 (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 857. ISBN 0195313739. ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-061-2. ^ Sheffield, Rob; et al. (2004). Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 797. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 5282a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Supertramp – Even In The Quietest Moments..." (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Supertramp – Even In The Quietest Moments..." (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Charts.nz – Supertramp – Even In The Quietest Moments...". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Supertramp – Even In The Quietest Moments...". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Supertramp – Even In The Quietest Moments...". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Supertramp Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "CashBox Top 100 Albums" (PDF). CashBox. Vol. XXXIX #7. United States. 2 July 1977. p. 61. Retrieved 24 January 2021. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Supertramp – Even In The Quietest Moments...". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 429. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "RPM Top 100 Albums of 1977". RPM. 31 December 1977. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2013. ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1977" (in Dutch). Archived from the original (ASP) on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014. ^ "Top Selling Albums of 1977 — The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Recorded Music New Zealand. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Top Pop Albums of 1977". Billboard. Retrieved 12 August 2011. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. 1978. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2022. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments". Music Canada. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ "French album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Select SUPERTRAMP and click OK.  ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Supertramp; 'Even in the Quietest Moments')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ "Supetramp Gets Gold" (PDF). Cash Box. 10 December 1977. p. 55. Retrieved 21 November 2019 – via American Radio History. ^ "From the Music Capitols of the World - Oslo" (PDF). Billboard. 4 February 1978. p. 83. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Even in the Quietest Moments')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ "British album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 June 2012. ^ "American album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 1 June 2012. vteSupertramp Rick Davies John Helliwell Roger Hodgson Bob Siebenberg Dougie Thomson Keith Baker Brad Cole Kevin Currie Gabe Dixon Frank Farrell Mark Hart Cliff Hugo Fred Mandel Robert Millar Cassie Miller-Thornburg Scott Page Richard Palmer-James Steve Reid Jesse Siebenberg Lee Thornburg Carl Verheyen Marty Walsh Tom Walsh Dave Winthrop Albums Supertramp Indelibly Stamped Crime of the Century Crisis? What Crisis? Even in the Quietest Moments… Breakfast in America …Famous Last Words… Brother Where You Bound Free as a Bird Some Things Never Change Slow Motion Live albums Paris Live '88 It Was the Best of Times Is Everybody Listening? 70-10 Tour Compilations The Autobiography of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp 2 Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology Videography The Story So Far... Live in Paris '79 Singles "Dreamer" "Bloody Well Right" "Give a Little Bit" "Babaji" "The Logical Song" "Breakfast in America" "Goodbye Stranger" "Take the Long Way Home" "It's Raining Again" "My Kind of Lady" "School" "Cannonball" "I'm Beggin' You" "Free as a Bird" "You Win, I Lose" Other songs "Brother Where You Bound" Related articles Discography Songs Band members Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Supertramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp"},{"link_name":"Caribou Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Record Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Plant"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Pop Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Give a Little Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1977 studio album by SupertrampEven in the Quietest Moments... is the fifth album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in April 1977. It was recorded mainly at Caribou Ranch Studios in Colorado with overdubs, vocals, and mixing completed at the Record Plant in Los Angeles. This was Supertramp's first album to use engineer Peter Henderson, who would work with the band for their next three albums as well.Even in the Quietest Moments… reached number 16 on the Billboard Pop Albums Chart in 1977 and within a few months of release became Supertramp's first Gold (500,000 copies or more)–selling album in the US. In addition, \"Give a Little Bit\" became a US Top 20 single and reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart.[3] While \"Give a Little Bit\" was the big hit, both \"Fool's Overture\" and the title track also received a fair amount of FM album-rock play.In 1978, Even in the Quietest Moments… was ranked 63rd in The World Critic Lists, which recognised the 200 greatest albums of all time as voted for by notable rock critics and DJs.[4]","title":"Even in the Quietest Moments..."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribou Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Helliwell"},{"link_name":"Record Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Plant"},{"link_name":"Rick Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Davies"},{"link_name":"Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospectacle_%E2%80%93_The_Supertramp_Anthology"},{"link_name":"Roger Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Give a Little Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit"},{"link_name":"Babaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaji_(song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"Bob Siebenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Siebenberg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"Tivoli Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Oberheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim"},{"link_name":"drum kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graff-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graff-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melhuish-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hodgson-9"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"\"Never Surrender\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches"},{"link_name":"Big Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben"},{"link_name":"flageolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flageolet"},{"link_name":"Gustav Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Holst"},{"link_name":"The Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planets"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-10"},{"link_name":"William Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake"},{"link_name":"And did those feet in ancient time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time"},{"link_name":"Dreamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamer_(Supertramp_song)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucr-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hodgson-9"}],"text":"I think it was Roger who wanted to get out of Los Angeles to do a record. At the time, the sky was the limit, so we decided to record at the Caribou Ranch, on a mountaintop outside of Denver. What we didn't realize was that the thin air in the mountains makes your voice go weird. It also made it hard for John [Helliwell] to play the sax. So we ended up finishing it back in L.A. at the Record Plant. – Rick Davies, Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology CD booklet (2005)Though all the songs are credited as being written jointly by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, Davies wrote \"Lover Boy\", \"Downstream\", and \"From Now On\" by himself, and Hodgson in turn wrote \"Give a Little Bit\", \"Even in the Quietest Moments\", \"Babaji\", and \"Fool's Overture\" unaided.[5]Davies said of \"Lover Boy\" that \"I was inspired by advertisements in men's magazines telling you how to pick up women. You know, you send away for it and it's guaranteed not to fail. If you haven't slept with at least five women in two weeks, you can get your money back.\" Bob Siebenberg recounted that \"Rick had been working on 'Lover Boy' for quite a while and finally came up with the long middle section. I just heard that as a really slow, really solid sort of beat, just to give the song dynamics underneath it all, because the song itself is really powerful and it needed something really solid underneath it.\"[5]Most of \"Even in the Quietest Moments\" was written during the soundcheck for a show at the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen. Davies and Hodgson worked out the various parts of the song with Hodgson using an Oberheim and a Solina string synthesiser and Davies at the drum kit.[6] Davies commented on the music: \"It starts off in a very standard melody thing and then it notches onto a sort of one chord progression or perhaps we should call it a digression. It's a thing where there's hundreds of sounds coming in and going out, a whole collage thing.\"[5] Hodgson said of the lyrics: \"It's kind of a dual love song – it could be to a girl or it could be to God.\"[5] Gary Graff of Billboard rated \"Even in the Quietest Moments\" as Supertramp's fourth-best song.[7]\"Downstream\" is performed solely by Davies on vocal and piano, which were recorded together in one take. Siebenberg has described the song as his favourite on the album \"because it's so personal and so pure\".[5]Graff rated \"From Now On\" as Supertramp's eighth-best song, highlighting John Helliwell's saxophone solo and the call-and-response singalong at the end.[7]\"Fool's Overture\" had the working title of \"The String Machine Epic\", and according to John Helliwell: \"It came primarily from a few melodies Roger worked out on the string machine thing we use on stage.\"[5] Written and sung by guitarist/keyboardist Roger Hodgson – who took five years to compose it –[8] the song is a collage of progressive instrumentation and sound samples. Hodgson stated that the song's lyrics are essentially meaningless, explaining: \"I like being vague and yet saying enough to set people's imaginations running riot.\"[5] He also said:It was very magical the way it came together. It was actually three separate pieces of music that I had for a few years and then one day they all just came together in what I think is a magnificent, kind of epic piece of music.[9]First are excerpts of Winston Churchill's famous 4 June 1940 House of Commons speech regarding Britain's involvement in the Second World War (\"Never Surrender\"), followed by sounds of police cars and bells from London's Big Ben clock tower. The flageolet-sounding instrument plays an excerpt from Gustav Holst's \"Venus\", from his orchestral suite The Planets.[10] There is also a reading of the first verse of William Blake's poem \"And did those feet in ancient time\" (more commonly known as \"Jerusalem\"), ended by a short sample of the band's song \"Dreamer\".[10] Ultimate Classic Rock critic Nick DeRiso rated it as Supertramp's seventh-best song.[10] Hodgson rated it as one of the 10 best songs he has written.[9]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eldora Mountain Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldora_Mountain_Resort"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mixonline.com_Give_a_Little_Bit-11"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"}],"text":"The front cover is a photo of an actual snow-covered piano and bench with a scenic mountain peak backdrop—an actual, but gutted, grand piano was brought to the Eldora Mountain Resort (a ski area near Caribou Ranch Studios)—which was left overnight and photographed after a fresh snowfall.[11] The sheet music on the piano, though titled \"Fool's Overture\", is actually \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".A remastered CD version of the album with full original artwork, lyrics, and credits restored (including the inner sleeve picture of the band absent from the original CD) was released on 11 June 2002 on A&M Records in the US.","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-13"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Give a Little Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-12"}],"text":"In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau remarked that, unlike most progressive rock, which is \"pretentious background schlock that's all too hard to ignore\", the album is \"modest background schlock that sounds good when it slips into the ear.\"[13]AllMusic gave a mixed retrospective review of the album, calling it \"elegant yet mildly absurd, witty but kind of obscure\", but adding that it \"places a greater emphasis on melody and gentle textures than any previous Supertramp release\". It criticised the album as not being \"full formed\", but marked \"Give a Little Bit\", \"Lover Boy\", \"Fool's Overture\", and \"From Now On\" as worthy of praise.[12]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Davies"},{"link_name":"Roger Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Give a Little Bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_a_Little_Bit"},{"link_name":"Babaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaji_(song)"}],"text":"All songs credited to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson. Listed below are the actual writers, also lead singers of their songs.Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Give a Little Bit\"Roger Hodgson4:082.\"Lover Boy\"Rick Davies6:493.\"Even in the Quietest Moments\"Hodgson6:264.\"Downstream\"Davies4:00Total length:21:23Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length5.\"Babaji\"Hodgson4:516.\"From Now On\"Davies6:217.\"Fool's Overture\"Hodgson10:52Total length:22:04","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A&M Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26M_Records"},{"link_name":"Greg Calbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Calbi"}],"text":"The 1997 and 2002 A&M Records reissues were mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, in 1997 and 2002. The reissues were supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel.","title":"1997 and 2002 A&M reissue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Rick Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Davies"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_organ"},{"link_name":"clavinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavinet"},{"link_name":"Dougie Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie_Thomson"},{"link_name":"John Helliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Helliwell"},{"link_name":"Bob Siebenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Siebenberg"}],"sub_title":"Supertramp","text":"Roger Hodgson – vocals, 12-string guitar (tracks 1, 3), electric guitar (tracks 1, 2, 5, 6), piano (tracks 5, 7), synthesizers (track 7), pump organ (track 7)\nRick Davies – vocals, piano (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 7), organ (tracks 1, 3, 6), synthesizers (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7), clavinet (track 1), electric piano (track 6), melodica (track 6)\nDougie Thomson – bass (tracks 1–3, 5–7)\nJohn Helliwell – saxophones (tracks 1, 2, 5–7), clarinets (track 3, 7)\nBob Siebenberg (credited as Bob C. Benberg) – drums and percussion (tracks 1–3, 5–7)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoff Emerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Emerick"},{"link_name":"Oberheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim"},{"link_name":"Michel Colombier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Colombier"},{"link_name":"Greg Calbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Calbi"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Supertramp – producers, orchestral arrangements\nPeter Henderson – engineer\nTom Anderson – assistant engineer, remixing\nTom Likes – assistant engineer\nSteve Smith – assistant engineer\nGeoff Emerick – mixing engineer\nRussel Pope – concert sound engineer\nGarey Mielke – Oberheim programming\nMichel Colombier, Supertramp – orchestral arrangements\nMike Doud – art direction and design\nBob Seidemann – photography\nKenneth McGowan – inner sleeve photography\nFrank DeLuna – mastering on original LP\nGreg Calbi – remastering\nJay Messina – remastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments...&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Kent Music Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auchart-17"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-group=-18"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Supertramp-19"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Supertramp-20"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Supertramp-21"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Supertramp-22"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Supertramp-23"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Supertramp-25"},{"link_name":"CashBox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_magazine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_Supertramp-27"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments...&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAYearend77-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USYearend-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1977–78)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[17]\n\n5\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[19]\n\n1\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[20]\n\n14\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[21]\n\n2\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[22]\n\n3\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[23]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[24]\n\n12\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[25]\n\n16\n\n\nUS CashBox Top 100[26]\n\n19\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[27]\n\n5\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1977)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (Kent Music Report)[28]\n\n7\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[29]\n\n7\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[30]\n\n4\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[31]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[32]\n\n41\n\n\nChart (1978)\n\nPosition\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[33]\n\n42","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BPI certification\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2116-13-2","url_text":"\"BPI certification\""}]},{"reference":"Plochinski, Gary (1998). \"Supertramp\". In Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (eds.). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Detroit, MI: Visible Ink Press. pp. 1110–1111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Ink_Press","url_text":"Visible Ink Press"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Tim; Gambaccini, Paul; Rice, Jonathan (1995). British Hit Singles. London: Guinness Superlatives. p. 303. ISBN 0-85112-633-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice","url_text":"Rice, Tim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gambaccini","url_text":"Gambaccini, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-633-2","url_text":"0-85112-633-2"}]},{"reference":"Melhuish, Martin (1986). The Supertramp Book. Toronto, Canada: Omnibus Press. pp. 119–137. ISBN 0-9691272-2-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9691272-2-7","url_text":"0-9691272-2-7"}]},{"reference":"Melhuish, Martin (1986). The Supertramp Book. Toronto, Canada: Omnibus Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-9691272-2-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9691272-2-7","url_text":"0-9691272-2-7"}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (10 October 2017). \"Supertramp's 10 Best Songs: Critic's Picks\". Billboard. Retrieved 16 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/supertramp-songs-best-hits-list-7997371/","url_text":"\"Supertramp's 10 Best Songs: Critic's Picks\""}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Roger (20 March 2023). \"Supertramp's Roger Hodgson: the 10 best songs I've written\". Prog. Louder Sound. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/supertramps-roger-hodgson-the-10-best-songs-ive-written-composed-and-sung","url_text":"\"Supertramp's Roger Hodgson: the 10 best songs I've written\""}]},{"reference":"DeRiso, Nick. \"Top 10 Supertramp Songs\". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimateclassicrock.com/supertramp-songs/","url_text":"\"Top 10 Supertramp Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Hurwitz, Matt (3 April 2018). \"Classic Tracks: Supertramp's \"Give a Little Bit\"\". Mixonline. Retrieved 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mixonline.com/recording/classic-tracks-supertramp-give-a-little-bit","url_text":"\"Classic Tracks: Supertramp's \"Give a Little Bit\"\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: S\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 13 March 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=S&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: S\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 7 (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 857. ISBN 0195313739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195313739","url_text":"0195313739"}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-061-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612","url_text":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57859-061-2","url_text":"1-57859-061-2"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Rob; et al. (2004). Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 797. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sheffield","url_text":"Sheffield, Rob"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brackett","url_text":"Brackett, Nathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/797","url_text":"797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Top 100 Albums\" (PDF). CashBox. Vol. XXXIX #7. United States. 2 July 1977. p. 61. Retrieved 24 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1977/CB-1977-07-02.pdf#page=61","url_text":"\"CashBox Top 100 Albums\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 429. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Top 100 Albums of 1977\". RPM. 31 December 1977. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140405134622/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.5558&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","url_text":"\"RPM Top 100 Albums of 1977\""},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.5558&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1977\" (in Dutch). Archived from the original (ASP) on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512112204/http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1977&cat=a","url_text":"\"Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1977\""},{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1977&cat=a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Selling Albums of 1977 — The Official New Zealand Music Chart\". Recorded Music New Zealand. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=3866","url_text":"\"Top Selling Albums of 1977 — The Official New Zealand Music Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_New_Zealand","url_text":"Recorded Music New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1977\". Billboard. Retrieved 12 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/855680?imw=Y","url_text":"\"Top Pop Albums of 1977\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts\" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. 1978. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211023100248/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1978","url_text":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment Charts"},{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1978","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\". Music Canada. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Even+in+the+Quietest+Moments%20Supertramp","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Certifications.php","url_text":"\"French album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Supertramp; 'Even in the Quietest Moments')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Even+in+the+Quietest+Moments&strInterpret=Supertramp&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Supertramp; 'Even in the Quietest Moments')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"Supetramp Gets Gold\" (PDF). Cash Box. 10 December 1977. p. 55. Retrieved 21 November 2019 – via American Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Cash-Box/70s/1977/CB-1977-12-10.pdf","url_text":"\"Supetramp Gets Gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"From the Music Capitols of the World - Oslo\" (PDF). Billboard. 4 February 1978. p. 83. Retrieved 7 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1978/Billboard%201978-02-04.pdf","url_text":"\"From the Music Capitols of the World - Oslo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Even in the Quietest Moments')\". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Even_in_the_Quietest_Moments","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Even in the Quietest Moments')\""}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/2116-13-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 1 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Supertramp&ti=Even+in+the+Quietest+Moments&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Supertramp – Even in the Quietest Moments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_1997
List of Italian films of 1997
["1 External links"]
Lists of Italian films 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 vte This film-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) A list of films produced in Italy in 1997 (see 1997 in film): Title Director Cast Genre Notes 1997 Le acrobate Maurizio Zaccaro Licia Maglietta, Valeria Golino, Fabrizio Bentivoglio drama Artemisia Agnès Merlet Valentina Cervi, Michel Serrault biographical A spasso nel tempo – L'avventura continua Carlo Vanzina Massimo Boldi, Christian De Sica, Marco Messeri Comedy Auguri professore Riccardo Milani Silvio Orlando, Claudia Pandolfi Comedy Banzai Carlo Vanzina Paolo Villaggio comedy Un bel dì vedremo  Tonino Valerii Raina Kabaivanska, Giuliano Gemma, Massimo Girotti drama Camere da letto Simona Izzo Diego Abatantuono, Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Ricky Tognazzi romantic comedy Come mi vuoi Carmine Amoroso Enrico Lo Verso, Vincent Cassel, Monica Bellucci Comedy-drama Consigli per gli acquisti Sandro Baldoni Ennio Fantastichini, Ivano Marescotti Comedy Cyberflic Antonio Margheriti Terence Hill, Marvelous Marvin Hagler crime-comedy Fuochi d'artificio Leonardo Pieraccioni Leonardo Pieraccioni, Massimo Ceccherini Comedy The Game Bag (Il carniere) Maurizio Zaccaro Massimo Ghini, Antonio Catania, Leo Gullotta war-drama The Good Bad Guy Ezio Greggio Ezio Greggio, Jessica Lundy, Dom DeLuise Comedy Hamam (Il bagno turco) Ferzan Özpetek Alessandro Gassmann, Carlo Cecchi Drama In barca a vela contromano Stefano Reali Valerio Mastandrea, Antonio Catania Comedy Gli inaffidabili Jerry Calà Jerry Calà, Leo Gullotta, Serena Grandi Comedy Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella) Roberto Benigni Roberto Benigni, Nicoletta Braschi, Giustino Durano, Marisa Paredes Comedy, Holocaust 3 Academy Award winner. Cannes Award. European Film Awards. David di Donatello winner The Mayor (Il sindaco) Ugo Fabrizio Giordani Anthony Quinn, Raoul Bova, Maria Grazia Cucinotta Comedy-drama Le mani forti Franco Bernini Claudio Amendola, Francesca Neri drama Marcello Mastroianni: I Remember Anna Maria Tatò Marcello Mastroianni documentary Screened at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival Marianna Ucrìa Roberto Faenza Bernard Giraudeau, Laura Morante, Philippe Noiret drama Entered into the 20th Moscow International Film Festival Once We Were Strangers Emanuele Crialese Jessica Whitney Gould Romance-comedy Nirvana Gabriele Salvatores Christopher Lambert, Diego Abatantuono, Stefania Rocca science fiction Ovosodo Paolo Virzì Edoardo Gabbriellini, Nicoletta Braschi Comedy, Drama 2 David di Donatello, 4 Venice Film Festival Awards Porzûs Renzo Martinelli Lorenzo Crespi, Gianni Cavina, Gastone Moschin war drama The Prince of Homburg Marco Bellocchio Andrea Di Stefano, Barbora Bobuľová drama Entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival Stressati Mauro Cappelloni Monica Bellucci Comedy Tano da morire Roberta Torre Mimma de Rosalia Musical Comedy Testimone a rischio Pasquale Pozzessere Fabrizio Bentivoglio, Claudio Amendola Crime Il testimone dello sposo Pupi Avati Diego Abatantuono, Inés Sastre Comedy-drama Totò che visse due volte Daniele Ciprì, Franco Maresco Salvatore Gattuso comedy Film with 3 episodes Tre uomini e una gamba Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo Comedy The Truce Francesco Rosi John Turturro, Rade Šerbedžija, Massimo Ghini, Stefano Dionisi war drama Entered into the 1997 Cannes Film Festival Tutti giù per terra Davide Ferrario Valerio Mastandrea, Caterina Caselli Comedy Uomo d'acqua dolce Antonio Albanese Antonio Albanese Comedy Una vacanza all'inferno Tonino Valerii Marco Leonardi, F. Murray Abraham, Giancarlo Giannini drama I vesuviani Antonio Capuano, Pappi Corsicato, Antonietta de Lillo, Stefano Incerti, Mario Martone Anna Bonaiuto, Iaia Forte, Toni Servillo, Renato Carpentieri Comedy-Drama Il viaggio della sposa Sergio Rubini Sergio Rubini, Giovanna Mezzogiorno comedy Wax Mask Sergio Stivaletti Robert Hossein, Romina Mondello horror External links Italian films of 1997 at the Internet Movie Database vte1997 films American Argentine Australian Bangladeshi British Canadian Chinese Hong Kong Egyptian French Indian Bengali Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Ollywood Tamil Telugu Israeli Italian Japanese Maldivian Pakistani South Korean Spanish vte Cinema of Italy Culture of Italy Cinema of Europe Films by year(Films (A–Z)) 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Production companies L'Altrofilm Ambrosio Film Aquila Films Artex Film Caesar Film Cinecittà Cineriz Cines Diva Futura ENIC Fandango Filmauro GA&A Productions The Gunther Corporation Indiana Production Istituto Luce Itala Film Lumiq Studios Lux Film Martha Production Milano Films Minerva Film Mondo TV Pasquali Film Produzioni Europee Associati Rai Fiction Rai Kids Romana Film Scalera Film Taodue Tirelli Costumi Titanus Unione Cinematografica Italiana Vivo Film Studios Admiral International Films Ambrosio Film Aquila Films Cinecittà Cines Studios Lux Film Milano Films Romana Film Safa Palatino Studios Tirrenia Studios Titanus Awards Brian Award Cartoons on the Bay David di Donatello Festival Cinema e Ambiente Avezzano Flaiano Prizes Nastro d'Argento Rome Film Festival Rome Independent Cinema Festival Rome Independent Film Festival Venice Film Festival Film archives Audiovisual Archive of the Democratic and Labour Movement Cineteca Nazionale Cineteca Italiana Cineteca di Bologna DBCult Film Institute Museums National Museum of Cinema Museum of Precinema Movements Italian futurism in cinema Italian neorealism Women in Italian neorealism Personnel Actors Directors Animators Cinematographers Composers Editors Producers Screenwriters Other 100 Italian films to be saved Box office Cinema chains Film festivals vteLists of films by countryAfricaCentral Angola Central African Republic Chad Congo (Democratic Republic) Zaire Congo (Republic) Gabon Eastern Burundi Cameroon Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo AsiaCentral Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern China Hong Kong Macau Japan Korea North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan Southern Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Punjabi Tamil Telugu Maldives Nepal Pakistan Urdu Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Sri Lanka Sinhala Tamil Southeastern Burma Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen EuropeEastern Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Soviet Union Ukraine Northern Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden Southern Albania Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovenia Spain Yugoslavia Western Austria Belgium France Germany East Germany Ireland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom AmericasCentral Americaand the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Costa Rica Dominican Republic Guatemala Guadeloupe Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago North Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Tonga
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Wang_district
Mae Wang district
["1 Geography","2 Flora","3 History","4 Administration","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 18°36′45″N 98°46′30″E / 18.61250°N 98.77500°E / 18.61250; 98.77500District in Chiang Mai, ThailandMae Wang แม่วางDistrictTung flags inside a temple in Mae WangDistrict location in Chiang Mai provinceCoordinates: 18°36′45″N 98°46′30″E / 18.61250°N 98.77500°E / 18.61250; 98.77500CountryThailandProvinceChiang MaiSeatBan KatArea • Total601.680 km2 (232.310 sq mi)Population (2005) • Total30,871 • Density51.3/km2 (133/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+7 (ICT)Postal code50360Geocode5022 Mae Wang (Thai: แม่วาง, pronounced ) is a district (amphoe) in the central part of Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand. The largest settlement and administrative seat of Mae Wang is Ban Kad, a satellite town of Chiang Mai. Across Mae Wang district, the ethnic Hill Tribe people are more present than in other parts of Thailand. Groups with large populations in the district include the Karen people, Hmong and Akha peoples. In the lowlands near Ban Kad Thai people are more common, and as elevations increase on the Western slopes of Doi Inthanon, ethnic minorities become more common. Past Mae Sa Pok, on Rural Road 1013, The villages are almost exclusively Karen, with Hmong people living in higher elevations. Geography Mae Wang district occupies the western slopes of Thanon Thong Chai Range (Pronounced "Tanon Tong Chai"), and elevations in the district increase towards Thailand's tallest mountain. The dominant feature of the district, and its namesake, the Mae Wang River, rises in the peaks and flows east towards Chiang Mai before eventually joining the Ping River on the border of Chiang Mai and Lamphun province. The majority of the District's 30,000 people live in the valley of this river, and many weirs have been built along its course to irrigate rice fields. Near its source, a Hmong village renowned for its Sakura blossoms, Khun Wang, is home to Thailand's highest school. Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Doi Lo, Chom Thong, Mae Chaem, Samoeng, Hang Dong and San Pa Tong of Chiang Mai Province. Topographic map of Mae Wang district Flora Sapria Himalayana is a rare holo-parasitic flower related to Rafflesia. This particular specimen was found in Mae Wang District. History The minor district (king amphoe) was established on 1 April 1990, when the four tambons Ban Kat, Thung Pi, Thung Ruang Thong, and Mae Win were split off from San Pa Tong district. On 7 September 1995 it was upgraded to a full district. Administration The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambon), which are further subdivided into 62 villages (muban). Ban Kat is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambons Ban Kat and Don Pao. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO). No. Name Thai name Villages Pop. 1. Ban Kat บ้านกาด 13 5,544 2. Thung Pi ทุ่งปี้ 12 4,602 3. Thung Ruang Thong ทุ่งรวงทอง 8 2,650 4. Mae Win แม่วิน 19 10,879 5. Don Pao ดอนเปา 10 7,196 Gallery Rice farmers carrying bales of rice straw off paddy fields Straw is scattered over empty rice paddies during the cool, dry season References ^ ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง แบ่งเขตท้องที่อำเภอสันป่าตอง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ตั้งเป็นกิ่งอำเภอแม่วาง (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 107 (25 ง): 1349. February 13, 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2012. ^ พระราชกฤษฎีกาตั้งอำเภอด่านมะขามเตี้ย อำเภอแก่งหางแมว อำเภอภักดีชุมพล อำเภอเวียงแก่น อำเภอแม่วาง อำเภอถ้ำพรรณรา อำเภอบ่อเกลือ อำเภอโนนสุวรรณ อำเภอห้วยราช อำเภอแม่ลาน อำเภอบางแก้ว อำเภอป่าพะยอม อำเภอหนองม่วงไข่ อำเภอยางสีสุราช อำเภอจังหาร อำเภอบ้านธิ อำเภอภูสิงห์ อำเภอบางกล่ำ อำเภอวังม่วง และอำเภอนายูง พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๘ (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 112 (32 ก): 1–3. August 8, 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2009. External links amphoe.com (archived) vteDistricts of Chiang Mai Mueang Chiang Mai Chom Thong Mae Chaem Chiang Dao Doi Saket Mae Taeng Mae Rim Samoeng Fang Mae Ai Phrao San Pa Tong San Kamphaeng San Sai Hang Dong Hot Doi Tao Omkoi Saraphi Wiang Haeng Chai Prakan Mae Wang Mae On Doi Lo Galyani Vadhana This Chiang Mai province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"[mɛ̂ː wāːŋ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai"},{"link_name":"amphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_province"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai"},{"link_name":"Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_people"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_People"},{"link_name":"Akha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akha_people"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people"},{"link_name":"Doi Inthanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_Inthanon"}],"text":"District in Chiang Mai, ThailandMae Wang (Thai: แม่วาง, pronounced [mɛ̂ː wāːŋ]) is a district (amphoe) in the central part of Chiang Mai province in northern Thailand. The largest settlement and administrative seat of Mae Wang is Ban Kad, a satellite town of Chiang Mai. Across Mae Wang district, the ethnic Hill Tribe people are more present than in other parts of Thailand. Groups with large populations in the district include the Karen people, Hmong and Akha peoples. In the lowlands near Ban Kad Thai people are more common, and as elevations increase on the Western slopes of Doi Inthanon, ethnic minorities become more common. Past Mae Sa Pok, on Rural Road 1013, The villages are almost exclusively Karen, with Hmong people living in higher elevations.","title":"Mae Wang district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thanon Thong Chai Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanon_Thong_Chai_Range"},{"link_name":"Ping River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_River"},{"link_name":"Lamphun province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamphun_province"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doi Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_Lo_district"},{"link_name":"Chom Thong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chom_Thong_District,_Chiang_Mai_Province"},{"link_name":"Mae Chaem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Chaem_district"},{"link_name":"Samoeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoeng_district"},{"link_name":"Hang Dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_Dong_district"},{"link_name":"San Pa Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pa_Tong_district"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mae_Wang_District_Elevation.png"}],"text":"Mae Wang district occupies the western slopes of Thanon Thong Chai Range (Pronounced \"Tanon Tong Chai\"), and elevations in the district increase towards Thailand's tallest mountain. The dominant feature of the district, and its namesake, the Mae Wang River, rises in the peaks and flows east towards Chiang Mai before eventually joining the Ping River on the border of Chiang Mai and Lamphun province.The majority of the District's 30,000 people live in the valley of this river, and many weirs have been built along its course to irrigate rice fields. Near its source, a Hmong village renowned for its Sakura blossoms, Khun Wang, is home to Thailand's highest school.[citation needed]Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Doi Lo, Chom Thong, Mae Chaem, Samoeng, Hang Dong and San Pa Tong of Chiang Mai Province.Topographic map of Mae Wang district","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sapria Himalayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapria_Himalayana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafflesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia"}],"text":"Sapria Himalayana is a rare holo-parasitic flower related to Rafflesia. This particular specimen was found in Mae Wang District.","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"king amphoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_amphoe"},{"link_name":"San Pa Tong district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pa_Tong_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The minor district (king amphoe) was established on 1 April 1990, when the four tambons Ban Kat, Thung Pi, Thung Ruang Thong, and Mae Win were split off from San Pa Tong district.[1] On 7 September 1995 it was upgraded to a full district.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambon"},{"link_name":"muban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muban"},{"link_name":"thesaban tambon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaban_tambon"}],"text":"The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambon), which are further subdivided into 62 villages (muban). Ban Kat is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambons Ban Kat and Don Pao. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_1228_Mae_Wang_District.jpg"}],"text":"Rice farmers carrying bales of rice straw off paddy fieldsStraw is scattered over empty rice paddies during the cool, dry season","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Topographic map of Mae Wang district","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mae_Wang_District_Elevation.png/220px-Mae_Wang_District_Elevation.png"},{"image_text":"Rice farmers carrying bales of rice straw off paddy fields","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/220px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg"},{"image_text":"Straw is scattered over empty rice paddies during the cool, dry season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/2013_1228_Mae_Wang_District.jpg/220px-2013_1228_Mae_Wang_District.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง แบ่งเขตท้องที่อำเภอสันป่าตอง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ตั้งเป็นกิ่งอำเภอแม่วาง (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 107 (25 ง): 1349. February 13, 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419234136/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2533/D/025/1349.PDF","url_text":"ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง แบ่งเขตท้องที่อำเภอสันป่าตอง จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ตั้งเป็นกิ่งอำเภอแม่วาง"},{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2533/D/025/1349.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"พระราชกฤษฎีกาตั้งอำเภอด่านมะขามเตี้ย อำเภอแก่งหางแมว อำเภอภักดีชุมพล อำเภอเวียงแก่น อำเภอแม่วาง อำเภอถ้ำพรรณรา อำเภอบ่อเกลือ อำเภอโนนสุวรรณ อำเภอห้วยราช อำเภอแม่ลาน อำเภอบางแก้ว อำเภอป่าพะยอม อำเภอหนองม่วงไข่ อำเภอยางสีสุราช อำเภอจังหาร อำเภอบ้านธิ อำเภอภูสิงห์ อำเภอบางกล่ำ อำเภอวังม่วง และอำเภอนายูง พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๘ (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 112 (32 ก): 1–3. August 8, 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090126234230/http://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2538/A/032/1.PDF","url_text":"พระราชกฤษฎีกาตั้งอำเภอด่านมะขามเตี้ย อำเภอแก่งหางแมว อำเภอภักดีชุมพล อำเภอเวียงแก่น อำเภอแม่วาง อำเภอถ้ำพรรณรา อำเภอบ่อเกลือ อำเภอโนนสุวรรณ อำเภอห้วยราช อำเภอแม่ลาน อำเภอบางแก้ว อำเภอป่าพะยอม อำเภอหนองม่วงไข่ อำเภอยางสีสุราช อำเภอจังหาร อำเภอบ้านธิ อำเภอภูสิงห์ อำเภอบางกล่ำ อำเภอวังม่วง และอำเภอนายูง พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๘"},{"url":"http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2538/A/032/1.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Jersey
Government of Jersey
["1 History","2 Ministers","3 One Government","4 Departments","4.1 Office of the Chief Executive","4.2 Customer and Local Services","4.3 Children, Young People, Education and Skills","4.4 Economy","4.5 Health and Community Services","4.6 Infrastructure, Housing and Environment","4.7 Justice and Home Affairs","4.8 Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance","4.9 Treasury and Exchequer","4.10 Cabinet Office (was Chief Operating Office)","5 Common Strategic Policy","6 Local government","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Central government of the Bailiwick of Jersey Not to be confused with Government of New Jersey. Government of JerseyJèrriais: Gouvèrnément d'JèrriLogos of the Government of Jersey in English and JèrriaisOverviewState JerseyLeaderChief Minister (Lyndon Farnham)Appointed byChief Minister, with approval from the States Assembly.Main organCouncil of MinistersResponsible toStates AssemblyHeadquarters19-21 Broad Street, Saint HelierWebsitewww.gov.je Politics of Jersey The Crown Duke of Normandy King Charles III Lieutenant Governor Jerry Kyd ExecutiveGovernment of Jersey Chief Minister Kristina Moore Council of Ministers Legislature Bailiff Timothy Le Cocq Judiciary Crown Officers Jurat Courts of Jersey Local government Parishes Parish assemblies Elections Political parties Last election External relations External relations EU trade deal Category Other countries vte The Government of Jersey (Jèrriais: Gouvèrnément d'Jèrri) is the executive body of the States of Jersey and is the central government of the Bailiwick of Jersey. The government is led by the Chief Minister (currently Lyndon Farnham, since 2024), who nominates all the remaining ministers, all elected by the States Assembly. All Ministers of the Government are required to be elected States members and are accountable to it. They make statements in and take questions from the assembly. The government is dependent on the assembly to make primary legislation, however ministers can make secondary legislation, such as Orders and Regulations. The government is not formed of one single party, but made of multiple independent members. The 'Government of Jersey' is the official identity of the executive and administrative arm of the States of Jersey. The government no longer uses the term States of Jersey in reference to executive and administrative departments. History See also: States Assembly (Jersey) § History Under the uncodified constitution of Jersey, executive power lies in the Council of Ministers, formed of the Chief Minister and his ministers. Before 2005, the States of Jersey held both legislative and executive power through committee-led government Since the implementation of the States of Jersey (Jersey) Law 2005, the executive and legislative functions have been split between the Council of Ministers and States Assembly respectively. In 2019, the Council of Ministers formally adopted the identity of the 'Government of Jersey' for the executive responsibilities of the States. Ministers Main article: Council of Ministers (Jersey) The decision-making body for the island's government is the Council of Ministers. The Council lead the island's executive and administrative governance. The ministers are nominated by the Chief Minister or by any States member and confirmed by the States Assembly. The States of Jersey (Jersey) Law 2005 establishes the role and function of ministers. The administration of the Government is made up by a number of departments that may have more than one minister. The Ministers are responsible each for an area of policy. The Ministers provide policy direction to civil service officers, having given fair consideration and due weight to informed and impartial advice from such officer. A new (or existing) Chief Minister is (re-)appointed after: every ordinary election of Deputies the previous Chief Minister ceases to be a States member the previous Chief Minister resigns, is incapacitated (for a period exceeding 8 weeks) or is deceased the States have no confidence in the Chief Minister or the whole Council One Government Under the 'One Government' structure implemented by former Government Chief Executive Charlie Parker, there are nine government departments. One Government Structure Department Group Group Director Minister Office of the Chief Executive CEO and Head of Public Service Paul Martin Interim from March Chief Minister Chief of Staff Catherine Madden Chief Minister Financial Services and Digital Economy Richard Corrigan Economy Dan Houseago Communications Dirk Danino-Forsyth External Relations Kate Nutt Ian Gorst Partnerships TBD Customer and Local Services (CLS) Director General: Ian Burns Customer Services Sophie Le Sueur Customer Operations Steve Jackson Local Services Paul McGinnety Children, Young People, Education and Skills (CYPES) Director General: Mark Rogers Children's Services Susan Devlin Education Seán O'Regan Young People, Further Education, Skills and Learning Saboohi Famili Health and Community Services (HCS) Director General: Caroline Landon Group Managing Director Rob Sainsbury Group Medical Director Patrick Armstrong Interim Chief Nurse Rose Taylor Health Modernisation Hilary Lucas Infrastructure, Housing and Environment (IHE) Acting Director General: Andrew Scate Natural Environment Willie Peggie Operations and Transport Ellen Littlechild Regulation TBD Property Tim Daniels Capital Projects TBD Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Director General: Julian Blazeby Public Protection and Law Enforcement Kate Briden Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance Director General: Tom Walker Policy TBD Strategic Planning and Performance Dr Anuschka Muller Strategy and Innovation Steve Skelton Statistics Jersey Dr Duncan Gibaut, Chief Statistician Medical Officer of Health Dr Ivan Muscat Deputy Treasury and Exchequer Director General: Richard Bull Comptroller of Revenue Richard Summersgill Strategic Finance Alison Rogers Performance Accounting and Reporting Steven Mair Treasury and Investment Management Simon Hayward Risk and Audit Mike Thomas Cabinet Office (was Chief Operating Office) Chief Operating Officer: John Quinn People and Corporate Services Mark Grimley Commercial Services Maria Benbow Modernisation and Digital Fiona Capstick In April 2018, the States approved changes to the Government machinery. The Chief Executive was appointed the Principal Accounting Officer for public finances, giving them the control and responsibility for government spending. The Government states this change has improved funding allocations and government transparency. In February 2022, the Democratic Accountability and Governance Sub-Committee. The same proposition also proposed to make the Government a single legal entity. Currently, each Minister forms a single corporation sole, however when the changes are implemented (as they have been approved), 'Jersey Ministers' as a single entity will become legally responsible for all areas of government. The argument in favour of this is that it will allow more cross-Ministerial working. However, some are worried that this move would lead to more centralisation of power in the Chief Minister and Chief Executive. The OneGovernment structure has been criticised for blurring the lines of accountability in the Government and that the introduction of the reforms 'have had a negative effect on governance' because departments are no longer necessarily have one political lead. On 28 April 2022, the States voted to scrap the One Government scheme and return to Minister-led government departments by the end of the year. Departments Office of the Chief Executive Group Group Director CEO and Head of Public Service Suzanne Wiley Chief of Staff Catherine Madden Communications Dirk Danino-Forsyth External Relations Kate Nutt The Office of the Chief Executive ' to support the Council of Ministers in delivering Jersey's long-term strategic objectives'. It answers to the Council of Ministers as a whole, however its primary Ministers are the Chief Minister, Minister for External Relations and Assistant Chief Minister for Communications. The department is structured into the – Office of the Chief of Staff - supports Ministers and day-to-day Government business External Relations Directorate - handles Jersey's relationship with other countries, including the UK Directorate of Communications - 'aims to inform, educate and persuade islanders so that their daily lives are enhanced by the Government, and their voices are heard by the elected Council of Ministers' Customer and Local Services Group Group Director Director General Ian Burns Customer Services Sophie Le Sueur Customer Operations Steve Jackson Local Services Paul McGinnety Customer and Local Services' mission statement is 'CLS's priority is making it easy for customers'. Customer and Local Services is split into three directorates, two of which are split into 'Hubs' – Customer Operations Directorate Work and Family Hub - income support, work-related benefits, Housing Advisory Service Pensions and Care Hub - pensions, long-term care, and income support for pensioners Customer Services Directorate Business Hub - business licensing, employer contributions and manpower Service Hub - registration cards, customs and passports, One Gov support, People Hub Local Services Directorate - Superintendendent Registrar, libraries, disability strategy and Crematorium Children, Young People, Education and Skills See also: Education in Jersey The department is organised into four directorates – Directorate of Children's Social Care - safeguarding, Children in Need, residential care, fostering and adoption Education Directorate - schools, colleges, curriculum, teaching and learning, child care regulation, special educational needs Directorate of Young People, Further Education, Higher Education and Skills - skills and lifelong learning, Skills Jersey, Youth Service, Highlands College Directorate of Integrated Services and Commissioning - Family and community support, CAMHS, department operations Economy See also: Economy of Jersey The department for the Economy was established on 1 January 2022 after splitting from the Office of the Chief Executive. The department is organised into four directorates – Local and Digital Economy High Value Residency Digital Economy, including telecoms, cyber and Data Protection Local Economy, including well as rural and marine, retail and visitor, aviation, growth, trade and arts and culture Financial Services Financial Crime Strategy Economic Advisory - competition, intellectual property, Economics Health and Community Services The Department of Health and Community Services is the department of the Minister for Health and Social Services. The department is organised into - Adult Social Care, Mental Health & Community Services Primary and Preventative Care Women's, Children's and Family Services Surgical and Scheduled Care Therapies Immediate Care Quality and Safety Non-Clinical Support Services Corporate Nursing Service Improvement and Innovation Infrastructure, Housing and Environment The Department of Infrastructure, Housing and Environment manages national infrastructure and the regulation of Jersey's natural and built environment. It employs 678 people and has a £77 million budget, managing £1 billion in property assets. It is organised into four directorates: Operations and Transport - maintenance of open spaces, gardens and amenities; management of transport, traffic and waste systems Transport Highways and Infrastructure Engineering and Development Solid Waste Management and Recovery Liquid Waste Management Technical Support Services Sports Operations Natural Environment Directorate - Channel Islands Met Office, government vet services, fisheries protection & territorial water management, countryside access, biodiversity and crops and vegetation. Marine Resources and Management Biodiversity team Office of the Chief Veterinarian Land Resource Management Meteorology Office Property and Capital Delivery - maintenance of States property, delivery of capital projects Property Strategy Project Delivery Estates and Property Maintenance Commissioning Regulation - Driver and Vehicle Standards (DVS), housing and food regulation, consumer protection, pollution control, town and country planning, border controls for plants and animals Development and Land Regulatory Improvement DVS Environmental and Consumer Protection Justice and Home Affairs Justice and Home Affairs manages the island's law enforcement, emergency services, immigration and customs and health and safety services and laws. The department is split into a number of 'services': States of Jersey Ambulance States of Jersey Fire & Rescue States of Jersey Prison Service Jersey Customs and Immigration Service Health and Safety Inspectorate Official Analyst Jersey Field Squadron States of Jersey Police Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance 'leads strategic policy, planning and performance to achieve the ambitions of Islanders for the future'. They are responsible for – Future Jersey Government strategic policies: Common Strategic Policy, Government Plan and Island Plan Policy programme and development Legislative programme Scenario planning and long-term planning Performance analysis, reporting and framework Corporate Portfolio Management Risk Management The department is divided into – Directorate of Policy - 4 Heads of Policy Justice and Criminal Justice Policies Education, skills, Family law justice, Structure and government organisation and constitution Children, Families, Care Inquiry, Wellbeing and health Population and migration, housing, social assistance, social inclusion, diversity and employment and labour markets Director of Strategy and Innovation - Sustainability and Foresight: Sustainability; Environment, energy and climate change, Foresight, Development of Future Jersey, Strategy reviews and capability Planning Policy and Historic Environment: Planning policy (Island Plan) and supplementary planning guidance, housing land supply, place-making and master-planning, urban design policy, historic environment Directorate of Strategic Planning and Performance - Strategic Planning and Accountability: Strategic planning framework, Common strategic policy, Government plan, Department Business Plans, Strengthening public sector accountability, business planning capability Strategic Performance Management: strategic performance management framework, corporate annual reports, insight and analysis, performance management capability Health and Social Care informatics: information culture across government, Informatics Strategy, health and social care informatics Head of Governance Delivery planning and performance review Best practice governance of resources Governance of Department Arms Length Functions Department improvement Working with partners Treasury and Exchequer The States Treasury is divided into four teams - Strategic Finance - long-term financial sustainability of Government Business Planning - financial plans and the Government Plan Cost-benefit analysis and investment appraisal - investment decisions of the Government Business and performance - efficiency, effectiveness and financial control Performance, Accounting and Reporting Finance Business Partnering - ambassadors in each departments who have financial insight Finance Hub - operational centre of management and financial accounting Shared Services Centre - services to Government and to customers like suppliers and pensioners Group Reporting - financial performance information Analytics and Management Information - reporting to stakeholders across government about financial data Treasury Investment and Management Treasury investment and Management - oversees cash and investment management Shareholder relations - acts as the shareholder in States-owned companies Risk and Audit Internal Audit Governance - formal rules and regulations including Public Finances Law Risk management Revenue Jersey Revenue Operations - assessment and collection of taxes Revenue Policy and Technical - modernising tax legislation International Tax Policy and Operations Tax and Information Governance - training for Revenue Jersey, data protection, programme management Cabinet Office (was Chief Operating Office) The Office aims ' to deliver effective public services through the provision of the appropriate people, technology, commercial and support arrangements; and to protect the organisation from external and internal threats to the provision of these services' – People & Corporate Services - manages the States of Jersey workforce, skills Modernisation & Digital - centralised IT department for States of Jersey Commercial Services - procurement, supply chain and commercial Common Strategic Policy The Common Strategic Policy is the Government's high-level ambitions for the island. As of 2023, the Government's proposed Common Strategic Policy consists of 'seven priorities for change': Housing and Cost of Living Economy and Skills Children and Families Ageing Population Health and Wellbeing Environment Community The strategic priorities for the 2018 to 2022 Government contained five strategic priorities, 8 common themes and 5 ongoing initiatives: Put children first Improve Islander's wellbeing and mental and physical health Create a sustainable, vibrant economy Reduce income inequality and improve the standard of living Protect and value our environment Local government Main article: Parishes of Jersey Jersey is divided into 12 parishes, which are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions that are historic. Today they are used chiefly for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency. Each parish has their own Assembly. See also Law of Jersey Politics of Jersey States Assembly Council of Ministers References ^ Jersey, Government of. "How the Council of Ministers works". www.gov.je. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ a b c Jersey, Government of. "Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity". www.gov.je. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ a b c d "States of Jersey Law 2005". www.jerseylaw.je. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ "About the Government of Jersey structure". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ Chief Executive Office, Government of Jersey (2019). ONEGOV: One Year On Archived 21 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Government of Jersey. 4 April 2019 . ^ a b c Privileges and Procedures Committee (2022). R.2022/23 - Democratic Accountability and Governance Sub-Committee . States Greffe. Presented: 18 February 2022 . ^ "Charlie Parker's States reforms to be dismantled". Jersey Evening Post. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022. ^ 2022 Office of the Chief Executive Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ 2022 Customer and Local Services Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ 2022 Children, Young People, Education and Skills Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ 2022 Department for the Economy Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ 2022 Health and Community Services Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ 2022 Infrastructure, Housing and Environment Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ 2022 Justice and Home Affairs Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ a b c 2022 Chief Operating Office Business Plan. Government of Jersey (gov.je) . ^ a b "Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 2 January 2021. ^ Proposed Common Strategic Policy 2023 to 2026 (PDF) (Report). Government of Jersey. October 2022. External links Official website vteJersey articlesHistoryOverviews Archaeology German occupation during World War II Evacuation Resistance Collaboration Civilian life Deportations Sechsschartentürme German tunnels War Tunnels Museum Battery Lothringen Battery Moltke Channel Islands Occupation Society (CIOS) COVID-19 Windmills Coastal fortifications Maritime Perquages Specifics La Cotte de St Brelade Dolmens La Hougue Bie Mont Orgueil Grosnez Castle Elizabeth Castle Corn Riots Battle of Jersey La Corbière Lighthouse Jersey Railway Jersey Eastern Railway Jersey Heritage National Trust EducationSchoolsGovernment Grainville Haute Valleé Hautlieu Jersey College for Girls Le Rocquier Les Quennevais Victoria College Highlands College, Jersey Independent Beaulieu Convent School De La Salle College St Michael's Preparatory Geography Geography Geology Parishes Reservoirs Places in the islands St Helier Saint Aubin Gorey Politics Bailiff list Constitution Government of Jersey Chief Minister Council of Ministers Customs and Immigration Service Duke of Normandy Elections External relations Lieutenant Governor Parish Assembly Political parties Connétable Procureur du Bien Public Royal Militia States Assembly List of members of the States Assembly Viscounts Law Courts (Royal) Greffier HM Prison La Moye Jersey Legal French Judiciary Jurat Police Honorary Economy Financial services Jersey Electricity Company Jersey Financial Services Commission Jersey Post Jersey pound coins Livre (former currency) Roads Committee Visite du Branchage Taxation Telecommunications JT Group Limited Newtel Solutions Sure Airtel-Vodafone Tourism Transport airport Culture Battle of Flowers Catholic Church Demography Durrell Wildlife Park Education Eisteddfod Jèrriais language Jèrriais literature Jersey cow Jersey people Jersey Royal potato Music Jersey Live Opera House Religion Sport Theatre Media BBC Radio Jersey Channel 103 ITV Channel Television Jersey Evening Post Symbols Anthem (Beautiful Jersey) Coat of arms Flag Liberation Day Vingtaines by parishSt Helier de la Ville du Rouge Bouillon de Bas du Mont au Prêtre de Haut du Mont au Prêtre du Mont à l'Abbé du Mont Cochon Grouville des Marais de la Rue de Longueville de la Rocque Les Minquiers St Brelade de Noirmont du Coin des Quennevais de la Moye Saint Clement Grande Vingtaine du Rocquier de Samarès Saint John du Nord de Hérupe du Douet Saint Lawrence de la Vallée du Coin Hâtain du Coin Motier du Coin Tourgis Nord du Coin Tourgis Sud Saint Martin de Rozel de Faldouet de la Quéruée de l'Église du Fief de la Reine Les Écréhous Saint Mary du Sud du Nord Saint Ouen Petite Cueillette Grande Cueillette Cueillette de Grantez Cueillette de Millais Cueillette de Vinchelez Cueillette de Léoville Saint Peter du Douet de St. Nicolas Grand Vingtaine des Augerez du Coin Varin Saint Saviour de Maufant de Sous la Hougue des Pigneaux de la Grande Longueville de la Petite Longueville de Sous l'Église Trinity de la Ville-à-l'Évêque de Rozel du Rondin des Augrès de la Croiserie OutlineBibliography Category vteBritish–Irish CouncilGood Friday AgreementMember jurisdictions United Kingdom Ireland Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Member bodies Government of the United Kingdom Government of Ireland Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey Isle of Man Government Government of Jersey Northern Ireland Executive Scottish Government Welsh Government Work areas Demography eHealth Environment Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages Knowledge economy Misuse of drugs Social inclusion Tourism Transport Representatives of states Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Taoiseach (of Ireland) President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey Chief Minister of the Isle of Man Chief Minister of Jersey First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland First Minister of Scotland First Minister of Wales vteGovernments of EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Jèrriais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais"},{"link_name":"central government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_government"},{"link_name":"Bailiwick of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Farnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Farnham"},{"link_name":"ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(government)"},{"link_name":"States Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Assembly"},{"link_name":"accountable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability#Political_accountability"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"primary legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Government of New Jersey.The Government of Jersey (Jèrriais: Gouvèrnément d'Jèrri) is the executive body of the States of Jersey and is the central government of the Bailiwick of Jersey.[2] The government is led by the Chief Minister (currently Lyndon Farnham, since 2024), who nominates all the remaining ministers, all elected by the States Assembly.All Ministers of the Government are required to be elected States members and are accountable to it.[3] They make statements in and take questions from the assembly. The government is dependent on the assembly to make primary legislation, however ministers can make secondary legislation, such as Orders and Regulations. The government is not formed of one single party, but made of multiple independent members.The 'Government of Jersey' is the official identity of the executive and administrative arm of the States of Jersey. The government no longer uses the term States of Jersey in reference to executive and administrative departments.[2]","title":"Government of Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"States Assembly (Jersey) § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Assembly_(Jersey)#History"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"See also: States Assembly (Jersey) § HistoryUnder the uncodified constitution of Jersey, executive power lies in the Council of Ministers, formed of the Chief Minister and his ministers. Before 2005, the States of Jersey held both legislative and executive power through committee-led governmentSince the implementation of the States of Jersey (Jersey) Law 2005,[3] the executive and legislative functions have been split between the Council of Ministers and States Assembly respectively. In 2019, the Council of Ministers formally adopted the identity of the 'Government of Jersey' for the executive responsibilities of the States.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Jersey)"},{"link_name":"States Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputies"}],"text":"The decision-making body for the island's government is the Council of Ministers. The Council lead the island's executive and administrative governance. The ministers are nominated by the Chief Minister or by any States member and confirmed by the States Assembly. The States of Jersey (Jersey) Law 2005 establishes the role and function of ministers.[3]The administration of the Government is made up by a number of departments that may have more than one minister. The Ministers are responsible each for an area of policy. The Ministers provide policy direction to civil service officers, having given fair consideration and due weight to informed and impartial advice from such officer.[3]A new (or existing) Chief Minister is (re-)appointed after:every ordinary election of Deputies\nthe previous Chief Minister ceases to be a States member\nthe previous Chief Minister resigns, is incapacitated (for a period exceeding 8 weeks) or is deceased\nthe States have no confidence in the Chief Minister or the whole Council","title":"Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Under the 'One Government' structure implemented by former Government Chief Executive Charlie Parker, there are nine government departments.In April 2018, the States approved changes to the Government machinery. The Chief Executive was appointed the Principal Accounting Officer for public finances, giving them the control and responsibility for government spending. The Government states this change has improved funding allocations and government transparency.[5] In February 2022, the Democratic Accountability and Governance Sub-Committee.[6]The same proposition also proposed to make the Government a single legal entity. Currently, each Minister forms a single corporation sole, however when the changes are implemented (as they have been approved), 'Jersey Ministers' as a single entity will become legally responsible for all areas of government. The argument in favour of this is that it will allow more cross-Ministerial working. However, some are worried that this move would lead to more centralisation of power in the Chief Minister and Chief Executive.[6]The OneGovernment structure has been criticised for blurring the lines of accountability in the Government and that the introduction of the reforms 'have had a negative effect on governance' because departments are no longer necessarily have one political lead.[6] On 28 April 2022, the States voted to scrap the One Government scheme and return to Minister-led government departments by the end of the year.[7]","title":"One Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jersey's relationship with other countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_relations_of_Jersey"}],"sub_title":"Office of the Chief Executive","text":"The Office of the Chief Executive '[works] to support the Council of Ministers in delivering [the Government of] Jersey's long-term strategic objectives'. It answers to the Council of Ministers as a whole, however its primary Ministers are the Chief Minister, Minister for External Relations and Assistant Chief Minister for Communications. The department is structured into the –[8]Office of the Chief of Staff - supports Ministers and day-to-day Government business\nExternal Relations Directorate - handles Jersey's relationship with other countries, including the UK\nDirectorate of Communications - 'aims to inform, educate and persuade islanders so that their daily lives are enhanced by the Government, and their voices are heard by the elected Council of Ministers'","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Customer and Local Services","text":"Customer and Local Services' mission statement is 'CLS's priority is making it easy for customers'. Customer and Local Services is split into three directorates, two of which are split into 'Hubs' –[9]Customer Operations Directorate\nWork and Family Hub - income support, work-related benefits, Housing Advisory Service\nPensions and Care Hub - pensions, long-term care, and income support for pensioners\nCustomer Services Directorate\nBusiness Hub - business licensing, employer contributions and manpower\nService Hub - registration cards, customs and passports, One Gov support, People Hub\nLocal Services Directorate - Superintendendent Registrar, libraries, disability strategy and Crematorium","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CAMHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_and_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Services"}],"sub_title":"Children, Young People, Education and Skills","text":"See also: Education in JerseyThe department is organised into four directorates –[10]Directorate of Children's Social Care - safeguarding, Children in Need, residential care, fostering and adoption\nEducation Directorate - schools, colleges, curriculum, teaching and learning, child care regulation, special educational needs\nDirectorate of Young People, Further Education, Higher Education and Skills - skills and lifelong learning, Skills Jersey, Youth Service, Highlands College\nDirectorate of Integrated Services and Commissioning - Family and community support, CAMHS, department operations","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economy of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"See also: Economy of JerseyThe department for the Economy was established on 1 January 2022 after splitting from the Office of the Chief Executive. The department is organised into four directorates –[11]Local and Digital Economy\nHigh Value Residency\nDigital Economy, including telecoms, cyber and Data Protection\nLocal Economy, including well as rural and marine, retail and visitor, aviation, growth, trade and arts and culture\nFinancial Services\nFinancial Crime Strategy\nEconomic Advisory - competition, intellectual property, Economics","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Health and Community Services","text":"The Department of Health and Community Services is the department of the Minister for Health and Social Services. The department is organised into -[12]Adult Social Care, Mental Health & Community Services\nPrimary and Preventative Care\nWomen's, Children's and Family Services\nSurgical and Scheduled Care\nTherapies\nImmediate Care\nQuality and Safety\nNon-Clinical Support Services\nCorporate Nursing\nService Improvement and Innovation","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"consumer protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection"}],"sub_title":"Infrastructure, Housing and Environment","text":"The Department of Infrastructure, Housing and Environment manages national infrastructure and the regulation of Jersey's natural and built environment. It employs 678 people and has a £77 million budget, managing £1 billion in property assets. It is organised into four directorates:[13]Operations and Transport - maintenance of open spaces, gardens and amenities; management of transport, traffic and waste systems\nTransport Highways and Infrastructure\nEngineering and Development\nSolid Waste Management and Recovery\nLiquid Waste Management\nTechnical Support Services\nSports Operations\nNatural Environment Directorate - Channel Islands Met Office, government vet services, fisheries protection & territorial water management, countryside access, biodiversity and crops and vegetation.\nMarine Resources and Management\nBiodiversity team\nOffice of the Chief Veterinarian\nLand Resource Management\nMeteorology Office\nProperty and Capital Delivery - maintenance of States property, delivery of capital projects\nProperty Strategy\nProject Delivery\nEstates and Property Maintenance\nCommissioning\nRegulation - Driver and Vehicle Standards (DVS), housing and food regulation, consumer protection, pollution control, town and country planning, border controls for plants and animals\nDevelopment and Land\nRegulatory Improvement\nDVS\nEnvironmental and Consumer Protection","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Jersey"},{"link_name":"health and safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"States of Jersey Ambulance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Ambulance_Service"},{"link_name":"States of Jersey Fire & Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Fire_and_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"States of Jersey Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Jersey_Police"}],"sub_title":"Justice and Home Affairs","text":"Justice and Home Affairs manages the island's law enforcement, emergency services, immigration and customs and health and safety services and laws.[14]The department is split into a number of 'services':States of Jersey Ambulance\nStates of Jersey Fire & Rescue\nStates of Jersey Prison Service\nJersey Customs and Immigration Service\nHealth and Safety Inspectorate\nOfficial Analyst\nJersey Field Squadron\nStates of Jersey Police","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"}],"sub_title":"Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance","text":"Strategic Policy, Planning and Performance 'leads strategic policy, planning and performance to achieve the ambitions of Islanders for the future'.[15]They are responsible for –Future Jersey\nGovernment strategic policies: Common Strategic Policy, Government Plan and Island Plan\nPolicy programme and development\nLegislative programme\nScenario planning and long-term planning\nPerformance analysis, reporting and framework\nCorporate Portfolio Management\nRisk ManagementThe department is divided into –Directorate of Policy - 4 Heads of Policy\nJustice and Criminal Justice Policies\nEducation, skills, Family law justice, Structure and government organisation and constitution\nChildren, Families, Care Inquiry, Wellbeing and health\nPopulation and migration, housing, social assistance, social inclusion, diversity and employment and labour markets\nDirector of Strategy and Innovation -\nSustainability and Foresight: Sustainability; Environment, energy and climate change, Foresight, Development of Future Jersey, Strategy reviews and capability\nPlanning Policy and Historic Environment: Planning policy (Island Plan) and supplementary planning guidance, housing land supply, place-making and master-planning, urban design policy, historic environment\nDirectorate of Strategic Planning and Performance -\nStrategic Planning and Accountability: Strategic planning framework, Common strategic policy, Government plan, Department Business Plans, Strengthening public sector accountability, business planning capability\nStrategic Performance Management: strategic performance management framework, corporate annual reports, insight and analysis, performance management capability\nHealth and Social Care informatics: information culture across government, Informatics Strategy, health and social care informatics\nHead of Governance\nDelivery planning and performance review\nBest practice governance of resources\nGovernance of Department Arms Length Functions\nDepartment improvement\nWorking with partners","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"}],"sub_title":"Treasury and Exchequer","text":"The States Treasury is divided into four teams -[15]Strategic Finance - long-term financial sustainability of Government\nBusiness Planning - financial plans and the Government Plan\nCost-benefit analysis and investment appraisal - investment decisions of the Government\nBusiness and performance - efficiency, effectiveness and financial control\nPerformance, Accounting and Reporting\nFinance Business Partnering - ambassadors in each departments who have financial insight\nFinance Hub - operational centre of management and financial accounting\nShared Services Centre - services to Government and to customers like suppliers and pensioners\nGroup Reporting - financial performance information\nAnalytics and Management Information - reporting to stakeholders across government about financial data\nTreasury Investment and Management\nTreasury investment and Management - oversees cash and investment management\nShareholder relations - acts as the shareholder in States-owned companies\nRisk and Audit\nInternal Audit\nGovernance - formal rules and regulations including Public Finances Law\nRisk management\nRevenue Jersey\nRevenue Operations - assessment and collection of taxes\nRevenue Policy and Technical - modernising tax legislation\nInternational Tax Policy and Operations\nTax and Information Governance - training for Revenue Jersey, data protection, programme management","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-15"}],"sub_title":"Cabinet Office (was Chief Operating Office)","text":"The Office aims ' to deliver effective public services through the provision of the appropriate people, technology, commercial and support arrangements; and to protect the organisation from external and internal threats to the provision of these services' –[15]People & Corporate Services - manages the States of Jersey workforce, skills\nModernisation & Digital - centralised IT department for States of Jersey\nCommercial Services - procurement, supply chain and commercial","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-16"}],"text":"The Common Strategic Policy is the Government's high-level ambitions for the island.[16] As of 2023, the Government's proposed Common Strategic Policy consists of 'seven priorities for change':[17]Housing and Cost of Living\nEconomy and Skills\nChildren and Families\nAgeing Population\nHealth and Wellbeing\nEnvironment\nCommunityThe strategic priorities for the 2018 to 2022 Government contained five strategic priorities, 8 common themes and 5 ongoing initiatives:[16]Put children first\nImprove Islander's wellbeing and mental and physical health\nCreate a sustainable, vibrant economy\nReduce income inequality and improve the standard of living\nProtect and value our environment","title":"Common Strategic Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vingtaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingtaine"},{"link_name":"Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Assembly_(Jersey)"}],"text":"Jersey is divided into 12 parishes, which are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes), divisions that are historic. Today they are used chiefly for purposes of local administration and electoral constituency. Each parish has their own Assembly.","title":"Local government"}]
[]
[{"title":"Law of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Jersey"},{"title":"Politics of Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey"},{"title":"States Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Assembly"},{"title":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Jersey)"}]
[{"reference":"Jersey, Government of. \"How the Council of Ministers works\". www.gov.je. Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.je/Government/HowGovernmentWorks/CouncilMinisters/Pages/About.aspx","url_text":"\"How the Council of Ministers works\""}]},{"reference":"Jersey, Government of. \"Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity\". www.gov.je. Retrieved 17 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.je/News/2019/Pages/GovernmentIdentity.aspx","url_text":"\"Council of Ministers adopts 'Government of Jersey' identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"States of Jersey Law 2005\". www.jerseylaw.je. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223937/https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/revised/Pages/16.800.aspx#_Toc2697062","url_text":"\"States of Jersey Law 2005\""},{"url":"https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/revised/Pages/16.800.aspx#_Toc2697062","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the Government of Jersey structure\". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.je/Government/NewStatesStructure/Pages/AboutNewStatesStructure.aspx","url_text":"\"About the Government of Jersey structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Parker's States reforms to be dismantled\". Jersey Evening Post. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2022/04/28/charlie-parkers-states-reforms-to-be-dismantled/","url_text":"\"Charlie Parker's States reforms to be dismantled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022\". Government of Jersey. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.je/Government/PlanningPerformance/CommonStrategicPolicy/Pages/CommonStrategicPolicy.aspx#anchor-1","url_text":"\"Common Strategic Policy 2018 to 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Proposed Common Strategic Policy 2023 to 2026 (PDF) (Report). Government of Jersey. October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/ID%20Proposed%20Common%20Strategic%20Policy%202023%20to%202026.pdf","url_text":"Proposed Common Strategic Policy 2023 to 2026"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Catatonia
Sweet Catatonia
["1 Recording and release","2 Charts","3 Notes","4 References"]
1996 single by Catatonia "Sweet Catatonia"Single by Catatoniafrom the album Way Beyond Blue Released1996GenreAlternative rockLabelBlanco y NegroSongwriter(s)Cerys Matthews/Mark RobertsProducer(s)Paul Sampson/Stephen StreetCatatonia singles chronology "Bleed" (1995) "Sweet Catatonia" (1996) "Lost Cat" (1996) "Sweet Catatonia" is a song recorded by the Welsh band Catatonia, taken from their first studio album, Way Beyond Blue. It was written by Cerys Matthews and Mark Roberts, and produced by Paul Sampson and Stephen Street. The title of the track was the original name for the band. Recording and release Sweet Catatonia had originally been recorded in 1993, and appeared on their "For Tinkerbell" EP that year. The re-recorded version was released as a single on 18 January 1996, with a cover painted by Elfyn Lewis. He was the housemate of band members, Cerys Matthews and Mark Roberts, and would go on the paint three single and one album covers for Catatonia. A launch party was held at The Louisiana, Bristol. The name "Sweet Catatonia" had been the original title for the band, when it was a duo of Matthews and Roberts. The single received a great deal of press coverage, increasing the expectations of both the band and the label, but only peaked at number 61 in the charts. But, this was the first time a Catatonia song had entered the UK charts. Charts Chart (1998) Peakposition UK Singles Chart 61 Notes ^ Owens 2000, p. 134. ^ Owens 2000, p. 42. ^ Owens 2000, p. 136. ^ a b "Catatonia". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 April 2016. References Owens, David (2000). Cerys, Catatonia and the Rise of Welsh Pop. London: Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-0918-7412-4. vteCatatonia Cerys Matthews Mark Roberts Paul Jones Aled Richards Owen Powell Stephen Jenkins Guto Pryce Dafydd Ieuan Clancy Pegg Studio albums Way Beyond Blue International Velvet Equally Cursed and Blessed Paper Scissors Stone Compilations The Sublime Magic of Catatonia The Crai-EPs 1993/1994 Greatest Hits The Platinum Collection Road Rage: The Best of Catatonia Extended plays For Tinkerbell Hooked Singles "Whale" "Bleed" "Sweet Catatonia" "Lost Cat" "You've Got a Lot to Answer For" "Bleed (reissue)" "I Am the Mob" "Mulder and Scully" "Road Rage" "Strange Glue" "Game On" "Dead from the Waist Down" "Londinium" "Karaoke Queen" "Stone by Stone" Other songs "International Velvet" Promotional releases Christmas '95 Tourist EP A's & B's of Catatonia Storm the Palace EP Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1990s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catatonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Way Beyond Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Beyond_Blue"},{"link_name":"Cerys Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerys_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Mark Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Roberts_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sampson_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Street"}],"text":"\"Sweet Catatonia\" is a song recorded by the Welsh band Catatonia, taken from their first studio album, Way Beyond Blue. It was written by Cerys Matthews and Mark Roberts, and produced by Paul Sampson and Stephen Street. The title of the track was the original name for the band.","title":"Sweet Catatonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elfyn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfyn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Cerys Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerys_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Mark Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Roberts_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2000134-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens200042-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens2000136-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukchart-4"}],"text":"Sweet Catatonia had originally been recorded in 1993, and appeared on their \"For Tinkerbell\" EP that year. The re-recorded version was released as a single on 18 January 1996, with a cover painted by Elfyn Lewis. He was the housemate of band members, Cerys Matthews and Mark Roberts, and would go on the paint three single and one album covers for Catatonia. A launch party was held at The Louisiana, Bristol.[1] The name \"Sweet Catatonia\" had been the original title for the band, when it was a duo of Matthews and Roberts.[2]The single received a great deal of press coverage, increasing the expectations of both the band and the label,[3] but only peaked at number 61 in the charts. But, this was the first time a Catatonia song had entered the UK charts.[4]","title":"Recording and release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2000134_1-0"},{"link_name":"Owens 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOwens2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens200042_2-0"},{"link_name":"Owens 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOwens2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens2000136_3-0"},{"link_name":"Owens 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOwens2000"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ukchart_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ukchart_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Catatonia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/catatonia/"}],"text":"^ Owens 2000, p. 134.\n\n^ Owens 2000, p. 42.\n\n^ Owens 2000, p. 136.\n\n^ a b \"Catatonia\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Catatonia\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/catatonia/","url_text":"\"Catatonia\""}]},{"reference":"Owens, David (2000). Cerys, Catatonia and the Rise of Welsh Pop. London: Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-0918-7412-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebury_Publishing","url_text":"Ebury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0918-7412-4","url_text":"978-0-0918-7412-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-punk
Afro-punk
["1 History","2 Festivals","3 References","4 External links"]
Punk music made by African-diasporic people For the documentary film, see Afro-Punk (film). Afro-punkStylistic origins Punk rock alternative rock Cultural originsUnited States in the 21st century Afro-punk (sometimes spelled Afro-Punk, Afropunk or AfroPunk) refers to the participation of African Americans and other Black people in punk and alternative subcultures, especially in the United States. History The term originated from the 2003 documentary Afro-Punk directed by James Spooner and Matthew Morgan. But, Afro-punk music has been around since the mid-70s with Pure Hell. Pure Hell was the first all black punk band that originated in Philadelphia, PA. In the early 21st century, Afro-punks made up a minority in the North American punk scene. Notable bands that can be linked to the Afro-punk community include: Death, Pure Hell, Bad Brains, Suicidal Tendencies, Dead Kennedys, Fishbone, Wesley Willis Fiasco, Suffrajett, The Templars, Unlocking the Truth and Rough Francis. In the United Kingdom, influential black musicians associated with the late 1970s punk scene included Poly Styrene of X-Ray Spex, Don Letts and Basement 5. Afro-punk has become a movement, comparable to the early hip hop movement of the 1980s. The Afropunk Music Festival was founded in 2005 by James Spooner and Matthew Morgan. Festivals AfroPunk has Festivals in 5 locations. The 2019 Brooklyn AfroPunk Festival took place on August 24 and 25. The Atlanta AfroPunk will take place October 12 and 13. There will also be festivals in London, Paris, and Joburg. The line-up for the festivals vary depending on location, but include artists, Jill Scott, Anderson .Paak, FKA Twigs, Leon Bridges, Danny Brown, Smino, Tierra Whack, Ho99o9, Earth Gang, Kamasi Washington, Santigold, Fever 333, Leikeli47, Mahalia, and many more. The recent 2023 lineup featured, Joey Bada$$, Baby Tate, Sudan Archives, Enny, and more. References ^ Afropunk Started With A Documentary, Village Voice ^ "The History Of Afro-Punk – The Official Black Magazine". Retrieved December 1, 2023. ^ Jones, Daisy (November 19, 2015). "The black punk pioneers who made music history". DazedDigital.com. Retrieved March 31, 2018. ^ Williams, Harrison (October 3, 2017). "Basement 5 announced reissue of debut material "1965-1980" and "In Dub"". Mixmag. Retrieved March 31, 2018. ^ Afropunk Abandoned Its Origins, New Yorker ^ "Brooklyn". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Atlanta". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "London". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Paris". AFROPUNK. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ "Joburg". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019. ^ Hatfield, Amanda (August 25, 2023). "Afropunk Brooklyn 2023 Set Times". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved December 1, 2023. External links Afro-Punk Film Official Site AfroPunk Festival Official Site "The True Story Of How Afropunk Turned A Message Board Into A Movement, The Fader, August 21, 2015 "Afro-Punk Scene Explodes Into A Multi-Genre Movement", MTV, December 12, 2008 "Truly Indie Fans", The New York Times
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afro-Punk (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Punk_(film)"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Black people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"}],"text":"For the documentary film, see Afro-Punk (film).Afro-punk (sometimes spelled Afro-Punk, Afropunk or AfroPunk) refers to the participation of African Americans and other Black people in punk and alternative subcultures, especially in the United States.","title":"Afro-punk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afro-Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Punk_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spooner"},{"link_name":"Matthew Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//afropunk.com/festival/all/line-up/matthew-morgan-afropunk-founder/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pure Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Hell"},{"link_name":"Pure Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Hell"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(punk_band)"},{"link_name":"Pure Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Hell"},{"link_name":"Bad Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Brains"},{"link_name":"Suicidal Tendencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies"},{"link_name":"Dead Kennedys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Kennedys"},{"link_name":"Fishbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishbone"},{"link_name":"Wesley Willis Fiasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Willis_Fiasco"},{"link_name":"Suffrajett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrajett"},{"link_name":"The Templars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Templars_(band)"},{"link_name":"Unlocking the Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlocking_the_Truth"},{"link_name":"Rough Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Francis"},{"link_name":"Poly Styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_Styrene"},{"link_name":"X-Ray Spex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Ray_Spex"},{"link_name":"Don Letts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Letts"},{"link_name":"Basement 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Afropunk Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afropunk_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"James Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spooner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The term originated from the 2003 documentary Afro-Punk directed by James Spooner and Matthew Morgan.[1] But, Afro-punk music has been around since the mid-70s with Pure Hell. Pure Hell was the first all black punk band that originated in Philadelphia, PA.[2]In the early 21st century, Afro-punks made up a minority in the North American punk scene. Notable bands that can be linked to the Afro-punk community include: Death, Pure Hell, Bad Brains, Suicidal Tendencies, Dead Kennedys, Fishbone, Wesley Willis Fiasco, Suffrajett, The Templars, Unlocking the Truth and Rough Francis. In the United Kingdom, influential black musicians associated with the late 1970s punk scene included Poly Styrene of X-Ray Spex, Don Letts and Basement 5.[3][4] Afro-punk has become a movement, comparable to the early hip hop movement of the 1980s. The Afropunk Music Festival was founded in 2005 by James Spooner and Matthew Morgan.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jill Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Anderson .Paak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_.Paak"},{"link_name":"FKA Twigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKA_Twigs"},{"link_name":"Leon Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Danny Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Brown"},{"link_name":"Smino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smino"},{"link_name":"Tierra Whack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Whack"},{"link_name":"Ho99o9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho99o9"},{"link_name":"Earth Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthGang"},{"link_name":"Kamasi Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamasi_Washington"},{"link_name":"Santigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santigold"},{"link_name":"Fever 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_333"},{"link_name":"Leikeli47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikeli47"},{"link_name":"Mahalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalia_Burkmar"},{"link_name":"Joey Bada$$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Badass"},{"link_name":"Baby Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Tate_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Sudan Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Archives"},{"link_name":"Enny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enny"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"AfroPunk has Festivals in 5 locations. The 2019 Brooklyn AfroPunk Festival took place on August 24 and 25.[6] The Atlanta AfroPunk will take place October 12 and 13.[7] There will also be festivals in London,[8] Paris,[9] and Joburg.[10] The line-up for the festivals vary depending on location, but include artists, Jill Scott, Anderson .Paak, FKA Twigs, Leon Bridges, Danny Brown, Smino, Tierra Whack, Ho99o9, Earth Gang, Kamasi Washington, Santigold, Fever 333, Leikeli47, Mahalia, and many more.The recent 2023 lineup featured, Joey Bada$$, Baby Tate, Sudan Archives, Enny, and more.[11]","title":"Festivals"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"The History Of Afro-Punk – The Official Black Magazine\". Retrieved December 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theofficialblackmagazine.com/the-history-of-afro-punk/","url_text":"\"The History Of Afro-Punk – The Official Black Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Daisy (November 19, 2015). \"The black punk pioneers who made music history\". DazedDigital.com. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/28419/1/the-black-punk-pioneers-who-made-music-history","url_text":"\"The black punk pioneers who made music history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DazedDigital.com","url_text":"DazedDigital.com"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Harrison (October 3, 2017). \"Basement 5 announced reissue of debut material \"1965-1980\" and \"In Dub\"\". Mixmag. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mixmag.net/read/basement-5-announces-reissue-of-debut-material-1965-1980-and-in-dub-news","url_text":"\"Basement 5 announced reissue of debut material \"1965-1980\" and \"In Dub\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmag","url_text":"Mixmag"}]},{"reference":"\"Brooklyn\". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://afropunk.com/festival/brooklyn/","url_text":"\"Brooklyn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta\". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://afropunk.com/festival/atlanta/","url_text":"\"Atlanta\""}]},{"reference":"\"London\". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://afropunk.com/festival/london/","url_text":"\"London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris\". AFROPUNK. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211154405/https://afropunk.com/festival/paris/","url_text":"\"Paris\""},{"url":"https://afropunk.com/festival/paris/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joburg\". AFROPUNK. Retrieved May 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://afropunk.com/festival/johannesburg/","url_text":"\"Joburg\""}]},{"reference":"Hatfield, Amanda (August 25, 2023). \"Afropunk Brooklyn 2023 Set Times\". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved December 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/afropunk-brooklyn-2023-set-times/","url_text":"\"Afropunk Brooklyn 2023 Set Times\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://afropunk.com/festival/all/line-up/matthew-morgan-afropunk-founder/","external_links_name":"Matthew Morgan"},{"Link":"https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/08/21/afropunk-started-with-a-documentary-ten-years-two-websites-and-eight-festivals-later/","external_links_name":"Afropunk Started With A Documentary"},{"Link":"https://www.theofficialblackmagazine.com/the-history-of-afro-punk/","external_links_name":"\"The History Of Afro-Punk – The Official Black Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/28419/1/the-black-punk-pioneers-who-made-music-history","external_links_name":"\"The black punk pioneers who made music history\""},{"Link":"http://mixmag.net/read/basement-5-announces-reissue-of-debut-material-1965-1980-and-in-dub-news","external_links_name":"\"Basement 5 announced reissue of debut material \"1965-1980\" and \"In Dub\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/gentrifying-afropunk","external_links_name":"Afropunk Abandoned Its Origins"},{"Link":"https://afropunk.com/festival/brooklyn/","external_links_name":"\"Brooklyn\""},{"Link":"https://afropunk.com/festival/atlanta/","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta\""},{"Link":"https://afropunk.com/festival/london/","external_links_name":"\"London\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211154405/https://afropunk.com/festival/paris/","external_links_name":"\"Paris\""},{"Link":"https://afropunk.com/festival/paris/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://afropunk.com/festival/johannesburg/","external_links_name":"\"Joburg\""},{"Link":"https://www.brooklynvegan.com/afropunk-brooklyn-2023-set-times/","external_links_name":"\"Afropunk Brooklyn 2023 Set Times\""},{"Link":"http://spoonersnofun.com/","external_links_name":"Afro-Punk Film Official Site"},{"Link":"http://www.afropunk.com/","external_links_name":"AfroPunk Festival Official Site"},{"Link":"http://www.thefader.com/2015/08/21/james-spooner-afropunk","external_links_name":"\"The True Story Of How Afropunk Turned A Message Board Into A Movement"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1601283/20081212/santogold.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Afro-Punk Scene Explodes Into A Multi-Genre Movement\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/fashion/28Blipsters.html?ex=1184299200&en=5f0b2039bd840988&ei=5087","external_links_name":"\"Truly Indie Fans\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiko_Chiba
Reiko Chiba
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 TV series","3.2 TV special","3.3 Film","3.4 Anime OVA","3.5 Video games","4 References","5 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Reiko Chiba" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Reiko Chiba千葉 麗子Born (1975-01-08) January 8, 1975 (age 49)Tennōji Ward, Osaka, JapanOccupations Actress voice actress singer gravure idol Years active1991–presentSpouse Tetsuhito Kirihara ​(m. 1998)​Children1 Reiko Chiba (千葉 麗子, Chiba Reiko, born January 8, 1975) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, gravure idol, and occasional J-pop singer. Biography Reiko Chiba was born on January 8, 1975 in Osaka Prefecture, and raised in Fukushima Prefecture. She started her career as a model in 1991 before making her acting debut in the 1992 Super Sentai series Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger as Mei/Ptera Ranger. When the series was adapted into the US version Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, it aired in Japan where Chiba, herself, re-dubbed both Ptera Ranger and the US footage of actress Amy Jo Johnson who played her character, now known as Kimberly Hart/Pink Ranger. After the end of the series, Chiba made her J-Pop debut on April 7, 1993 as a member of Aurora Gonin Musume. She provided the vocals for the main theme song of Fatal Fury Special titled "Non Stop! One Way Love" and participated in the game's first image album, released April 1994. She also did a cameo voice appearance as herself in the anime movie Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, performed the voice of Cham Cham in the Samurai Shodown video game series, and had a spot in the nightly radio show Akihabara Young Denkikan. Chiba retired from the entertainment industry in 1995. However, she has made several public appearances in recent years at comic and anime conventions in the United States to help promote the official US release of Zyuranger on DVD. Personal life When she married Tetsuhito Kirihara in 1998, her legal name became Reiko Kirihara (桐原 麗子, Kirihara Reiko). However, she continues to be known by either her maiden name or "Chibarei" in business and other public contexts. Since her marriage and the birth of a son in 1999, Chiba has adopted a more mature public persona. She is now active as a certified yoga instructor, teaching yoga classes and issuing a series of instructional books and videos. She also continues to pose for publications such as Weekly Playboy. Chiba is also the public face of the corporation Cherrybabe, Inc. In 2011, Chiba spoke out about enduring years of depression and has become an advocate of Kokoro no Mimi (こころの耳), the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's mental health portal website. Chiba currently resides in Itoshima, Fukuoka. Filmography TV series Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger – Mei/Ptera Ranger (1992–1993) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (Kimberly Ann Hart/Pink Ranger via Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger footage) Hitotsu Yane no Shita (1993) Minami-kun no Koibito (1993) Ninja Sentai Kakuranger – episode 25 guest appearance Reika (1994) TV special Samurai Shodown: The Motion Picture – Nakoruru (1993) Film Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture – Herself (1994, voice only) Super Sentai World – Ptera Ranger (1994, voice only) Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends – Ptera Ranger (2014, voice only) Anime OVA Wild 7 – Iko (1994) Video games Samurai Shodown II – Cham Cham (1994) The King of Fighters EX: Neo Blood – Moe Habana (2002) References ^ a b Famitsu staff (April 29, 1994). "Idols Studio アイドルスタジオ". Weekly Famicom Tsūshin (in Japanese). No. 280. ASCII Corporation. pp. 133–5. OCLC 852442485. ^ Kokoro no Mimi - Reiko Chiba's Video Message: "My Experience" Archived 2011-08-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "Reiko Chiba (visual voices guide)". behindthevoiceactors.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) External links REIKO CHIBA on X (in Japanese) Reiko Chiba at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Reiko Chiba at IMDb Reiko Chiba at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese) Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"gravure idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravure_idol"},{"link_name":"J-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop"}],"text":"Reiko Chiba (千葉 麗子, Chiba Reiko, born January 8, 1975) is a Japanese actress, voice actress, gravure idol, and occasional J-pop singer.","title":"Reiko Chiba"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-famitsu-1"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Fukushima Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Super Sentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sentai"},{"link_name":"Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dry%C5%AB_Sentai_Zyuranger"},{"link_name":"Mei/Ptera Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyurangers#Mei"},{"link_name":"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Amy Jo Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Jo_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Aurora Gonin Musume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Gonin_Musume"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury_Special"},{"link_name":"image album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_album"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-famitsu-1"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury:_The_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Samurai Shodown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Shodown"}],"text":"Reiko Chiba was born on January 8, 1975[1] in Osaka Prefecture, and raised in Fukushima Prefecture. She started her career as a model in 1991 before making her acting debut in the 1992 Super Sentai series Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger as Mei/Ptera Ranger. When the series was adapted into the US version Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, it aired in Japan where Chiba, herself, re-dubbed both Ptera Ranger and the US footage of actress Amy Jo Johnson who played her character, now known as Kimberly Hart/Pink Ranger. After the end of the series, Chiba made her J-Pop debut on April 7, 1993 as a member of Aurora Gonin Musume. She provided the vocals for the main theme song of Fatal Fury Special titled \"Non Stop! One Way Love\" and participated in the game's first image album, released April 1994.[1] She also did a cameo voice appearance as herself in the anime movie Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, performed the voice of Cham Cham in the Samurai Shodown video game series, and had a spot in the nightly radio show Akihabara Young Denkikan. Chiba retired from the entertainment industry in 1995. However, she has made several public appearances in recent years at comic and anime conventions in the United States to help promote the official US release of Zyuranger on DVD.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weekly Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Playboy"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Itoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoshima,_Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture"}],"text":"When she married Tetsuhito Kirihara in 1998, her legal name became Reiko Kirihara (桐原 麗子, Kirihara Reiko). However, she continues to be known by either her maiden name or \"Chibarei\" in business and other public contexts. Since her marriage and the birth of a son in 1999, Chiba has adopted a more mature public persona. She is now active as a certified yoga instructor, teaching yoga classes and issuing a series of instructional books and videos. She also continues to pose for publications such as Weekly Playboy. Chiba is also the public face of the corporation Cherrybabe, Inc.In 2011, Chiba spoke out about enduring years of depression and has become an advocate of Kokoro no Mimi (こころの耳), the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's mental health portal website.[2]Chiba currently resides in Itoshima, Fukuoka.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dry%C5%AB_Sentai_Zyuranger"},{"link_name":"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Hitotsu Yane no Shita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_One_Roof_(1993_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Minami-kun no Koibito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-kun_no_Koibito"},{"link_name":"Ninja Sentai Kakuranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Sentai_Kakuranger"}],"sub_title":"TV series","text":"Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger – Mei/Ptera Ranger (1992–1993)\nMighty Morphin Power Rangers (Kimberly Ann Hart/Pink Ranger via Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger footage)\nHitotsu Yane no Shita (1993)\nMinami-kun no Koibito (1993)\nNinja Sentai Kakuranger – episode 25 guest appearance Reika (1994)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samurai Shodown: The Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Shodown:_The_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"Nakoruru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakoruru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-3"}],"sub_title":"TV special","text":"Samurai Shodown: The Motion Picture – Nakoruru (1993)[3]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Fury:_The_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-3"},{"link_name":"Super Sentai World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sentai_World"},{"link_name":"Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyuden_Sentai_Kyoryuger_vs._Go-Busters:_The_Great_Dinosaur_Battle!_Farewell_Our_Eternal_Friends"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture – Herself (1994, voice only)[3]\nSuper Sentai World – Ptera Ranger (1994, voice only)\nZyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends – Ptera Ranger (2014, voice only)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wild 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_7#Anime"}],"sub_title":"Anime OVA","text":"Wild 7 – Iko (1994)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samurai Shodown II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Shodown_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-3"},{"link_name":"The King of Fighters EX: Neo Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_King_of_Fighters_video_games#Spin-offs"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Samurai Shodown II – Cham Cham (1994)[3]\nThe King of Fighters EX: Neo Blood – Moe Habana (2002)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Famitsu staff (April 29, 1994). \"Idols Studio アイドルスタジオ\". Weekly Famicom Tsūshin (in Japanese). No. 280. ASCII Corporation. pp. 133–5. OCLC 852442485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Weekly Famicom Tsūshin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_Corporation","url_text":"ASCII Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/852442485","url_text":"852442485"}]},{"reference":"\"Reiko Chiba (visual voices guide)\". behindthevoiceactors.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Reiko-Chiba/","url_text":"\"Reiko Chiba (visual voices guide)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Creekmore_IV
Sam Creekmore IV
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 References"]
American politician Sam Creekmore IVMember of the Mississippi House of Representativesfrom the 14th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 7, 2020 Personal detailsBorn(1966-09-24)September 24, 1966Starkville, Mississippi, U.S.Political partyRepublican Samuel J. Creekmore IV (born September 24, 1966) is an American landscape architect and Republican politician. He is a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, having represented the state's 14th district there since 2020. Biography Samuel J. Creekmore IV was born on September 24, 1966, in Starkville, Mississippi. Creekmore graduated from Mississippi State University. He is a landscape architect. A resident of New Albany, Mississippi, he was elected to represent Mississippi's 14th House district, composed of Union County, in the Mississippi House of Representatives as a Republican in 2019 and was inaugurated on January 7, 2020. Personal life Creekmore is married to his wife, the former Warner Poindexter. Her uncle, Will Green Poindexter, represented Sunflower County in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1976 to 1993. References ^ a b "House Roster". MISSISSIPPI LEGISLATURE. Retrieved May 19, 2021. ^ a b c d e f West, Lynn (January 2, 2020). "Samuel Creekmore IV". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ a b c "Rep. Creekmore ready to 'hit the ground running' - | New Albany, MS News". January 2, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2021. ^ "Mississippi Legislature House Resolution 15". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved December 18, 2021. vteMembers of the Mississippi House of Representatives Speaker of the House Jason White (R) Speaker pro tempore Manly Barton (R) ▌Lester Carpenter (R) ▌Brad Mattox (R) ▌William Tracy Arnold (R) ▌Jody Steverson (R) ▌John Faulkner (D) ▌Justin Keen (R) ▌Kimberly Remak (R) ▌Trey Lamar (R) ▌Cedric Burnett (D) ▌Josh Hawkins (R) ▌Lataisha Jackson (D) ▌Clay Deweese (R) ▌Steve Massengill (R) ▌Sam Creekmore IV (R) ▌Beth Luther Waldo (R) ▌Rickey W. Thompson (D) ▌Shane Aguirre (R) ▌Jerry Turner (R) ▌Randy Boyd (R) ▌Rodney Hall (R) ▌Donnie Bell (R) ▌Jon Ray Lancaster (R) ▌Andrew Stepp (R) ▌Jeff Hale (R) ▌Dan Eubanks (R) ▌Orlando Paden (D) ▌Kenji Holloway (D) ▌Doc Harris (R) ▌Robert L. Sanders (D) ▌Tracey Rosebud (D) ▌Otis Anthony II (D) ▌Solomon Osborne (D) ▌Jim Estrada (R) ▌Kevin Horan (R) ▌Joey Hood (R) ▌Karl Gibbs (D) ▌Andy Boyd (R) ▌Cheikh Taylor (D) ▌Dana McLean (R) ▌Hester Jackson-McCray (D) ▌Kabir Karriem (D) ▌Carl L. Mickens (D) ▌Rob Roberson (R) ▌C. Scott Bounds (R) ▌Keith Jackson (D) ▌Karl Oliver (R) ▌Bryant Clark (D) ▌Jason White (R) ▌Willie Bailey (D) ▌John Hines (D) ▌Timaka James-Jones (D) ▌Bill Kinkade (R) ▌Vince Mangold (R) ▌Kevin Ford (R) ▌Oscar Denton (D) ▌Clay Mansell (R) ▌Lawrence Blackmon (D) ▌Jonathan McMillan (R) ▌Brent Powell (R) ▌Fred Shanks (R) ▌Gene Newman (R) ▌Lance Varner (R) ▌Stephanie Foster (D) ▌Shanda Yates (I) ▌Chris Bell (D) ▌Fabian Nelson (D) ▌Earle S. Banks (D) ▌Zakiya Summers (D) ▌Tamarra Butler-Washington (D) ▌Bo Brown (D) ▌Ronnie Crudup Jr. (D) ▌Justis Gibbs (D) ▌Jill Ford (R) ▌Lee Yancey (R) ▌Celeste Hurst (R) ▌Gregory Holloway Sr. (D) ▌Price Wallace (R) ▌Randy Rushing (R) ▌Mark Tullos (R) ▌Omeria Scott (D) ▌Stephen Horne (R) ▌Charles Young Jr. (D) ▌Billy Adam Calvert (R) ▌Troy Smith (R) ▌Jeffery Harness (D) ▌Shane Barnett (R) ▌Joseph Tubb (R) ▌Charles Blackwell (R) ▌Donnie Scoggin (R) ▌Noah Sanford (R) ▌Robert Evans (D) ▌Becky Currie (R) ▌Timmy Ladner (R) ▌Robert Johnson III (D) ▌Jay McKnight (R) ▌Angela Cockerham (I) ▌Sam Mims V (R) ▌Daryl Porter Jr. (D) ▌Bill Pigott (R) ▌Ken Morgan (R) ▌Kent McCarty (R) ▌Missy McGee (R) ▌Percy Watson (D) ▌Larry Byrd (R) ▌Elliot Burch (R) ▌Jansen Owen (R) ▌Steve Lott (R) ▌Stacey Hobgood-Wilkes (R) ▌Manly Barton (R) ▌Jeramey Anderson (D) ▌Jimmy Fondren (R) ▌John Read (R) ▌Henry Zuber III (R) ▌Jeffrey Guice (R) ▌Zachary Grady (R) ▌Casey Eure (R) ▌Kevin Felsher (R) ▌Greg Haney (R) ▌Jeffrey Hulum III (D) ▌Richard Bennett (R) ▌Carolyn Crawford (R) ▌Brent Anderson (R) ▌Republican (79) ▌Democratic (41) ▌Independent (2) Mississippi Legislature Mississippi House of Representatives Mississippi State Senate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"Samuel J. Creekmore IV[1] (born September 24, 1966) is an American landscape architect and Republican politician. He is a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, having represented the state's 14th district there since 2020.","title":"Sam Creekmore IV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starkville, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starkville,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"landscape architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architect"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"New Albany, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albany,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Union County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"Samuel J. Creekmore IV was born on September 24, 1966, in Starkville, Mississippi.[2] Creekmore graduated from Mississippi State University.[2] He is a landscape architect.[2][3] A resident of New Albany, Mississippi,[2] he was elected to represent Mississippi's 14th House district, composed of Union County, in the Mississippi House of Representatives as a Republican in 2019 and was inaugurated on January 7, 2020.[2][3][1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Will Green Poindexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Green_Poindexter"},{"link_name":"Sunflower County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Creekmore is married to his wife, the former Warner Poindexter.[2] Her uncle, Will Green Poindexter, represented Sunflower County in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1976 to 1993.[3][4]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"House Roster\". MISSISSIPPI LEGISLATURE. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mslegwebprod.mslegweb.ms.gov/legislators/house-roster/","url_text":"\"House Roster\""}]},{"reference":"West, Lynn (January 2, 2020). \"Samuel Creekmore IV\". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/members/house/creekmore_iv.xml","url_text":"\"Samuel Creekmore IV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rep. Creekmore ready to 'hit the ground running' - | New Albany, MS News\". January 2, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nemiss.news/creekmore-ready-for-session/","url_text":"\"Rep. Creekmore ready to 'hit the ground running' - | New Albany, MS News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mississippi Legislature House Resolution 15\". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/1997/HR/HR0015PS.htm","url_text":"\"Mississippi Legislature House Resolution 15\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Five_and_Die
Count Five and Die
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
1957 film by Victor Vicas Count Five and DieDirected byVictor VicasWritten byJack SeddonDavid PursallBased onCount Five and Die by Barry WynneProduced byErnest GartsideStarringJeffrey HunterNigel PatrickAnnemarie DüringerCinematographyArthur GrantEdited byRussell LloydMusic byJohn WooldridgeProductioncompanyZonic ProductionsDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease date 23 December 1957 (1957-12-23) Running time92 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Count Five and Die is a 1957 British war thriller film directed by Victor Vicas and starring Jeffrey Hunter, Nigel Patrick and Annemarie Düringer. It was made by Zonic Productions and released in Britain and the US by Twentieth Century Fox. It was produced by Ernest Gartside with the screenplay by Jack Seddon and David Pursall, based on the non-fiction book of the same title by Barry Wynne. Plot In 1944 London, Major Julien Howard (Nigel Patrick), a British MI6 intelligence agent, meets Captain Bill Ranson (Jeffrey Hunter), his new American security officer. As Howard was previously picked up by German Abwehr counter-intelligence, Ranson soon realizes that their assignment is to feed misinformation to the Germans about the location of the D-Day landings; they are to make it look like it will be in the occupied Netherlands. Howard tells him the rest of the unit must not know the truth. One night, while on a date with Rolande Hertog, the unit's radio operator, Ranson becomes concerned and returns to the offices. He is shot at and wounds an intruder. He leaves the unconscious man with Hertog to search further but the man's accomplice gets away. Hertog kills the captive, claiming he tried to grab her gun. A romance quickly develops between Ranson and Hertog the same night. When Ranson gets back to the office, Howard criticises his actions; MI5 had tipped him off that the Germans were planning to search his offices, so he made it easy for them to get the planted misinformation, until Ranson intervened. Further, he suspects that Hertog is a German agent; Jan Guldt, their liaison with the Dutch underground, had been sent back to The Netherlands, only to be captured immediately. Ranson does not believe it. Howard sends Piet van Wijt to The Netherlands, supposedly to evaluate the effects of a bombing raid, but actually to test Hertog. They do not hear from van Wijt again. Meanwhile, Howard receives news that the Germans are redeploying troops into the country. Howard orders Ranson to keep seeing Hertog so she will not become suspicious but Ranson is an unconvincing actor. Now suspicious, Hertog goes to her sector commander, Hauptman Hans Faber, who is posing as a dentist. Faber is not fully convinced by her claim that it is all a fraud but needs to make sure. He arranges for the young son of Dr Mulder, Howard's psychological warfare expert, to be kidnapped. Mulder is forced to reveal the supposed invasion location to save his boy's life. However, he later confides to Hertog that he does not believe that the Netherlands is the place. The two men who were sent behind enemy lines were not given poisonous cyanide capsules to avoid capture. If they had, they could have taken them; then they could "count five and die". She tells Muller to go home, that she will alert Ranson. Instead, she tries once more to persuade Faber to change his mind but without success. Howard and Ranson speak to Mulder and realise the situation. They manage to capture Faber and free Mulder's son although Martins gets away and Faber bites his cyanide capsule. Meanwhile, Ranson tracks down Hertog but not before she sends a radio message unmasking the deception. Ranson takes a big gamble, telling her that she did exactly what they wanted her to do and that it was all a "double bluff", then lets her grab a pistol and forces her to shoot him by advancing on her. She transmits a second message, then leaves, believing Ranson to be dead. He is still alive, however. Martins then shoots Hertog. The epilogue states that on D-Day, "ten German divisions were not in the line. They were north in Holland, waiting for an invasion that never came." Cast Jeffrey Hunter as Captain Bill Ranson Nigel Patrick as Major Julien Howard Annemarie Düringer as Rolande Hertog David Kossoff as Dr. Mulder Rolf Lefebvre as Hans Faber Larry Burns as Martins, the building porter and German spy Philip Bond as Piet van Wijt, in charge of radio operations Arthur Gross as Jan Guldt Robert Raglan as Lieutenant Miller, a member of Howard's unit Peter Prouse as Sergeant Bill Parrish, a member of Howard's unit Otto Diamant as Mr. Hendrijk, who prints what his wife writes Wolf Frees as Brauner, the spy killed by Hertog Anthony Ostrer Marianne Walla as Mrs. Hendrijk, a writer on Howard's staff Philip Ray Beth Rogan as Mary Ann Lennig, Howard's curvaceous decoder References ^ Clinton p.22-23 Bibliography Clinton, Franz Anthony. British Thrillers, 1950-1979: 845 Films of Suspense, Mystery, Murder and Espionage. McFarland, 2020. External links Count Five and Die at IMDb Count Five and Die at the TCM Movie Database
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Victor Vicas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Vicas"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Nigel Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Düringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_D%C3%BCringer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Fox"}],"text":"Count Five and Die is a 1957 British war thriller film directed by Victor Vicas and starring Jeffrey Hunter, Nigel Patrick and Annemarie Düringer.[1] It was made by Zonic Productions and released in Britain and the US by Twentieth Century Fox. It was produced by Ernest Gartside with the screenplay by Jack Seddon and David Pursall, based on the non-fiction book of the same title by Barry Wynne.","title":"Count Five and Die"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Nigel Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Patrick"},{"link_name":"MI6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI6"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Abwehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr"},{"link_name":"misinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"link_name":"epilogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilogue"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"}],"text":"In 1944 London, Major Julien Howard (Nigel Patrick), a British MI6 intelligence agent, meets Captain Bill Ranson (Jeffrey Hunter), his new American security officer. As Howard was previously picked up by German Abwehr counter-intelligence, Ranson soon realizes that their assignment is to feed misinformation to the Germans about the location of the D-Day landings; they are to make it look like it will be in the occupied Netherlands. Howard tells him the rest of the unit must not know the truth.One night, while on a date with Rolande Hertog, the unit's radio operator, Ranson becomes concerned and returns to the offices. He is shot at and wounds an intruder. He leaves the unconscious man with Hertog to search further but the man's accomplice gets away. Hertog kills the captive, claiming he tried to grab her gun. A romance quickly develops between Ranson and Hertog the same night. When Ranson gets back to the office, Howard criticises his actions; MI5 had tipped him off that the Germans were planning to search his offices, so he made it easy for them to get the planted misinformation, until Ranson intervened. Further, he suspects that Hertog is a German agent; Jan Guldt, their liaison with the Dutch underground, had been sent back to The Netherlands, only to be captured immediately. Ranson does not believe it.Howard sends Piet van Wijt to The Netherlands, supposedly to evaluate the effects of a bombing raid, but actually to test Hertog. They do not hear from van Wijt again. Meanwhile, Howard receives news that the Germans are redeploying troops into the country.Howard orders Ranson to keep seeing Hertog so she will not become suspicious but Ranson is an unconvincing actor. Now suspicious, Hertog goes to her sector commander, Hauptman Hans Faber, who is posing as a dentist. Faber is not fully convinced by her claim that it is all a fraud but needs to make sure. He arranges for the young son of Dr Mulder, Howard's psychological warfare expert, to be kidnapped. Mulder is forced to reveal the supposed invasion location to save his boy's life. However, he later confides to Hertog that he does not believe that the Netherlands is the place. The two men who were sent behind enemy lines were not given poisonous cyanide capsules to avoid capture. If they had, they could have taken them; then they could \"count five and die\". She tells Muller to go home, that she will alert Ranson. Instead, she tries once more to persuade Faber to change his mind but without success.Howard and Ranson speak to Mulder and realise the situation. They manage to capture Faber and free Mulder's son although Martins gets away and Faber bites his cyanide capsule. Meanwhile, Ranson tracks down Hertog but not before she sends a radio message unmasking the deception. Ranson takes a big gamble, telling her that she did exactly what they wanted her to do and that it was all a \"double bluff\", then lets her grab a pistol and forces her to shoot him by advancing on her. She transmits a second message, then leaves, believing Ranson to be dead. He is still alive, however. Martins then shoots Hertog.The epilogue states that on D-Day, \"ten German divisions were not in the line. They were north in Holland, waiting for an invasion that never came.\"","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffrey Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Nigel Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Düringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_D%C3%BCringer"},{"link_name":"David Kossoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kossoff"},{"link_name":"Philip Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bond_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert Raglan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Raglan"},{"link_name":"Wolf Frees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Frees"},{"link_name":"Marianne Walla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Walla"},{"link_name":"Philip Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ray"},{"link_name":"Beth Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Rogan"}],"text":"Jeffrey Hunter as Captain Bill Ranson\nNigel Patrick as Major Julien Howard\nAnnemarie Düringer as Rolande Hertog\nDavid Kossoff as Dr. Mulder\nRolf Lefebvre as Hans Faber\nLarry Burns as Martins, the building porter and German spy\nPhilip Bond as Piet van Wijt, in charge of radio operations\nArthur Gross as Jan Guldt\nRobert Raglan as Lieutenant Miller, a member of Howard's unit\nPeter Prouse as Sergeant Bill Parrish, a member of Howard's unit\nOtto Diamant as Mr. Hendrijk, who prints what his wife writes\nWolf Frees\tas Brauner, the spy killed by Hertog\nAnthony Ostrer\nMarianne Walla as Mrs. Hendrijk, a writer on Howard's staff\nPhilip Ray\nBeth Rogan\tas Mary Ann Lennig, Howard's curvaceous decoder","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Clinton, Franz Anthony. British Thrillers, 1950-1979: 845 Films of Suspense, Mystery, Murder and Espionage. McFarland, 2020.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051492/","external_links_name":"Count Five and Die"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/71561/enwp","external_links_name":"Count Five and Die"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimboran_language
Nimboran language
["1 Phonology","2 References"]
Language in Indonesia NimboranNamblongNative toIndonesiaRegionNew GuineaEthnicity3,500 (1987)Native speakers(2,000 cited 1987)Language familyFoja Range NimboranNimboranLanguage codesISO 639-3nirGlottolognucl1633 Nimboran (Nambrong, Namblong, Namlong) is a Papuan language of Nimboran District, Jayapura Regency, Indonesia spoken by mostly older adults. Younger generations have shifted to Papuan Malay. It is spoken in about 26 villages to the west of Lake Sentani. Phonology Consonants: Labial Alveolar Velar Plosive voiceless p t k voiced b d ɡ prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ Nasal m n ŋ Fricative s Liquid l Semivowel w j Vowels: Front Central Back Close i ʉ u Mid e o Open a References ^ a b Nimboran at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ a b Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7. vteLanguages of IndonesiaWestern languagesMalayo-Sumbawan Indonesian Slang Acehnese Balinese Bamayo Banjarese Bawean Duano' Haji Iban Kangean Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Kubu Lubu Loncong Madurese Malay Anambas-Natuna Bacan Bangka Belitung Bengkulu Berau Besemah Col/Lembak Deli Enim Jambi Kaur Jaring Halus Kutai Langkat Ogan Palembang-Musi Pekal Pontianak Riau Sambas Semende Tamiang Minangkabau Jamee Kampar Mukomuko Pesisir Mualang Sasak Seberuang Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Javanese Javanese Banyumasan Cirebonese Osing Tenggerese Kawi Celebic Andio Bada Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Behoa Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Napu Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu Lampungic Komering Lampung Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Mandailing Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Simeulue Sikule South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lemolang Maiwa Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Padang Seko Tengah Tae’ Talondo’ Taman Toraja-Sa’dan Ulumanda’ Barito Ampanang Bakumpai Bajaw Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Sama Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan–Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati’ Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu’ Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Beginci Gerai Tringgus North Bornean Bah-Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languagesCentral Philippine Tausug Gorontalo-Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Central-Eastern languagesAru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hitu Hoti Huaulu Hulung Kaibobo Kamarian Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores–Lembata Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika Halmahera-Cenderawasih Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam Kei-Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba–Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor–Babar Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Papuan languagesNorth Halmahera Galela Gamkonora Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Waioli West Makian Timor–Alor–Pantar Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika Asmat–Mombum Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan West Bird's Head Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit South Bird's Head Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian East Bird's Head Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb West Bomberai Baham Iha Karas Dani Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali Paniai Lakes Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani Digul River Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon Foja Range Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou Lakes Plain Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai East Cenderawasih Bay Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria Yawa Saweru Yawa Demta–Sentani Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla Ok Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom Momuna–Mek Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai Skou Skou South Pauwasi Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim East Pauwasi Emem Zorop West Pauwasi Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku Kaure–Kosare Kaure Kosare Marind–Yaqai Bipim Marind Yaqay Bulaka River Maklew Yelmek Kayagar Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario Border Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris Senagi Dera Mairasi Mairasi Mer Semimi Kolopom Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana Yam Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei Lower Mamberamo Warembori Yoke Others Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Sumuri Uhunduni Other languagesCreoles and PidginsMalay-based creoles Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Bandanese Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontaloan Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay North Moluccan Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Peranakan Serui Malay Other creoles and pidgins Bidau Creole Portuguese Javindo Mardijker Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis Tansi Immigrant languagesChinese Cantonese Hakka Fujianese Hokkien Medan Riau Tiochiu Hainanese Hinghwa Fuzhounese Mandarin European Dutch English Portuguese Indian Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Middle Eastern Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic Persian Others Filipino Japanese Korean Sign languages Indonesian Sign Languages Kata Kolok This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papuan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_language"},{"link_name":"Jayapura Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura_Regency"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Papuan Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_Malay"},{"link_name":"Lake Sentani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sentani"}],"text":"Nimboran (Nambrong, Namblong, Namlong) is a Papuan language of Nimboran District, Jayapura Regency, Indonesia spoken by mostly older adults. Younger generations have shifted to Papuan Malay. It is spoken in about 26 villages to the west of Lake Sentani.","title":"Nimboran language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley-NWNG-2"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive"},{"link_name":"ɡ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive"},{"link_name":"ᵐb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant"},{"link_name":"ⁿd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant"},{"link_name":"ᵑɡ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal"},{"link_name":"ŋ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foley-NWNG-2"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ʉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel"}],"text":"Consonants:[2]\n\n\n\n\nLabial\n\nAlveolar\n\nVelar\n\n\nPlosive\n\nvoiceless\n\np\n\nt\n\nk\n\n\nvoiced\n\nb\n\nd\n\nɡ\n\n\nprenasal\n\nᵐb\n\nⁿd\n\nᵑɡ\n\n\nNasal\n\nm\n\nn\n\nŋ\n\n\nFricative\n\n\n\ns\n\n\n\n\nLiquid\n\n\n\nl\n\n\n\n\nSemivowel\n\nw\n\njVowels:[2]\n\n\n\nFront\nCentral\nBack\n\n\nClose\n\ni\nʉ\nu\n\n\nMid\n\ne\n\no\n\n\nOpen\n\na","title":"Phonology"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Foley, William A. (2018). \"The languages of Northwest New Guinea\". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Foley","url_text":"Foley, William A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7","url_text":"978-3-11-028642-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1633","external_links_name":"nucl1633"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nir/","external_links_name":"Nimboran"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimboran_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Ishpeming_18
Lake Superior and Ishpeming 18
["1 History","1.1 Design and upgrades","1.2 Revenue service","1.3 First retirement","1.4 Grand Canyon Railway ownership","1.5 Excursion service on the MHRR and SLRG","1.6 Disposition","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Preserved American 2-8-0 locomotive (LS&I class SC-4) Lake Superior and Ishpeming 18No. 18 when it operated on the Rio Grande Scenic Railroad on June 15, 2008Type and originReference:Power typeSteamBuilderAmerican Locomotive Company (Pittsburgh Works)Serial number46941Build dateJanuary 1910RebuilderLake Superior and Ishpeming RailroadRebuild date1930SpecificationsConfiguration:​ • Whyte2-8-0 • UIC1'D'hGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Driver dia.New: 48 in (1,200 mm)Now: 55 in (1,400 mm)Adhesive weight168,000 lb (76,000 kg)Loco weight189,360 lb (85,890 kg)Tender weight125,700 lb (57,000 kg)Total weight315,060 lb (142,910 kg)Fuel typeNew: coalNow: Fuel oilFuel capacityCoal: 10.8 t (10.6 long tons; 11.9 short tons)Oil: 1,900 US gal (7,200 L; 1,600 imp gal)Water cap.8,700 US gal (33,000 L; 7,200 imp gal)Boiler pressure200 psi (1,400 kPa)CylindersTwo, OutsideCylinder sizeNew: 20 in × 28 in (510 mm × 710 mm)Now: 22 in × 28 in (560 mm × 710 mm)Valve gearNew: Baker Now: WalschaertsPerformance figuresTractive effort42,000 lbf (190,000 N)CareerOperatorsLake Superior and Ishpeming RailroadGrand Canyon RailwayMount Hood RailroadRio Grande Scenic RailroadClassNew: C-5Now: SC-4NumbersLS&I 11LS&I 18GCRY 18MHRR 18SLRG 18Retired1962RestoredSeptember 17, 1989Current ownerSteve MaguireColebrookdale Railroad (leased operator)DispositionUndergoing 1,472-day inspection and overhaulLake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad No. 18 is an SC-4 class 2-8-0 “Consolidation” type steam locomotive, built by ALCO’s Pittsburgh Works in 1910 for the Lake Superior and Ishpeming (LS&I) Railroad in Upper Michigan. Originally numbered 11, the locomotive was renumbered to 18 in 1924, and it served the railroad, until it discontinued steam operations in 1962. No. 18 was subsequently sold to the Marquette and Huron Mountain tourist railroad, where it was put into storage alongside other steam locomotives. In 1985, No. 18 was sold to the Lake States Steam Association, who made attempts to restore the locomotive to operating condition. In 1989, No. 18 was sold again to the Grand Canyon Railway (GCR). Restoration work on the locomotive was subsequently completed, and No. 18 pulled the railway’s passenger trains between Williams, Arizona and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, until 2002. In 2007, the locomotive was acquired by the Mount Hood Railroad in Oregon, who in turn sold it to the San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad (SLRG) in Colorado. Between 2008 and 2013, No. 18 pulled the SLRG’s tourist trains, but after the railroad filed for bankruptcy, No. 18 was put under receivership. In 2021, the locomotive was purchased by the Maguire Foundation, who reached an agreement with the Colebrookdale Railroad to eventually operate the locomotive on their line in Pennsylvania. History Design and upgrades By 1909, the Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railway (LS&I) was planning to sell off four of their older steam locomotives and replace them with new 2-8-0 locomotives in the roster. Five new C-5 class 2-8-0's (Nos. 9-13) were constructed for the LS&I by the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Pittsburgh Works in 1910, at a cost of $14,335 each. In 1924, the LS&I was reincorporated after merging with the Munising, Marquette and Southeastern Railway (MM&SE), and the former retainted the latter's fleet of three C-5's, expanding the class total to eight. The LS&I's expanded roster resulted in almost all locomotives being renumbered, with the C-5's being renumbered 18-25. The C-5's were originally designed with 20-by-28-inch (508 mm × 711 mm) cylinders, 48-inch (1,219 mm) diameter driving wheels, and outside Pilliod valve gear, and they were able to produce 34,000 pounds (15 tonnes) of tractive effort. The C-5's were also built with narrow keyhole fireboxes that were placed in between their rear sets of driving wheels, and it resulted in their poor abilities to produce steam. Between 1928 and 1934, almost all the C-5 class locomotives (Nos. 18-24) were sent to the LS&I's Presque Isle locomotive shops to be extensively rebuilt and modified to improve their performance. Their boilers received superheaters and were raised higher above the frame; their fireboxes were widened and received Nicholson thermic siphons; their cylinder saddles were replaced by ones with superheated cylinders and piston valves; and feedwater heaters were installed. The upgrades added to the C-5's boosted their tractive effort to 42,000 pounds (19 tonnes), and the rebuilt locomotives were reclassified as SC-4's. Revenue service Locomotive No. 18 was the third C-5 class 2-8-0 to be built, and it was originally numbered 11. The LS&I initially assigned No. 11 to pull mixed freight trains and occasional iron ore trains alongside the other C-5 locomotives. In its early years, No. 11 was prone to stalling when the weight of its train exceeded its pulling power, or while the locomotive was climbing a grade. When the LS&I merged with the MM&SE in 1924, No. 11 was renumbered to 18. In 1930, No. 18 was rebuilt and modified at the LS&I's Presque Isle shops. Following its rebuild, No. 18 was primarily reassigned to pull logging trains on branch lines and to switch hopper cars at iron ore mines. By the end of the 1950s, No. 18 and the rest of the SC-4's remained on the LS&I's roster, being stationed in Ishpeming and Negaunee. The railroad opted to keep some steam locomotives on the roster, since they were able to thaw frozen iron ore at ore docks during the winter months, but the LS&I still retired most of their steam fleet and replaced them with diesel locomotives to reduce costs. 1962 was the final year No. 18 and the other SC-4's ran under LS&I ownership before the railroad discontinued commercial steam operations. First retirement By August 1963, No. 18 was one of eleven 2-8-0's to be purchased from the LS&I by the newly-formed Marquette and Huron Mountain (M&HM) tourist railroad. The M&HM's owner, John A. Zerbel, sought to use all the locomotives to pull summer tourist trains on former LS&I trackage between Marquette and a proposed resort complex in Big Bay. Only a few of the other SC-4 class locomotives (Nos. 19, 22, and 23) were used for tourist excursion service, and plans for the Big Bay resort had fallen through, following overestimated ridership. No. 18 and the rest of the M&HM's inoperable locomotives were left in storage at a nearby field during the M&HM's operating years. In April 1984, John Zerbel died shortly before a tax deadline. Following some failed attempts to continue the M&HM's operations, the railroad was permanently closed down by the end of the year, and all remaining equipment was sold at an auction on January 14, 1985. During the auction, No. 18 and three other SC-4's (Nos. 19, 20, and 21) were sold to a scrap dealer, the Ishpeming Steel Company, for $1,200 each. Upon hearing of the scrap dealer's purchase, Art Anderson, the M&HM's former chief mechanical officer, signed a ninety-day note of $10,000 for Ishpeming Steel to prevent the locomotives from getting scrapped. Wisconsin-based entrepreneur and fellow steam fan John Slack quickly agreed to help Anderson, and he purchased the four SC-4's. John Slack made plans to use all four locomotives to pull dinner trains on a proposed tourist railroad in Laona, Wisconsin, and No. 18 was selected to be restored to operable condition first. Slack's new company, the Lake States Steam Transportation Company (LSST), hired Gary Bensman and Steve Sandberg to work on the SC-4. The locomotive was moved in December 1986 to the Nicolet Badger Northern Railroad's (NBN) small facility in Laona, where restoration work had started. During the process, a major contractor terminated their working partnership with Slack's business, and a bank stopped funding the project shortly thereafter. Grand Canyon Railway ownership In the late 1980s, under the guidance of Max and Thelma Biegert, the former Santa Fe Railroad line between Williams, Arizona, and the Grand Canyon was being redeveloped into a new tourist operation, called the Grand Canyon Railway (GCR). Their initial goal was to launch steam train operations by April 1990. Gary Bensman, who had been hired as GCR's first chief mechanical officer, entered negotiations with John Slack about GCR acquiring No. 18, since some mechanical work had already been performed on it. Max Biegert subsequently considered pushing GCR's opening date forward to September 17, 1989—the 88th anniversary of the line's 1901 completion—with No. 18 pulling the first train. Bensman—initially estimating that the restoration process would last over one month—promised Biegert that he and other crews would make the process work, and in July 1989, GCR purchased No. 18, along with Nos. 19 and 20, from Slack. All three locomotives were loaded onto flatcars and shipped via the Chicago and North Western (C&NW) mainline to Chicago. Following some shipping delays created during the transfer process from the C&NW to the Santa Fe, none of the locomotives arrived in Williams, until August 27. When No. 18 arrived in Williams, GCR crews and local subcontractors immediately began working twenty-hour shifts to have the SC-4 restored before the deadline, and sometimes, the restoration crew consisted up to thirty people. Much time was spent patching No. 18's firebox; air brakes had to be installed; a bottom part of the tender had to be replaced; and since the locomotive had to be converted from coal to oil firing, an oil tank had to be constructed and fabricated into the tender, and some plumbing mechanisms had to be added. GCR No. 18 idling at the Grand Canyon Village on April 25, 1991 In the early morning of September 17, No. 18 was fired up under GCR ownership for the first time, but some test runs had to be conducted before the locomotive could pull the inaugural train. Despite crews having to use the shut-off valve to control the water in the boiler, due to a faulty water pump and a broken injector, No. 18 pulled GCR's inaugural train during the Railway's grand reopening, as planned, and the SC-4 became the first steam locomotive to travel to the Grand Canyon since 1953. Enroute to the canyon, No. 18 suffered an overheated bearing in one of its tender trucks, and it resulted in the train arriving two hours late. Following the publicized run, No. 18 had to stay at a yard in the Grand Canyon Village for overnight repairs, and GCR's two EMD GP7 locomotives had to return the inaugural train to Williams. The following day, No. 18 was able to pull GCR's first regular passenger train for a return run to Williams. As a result of its fast-paced restoration, No. 18 suffered multiple mechanical problems for the remainder of GCR's 1989 operating season. In January 1990, construction was completed on a shop facility in Williams with air conditioning and various necessary tools to improve working conditions for GCR's maintenance crews. No. 18 subsequently underwent a major overhaul to resolve its mechanical problems, before the locomotive returned to service on March 1. On some occasions during the 1990 operating season, No. 18 performed doubleheaders with another steam locomotive GCR had acquired and restored, Ex-LS&I SC-3 class No. 29. By early 1991, GCR's management was exploring ways to increase public awareness of the railway. As a solution, between February 21 and 22, No. 18 pulled GCR's three-car "Hassayampa Special" on the Santa Fe's Peavine mainline from Williams to Phoenix. The locomotive was subsequently displayed for two days at the Phoenix Union Station to take part in Phoenix Union Station Days, sponsored by the National Association of Railroad Passengers. No. 18 and the special consist returned to Williams on February 26. By the mid-1990s, as a result of GCR's growing popularity, the increasing length of the railway's regular trains were exceeding No. 18's pulling power, which was limited to six passenger cars unassisted. In October 1996, the Grand Canyon Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) hosted an event that celebrated Ex-Burlington Route 2-8-2 No. 4960's debut on GCR, and No. 18 performed a doubleheader with No. 4960 during the occasion. In August 2002, GCR was the site of that year's NRHS Convention, and No. 18 participated in a night photo session and a photo tripleheader alongside No. 4960 and visiting locomotive Santa Fe 3751. By the end of that year, No. 18 had to be taken out of service to undergo a 1,472-day inspection, but GCR officials decided not to return the locomotive to service, due to its low tractive effort. The SC-4 was subsequently put on display at the Williams depot, while Nos. 29 and 4960 continued to pull the railway's trains. Excursion service on the MHRR and SLRG By early 2007, businessman Brian Fleming had decided to run a tourist railroad in the Pacific Northwest, and he originally planned to restore locomotive Spokane, Portland and Seattle 539. Fleming decided that utilizing a smaller locomotive for his operations would be a more feazible option, so he contacted GCR and asked if No. 18 was up for sale. A deal was closed in April 2007 where GCR would trade Nos. 18 and 20 in exchange for No. 539, and Fleming promised to pay for all shipping costs involved. No. 18 was scheduled to enter service for thr Mount Hood Railroad (MHRR) in Oregon by July 4. While the two SC-4's were being prepared for shipment in Williams, a cutting torch started a fire on a flatcar carrying the No. 18 locomotive, but the fire was quickly extinguished. The Union Pacific Railroad (UP) had clearance issues while routing the shipment of Nos. 18 and 20, and the shipping process consequently took over one month. On June 8, No. 18 was unloaded onto MHRR's rails, and Fleming's crews immediately began working to restore the locomotive to service; the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) performed an internal inspection of the boiler; the tubes had to be replaced; and a June 22 hydrostatic test revealed minor leaks that needed repairs. On July 6, No. 18 underwent its first test fire under Fleming's ownership, and it performed its first test runs on the MHRR six days later. Beginning on July 18, the locomotive pulled the MHRR's tourist trains throughout the Hood River Valley. Following overestimated ridership and underestimated fuel costs, No. 18 pulled its last train for the MHRR on August 31 before it was sidelined, and the railroad discontinued steam operations. No. 18 pulling an excursion train through La Veta Pass, on August 22, 2011 Simultaneously, under the guidance of businessman Ed Ellis and his company, Iowa Pacific Holdings, the Rio Grande Scenic Railroad (RGSR) was operating tourist trains on the San Luis and Rio Grande (SLRG) freight mainline in Colorado, and the railroad utilized one steam locomotive, Southern Pacific 1744. The RGSR purchased Nos. 18 and 20 from Fleming to expand their steam fleet, and the two SC-4's were shipped again to Alamosa, Colorado in early 2008. Beginning in May, while No. 1744 began to undergo heavy boiler repairs, No. 18 pulled the RGSR's excursion and photographer trains on the SLRG's former Denver and Rio Grande Western La Veta Pass line between Alamosa and La Veta. The No. 18 locomotive last operated under RGSR ownership in 2013 before it was put into storage. Within the ensuing years, Iowa Pacific Holdings and the SLRG were running into financial troubles and creating debt. In 2017, the SLRG took a $5 million loan from an investment firm in Illinois, but the company subsequently defaulted on the loan and created a $4.6 million debt. In September 2019, the SLRG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and the RGSR and all its equipment, including No. 18, were put into receivership. The SC-4 was put up for sale along with most of the company's roster via equipment dealer Ozark Mountain Railcar. Disposition On March 27, 2021, the Colebrookdale Railroad announced that they would cooperate with the Maguire Family Foundation to acquire No. 18. In June, locomotive and its tender were shipped separately from Alamosa to the Colebrookdale Railroad's location in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, and crews began to work on the SC-4 inside a small building in Glasgow. No. 18's flue time expired in 2022, so its boiler requires another 1,472-day inspection before running again. See also Trains portalUnited States portal Duluth and Northern Minnesota 14 Great Smoky Mountains Railroad 1702 Lake Superior and Ishpeming 33 Union Pacific 618 Notes ^ The No. 18 was previously assigned by the LS&I to an SC-1 class 2-8-0, which was subsequently renumbered to 34. References ^ Durocher (1958), p. 31 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zahrt (2009), p. 46 ^ a b c d e f Durocher (1958), p. 13 ^ a b c Schauer (2015), p. 21 ^ a b c d e f g Schauer (2015), p. 22 ^ Durocher (1958), p. 20 ^ a b c d e f Durocher (1958), p. 24 ^ Schauer (2015), p. 6 ^ Durocher (1958), p. 28 ^ Durocher (1958), p. 14 ^ Schauer (2015), p. 30 ^ a b c Schauer (2015), p. 18 ^ a b c d e f g Zahrt (2009), p. 47 ^ a b c d e f Schauer (2015), p. 34 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zahrt (2009), p. 48 ^ Schauer (2015), p. 23 ^ a b Schauer (2015), p. 26 ^ a b c d e f g Bunker (1995), p. 50 ^ a b c d e f Richmond (2017), p. 161 ^ "Grand Canyon 2-8-0 No.29". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 9, no. 9. Carstens Publications. September 1990. p. 40. ^ a b c Bunker (1995), p. 30 ^ Richmond (2017), p. 157 ^ a b Richmond (2017), p. 158 ^ a b c d Bianchi (1995), p. 42 ^ Richmond (2017), p. 162 ^ a b c d Lewis, Hal (February 1990). "Steam to the Grand Canyon". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 9, no. 2. Carstens Publications. pp. 45–46. ^ a b Richmond (2017), p. 163 ^ a b c d e f g h i Zahrt (2009), p. 49 ^ a b c d Richmond (2017), p. 169 ^ Richmond (2017), p. 170 ^ a b c d Richmond (2017), p. 176 ^ a b Richmond (2017), p. 172 ^ a b Richmond (2017), p. 175 ^ a b c Richmond (2017), p. 177 ^ a b c d Mitchell (2019), p. 52 ^ Del Vecchio, Mike (January 1997). "4960's Grand Debut". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 16, no. 1. Carstens Publications. pp. 34–35. ^ Barry, Steve (December 2002). "Canyon Rails 2002". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 21, no. 12. Carstens Publications. pp. 31–33. ^ a b Mitchell (2019), p. 53 ^ a b c d e f g h i Zahrt (2009), p. 50 ^ a b Zahrt (2009), p. 45 ^ a b Jessen, Kenneth (September 24, 2012). "Rio Grande Scenic Railroad chugs over Veta Pass". Reporter-Herald. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ a b "Preservation - More standard gauge steam for Colorado". Trains. Vol. 68, no. 8. Kalmbach Publishing. August 2008. p. 65. Retrieved May 3, 2024. ^ a b c "RGSRR's downhill run concerning". Alamosa News. December 6, 2019. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ a b Burkhart, M.T. (March 29, 2021). "Colebrookdale Railroad Acquires Former LS&I 2-8-0 No. 18". Railfan & Railroad. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ a b c Franz, Justin (September 13, 2019). "San Luis & Rio Grande, Mount Hood Railroad placed into receivership". Trains. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ a b c d "Colebrookdale Railroad acquires a second steam locomotive". Trains. March 29, 2021. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Colebrookdale Trust will acquire locomotive from Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum". Trains. April 10, 2023. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ Woodland, Dale W. (April 22, 2024). "Colebrookdale Railroad's rebirth". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2024. Bibliography Durocher, Aurele (April 1958). "The Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad Company". The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin (98): 13–31. JSTOR 43520202. Zahrt, Chris (May 2009). "Wandering No. 18's many lives". Trains. Vol. 69, no. 5. Kalmbach Media. pp. 45–51. Retrieved September 1, 2023. Schauer, David (2015). Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad In Color. Vol. 1. Scotch Plains, New Jersey: Morning Sun Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58248-494-5. Bunker, Kevin (July–August 1995). "Conserving a Legend: Arizona's Grand Canyon Railway". Locomotive & Railway Preservation. Pentrex. pp. 30–50. Richmond, Al (2017). The Story of Grand Canyon Railway: Cowboys, Miners, Presidents & Kings. Grand Canyon, Arizona: Grand Canyon Conservancy. ISBN 978-1-934656-91-4. Bianchi, Curt (May 1995). "By steam to the Grand Canyon". Trains. Vol. 55, no. 5. Kalmbach Media. pp. 40–42. Retrieved July 31, 2023. Mitchell, Alexander (September 2019). "Thirty Years of Growth and Change: Grand Canyon Railway". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 38, no. 9. White River Productions. pp. 52–54. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rio Grande Scenic Railroad 18. Grand Canyon Railway Official Website Colebrookdale Railroad Website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Pacific_Rio_Grande_Railroad"}],"text":"Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad No. 18 is an SC-4 class 2-8-0 “Consolidation” type steam locomotive, built by ALCO’s Pittsburgh Works in 1910 for the Lake Superior and Ishpeming (LS&I) Railroad in Upper Michigan. Originally numbered 11, the locomotive was renumbered to 18 in 1924, and it served the railroad, until it discontinued steam operations in 1962. No. 18 was subsequently sold to the Marquette and Huron Mountain tourist railroad, where it was put into storage alongside other steam locomotives.In 1985, No. 18 was sold to the Lake States Steam Association, who made attempts to restore the locomotive to operating condition. In 1989, No. 18 was sold again to the Grand Canyon Railway (GCR). Restoration work on the locomotive was subsequently completed, and No. 18 pulled the railway’s passenger trains between Williams, Arizona and the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, until 2002.In 2007, the locomotive was acquired by the Mount Hood Railroad in Oregon, who in turn sold it to the San Luis and Rio Grande Railroad (SLRG) in Colorado. Between 2008 and 2013, No. 18 pulled the SLRG’s tourist trains, but after the railroad filed for bankruptcy, No. 18 was put under receivership. In 2021, the locomotive was purchased by the Maguire Foundation, who reached an agreement with the Colebrookdale Railroad to eventually operate the locomotive on their line in Pennsylvania.","title":"Lake Superior and Ishpeming 18"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"Munising, Marquette and Southeastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munising,_Marquette_and_Southeastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"fireboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"feedwater heaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heater"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"sub_title":"Design and upgrades","text":"By 1909, the Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railway (LS&I) was planning to sell off four of their older steam locomotives and replace them with new 2-8-0 locomotives in the roster.[2][3] Five new C-5 class 2-8-0's (Nos. 9-13) were constructed for the LS&I by the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Pittsburgh Works in 1910, at a cost of $14,335 each.[3][4][5] In 1924, the LS&I was reincorporated after merging with the Munising, Marquette and Southeastern Railway (MM&SE), and the former retainted the latter's fleet of three C-5's, expanding the class total to eight.[6][7][8]The LS&I's expanded roster resulted in almost all locomotives being renumbered, with the C-5's being renumbered 18-25.[4][7] The C-5's were originally designed with 20-by-28-inch (508 mm × 711 mm) cylinders, 48-inch (1,219 mm) diameter driving wheels, and outside Pilliod valve gear, and they were able to produce 34,000 pounds (15 tonnes) of tractive effort.[3][5][9] The C-5's were also built with narrow keyhole fireboxes that were placed in between their rear sets of driving wheels, and it resulted in their poor abilities to produce steam.[3][2]Between 1928 and 1934, almost all the C-5 class locomotives (Nos. 18-24) were sent to the LS&I's Presque Isle locomotive shops to be extensively rebuilt and modified to improve their performance.[5][7] Their boilers received superheaters and were raised higher above the frame; their fireboxes were widened and received Nicholson thermic siphons; their cylinder saddles were replaced by ones with superheated cylinders and piston valves; and feedwater heaters were installed.[2][7] The upgrades added to the C-5's boosted their tractive effort to 42,000 pounds (19 tonnes), and the rebuilt locomotives were reclassified as SC-4's.[2][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Ishpeming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishpeming,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Negaunee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaunee,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"ore docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_dock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"}],"sub_title":"Revenue service","text":"Locomotive No. 18 was the third C-5 class 2-8-0 to be built, and it was originally numbered 11.[2][4] The LS&I initially assigned No. 11 to pull mixed freight trains and occasional iron ore trains alongside the other C-5 locomotives.[3][2][10] In its early years, No. 11 was prone to stalling when the weight of its train exceeded its pulling power, or while the locomotive was climbing a grade.[3] When the LS&I merged with the MM&SE in 1924, No. 11 was renumbered to 18.[2][a] In 1930, No. 18 was rebuilt and modified at the LS&I's Presque Isle shops.[2][7]Following its rebuild, No. 18 was primarily reassigned to pull logging trains on branch lines and to switch hopper cars at iron ore mines.[5][12] By the end of the 1950s, No. 18 and the rest of the SC-4's remained on the LS&I's roster, being stationed in Ishpeming and Negaunee.[2][5][7] The railroad opted to keep some steam locomotives on the roster, since they were able to thaw frozen iron ore at ore docks during the winter months, but the LS&I still retired most of their steam fleet and replaced them with diesel locomotives to reduce costs.[2][5][12] 1962 was the final year No. 18 and the other SC-4's ran under LS&I ownership before the railroad discontinued commercial steam operations.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Big Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bay,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Overview2-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Ishpeming_23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"Laona, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laona,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-19"},{"link_name":"Nicolet Badger Northern Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolet_Badger_Northern_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-16"}],"sub_title":"First retirement","text":"By August 1963, No. 18 was one of eleven 2-8-0's to be purchased from the LS&I by the newly-formed Marquette and Huron Mountain (M&HM) tourist railroad.[13][14] The M&HM's owner, John A. Zerbel, sought to use all the locomotives to pull summer tourist trains on former LS&I trackage between Marquette and a proposed resort complex in Big Bay.[2][13][14] Only a few of the other SC-4 class locomotives (Nos. 19, 22, and 23) were used for tourist excursion service, and plans for the Big Bay resort had fallen through, following overestimated ridership.[13][14] No. 18 and the rest of the M&HM's inoperable locomotives were left in storage at a nearby field during the M&HM's operating years.[13][14]In April 1984, John Zerbel died shortly before a tax deadline.[13][14] Following some failed attempts to continue the M&HM's operations, the railroad was permanently closed down by the end of the year, and all remaining equipment was sold at an auction on January 14, 1985.[13][14][15] During the auction, No. 18 and three other SC-4's (Nos. 19, 20, and 21) were sold to a scrap dealer, the Ishpeming Steel Company, for $1,200 each.[15][16][17][18] Upon hearing of the scrap dealer's purchase, Art Anderson, the M&HM's former chief mechanical officer, signed a ninety-day note of $10,000 for Ishpeming Steel to prevent the locomotives from getting scrapped.[15] Wisconsin-based entrepreneur and fellow steam fan John Slack quickly agreed to help Anderson, and he purchased the four SC-4's.[15][17][18]John Slack made plans to use all four locomotives to pull dinner trains on a proposed tourist railroad in Laona, Wisconsin, and No. 18 was selected to be restored to operable condition first.[15][18][19] Slack's new company, the Lake States Steam Transportation Company (LSST), hired Gary Bensman and Steve Sandberg to work on the SC-4.[15][18] The locomotive was moved in December 1986 to the Nicolet Badger Northern Railroad's (NBN) small facility in Laona, where restoration work had started.[20] During the process, a major contractor terminated their working partnership with Slack's business, and a bank stopped funding the project shortly thereafter.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Williams, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon 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and North 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GP7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_GP7"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-33"},{"link_name":"LS&I SC-3 class No. 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Railway_29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-34"},{"link_name":"Peavine mainline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Prescott_and_Phoenix_Railway"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-35"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Phoenix,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"National Association of Railroad Passengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Passengers_Association"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-35"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-36"},{"link_name":"National Railway Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Burlington Route 2-8-2 No. 4960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Railway_4960"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe 3751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_3751"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-36"}],"sub_title":"Grand Canyon Railway ownership","text":"In the late 1980s, under the guidance of Max and Thelma Biegert, the former Santa Fe Railroad line between Williams, Arizona, and the Grand Canyon was being redeveloped into a new tourist operation, called the Grand Canyon Railway (GCR).[21][22][23] Their initial goal was to launch steam train operations by April 1990.[21] Gary Bensman, who had been hired as GCR's first chief mechanical officer, entered negotiations with John Slack about GCR acquiring No. 18, since some mechanical work had already been performed on it.[15][18][19] Max Biegert subsequently considered pushing GCR's opening date forward to September 17, 1989—the 88th anniversary of the line's 1901 completion—with No. 18 pulling the first train.[15][21][23] Bensman—initially estimating that the restoration process would last over one month—promised Biegert that he and other crews would make the process work, and in July 1989, GCR purchased No. 18, along with Nos. 19 and 20, from Slack.[15][19][24]All three locomotives were loaded onto flatcars and shipped via the Chicago and North Western (C&NW) mainline to Chicago.[15][19] Following some shipping delays created during the transfer process from the C&NW to the Santa Fe, none of the locomotives arrived in Williams, until August 27.[19][25][26] When No. 18 arrived in Williams, GCR crews and local subcontractors immediately began working twenty-hour shifts to have the SC-4 restored before the deadline, and sometimes, the restoration crew consisted up to thirty people.[19][24][27] Much time was spent patching No. 18's firebox; air brakes had to be installed; a bottom part of the tender had to be replaced; and since the locomotive had to be converted from coal to oil firing, an oil tank had to be constructed and fabricated into the tender, and some plumbing mechanisms had to be added.[15][24]GCR No. 18 idling at the Grand Canyon Village on April 25, 1991In the early morning of September 17, No. 18 was fired up under GCR ownership for the first time, but some test runs had to be conducted before the locomotive could pull the inaugural train.[18][27][28] Despite crews having to use the shut-off valve to control the water in the boiler, due to a faulty water pump and a broken injector, No. 18 pulled GCR's inaugural train during the Railway's grand reopening, as planned, and the SC-4 became the first steam locomotive to travel to the Grand Canyon since 1953.[18][24][28] Enroute to the canyon, No. 18 suffered an overheated bearing in one of its tender trucks, and it resulted in the train arriving two hours late.[26][29] Following the publicized run, No. 18 had to stay at a yard in the Grand Canyon Village for overnight repairs, and GCR's two EMD GP7 locomotives had to return the inaugural train to Williams.[26][29]The following day, No. 18 was able to pull GCR's first regular passenger train for a return run to Williams.[26][29] As a result of its fast-paced restoration, No. 18 suffered multiple mechanical problems for the remainder of GCR's 1989 operating season.[29] In January 1990, construction was completed on a shop facility in Williams with air conditioning and various necessary tools to improve working conditions for GCR's maintenance crews.[30][31] No. 18 subsequently underwent a major overhaul to resolve its mechanical problems, before the locomotive returned to service on March 1.[32] On some occasions during the 1990 operating season, No. 18 performed doubleheaders with another steam locomotive GCR had acquired and restored, Ex-LS&I SC-3 class No. 29.[32][33]By early 1991, GCR's management was exploring ways to increase public awareness of the railway.[31][33] As a solution, between February 21 and 22, No. 18 pulled GCR's three-car \"Hassayampa Special\" on the Santa Fe's Peavine mainline from Williams to Phoenix.[31][34] The locomotive was subsequently displayed for two days at the Phoenix Union Station to take part in Phoenix Union Station Days, sponsored by the National Association of Railroad Passengers.[31][34] No. 18 and the special consist returned to Williams on February 26.[34]By the mid-1990s, as a result of GCR's growing popularity, the increasing length of the railway's regular trains were exceeding No. 18's pulling power, which was limited to six passenger cars unassisted.[28][35] In October 1996, the Grand Canyon Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society (NRHS) hosted an event that celebrated Ex-Burlington Route 2-8-2 No. 4960's debut on GCR, and No. 18 performed a doubleheader with No. 4960 during the occasion.[36] In August 2002, GCR was the site of that year's NRHS Convention, and No. 18 participated in a night photo session and a photo tripleheader alongside No. 4960 and visiting locomotive Santa Fe 3751.[37] By the end of that year, No. 18 had to be taken out of service to undergo a 1,472-day inspection, but GCR officials decided not to return the locomotive to service, due to its low tractive effort.[28][35] The SC-4 was subsequently put on display at the Williams depot, while Nos. 29 and 4960 continued to pull the railway's trains.[28][35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spokane, Portland and Seattle 539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Portland_and_Seattle_539"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-39"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-29"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-41"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"Federal Railroad Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"Hood River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rio_Grande_Scenic_Railroad_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iowa Pacific Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Pacific_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific 1744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_1744"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-42"},{"link_name":"Alamosa, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Aug2008-43"},{"link_name":"Denver and Rio Grande Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"La Veta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Veta_Pass"},{"link_name":"La Veta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Veta,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Aug2008-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-47"}],"sub_title":"Excursion service on the MHRR and SLRG","text":"By early 2007, businessman Brian Fleming had decided to run a tourist railroad in the Pacific Northwest, and he originally planned to restore locomotive Spokane, Portland and Seattle 539.[28] Fleming decided that utilizing a smaller locomotive for his operations would be a more feazible option, so he contacted GCR and asked if No. 18 was up for sale.[28] A deal was closed in April 2007 where GCR would trade Nos. 18 and 20 in exchange for No. 539, and Fleming promised to pay for all shipping costs involved.[28][35][38] No. 18 was scheduled to enter service for thr Mount Hood Railroad (MHRR) in Oregon by July 4.[28][39][40] While the two SC-4's were being prepared for shipment in Williams, a cutting torch started a fire on a flatcar carrying the No. 18 locomotive, but the fire was quickly extinguished.[38][40]The Union Pacific Railroad (UP) had clearance issues while routing the shipment of Nos. 18 and 20, and the shipping process consequently took over one month.[39] On June 8, No. 18 was unloaded onto MHRR's rails, and Fleming's crews immediately began working to restore the locomotive to service; the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) performed an internal inspection of the boiler; the tubes had to be replaced; and a June 22 hydrostatic test revealed minor leaks that needed repairs.[39] On July 6, No. 18 underwent its first test fire under Fleming's ownership, and it performed its first test runs on the MHRR six days later.[39] Beginning on July 18, the locomotive pulled the MHRR's tourist trains throughout the Hood River Valley.[39] Following overestimated ridership and underestimated fuel costs, No. 18 pulled its last train for the MHRR on August 31 before it was sidelined, and the railroad discontinued steam operations.[39]No. 18 pulling an excursion train through La Veta Pass, on August 22, 2011Simultaneously, under the guidance of businessman Ed Ellis and his company, Iowa Pacific Holdings, the Rio Grande Scenic Railroad (RGSR) was operating tourist trains on the San Luis and Rio Grande (SLRG) freight mainline in Colorado, and the railroad utilized one steam locomotive, Southern Pacific 1744.[39][41] The RGSR purchased Nos. 18 and 20 from Fleming to expand their steam fleet, and the two SC-4's were shipped again to Alamosa, Colorado in early 2008.[39][41][42] Beginning in May, while No. 1744 began to undergo heavy boiler repairs, No. 18 pulled the RGSR's excursion and photographer trains on the SLRG's former Denver and Rio Grande Western La Veta Pass line between Alamosa and La Veta.[13][39][42]The No. 18 locomotive last operated under RGSR ownership in 2013 before it was put into storage.[43][44] Within the ensuing years, Iowa Pacific Holdings and the SLRG were running into financial troubles and creating debt.[43][45] In 2017, the SLRG took a $5 million loan from an investment firm in Illinois, but the company subsequently defaulted on the loan and created a $4.6 million debt.[45] In September 2019, the SLRG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and the RGSR and all its equipment, including No. 18, were put into receivership.[43][45] The SC-4 was put up for sale along with most of the company's roster via equipment dealer Ozark Mountain Railcar.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colebrookdale Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colebrookdale_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-47"},{"link_name":"Boyertown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyertown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-47"}],"sub_title":"Disposition","text":"On March 27, 2021, the Colebrookdale Railroad announced that they would cooperate with the Maguire Family Foundation to acquire No. 18.[44][46] In June, locomotive and its tender were shipped separately from Alamosa to the Colebrookdale Railroad's location in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, and crews began to work on the SC-4 inside a small building in Glasgow.[46][47][48] No. 18's flue time expired in 2022, so its boiler requires another 1,472-day inspection before running again.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"an SC-1 class 2-8-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Maryland_Scenic_Railroad_734"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"^ The No. 18 was previously assigned by the LS&I to an SC-1 class 2-8-0, which was subsequently renumbered to 34.[11]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43520202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/43520202"},{"link_name":"\"Wandering No. 18's many lives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-may-2009/"},{"link_name":"Scotch Plains, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Plains,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58248-494-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58248-494-5"},{"link_name":"Pentrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentrex"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-934656-91-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934656-91-4"},{"link_name":"\"By steam to the Grand Canyon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-may-1995/"}],"text":"Durocher, Aurele (April 1958). \"The Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad Company\". The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin (98): 13–31. JSTOR 43520202.\nZahrt, Chris (May 2009). \"Wandering No. 18's many lives\". Trains. Vol. 69, no. 5. Kalmbach Media. pp. 45–51. Retrieved September 1, 2023.\nSchauer, David (2015). Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad In Color. Vol. 1. Scotch Plains, New Jersey: Morning Sun Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58248-494-5.\nBunker, Kevin (July–August 1995). \"Conserving a Legend: Arizona's Grand Canyon Railway\". Locomotive & Railway Preservation. Pentrex. pp. 30–50.\nRichmond, Al (2017). The Story of Grand Canyon Railway: Cowboys, Miners, Presidents & Kings. Grand Canyon, Arizona: Grand Canyon Conservancy. ISBN 978-1-934656-91-4.\nBianchi, Curt (May 1995). \"By steam to the Grand Canyon\". Trains. Vol. 55, no. 5. Kalmbach Media. pp. 40–42. Retrieved July 31, 2023.\nMitchell, Alexander (September 2019). \"Thirty Years of Growth and Change: Grand Canyon Railway\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 38, no. 9. White River Productions. pp. 52–54.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"GCR No. 18 idling at the Grand Canyon Village on April 25, 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Railway_18_Grand_Canyon_Village_1991_04_25.jpg/220px-Railway_18_Grand_Canyon_Village_1991_04_25.jpg"},{"image_text":"No. 18 pulling an excursion train through La Veta Pass, on August 22, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rio_Grande_Scenic_Railroad_2011.jpg/220px-Rio_Grande_Scenic_Railroad_2011.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Duluth and Northern Minnesota 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth_and_Northern_Minnesota_14"},{"title":"Great Smoky Mountains Railroad 1702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Railroad_1702"},{"title":"Lake Superior and Ishpeming 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_and_Ishpeming_33"},{"title":"Union Pacific 618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_618"}]
[{"reference":"\"Grand Canyon 2-8-0 No.29\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 9, no. 9. Carstens Publications. September 1990. p. 40.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lewis, Hal (February 1990). \"Steam to the Grand Canyon\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 9, no. 2. Carstens Publications. pp. 45–46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Del Vecchio, Mike (January 1997). \"4960's Grand Debut\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 16, no. 1. Carstens Publications. pp. 34–35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barry, Steve (December 2002). \"Canyon Rails 2002\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 21, no. 12. Carstens Publications. pp. 31–33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jessen, Kenneth (September 24, 2012). \"Rio Grande Scenic Railroad chugs over Veta Pass\". Reporter-Herald. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920180736/https://www.reporterherald.com/2012/09/24/rio-grande-scenic-railroad-chugs-over-veta-pass/","url_text":"\"Rio Grande Scenic Railroad chugs over Veta Pass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter-Herald","url_text":"Reporter-Herald"},{"url":"https://www.reporterherald.com/2012/09/24/rio-grande-scenic-railroad-chugs-over-veta-pass/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Preservation - More standard gauge steam for Colorado\". Trains. Vol. 68, no. 8. Kalmbach Publishing. August 2008. p. 65. Retrieved May 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-august-2008/","url_text":"\"Preservation - More standard gauge steam for Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"RGSRR's downhill run concerning\". Alamosa News. December 6, 2019. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922202256/https://alamosanews.com/article/rgsrrs-downhill-run-concerning","url_text":"\"RGSRR's downhill run concerning\""},{"url":"https://alamosanews.com/article/rgsrrs-downhill-run-concerning","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burkhart, M.T. (March 29, 2021). \"Colebrookdale Railroad Acquires Former LS&I 2-8-0 No. 18\". Railfan & Railroad. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221119054151/https://railfan.com/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-former-lsi-2-8-0/","url_text":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad Acquires Former LS&I 2-8-0 No. 18\""},{"url":"https://railfan.com/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-former-lsi-2-8-0/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Franz, Justin (September 13, 2019). \"San Luis & Rio Grande, Mount Hood Railroad placed into receivership\". Trains. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030001/https://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2019/09/13-san-luis-rio-grande-mount-hood-railroad-placed-into-receivership","url_text":"\"San Luis & Rio Grande, Mount Hood Railroad placed into receivership\""},{"url":"https://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2019/09/13-san-luis-rio-grande-mount-hood-railroad-placed-into-receivership","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad acquires a second steam locomotive\". Trains. March 29, 2021. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221026040720/https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-a-second-steam-locomotive/","url_text":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad acquires a second steam locomotive\""},{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-a-second-steam-locomotive/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colebrookdale Trust will acquire locomotive from Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum\". Trains. April 10, 2023. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230619194449/https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-trust-will-acquire-locomotive-from-tennessee-valley-railroad-museum/","url_text":"\"Colebrookdale Trust will acquire locomotive from Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum\""},{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-trust-will-acquire-locomotive-from-tennessee-valley-railroad-museum/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Woodland, Dale W. (April 22, 2024). \"Colebrookdale Railroad's rebirth\". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240422233306/https://www.trains.com/trn/railroads/tourist/colebrookdale-railroads-rebirth/","url_text":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad's rebirth\""},{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/railroads/tourist/colebrookdale-railroads-rebirth/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Durocher, Aurele (April 1958). \"The Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad Company\". The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin (98): 13–31. JSTOR 43520202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43520202","url_text":"43520202"}]},{"reference":"Zahrt, Chris (May 2009). \"Wandering No. 18's many lives\". Trains. Vol. 69, no. 5. Kalmbach Media. pp. 45–51. Retrieved September 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-may-2009/","url_text":"\"Wandering No. 18's many lives\""}]},{"reference":"Schauer, David (2015). Lake Superior & Ishpeming Railroad In Color. Vol. 1. Scotch Plains, New Jersey: Morning Sun Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58248-494-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Plains,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Scotch Plains, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58248-494-5","url_text":"978-1-58248-494-5"}]},{"reference":"Bunker, Kevin (July–August 1995). \"Conserving a Legend: Arizona's Grand Canyon Railway\". Locomotive & Railway Preservation. Pentrex. pp. 30–50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentrex","url_text":"Pentrex"}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Al (2017). The Story of Grand Canyon Railway: Cowboys, Miners, Presidents & Kings. Grand Canyon, Arizona: Grand Canyon Conservancy. ISBN 978-1-934656-91-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Conservancy","url_text":"Grand Canyon Conservancy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934656-91-4","url_text":"978-1-934656-91-4"}]},{"reference":"Bianchi, Curt (May 1995). \"By steam to the Grand Canyon\". Trains. Vol. 55, no. 5. Kalmbach Media. pp. 40–42. Retrieved July 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-may-1995/","url_text":"\"By steam to the Grand Canyon\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Alexander (September 2019). \"Thirty Years of Growth and Change: Grand Canyon Railway\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 38, no. 9. White River Productions. pp. 52–54.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920180736/https://www.reporterherald.com/2012/09/24/rio-grande-scenic-railroad-chugs-over-veta-pass/","external_links_name":"\"Rio Grande Scenic Railroad chugs over Veta Pass\""},{"Link":"https://www.reporterherald.com/2012/09/24/rio-grande-scenic-railroad-chugs-over-veta-pass/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-august-2008/","external_links_name":"\"Preservation - More standard gauge steam for Colorado\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922202256/https://alamosanews.com/article/rgsrrs-downhill-run-concerning","external_links_name":"\"RGSRR's downhill run concerning\""},{"Link":"https://alamosanews.com/article/rgsrrs-downhill-run-concerning","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221119054151/https://railfan.com/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-former-lsi-2-8-0/","external_links_name":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad Acquires Former LS&I 2-8-0 No. 18\""},{"Link":"https://railfan.com/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-former-lsi-2-8-0/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030001/https://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2019/09/13-san-luis-rio-grande-mount-hood-railroad-placed-into-receivership","external_links_name":"\"San Luis & Rio Grande, Mount Hood Railroad placed into receivership\""},{"Link":"https://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2019/09/13-san-luis-rio-grande-mount-hood-railroad-placed-into-receivership","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221026040720/https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-a-second-steam-locomotive/","external_links_name":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad acquires a second steam locomotive\""},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-railroad-acquires-a-second-steam-locomotive/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230619194449/https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-trust-will-acquire-locomotive-from-tennessee-valley-railroad-museum/","external_links_name":"\"Colebrookdale Trust will acquire locomotive from Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/colebrookdale-trust-will-acquire-locomotive-from-tennessee-valley-railroad-museum/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240422233306/https://www.trains.com/trn/railroads/tourist/colebrookdale-railroads-rebirth/","external_links_name":"\"Colebrookdale Railroad's rebirth\""},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/railroads/tourist/colebrookdale-railroads-rebirth/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43520202","external_links_name":"43520202"},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-may-2009/","external_links_name":"\"Wandering No. 18's many lives\""},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/archive-access/trains-may-1995/","external_links_name":"\"By steam to the Grand Canyon\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetrain.com/","external_links_name":"Grand Canyon Railway Official Website"},{"Link":"https://www.colebrookdalerailroad.com/","external_links_name":"Colebrookdale Railroad Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Monza
AC Monza
["1 History","1.1 Foundation and first tournaments (1912–1927)","1.2 Biancorossi and Serie B promotion (1932–1953)","1.3 Simmenthal merger and aftermath (1955–1967)","1.4 Serie A promotion attempts (1969–1979)","1.5 Valentino Giambelli presidency (1980–1999)","1.6 Financial instability (1999–2018)","1.7 Berlusconi presidency and Serie A promotion (2018–present)","2 Colours and identity","2.1 Colours","2.2 Badge","2.3 Anthem","3 Stadiums","3.1 First grounds","3.2 Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada","3.3 Stadio Brianteo","4 Supporters","5 Rivalries","6 In the media","6.1 Esports","7 Players","7.1 First-team squad","7.2 Other players under contract","7.3 Out on loan","7.4 Youth sector","8 Club officials","8.1 Management","8.2 Technical staff","9 Managerial history","10 Hall of Fame","11 Honours","11.1 League","11.2 Cup","11.3 International","11.4 Other achievements","12 Notes","13 References","13.1 Bibliography","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
Association football club in Monza, Italy Football clubMonzaFull nameAssociazione Calcio Monza S.p.A.Nickname(s)I Biancorossi (The White and Reds)I Brianzoli (The Ones from Brianza)I Bagaj (The Boys)Founded1 September 1912 (111 years ago) (1 September 1912) as Monza FBC3 June 2004 (20 years ago) (3 June 2004) as AC Monza Brianza 19122 July 2015 (8 years ago) (2 July 2015) as SSD Monza 1912GroundStadio BrianteoCapacity17,102OwnerBerlusconi family (through Fininvest)Honorary chairmanPaolo BerlusconiHead coachAlessandro NestaLeagueSerie A2023–24Serie A, 12th of 20WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Associazione Calcio Monza (Italian pronunciation: ⓘ), or simply Monza, is a professional football club based in Monza, Lombardy, Italy. The team plays in the Serie A, the first tier of Italian football, following promotion in the 2021–22 Serie B season. The club was founded in 1912 as Monza FBC and came close to promotion to the Serie A on multiple occasions in the 1970s. However, they faced financial issues at times during the first two decades of the 21st century, being declared bankrupt twice, in 2004 and 2015. Following Silvio Berlusconi's takeover of the club in 2018, Monza returned to the Serie B in 2020 after a 19-year absence and achieved promotion to the Serie A for the first time in 2022. Before their promotion, no Italian team had played more Serie B seasons (40) without reaching the Serie A. Monza have won the Coppa Italia Serie C a record four times, the Serie C championship four times, and an Anglo-Italian Cup. From the club's founding, Monza's colours were blue and white, but they were changed to red and white in 1932. As a result, the team are nicknamed i biancorossi (the white and reds). Monza have played their home games at the Stadio Brianteo since 1988. The team have rivalries with Como, Pro Sesto and Pisa. History See also: List of AC Monza seasons Foundation and first tournaments (1912–1927) Monza's first lineup in 1912 Monza Foot-Ball Club was founded on 1 September 1912 in the Cappello Vecchio trattoria, following the merger of the Monza-based clubs Pro Italia and Pro Monza. The new club established their first headquarters in the Roma coffeehouse located on the similarly named town square in Monza; the team initially wore a blue and white kit. Monza's first recorded game was against a team from Milan, while their first win came on 20 September 1912 when they beat Juventus Italia  2–1 in Triante. The club won their first trophy, the Coppa Colli, in early 1913 after beating Saronno  3–2 in the final. In November 1913, Monza FBC merged with Juventus FBC (a group of athletes formerly part of the Forti e Liberi  sports club) to form Associazione Calcio Monza. Monza first participated in the Terza Categoria  (third level) in the 1913–14 season ; they played their first match on 4 January 1914, losing 3–1 at home against Fanfulla. The following season , Monza took part in the Promozione (second level), finishing fourth in their group of six. Despite the outbreak of World War I, when conscription forced teams to send their adult players to war, Monza were able to continue their sporting activity with young players. Between 1915 and 1918, the war interrupted official tournaments. Upon the resumption of football in 1919, Monza took part in the 1919–20 Promozione  (second level). Having finished first in their group, Monza played the promotion finals against Trevigliese , losing 2–1. The Italian Football Federation, however, decided to promote Monza via repechage, and the team were allocated to the Prima Categoria , the top tier of Italian football. In 1919, Monza hosted the Czechoslovakia military national team for a friendly game at Grazie Vecchie field that ended in a 1–1 draw. Monza were grouped with Milan, Cremonese and Pro Patria in their qualifying group for the Prima Categoria. Their first game was played on 24 October 1920, a 4–1 home defeat to Milan; Francesco Mandelli scored Monza's lone goal. They finished the 1920–21 season with no points and in last place in their group. The following season, Monza finished second in their group, missing out on the final stage by one position. Due to a restructuring of the league system, Monza were moved to the Seconda Divisione (second level) for the 1922–23 season; they avoided relegation by beating Chiasso and Canottieri Lecco in the play-offs. In 1926–27, after beating Ponziana 3–2 in the final, Monza were declared champions of the Seconda Divisione Lega Nord (third level) and were promoted to the Prima Divisione (second level). Biancorossi and Serie B promotion (1932–1953) Starting from the 1933–34 season, Monza wore red-and-white kits. During the 1930s and 1940s Monza played in the Prima Divisione (third level), which became the Serie C in 1935. In September 1932, ahead of the 1932–33 season, Monza changed their shirt colours to red and white, which they have worn ever since. They became nicknamed "i biancorossi" (the white and reds) following the colour change. Monza finished in first place the following season and played a round-robin tournament with three other teams for promotion to the Serie B (second level); they finished fourth and failed to move up to the second level. On 23 April 1939, the club reached the Coppa Italia quarter-finals, losing 2–1 to Serie A side Genoa. They became the first Serie C team to reach the quarter-finals of the competition. Between 1942 and 1945, World War II interrupted football in Italy. Following the war, Monza were placed in the Serie C (third level), finishing eighth in the 1945–46 season. They came close to promotion the following season, finishing third in the promotion play-offs. In 1947, Peppino Borghi became president of Monza. Monza, who were coached by Annibale Frossi, headed into the 1950–51 Serie C with a strong transfer campaign. On 4 June 1951, Monza played away to Omegna  in the season's second-to-last match; Carlo Colombetti of Monza scored the match's only goal with a penalty kick, giving Monza their first promotion into the Serie B. Monza debuted in the Serie B on 9 September 1951, drawing to Siracusa 1–1 away from home. The team only avoided relegation on the last matchday with a 2–1 home win against Piombino. Against most experts' pre-season expectations, Monza finished the 1952–53 Serie B in fourth position, three points behind automatic promotion in second place. Simmenthal merger and aftermath (1955–1967) In July 1955, ahead of the 1955–56 season, Monza merged with Prima Divisione (sixth level) side GS Simmenthal, the football club of the Simmenthal  food company. AC Monza was renamed AC Simmenthal-Monza, and was headed by Simmenthal owner Claudio Sada. The merger helped fund subsequent transfer campaigns. The match between Monza and Verona on 8 October 1955 was the first free-to-air televised match in Italy. Monza's first season under the new management was positive, finishing the season in third place. In the following years, until the end of their merger in 1964, Monza alternated positive seasons (fourth and fifth place in 1958 and 1961, respectively) with negative ones (16th and 15th in 1960 and 1964). On 14 July 1964, Simmenthal ceased to sponsor Monza and the club reverted to its former name. Despite Monza's stable financial situation, no one was interested in purchasing the club; Sada decided to remain president for the following season. While Monza barely avoided relegation in the 1964–65 season, the same could not be said about the next season: following 15 years of second-tier football, Monza were relegated to the Serie C in the last matchday of the season, drawing 0–0 away to Mantova on 19 June 1966. After winning the 1966–67 play-off game against Como 1–0, thanks to a lone goal by Gianluigi Maggioni  in the 32nd minute, Monza were promoted back to the Serie B after one year. Serie A promotion attempts (1969–1979) The 1973–74 Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti won by Monza Three years after their Serie B promotion, Monza came close to reaching the Serie A for the first time in the 1969–70 Serie B under coach Luigi Radice; they needed an away win against first-placed Varese to keep their promotion chances alive on the second-to-last matchday. On 7 June 1970, after just two minutes of play, Monza took the lead through Roberto Caremi ; in the sixth minute, Giampaolo Lanzetti  failed to double the lead, wasting a clear chance in front of the goal. Varese won 2–1, preventing Monza from gaining promotion. In mid-1972, Giovanni Cappelletti became president of the club. In his first year in charge, Monza were relegated to the Serie C after losing the last match of the 1972–73 season away to Bari 3–1. Despite their relegation, Monza saw success in the Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti, reaching the finals in 1974, 1975 and 1976, winning the first two over Lecce and Sorrento, and losing the third in a repeat of the first final. Five matches before the end of the 1975–76 season, Monza were promoted back to the Serie B; they also won an Anglo-Italian Cup on 19 June 1976, beating Wimbledon 1–0 in the final through a Francesco Casagrande  goal. During the late 1970s, Monza came close to gaining promotion to the Serie A on multiple occasions. The first time was as a newly promoted team in the 1976–77 season, when they lost the season's final match 2–1 against Modena through an 81st-minute own goal. The following season went in a similar fashion for Monza, losing out to direct promotion in the second-to-last matchday against Pistoiese. In the 1978–79 Serie B season Monza again missed out on promotion in the final matches, being defeated by already-relegated Lecce in the second-to-last match. Monza tied with Pescara on points for third place and the two sides played a promotion tie-breaker, which Monza lost 2–0. In Cappelletti's last season as president, in 1979–80, Monza failed to gain promotion to the top flight for the fourth consecutive year. Four games from the end of the season, Monza were in third place in a spot for direct promotion; decisive defeats against Cesena and Brescia meant that Monza finished in fifth place, three points from Serie A promotion. Valentino Giambelli presidency (1980–1999) The Stadio Brianteo (2022) has hosted Monza's home games since 1988. Valentino Giambelli became the club president in 1980, succeeding Cappelletti, and the club was renamed Calcio Monza. In the 1980–81 Serie B, Monza played in a championship with historical sides Milan and Lazio; both of whom had been relegated from the Serie A following the 1980 Totonero scandal. Monza finished in last place and were relegated to the Serie C1 (third level), but were promoted back one season later . They remained in the Serie B for a further four seasons before being relegated in 1986. In the 1986–87 Serie C1 , players such as Alessandro Costacurta, Francesco Antonioli and Pierluigi Casiraghi, who later became established names in Italian football, made their professional debuts with Monza. Captained by Pierluigi Frosio, Monza gained promotion to the Serie B in the 1987–88 season , and also won their third Coppa Italia Serie C, beating Palermo 2–1 at home following a goalless draw away. The second leg, which was played on 11 June 1988, was Monza's last game in the Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada, after which the team moved to the newly constructed Stadio Brianteo. The first match was played at the new stadium on 28 August 1988, when over 10,000 spectators attended Monza's Coppa Italia game against Serie A club Roma; against expectations, Monza won 2–1 with goals by Casiraghi and Carmelo Mancuso. After having closely avoided relegation in 1988–89 on goal difference, Monza lost the 1989–90 Serie B relegation play-off against Messina on 7 June 1990, and were relegated to the Serie C1. On 13 June 1991, Monza won a record fourth Coppa Italia Serie C, beating Palermo in the final. They gained promotion to the Serie B in the 1991–92 season  but two years later, Monza finished the 1993–94 season in last place and returned to the third tier. In March 1997, Giambelli signed a collaboration agreement with Milan and Monza became a satellite team of the Rossoneri, the first of its kind in Italy. In June 1997, Monza returned to the Serie B after defeating Carpi 3–2 in the promotion play-off final; they were coached by Luigi Radice, who had also helped them to promotion 30 years prior. The following season, newly promoted Monza changed most of their roster, introducing young players, many of whom came from Milan's youth sector. The team closed the season having been on the verge of relegation. Financial instability (1999–2018) A bus with advertising by Anthony Armstrong Emery against racism in football (2013) In April 1999, after 19 years of presidency, Giambelli left the club amid criticism from fans concerning Monza's close connection with Milan and their CEO Adriano Galliani. With Giambelli's departure, Monza ceased to be Milan's satellite team. The club entered a period of instability, changing owners twice in five years. Monza were relegated to the Serie C1 in 2001 and then, for the first time, to the Serie C2 (fourth level) in 2002. Amid Monza's financial troubles, on 31 December 2003 the comune of Monza cut the supply of water and gas of Stadio Brianteo after the club was unable to pay the bills; Monza was forced to play home games at Stadio Breda in neighbouring Sesto San Giovanni. On 18 March 2004, Monza was declared bankrupt. On 3 June the same year, the club was acquired by Atalanta vice-president Gian Battista Begnini, who renamed it AC Monza Brianza 1912. Monza took part in the 2004–05 Serie C2 ; despite being eliminated in the promotion play-off semi-finals, they were admitted into the Serie C1 via repechage. Monza twice came close to promotion to the Serie B, losing two consecutive play-off finals. In the 2005–06 season, after having lost at home 2–0, Monza won the away leg to Genoa 1–0, having missed many chances to score further goals. The 2006–07 season was even more dramatic: in the first leg at home, Monza beat Pisa thanks to a 74th-minute penalty. In the second leg, a first-half goal by Pisa forced the game into extra time, and Pisa scored again to secure promotion at Monza's expense. On 13 July 2009, Begnini sold the club to the PaSport holding company, headed by former Milan player Clarence Seedorf. The new ownership did not last long: in 2012 the club was relegated to the Serie C2 and, on 12 May 2013, was sold to Anthony Armstrong Emery. Following broken promises regarding an increase in finances in the club, Monza was sold again, on 12 December 2014, to Dennis Bingham for €1. The new president was contested straight away by fans for not paying the players' salaries. Following the club's sale to Piero Montaquila in March 2015, Monza won the 2014–15 Lega Pro relegation play-offs against Pordenone, and were due to remain in the third level the following season. However, Monza were declared bankrupt on 27 May. The club was acquired by Nicola Colombo on 2 July that year and was renamed SSD Monza 1912. Monza registered to the Serie D (fourth level) on 31 July and finished the 2015–16 season mid-table. In May 2016, the club changed its name to SS Monza 1912 and achieved promotion back to the Serie C under coach Marco Zaffaroni in 2017. Having won Group B of the Serie D, the team took part in the competition's poule scudetto (a post-season competition to determine the best non-professional Italian team); they won the Scudetto Serie D trophy after defeating Ravenna 2–1 in the final. Berlusconi presidency and Serie A promotion (2018–present) Monza players celebrating on an open top bus their first Serie A promotion in 2022 On 28 September 2018, the holding company Fininvest, which was headed by former Milan president Silvio Berlusconi, announced its acquisition of Monza; Monza-born Adriano Galliani, formerly CEO of Milan, also became part of the board of directors. The Berlusconi–Galliani duo had been one of the most successful leaderships in football history, having won 29 trophies with Milan between 1986 and 2016. According to Forbes's 2021 ranking, Berlusconi was the richest owner of a football club in Italy, and ninth worldwide, with his fortune being valued at $7.6 billion. In the first season under the new leadership, Monza finished the 2018–19 Serie C in fifth place with Cristian Brocchi as coach, and lost to Viterbese in the final minute of the Coppa Italia Serie C final. On 1 July 2019, the club returned to its historical name AC Monza. Aiming for direct promotion to the Serie B, Monza reinforced their squad with players with Serie A experience to prepare for the 2019–20 season. In March 2020, Monza held first position with a 16 point-lead over second-placed Carrarese. The same month, the Lega Pro committee announced the suspension of the league due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 8 June, the Italian Football Federation formally declared Monza champions and the team were promoted to the Serie B after a 19-year absence from the competition. Monza headed into the 2020–21 Serie B as the club most likely to finish in first place, according to most bookmakers. Having finished the first half of the season in second place, in a spot for direct promotion, Monza dropped one position at the end of the season and took part in the promotion play-offs; they lost to Cittadella 3–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals. Brocchi was dismissed at the end of the season, and was replaced by Giovanni Stroppa as head coach. In the 2021–22 season, Monza lost to Perugia and missed out on direct Serie A promotion in the last matchday. Having finished in fourth place, Monza played the play-off semi-finals where they defeated Brescia and reached the final against Pisa. Monza won the first leg at home 2–1, while Pisa won the second leg 3–2. Two goals in extra time by Monza won them the encounter 4–3 (6–4 on aggregate), to earn promotion to the 2022–23 Serie A for the first time. Prior to their promotion, Monza had competed in 40 Serie B seasons, the most of any Italian club without ever being promoted to the first division. Christian Gytkjær was key to helping Monza to promotion, scoring five goals in the playoffs. Monza began their Serie A season on 13 August 2022, with a 2–1 home defeat to Torino; Dany Mota's goal in stoppage time was Monza's first in the Italian top flight. After consecutive defeats in the opening five games, Monza earned their first point in a 1–1 draw to Lecce on 11 September. Sitting in last place with only one point in six games, Monza replaced Stroppa with under-19s head coach Raffaele Palladino. He guided them to their first historic win on 18 September, in an upset 1–0 win against giants Juventus at home thanks to a goal by Gytkjær. In their first top-flight season, Monza mathematically avoided relegation six matchdays in advance; no other team had done so on their Serie A debut. Monza eventually finished the season in 11th place with 52 points under Palladino, the highest point tally among newly promoted teams in Europe's top five leagues, and the second-highest point tally for a Serie A debuttee in history. Colours and identity Colours Upon their formation in September 1912, Monza's team wore long-sleeved, blue shirts with a white collar and cuffs. The choice of blue was "forced"; a local cloth dealer, who was a football fan, gave the newly founded club a piece of blue cloth he had not been able to sell for years. Following World War I, in the 1919–20 Promozione, the countless washes faded the shirts' colours from blue to white, and they were replaced with new, half-white and half-blue shirts with matching sleeves. The club continued to wear the blue-and-white colours for 20 years until September 1932, when Monza changed their colours to red and white, which they have worn ever since. The change came as a result of professor Giuseppe Riva's report addressed to the comune of Monza in May 1923, in which he discovered that the city's historical colours were red and white. Monza debuted with their new colours in the Coppa del ventennio (Two-decades cup), a friendly tournament to mark Monza's 20-year anniversary. The kit was a white shirt with a red vertical stripe in the middle and black shorts. The team's away kit was the inverse of the home one; on occasions when Monza were to face a team also wearing red and white, they wore a blue kit. Ever since, the home kit has been red and the away kit white; prior to 1971, the home shirt was generally solid red and the away shirt white. In the 1937–38 and 1961–62 seasons, Monza's home shirt was striped red-and-white. Monza's kits first featured the white vertical line in 1971; the Corona Ferrea was placed on the stripe as a logo. During the 1950s, the shorts were usually white and rarely black. Goalkeepers wore black or grey kits. In 1971, Monza's home kit underwent a slight but significant change: a vertical white band was added on the left-hand side, running through the length of the red shirt. The band was red for the white away shirt. The following year, the vertical band extended to the shorts and the kit numbers were displayed on the sleeves. The Corona Ferrea (Iron Crown) was used as a logo at the top of the stripe on the chest. In the seasons following Monza's Coppa Italia Serie C wins in 1974, 1975, 1988 and 1991, the cockade of Italy replaced the crown. On 22 August 1979, during a 1979–80 Coppa Italia game against Milan, Monza displayed the players' names on top of the numbers on the back, a novelty at the time dubbed "all'Americana" (American style); the Italian Football Federation did not approve of the change and fined the club. Monza first displayed a sponsor on their shirt in 1982, showing the text "Ponteggi Dalmine ". From 1981, the lateral white stripe was removed from the kit, making way for different forms of full-red shirts; the stripe returned sporadically for short periods in 1992, 2000, 2014 and since 2018. In 2019, following the club's name change back to AC Monza, new Lotto shirts that included a small Autodromo logo on the back of the collar in reference to the Monza Circuit were unveiled. On their 110th anniversary on 1 September 2022, Monza introduced a light blue kit as their third colours for the 2022–23 season in honour of the club's first shirt. Monza's first kit in 1912 was blue and white.  In 1920 the kit changed to blue-and-white halves.  The first red-and-white kit appeared in 1932.  In 1937–38 and 1961–62, Monza wore stripes.  Variations of a full red shirt were worn between the 1930s and 2010s... ...which alternated with the white striped kit, first introduced in 1971. Badge The Corona Ferrea has been used in Monza's badges since 1920. Monza's first crest was designed in 1920: it depicted a blue shield with a red border, with a golden Corona Ferrea inside. The text "AC Monza" was written in black inside a white horizontal band on top of the shield. The crest remained in use until 1932, when Monza's colours changed to red and white. In 1933, the badge became circular and was vertically divided into red and white halves, and included golden initials ACM with the crown at the bottom. During the 1937–38 season, the badge's shape was changed from a circle to an oval, keeping the same details. It stayed the same until 1945, following World War II, when it changed to a rectangular shape that was divided into red and white halves. The white half on the left featured the club's name and the founding year, while the crown was placed in the red half. Following Monza's promotion to the Serie B in 1951, the crest again became oval shaped and the text's orientation was changed from vertical to horizontal. This design lasted five years until Monza's merger with Simmenthal, when the logo became more detailed; the badge was shaped like an ox head, including the horns. The colours were placed diagonally, similarly to the 1951 crest, with the letters S (for Simmenthal) and M (Monza) being placed on top of each other in the badge's centre. The crown was placed above the letters. After the end of the merger in 1966, the badge became a stylised golden Corona Ferrea with red details. The epigraph of the club's name was placed in the inner circle. In 1984, Monza's logo went back to a rectangular shape. A white inverted chevron was placed inside, with the words "Calcio" and "Monza" placed on each side of the chevron. A vertical sword, a reference to Estorre Visconti, was placed inside the downwards-pointing triangle formed by the chevron. The crown formed the hilt of the sword. The badge used by Monza between 2004 and 2013 In 2000, the logo changed to a rounded-bottom shield; a red crown was placed in the top third on a white background, while the bottom two-thirds contained the words "Calcio Monza 1912" written in white on a red background. The logo remained until 2004, when a new crest was introduced: it was a more rounded red shield with white details; "AC Monza Brianza" was written on top, and a depiction of a sword "cutting through" a crown – both drawn in a minimalist style – was placed on the bottom. Monza celebrated their 100th anniversary in the 2012–13 season. A modified version of the logo was announced to mark the occasion: a gold crown with red and white gems was placed on top of the crest. "MB" (standing for Monza Brianza) written in red was placed below the crest, surrounded by "2012" to the left, "1912" to the right and "100" on the bottom, all written in gold. Starting from the 2013–14 season, Monza's logo included a red shield with the club's name ("AC Monza Brianza") in white capital letters inside. The Corona Ferrea was placed above the shield and two white "Visconti" crossed swords were included inside the shield. The logo underwent a minor redesign in 2015, when the two crossed swords were replaced with a vertical sword, and the text on top changed to "SSD Monza", to reflect the club's name change. In 2016 and 2019, the text in the badge was changed to "Monza" and "AC Monza", respectively. In 2021, a thin red outline was added to the logo, enclosing the already present white border surrounding the red shield. The same year, Monza published a brand manual, including information about the geometrical construction of the badge, the fonts used by the club, and their colour dubbed "Rosso Monza" (Monza Red; hex: #E4032E). Anthem Since 2006, the club's official anthem has been the song "Monza Alè", which was written and composed by the band Amusia, whose leader was former Monza player Michele Magrin. Stadiums First grounds The Grazie Vecchie field during a game between Monza and Czechoslovakia in 1919 Pro Monza and Pro Italia, the clubs that merged to form Monza in 1912, played in the Boschetti Reali in front of the Royal Villa of Monza. After the merger, Monza first played in the district of Triante; the field was called "fuori porta" (outside the door) because it was located outside the city of Monza. Small stands were built for a cost of ITL3,000 (€12,000 as of 2022). The opening match at the field was played between Milan and Chiasso on 13 May 1912, which ended in a 5–2 win for Milan. Monza's first city-based stadium was the Grazie Vecchie, which was inaugurated on 13 May 1915 with a 1–0 win over Juventus Italia. The stadium also played host to a friendly match between Monza and the Czechoslovakia military national team in 1919, which ended in a 1–1 draw. In late 1923, Monza relocated to their newly constructed stadium in Via Ghilini (Ghilini Street), which cost almost ITL70,000 (€67,000). The stadium was inaugurated in early 1924 with a friendly against Gloria from the city of Fiume, following the city's recent annexation to Italy, which Monza won 2–1. The Via Ghilini field continued operating until 1939 when World War II made it impractical. Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada The Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada (2013) hosted Monza's games between 1945 and 1988. In 1945, following the war, a new playing field was built on the parade ground of the former Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), and was called the San Gregorio field. It was inaugurated on 21 October with Monza's 2–0 friendly win over Pavia. Following Monza's promotion to the Serie B in 1951, a grandstand and stands were built, and the stadium was renamed Stadio Città di Monza; the supporters, however, continued using its traditional name. In 1965, the stadium was renamed Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada in honour of the deceased former president of Monza. The club's last match at the "Sada" was played on 11 June 1988; it was the away match of the 1987–88 Coppa Italia Serie C final against Palermo, which Monza won 2–1. Stadio Brianteo Centro Sportivo Luigi Berlusconi – Monzello in 2023 On 28 May 1979, plans for the construction of a new stadium, which were approved by the Extraordinary Commissioner Alfio Licandro, began. Construction of the new Stadio Brianteo began on 13 November 1982 and ended in 1986. In the initial project, the stadium's capacity was expected to be around 30,000; for security reasons, however, the capacity was lowered to just under 20,000. Monza played their first game at the "Brianteo" on 28 August 1988, when they hosted Serie A side Roma in the Coppa Italia; Monza won their first match in their new stadium 2–1. On 4 September 2020, the stadium was renamed U-Power Stadium, following a sponsorship deal with footwear and workwear company U-Power. Monza re-opened the east stand – which had been closed for 20 years – ahead of the 2022–23 Serie A season, bringing the maximum seating capacity from 10,000 to about 17,000. Monza inaugurated their training ground, Centro Sportivo Monzello, on 3 November 1986. It was renamed "Centro Sportivo Luigi Berlusconi – Monzello" on 8 October 2022, in honour of owner Silvio Berlusconi and honorary president Paolo Berlusconi's late father. Supporters A tifo by Curva Sud fans in a match against Renate in 2019 The first signs of organised support emerged in the early-1970s with the founding of the ultras groups Commandos in 1971 and Club Ultras Monza in 1972. Eagles Monza emerged in the early 1980s. After Monza's move to the new Stadio Brianteo in 1988, several ultras groups began to fold; Eagles was abandoned in 1992. In 1993, Gioventù Brianzola was formed, and became the driving force of the Curva Sud; the group adopted the eagle as their symbol as a tribute to the defunct group. In 1994, Sempre Al Bar (S.A.B.) was formed. With the dissolution of other groups in 2001, S.A.B. became the main group of the curva. Following Berlusconi's takeover of the club in 2018, attendance figures started to rise and new supporter groups began to emerge. On 31 March 2022, Monza formed the AC Monza Club, a project that is aimed at uniting official Monza fan clubs by organising meetings, rallies and sporting events. The Curva Sud of the Brianteo is also called "Curva Davide Pieri" in memory of a young fan who died in 1998. The press stand – part of the west stand – was named in memory of Claudio Parma, a journalist and biancorosso fan who died in 2008, while the entire west stand bears the name of the historic fan Angelo Scotti, who died in 2018. Rivalries See also: Football derbies in Italy Monza fans singing "chi non salta è un pisano" (whoever is not jumping is from Pisa), following their Serie B play-off win against Pisa in 2022 Monza's main rivalry is with fellow Lombardy club Como; it has been defined as the "hottest derby in Serie B". The two clubs first played each other in Como on 19 November 1922, with the match ending in a goalless draw. The rivalry began on 4 June 1967, when Monza beat Como 1–0 in the decisive promotion play-off match of the Serie B. It became more intense on 13 April 1980; with Monza leading 3–1, Como equalised in the last minute with a penalty. The 3–3 draw ended Monza's chances of promotion to the Serie A. Another important rivalry is the one with Pro Sesto, which is based in the adjacent city Sesto San Giovanni. Historically, the two sides have had a tradition of beating the other away from home. Monza also have a more recent rivalry with Pisa; in 2007, the two sides played in the Serie C promotion play-off final. Pisa won in extra time, and opposing supporters began attacking each other. In 2022, the two sides met once again in a decisive promotion play-off final, this time for the Serie A: Monza won in extra time, and reached the first division for the first time in their history. In the media During the 1955–56 Serie B, Monza's first season after their merger with Simmenthal, Monza's San Gregorio stadium hosted the first free-to-air televised football match in Italy. The match was broadcast by RAI and commentated upon by Nicolò Carosio, and was played on 8 October 1955 between Monza and Verona. The match ended in a goalless draw. Monza earned ITL700,000 (€11,000) from the broadcast. Only 1,500 spectators attended the game because most fans were watching it on television in local bars. Italian actor Renato Pozzetto, in the 1979 film The Finzi Detective Agency, played a private investigator Riccardo Finzi, a supporter of Monza who said: "Io sono del Monza, non riusciremo mai a venire in Serie A" (I support Monza, we will never be able to reach the Serie A). The line became a part of local culture and was used in a fan chant: "Il nostro Calcio Monza è in C1, e non andremo mai in Serie A. Ma io non mollerò, questa è la mia mentalità. Segui anche tu la squadra della tua città" (Our Calcio Monza is in the C1, and we will never go to the Serie A. But I will not give up, this is my mentality. You too follow the team of your city). Esports Main article: AC Monza Team eSports In September 2019, Monza launched their esports team to compete in FIFA games. They reached the 2021 FIFA eClub World Cup Europe semi-finals and were ranked 12th in the overall rankings. In January 2022, Monza were awarded the "OIES Badge" by the Osservatorio Italiano Esports. Players See also: Category:AC Monza players First-team squad As of 11 June 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 2 DF  ITA Giulio Donati 4 DF  ITA Armando Izzo 5 DF  ITA Luca Caldirola 6 MF  ITA Roberto Gagliardini 7 MF  EQG José Machín 8 MF  CIV Jean-Daniel Akpa Akpro (on loan from Lazio) 9 FW  ITA Lorenzo Colombo (on loan from AC Milan) 10 FW  ITA Gianluca Caprari 11 FW  BIH Milan Đurić 13 DF  POR Pedro Pereira 16 GK  ITA Michele Di Gregorio 18 DF  ITA Davide Bettella 19 DF  ITA Samuele Birindelli 20 FW  ITA Alessio Zerbin (on loan from Napoli) 21 MF  ARG Valentín Carboni (on loan from Inter Milan) No. Pos. Nation Player 22 DF  ESP Pablo Marí 23 GK  ITA Alessandro Sorrentino 27 FW  ITA Daniel Maldini (on loan from AC Milan) 28 MF  ITA Andrea Colpani 32 MF  ITA Matteo Pessina (captain) 33 DF  ITA Danilo D'Ambrosio 38 MF  FRA Warren Bondo 44 DF  ITA Andrea Carboni 47 FW  POR Dany Mota 66 GK  ITA Stefano Gori (on loan from Juventus) 77 DF  GRE Georgios Kyriakopoulos (on loan from Sassuolo) 79 MF  SRB Matija Popović 80 FW  ITA Samuele Vignato 84 FW  ITA Patrick Ciurria — FW  ENG Omari Forson Other players under contract Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 17 MF  ARG Papu Gómez (suspended) Out on loan As of 9 September 2023 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  ITA Alessio Cragno (at Sassuolo until 30 June 2024) — DF  ITA Armando Anastasio (at Casertana until 30 June 2024) — DF  BUL Valentin Antov (at Cremonese until 30 June 2024) — DF  BRA Carlos Augusto (at Inter Milan until 30 June 2024) — MF  ITA Marco D'Alessandro (at Pisa until 30 June 2024) No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  ITA Mattia Valoti (at Pisa until 30 June 2024) — FW  ITA Davide Diaw (at Bari until 30 June 2024) — FW  ITA Leonardo Mancuso (at Palermo until 30 June 2024) — FW  ITA Andrea Petagna (at Cagliari until 30 June 2024) — FW  CRO Mirko Marić (at Rijeka until 30 June 2024) Youth sector Main article: AC Monza Youth Sector Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 60 MF  ITA Leonardo Colombo 61 FW  ITA Andrea Ferraris No. Pos. Nation Player 62 GK  ITA Andrea Mazza 63 MF  ITA Alessandro Berretta Club officials Management Adriano Galliani (2016) has been deputy chairman and CEO of Monza since 2018. Position Staff Honorary chairman Paolo Berlusconi Deputy chairman and CEO Adriano Galliani Technical area consultant François Modesto Director of football Michele Franco Chief operating officer Daniela Gozzi Chief youth sector officer Mauro Bianchessi Club secretary Davide Guglielmetti Chief sales officer Fabio Guido Aureli Chief marketing officer Francesco Bevilacqua Team manager Carmine Russo  Press officer Daria Nicoli Press secretary Enrico Cerruti Supporter liaison officer Vincenzo Iacopino Last updated: 1 July 2023Source: Technical staff Raffaele Palladino (2007) was appointed head coach of Monza in 2022. Position Staff Head coach Raffaele Palladino Assistant head coach Stefano Citterio Goalkeeping coach Alfredo Magni Assistant goalkeeping coach Alessandro Dall'Omo Athletic trainer Simon Barjie Fabio Corabi Assistant athletic trainer Gianni Bulgarini Technical assistant Federico Peluso Gianluca Polistina Marco Latino Match analyst Marco Biraghi Mattia Casella Club doctor Fabio Francese Paolo Santamaria Head of physiotherapists Francesco Lo Moro Physiotherapist Giorgio Biraghi Simone Borgonovo Dario Lorenzo Dameno Gabriele Piovera Alberto Santorelli Nutritionist Andrea Valigi Last updated: 1 July 2023Source: Managerial history See also: Category:AC Monza managers The following is a list of Monza managers throughout history. Technical committee (1912–1927) Cesare Lovati (1928–1929) Ettore Reynaudi (1929–1930) Technical committee (1930–1935) Leopoldo Conti (1935–1936) Silvio Stritzel  (1936–1937) Angelo Albertoni  (1937–1938) Leopoldo Conti (1938–1939) Alessandro Scarioni (1939–1940) Angelo Piffarerio  (1940–1942) Mario Antonioli  (1942–1943) Angelo Piffarerio  (1945–1947) Luigi Bonizzoni  (1947–1948) Oreste Barale (1948–1949) Annibale Frossi (1949–1953) Fioravante Baldi  (1953–1954) Carlo Alberto Quario (1954–1955) Pietro Rava (1955–1956) Eraldo Monzeglio (1956) Bruno Arcari (1956–1958) Pietro Rava (1958–1959) Manlio Cipolla  (1959) Attilio Kossovel  (1959–1960) Hugo Lamanna  (1960–1964) Vittorio Malagoli  (1964–1965) Vincenzo Rigamonti  (1965–1966) Bruno Dazzi  (1966) Luigi Radice (1966–1968) Bruno Dazzi  (1968) Nils Liedholm (1968–1969) Luigi Radice (1969–1971) Franco Viviani  (1971–1973) Gino Pivatelli (1973) Mario David (1973–1975) Alfredo Magni  (1975–1980) Sergio Carpanesi (1980) Lamberto Giorgis (1980–1981) Franco Fontana  (1981–1982) Guido Mazzetti  (1982–1983) Alfredo Magni  (1983–1986) Paolo Carosi  (1986) Antonio Pasinato  (1986–1987) Pierluigi Frosio (1987–1990) Franco Varrella (1990–1991) Giovanni Trainini  (1991–1993) Nedo Sonetti (1993–1994) Simone Boldini (1994–1996) Giorgio Rumignani (1996–1997) Luigi Radice (1997) Bruno Bolchi (1997–1998) Pierluigi Frosio (1998–2000) Roberto Antonelli (2000–2001) Gaetano Salvemini  (2001) Simone Boldini (2001) Romano Cazzaniga  (2001) Roberto Antonelli (2001–2002) Romano Cazzaniga  (2002) Simone Boldini (2002) Oscar Piantoni (2002–2003) Massimo Pedrazzini (2003–2004) Giovanni Trainini  (2004–2005) Antonio Sala  (2005) Giuliano Sonzogni (2005–2007) Giovanni Pagliari  (2007–2008) Dario Marcolin (2008) Giuliano Sonzogni (2008–2009) Roberto Cevoli (2009–2010) Alessio De Petrillo (2010) Corrado Verdelli (2010–2011) Gianfranco Motta  (2011–2012) Antonino Asta (2012–2014) Fulvio Pea (2014–2015) Alessio Delpiano  (2015–2016) Sandro Salvioni (2016) Alessio Delpiano  (2016) Marco Zaffaroni (2016–2018) Cristian Brocchi (2018–2021) Giovanni Stroppa (2021–2022) Raffaele Palladino (2022–2024) Hall of Fame The following is a list of players and head coaches who are part of the Hall of Fame on the club's official website. All entries are players unless noted otherwise. Francesco Antonioli (1986–1988) Evaristo Beccalossi (1985–1986) Ariedo Braida (1975–1977) Marco Branca (2000–2001) Ruben Buriani (1974–1977) Pierluigi Casiraghi (1985–1989) Luciano Castellini (1965–1970) Alessandro Costacurta (1986–1987) Walter De Vecchi (1975–1978) Luigi Di Biagio (1989–1992) Patrice Evra (1999–2000) Maurizio Ganz (1988–1989) Jean-François Gillet (1999–2000) Nils Liedholm (1968–1969) Daniele Massaro (1978–1981) Paolo Monelli (1978–1981) Emiliano Mondonico (1970–1971) Giulio Nuciari (1988–1989) Davide Pinato (1983–1988) Felice Pulici  (1977–1978) Luigi Radice (1969–1970) Anselmo Robbiati (1987–1993, 2004–2005) Fulvio Saini (1980–1998) Claudio Sala (1965–1967) Patrizio Sala (1973–1975) Giovanni Stroppa (1987–1989) Giuliano Terraneo (1974–1977) Marco Zaffaroni (2004–2008) Honours Monza players celebrating their first Serie A promotion in 2022, after winning the Serie B promotion play-offs The following is a list of honours and achievements Monza have attained throughout their history. League Serie C (Level 3) Winners (4): 1950–51 (Group A), 1966–67 (Group A), 1975–76 (Group A), 2019–20 (Group A) Seconda Divisione (Level 3) Winners (1): 1926–27 Serie D (Level 4) Winners (1): 2016–17 (Group B) Cup Coppa Italia Serie C Winners (4; record): 1973–74 , 1974–75 , 1987–88 , 1990–91  Scudetto Serie D Winners (1): 2016–17 International Anglo-Italian Cup Winners (1): 1976 Other achievements Serie B (Level 2) Play-off winners (1): 2021–22 Serie C (Level 3) Runners-up (5): 1947–48 (Group F), 1974–75 (Group A), 1981–82  (Group A), 1987–88  (Group A), 1991–92  (Group A) Play-off winners (1): 1996–97  (Group A) Prima Divisione Lombardia (Level 4) Runners-up (1): 1941–42  (Group C) Coppa Italia Serie C Runners-up (4): 1975–76 , 1995–96 , 2013–14 , 2018–19  Anglo-Italian Semiprofessional Cup Runners-up (1): 1975 Notes ^ In Brianzöö dialect ^ In 1964, Monza and Serie A club Bologna were the only Italian teams to have positive balances in the first two divisions. ^ a b c The Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti changed its name to Coppa Italia Serie C in 1981. ^ Since the 2004–05 Serie A season, when the Serie A became a 20-team league. ^ Only ChievoVerona totaled more points in the three-point era (since the 1994–95 Serie A season), having finished the 2001–02 Serie A season with 54 points. ^ The comune of Monza adopted blue and white as its colours in March 1916, after mayor Ezio Riboldi had (erroneously) found that the city's first historical coat of arms was a red sun on a blue background. However, in 1923 professor Giuseppe Riva discovered that the background of the coat of arms was not blue, but white. This is confirmed by Bonincontro Morigia, a 14th-century historian from Monza, who described his city's crest as "a white flag with a red moon in the middle". ^ a b c Historical conversion from Italian lira to Euro according to the Italian National Institute of Statistics online calculator. Euro figures refer to June 2022. ^ Fiume (today known as Rijeka) was part of Italy between 1924 and 1945, when it became part of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Rijeka has been part of Croatia since 1991. The club became NK Rijeka in 1954, and has been known as HNK Rijeka since 1995. ^ Player and sporting director ^ a b c Player and youth head coach ^ a b Head coach ^ a b Player and head coach ^ a b Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti ^ a b c d Serie C1 References ^ a b "Sport: Foot-Ball". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 26 September 1912. p. 3. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. Si è costituita a Monza, dal primo settembre, una nuova società per l'incremento del gioco del calcio, sotto il nome di Monza F.B.C. La nuova società ha fissato la sua sede presso il Caffè-passticceria Roma, sulla piazza omonima. ^ "Trentanni di attività dell'Associazione Calcio Monza". Il Popolo di Monza (in Italian). 6 May 1943. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Fu nel lontano 1912, di questi giorni, che nella saletta terrena della Trattoria Cappello Vecchio, si diedero convegno i... plenipotenziari della Juventus F.B.C. del Monza F.B.C. per concordare la fusione delle due associazioni e stendere l'atto di nascita della nuova Società. ^ a b c d e f Camesasca 1962, p. 15. ^ Bonati & Radaelli 1992, p. 80. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 22. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 23. ^ "Il Monza tornerà a chiamarsi AC Monza. Ecco anche il nuovo logo". MBNews (in Italian). 27 June 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022. ^ "Sport". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 13 November 1913. p. 2. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. L'Associazione Calcio Monza risultante dalla fusione del Monza F.B.C. con la Juventus F.B.C. ^ "Associazione Calcio". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 1 January 1914. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Domenica p.v. per l'anzidetta I squadra, si apre un periodo di operosità, iniziandosi i campionati di III categoria ai quali l'A.C.M. è regolarmente iscritta. Il primo match avrà luogo contro la "Fanfulla di Lodi". ^ "Associazione Calcio". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 5 February 1914. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. La prima squadra del "Fanfulla di Lodi" aveva la ragione dei Monzesi 3 a 1. ^ "Associazione Calcio". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 19 November 1914. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Domenica 8 corr. si sono inziate le partite per il campionato di promozione. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. XXIV. ^ "Associazione Calcio Monza". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 21 October 1915. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. L'Associazione Calcio Monza – che ha visto le sue file non indifferentemente assotigliate per la mobilitazione, – non ha cessato però la sua attività sportiva. Rimpiazzati i vuoti con ottimi giovanili elementi ^ a b Sbetti, Nicola (23 March 2020). "Quando il calcio si fermò per la prima volta". l'Ultimo Uomo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ "Campionato Italiano di promozione. A.C. Monza batte Vigor 2–1". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 1 January 1920. p. 4. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ "Campionato Italiano di Promozione. A.C. Monza batte Vigor 1 a 0". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 5 February 1920. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Con questa vittoria la squadra cittadina vince il proprio girone ed entra in finale. ^ a b Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 27. ^ "Divertimenti e Sport". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 14 October 1920. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. L'Associazione Calcio Monza, promossa ai campionati di I Categoria ^ a b Bonati & Radaelli 1992, p. 81. ^ a b c d Camesasca 1962, p. 16. ^ "Milano F.B.C. b.tte A.C. Monza 4–1". Corriere di Monza e della Brianza (in Italian). 31 October 1920. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Il goal del Monza fu seguito dalla mezz'ala sinistra Mandelli. ^ "Le classifiche". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 6 December 1920. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Gruppo lombardo: Girone B. Milan punti 11 – Pro Patria p. 8 – U.S. Cremonese p. 5 – Monza p. 0. ^ "L'A.C. Monza conquista il secondo posto in classifica dopo il risultato pari con l'Enotria". Corriere di Monza e della Brianza (in Italian). 24 November 1921. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ "Il campionato 1922–1923 della 1ª Divisione B". La Cronaca Sportiva (in Italian). 7 July 1922. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. ^ "L'Assoc. Calcio Monza resta in II. Divis. A.C.M. batte Canottieri Lecco 1–0". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 9 August 1923. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Con questa vittoria l'A.C.M. ha conquistato il diritto di rimanere in II. divisione ^ Camesasca 1962, p. 19. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, pp. 13–14. ^ a b c "La prima uscita dell'A.C. Monza sotto i nuovi colori". Il Popolo di Monza (in Italian). 7 September 1932. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. La notizia che l'A.C. Monza ha abbandonata la pur gloriosa maglia bianco celeste per vestirne una bianco rossa, avrà stupito coloro che non sono al corrente con la scoperta del compianto prof. cav. Giuseppe Riva, che annullando quella precedente del prof. Ezio Riboldi, stabiliva per la "Bandiera communis Modoetie" i colori bianco rossi. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 38. ^ "Il Capolavoro dell'A.C. Monza. Genova – Monza 2–1". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)  (in Italian). 27 April 1939. p. 4. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. ^ Abbink, Dinant. "Coppa Italia 1938/39". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 26 June 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 41. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 13. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, pp. 42–43. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 44. ^ Camesasca 1962, p. 21. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 49. ^ Fossati (14 June 1951). "Con la vittoria sull'Omegna (1–0) il Monza è stato promosso alla Serie B". 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"Pisa – Monza, Serie C: Conoscere il passato per capire il presente". Sport People (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ a b c d "Accadde oggi: 7 ottobre 2007 Monza – Cremonese 3–0". Monza-News (in Italian). 7 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Calcio, anche il Monza fa gli auguri a Renato Pozzetto che compie 80 anni: con un suo film e una frecciatina". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza  (in Italian). 14 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Novara in A e Monza nell'ex C2: avrebbe potuto essere il contrario..." MBNews (in Italian). 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Il Monza entra nel mondo degli eSports: il programma del weekend". AC Monza (in Italian). 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ Edwards, Harry (19 March 2021). "Top five European football clubs with FIFA eSports teams: "The next Messi in the world of eSports"". Squawka. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022. ^ "OIES Badge: l'Osservatorio Italiano Esports annuncia i primi operatori qualificati nel settore Esports e Gaming". OIES | Osservatorio Italiano Esports (in Italian). 28 January 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "First team". AC Monza. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ "Alessio Cragno in prestito al Sassuolo" (in Italian). AC Monza. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023. ^ "Anastasio in prestito alla Casertana: il comunicato del club". AC Monza (in Italian). 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023. ^ "Valentin Antov è un nuovo giocatore della Cremonese" (in Italian). Cremonese. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ "Carlos Augusto in prestito all'Inter: il comunicato del club". AC Monza (in Italian). 15 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ "D'Alessandro in prestito al Pisa: il comunicato del club" (in Italian). AC Monza. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023. ^ "Mattia Valoti ha firmato per il Pisa!" (in Italian). Pisa SC. 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023. ^ "Davide Diaw in prestito al Bari: il comunicato del club". AC Monza (in Italian). 15 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ "Leonardo Mancuso in prestito al Palermo". AC Monza (in Italian). 5 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023. ^ "Petagna al Cagliari" (in Italian). Cagliari Calcio. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ "Mirko Maric in prestito al Rijeka". AC Monza (in Italian). 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Organizational chart". AC Monza. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022. ^ "Management". AC Monza. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022. ^ Rocca & Vegetti 1977, p. 182. ^ Dutto & Vegetti 1992, p. 60. ^ Mondadori 2022, p. 160–161. ^ "Hall of Fame Monza". AC Monza (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2021. ^ Mondadori 2022, p. 162. Bibliography Camesasca, Enrico (July–August 1962). "Sulla "corte" in camicia azzurra nasceva 50 anni fa il calcio monzese" . La città di Monza (in Italian). No. 22. Retrieved 19 January 2022. Rocca, Lino; Vegetti, Giorgio (1977). Bianco su rosso: la storia del calcio monza (in Italian). Monza: Officina Grafica Brasca. Bonati, Mario; Radaelli, Roberto (1992). 100 anni di sport a Monza (in Italian). Monza: Tipografica sociale Monza. Dutto, Massimo; Vegetti, Giorgio (1992). 80 anni di Monza (in Italian). Monza: Grafica Sipiel. AC Monza: 110 anni di calcio (in Italian) (Illustrated ed.). Mondadori Electa. 2022. ISBN 9788891835987. Further reading "Articolo celebrativo del 50º di fondazione del Simmenthal-Monza" . Calcio (in Italian). 1961–62. Lega Nazionale Professionisti: 5. 1962. Fontanelli, Carlo; Delbue, Matteo; Peduzzi, Stefano (2012). E non andremo mai in Serie A... 100 anni di Monza. Almanacco biancorosso 1912–2012 (in Italian). Empoli: Geo Edizioni. ISBN 9788869990267. Artesani, Giulio; Peduzzi, Stefano (2022). Monza. Destinazione Serie A. 110 anni di storia nella voce dei suoi protagonisti (in Italian). Diarkos. ISBN 9788836161140. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to AC Monza. Official website (in English and Italian) Profile at Lega Serie A. Archived 1 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine (in English and Italian). Portals: Italy Association football vteAssociazione Calcio Monza Current season History Seasons Managers Supporters Grounds Triante (1912–1915) Grazie Vecchie (1915–1923) Via Ghilini (1923–1939) Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada (1945–1988) Stadio Brianteo (1988–present) Rivalries Como Pro Sesto Pisa Related articles Esports team (2019–present) The Finzi Detective Agency (1979) Category Commons Links to related articles vteAC Monza seasons 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteAC Monza – current squad 2 Donati 4 Izzo 5 Caldirola 6 Gagliardini 7 Machín 8 Akpa Akpro 9 Colombo 10 Caprari 11 Đurić 13 Pereira 16 Di Gregorio 17 Gómez 18 Bettella 19 Birindelli 20 Zerbin 21 V. Carboni 22 Marí 23 Sorrentino 27 Maldini 28 Colpani 32 Pessina (c) 33 D'Ambrosio 38 Bondo 44 A. Carboni 47 Mota 61 Ferraris 66 Gori 77 Kyriakopoulos 79 Popović 80 Vignato 84 Ciurria Manager: Nesta vteAC Monza – managers Lovati (1928–29) Reynaudi (1929–30) Conti (1935–36) Stritzel (1936–37) Albertoni (1937–38) Conti (1938–39) Scarioni (1939–40) Piffarerio (1940–42) Antonioli (1942–43) Piffarerio (1945–47) Bonizzoni (1947–48) Barale (1948–49) Frossi (1949–53) Baldi (1953–54) Quario (1954–55) Rava (1955–56) Monzeglio (1956–57) Arcari (1956–58) Rava (1958–59) Cipolla (1959) Kossovel (1959–60) Lamanna (1960–64) Malagoli (1964–65) Rigamonti (1965–66) Dazzi (1966) Radice (1966–68) Dazzi (1968) Liedholm (1968–69) Radice (1969–71) Viviani (1971–73) Pivatelli (1973) David (1973–75) Magni (1975–80) Carpanesi (1980) Giorgis (1980–81) Fontana (1981–82) Mazzetti (1982–83) Magni (1983–86) Carosi (1986) Pasinato (1986–87) Frosio (1987–90) Varrella (1990–91) Trainini (1991–93) Sonetti (1993–94) Boldini (1994–96) Rumignani (1996–97) Radice (1997) Bolchi (1997–98) Frosio (1998–00) Antonelli (2000–01) Salvemini (2001) Boldini (2001) Cazzaniga (2001) Antonelli (2001–02) Cazzaniga (2002) Boldini (2002) Piantoni (2002–03) Pedrazzini (2003–04) Trainini (2004–05) Sala (2005) Sonzogni (2005–07) Pagliari (2007–08) Marcolin (2008) Sonzogni (2008–09) Cevoli (2009–10) De Petrillo (2010) Verdelli (2010–11) Motta (2011–12) Asta (2012–14) Pea (2014–15) Delpiano (2015–16) Salvioni (2016) Delpiano (2016) Zaffaroni (2016–18) Brocchi (2018–21) Stroppa (2021–22) Palladino (2022–24) Nesta (2024–) vteSerie A2024–25 clubs Atalanta Bologna Cagliari Como Empoli Fiorentina Genoa Hellas Verona Inter Milan Juventus Lazio Lecce AC Milan Monza Napoli Parma Roma Torino Udinese Venezia Former clubs Alessandria Ancona Ascoli Avellino Bari Benevento Brescia Carpi Casale Catania Catanzaro Cesena Chievo Cremonese Crotone Foggia Frosinone Lecco Legnano Livorno Lucchese Mantova Messina Modena Novara Padova Palermo Perugia Pescara Piacenza Pisa Pistoiese Pro Patria Pro Vercelli Reggiana Reggina Salernitana Sampdoria Sassuolo Siena SPAL Spezia Ternana Treviso Triestina Varese Vicenza Organisations Lega Serie ADefunct: Lega Calcio Lega Alta Italia Direttorio Superiore Lega Nord Competition Teams winners Players foreign Managers Stadia Statistics and awards Records Serie A Awards Coach of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Team of the Year 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AlbinoLeffe Alessandria Atalanta U23 Arzignano Giana Erminio Fiorenzuola Legnago Lumezzane Mantova Novara Padova Pergolettese Pro Patria Pro Sesto Pro Vercelli Renate Trento Triestina Vicenza Virtus Verona Group B Ancona Arezzo Carrarese Cesena Fermana Gubbio Juventus Next Gen Lucchese Olbia Perugia Pescara Pineto Pontedera Recanatese Rimini Sestri Levante SPAL Torres Virtus Entella Vis Pesaro Group C Audace Cerignola Avellino Benevento Brindisi Casertana Catania Crotone Foggia Giugliano Juve Stabia Latina Messina Monopoli Monterosi Picerno Potenza Sorrento Taranto Turris Virtus Francavilla Formerclubs Abbiategrasso Acireale Acqui Agrigento Akragas Ala Littoria Alba Roma Albenga Albese Albissola Alcamo Alfa Romeo Alzano Virescit Amatori Bologna Ampelea Andrea Doria Andreanelli Aosta Ardens Armando Casalini Arsa Arsenale Venezia Arzachena Ascoli Asti Atalanta Audace Aullese Aversa Normanna Avio Calcio Avio Squadra Aviosicula Palermo Baracca Lugo Bari Barletta Bassano Virtus Battipagliese Belluno Biellese Bisceglie Bologna Bolzano Bondenese Breda Brescia Budrio Cagliari Campobasso Cantiere Tosi Cantù Caproni Caratese Carbosarda Carpi Casale Castel di Sangro Catanzaro Cavese Cecina Centese Centrale del Latte di Genova Chieti Chievo Chinotto Neri Cinzano Cirio Cittadella Città di Castello Civitanovese Civitavecchia Clodia Sottomarina Codogno Colleferro Como Corniglianese Cosenza Cossatese Crema Cremonese Cuneo Cynthia Derthona Dipendenti Municipali La Spezia Edera Trieste Empoli Enna FEDIT Feralpisalò FIAT Torino Falck Fanfulla Fano Fidelis Andria Fiumana Foligno Fondi Forlimpopoli Forlì Forte dei Marmi Fortitudo Trieste Fossanese Frosinone Fucecchio Gallaratese Galliate Gallipoli Gavinovese Gavorrano Gelbison Genoa Gerli Giovinezza Giulianova Gozzano Grion Pola Grosseto Guastalla Hellas Verona Igea Virtus Ilva Bagnolese Ilva Savona Imolese Imperia Internapoli Ischia Isolaverde Isotta Fraschini Ivrea Jesi Juve Pomigliano Juventina Palermo Juventus Domo Juventus Siderno L'Aquila Lanciano Lanciotto Lecce Lecco Legnago Libertas Trieste Licata Livorno Lodigiani Luino Lupa Roma Luparense MATER Maceratese Magazzini Generali Magenta Manfredonia Marsala Marzotto Marzotto Manerbio Massese Massiminiana Matelica Matera Meda Melfi Mestre Mirandolese Modena Mogliano Molfetta Molinella Monfalcone Monsummanese Montebelluna Montevarchi Monza Mortara Napoli Nardò Nissa Nocerina Novese Nuorese Omegna Orbetello Paganese Palazzolo Palermo Palmese Panigale Parabiago Parma Pavia Piacenza Pianese Pieris Pietro Resta Pinerolo Piombino Pirelli Pisa Pistoiese Ponte San Pietro Pontedecimo Ponziana Pordenone Portogruaro Prato Pro Enna Pro Gorizia Pro Italia Pro Lissone Pro San Giorgio Pro Piacenza RST Littorio Racing Roma Ragusa Rapallo Ravenna Real Vicenza Redaelli Rogoredo Reggiana Reggina Rende Rieti Reparto Reggimento Distrettuale Riccione Rivarolese Rizzoli Rosignano Solvay Rovereto Rovigo SIAI Marchetti SIME Popoli Salernitana Sambenedettese San Donà San Donato Tavarnelle San Marino Sangiovannese Sangiuliano City Sanremese Sant'Angelo Santarcangelo Saronno Saviglianese Savoia Savona Scafatese Schio Sebinia Seregno Sestrese Settimese Sicula Leonzio Siena Signa Siracusa Solbiatese Sora SPAL Sparta Novara Spezia Südtirol Suzzara Tenente Mario Passamonte Teramo Ternana Tevere Roma Tivoli Toma Maglie Torviscosa Trani Trapani Trevigliese Treviso Tuttocuoio Udinese VVFF Palermo VVFF Roma Vado Varazze Varese Vastese Venezia Ventimigliese Verbania Verona Viareggio Vibonese Vigevano Vigor Lamezia Villafranca Villasanta Vincenzo Benini Virtus Spoleto Vis Nova Viterbese Vittorio Necchi Vittorio Veneto Vogherese Champions and promotions • Serie C vte Football in ItalyItalian Football FederationNational teams Senior B team C team Olympic team Under-23 Under-21 Under-21 B Under-20 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Under-16 Under-15 Women's senior Leagues Lega Serie A Lega Serie B Lega Pro Lega Nazionale Dilettanti Lega Calcio defunct Lega Alta Italia defunct Direttorio Divisioni Superiori defunct Direttorio Divisioni Inferiori Nord defunct Lega Nord defunct League competitions(Categoria Leagues) Serie A Prima Divisione defunct Divisione Nazionale defunct Serie B Seconda Divisione defunct Serie C Serie C1 defunct Serie C2 defunct Serie D Eccellenza Promozione Prima Categoria Seconda Categoria Terza Categoria Cup competitions Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Coppa Italia Serie C Supercoppa di Serie C Supercoppa di Lega di Serie C2 defunct Coppa Italia Serie D Coppa Italia Dilettanti Youth competitions Leagues Campionato Primavera 1 Campionato Primavera 2 Campionato Primavera 3 Campionato Juniores Nazionali Coppa Italia Primavera Supercoppa Primavera Torneo di Viareggio Women's competitions Serie A Serie B Serie C Coppa Italia Supercoppa Italiana Awards Gran Galà del Calcio AIC Serie A Awards Italian Football Hall of Fame Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Clubs in international competitions Miscellaneous Totonero 1980 Totonero 1986 Italian Law 91/1981, Article 18B financial doping scandals Anglo-Italian Cup Caso Genoa Calciopoli 2011–12 Italian football match-fixing scandal 2015 Italian football match-fixing scandal Article 52 of N.O.I.F. Scudetto Capocannoniere Italian Football Confederation Venues Records Competitions Trophies and awards Rivalries vteSilvio Berlusconi 50th Prime Minister of Italy (1994–1995; 2001–2006; 2008–2011) Premiership First Cabinet Second Cabinet Third Cabinet Fourth Cabinet Political career Policies Controversies and trials Controversies surrounding Silvio Berlusconi Trials and allegations involving Silvio Berlusconi Bunga bunga 2013 Silvio Berlusconi conviction Consolidation of media in Italy Elections 1994 general election 1996 general election 2001 general election 2006 general election 2008 general election 2013 general election 2018 general election Political organizationsParties Forza Italia The People of Freedom Forza Italia Coalitions Pole of Freedoms Pole of Good Government Pole for Freedoms House of Freedoms Centre-right coalition Holding companies Fininvest AC Milan Banca Mediolanum Mediobanca Standa AC Monza Broadcasting companies Mediaset: Canale 5 Rete 4 Italia 1 Mediaset Premium Mediashopping Boing Iris La5 Italia 2 Publishing and newspapers Mondadori Editore Panorama Il Giornale Libero Family Paolo Berlusconi (brother) Veronica Lario (second wife) Marta Fascina (partner) Marina Berlusconi (daughter) Pier Silvio Berlusconi (son) Barbara Berlusconi (daughter) Filmography Viva Zapatero! Il Caimano Draquila - L'Italia che trema Loro See also Berlusconism Death and state funeral Liberalism in Italy Category
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The team plays in the Serie A, the first tier of Italian football, following promotion in the 2021–22 Serie B season.The club was founded in 1912 as Monza FBC and came close to promotion to the Serie A on multiple occasions in the 1970s. However, they faced financial issues at times during the first two decades of the 21st century, being declared bankrupt twice, in 2004 and 2015. Following Silvio Berlusconi's takeover of the club in 2018, Monza returned to the Serie B in 2020 after a 19-year absence and achieved promotion to the Serie A for the first time in 2022. Before their promotion, no Italian team had played more Serie B seasons (40) without reaching the Serie A. Monza have won the Coppa Italia Serie C a record four times, the Serie C championship four times, and an Anglo-Italian Cup.From the club's founding, Monza's colours were blue and white, but they were changed to red and white in 1932. As a result, the team are nicknamed i biancorossi (the white and reds). Monza have played their home games at the Stadio Brianteo since 1988. The team have rivalries with Como, Pro Sesto and Pisa.","title":"AC Monza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of AC Monza seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AC_Monza_seasons"}],"text":"See also: List of AC Monza seasons","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monza_first_lineup,_1912.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cit1912-2"},{"link_name":"trattoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196215-4"},{"link_name":"coffeehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cit1912-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196215-4"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonatiRadaelli199280-5"},{"link_name":"Juventus Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juventus_Italia_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_Italia_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Triante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triante"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197722-6"},{"link_name":"Saronno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.S.D._F.B.C._Saronno_1910&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot-Ball_Club_Saronno_1910"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197723-7"},{"link_name":"Forti e Liberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forti_e_Liberi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forti_e_Liberi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Terza Categoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terza_Categoria_(1905%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_Categoria_(1905-1922)"},{"link_name":"1913–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1913%E2%80%9314_Terza_Categoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_Categoria_1913-1914"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fanfulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Fanfulla"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1914%E2%80%9315_Promozione&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione_1914-1915"},{"link_name":"Promozione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977XXIV-13"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimouomo-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultimouomo-15"},{"link_name":"1919–20 Promozione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919%E2%80%9320_Promozione&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione_1919-1920"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Trevigliese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.S._Trevigliese_A.S.D.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circolo_Sportivo_Trevigliese"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197727-18"},{"link_name":"Italian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"repechage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repechage"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197727-18"},{"link_name":"Prima Categoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prima_Categoria_(1904%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Categoria_(campionato_prime_squadre)"},{"link_name":"Italian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia military national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_military_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonatiRadaelli199281-20"},{"link_name":"friendly game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196216-21"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cremonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cremonese"},{"link_name":"Pro Patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196216-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1920–21 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Prima_Categoria"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Prima_Categoria"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"1922–23 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Chiasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Chiasso"},{"link_name":"Canottieri Lecco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Lecco_1912"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Ponziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Ponziana"},{"link_name":"Prima Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196219-27"}],"sub_title":"Foundation and first tournaments (1912–1927)","text":"Monza's first lineup in 1912Monza Foot-Ball Club was founded on 1 September 1912[1] in the Cappello Vecchio trattoria,[2] following the merger of the Monza-based clubs Pro Italia and Pro Monza.[3] The new club established their first headquarters in the Roma coffeehouse located on the similarly named town square in Monza;[1] the team initially wore a blue and white kit.[3] Monza's first recorded game was against a team from Milan,[4] while their first win came on 20 September 1912 when they beat Juventus Italia [it] 2–1 in Triante.[5] The club won their first trophy, the Coppa Colli, in early 1913 after beating Saronno [it] 3–2 in the final.[6]In November 1913, Monza FBC merged with Juventus FBC (a group of athletes formerly part of the Forti e Liberi [it] sports club)[7] to form Associazione Calcio Monza.[8] Monza first participated in the Terza Categoria [it] (third level) in the 1913–14 season [it]; they played their first match on 4 January 1914,[9] losing 3–1 at home against Fanfulla.[10] The following season [it], Monza took part in the Promozione (second level),[11] finishing fourth in their group of six.[12] Despite the outbreak of World War I, when conscription forced teams to send their adult players to war, Monza were able to continue their sporting activity with young players.[13]Between 1915 and 1918, the war interrupted official tournaments.[14] Upon the resumption of football in 1919,[14] Monza took part in the 1919–20 Promozione [it] (second level).[15] Having finished first in their group,[16] Monza played the promotion finals against Trevigliese [it], losing 2–1.[17] The Italian Football Federation, however, decided to promote Monza via repechage,[17] and the team were allocated to the Prima Categoria [it], the top tier of Italian football.[18] In 1919, Monza hosted the Czechoslovakia military national team[19] for a friendly game at Grazie Vecchie field that ended in a 1–1 draw.[20]Monza were grouped with Milan, Cremonese and Pro Patria in their qualifying group for the Prima Categoria.[20] Their first game was played on 24 October 1920, a 4–1 home defeat to Milan; Francesco Mandelli scored Monza's lone goal.[21] They finished the 1920–21 season with no points and in last place in their group.[22] The following season, Monza finished second in their group, missing out on the final stage by one position.[23] Due to a restructuring of the league system, Monza were moved to the Seconda Divisione (second level) for the 1922–23 season;[24] they avoided relegation by beating Chiasso and Canottieri Lecco in the play-offs.[25] In 1926–27, after beating Ponziana 3–2 in the final, Monza were declared champions of the Seconda Divisione Lega Nord (third level) and were promoted to the Prima Divisione (second level).[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monza_lineup_in_1932-33.jpg"},{"link_name":"1933–34 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197713%E2%80%9314-28"},{"link_name":"1932–33 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%E2%80%9333_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riva1932-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riva1932-29"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"round-robin tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197738-30"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C."},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197741-33"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197713-34"},{"link_name":"1945–46 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197742%E2%80%9343-35"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197744-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196221-37"},{"link_name":"Annibale Frossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Frossi"},{"link_name":"1950–51 Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197749-38"},{"link_name":"Omegna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.S.D._Omegna_Calcio_1906&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omegna_Calcio_1906"},{"link_name":"Carlo Colombetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Colombetti"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197752-40"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Siracusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Siracusa"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197755-41"},{"link_name":"Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atletico_Piombino"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197755%E2%80%9356-42"},{"link_name":"1952–53 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197756-43"}],"sub_title":"Biancorossi and Serie B promotion (1932–1953)","text":"Starting from the 1933–34 season, Monza wore red-and-white kits.During the 1930s and 1940s Monza played in the Prima Divisione (third level), which became the Serie C in 1935.[27] In September 1932, ahead of the 1932–33 season, Monza changed their shirt colours to red and white, which they have worn ever since.[28] They became nicknamed \"i biancorossi\" (the white and reds) following the colour change.[28] Monza finished in first place the following season and played a round-robin tournament with three other teams for promotion to the Serie B (second level); they finished fourth and failed to move up to the second level.[29] On 23 April 1939, the club reached the Coppa Italia quarter-finals, losing 2–1 to Serie A side Genoa.[30][31] They became the first Serie C team to reach the quarter-finals of the competition.[32]Between 1942 and 1945, World War II interrupted football in Italy.[33] Following the war, Monza were placed in the Serie C (third level), finishing eighth in the 1945–46 season.[34] They came close to promotion the following season, finishing third in the promotion play-offs.[35] In 1947, Peppino Borghi became president of Monza.[36] Monza, who were coached by Annibale Frossi, headed into the 1950–51 Serie C with a strong transfer campaign.[37] On 4 June 1951, Monza played away to Omegna [it] in the season's second-to-last match; Carlo Colombetti of Monza scored the match's only goal with a penalty kick,[38] giving Monza their first promotion into the Serie B.[39]Monza debuted in the Serie B on 9 September 1951, drawing to Siracusa 1–1 away from home.[40] The team only avoided relegation on the last matchday with a 2–1 home win against Piombino.[41] Against most experts' pre-season expectations, Monza finished the 1952–53 Serie B in fourth position, three points behind automatic promotion in second place.[42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1955–56 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Simmenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simmenthal_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmenthal"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197759-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simmenthal55-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197759-44"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_F.C."},{"link_name":"free-to-air televised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992254-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197760-47"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197760%E2%80%9371-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197773-52"},{"link_name":"1964–65 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197778-53"},{"link_name":"next season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Mantova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantova_1911"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como_1907"},{"link_name":"Gianluigi Maggioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gianluigi_Maggioni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Maggioni"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-como1967-56"}],"sub_title":"Simmenthal merger and aftermath (1955–1967)","text":"In July 1955, ahead of the 1955–56 season, Monza merged with Prima Divisione (sixth level) side GS Simmenthal, the football club of the Simmenthal [it] food company.[43] AC Monza was renamed AC Simmenthal-Monza, and was headed by Simmenthal owner Claudio Sada.[44] The merger helped fund subsequent transfer campaigns.[43] The match between Monza and Verona on 8 October 1955 was the first free-to-air televised match in Italy.[45] Monza's first season under the new management was positive, finishing the season in third place.[46] In the following years, until the end of their merger in 1964, Monza alternated positive seasons (fourth and fifth place in 1958 and 1961, respectively) with negative ones (16th and 15th in 1960 and 1964).[47] On 14 July 1964, Simmenthal ceased to sponsor Monza and the club reverted to its former name.[48]Despite Monza's stable financial situation,[b] no one was interested in purchasing the club; Sada decided to remain president for the following season.[50] While Monza barely avoided relegation in the 1964–65 season,[51] the same could not be said about the next season: following 15 years of second-tier football, Monza were relegated to the Serie C in the last matchday of the season,[52] drawing 0–0 away to Mantova on 19 June 1966.[53] After winning the 1966–67 play-off game against Como 1–0, thanks to a lone goal by Gianluigi Maggioni [it] in the 32nd minute, Monza were promoted back to the Serie B after one year.[54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoppaitaliaserieC73-74.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti"},{"link_name":"1969–70 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Luigi Radice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Radice"},{"link_name":"Varese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.D._Varese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Roberto Caremi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Caremi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Caremi"},{"link_name":"Giampaolo Lanzetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giampaolo_Lanzetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giampaolo_Lanzetti"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varese1970-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varese1970-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"1972–73 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Bari"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti"},{"link_name":"Lecce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Lecco_1912"},{"link_name":"Sorrento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Sorrento"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"1975–76 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Italian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_F.C."},{"link_name":"Francesco Casagrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Casagrande_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Casagrande_(calciatore)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contrataque-64"},{"link_name":"1976–77 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena_F.C._2018"},{"link_name":"own goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Pistoiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Pistoiese_1921"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"1978–79 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Pescara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfino_Pescara_1936"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Cesena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesena_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Serie A promotion attempts (1969–1979)","text":"The 1973–74 Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti won by MonzaThree years after their Serie B promotion, Monza came close to reaching the Serie A for the first time in the 1969–70 Serie B under coach Luigi Radice; they needed an away win against first-placed Varese to keep their promotion chances alive on the second-to-last matchday.[55] On 7 June 1970, after just two minutes of play, Monza took the lead through Roberto Caremi [it]; in the sixth minute, Giampaolo Lanzetti [it] failed to double the lead, wasting a clear chance in front of the goal.[56] Varese won 2–1, preventing Monza from gaining promotion.[56]In mid-1972, Giovanni Cappelletti became president of the club.[57] In his first year in charge, Monza were relegated to the Serie C after losing the last match of the 1972–73 season away to Bari 3–1.[58] Despite their relegation, Monza saw success in the Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti, reaching the finals in 1974, 1975 and 1976, winning the first two over Lecce and Sorrento, and losing the third in a repeat of the first final.[59] Five matches before the end of the 1975–76 season, Monza were promoted back to the Serie B;[60] they also won an Anglo-Italian Cup on 19 June 1976, beating Wimbledon 1–0 in the final through a Francesco Casagrande [it] goal.[61]During the late 1970s, Monza came close to gaining promotion to the Serie A on multiple occasions.[62] The first time was as a newly promoted team in the 1976–77 season, when they lost the season's final match 2–1 against Modena through an 81st-minute own goal.[63] The following season went in a similar fashion for Monza, losing out to direct promotion in the second-to-last matchday against Pistoiese.[64][65] In the 1978–79 Serie B season Monza again missed out on promotion in the final matches, being defeated by already-relegated Lecce in the second-to-last match.[66] Monza tied with Pescara on points for third place and the two sides played a promotion tie-breaker, which Monza lost 2–0.[67] In Cappelletti's last season as president, in 1979–80, Monza failed to gain promotion to the top flight for the fourth consecutive year. Four games from the end of the season, Monza were in third place in a spot for direct promotion; decisive defeats against Cesena and Brescia meant that Monza finished in fifth place, three points from Serie A promotion.[68]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadio_brianteo_monza_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stadio Brianteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Brianteo"},{"link_name":"Valentino Giambelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_Giambelli"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992180-71"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"1980–81 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Lazio"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992192-73"},{"link_name":"1980 Totonero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Totonero"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992180-71"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"one season later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1981-1982"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992186-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"1986–87 Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986%E2%80%9387_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1986-1987"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Costacurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Costacurta"},{"link_name":"Francesco Antonioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Antonioli"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Casiraghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Casiraghi"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contrataque-64"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Frosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Frosio"},{"link_name":"1987–88 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987%E2%80%9388_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1987-1988"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CISCname-81"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_F.C."},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Gino_Alfonso_Sada"},{"link_name":"Stadio Brianteo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Brianteo"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992222-83"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Carmelo Mancuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Mancuso"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roma1988-84"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"goal difference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"1989–90 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C.R._Messina"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992234-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992240-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"1991–92 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991%E2%80%9392_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1991-1992"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992246-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"1993–94 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"satellite team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_team"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milan1999-94"},{"link_name":"Carpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpi_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"youth sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan_Youth_Sector"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Valentino Giambelli presidency (1980–1999)","text":"The Stadio Brianteo (2022) has hosted Monza's home games since 1988.Valentino Giambelli became the club president in 1980,[69] succeeding Cappelletti, and the club was renamed Calcio Monza.[70] In the 1980–81 Serie B, Monza played in a championship with historical sides Milan and Lazio;[71] both of whom had been relegated from the Serie A following the 1980 Totonero scandal.[72] Monza finished in last place and were relegated to the Serie C1 (third level),[69][73] but were promoted back one season later [it].[74][75] They remained in the Serie B for a further four seasons before being relegated in 1986.[76]In the 1986–87 Serie C1 [it], players such as Alessandro Costacurta, Francesco Antonioli and Pierluigi Casiraghi, who later became established names in Italian football, made their professional debuts with Monza.[62] Captained by Pierluigi Frosio, Monza gained promotion to the Serie B in the 1987–88 season [it],[77] and also won their third Coppa Italia Serie C,[c] beating Palermo 2–1 at home following a goalless draw away.[79] The second leg, which was played on 11 June 1988, was Monza's last game in the Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada, after which the team moved to the newly constructed Stadio Brianteo.[80] The first match was played at the new stadium on 28 August 1988, when over 10,000 spectators attended Monza's Coppa Italia game against Serie A club Roma; against expectations, Monza won 2–1 with goals by Casiraghi and Carmelo Mancuso.[81]After having closely avoided relegation in 1988–89 on goal difference,[82] Monza lost the 1989–90 Serie B relegation play-off against Messina on 7 June 1990, and were relegated to the Serie C1.[83][84] On 13 June 1991, Monza won a record fourth Coppa Italia Serie C, beating Palermo in the final.[85][86] They gained promotion to the Serie B in the 1991–92 season [it][87][88] but two years later, Monza finished the 1993–94 season in last place and returned to the third tier.[89]In March 1997, Giambelli signed a collaboration agreement with Milan and Monza became a satellite team of the Rossoneri,[90] the first of its kind in Italy.[91] In June 1997, Monza returned to the Serie B after defeating Carpi 3–2 in the promotion play-off final; they were coached by Luigi Radice, who had also helped them to promotion 30 years prior.[92] The following season, newly promoted Monza changed most of their roster, introducing young players, many of whom came from Milan's youth sector.[93] The team closed the season having been on the verge of relegation.[94]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pullman_armstrong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony Armstrong Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Armstrong_Emery"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milan1999-94"},{"link_name":"Adriano Galliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Galliani"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milan1999-94"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cidimar-101"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Stadio Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Breda"},{"link_name":"Sesto San Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesto_San_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cidimar-101"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Atalanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta_B.C."},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"2004–05 Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_C2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2_2004-2005"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_S.C."},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pisa2007-109"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"Clarence Seedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Seedorf"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Anthony Armstrong Emery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Armstrong_Emery"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serieDufficiale-112"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"2014–15 Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Lega_Pro"},{"link_name":"Pordenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pordenone_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Nicola Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Colombo"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serieDufficiale-112"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Marco Zaffaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Zaffaroni"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_F.C."},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Financial instability (1999–2018)","text":"A bus with advertising by Anthony Armstrong Emery against racism in football (2013)In April 1999,[91] after 19 years of presidency, Giambelli left the club amid criticism from fans concerning Monza's close connection with Milan and their CEO Adriano Galliani.[95] With Giambelli's departure, Monza ceased to be Milan's satellite team.[91] The club entered a period of instability, changing owners twice in five years. Monza were relegated to the Serie C1 in 2001[96] and then, for the first time, to the Serie C2 (fourth level) in 2002.[97][98] Amid Monza's financial troubles, on 31 December 2003 the comune of Monza cut the supply of water and gas of Stadio Brianteo after the club was unable to pay the bills;[99] Monza was forced to play home games at Stadio Breda in neighbouring Sesto San Giovanni.[98]On 18 March 2004, Monza was declared bankrupt.[100] On 3 June the same year, the club was acquired by Atalanta vice-president Gian Battista Begnini,[101] who renamed it AC Monza Brianza 1912.[102] Monza took part in the 2004–05 Serie C2 [it]; despite being eliminated in the promotion play-off semi-finals, they were admitted into the Serie C1 via repechage.[103] Monza twice came close to promotion to the Serie B, losing two consecutive play-off finals. In the 2005–06 season, after having lost at home 2–0, Monza won the away leg to Genoa 1–0, having missed many chances to score further goals.[104] The 2006–07 season was even more dramatic: in the first leg at home, Monza beat Pisa thanks to a 74th-minute penalty.[105] In the second leg, a first-half goal by Pisa forced the game into extra time, and Pisa scored again to secure promotion at Monza's expense.[106]On 13 July 2009, Begnini sold the club to the PaSport holding company, headed by former Milan player Clarence Seedorf.[107] The new ownership did not last long: in 2012 the club was relegated to the Serie C2 and, on 12 May 2013, was sold to Anthony Armstrong Emery.[108] Following broken promises regarding an increase in finances in the club, Monza was sold again, on 12 December 2014, to Dennis Bingham for €1.[109] The new president was contested straight away by fans for not paying the players' salaries.[110]Following the club's sale to Piero Montaquila in March 2015,[111] Monza won the 2014–15 Lega Pro relegation play-offs against Pordenone, and were due to remain in the third level the following season.[112] However, Monza were declared bankrupt on 27 May.[113] The club was acquired by Nicola Colombo on 2 July that year and was renamed SSD Monza 1912.[114] Monza registered to the Serie D (fourth level) on 31 July[109] and finished the 2015–16 season mid-table.[115] In May 2016, the club changed its name to SS Monza 1912 and achieved promotion back to the Serie C under coach Marco Zaffaroni in 2017.[116] Having won Group B of the Serie D, the team took part in the competition's poule scudetto (a post-season competition to determine the best non-professional Italian team); they won the Scudetto Serie D trophy after defeating Ravenna 2–1 in the final.[117]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AC_Monza_2022_Serie_A_celebration_25.jpg"},{"link_name":"open top bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_top_bus"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Fininvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fininvest"},{"link_name":"Silvio Berlusconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"2021 ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires#2021"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"2018–19 Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Cristian Brocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Brocchi"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Viterbese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Viterbese_1908"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newname2019-126"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Carrarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrarese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Italiana_Calcio_Professionistico"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"bookmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Cittadella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Cittadella"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citta2021-134"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Stroppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Stroppa"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Perugia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"2022–23 Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022pisa-140"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Christian Gytkjær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gytkj%C3%A6r"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dany Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dany_Mota"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interim-145"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anticipo-147"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esordienti-151"}],"sub_title":"Berlusconi presidency and Serie A promotion (2018–present)","text":"Monza players celebrating on an open top bus their first Serie A promotion in 2022On 28 September 2018, the holding company Fininvest, which was headed by former Milan president Silvio Berlusconi, announced its acquisition of Monza; Monza-born Adriano Galliani, formerly CEO of Milan, also became part of the board of directors.[118] The Berlusconi–Galliani duo had been one of the most successful leaderships in football history, having won 29 trophies with Milan between 1986 and 2016.[119] According to Forbes's 2021 ranking, Berlusconi was the richest owner of a football club in Italy, and ninth worldwide, with his fortune being valued at $7.6 billion.[120]In the first season under the new leadership, Monza finished the 2018–19 Serie C in fifth place with Cristian Brocchi as coach,[121] and lost to Viterbese in the final minute of the Coppa Italia Serie C final.[122] On 1 July 2019, the club returned to its historical name AC Monza.[123] Aiming for direct promotion to the Serie B, Monza reinforced their squad with players with Serie A experience to prepare for the 2019–20 season.[124] In March 2020, Monza held first position with a 16 point-lead over second-placed Carrarese.[125] The same month, the Lega Pro committee announced the suspension of the league due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[126] On 8 June, the Italian Football Federation formally declared Monza champions and the team were promoted to the Serie B after a 19-year absence from the competition.[127]Monza headed into the 2020–21 Serie B as the club most likely to finish in first place, according to most bookmakers.[128] Having finished the first half of the season in second place,[129] in a spot for direct promotion, Monza dropped one position at the end of the season and took part in the promotion play-offs;[130] they lost to Cittadella 3–2 on aggregate in the semi-finals.[131] Brocchi was dismissed at the end of the season, and was replaced by Giovanni Stroppa as head coach.[132]In the 2021–22 season, Monza lost to Perugia and missed out on direct Serie A promotion in the last matchday.[133] Having finished in fourth place,[134] Monza played the play-off semi-finals where they defeated Brescia and reached the final against Pisa.[135] Monza won the first leg at home 2–1, while Pisa won the second leg 3–2.[136] Two goals in extra time by Monza won them the encounter 4–3 (6–4 on aggregate), to earn promotion to the 2022–23 Serie A for the first time.[137] Prior to their promotion, Monza had competed in 40 Serie B seasons, the most of any Italian club without ever being promoted to the first division.[138] Christian Gytkjær was key to helping Monza to promotion, scoring five goals in the playoffs.[139]Monza began their Serie A season on 13 August 2022, with a 2–1 home defeat to Torino; Dany Mota's goal in stoppage time was Monza's first in the Italian top flight.[140] After consecutive defeats in the opening five games, Monza earned their first point in a 1–1 draw to Lecce on 11 September.[141] Sitting in last place with only one point in six games, Monza replaced Stroppa with under-19s head coach Raffaele Palladino.[142] He guided them to their first historic win on 18 September, in an upset 1–0 win against giants Juventus at home thanks to a goal by Gytkjær.[143] In their first top-flight season, Monza mathematically avoided relegation six matchdays in advance; no other team had done so on their Serie A debut.[d][144] Monza eventually finished the season in 11th place with 52 points under Palladino,[145] the highest point tally among newly promoted teams in Europe's top five leagues,[146] and the second-highest point tally for a Serie A debuttee in history.[e][147]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Colours and identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196215-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196215-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196216-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riva1932-29"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandieracommunis-154"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992105-156"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992105-156"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992105-156"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992105-156"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992105-156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monza_lineup_in_1971-72_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Corona Ferrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Crown"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992106-158"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992105-156"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992106-158"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992106-158"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992106%E2%80%93107-159"},{"link_name":"Iron Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Crown"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992107-160"},{"link_name":"cockade of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992107-160"},{"link_name":"1979–80 Coppa Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Coppa_Italia"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992108-161"},{"link_name":"Ponteggi Dalmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponteggi_Dalmine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponteggi_Dalmine"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992108-161"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Lotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia"},{"link_name":"Monza Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"third colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_colours"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"}],"sub_title":"Colours","text":"Upon their formation in September 1912, Monza's team wore long-sleeved, blue shirts with a white collar and cuffs.[3] The choice of blue was \"forced\"; a local cloth dealer, who was a football fan, gave the newly founded club a piece of blue cloth he had not been able to sell for years.[3] Following World War I, in the 1919–20 Promozione, the countless washes faded the shirts' colours from blue to white, and they were replaced with new, half-white and half-blue shirts with matching sleeves.[20]The club continued to wear the blue-and-white colours for 20 years until September 1932, when Monza changed their colours to red and white, which they have worn ever since.[28] The change came as a result of professor Giuseppe Riva's report addressed to the comune of Monza in May 1923, in which he discovered that the city's historical colours were red and white.[f][149] Monza debuted with their new colours in the Coppa del ventennio (Two-decades cup), a friendly tournament to mark Monza's 20-year anniversary.[150] The kit was a white shirt with a red vertical stripe in the middle and black shorts.[150] The team's away kit was the inverse of the home one; on occasions when Monza were to face a team also wearing red and white, they wore a blue kit.[150] Ever since, the home kit has been red and the away kit white;[151] prior to 1971, the home shirt was generally solid red and the away shirt white.[150] In the 1937–38 and 1961–62 seasons, Monza's home shirt was striped red-and-white.[150]Monza's kits first featured the white vertical line in 1971; the Corona Ferrea was placed on the stripe as a logo.During the 1950s, the shorts were usually white and rarely black.[152] Goalkeepers wore black or grey kits.[150] In 1971, Monza's home kit underwent a slight but significant change: a vertical white band was added on the left-hand side, running through the length of the red shirt.[152] The band was red for the white away shirt.[152] The following year, the vertical band extended to the shorts and the kit numbers were displayed on the sleeves.[153] The Corona Ferrea (Iron Crown) was used as a logo at the top of the stripe on the chest.[154] In the seasons following Monza's Coppa Italia Serie C wins in 1974, 1975, 1988 and 1991, the cockade of Italy replaced the crown.[154] On 22 August 1979, during a 1979–80 Coppa Italia game against Milan, Monza displayed the players' names on top of the numbers on the back, a novelty at the time dubbed \"all'Americana\" (American style); the Italian Football Federation did not approve of the change and fined the club.[155] Monza first displayed a sponsor on their shirt in 1982, showing the text \"Ponteggi Dalmine [it]\".[155]From 1981, the lateral white stripe was removed from the kit, making way for different forms of full-red shirts; the stripe returned sporadically for short periods in 1992, 2000, 2014[156] and since 2018.[157] In 2019, following the club's name change back to AC Monza, new Lotto shirts that included a small Autodromo logo on the back of the collar in reference to the Monza Circuit were unveiled.[158] On their 110th anniversary on 1 September 2022, Monza introduced a light blue kit as their third colours for the 2022–23 season in honour of the club's first shirt.[159]Monza's first kit in 1912 was blue and white.In 1920 the kit changed to blue-and-white halves.The first red-and-white kit appeared in 1932.In 1937–38 and 1961–62, Monza wore stripes.Variations of a full red shirt were worn between the 1930s and 2010s......which alternated with the white striped kit, first introduced in 1971.","title":"Colours and identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corona_ferrea.png"},{"link_name":"Corona Ferrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Crown"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977226-166"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977227-167"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977227-167"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977227-167"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977228-168"},{"link_name":"1937–38 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977228-168"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977228-168"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977228%E2%80%93229-169"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977229-170"},{"link_name":"ox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977229-170"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977229-170"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977229-170"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977229-170"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977229-170"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992110%E2%80%93111-171"},{"link_name":"chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992110%E2%80%93111-171"},{"link_name":"Estorre Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estorre_Visconti"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10cose-172"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992110%E2%80%93111-171"},{"link_name":"hilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilt"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992111-173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AC_Monza_Brianza_1912_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSA-174"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSA-174"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Lega_Pro_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Monza Brianza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Monza_and_Brianza"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10cose-172"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10cose-172"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logo2015-177"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSA-174"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newname2019-126"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-restyle2021-178"},{"link_name":"hex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_Triplet"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-restyle2021-178"}],"sub_title":"Badge","text":"The Corona Ferrea has been used in Monza's badges since 1920.Monza's first crest was designed in 1920:[160] it depicted a blue shield with a red border, with a golden Corona Ferrea inside.[161] The text \"AC Monza\" was written in black inside a white horizontal band on top of the shield.[161] The crest remained in use until 1932, when Monza's colours changed to red and white.[161] In 1933, the badge became circular and was vertically divided into red and white halves, and included golden initials ACM with the crown at the bottom.[162] During the 1937–38 season, the badge's shape was changed from a circle to an oval, keeping the same details.[162] It stayed the same until 1945, following World War II, when it changed to a rectangular shape that was divided into red and white halves.[162] The white half on the left featured the club's name and the founding year, while the crown was placed in the red half.[163]Following Monza's promotion to the Serie B in 1951, the crest again became oval shaped and the text's orientation was changed from vertical to horizontal.[164] This design lasted five years until Monza's merger with Simmenthal, when the logo became more detailed; the badge was shaped like an ox head, including the horns.[164] The colours were placed diagonally, similarly to the 1951 crest, with the letters S (for Simmenthal) and M (Monza) being placed on top of each other in the badge's centre.[164] The crown was placed above the letters.[164] After the end of the merger in 1966, the badge became a stylised golden Corona Ferrea with red details.[164] The epigraph of the club's name was placed in the inner circle.[164] In 1984, Monza's logo went back to a rectangular shape.[165] A white inverted chevron was placed inside, with the words \"Calcio\" and \"Monza\" placed on each side of the chevron.[165] A vertical sword, a reference to Estorre Visconti,[166] was placed inside the downwards-pointing triangle formed by the chevron.[165] The crown formed the hilt of the sword.[167]The badge used by Monza between 2004 and 2013In 2000,[168] the logo changed to a rounded-bottom shield; a red crown was placed in the top third on a white background, while the bottom two-thirds contained the words \"Calcio Monza 1912\" written in white on a red background.[169] The logo remained until 2004, when a new crest was introduced: it was a more rounded red shield with white details; \"AC Monza Brianza\" was written on top, and a depiction of a sword \"cutting through\" a crown – both drawn in a minimalist style – was placed on the bottom.[168] Monza celebrated their 100th anniversary in the 2012–13 season. A modified version of the logo was announced to mark the occasion: a gold crown with red and white gems was placed on top of the crest. \"MB\" (standing for Monza Brianza) written in red was placed below the crest, surrounded by \"2012\" to the left, \"1912\" to the right and \"100\" on the bottom, all written in gold.[170]Starting from the 2013–14 season, Monza's logo included a red shield with the club's name (\"AC Monza Brianza\") in white capital letters inside.[166] The Corona Ferrea was placed above the shield and two white \"Visconti\" crossed swords were included inside the shield.[166] The logo underwent a minor redesign in 2015, when the two crossed swords were replaced with a vertical sword, and the text on top changed to \"SSD Monza\", to reflect the club's name change.[171] In 2016 and 2019, the text in the badge was changed to \"Monza\" and \"AC Monza\", respectively.[168][123] In 2021, a thin red outline was added to the logo, enclosing the already present white border surrounding the red shield.[172] The same year, Monza published a brand manual, including information about the geometrical construction of the badge, the fonts used by the club, and their colour dubbed \"Rosso Monza\" (Monza Red; hex: #E4032E).[172]","title":"Colours and identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michele Magrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Magrin"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10cose-172"}],"sub_title":"Anthem","text":"Since 2006, the club's official anthem has been the song \"Monza Alè\", which was written and composed by the band Amusia, whose leader was former Monza player Michele Magrin.[166]","title":"Colours and identity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campo_delle_Grazie_Vecchie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Villa of Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Villa_of_Monza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196215-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196215-4"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storia-179"},{"link_name":"stands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher"},{"link_name":"ITL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liraeuro-181"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977220-182"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977220-182"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonatiRadaelli199281-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196216-21"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197728-184"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liraeuro-181"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196217-185"},{"link_name":"Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Fiume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196217-185"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977222-187"}],"sub_title":"First grounds","text":"The Grazie Vecchie field during a game between Monza and Czechoslovakia in 1919Pro Monza and Pro Italia, the clubs that merged to form Monza in 1912, played in the Boschetti Reali in front of the Royal Villa of Monza.[3] After the merger, Monza first played in the district of Triante;[3] the field was called \"fuori porta\" (outside the door) because it was located outside the city of Monza.[173] Small stands were built for a cost of ITL3,000 (€12,000 as of 2022[g]).[175] The opening match at the field was played between Milan and Chiasso on 13 May 1912, which ended in a 5–2 win for Milan.[175]Monza's first city-based stadium was the Grazie Vecchie, which was inaugurated on 13 May 1915 with a 1–0 win over Juventus Italia.[176] The stadium also played host to a friendly match between Monza and the Czechoslovakia military national team in 1919,[19] which ended in a 1–1 draw.[20]In late 1923,[177] Monza relocated to their newly constructed stadium in Via Ghilini (Ghilini Street), which cost almost ITL70,000 (€67,000[g]).[178] The stadium was inaugurated in early 1924 with a friendly against Gloria from the city of Fiume, following the city's recent annexation to Italy,[h] which Monza won 2–1.[178] The Via Ghilini field continued operating until 1939 when World War II made it impractical.[179]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadio_Gino_Alfonso_Sada_(Monza).jpg"},{"link_name":"Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Gino_Alfonso_Sada"},{"link_name":"Gioventù Italiana del Littorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196222-188"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Pavia_1911_S.S.D."},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977223-189"},{"link_name":"grandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandstand"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamesasca196222-188"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992222-83"}],"sub_title":"Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada","text":"The Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada (2013) hosted Monza's games between 1945 and 1988.In 1945, following the war, a new playing field was built on the parade ground of the former Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), and was called the San Gregorio field.[180] It was inaugurated on 21 October with Monza's 2–0 friendly win over Pavia.[181] Following Monza's promotion to the Serie B in 1951, a grandstand and stands were built, and the stadium was renamed Stadio Città di Monza; the supporters, however, continued using its traditional name.[180]In 1965, the stadium was renamed Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada in honour of the deceased former president of Monza.[182] The club's last match at the \"Sada\" was played on 11 June 1988; it was the away match of the 1987–88 Coppa Italia Serie C final against Palermo, which Monza won 2–1.[80]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centro_sportivo_monzello_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti199252-191"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti199253-192"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti199256-193"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roma1988-84"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"}],"sub_title":"Stadio Brianteo","text":"Centro Sportivo Luigi Berlusconi – Monzello in 2023On 28 May 1979, plans for the construction of a new stadium, which were approved by the Extraordinary Commissioner Alfio Licandro, began.[183] Construction of the new Stadio Brianteo began on 13 November 1982 and ended in 1986.[184] In the initial project, the stadium's capacity was expected to be around 30,000; for security reasons, however, the capacity was lowered to just under 20,000.[185] Monza played their first game at the \"Brianteo\" on 28 August 1988, when they hosted Serie A side Roma in the Coppa Italia; Monza won their first match in their new stadium 2–1.[81]On 4 September 2020, the stadium was renamed U-Power Stadium, following a sponsorship deal with footwear and workwear company U-Power.[186] Monza re-opened the east stand – which had been closed for 20 years – ahead of the 2022–23 Serie A season,[187] bringing the maximum seating capacity from 10,000 to about 17,000.[188]Monza inaugurated their training ground, Centro Sportivo Monzello, on 3 November 1986.[189] It was renamed \"Centro Sportivo Luigi Berlusconi – Monzello\" on 8 October 2022, in honour of owner Silvio Berlusconi and honorary president Paolo Berlusconi's late father.[190]","title":"Stadiums"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curva_Sud_Davide_Pieri_2019_-_Renate.jpg"},{"link_name":"tifo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifo"},{"link_name":"Renate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Renate"},{"link_name":"ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"Curva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curva"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pempoli-199"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"text":"A tifo by Curva Sud fans in a match against Renate in 2019The first signs of organised support emerged in the early-1970s with the founding of the ultras groups Commandos in 1971 and Club Ultras Monza in 1972.[191] Eagles Monza emerged in the early 1980s.[191] After Monza's move to the new Stadio Brianteo in 1988, several ultras groups began to fold; Eagles was abandoned in 1992.[191] In 1993, Gioventù Brianzola was formed, and became the driving force of the Curva Sud; the group adopted the eagle as their symbol as a tribute to the defunct group.[191] In 1994, Sempre Al Bar (S.A.B.) was formed.[191] With the dissolution of other groups in 2001, S.A.B. became the main group of the curva.[191]Following Berlusconi's takeover of the club in 2018, attendance figures started to rise and new supporter groups began to emerge.[191] On 31 March 2022, Monza formed the AC Monza Club, a project that is aimed at uniting official Monza fan clubs by organising meetings, rallies and sporting events.[192]The Curva Sud of the Brianteo is also called \"Curva Davide Pieri\" in memory of a young fan who died in 1998.[193] The press stand – part of the west stand – was named in memory of Claudio Parma, a journalist and biancorosso fan who died in 2008,[194] while the entire west stand bears the name of the historic fan Angelo Scotti, who died in 2018.[195]","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football derbies in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_derbies_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Serie B play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_B#Promotion_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa_S.C."},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derbycomo-204"},{"link_name":"Como","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derbycomo-204"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-como1967-56"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derbycomo-204"},{"link_name":"Pro Sesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Sesto_2013"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pisa2007-109"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022pisa-140"}],"text":"See also: Football derbies in ItalyMonza fans singing \"chi non salta è un pisano\" (whoever is not jumping is from Pisa), following their Serie B play-off win against Pisa in 2022Monza's main rivalry is with fellow Lombardy club Como; it has been defined as the \"hottest derby in Serie B\".[196] The two clubs first played each other in Como on 19 November 1922, with the match ending in a goalless draw.[196] The rivalry began on 4 June 1967, when Monza beat Como 1–0 in the decisive promotion play-off match of the Serie B.[54] It became more intense on 13 April 1980; with Monza leading 3–1, Como equalised in the last minute with a penalty. The 3–3 draw ended Monza's chances of promotion to the Serie A.[196]Another important rivalry is the one with Pro Sesto, which is based in the adjacent city Sesto San Giovanni.[197] Historically, the two sides have had a tradition of beating the other away from home.[198] Monza also have a more recent rivalry with Pisa; in 2007, the two sides played in the Serie C promotion play-off final.[106] Pisa won in extra time, and opposing supporters began attacking each other.[199] In 2022, the two sides met once again in a decisive promotion play-off final, this time for the Serie A: Monza won in extra time, and reached the first division for the first time in their history.[137]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simmenthal55-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992254-46"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"Nicolò Carosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Carosio"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNoggi-208"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti1992254-46"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNoggi-208"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liraeuro-181"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNoggi-208"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MNoggi-208"},{"link_name":"Renato Pozzetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Pozzetto"},{"link_name":"The Finzi Detective Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Finzi_Detective_Agency"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"}],"text":"During the 1955–56 Serie B, Monza's first season after their merger with Simmenthal,[44] Monza's San Gregorio stadium hosted the first free-to-air televised football match in Italy.[45] The match was broadcast by RAI and commentated upon by Nicolò Carosio,[200] and was played on 8 October 1955 between Monza and Verona.[45] The match ended in a goalless draw.[200] Monza earned ITL700,000 (€11,000[g]) from the broadcast.[200] Only 1,500 spectators attended the game because most fans were watching it on television in local bars.[200]Italian actor Renato Pozzetto, in the 1979 film The Finzi Detective Agency, played a private investigator Riccardo Finzi, a supporter of Monza who said: \"Io sono del Monza, non riusciremo mai a venire in Serie A\" (I support Monza, we will never be able to reach the Serie A).[201] The line became a part of local culture and was used in a fan chant: \"Il nostro Calcio Monza è in C1, e non andremo mai in Serie A. Ma io non mollerò, questa è la mia mentalità. Segui anche tu la squadra della tua città\" (Our Calcio Monza is in the [Serie] C1, and we will never go to the Serie A. But I will not give up, this is my mentality. You too follow the team of your city).[202]","title":"In the media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"Esports","text":"In September 2019, Monza launched their esports team to compete in FIFA games.[203] They reached the 2021 FIFA eClub World Cup Europe semi-finals and were ranked 12th in the overall rankings.[204] In January 2022, Monza were awarded the \"OIES Badge\" by the Osservatorio Italiano Esports.[205]","title":"In the media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:AC Monza players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:AC_Monza_players"}],"text":"See also: Category:AC Monza players","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First-team squad","text":"As of 11 June 2024[206]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"As of 9 September 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Youth sector","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Save_the_Dream_-_Italian_Embassy_Welcoming_Lunch_(31098292533).jpg"},{"link_name":"Adriano Galliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Galliani"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Adriano Galliani (2016) has been deputy chairman and CEO of Monza since 2018.Last updated: 1 July 2023Source: [217]","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raffaele_Palladino_Juventus,_2007_(crop_2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"}],"sub_title":"Technical staff","text":"Raffaele Palladino (2007) was appointed head coach of Monza in 2022.Last updated: 1 July 2023Source: [218]","title":"Club officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:AC Monza managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:AC_Monza_managers"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti1977182-227"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttoVegetti199260-228"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondadori2022160%E2%80%93161-229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Cesare Lovati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lovati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ettore Reynaudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Reynaudi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Conti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Silvio Stritzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Stritzel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Stritzel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Angelo Albertoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Albertoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Albertoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Conti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarioni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Angelo Piffarerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Piffarerio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Piffarerio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Mario Antonioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Antonioli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Antonioli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Angelo Piffarerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Piffarerio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Piffarerio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Bonizzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Bonizzoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Bonizzoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Oreste Barale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreste_Barale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Annibale Frossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Frossi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Fioravante Baldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fioravante_Baldi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fioravante_Baldi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Carlo Alberto Quario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Alberto_Quario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pietro Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Rava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Eraldo Monzeglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraldo_Monzeglio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bruno Arcari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Arcari_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pietro Rava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Rava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Manlio Cipolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manlio_Cipolla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlio_Cipolla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Attilio Kossovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attilio_Kossovel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Kossovel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Hugo Lamanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Lamanna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Lamanna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Malagoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vittorio_Malagoli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Malagoli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Rigamonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Rigamonti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Rigamonti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bruno Dazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Dazzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Dazzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Radice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Radice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bruno Dazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Dazzi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Dazzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Nils Liedholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Liedholm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Radice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Radice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Franco Viviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco_Viviani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Viviani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Gino Pivatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Pivatelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Mario David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_David_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Magni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Magni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sergio Carpanesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Carpanesi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lamberto Giorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Giorgis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Franco Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franco_Fontana_(footballer,_born_1945)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Fontana_(calciatore_1945)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Guido Mazzetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guido_Mazzetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mazzetti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Magni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Magni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Paolo Carosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Carosi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Carosi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pasinato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Pasinato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pasinato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Frosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Frosio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Franco Varrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Varrella"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Trainini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Trainini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Trainini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Nedo Sonetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo_Sonetti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Simone Boldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Boldini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Rumignani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Rumignani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Radice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Radice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bruno Bolchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bolchi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Frosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Frosio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roberto Antonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Antonelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Salvemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Salvemini_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini_(calciatore)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Simone Boldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Boldini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Romano Cazzaniga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romano_Cazzaniga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Cazzaniga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roberto Antonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Antonelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Romano Cazzaniga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romano_Cazzaniga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Cazzaniga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Simone Boldini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Boldini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Oscar Piantoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Piantoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Massimo Pedrazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pedrazzini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Trainini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Trainini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Trainini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Sala_(football_manager)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sala_(allenatore_di_calcio)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Sonzogni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Sonzogni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Pagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Pagliari_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pagliari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Dario Marcolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Marcolin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Sonzogni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Sonzogni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cevoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cevoli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alessio De Petrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio_De_Petrillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Corrado Verdelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado_Verdelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Motta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gianfranco_Motta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Motta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Antonino Asta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonino_Asta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Fulvio Pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvio_Pea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alessio Delpiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessio_Delpiano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio_Delpiano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Sandro Salvioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Salvioni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alessio Delpiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessio_Delpiano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessio_Delpiano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Marco Zaffaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Zaffaroni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Cristian Brocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Brocchi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Stroppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Stroppa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Palladino"}],"text":"See also: Category:AC Monza managersThe following is a list of Monza managers throughout history.[219][220][221]Technical committee (1912–1927)\n Cesare Lovati (1928–1929)\n Ettore Reynaudi (1929–1930)\nTechnical committee (1930–1935)\n Leopoldo Conti (1935–1936)\n Silvio Stritzel [it] (1936–1937)\n Angelo Albertoni [it] (1937–1938)\n Leopoldo Conti (1938–1939)\n Alessandro Scarioni (1939–1940)\n Angelo Piffarerio [it] (1940–1942)\n Mario Antonioli [it] (1942–1943)\n Angelo Piffarerio [it] (1945–1947)\n Luigi Bonizzoni [it] (1947–1948)\n Oreste Barale (1948–1949)\n Annibale Frossi (1949–1953)\n Fioravante Baldi [it] (1953–1954)\n Carlo Alberto Quario (1954–1955)\n Pietro Rava (1955–1956)\n Eraldo Monzeglio (1956)\n Bruno Arcari (1956–1958)\n Pietro Rava (1958–1959)\n Manlio Cipolla [it] (1959)\n Attilio Kossovel [it] (1959–1960)\n Hugo Lamanna [it] (1960–1964)\n Vittorio Malagoli [it] (1964–1965)\n Vincenzo Rigamonti [it] (1965–1966)\n Bruno Dazzi [it] (1966)\n Luigi Radice (1966–1968)\n Bruno Dazzi [it] (1968)\n Nils Liedholm (1968–1969)\n Luigi Radice (1969–1971)\n Franco Viviani [it] (1971–1973)\n Gino Pivatelli (1973)\n Mario David (1973–1975)\n Alfredo Magni [it] (1975–1980)\n Sergio Carpanesi (1980)\n Lamberto Giorgis (1980–1981)\n Franco Fontana [it] (1981–1982)\n Guido Mazzetti [it] (1982–1983)\n Alfredo Magni [it] (1983–1986)\n Paolo Carosi [it] (1986)\n Antonio Pasinato [it] (1986–1987)\n Pierluigi Frosio (1987–1990)\n Franco Varrella (1990–1991)\n Giovanni Trainini [it] (1991–1993)\n Nedo Sonetti (1993–1994)\n Simone Boldini (1994–1996)\n Giorgio Rumignani (1996–1997)\n Luigi Radice (1997)\n Bruno Bolchi (1997–1998)\n Pierluigi Frosio (1998–2000)\n Roberto Antonelli (2000–2001)\n Gaetano Salvemini [it] (2001)\n Simone Boldini (2001)\n Romano Cazzaniga [it] (2001)\n Roberto Antonelli (2001–2002)\n Romano Cazzaniga [it] (2002)\n Simone Boldini (2002)\n Oscar Piantoni (2002–2003)\n Massimo Pedrazzini (2003–2004)\n Giovanni Trainini [it] (2004–2005)\n Antonio Sala [it] (2005)\n Giuliano Sonzogni (2005–2007)\n Giovanni Pagliari [it] (2007–2008)\n Dario Marcolin (2008)\n Giuliano Sonzogni (2008–2009)\n Roberto Cevoli (2009–2010)\n Alessio De Petrillo (2010)\n Corrado Verdelli (2010–2011)\n Gianfranco Motta [it] (2011–2012)\n Antonino Asta (2012–2014)\n Fulvio Pea (2014–2015)\n Alessio Delpiano [it] (2015–2016)\n Sandro Salvioni (2016)\n Alessio Delpiano [it] (2016)\n Marco Zaffaroni (2016–2018)\n Cristian Brocchi (2018–2021)\n Giovanni Stroppa (2021–2022)\n Raffaele Palladino (2022–2024)","title":"Managerial history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Francesco Antonioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Antonioli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Evaristo Beccalossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaristo_Beccalossi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ariedo Braida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariedo_Braida"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Marco Branca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Branca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ruben Buriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Buriani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Casiraghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Casiraghi"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pyhc-232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luciano Castellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Castellini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Costacurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Costacurta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Walter De Vecchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_De_Vecchi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Di Biagio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Di_Biagio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Patrice Evra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Evra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Ganz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Ganz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Gillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gillet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Nils Liedholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Liedholm"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coach-233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Daniele Massaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Massaro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Paolo Monelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Monelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Emiliano Mondonico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Mondonico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giulio Nuciari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Nuciari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Davide Pinato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Pinato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Felice Pulici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felice_Pulici&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Pulici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luigi Radice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Radice"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coach-233"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Anselmo Robbiati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_Robbiati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Fulvio Saini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvio_Saini"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pyhc-232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Claudio Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Sala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Patrizio Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrizio_Sala"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pyhc-232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Stroppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Stroppa"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phc-234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giuliano Terraneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_Terraneo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Marco Zaffaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Zaffaroni"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phc-234"}],"text":"The following is a list of players and head coaches who are part of the Hall of Fame on the club's official website. All entries are players unless noted otherwise.[222]Francesco Antonioli (1986–1988)\n Evaristo Beccalossi (1985–1986)\n Ariedo Braida[i] (1975–1977)\n Marco Branca (2000–2001)\n Ruben Buriani (1974–1977)\n Pierluigi Casiraghi[j] (1985–1989)\n Luciano Castellini (1965–1970)\n Alessandro Costacurta (1986–1987)\n Walter De Vecchi (1975–1978)\n Luigi Di Biagio (1989–1992)\n Patrice Evra (1999–2000)\n Maurizio Ganz (1988–1989)\n Jean-François Gillet (1999–2000)\n Nils Liedholm[k] (1968–1969)\n Daniele Massaro (1978–1981)\n Paolo Monelli (1978–1981)\n Emiliano Mondonico (1970–1971)\n Giulio Nuciari (1988–1989)\n Davide Pinato (1983–1988)\n Felice Pulici [it] (1977–1978)\n Luigi Radice[k] (1969–1970)\n Anselmo Robbiati (1987–1993, 2004–2005)\n Fulvio Saini[j] (1980–1998)\n Claudio Sala (1965–1967)\n Patrizio Sala[j] (1973–1975)\n Giovanni Stroppa[l] (1987–1989)\n Giuliano Terraneo (1974–1977)\n Marco Zaffaroni[l] (2004–2008)","title":"Hall of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AC_Monza_2022_Serie_A_celebration_10_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Serie B promotion play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_B#Promotion_play-offs"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondadori2022162-235"}],"text":"Monza players celebrating their first Serie A promotion in 2022, after winning the Serie B promotion play-offsThe following is a list of honours and achievements Monza have attained throughout their history.[223]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"1950–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Seconda Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Seconda_Divisione"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_D"}],"sub_title":"League","text":"Serie C (Level 3)\nWinners (4): 1950–51 (Group A), 1966–67 (Group A), 1975–76 (Group A), 2019–20 (Group A)\nSeconda Divisione (Level 3)\nWinners (1): 1926–27\nSerie D (Level 4)\nWinners (1): 2016–17 (Group B)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CISCname-81"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374_Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti_1973-1974"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CISP-236"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974%E2%80%9375_Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti_1974-1975"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CISP-236"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987%E2%80%9388_Coppa_Italia_Serie_C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C_1987-1988"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990%E2%80%9391_Coppa_Italia_Serie_C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C_1990-1991"},{"link_name":"Scudetto Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serie_D_champions_and_promotions"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Serie_D#Scudetto_Serie_D"}],"sub_title":"Cup","text":"Coppa Italia Serie C[c]\nWinners (4; record): 1973–74 [it],[m] 1974–75 [it],[m] 1987–88 [it], 1990–91 [it]\nScudetto Serie D\nWinners (1): 2016–17","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Italian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Italian_Cup"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Anglo-Italian Cup\nWinners (1): 1976","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"1947–48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1981-1982"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C1-237"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1987%E2%80%9388_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1987-1988"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C1-237"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991%E2%80%9392_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1991-1992"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C1-237"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996%E2%80%9397_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1_1996-97"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C1-237"},{"link_name":"Prima Divisione Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"1941–42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1941%E2%80%9342_Prima_Divisione_Lombardia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Divisione_Lombardia_1941-1942"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CISCname-81"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975%E2%80%9376_Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti_1975-1976"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995%E2%80%9396_Coppa_Italia_Serie_C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C_1995-1996"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Coppa_Italia_Lega_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Lega_Pro_2013-2014"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018%E2%80%9319_Coppa_Italia_Serie_C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C_2018-2019"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Italian Semiprofessional Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Italian_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Other achievements","text":"Serie B (Level 2)\nPlay-off winners (1): 2021–22\nSerie C (Level 3)\nRunners-up (5): 1947–48 (Group F), 1974–75 (Group A), 1981–82 [it] (Group A),[n] 1987–88 [it] (Group A),[n] 1991–92 [it] (Group A)[n]\nPlay-off winners (1): 1996–97 [it] (Group A)[n]\nPrima Divisione Lombardia (Level 4)\nRunners-up (1): 1941–42 [it] (Group C)\nCoppa Italia Serie C[c]\nRunners-up (4): 1975–76 [it], 1995–96 [it], 2013–14 [it], 2018–19 [it]\nAnglo-Italian Semiprofessional Cup\nRunners-up (1): 1975","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Brianzöö dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccaVegetti197772-50"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CISCname_81-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CISCname_81-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CISCname_81-2"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Serie_C"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"2004–05 Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anticipo-147"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-152"},{"link_name":"ChievoVerona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona"},{"link_name":"1994–95 Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"2001–02 Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esordienti-151"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-155"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monza"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Bonincontro Morigia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonincontro_Morigia"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bandieracommunis-154"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-liraeuro_181-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-liraeuro_181-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-liraeuro_181-2"},{"link_name":"Italian lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lira"},{"link_name":"Euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"Italian National Institute of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_National_Institute_of_Statistics"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-186"},{"link_name":"Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"breakup of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"HNK Rijeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNK_Rijeka"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-231"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pyhc_232-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pyhc_232-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pyhc_232-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coach_233-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coach_233-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-phc_234-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-phc_234-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CISP_236-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CISP_236-1"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Semiprofessionisti"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C1_237-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C1_237-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C1_237-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-C1_237-3"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"}],"text":"^ In Brianzöö dialect\n\n^ In 1964, Monza and Serie A club Bologna were the only Italian teams to have positive balances in the first two divisions.[49]\n\n^ a b c The Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti changed its name to Coppa Italia Serie C in 1981.[78]\n\n^ Since the 2004–05 Serie A season, when the Serie A became a 20-team league.[144]\n\n^ Only ChievoVerona totaled more points in the three-point era (since the 1994–95 Serie A season), having finished the 2001–02 Serie A season with 54 points.[147]\n\n^ The comune of Monza adopted blue and white as its colours in March 1916, after mayor Ezio Riboldi had (erroneously) found that the city's first historical coat of arms was a red sun on a blue background.[148] However, in 1923 professor Giuseppe Riva discovered that the background of the coat of arms was not blue, but white. This is confirmed by Bonincontro Morigia, a 14th-century historian from Monza, who described his city's crest as \"a white flag with a red moon in the middle\".[149]\n\n^ a b c Historical conversion from Italian lira to Euro according to the Italian National Institute of Statistics online calculator.[174] Euro figures refer to June 2022.\n\n^ Fiume (today known as Rijeka) was part of Italy between 1924 and 1945, when it became part of Yugoslavia. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Rijeka has been part of Croatia since 1991. The club became NK Rijeka in 1954, and has been known as HNK Rijeka since 1995.\n\n^ Player and sporting director\n\n^ a b c Player and youth head coach\n\n^ a b Head coach\n\n^ a b Player and head coach\n\n^ a b Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti\n\n^ a b c d Serie C1","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788869990267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788869990267"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788836161140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788836161140"}],"text":"\"Articolo celebrativo del 50º di fondazione del Simmenthal-Monza\" [Article celebrating the 50th anniversary of the foundation of Simmenthal-Monza]. Calcio (in Italian). 1961–62. Lega Nazionale Professionisti: 5. 1962.\nFontanelli, Carlo; Delbue, Matteo; Peduzzi, Stefano (2012). E non andremo mai in Serie A... 100 anni di Monza. Almanacco biancorosso 1912–2012 [And we will never go to the Serie A... 100 years of Monza. 1912–2012 red and white almanac] (in Italian). Empoli: Geo Edizioni. ISBN 9788869990267.\nArtesani, Giulio; Peduzzi, Stefano (2022). Monza. Destinazione Serie A. 110 anni di storia nella voce dei suoi protagonisti [Monza. Destination Serie A. 110 years of history in the voice of their protagonists] (in Italian). Diarkos. ISBN 9788836161140.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Monza's first lineup in 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monza_first_lineup%2C_1912.jpg/250px-Monza_first_lineup%2C_1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"Starting from the 1933–34 season, Monza wore red-and-white kits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Monza_lineup_in_1932-33.jpg/220px-Monza_lineup_in_1932-33.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1973–74 Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti won by Monza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/CoppaitaliaserieC73-74.jpg/220px-CoppaitaliaserieC73-74.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stadio Brianteo (2022) has hosted Monza's home games since 1988.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stadio_brianteo_monza_2022.jpg/220px-Stadio_brianteo_monza_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bus with advertising by Anthony Armstrong Emery against racism in football (2013)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pullman_armstrong.jpg/220px-Pullman_armstrong.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monza players celebrating on an open top bus their first Serie A promotion in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/AC_Monza_2022_Serie_A_celebration_25.jpg/220px-AC_Monza_2022_Serie_A_celebration_25.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monza's kits first featured the white vertical line in 1971; the Corona Ferrea was placed on the stripe as a logo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Monza_lineup_in_1971-72_%282%29.jpg/220px-Monza_lineup_in_1971-72_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Corona Ferrea has been used in Monza's badges since 1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Corona_ferrea.png/170px-Corona_ferrea.png"},{"image_text":"The badge used by Monza between 2004 and 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AC_Monza_Brianza_1912_logo.svg/170px-AC_Monza_Brianza_1912_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Grazie Vecchie field during a game between Monza and Czechoslovakia in 1919","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Campo_delle_Grazie_Vecchie.jpg/220px-Campo_delle_Grazie_Vecchie.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stadio Gino Alfonso Sada (2013) hosted Monza's games between 1945 and 1988.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stadio_Gino_Alfonso_Sada_%28Monza%29.jpg/220px-Stadio_Gino_Alfonso_Sada_%28Monza%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Centro Sportivo Luigi Berlusconi – Monzello in 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Centro_sportivo_monzello_2023.jpg/220px-Centro_sportivo_monzello_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tifo by Curva Sud fans in a match against Renate in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Curva_Sud_Davide_Pieri_2019_-_Renate.jpg/220px-Curva_Sud_Davide_Pieri_2019_-_Renate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monza fans singing \"chi non salta è un pisano\" (whoever is not jumping is from Pisa), following their Serie B play-off win against Pisa in 2022"},{"image_text":"Adriano Galliani (2016) has been deputy chairman and CEO of Monza since 2018.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Save_the_Dream_-_Italian_Embassy_Welcoming_Lunch_%2831098292533%29.jpg/220px-Save_the_Dream_-_Italian_Embassy_Welcoming_Lunch_%2831098292533%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Raffaele Palladino (2007) was appointed head coach of Monza in 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Raffaele_Palladino_Juventus%2C_2007_%28crop_2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monza players celebrating their first Serie A promotion in 2022, after winning the Serie B promotion play-offs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/AC_Monza_2022_Serie_A_celebration_10_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AC_Monza_2022_Serie_A_celebration_10_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sport: Foot-Ball\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 26 September 1912. p. 3. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. Si è costituita a Monza, dal primo settembre, una nuova società per l'incremento del gioco del calcio, sotto il nome di Monza F.B.C. La nuova società ha fissato la sua sede presso il Caffè-passticceria Roma, sulla piazza omonima.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14948#page/141/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Sport: Foot-Ball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417095034/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14948#page/141/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trentanni di attività dell'Associazione Calcio Monza\". Il Popolo di Monza (in Italian). 6 May 1943. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Fu nel lontano 1912, di questi giorni, che nella saletta terrena della Trattoria Cappello Vecchio, si diedero convegno i... plenipotenziari della Juventus F.B.C. [e] del Monza F.B.C. per concordare la fusione delle due associazioni e stendere l'atto di nascita della nuova Società.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15059#page/76/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Trentanni di attività dell'Associazione Calcio Monza\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173021/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15059#page/76/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Il Monza tornerà a chiamarsi AC Monza. Ecco anche il nuovo logo\". MBNews (in Italian). 27 June 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbnews.it/2019/06/calcio-monza-campionato-italiano-di-calcio-nuovo-nome-logo-associazione-calcio-monza-s-p-a-ac-monza/","url_text":"\"Il Monza tornerà a chiamarsi AC Monza. Ecco anche il nuovo logo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001071919/https://www.mbnews.it/2019/06/calcio-monza-campionato-italiano-di-calcio-nuovo-nome-logo-associazione-calcio-monza-s-p-a-ac-monza/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sport\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 13 November 1913. p. 2. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. L'Associazione Calcio Monza risultante dalla fusione del Monza F.B.C. con la Juventus F.B.C. [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14949#page/184/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Sport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116162436/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14949#page/184/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Associazione Calcio\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 1 January 1914. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Domenica p.v. per l'anzidetta I squadra, si apre un periodo di operosità, iniziandosi i campionati di III categoria ai quali l'A.C.M. è regolarmente iscritta. Il primo match avrà luogo contro la \"Fanfulla di Lodi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14950#page/7/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Associazione Calcio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172845/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14950#page/7/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Associazione Calcio\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 5 February 1914. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. La prima squadra del \"Fanfulla di Lodi\" aveva la ragione dei Monzesi 3 a 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14950#page/28/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Associazione Calcio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172845/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14950#page/28/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Associazione Calcio\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 19 November 1914. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Domenica 8 corr. si sono inziate le partite per il campionato di promozione.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14950#page/192/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Associazione Calcio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172845/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14950#page/192/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Associazione Calcio Monza\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 21 October 1915. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. L'Associazione Calcio Monza – che ha visto le sue file non indifferentemente assot[t]igliate per la mobilitazione, – non ha cessato però la sua attività sportiva. Rimpiazzati i vuoti con ottimi giovanili elementi [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14951#page/179/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Associazione Calcio Monza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173944/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14951#page/179/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sbetti, Nicola (23 March 2020). \"Quando il calcio si fermò per la prima volta\". l'Ultimo Uomo (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultimouomo.com/calcio-campionato-sospeso-prima-guerra-mondiale/","url_text":"\"Quando il calcio si fermò per la prima volta\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329144858/https://www.ultimouomo.com/calcio-campionato-sospeso-prima-guerra-mondiale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Campionato Italiano di promozione. A.C. Monza batte Vigor 2–1\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 1 January 1920. p. 4. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14956#page/8/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Campionato Italiano di promozione. A.C. Monza batte Vigor 2–1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182432/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14956#page/8/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Campionato Italiano di Promozione. A.C. Monza batte Vigor 1 a 0\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 5 February 1920. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Con questa vittoria la squadra cittadina vince il proprio girone ed entra in finale.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14956#page/27/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Campionato Italiano di Promozione. A.C. Monza batte Vigor 1 a 0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182432/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14956#page/27/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Divertimenti e Sport\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 14 October 1920. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. L'Associazione Calcio Monza, promossa ai campionati di I Categoria [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14956#page/163/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Divertimenti e Sport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182432/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14956#page/163/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Milano F.B.C. b.tte A.C. Monza 4–1\". Corriere di Monza e della Brianza (in Italian). 31 October 1920. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Il goal del Monza fu seguito dalla mezz'ala sinistra Mandelli.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15061#page/151/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Milano F.B.C. b.tte A.C. Monza 4–1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182337/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15061#page/151/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Le classifiche\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 6 December 1920. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Gruppo lombardo: Girone B. Milan punti 11 – Pro Patria p. 8 – U.S. Cremonese p. 5 – Monza p. 0.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magliarossonera.it/img192021/uff85_1921.jpg","url_text":"\"Le classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera","url_text":"Corriere della Sera"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182606/http://www.magliarossonera.it/img192021/uff85_1921.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"L'A.C. Monza conquista il secondo posto in classifica dopo il risultato pari con l'Enotria\". Corriere di Monza e della Brianza (in Italian). 24 November 1921. p. 3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15062#page/363/mode/1up","url_text":"\"L'A.C. Monza conquista il secondo posto in classifica dopo il risultato pari con l'Enotria\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173035/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15062#page/363/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Il campionato 1922–1923 della 1ª Divisione B\". La Cronaca Sportiva (in Italian). 7 July 1922. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://emeroteca.braidense.it/gea/sfoglia_fascicolo.php?IDTestata=387&CodScheda=00KF&PageRec=25&PageSel=12&PB=2&Anno=1922&Mese=07&Giorno=07&IDG=76642&RecSel=0","url_text":"\"Il campionato 1922–1923 della 1ª Divisione B\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174231/http://emeroteca.braidense.it/gea/sfoglia_fascicolo.php?IDTestata=387&CodScheda=00KF&PageRec=25&PageSel=12&PB=2&Anno=1922&Mese=07&Giorno=07&IDG=76642&RecSel=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"L'Assoc. Calcio Monza resta in II. Divis. A.C.M. batte Canottieri Lecco 1–0\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 9 August 1923. p. 3. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. Con questa vittoria l'A.C.M. ha conquistato il diritto di rimanere in II. divisione [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14959#page/147/mode/1up","url_text":"\"L'Assoc. Calcio Monza resta in II. Divis. A.C.M. batte Canottieri Lecco 1–0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182406/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14959#page/147/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La prima uscita dell'A.C. Monza sotto i nuovi colori\". Il Popolo di Monza (in Italian). 7 September 1932. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. La notizia che l'A.C. Monza ha abbandonata la pur gloriosa maglia bianco celeste per vestirne una bianco rossa, avrà stupito coloro che non sono al corrente con la scoperta del compianto prof. cav. Giuseppe Riva, che annullando quella precedente del prof. Ezio Riboldi, stabiliva per la \"Bandiera communis Modoetie\" i colori bianco rossi.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15048#page/154/mode/1up","url_text":"\"La prima uscita dell'A.C. Monza sotto i nuovi colori\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182423/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15048#page/154/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Il Capolavoro dell'A.C. Monza. Genova – Monza 2–1\". Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario) [it] (in Italian). 27 April 1939. p. 4. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14975#page/72/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Il Capolavoro dell'A.C. Monza. Genova – Monza 2–1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino (Rivista di Monza e del Circondario)"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116162438/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14975#page/72/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abbink, Dinant. \"Coppa Italia 1938/39\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 26 June 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italcup39.html","url_text":"\"Coppa Italia 1938/39\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030626142930/http://www.rsssf.com:80/tablesi/italcup39.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati (14 June 1951). \"Con la vittoria sull'Omegna (1–0) il Monza è stato promosso alla Serie B\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 4. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. [...], ma il minimo di vantaggio acquisito prima, al 38', col rigore di Colombetti [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14986#page/116/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Con la vittoria sull'Omegna (1–0) il Monza è stato promosso alla Serie B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220114154358/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14986#page/116/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"È nata l'A.C. Simmenthal-Monza\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). 28 July 1955. p. 8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Il campionato 1955–56 sarà disputato sotto la denominazione \"Associazione Calcio Simmenthal-Monza\". Presidente della società l'industriale Claudio Sada proprietario della ditta abbinata, il quale durerà in carica un anno.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14990#page/244/mode/1up","url_text":"\"È nata l'A.C. Simmenthal-Monza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173019/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14990#page/244/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Auguri all'A.C. Monza\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). 16 July 1964. p. 7. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022. Dopo nove anni di abbinamento sportivo-industriale è giunto il momento di cessare questo connubio [...] La Simmenthal-Monza A.S. lascia alla ricostituenda A.C. Monza l'eredità gloriosa di due lustri di attività.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14999#page/243/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Auguri all'A.C. Monza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182349/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=14999#page/243/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (16 June 1966). \"Per non retrocedere il Monza deve battere il Mantova!\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 7. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15001#page/215/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Per non retrocedere il Monza deve battere il Mantova!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173734/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15001#page/215/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (23 June 1966). \"Per il Monza inizia ora la nuova e rischiosa avventura della \"C\"\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 7. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Infatti il Monza non è riuscito a vincere a Mantova pur disputando la sua migliore partita di questi ultimi due mesi.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15001#page/223/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Per il Monza inizia ora la nuova e rischiosa avventura della \"C\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173734/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15001#page/223/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (8 June 1967). \"Superpromozione per il Monza–Super\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 9. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Marcatore: Maggioni al 32' del primo tempo.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15002#page/199/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Superpromozione per il Monza–Super\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173032/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15002#page/199/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (4 June 1970). \"Il Monza a Varese per la resa dei conti\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. Solo l'exploit di un successo contro la squadra di Liedholm potrebbe ancora spianare la strada della Serie A ai biancorossi","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15005#page/234/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Il Monza a Varese per la resa dei conti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172945/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15005#page/234/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (20 June 1970). \"Caduta a Varese l'ultima illusione del Monza\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022. [...] la palla perveniva a Caremi il cui tiro alla Mortensen batteva imparabilmente Carmignani. Al sesto minuto di gioco [...] Lanzetti falliva il facilissimo gol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15005#page/246/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Caduta a Varese l'ultima illusione del Monza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172945/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15005#page/246/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mauri, Enzo (24 February 2016). \"Giovanni Cappelletti, ricordo del grande Pres biancorosso\". BrianzaPiù (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brianzapiu.it/giovanni-cappelletti-ricordo-del-grande-pres-biancorosso/","url_text":"\"Giovanni Cappelletti, ricordo del grande Pres biancorosso\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174504/https://www.brianzapiu.it/giovanni-cappelletti-ricordo-del-grande-pres-biancorosso/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (21 June 1972). \"L'ingloriosa retrocessione del Monza\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15008#page/290/mode/1up","url_text":"\"L'ingloriosa retrocessione del Monza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173921/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15008#page/290/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Di Maggio, Roberto; Kramarsic, Igor; Davide, Rota. \"Italy – Coppa Italia di Serie C\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 14 July 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italcup2hist.html","url_text":"\"Italy – Coppa Italia di Serie C\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030714133206/http://www.rsssf.com:80/tablesi/italcup2hist.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Per i biancorossi è già serie B\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). 6 May 1976. p. 11. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. A cinque giornate dal termine del campionato, la squadra di Magni ha definitivamente stroncato la concorrenza con un vantaggio record salito a 13 punti.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15011#page/229/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Per i biancorossi è già serie B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172852/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15011#page/229/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Per il Monza anche una coppa da oltre Manica\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). 24 June 1976. p. 11. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15011#page/313/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Per il Monza anche una coppa da oltre Manica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172852/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15011#page/313/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Palmieri, Lorenzo (18 March 2015). \"Monza, cento anni senza Serie A e lo spettro di un altro fallimento\". Contrataque (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.contra-ataque.it/2015/03/18/monza-cento-anni-senza-serie-a-e-lo-spettro-di-un-altro-fallimento.html","url_text":"\"Monza, cento anni senza Serie A e lo spettro di un altro fallimento\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170603132143/http://www.contra-ataque.it/2015/03/18/monza-cento-anni-senza-serie-a-e-lo-spettro-di-un-altro-fallimento.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Montrasio, Pierantonio (23 June 1977). \"L'incredibile esclusione del Monza dalla serie A\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022. A nove minuti dal termine il gol che condanna il Monza: [...] una deviazione di piede di Michelazzi spiazza nettamente Terraneo che nulla può per evitare la marcatura.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15012#page/294/mode/1up","url_text":"\"L'incredibile esclusione del Monza dalla serie A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173152/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15012#page/294/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Montrasio, Pierantonio (8 June 1978). \"Il Monza può solamente sperare negli spareggi\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 12. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15013#page/308/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Il Monza può solamente sperare negli spareggi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172338/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15013#page/308/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (15 June 1978). \"Monza: primo dei non eletti\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 12. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15013#page/322/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Monza: primo dei non eletti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172338/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15013#page/322/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (21 June 1979). \"Il Monza si gioca a Pistoia la serie A\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15014#page/368/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Il Monza si gioca a Pistoia la serie A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173211/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15014#page/368/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fossati, Giovanni (5 July 1979). \"Un Monza complessato battuto nello spareggio\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022. Col meritato successo del Pescara, il sogno della promozione in serie A è svanito per la terza volta.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15015#page/14/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Un Monza complessato battuto nello spareggio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174145/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15015#page/14/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Livraghi, Giuseppe (16 September 2020). \"Quel \"Turbo Monza\" di fine anni Settanta (quarta parte)\". Tutto Monza (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125160523/https://www.tuttomonza.it/editoriale/quel-turbo-monza-di-fine-anni-settanta-quarta-parte-733","url_text":"\"Quel \"Turbo Monza\" di fine anni Settanta (quarta parte)\""},{"url":"https://www.tuttomonza.it/editoriale/quel-turbo-monza-di-fine-anni-settanta-quarta-parte-733","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bonati, Mario (24 June 2015). \"Chi ha fatto la storia del Calcio Monza: dal 1945 a Seedorf, Armstrong e al nuovo fallimento\". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza [it] (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilcittadinomb.it/stories/Sport/chi-ha-fatto-la-storia-del-calcio-monza-dal-1945-a-seedorf-armstrong-e-al-fall_1127772_11/","url_text":"\"Chi ha fatto la storia del Calcio Monza: dal 1945 a Seedorf, Armstrong e al nuovo fallimento\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150627114205/http://www.ilcittadinomb.it:80/stories/Sport/chi-ha-fatto-la-storia-del-calcio-monza-dal-1945-a-seedorf-armstrong-e-al-fall_1127772_11/?","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vernazza, Sebastiano (23 March 2020). \"Totonero, Milan–Lazio 1980, la partita dello scandalo\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/23-03-2020/gli-assegni-telefonate-albertosi-colombo-milan-lazio-cosi-diavolo-scese-all-inferno-3601923481138_preview.shtml","url_text":"\"Totonero, Milan–Lazio 1980, la partita dello scandalo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200324210403/https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/23-03-2020/gli-assegni-telefonate-albertosi-colombo-milan-lazio-cosi-diavolo-scese-all-inferno-3601923481138_preview.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mariani, Maurizio. \"Italy Championship 1980/81\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital81.html","url_text":"\"Italy Championship 1980/81\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030402235504/http://www.rsssf.com:80/tablesi/ital81.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mariani, Maurizio. \"Italy Championship 1981/82\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 26 June 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital82.html","url_text":"\"Italy Championship 1981/82\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030626123118/http://www.rsssf.com:80/tablesi/ital82.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concari, Silvano (5 June 1986). \"L'incontro col Pescara è stato ancora esiziale ai biancorossi\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 21. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022. Sette anni or sono gli abruzzesi negarono la promozione al Monza, ora ne hanno decretato la matematica retrocessione.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15321#page/511/mode/1up","url_text":"\"L'incontro col Pescara è stato ancora esiziale ai biancorossi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173236/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15321#page/511/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bonati, Mario (9 June 1988). \"Il Monza torna tra i cadetti del calcio nazionale\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 13. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15326#page/13/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Il Monza torna tra i cadetti del calcio nazionale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172524/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15326#page/13/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Finale Coppa Italia Südtirol–Padova, Numeri Statistiche Curiosità\". Calcio Padova (in Italian). 6 April 2022. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022. Dal 1981 [la Coppa Italia Semiprofessionisti] mutò nel nome attuale [Coppa Italia Serie C] intervallandolo per alcuni anni in Coppa Italia di Lega Pro.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.padovacalcio.it/sudtirol-padova-numeri-statistiche-curiosita/","url_text":"\"Finale Coppa Italia Südtirol–Padova, Numeri Statistiche Curiosità\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova","url_text":"Calcio Padova"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190524/http://www.padovacalcio.it/sudtirol-padova-numeri-statistiche-curiosita/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concari, Silvano (16 June 1988). \"I biancorossi brindano in Coppa alla risalita in \"B\"\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 11. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15326#page/37/mode/1up","url_text":"\"I biancorossi brindano in Coppa alla risalita in \"B\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172524/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15326#page/37/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concari, Silvano (1 September 1988). \"\"Brianteo\" indimenticabile battesimo. Casiraghi e Mancuso affossano la Roma\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 18. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15326#page/226/mode/1up","url_text":"\"\"Brianteo\" indimenticabile battesimo. Casiraghi e Mancuso affossano la Roma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172524/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15326#page/226/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concari, Silvano (22 June 1989). \"Monza, cala il sipario\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 25. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15328#page/53/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Monza, cala il sipario\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182607/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15328#page/53/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Artesani: \"quei maledetti spareggi\"\". Monza-News (in Italian). 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monza-news.it/monza-calcio/artesani-quei-maledetti-spareggi/","url_text":"\"Artesani: \"quei maledetti spareggi\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220117004119/https://www.monza-news.it/monza-calcio/artesani-quei-maledetti-spareggi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Picone, Enrico (21 August 2021). \"Il Palermo e la Coppa Italia di C: 28 anni fa il trionfo dei rosa di Orazi\". Stadionews24 (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stadionews.it/il-palermo-e-la-coppa-italia-di-c-28-anni-fa-il-trionfo-della-squadra-di-orazi/","url_text":"\"Il Palermo e la Coppa Italia di C: 28 anni fa il trionfo dei rosa di Orazi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829215612/https://www.stadionews.it/il-palermo-e-la-coppa-italia-di-c-28-anni-fa-il-trionfo-della-squadra-di-orazi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mariani, Maurizio. \"Italy Championship 1991/92\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 3 April 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/ital92.html","url_text":"\"Italy Championship 1991/92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030403001439/http://www.rsssf.com:80/tablesi/ital92.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concari, Silvano (12 May 1994). \"Biancorossi, eutanasia di una squadra\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 28. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15333#page/588/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Biancorossi, eutanasia di una squadra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_Cittadino_di_Monza_e_Brianza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Il Cittadino"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Cittadino_(quotidiano_di_Monza)","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174209/https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15333#page/588/mode/1up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Il Milan 2 esce dai box\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 28 March 1997. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1997/marzo/28/Milan_esce_dai_box_ga_0_9703288182.shtml","url_text":"\"Il Milan 2 esce dai box\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202247/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1997/marzo/28/Milan_esce_dai_box_ga_0_9703288182.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"S'interrompe il rapporto Milan e Monza. La società brianzola a tre imprenditori\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 21 April 1999. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1999/aprile/21/interrompe_rapporto_Milan_Monza_societa_ga_0_9904214095.shtml","url_text":"\"S'interrompe il rapporto Milan e Monza. La società brianzola a tre imprenditori\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202246/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1999/aprile/21/interrompe_rapporto_Milan_Monza_societa_ga_0_9904214095.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monza regala il bis a Radice\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 16 June 1997. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1997/giugno/16/Monza_regala_bis_Radice_ga_0_9706164845.shtml","url_text":"\"Monza regala il bis a Radice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202244/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1997/giugno/16/Monza_regala_bis_Radice_ga_0_9706164845.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paolo, Corbetta (1 October 1997). \"Il Monza resta all'antica\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1997/ottobre/01/Monza_resta_all_antica_ga_0_9710013126.shtml","url_text":"\"Il Monza resta all'antica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172255/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1997/ottobre/01/Monza_resta_all_antica_ga_0_9710013126.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ezio, Fanticini (8 June 1998). \"Reggiana scialba, Campolonghi e' il simbolo del Monza felice\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1998/giugno/08/Reggiana_scialba_Campolonghi_simbolo_del_ga_0_9806085910.shtml","url_text":"\"Reggiana scialba, Campolonghi e' il simbolo del Monza felice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202243/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//1998/giugno/08/Reggiana_scialba_Campolonghi_simbolo_del_ga_0_9806085910.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Artesani, Giulio (26 December 2014). \"Bingham, legga qui e capirà perchè a Monza siamo diffidenti e… arrabbiati\". Monza-News (in Italian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220805211852/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:st_AX6ltWKEJ:https://www.monza-news.it/monza-calcio/bingham-legga-qui-e-capira-perche-a-monza-siamo-diffidenti-e-arrabbiati/+&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=it","url_text":"\"Bingham, legga qui e capirà perchè a Monza siamo diffidenti e… arrabbiati\""},{"url":"https://www.monza-news.it/monza-calcio/bingham-legga-qui-e-capira-perche-a-monza-siamo-diffidenti-e-arrabbiati/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Il Venezia subito in A dopo un anno di penitenza\". La Repubblica (in Italian). 3 June 2001. Archived from the original on 9 June 2001. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.repubblica.it/online/campionato/altrib/altrib/altrib.html","url_text":"\"Il Venezia subito in A dopo un anno di penitenza\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"La Repubblica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010609090743/http://www.repubblica.it:80/online/campionato/altrib/altrib/altrib.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scongiuri a parte il Livorno è in B Monza: fallimento\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 29 April 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//2002/aprile/29/Scongiuri_parte_Livorno_Monza_fallimento_ga_0_020429136.shtml","url_text":"\"Scongiuri a parte il Livorno è in B Monza: fallimento\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202241/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//2002/aprile/29/Scongiuri_parte_Livorno_Monza_fallimento_ga_0_020429136.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crippa, Dario (24 September 2020). \"L'ex calciatore Cidimar: \"Non mi pagarono, ma Monza merita la A\"\". Il Giorno (in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilgiorno.it/monza-brianza/cronaca/calcio-cidimar-1.5537218","url_text":"\"L'ex calciatore Cidimar: \"Non mi pagarono, ma Monza merita la A\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Giorno_(newspaper)","url_text":"Il Giorno"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112210859/https://www.ilgiorno.it/monza-brianza/cronaca/calcio-cidimar-1.5537218","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio Monza in crisi Tagliati gas e luce allo stadio Brianteo\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 31 December 2003. p. 55. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. 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La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 17 August 2005. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//2005/agosto/17/Chi_dal_giudice_verra_punito_ga_10_0508171168.shtml","url_text":"\"\"Chi va dal giudice verrà punito\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202240/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//2005/agosto/17/Chi_dal_giudice_verra_punito_ga_10_0508171168.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rimpianti Monza e vittoria inutile\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. 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La rabbia è del Pisa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202243/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//2007/giugno/11/Monza_rigore_oro_rabbia_del_ga_10_070611034.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Il Pisa ritrova la B dopo 13 anni\". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 18 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. 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Seedorf ha venduto tutto il Monza\""},{"url":"http://www.monza-news.it/breaking/il-monza-a-di-armstrong-seedorf-ha-venduto-tutto-il-monza-8981","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monza 1912, la serie D è ufficiale! Ecco il comunicato della FIGC\". Monza-News (in Italian). 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monza-news.it/monza-calcio/monza-1912-la-serie-d-e-ufficiale-ecco-il-comunicato-della-figc/","url_text":"\"Monza 1912, la serie D è ufficiale! Ecco il comunicato della FIGC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112213905/https://www.monza-news.it/monza-calcio/monza-1912-la-serie-d-e-ufficiale-ecco-il-comunicato-della-figc/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monza, presidente contestato dai tifosi non paga i giocatori | Nuova Brianza\". Nuova Brianza (in Italian). 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. 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La palla passa in Tribunale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173210/https://www.mbnews.it/2015/05/monza-pordenone-6-3-biancorossi-salvi-sul-campo-la-palla-passa-in-tribunale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio, il tribunale ha deciso: il Monza è fallito\". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza [it] (in Italian). 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. 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Adriano Galliani sarà l'ad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200652/https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2018/09/28/monza-calcio-berlusconi-e-il-nuovo-proprietario-fininvest-acquisisce-il-100-della-societa-adriano-galliani-sara-lad/4656363/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlusconi–Galliani story: tutte le vittorie insieme al Milan. E ora il Monza\". Sky Sport (in Italian). 9 September 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.sky.it/calcio/serie-a/2018/09/09/milan-vittorie-coppia-berlusconi-galliani-story","url_text":"\"Berlusconi–Galliani story: tutte le vittorie insieme al Milan. 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Goal (in Italian). 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/it/notizie/coppa-italia-serie-c-che-succede-se-vince-monza-viterbese/182adatmfqk7z1wdmek4x2rflh","url_text":"\"Coppa Italia Serie C, che succede se vince il Monza o la Viterbese\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(website)","url_text":"Goal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507183308/https://www.goal.com/it/notizie/coppa-italia-serie-c-che-succede-se-vince-monza-viterbese/182adatmfqk7z1wdmek4x2rflh","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio: il Monza cade al 92', la Viterbese vince la Coppa Italia di serie C\". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza [it] (in Italian). 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. 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E non è finita...\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920184839/https://www.calciomercato.com/news/monza-scatenato-berlusconi-e-galliani-hanno-preso-23-giocatori-i-76859","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Promosse Monza, Vicenza e Reggina: la Serie B ritrova tre piazze storiche. Ma Berlusconi già pensa all A...\" Il Messaggero (in Italian). 8 June 2020. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilmessaggero.it/sport/calcio/calcio_consiglio_figc_lega_pro_stop_promosse_in_b_monza_reggina_e_vicenza-5275763.html","url_text":"\"Promosse Monza, Vicenza e Reggina: la Serie B ritrova tre piazze storiche. Ma Berlusconi già pensa all A...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Messaggero","url_text":"Il Messaggero"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920184839/https://www.ilmessaggero.it/sport/calcio/calcio_consiglio_figc_lega_pro_stop_promosse_in_b_monza_reggina_e_vicenza-5275763.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus, tutti gli eventi sportivi sospesi o rinviati\". Sky Sport (in Italian). 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.sky.it/calcio/coronavirus-sport-eventi-sospesi-rinviati","url_text":"\"Coronavirus, tutti gli eventi sportivi sospesi o rinviati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sport_(Italy)","url_text":"Sky Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727005816/https://sport.sky.it/calcio/coronavirus-sport-eventi-sospesi-rinviati","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monza in B, la B è in Brianza!\". AC Monza (in Italian). 8 June 2020. 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La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). 25 January 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-B/25-01-2021/serie-b-monza-passa-brescia-400129616336.shtml","url_text":"\"Il Monza ora sogna in grande: vince a Brescia ed è secondo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126174726/https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-B/25-01-2021/serie-b-monza-passa-brescia-400129616336.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Serie B: la Salernitana vince a Pescara e centra la promozione, Monza ko e costretto ai playoff\". Sportmediaset (in Italian). 10 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. 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La promozione in A si decide domenica a Pisa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220530031636/https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-B/26-05-2022/monza-pisa-finale-playoff-serie-b-gol-mota-carvalho-gytkjar-berra-440703357886.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steel, Andrew (30 May 2022). \"Monza earn promotion to Serie A for first time as Berlusconi-owned club beat Pisa in play-off final\". Goal. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. 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E oggi parte la campagna abbonamenti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Giorno_(newspaper)","url_text":"Il Giorno"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220808170054/https://www.ilgiorno.it/monza-brianza/cronaca/stadio-monza-calcio-oggi-campagna-abbonamenti-1.7949309","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bonati, Mario (5 May 1994). \"Monzello: vantaggio o palla al piede?\". Il Cittadino [it] (in Italian). p. 26. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. 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Retrieved 26 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160515074429/http://www.monza-news.it/primo-piano/tu-sei-sempre-qui-con-noi-ciao-claudio-3848/","url_text":"\"Tu sei sempre qui con noi: Ciao Claudio!\""},{"url":"http://www.monza-news.it/primo-piano/tu-sei-sempre-qui-con-noi-ciao-claudio-3848/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio: il Monza dedica la tribuna del Brianteo al super tifoso Angelo Scotti\". Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza [it] (in Italian). 25 September 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. 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Il derby si riscopre con i confini allargati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport","url_text":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220115202250/http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it//2005/settembre/10/Pro_Sesto_Monza_derby_riscopre_ga_10_0509107643.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pro Sesto – Monza, il derby dell'anno\". MBNews (in Italian). 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mbnews.it/2007/12/pro-sesto-monza-il-derby-dell-anno/","url_text":"\"Pro Sesto – Monza, il derby dell'anno\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093039/https://www.mbnews.it/2007/12/pro-sesto-monza-il-derby-dell-anno/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Poli, Valerio (28 January 2018). \"Pisa – Monza, Serie C: Conoscere il passato per capire il presente\". Sport People (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. 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Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oiesports.it/oies-badge-rilascio-primi-operatori/","url_text":"\"OIES Badge: l'Osservatorio Italiano Esports annuncia i primi operatori qualificati nel settore Esports e Gaming\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128162420/https://www.oiesports.it/oies-badge-rilascio-primi-operatori/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First team\". AC Monza. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/en/squadra/","url_text":"\"First team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220628043150/https://www.acmonza.com/en/squadra/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alessio Cragno in prestito al Sassuolo\" (in Italian). AC Monza. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/alessio-cragno-trasferimento-sassuolo-comunicato-ufficiale/","url_text":"\"Alessio Cragno in prestito al Sassuolo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anastasio in prestito alla Casertana: il comunicato del club\". AC Monza (in Italian). 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/trasferimento-anastasio-casertana-comunicato-ufficiale/?fbclid=IwAR1GL-qkL9V00qUpNZRPCq5V8wA4f_Ur5rwkw_W_dmz054Fte6Bfl5RB90Q","url_text":"\"Anastasio in prestito alla Casertana: il comunicato del club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valentin Antov è un nuovo giocatore della Cremonese\" [Valentin Antov is a new player of Cremonese] (in Italian). Cremonese. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://uscremonese.it/valentin-antov-e-un-nuovo-giocatore-della-cremonese/","url_text":"\"Valentin Antov è un nuovo giocatore della Cremonese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carlos Augusto in prestito all'Inter: il comunicato del club\". AC Monza (in Italian). 15 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/trasferimento-carlos-augusto-inter-il-comunicato/","url_text":"\"Carlos Augusto in prestito all'Inter: il comunicato del club\""}]},{"reference":"\"D'Alessandro in prestito al Pisa: il comunicato del club\" (in Italian). AC Monza. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/d-alessandro-cessione-prestito-pisa-comunicato-ufficiale/","url_text":"\"D'Alessandro in prestito al Pisa: il comunicato del club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mattia Valoti ha firmato per il Pisa!\" [Mattia Valoti has signed for Pisa!] (in Italian). Pisa SC. 23 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pisasportingclub.com/mattia-valoti-ha-firmato-per-il-pisa/","url_text":"\"Mattia Valoti ha firmato per il Pisa!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davide Diaw in prestito al Bari: il comunicato del club\". AC Monza (in Italian). 15 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/davide-diaw-trasferimento-bari-il-comunicato/","url_text":"\"Davide Diaw in prestito al Bari: il comunicato del club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leonardo Mancuso in prestito al Palermo\". AC Monza (in Italian). 5 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/leonardo-mancuso-prestito-annuale-palermo-comunicato/","url_text":"\"Leonardo Mancuso in prestito al Palermo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petagna al Cagliari\" [Petagna to Cagliari] (in Italian). Cagliari Calcio. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cagliaricalcio.com/news/ultimissime/23086/petagna-al-cagliari-in-prestito-con-diritto-di-riscatto","url_text":"\"Petagna al Cagliari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mirko Maric in prestito al Rijeka\". AC Monza (in Italian). 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/it/news/maric-prestito-rijeka-31012024//","url_text":"\"Mirko Maric in prestito al Rijeka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Organizational chart\". AC Monza. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/en/organigramma/","url_text":"\"Organizational chart\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220804132528/https://www.acmonza.com/en/organigramma/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Management\". AC Monza. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/en/staff-tecnico/","url_text":"\"Management\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920212322/https://www.acmonza.com/en/staff-tecnico/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame Monza\". AC Monza (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acmonza.com/hall-of-fame.php","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame Monza\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417121257/https://www.acmonza.com/hall-of-fame.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Camesasca, Enrico (July–August 1962). \"Sulla \"corte\" in camicia azzurra nasceva 50 anni fa il calcio monzese\" [Football in Monza was born 50 years ago on the \"court\" in a blue shirt]. La città di Monza (in Italian). No. 22. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdl.servizirl.it/bdl/bookreader/index.html?path=fe&cdOggetto=15097#page/348/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Sulla \"corte\" in camicia azzurra nasceva 50 anni fa il calcio monzese\""}]},{"reference":"Rocca, Lino; Vegetti, Giorgio (1977). Bianco su rosso: la storia del calcio monza [White on red: the history of Calcio Monza] (in Italian). Monza: Officina Grafica Brasca.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bonati, Mario; Radaelli, Roberto (1992). 100 anni di sport a Monza [100 years of sport in Monza] (in Italian). Monza: Tipografica sociale Monza.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dutto, Massimo; Vegetti, Giorgio (1992). 80 anni di Monza [80 years of Monza] (in Italian). Monza: Grafica Sipiel.","urls":[]},{"reference":"AC Monza: 110 anni di calcio [AC Monza: 110 years of football] (in Italian) (Illustrated ed.). Mondadori Electa. 2022. ISBN 9788891835987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondadori_Electa","url_text":"Mondadori Electa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788891835987","url_text":"9788891835987"}]},{"reference":"\"Articolo celebrativo del 50º di fondazione del Simmenthal-Monza\" [Article celebrating the 50th anniversary of the foundation of Simmenthal-Monza]. Calcio (in Italian). 1961–62. Lega Nazionale Professionisti: 5. 1962.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fontanelli, Carlo; Delbue, Matteo; Peduzzi, Stefano (2012). E non andremo mai in Serie A... 100 anni di Monza. Almanacco biancorosso 1912–2012 [And we will never go to the Serie A... 100 years of Monza. 1912–2012 red and white almanac] (in Italian). Empoli: Geo Edizioni. ISBN 9788869990267.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788869990267","url_text":"9788869990267"}]},{"reference":"Artesani, Giulio; Peduzzi, Stefano (2022). Monza. Destinazione Serie A. 110 anni di storia nella voce dei suoi protagonisti [Monza. Destination Serie A. 110 years of history in the voice of their protagonists] (in Italian). Diarkos. ISBN 9788836161140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788836161140","url_text":"9788836161140"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_11
Oracle Solaris
["1 History","2 Supported architectures","2.1 Other platforms","3 Installation and usage options","3.1 Updates","4 Desktop environments","5 License","5.1 Traditional operating system license (1992 to 2004)","5.2 Open source (2005 until March 2010)","5.3 Post-Sun closed source (March 2010 to present)","6 Version history","7 Development release","8 Open source derivatives","8.1 Current","8.2 Discontinued","9 Reception","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems Operating system SolarisScreenshot of Java Desktop System on Solaris 10DeveloperSun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010)Written inC, C++OS familyUnix (SVR4)Working stateCurrentSource modelMixedInitial releaseJune 1992; 32 years ago (1992-06)Latest release11.4 SRU61 / September 18, 2023; 9 months ago (2023-09-18)Marketing targetServer, workstationPlatformsCurrent: SPARC, x86-64 Former: IA-32, PowerPCKernel typeMonolithic with dynamically loadable modulesUserlandPOSIXDefaultuser interfaceGNOMELicenseVariousPreceded bySunOSOfficial websitewww.oracle.com/solaris Solaris is a proprietary Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. After the Sun acquisition by Oracle in 2010, it was renamed Oracle Solaris. Solaris superseded the company's earlier SunOS in 1993, and became known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider. Solaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors. Solaris was registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification until 29 April 2019. Historically, Solaris was developed as proprietary software. In June 2005, Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license, and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project. With OpenSolaris, Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software. After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010, Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model. In August 2010, Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel, effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system. Following that, OpenSolaris was forked as Illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions. In September 2017, Oracle laid off most of the Solaris teams. History In 1987, AT&T Corporation and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix variants on the market at that time: Berkeley Software Distribution, UNIX System V, and Xenix. This became Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4). On September 4, 1991, Sun announced that it would replace its existing BSD-derived Unix, SunOS 4, with one based on SVR4. This was identified internally as SunOS 5, but a new marketing name was introduced at the same time: Solaris 2. The justification for this new overbrand was that it encompassed not only SunOS, but also the OpenWindows graphical user interface and Open Network Computing (ONC) functionality. Although SunOS 4.1.x micro releases were retroactively named Solaris 1 by Sun, the Solaris name is used almost exclusively to refer only to the releases based on SVR4-derived SunOS 5.0 and later. For releases based on SunOS 5, the SunOS minor version is included in the Solaris release number. For example, Solaris 2.4 incorporates SunOS 5.4. After Solaris 2.6, the 2. was dropped from the release name, so Solaris 7 incorporates SunOS 5.7, and the latest release SunOS 5.11 forms the core of Solaris 11.4. Although SunSoft stated in its initial Solaris 2 press release their intent to eventually support both SPARC and x86 systems, the first two Solaris 2 releases, 2.0 and 2.1, were SPARC-only. An x86 version of Solaris 2.1 was released in June 1993, about 6 months after the SPARC version, as a desktop and uniprocessor workgroup server operating system. It included the Wabi emulator to support Windows applications. At the time, Sun also offered the Interactive Unix system that it had acquired from Interactive Systems Corporation. In 1994, Sun released Solaris 2.4, supporting both SPARC and x86 systems from a unified source code base. In 2011, the Solaris 11 kernel source code leaked. On September 2, 2017, Simon Phipps, a former Sun Microsystems employee not hired by Oracle in the acquisition, reported on Twitter that Oracle had laid off the Solaris core development staff, which many interpreted as sign that Oracle no longer intended to support future development of the platform. While Oracle did have a large layoff of Solaris development engineering staff, development continued and Solaris 11.4 was released in 2018. Supported architectures Solaris uses a common code base for the platforms it supports: 64-bit SPARC and x86-64. Solaris has a reputation for being well-suited to symmetric multiprocessing, supporting a large number of CPUs. It has historically been tightly integrated with Sun's SPARC hardware (including support for 64-bit SPARC applications since Solaris 7), with which it is marketed as a combined package. This has led to more reliable systems, but at a cost premium compared to commodity PC hardware. However, it has supported x86 systems since Solaris 2.1 and 64-bit x86 applications since Solaris 10, allowing Sun to capitalize on the availability of commodity 64-bit CPUs based on the x86-64 architecture. Sun heavily marketed Solaris for use with both its own x86-64-based Sun Java Workstation and the x86-64 models of the Sun Ultra series workstations, and servers based on AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon processors, as well as x86 systems manufactured by companies such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM. As of 2009, the following vendors support Solaris for their x86 server systems: Dell – will "test, certify, and optimize Solaris and OpenSolaris on its rack and blade servers and offer them as one of several choices in the overall Dell software menu" Intel Hewlett Packard Enterprise – distributes and provides software technical support for Solaris on BL, DL, and SL platforms Fujitsu Siemens Other platforms Solaris 2.5.1 included support for the PowerPC platform (PowerPC Reference Platform), but the port was canceled before the Solaris 2.6 release. In January 2006, a community of developers at Blastwave began work on a PowerPC port which they named Polaris. In October 2006, an OpenSolaris community project based on the Blastwave efforts and Sun Labs' Project Pulsar, which re-integrated the relevant parts from Solaris 2.5.1 into OpenSolaris, announced its first official source code release. A port of Solaris to the Intel Itanium architecture was announced in 1997 but never brought to market. On November 28, 2007, IBM, Sun, and Sine Nomine Associates demonstrated a preview of OpenSolaris for System z running on an IBM System z mainframe under z/VM, called Sirius (in analogy to the Polaris project, and also due to the primary developer's Australian nationality: HMS Sirius of 1786 was a ship of the First Fleet to Australia). On October 17, 2008, a prototype release of Sirius was made available and on November 19 the same year, IBM authorized the use of Sirius on System z Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processors. Solaris also supports the Linux platform application binary interface (ABI), allowing Solaris to run native Linux binaries on x86 systems. This feature is called Solaris Containers for Linux Applications (SCLA), based on the branded zones functionality introduced in Solaris 10 8/07. Installation and usage options Solaris can be installed from various pre-packaged software groups, ranging from a minimalistic Reduced Network Support to a complete Entire Plus OEM. Installation of Solaris is not necessary for an individual to use the system. The DVD ISO image can be used to load Solaris, running in-memory, rather than initiating the installation. Additional software, like Apache, MySQL, etc. can be installed as well in a packaged form from sunfreeware and OpenCSW. Solaris can be installed from physical media or a network for use on a desktop or server, or be used without installing on a desktop or server. Updates There are several types of updates within each major release, including the Software Packages, and the Oracle Solaris Image. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023) Additional minor updates called Support Repository Updates (SRUs) and Critical Patch Update Packages (CPUs), require a support credential, thus are not freely available to the public. Desktop environments Solaris 2.4 via Telnet olvwm with OpenWindows on Solaris Early releases of Solaris used OpenWindows as the standard desktop environment. In Solaris 2.0 to 2.2, OpenWindows supported both NeWS and X applications, and provided backward compatibility for SunView applications from Sun's older desktop environment. NeWS allowed applications to be built in an object-oriented way using PostScript, a common printing language released in 1982. The X Window System originated from MIT's Project Athena in 1984 and allowed for the display of an application to be disconnected from the machine where the application was running, separated by a network connection. Sun's original bundled SunView application suite was ported to X. Sun later dropped support for legacy SunView applications and NeWS with OpenWindows 3.3, which shipped with Solaris 2.3, and switched to X11R5 with Display Postscript support. The graphical look and feel remained based upon OPEN LOOK. OpenWindows 3.6.2 was the last release under Solaris 8. The OPEN LOOK Window Manager (olwm) with other OPEN LOOK specific applications were dropped in Solaris 9, but support libraries were still bundled, providing long term binary backwards compatibility with existing applications. The OPEN LOOK Virtual Window Manager (olvwm) can still be downloaded for Solaris from sunfreeware and works on releases as recent as Solaris 10. The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) was open sourced in August 2012. This is a screenshot of CDE running on Solaris 10. Sun and other Unix vendors created an industry alliance to standardize Unix desktops. As a member of the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative, Sun helped co-develop the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). This was an initiative to create a standard Unix desktop environment. Each vendor contributed different components: Hewlett-Packard contributed the window manager, IBM provided the file manager, and Sun provided the e-mail and calendar facilities as well as drag-and-drop support (ToolTalk). This new desktop environment was based upon the Motif look and feel and the old OPEN LOOK desktop environment was considered legacy. CDE unified Unix desktops across multiple open system vendors. CDE was available as an unbundled add-on for Solaris 2.4 and 2.5, and was included in Solaris 2.6 through 10. Screenshot of the Java Desktop System (JDS) running on Solaris 10 In 2001, Sun issued a preview release of the open-source desktop environment GNOME 1.4, based on the GTK+ toolkit, for Solaris 8. Solaris 9 8/03 introduced GNOME 2.0 as an alternative to CDE. Solaris 10 includes Sun's Java Desktop System (JDS), which is based on GNOME and comes with a large set of applications, including StarOffice, Sun's office suite. Sun describes JDS as a "major component" of Solaris 10. The Java Desktop System is not included in Solaris 11 which instead ships with a stock version of GNOME. Likewise, CDE applications are no longer included in Solaris 11, but many libraries remain for binary backwards compatibility. The open source desktop environments KDE and Xfce, along with numerous other window managers, also compile and run on recent versions of Solaris. Sun was investing in a new desktop environment called Project Looking Glass since 2003. The project has been inactive since late 2006. License Traditional operating system license (1992 to 2004) For versions up to 2005 (Solaris 9), Solaris was licensed under a license that permitted a customer to buy licenses in bulk, and install the software on any machine up to a maximum number. The key license grant was: License to Use. Customer is granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license ("License") for the use of the accompanying binary software in machine-readable form, together with accompanying documentation ("Software"), by the number of users and the class of computer hardware for which the corresponding fee has been paid. In addition, the license provided a "License to Develop" granting rights to create derivative works, restricted copying to only a single archival copy, disclaimer of warranties, and the like. The license varied only little through 2004. Open source (2005 until March 2010) From 2005–10, Sun began to release the source code for development builds of Solaris under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) via the OpenSolaris project. This code was based on the work being done for the post-Solaris 10 release (code-named "Nevada"; eventually released as Oracle Solaris 11). As the project progressed, it grew to encompass most of the necessary code to compile an entire release, with a few exceptions. Post-Sun closed source (March 2010 to present) When Sun was acquired by Oracle in 2010, the OpenSolaris project was discontinued after the board became unhappy with Oracle's stance on the project. In March 2010, the previously freely available Solaris 10 was placed under a restrictive license that limited the use, modification and redistribution of the operating system. The license allowed the user to download the operating system free of charge, through the Oracle Technology Network, and use it for a 90-day trial period. After that trial period had expired the user would then have to purchase a support contract from Oracle to continue using the operating system. With the release of Solaris 11 in 2011, the license terms changed again. The new license allows Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 to be downloaded free of charge from the Oracle Technology Network and used without a support contract indefinitely; however, the license only expressly permits the user to use Solaris as a development platform and expressly forbids commercial and "production" use. Educational use is permitted in some circumstances. From the OTN license: If You are an educational institution vested with the power to confer official high school, associate, bachelor, master and/or doctorate degrees, or local equivalent, ("Degree(s)"), You may also use the Programs as part of Your educational curriculum for students enrolled in Your Degree program(s) solely as required for the conferral of such Degree (collectively "Educational Use"). When Solaris is used without a support contract it can be upgraded to each new "point release"; however, a support contract is required for access to patches and updates that are released monthly. Version history Solaris logo used until Solaris 9 Solaris logo introduced with Solaris 10 and used until Oracle's acquisition of Sun Notable features of Solaris include DTrace, Doors, Service Management Facility, Solaris Containers, Solaris Multiplexed I/O, Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, and Solaris Trusted Extensions. Updates to Solaris versions are periodically issued. In the past, these were named after the month and year of their release, such as "Solaris 10 1/13"; as of Solaris 11, sequential update numbers are appended to the release name with a period, such as "Oracle Solaris 11.4". In ascending order, the following versions of Solaris have been released: Legend: Old version, not maintained Older version, still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release Solaris version SunOS version Release date End of support Basis License form Major new features SPARC x86 SPARC/x86 Old version, no longer maintained: 1.x 4.1.x 1991–1994 – September 2003 4.3BSD Traditional license SunOS 4 rebranded as Solaris 1 for marketing purposes. See SunOS article for more information. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 5.0 June 1992 – January 1999 SVR4 Traditional license Preliminary release (primarily available to developers only), support for only the sun4c architecture. First appearance of NIS+. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.1 5.1 December 1992 May 1993 April 1999 SVR4 Traditional license Support for sun4 and sun4m architectures added; first Solaris x86 release. First Solaris 2 release to support SMP. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 5.2 May 1993 – May 1999 SVR4 Traditional license SPARC-only release. First to support sun4d architecture. First to support multithreading libraries (UI threads API in libthread). Old version, no longer maintained: 2.3 5.3 November 1993 – June 2002 SVR4 Traditional license SPARC-only release. OpenWindows 3.3 switches from NeWS to Display PostScript and drops SunView support. Support added for autofs and CacheFS filesystems. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.4 5.4 November 1994 September 2003 SVR4 Traditional license First unified SPARC/x86 release. Includes OSF/Motif runtime support. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.5 5.5 November 1995 December 2003 SVR4 Traditional license First to support UltraSPARC and include CDE, NFSv3 and NFS/TCP. Dropped sun4 (VMEbus) support. POSIX.1c-1995 pthreads added. Doors added but undocumented. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.5.1 5.5.1 May 1996 September 2005 SVR4 Traditional license The only Solaris release that supports PowerPC; Ultra Enterprise support added; user and group IDs (uid_t, gid_t) expanded to 32 bits, also included processor sets and early resource management technologies. Old version, no longer maintained: 2.6 5.6 July 1997 July 2006 SVR4 Traditional license Includes Kerberos 5, PAM, TrueType fonts, WebNFS, large file support, enhanced procfs. SPARCserver 600MP series support dropped. Last update was Solaris 2.6 5/98. Old version, no longer maintained: 7 5.7 November 1998 August 2008 SVR4 Traditional license The first 64-bit UltraSPARC release. Added native support for file system meta-data logging (UFS logging). Dropped MCA support on x86 platform. Sun dropped the prefix "2." in the Solaris version number, leaving "Solaris 7". Last update was Solaris 7 11/99. Old version, no longer maintained: 8 5.8 February 2000 March 2012 SVR4 Traditional license Includes Multipath I/O, Solstice DiskSuite, IPMP, first support for IPv6 and IPsec (manual keying only), mdb Modular Debugger. Introduced Role-Based Access Control (RBAC); sun4c support removed. Last update is Solaris 8 2/04. Old version, no longer maintained: 9 5.9 May 28, 2002 January 10, 2003 October 2014 SVR4 Traditional license iPlanet Directory Server, Resource Manager, extended file attributes, IKE IPsec keying, and Linux compatibility added; OpenWindows dropped, sun4d support removed. Most current update is Solaris 9 9/05 HW. Older version, yet still maintained: 10 5.10 January 31, 2005; 19 years ago (2005-01-31) January 2027 SVR4 before Oracle acquisition in March 2010, open source under CDDLafter March 2010, Post-Sun closed source Includes x86-64 (AMD64/Intel 64) support, DTrace (Dynamic Tracing), Solaris Containers, Service Management Facility (SMF) which replaces init.d scripts, NFSv4. Least privilege security model. Support for sun4m and UltraSPARC I processors removed. Support for EISA-based PCs removed. Adds Java Desktop System (based on GNOME) as default desktop. Solaris 10 1/06 (known internally as "U1") added the GRUB bootloader for x86 systems, iSCSI Initiator support and fcinfo command-line tool. Solaris 10 6/06 ("U2") added the ZFS filesystem. Solaris 10 11/06 ("U3") added Solaris Trusted Extensions and Logical Domains (sun4v). Solaris 10 8/07 ("U4") added Samba Active Directory support, IP Instances (part of the OpenSolaris Network Virtualization and Resource Control project), iSCSI Target support and Solaris Containers for Linux Applications (based on branded zones), enhanced version of the Resource Capping Daemon (rcapd). Solaris 10 5/08 ("U5") added CPU capping for Solaris Containers, performance improvements, SpeedStep support for Intel processors and PowerNow! support for AMD processors. Solaris 10 10/08 ("U6") added boot from ZFS and can use ZFS as its root file system. Solaris 10 10/08 also includes virtualization enhancements including the ability for a Solaris Container to automatically update its environment when moved from one system to another, Logical Domains support for dynamically reconfigurable disk and network I/O, and paravirtualization support when Solaris 10 is used as a guest OS in Xen-based environments such as Sun xVM Server. Solaris 10 5/09 ("U7") added performance and power management support for Intel Nehalem processors, container cloning using ZFS cloned file systems, and performance enhancements for ZFS on solid-state drives. Solaris 10 10/09 ("U8") added user and group level ZFS quotas, ZFS cache devices and nss_ldap shadowAccount Support, improvements to patching performance. Solaris 10 9/10 ("U9") added physical to zone migration, ZFS triple parity RAID-Z and Oracle Solaris Auto Registration. Solaris 10 8/11 ("U10") added ZFS speedups and new features, Oracle Database optimization, faster reboot on SPARC system. Solaris 10 1/13 ("U11") see release notes. Old version, no longer maintained: 11 Express 2010.11 5.11 November 15, 2010; 13 years ago (2010-11-15) November 2011 SVR4 Post-Sun closed source Adds new packaging system (IPS – Image Packaging System) and associated tools, ZFS (only) for boot, 1 GB RAM min., x86, Solaris 10 Containers, network virtualization and quality of service (QoS), virtual consoles, ZFS encryption and deduplication, fast reboot, updated GNOME. Removed Xsun, CDE, and the /usr/ucb BSD-compatible commands Old version, no longer maintained: 11 5.11 November 9, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-11-09) ? SVR4 Post-Sun closed source New features and enhancements (compared to Solaris 10) in software packaging, network virtualization, server virtualization, storage, security and hardware support: Packaging: Image Packaging System, network and local package repositories; Automated Installer to automated provisioning, including Zones; Distro Constructor to create ISO 9660 filesystem images; Network: network virtualization (vNICs, vSwitches, vRouters) and QoS, Exclusive–IP default for Zones, the dladm utility to manage data links, the ipadm utility to manage IP configuration (including IPMP), ProFTPD and enhancements; Zones: Immutable (read–only) Zones, NFS servers in zones, delegated administration, P2V pre–flight check, the zonestat utility coupled with the libzonestat dynamically linked library; Security: root as a role, netcat and enhancements; Storage: ZFS shadow migration, ZFS backup/restore with NDMP, recursive ZFS send; Hardware support: SPARC T4, critical threads, SDP enabled and optimized, including support for Zones, SR-IOV, Intel AVX; UEFI Boot support (Solaris 11.1 onwards on x86) UltraSPARC II, III, IV series support removed; IA-32 architecture support removed. Old version, no longer maintained: 11.1 5.11 October 3, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-10-03) ? SVR4 Post-Sun closed source New features and enhancements: Installer enhancements Service Management Facility configuration improvements Zone improvements Address space layout randomization Per-file authorization to edit administrative files using pfedit command Old version, no longer maintained: 11.2 5.11 April 29, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-04-29) ? SVR4 Post-Sun closed source New features and enhancements: Integrated hypervisor Kernel Zones Full OpenStack distribution Automation of software patches and updates, and other packaging improvements Software-defined networking Older version, yet still maintained: 11.3 5.11 October 26, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-10-26) January 2027 SVR4 Post-Sun closed source New features and enhancements: Live migration of Solaris Kernel Zones InfiniBand support for Kernel Zones Virtual Clocks for Solaris Zones ZFS LZ4 SMB 2.1 Private VLAN VNICs on IPoIB Periodic and Scheduled Services Tailored Compliance Reporting OpenBSD 5.5 Packet Filter Deferred Dump Integration with OpenStack Juno Current stable version: 11.4 5.11 August 28, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-08-28) November 2037 SVR4 Post-Sun closed source New features and enhancements: CPUs with OSA2011 architecture required (UltraSPARC T4, SPARC64 X, or better) ZFS Top-Level Device Removal. zpool remove Solaris Web Dashboard and Analytics (sstore) Native Zones: Live Zone Reconfiguration for Datasets GNOME 3 instead of the GNOME 2 desktop viewtalkedit A more comprehensive summary of some Solaris versions is also available. Solaris releases are also described in the Solaris 2 FAQ. Development release The underlying Solaris codebase has been under continuous development since work began in the late 1980s on what was eventually released as Solaris 2.0. Each version such as Solaris 10 is based on a snapshot of this development codebase, taken near the time of its release, which is then maintained as a derived project. Updates to that project are built and delivered several times a year until the next official release comes out. The Solaris version under development by Sun since the release of Solaris 10 in 2005, was codenamed Nevada, and is derived from what is now the OpenSolaris codebase. In 2003, an addition to the Solaris development process was initiated. Under the program name Software Express for Solaris (or just Solaris Express), a binary release based on the current development basis was made available for download on a monthly basis, allowing anyone to try out new features and test the quality and stability of the OS as it progressed to the release of the next official Solaris version. A later change to this program introduced a quarterly release model with support available, renamed Solaris Express Developer Edition (SXDE). In 2007, Sun announced Project Indiana with several goals, including providing an open source binary distribution of the OpenSolaris project, replacing SXDE. The first release of this distribution was OpenSolaris 2008.05. The Solaris Express Community Edition (SXCE) was intended specifically for OpenSolaris developers. It was updated every two weeks until it was discontinued in January 2010, with a recommendation that users migrate to the OpenSolaris distribution. Although the download license seen when downloading the image files indicates its use is limited to personal, educational and evaluation purposes, the license acceptance form displayed when the user actually installs from these images lists additional uses including commercial and production environments. SXCE releases terminated with build 130 and OpenSolaris releases terminated with build 134 a few weeks later. The next release of OpenSolaris based on build 134 was due in March 2010, but it was never fully released, though the packages were made available on the package repository. Instead, Oracle renamed the binary distribution Solaris 11 Express, changed the license terms and released build 151a as 2010.11 in November 2010. Open source derivatives Current See also: OpenSolaris § Derivatives, illumos § Current distributions, and Comparison of OpenSolaris distributions illumos – A fully open source fork of the project, started in 2010 by a community of Sun OpenSolaris engineers and Nexenta OS. OpenSolaris was not 100% open source: Some drivers and some libraries were property of other companies that Sun (now Oracle) licensed and was not able to release. OpenIndiana – A project under the illumos umbrella aiming "... to become the de facto OpenSolaris distribution installed on production servers where security and bug fixes are required free of charge." SchilliX – The first LiveCD released after OpenSolaris code was opened to public. napp-it – A webmanaged ZFS storage appliance based on Solaris and the free forks like OmniOS with a Free and Pro edition. NexentaStor – Optimized for storage workloads, based on Nexenta OS. SmartOS – Virtualization centered derivative from MNX Solutions (previously Joyent). Discontinued OpenSolaris – A project initiated by Sun Microsystems, discontinued after the acquisition by Oracle. Nexenta OS (discontinued October 31, 2012) – First distribution based on Ubuntu userland with Solaris-derived kernel. StormOS (discontinued September 14, 2012) – A lightweight desktop OS based on Nexenta OS and Xfce. MartUX – The first SPARC distribution of OpenSolaris, with an alpha prototype released by Martin Bochnig in April 2006. It was distributed as a Live CD but is later available only on DVD as it has had the Blastwave community software added. Its goal was to become a desktop operating system. The first SPARC release was a small Live CD, released as marTux_0.2 Live CD in summer of 2006, the first straight OpenSolaris distribution for SPARC (not to be confused with GNOME metacity theme). It was later re-branded as MartUX and the next releases included full SPARC installers in addition to the Live media. Much later, MartUX was re-branded as OpenSXCE when it moved to the first OpenSolaris release to support both SPARC and Intel architectures after Sun was acquired by Oracle. MilaX – A small Live CD/Live USB with minimal set of packages to fit a 90 MB image. Dyson – illumos kernel with GNU userland and packages from Debian. Project is no longer active and the website is offline. EON ZFS Storage – A NAS implementation targeted at embedded systems. Jaris OS – Live DVD and also installable. Pronounced according to the IPA but in English as Yah-Rees. This distribution has been heavily modified to fully support a version of Wine called Madoris that can install and run Windows programs at native speed. Jaris stands for "Japanese Solaris". Madoris is a combination of the Japanese word for Windows "mado" and Solaris. OpenSXCE – An OpenSolaris distribution release for both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 platforms and SPARC microprocessors, initially produced from OpenSolaris source code repository, ported to the illumos source code repository to form OpenIndiana's first SPARC distribution. Notably, the first OpenSolaris distribution with illumos source for SPARC based upon OpenIndiana, OpenSXCE finally moved to a new source code repository, based upon DilOS. Reception Robert Lipschutz and Gregg Harrington from PC Magazine reviewed Solaris 9 in 2002: All in all, Sun has stayed the course with Solaris 9. While its more user-friendly management is welcome, that probably won't be enough to win over converts. What may is the platform's reliability, flexibility, and power. Robert Lipschutz also reviewed Solaris 10: Be that as it may, since the Solaris 10 download is free, it behooves any IT manager to load it on an extra server and at least give it a try. Tom Henderson reviewed Solaris 10 for Network World: Solaris 10 provides a flexible background for securely dividing system resources, providing performance guarantees and tracking usage for these containers. Creating basic containers and populating them with user applications and resources is simple. But some cases may require quite a bit of fine-tuning. Robert Escue for OSNews: I think that Sun has put some really nice touches on Solaris 10 that make it a better operating system for both administrators and users. The security enhancements are a long time coming, but are worth the wait. Is Solaris 10 perfect, in a word no it is not. But for most uses, including a desktop OS I think Solaris 10 is a huge improvement over previous releases. Thomas Greene for The Register: We've had fun with Solaris 10. It's got virtues that we definitely admire. What it needs to compete with Linux will be easier to bring about than what it's already got. 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Oracle Solaris Blog. ^ "Oracle Lifetime Support Policies - Lifetime Support Policy: Oracle and Sun System Software and Operating Systems". Oracle. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ "Solaris Operating System End of Life Matrix (Doc ID 1001343.1)". Oracle. April 23, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2014. ^ "Oracle Lifetime Support Policy: Oracle and Sun System Software" (PDF). Oracle. June 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018. ^ "SunOS & Solaris Version History". UC Berkeley Open Computing Facility. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2006. ^ Casper Dik (April 26, 2005). "What machines does Solaris 2.x run on?". Solaris 2 FAQ. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2006. ^ "10 New Network Services Components Featured in Sun's Java Enterprise System; New Software Express Program Accelerates Customer Access to Future Technologies" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. September 16, 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2008. ^ Robert Baty (July 31, 2007). "Project Indiana". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved December 1, 2007. ^ "Operating System/Networking (ON) Download Center". OpenSolaris web site. Archived from the original on December 10, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2006. ^ Derek Cicero (January 6, 2010). "Update on SXCE". Sun Microsystems. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2010. ^ Frequently Asked Questions, OpenIndiana, archived from the original on February 9, 2011, retrieved December 29, 2012 ^ Preliminary Release, Jörg Schilling, January 17, 2017, retrieved September 9, 2017 ^ napp-it ZFS server appliance, retrieved December 29, 2012 ^ DownloadMirrors - Nexenta Project Wiki, archived from the original on April 5, 2010 ^ StormOS is dead. Long live osdyson, stormos.org, September 14, 2012, archived from the original on October 10, 2013 ^ Preliminary Release, Martin Bochnig, September 27, 2012, retrieved February 13, 2014 ^ pavroo (June 14, 2016), MartUX, retrieved February 2, 2018 ^ "Blastwave Open Source Sun Software". September 20, 2006. Archived from the original on September 20, 2006. ^ "Preliminary SPARC 4u Release", marTux, Martin Bochnig, September 13, 2006, archived from the original on September 20, 2006, retrieved February 13, 2014 ^ "Tab Update: OpenSXCE March 2013 Distribution". Network Management. March 13, 2013. ^ MilaX, Alexander R. Eremin, archived from the original on June 22, 2018, retrieved December 29, 2012 ^ pavroo (August 11, 2015), MilaX, retrieved February 2, 2018 ^ EON ZFS Storage, retrieved December 29, 2012 ^ Project Jaris, archived from the original on July 22, 2011 ^ 151a0 (and soon to be last) ^ pavroo (January 8, 2016), OpenSXCE, retrieved February 2, 2018 ^ "Solaris 9: Not Flashy but Solid". PC Magazine. May 7, 2002. ^ "Solaris 10". PC Magazine. March 31, 2005. ^ Henderson, Tom (February 28, 2005). "Solaris 10 heads for Linux territory". Network World. ^ Escue, Robert (March 2, 2005). "Review of Solaris 10". OSNews. ^ Greene, Thomas C (August 16, 2005). "Sun's Linux killer shows promise". The Register. External links Official website Solaris Documentation Oracle SPARC and Solaris Public Roadmap at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-05-25) Lifetime Support Policy: Oracle and Sun System Software and Operating Systems Solaris at Curlie SunHELP – Sun/Solaris News, References, and Information Nikolai Bezroukov. Solaris vs. Linux: Ecosystem-based Approach and Framework for the Comparison in Large Enterprise Environments – Large Softpanorama article comparing Solaris 10 and Linux 2.6 Everything Solaris at the Wayback Machine (archived 2013-01-26) – Solaris information site by Michael Holve vteUnix and Unix-like operating systems and compatibility layers Architecture Filesystem History Philosophy Security Shell OperatingsystemsBSD 386BSD FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD DragonFly BSD NeXTSTEP Darwin macOS iOS audioOS iPadOS tvOS watchOS bridgeOS SunOS Ultrix Linux Android Arch ChromeOS Debian Fedora Gentoo Red Hat SUSE Ubuntu Other distributions System V A/UX AIX HP-UX IRIX OpenServer Solaris OpenSolaris Illumos Tru64 UNIX UnixWare Other Coherent Domain/OS GNU Hurd LynxOS Minix MOS OSF/1 QNX BlackBerry 10 Research Unix SerenityOS Xenix more... Compatibilitylayers Cygwin Darling Eunice GNV Interix MachTen Microsoft POSIX subsystem MKS Toolkit PASE P.I.P.S. PWS/VSE-AF UNIX System Services UserLAnd Technologies Windows Services for UNIX Windows Subsystem for Linux Italics indicate discontinued systems. Category Commons vteOracle CorporationCorporate directors Jeffrey Berg H. Raymond Bingham Michael Boskin Safra Catz Larry Ellison Héctor García-Molina Joseph Grundfest Jeffrey O. Henley Mark Hurd Jack F. Kemp Donald L. Lucas Naomi O. Seligman Acquisitions (list) Sun PeopleSoft Hyperion Siebel BEA JD Edwards RightNow Virtual Iron TimesTen Sunopsis NetSuite Cerner Databases Oracle Database MySQL InnoDB Berkeley DB TimesTen Rdb Essbase Programming languages Java PL/SQL IDEs JDeveloper Forms NetBeans Apex SQL Developer Developer Studio Middleware Fusion Middleware WebCenter SOA Suite WebLogic Server Coherence Tuxedo GlassFish Operating systems Oracle Linux Oracle Solaris Computer hardware Sun Fire SPARC (T-Series, Enterprise) StorageTek Computer appliances Oracle Exadata Oracle Exalogic Big Data Appliance Education and recognition Oracle Certification Program Category vteSolarisTechnologies Direct binding Doors DTrace IPMP JumpStart mdb MPxIO SMF snoop Containers Crossbow Cluster Trusted Extensions ZFS OpenSolaris, illumos BeleniX Nexenta OS OpenIndiana OmniOS CE OpenSolaris for System z SmartOS Tribblix vteOperating systemsGeneral Comparison Forensic engineering History List Timeline Usage share User features comparison Variants Disk operating system Distributed operating system Embedded operating system Hobbyist operating system Just enough operating system Mobile operating system Network operating system Object-oriented operating system Real-time operating system Supercomputer operating system KernelArchitectures Exokernel Hybrid Microkernel Monolithic Multikernel vkernel Rump kernel Unikernel Components Device driver Loadable kernel module User space and kernel space Process managementConcepts Computer multitasking (Cooperative, Preemptive) Context switch Interrupt IPC Process Process control block Real-time Thread Time-sharing Schedulingalgorithms Fixed-priority preemptive Multilevel feedback queue Round-robin Shortest job next Memory management,resource protection Bus error General protection fault Memory paging Memory protection Protection ring Segmentation fault Virtual memory Storage access,file systems Boot loader Defragmentation Device file File attribute Inode Journal Partition Virtual file system Virtual tape library Supporting concepts API Computer network HAL Live CD Live USB Shell CLI User interface PXE vteSun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle)Hardware Sun-1 Sun-2 Sun-3 Sun386i Sun-4 SPARCstation 1 2 10 20 5 Netra Ultra Enterprise Sun Blade Sun Fire SPARC Enterprise SPARC JavaStation Sun Ray Sun Modular Datacenter Software SunOS Solaris NIS NIS+ NFS ZFS SunView NeWS OpenWindows Java Desktop System Studio Java StarOffice iPlanet Sun Java System Sun Secure Global Desktop MySQL Sun xVM GlassFish VirtualBox Storage StorageTek Sun Open Storage QFS ZFS Performance Sun Cloud Sun Constellation System Sun Visualization System Sun Grid Engine Lustre Research Sun Microsystems Laboratories picoJava Fortress Project Looking Glass Education SCPs BlueJ Community Common Development and Distribution License Java Community Process NetBeans OpenOffice.org OpenSolaris OpenSPARC OpenJDK Open Source University Meetup People Bill Joy Andy Bechtolsheim Scott McNealy Vinod Khosla Slogans The Network is the Computer Write once, run anywhere Category vteGNOMECore Applications Boxes Calculator Calendar Character Map Dictionary Disks Evince Files Loupe Text Editor Software Snapshot Terminal Videos Web ExtrasDevelopment Anjuta Builder Glade Interface Designer Meld GNOME Devhelp Nemiver Geany Gtranslator Office AbiWord Dia Evolution GNOME LaTeX Gnumeric OCRFeeder Graphics F-Spot GIMP gThumb Inkscape Shotwell Simple Scan Internet Balsa Empathy Ekiga Geary GNOME Connections GNOME Fractal Gobby Jami Transmission-gtk Media Banshee EasyTag Pitivi Rhythmbox Sound Juicer SoundConverter sushi Games GNOME Games Chess Mines gbrainy PyChess Utilities Archive Manager Brasero dconf-editor gedit gnote GParted Seahorse Tomboy Yelp ComponentsUser interfaceGNOME 40 Mutter on GSK … GNOME 3 Client-Side Decoration Cantarell GDM Mutter GNOME Shell Tango Desktop Project Orca GNOME 2 Metacity GNOME Panel Clearlooks Other Adwaita Cinnamon MATE Diodon GNOME Do Avant Window Navigator GNOME Base GTK GDK GSK ATK Clutter Pango GLib GObject GIO IBus Other dconf Genie Keyring GNOME-DB GVfs GnomeVFS Librsvg Tracker Vala libxslt libxml2 freedesktop.org AppStream D-Bus GStreamer NetworkManager Poppler Wayland X.Org Server PulseAudio PackageKit HarfBuzz Cairo Community GNOME Foundation GUADEC The GNOME Project Outreachy People Miguel de Icaza Luis Villa Havoc Pennington Karen Sandler Linux portal Free and open-source software portal Category Commons WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Sun acquisition by Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SunOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS"},{"link_name":"scalability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalability"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC"},{"link_name":"DTrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTrace"},{"link_name":"ZFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"x86-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64"},{"link_name":"workstations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation"},{"link_name":"servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Single UNIX Specification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"proprietary software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"},{"link_name":"codebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase"},{"link_name":"CDDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDDL"},{"link_name":"OpenSolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mail.opensolaris.org-11"},{"link_name":"closed source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_source"},{"link_name":"proprietary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Illumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos"},{"link_name":"illumos distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos#Distributions"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Operating systemSolaris is a proprietary Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. After the Sun acquisition by Oracle in 2010, it was renamed Oracle Solaris.[3]Solaris superseded the company's earlier SunOS in 1993, and became known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider.[4][5] \nSolaris supports SPARC and x86-64 workstations and servers from Oracle and other vendors. Solaris was registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification until 29 April 2019.[6][7][8]Historically, Solaris was developed as proprietary software. In June 2005, Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license, and founded the OpenSolaris open-source project.[9] With OpenSolaris, Sun wanted to build a developer and user community around the software. After the acquisition of Sun Microsystems in January 2010, Oracle decided to discontinue the OpenSolaris distribution and the development model.[10][11] In August 2010, Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris kernel, effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a closed source proprietary operating system.[12] Following that, OpenSolaris was forked as Illumos and is alive through several illumos distributions. In September 2017, Oracle laid off most of the Solaris teams.[13]","title":"Oracle Solaris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AT&T Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Software Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution"},{"link_name":"UNIX System V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V"},{"link_name":"Xenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix"},{"link_name":"System V Release 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_Release_4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salus-14"},{"link_name":"SunOS 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"OpenWindows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWindows"},{"link_name":"graphical user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"},{"link_name":"Open Network Computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing"},{"link_name":"retroactively named","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"desktop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer"},{"link_name":"Wabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabi_(software)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Interactive Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Unix"},{"link_name":"Interactive Systems Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Systems_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"leaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code_leak"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Simon Phipps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Phipps_(programmer)"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 1987, AT&T Corporation and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix variants on the market at that time: Berkeley Software Distribution, UNIX System V, and Xenix. This became Unix System V Release 4 (SVR4).[14]On September 4, 1991, Sun announced that it would replace its existing BSD-derived Unix, SunOS 4, with one based on SVR4. This was identified internally as SunOS 5, but a new marketing name was introduced at the same time: Solaris 2.[15] The justification for this new overbrand was that it encompassed not only SunOS, but also the OpenWindows graphical user interface and Open Network Computing (ONC) functionality.Although SunOS 4.1.x micro releases were retroactively named Solaris 1 by Sun, the Solaris name is used almost exclusively to refer only to the releases based on SVR4-derived SunOS 5.0 and later.[16]For releases based on SunOS 5, the SunOS minor version is included in the Solaris release number. For example, Solaris 2.4 incorporates SunOS 5.4. After Solaris 2.6, the 2. was dropped from the release name, so Solaris 7 incorporates SunOS 5.7, and the latest release SunOS 5.11 forms the core of Solaris 11.4.Although SunSoft stated in its initial Solaris 2 press release their intent to eventually support both SPARC and x86 systems, the first two Solaris 2 releases, 2.0 and 2.1, were SPARC-only. An x86 version of Solaris 2.1 was released in June 1993, about 6 months after the SPARC version, as a desktop and uniprocessor workgroup server operating system. It included the Wabi emulator to support Windows applications.[17] At the time, Sun also offered the Interactive Unix system that it had acquired from Interactive Systems Corporation.[18] In 1994, Sun released Solaris 2.4, supporting both SPARC and x86 systems from a unified source code base.In 2011, the Solaris 11 kernel source code leaked.[19][20]On September 2, 2017, Simon Phipps, a former Sun Microsystems employee not hired by Oracle in the acquisition, reported on Twitter that Oracle had laid off the Solaris core development staff, which many interpreted as sign that Oracle no longer intended to support future development of the platform.[21] While Oracle did have a large layoff of Solaris development engineering staff, development continued and Solaris 11.4 was released in 2018.[22][23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"code base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC"},{"link_name":"x86-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"symmetric multiprocessing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing"},{"link_name":"CPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"64-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC"},{"link_name":"commodity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity"},{"link_name":"x86-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64"},{"link_name":"Sun Java Workstation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Java_Workstation"},{"link_name":"Sun Ultra series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ultra_series"},{"link_name":"workstations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation"},{"link_name":"servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)"},{"link_name":"AMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD"},{"link_name":"Opteron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteron"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Xeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon"},{"link_name":"Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Solaris&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Solaris uses a common code base for the platforms it supports: 64-bit SPARC and x86-64.[citation needed]Solaris has a reputation for being well-suited to symmetric multiprocessing, supporting a large number of CPUs.[24] It has historically been tightly integrated with Sun's SPARC hardware (including support for 64-bit SPARC applications since Solaris 7), with which it is marketed as a combined package. This has led to more reliable systems, but at a cost premium compared to commodity PC hardware. However, it has supported x86 systems since Solaris 2.1 and 64-bit x86 applications since Solaris 10, allowing Sun to capitalize on the availability of commodity 64-bit CPUs based on the x86-64 architecture. Sun heavily marketed Solaris for use with both its own x86-64-based Sun Java Workstation and the x86-64 models of the Sun Ultra series workstations, and servers based on AMD Opteron and Intel Xeon processors, as well as x86 systems manufactured by companies such as Dell,[25] Hewlett-Packard, and IBM. As of 2009[update], the following vendors support Solaris for their x86 server systems:Dell – will \"test, certify, and optimize Solaris and OpenSolaris on its rack and blade servers and offer them as one of several choices in the overall Dell software menu\"[26]\nIntel[27]\nHewlett Packard Enterprise[28] – distributes and provides software technical support for Solaris on BL, DL, and SL platforms\nFujitsu Siemens[29]","title":"Supported architectures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PowerPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC"},{"link_name":"PowerPC Reference Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_Reference_Platform"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppc-kickstart-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"OpenSolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppc-kickstart-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Itanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itanium"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"OpenSolaris for System z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris_for_System_z"},{"link_name":"IBM System z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System_z"},{"link_name":"mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"z/VM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z/VM"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"HMS Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sirius_(1786)"},{"link_name":"First Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Integrated Facility for Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Facility_for_Linux"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"application binary interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface"},{"link_name":"binaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_file"},{"link_name":"branded zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded_zones"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Other platforms","text":"Solaris 2.5.1 included support for the PowerPC platform (PowerPC Reference Platform), but the port was canceled before the Solaris 2.6 release.[30] In January 2006, a community of developers at Blastwave began work on a PowerPC port which they named Polaris.[31] In October 2006, an OpenSolaris community project based on the Blastwave efforts and Sun Labs' Project Pulsar,[32] which re-integrated the relevant parts from Solaris 2.5.1 into OpenSolaris,[30] announced its first official source code release.[33]A port of Solaris to the Intel Itanium architecture was announced in 1997 but never brought to market.[34]On November 28, 2007, IBM, Sun, and Sine Nomine Associates demonstrated a preview of OpenSolaris for System z running on an IBM System z mainframe under z/VM,[35] called Sirius (in analogy to the Polaris project, and also due to the primary developer's Australian nationality: HMS Sirius of 1786 was a ship of the First Fleet to Australia). On October 17, 2008, a prototype release of Sirius was made available[36] and on November 19 the same year, IBM authorized the use of Sirius on System z Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL) processors.[37]Solaris also supports the Linux platform application binary interface (ABI), allowing Solaris to run native Linux binaries on x86 systems. This feature is called Solaris Containers for Linux Applications (SCLA), based on the branded zones functionality introduced in Solaris 10 8/07.[38]","title":"Supported architectures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"OpenCSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCSW"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Solaris can be installed from various pre-packaged software groups, ranging from a minimalistic Reduced Network Support to a complete Entire Plus OEM. Installation of Solaris is not necessary for an individual to use the system. The DVD ISO image can be used to load Solaris, running in-memory, rather than initiating the installation.\nAdditional software, like Apache, MySQL, etc. can be installed as well in a packaged form from sunfreeware[39] and OpenCSW.[40] Solaris can be installed from physical media or a network for use on a desktop or server, or be used without installing on a desktop or server.[clarification needed][citation needed]","title":"Installation and usage options"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Updates","text":"There are several types of updates within each major release, including the Software Packages, and the Oracle Solaris Image.Additional minor updates called Support Repository Updates (SRUs) and Critical Patch Update Packages (CPUs), require a support credential, thus are not freely available to the public.[41]","title":"Installation and usage options"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sol24-telnet.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openwindows.jpg"},{"link_name":"olvwm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvwm"},{"link_name":"OpenWindows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWindows"},{"link_name":"OpenWindows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWindows"},{"link_name":"NeWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeWS"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"SunView","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunView"},{"link_name":"object-oriented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented"},{"link_name":"PostScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"},{"link_name":"X Window System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Project Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Athena"},{"link_name":"X11R5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11R5"},{"link_name":"Display Postscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Postscript"},{"link_name":"OPEN LOOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEN_LOOK"},{"link_name":"olwm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olwm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDE_running_on_Solaris_10.png"},{"link_name":"Common Desktop Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment"},{"link_name":"open sourced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license"},{"link_name":"Common Open Software Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Open_Software_Environment"},{"link_name":"Common Desktop Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"window manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"file manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_manager"},{"link_name":"e-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail"},{"link_name":"ToolTalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ToolTalk"},{"link_name":"Motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(software)"},{"link_name":"open system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(computing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Java_Desktop_running_on_Solaris_10.png"},{"link_name":"Java Desktop System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Desktop_System"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"GTK+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK%2B"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnome1.4-42"},{"link_name":"Java Desktop System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Desktop_System"},{"link_name":"StarOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarOffice"},{"link_name":"office suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suite"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"KDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"},{"link_name":"Xfce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"},{"link_name":"window managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_managers"},{"link_name":"Project Looking Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Solaris 2.4 via Telnetolvwm with OpenWindows on SolarisEarly releases of Solaris used OpenWindows as the standard desktop environment. In Solaris 2.0 to 2.2, OpenWindows supported both NeWS and X applications, and provided backward compatibility for SunView applications from Sun's older desktop environment. NeWS allowed applications to be built in an object-oriented way using PostScript, a common printing language released in 1982. The X Window System originated from MIT's Project Athena in 1984 and allowed for the display of an application to be disconnected from the machine where the application was running, separated by a network connection. Sun's original bundled SunView application suite was ported to X.Sun later dropped support for legacy SunView applications and NeWS with OpenWindows 3.3, which shipped with Solaris 2.3, and switched to X11R5 with Display Postscript support. The graphical look and feel remained based upon OPEN LOOK. OpenWindows 3.6.2 was the last release under Solaris 8. The OPEN LOOK Window Manager (olwm) with other OPEN LOOK specific applications were dropped in Solaris 9, but support libraries were still bundled, providing long term binary backwards compatibility with existing applications. The OPEN LOOK Virtual Window Manager (olvwm) can still be downloaded for Solaris from sunfreeware and works on releases as recent as Solaris 10.The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) was open sourced in August 2012. This is a screenshot of CDE running on Solaris 10.Sun and other Unix vendors created an industry alliance to standardize Unix desktops. As a member of the Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative, Sun helped co-develop the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). This was an initiative to create a standard Unix desktop environment. Each vendor contributed different components: Hewlett-Packard contributed the window manager, IBM provided the file manager, and Sun provided the e-mail and calendar facilities as well as drag-and-drop support (ToolTalk). This new desktop environment was based upon the Motif look and feel and the old OPEN LOOK desktop environment was considered legacy. CDE unified Unix desktops across multiple open system vendors. CDE was available as an unbundled add-on for Solaris 2.4 and 2.5, and was included in Solaris 2.6 through 10.Screenshot of the Java Desktop System (JDS) running on Solaris 10In 2001, Sun issued a preview release of the open-source desktop environment GNOME 1.4, based on the GTK+ toolkit, for Solaris 8.[42] Solaris 9 8/03 introduced GNOME 2.0 as an alternative to CDE. Solaris 10 includes Sun's Java Desktop System (JDS), which is based on GNOME and comes with a large set of applications, including StarOffice, Sun's office suite. Sun describes JDS as a \"major component\" of Solaris 10.[43] The Java Desktop System is not included in Solaris 11 which instead ships with a stock version of GNOME.[44] Likewise, CDE applications are no longer included in Solaris 11, but many libraries remain for binary backwards compatibility.The open source desktop environments KDE and Xfce, along with numerous other window managers, also compile and run on recent versions of Solaris.Sun was investing in a new desktop environment called Project Looking Glass since 2003. The project has been inactive since late 2006.[45]","title":"Desktop environments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"License"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Traditional operating system license (1992 to 2004)","text":"For versions up to 2005 (Solaris 9), Solaris was licensed under a license that permitted a customer to buy licenses in bulk, and install the software on any machine up to a maximum number. The key license grant was:License to Use. Customer is granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license (\"License\") for the use of the accompanying binary software in machine-readable form, together with accompanying documentation (\"Software\"), by the number of users and the class of computer hardware for which the corresponding fee has been paid.In addition, the license provided a \"License to Develop\" granting rights to create derivative works, restricted copying to only a single archival copy, disclaimer of warranties, and the like. The license varied only little through 2004.","title":"License"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Common Development and Distribution License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License"},{"link_name":"OpenSolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Open source (2005 until March 2010)","text":"From 2005–10, Sun began to release the source code for development builds of Solaris under the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) via the OpenSolaris project. This code was based on the work being done for the post-Solaris 10 release (code-named \"Nevada\"; eventually released as Oracle Solaris 11). As the project progressed, it grew to encompass most of the necessary code to compile an entire release, with a few exceptions.[46]","title":"License"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Oracle Technology Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Technology_Network"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Post-Sun closed source (March 2010 to present)","text":"When Sun was acquired by Oracle in 2010, the OpenSolaris project was discontinued after the board became unhappy with Oracle's stance on the project.[47] In March 2010, the previously freely available Solaris 10 was placed under a restrictive license that limited the use, modification and redistribution of the operating system.[48] The license allowed the user to download the operating system free of charge, through the Oracle Technology Network, and use it for a 90-day trial period. After that trial period had expired the user would then have to purchase a support contract from Oracle to continue using the operating system.With the release of Solaris 11 in 2011, the license terms changed again. The new license allows Solaris 10 and Solaris 11 to be downloaded free of charge from the Oracle Technology Network and used without a support contract indefinitely; however, the license only expressly permits the user to use Solaris as a development platform and expressly forbids commercial and \"production\" use.[49] Educational use is permitted in some circumstances. From the OTN license:If You are an educational institution vested with the power to confer official high school, associate, bachelor, master and/or doctorate degrees, or local equivalent, (\"Degree(s)\"), You may also use the Programs as part of Your educational curriculum for students enrolled in Your Degree program(s) solely as required for the conferral of such Degree (collectively \"Educational Use\").When Solaris is used without a support contract it can be upgraded to each new \"point release\"; however, a support contract is required for access to patches and updates that are released monthly.[50]","title":"License"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solaris_9_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solaris_OS_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"DTrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTrace"},{"link_name":"Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doors_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Service Management Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Management_Facility"},{"link_name":"Solaris Containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Containers"},{"link_name":"Solaris Multiplexed I/O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Multiplexed_I/O"},{"link_name":"Solaris Volume Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Volume_Manager"},{"link_name":"ZFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS"},{"link_name":"Solaris Trusted Extensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Trusted_Extensions"},{"link_name":"view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Timeline_Solaris"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_Solaris"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_Solaris"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"Solaris logo used until Solaris 9Solaris logo introduced with Solaris 10 and used until Oracle's acquisition of SunNotable features of Solaris include DTrace, Doors, Service Management Facility, Solaris Containers, Solaris Multiplexed I/O, Solaris Volume Manager, ZFS, and Solaris Trusted Extensions.Updates to Solaris versions are periodically issued. In the past, these were named after the month and year of their release, such as \"Solaris 10 1/13\"; as of Solaris 11, sequential update numbers are appended to the release name with a period, such as \"Oracle Solaris 11.4\".In ascending order, the following versions of Solaris have been released:viewtalkedit[88][89][90]A more comprehensive summary of some Solaris versions is also available.[91] Solaris releases are also described in the Solaris 2 FAQ.[92]","title":"Version history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"codenamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codename"},{"link_name":"OpenSolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"The underlying Solaris codebase has been under continuous development since work began in the late 1980s on what was eventually released as Solaris 2.0. Each version such as Solaris 10 is based on a snapshot of this development codebase, taken near the time of its release, which is then maintained as a derived project. Updates to that project are built and delivered several times a year until the next official release comes out.The Solaris version under development by Sun since the release of Solaris 10 in 2005, was codenamed Nevada, and is derived from what is now the OpenSolaris codebase.In 2003, an addition to the Solaris development process was initiated. Under the program name Software Express for Solaris (or just Solaris Express), a binary release based on the current development basis was made available for download on a monthly basis, allowing anyone to try out new features and test the quality and stability of the OS as it progressed to the release of the next official Solaris version.[93] A later change to this program introduced a quarterly release model with support available, renamed Solaris Express Developer Edition (SXDE).In 2007, Sun announced Project Indiana with several goals, including providing an open source binary distribution of the OpenSolaris project, replacing SXDE.[94] The first release of this distribution was OpenSolaris 2008.05.The Solaris Express Community Edition (SXCE) was intended specifically for OpenSolaris developers.[95] It was updated every two weeks until it was discontinued in January 2010, with a recommendation that users migrate to the OpenSolaris distribution.[96] Although the download license seen when downloading the image files indicates its use is limited to personal, educational and evaluation purposes, the license acceptance form displayed when the user actually installs from these images lists additional uses including commercial and production environments.SXCE releases terminated with build 130 and OpenSolaris releases terminated with build 134 a few weeks later. The next release of OpenSolaris based on build 134 was due in March 2010, but it was never fully released, though the packages were made available on the package repository. Instead, Oracle renamed the binary distribution Solaris 11 Express, changed the license terms and released build 151a as 2010.11 in November 2010.","title":"Development release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Open source derivatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenSolaris § Derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris#Derivatives"},{"link_name":"illumos § Current distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos#Current_distributions"},{"link_name":"Comparison of OpenSolaris distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_OpenSolaris_distributions"},{"link_name":"illumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos"},{"link_name":"Nexenta OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexenta_OS"},{"link_name":"OpenIndiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenIndiana"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OIWikiFAQ-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"NexentaStor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NexentaStor"},{"link_name":"SmartOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartOS"},{"link_name":"Joyent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyent"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"See also: OpenSolaris § Derivatives, illumos § Current distributions, and Comparison of OpenSolaris distributionsillumos – A fully open source fork of the project, started in 2010 by a community of Sun OpenSolaris engineers and Nexenta OS. OpenSolaris was not 100% open source: Some drivers and some libraries were property of other companies that Sun (now Oracle) licensed and was not able to release.\nOpenIndiana – A project under the illumos umbrella aiming \"... to become the de facto OpenSolaris distribution installed on production servers where security and bug fixes are required free of charge.\"[97]\nSchilliX[98] – The first LiveCD released after OpenSolaris code was opened to public.\nnapp-it[99] – A webmanaged ZFS storage appliance based on Solaris and the free forks like OmniOS with a Free and Pro edition.\nNexentaStor – Optimized for storage workloads, based on Nexenta OS.\nSmartOS – Virtualization centered derivative from MNX Solutions (previously Joyent).","title":"Open source derivatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenSolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris"},{"link_name":"Sun Microsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems"},{"link_name":"Nexenta OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexenta_OS"},{"link_name":"Ubuntu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"userland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Nexenta OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexenta_OS"},{"link_name":"Xfce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC"},{"link_name":"alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_software"},{"link_name":"Live CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD"},{"link_name":"Blastwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastwave"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"GNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU"},{"link_name":"Debian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"NAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network-attached_storage"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IA-32"},{"link_name":"64-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Discontinued","text":"OpenSolaris – A project initiated by Sun Microsystems, discontinued after the acquisition by Oracle.\nNexenta OS (discontinued October 31, 2012) – First distribution based on Ubuntu userland with Solaris-derived kernel.[100]\nStormOS (discontinued September 14, 2012[101]) – A lightweight desktop OS based on Nexenta OS and Xfce.\nMartUX[102][103] – The first SPARC distribution of OpenSolaris, with an alpha prototype released by Martin Bochnig in April 2006. It was distributed as a Live CD but is later available only on DVD as it has had the Blastwave community software added.[104] Its goal was to become a desktop operating system. The first SPARC release was a small Live CD, released as marTux_0.2 Live CD[105] in summer of 2006, the first straight OpenSolaris distribution for SPARC (not to be confused with GNOME metacity theme). It was later re-branded as MartUX and the next releases included full SPARC installers in addition to the Live media. Much later, MartUX was re-branded as OpenSXCE when it moved to the first OpenSolaris release to support both SPARC and Intel architectures after Sun was acquired by Oracle.[106]\nMilaX – A small Live CD/Live USB[107][108] with minimal set of packages to fit a 90 MB image.\nDyson – illumos kernel with GNU userland and packages from Debian. Project is no longer active and the website is offline.\nEON ZFS Storage[109] – A NAS implementation targeted at embedded systems.\nJaris OS – Live DVD and also installable.[110] Pronounced according to the IPA[how?] but in English as Yah-Rees. This distribution has been heavily modified to fully support a version of Wine called Madoris that can install and run Windows programs at native speed. Jaris stands for \"Japanese Solaris\". Madoris is a combination of the Japanese word for Windows \"mado\" and Solaris.\nOpenSXCE – An OpenSolaris distribution release for both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 platforms and SPARC microprocessors, initially produced from OpenSolaris source code repository, ported to the illumos source code repository to form OpenIndiana's first[111] SPARC distribution.[112] Notably, the first OpenSolaris distribution with illumos source for SPARC based upon OpenIndiana, OpenSXCE finally moved to a new source code repository, based upon DilOS.","title":"Open source derivatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Network World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_World"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"OSNews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSNews"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"The Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Robert Lipschutz and Gregg Harrington from PC Magazine reviewed Solaris 9 in 2002:[113]All in all, Sun has stayed the course with Solaris 9. While its more user-friendly management is welcome, that probably won't be enough to win over converts. What may is the platform's reliability, flexibility, and power.Robert Lipschutz also reviewed Solaris 10:[114]Be that as it may, since the Solaris 10 download is free, it behooves any IT manager to load it on an extra server and at least give it a try.Tom Henderson reviewed Solaris 10 for Network World:[115]Solaris 10 provides a flexible background for securely dividing system resources, providing performance guarantees and tracking usage for these containers. Creating basic containers and populating them with user applications and resources is simple. But some cases may require quite a bit of fine-tuning.Robert Escue for OSNews:[116]I think that Sun has put some really nice touches on Solaris 10 that make it a better operating system for both administrators and users. The security enhancements are a long time coming, but are worth the wait. Is Solaris 10 perfect, in a word no it is not. But for most uses, including a desktop OS I think Solaris 10 is a huge improvement over previous releases.Thomas Greene for The Register:[117]We've had fun with Solaris 10. It's got virtues that we definitely admire. What it needs to compete with Linux will be easier to bring about than what it's already got. It could become a Linux killer, or at least a serious competitor on Linux's turf. The only question is whether Sun has the will to see it through.","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Solaris 2.4 via Telnet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sol24-telnet.png/220px-Sol24-telnet.png"},{"image_text":"olvwm with OpenWindows on Solaris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Openwindows.jpg/250px-Openwindows.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) was open sourced in August 2012. This is a screenshot of CDE running on Solaris 10.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CDE_running_on_Solaris_10.png/250px-CDE_running_on_Solaris_10.png"},{"image_text":"Screenshot of the Java Desktop System (JDS) running on Solaris 10","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Java_Desktop_running_on_Solaris_10.png/250px-Java_Desktop_running_on_Solaris_10.png"},{"image_text":"Solaris logo used until Solaris 9","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Solaris_9_logo.png/200px-Solaris_9_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Solaris logo introduced with Solaris 10 and used until Oracle's acquisition of Sun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Solaris_OS_logo.svg/200px-Solaris_OS_logo.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"IBM AIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"},{"title":"HP-UX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX"},{"title":"illumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos"},{"title":"Trusted Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Solaris"},{"title":"Oracle VM Server for SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_VM_Server_for_SPARC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reason_of_State
The Reason of State
["1 Description","1.1 The Reason of State","1.2 Botero and Religious Toleration","1.3 Botero on Demography","1.4 Botero on the limits of the power of the kings","2 Notes","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
1589 book by Giovanni Botero For the political concept, see National interest. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (December 2019) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 665 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Della Ragion di Stato}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The Reason of State Title page from the first editionAuthorGiovanni BoteroOriginal titleDella Ragion di StatoLanguageItalianSeriesNoneSubjectPolitical philosophyPublisherappresso i GiolitiPublication date1589Publication placeItalyMedia typePrint The Reason of State (Italian: Della Ragion di Stato) is a work of political philosophy by Italian Jesuit Giovanni Botero. The book first popularised the term Reason of State and became a political 'bestseller', going through 15 Italian editions and translations into Spanish, Latin and French in the late sixteenth and the seventeenth century. Botero's Reason of State was also translated into German as Johannis Boteri Grundlicher Bericht Anordnung guter Polizeien und Regiments (1596). Despite this success on the continent, Botero's Della Ragion di Stato was never published in England. However a little-known contemporary English manuscript translation exists in the British Library. Botero's treatise has been translated into English by P.J. and D.P. Waley with an introduction by D.P. Waley (London, 1956), and, more recently, by Robert Bireley (Cambridge, 2017). The expression 'reason of state' denotes a way of thinking that about government that does agree fully with Botero's ideas. It emerged at the end of the fifteenth century and remained prevalent until the eighteenth century. Notwithstanding the criticism of Botero on fully amoral statecraft, it refers to the right of rulers to act in ways that go against the dictates of both natural and positive law with the aim of acquiring, preserving, and augmenting the dominion of the state. Description The book was first published in Venice in 1589, and is most notable for criticizing methods of statecraft associated with Niccolò Machiavelli and presenting economics as an aspect of politics. In the dedication of the 1589 edition of The Reason of State, Botero states his determined opposition to machiavellism. He traces the corruption of 16th century political discourse to the ideas advanced by Machiavelli. However, Botero does adopt aspects of Machiavelli's thought in The Reason of State. For instance, in 1590 Botero added a chapter to The Reason of State that advocates all European states join the Republic of Venice in a campaign to oust the Ottoman Empire from Europe. This appeal mirrors Machiavelli's own call to drive all foreigners out of Italy at the end of The Prince. Botero also expands upon Machiavelli's premise that men, not money, are more important for preserving a viable political regime. Where for Machiavelli men are crucial for their military valor, Botero proclaims that both a regime's population and its martial abilities are the most crucial resources at a ruler's disposal. The Reason of State Among the reasons that Botero put forward for writing his Della ragion di Stato, Botero refers to the popularity of (oral) discussions of reason of state in the European courts. While in France and Italy Botero noted that the term "reason of state" was frequently associated with Niccolò Machiavelli's political thought. By deciding to take part in these and other discussions, Botero uses a written and published form to retrieve the topic of reason of state from secrecy. Botero is the first promoter of a ‘good’ reason of state in which statesmen are responsible before their conscience. He impugns any notion of the reason of State that would be based on immorality, that is on constant transgression of God's prescriptions. The most significant point of departure from Machiavelli's intellectual 'shadow' concerns Botero's warm embrace and strong support of Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church in particular: The prince must prostrate himself in all humility before the Divine Majesty and acknowledge that from Him proceed the power of a ruler and the obedience of his subjects ... A Christian prince close the door of his secret council-chamber against Christ and the Gospels and set up a reason of State contrary to God's law, as though it were a rival altar ... So great is the power of religion in government that the state can have no secure foundation without it ... Religion is the mother ... of all the virtues.— Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State, translated by P.J. Waley and D.P. Waley, New Haven, Yale University Press 1956, p. 63. Botero and Religious Toleration In essence, Botero asserts that piety, religion and Roman Catholicism are indispensable parts of any reason of state approach to governing. Botero considers Roman Catholicism to be the foundation of virtuous behavior. He perceives Islam and the Protestant branch of Christianity as a threat to both the survival of Roman Catholicism and good governance in Europe. In The Reason of State, Botero connects a political regime's religious heterogeneity with civil unrest and civil war. He suggests that Christian rulers disincentivize the growth of new religions and religious branches by levying special taxes upon religious dissenters and prohibiting these dissenters from speaking or assembling freely or bearing arms. In extreme cases, Botero advocates that Christian rulers relocate entire populations of religious dissenters. Botero advocates that Christian monarchs implement policies similar to those adopted by the Ottoman Empire against religious minorities and by the Assyrian Empire against the Jewish people. Botero on Demography In addition to his main work Botero composed a special treatise Delle Cause della Grandezza della Città (On the Causes of the Greatness of Cities), published in 1589 as an appendix to The Reason of State. This is a very remarkable treatise. The causes to which Botero ascribes the increase of cities are mostly identical with those mentioned by Seneca, the influence of each being traced and estimated. But the work is principally worthy of notice from its showing that the author was fully master of all that is really true in the theory of Malthus. This is particularly evinced in his reasonings to show that colonies do not depopulate the mother countries, and in his investigation of the circumstances which limit and determine the growth of cities. Botero on the limits of the power of the kings According to Botero the power of the kings is not without limits. Relying on Aquinas and the philosophers of the School of Salamanca, Botero maintains that the people entrust the king with certain powers in order to protect them and allow their prosperity: "A people must bestow upon their ruler such powers as are necessary for him maintain laws among them and defend them against the violence of their enemies." The king, for his part, mustn't exceed the powers bestowed upon him by the people, and "must not oppress his subjects with new taxes disproportionate to their means nor permit greedy ministers to increase the amount of ordinary taxation or to extort it by cruel methods." Echoing early monarchomach arguments, common among Jesuit political theorists, Botero maintains that "when a people is burdened beyond its resources, either they leave the country or turn against the ruler or go over to an enemy power." Notes ^ Botero was the first to use the term in a book title: Harro Höpfl, Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus and the State, c.1540–1630 (Cambridge, 2004), p. 84. ^ "Renaissance political thought". Blackwell encyclopaedia of political thought. 1987. p. 431. The word became familiar after Giovanni Botero's Ragione di stato was published in 1589 ^ Robert Bireley, The Counter-Reformation Prince: Anti-Machiavellianism or Catholic Statecraft in Early Modern Europe (Chapel Hill, 1990), p. 50. ^ Trace, Jamie. (2016). The Only Early English Translation of Giovanni Botero’s Della ragion di stato: Richard Etherington and MS Sloane 1065. This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the British Library via http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2016articles/article4.html ^ Giovanni Botero. The Reason of State, and the Greatness of Cities, translated by Robert Peterson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956. ^ Botero 2017. ^ a b Stéphane Bonnet (2003). "Botero machiavélien ou l'invention de la raison d'Etat". Les Études philosophiques (3): 315–329. JSTOR 20849557. ^ Höpfl, Harro (2011). Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Reason of State. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433. ^ Botero 2017, pp. 1–2. ^ Botero 2017, pp. 213–215. ^ Botero 2017, pp. xxxiii, 5. ^ Catteeuw 2013, pp. 70–71. ^ Catteeuw 2013, p. 72. ^ Artistotle Tziampiris (2009). Faith and Reason of State: Lessons from Early Modern Europe and Cardinal Richelieu. Nova Science Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 9781607419495. ^ Botero 2017, pp. 67, 97. ^ Botero 2017, pp. 98–107. ^ Botero 2017, p. 107. ^ Botero’s Delle Cause della Grandezza della Città was translated into English on two separate occasions: Giovanni Botero, A Treatise Concerning the Causes of the Magnificencie and Greatness of Cities, translated by Robert Peterson (London: T. P, 1606) and Giovanni Botero, The Cavse of the Greatnesse of Cities (London: E P, 1635). ^ John Ramsay McCulloch (1845). The Literature of Political Economy: a Classified Catalogue of a Select Publications in the Different Departments of that Science. Longman, Brown. p. 253. ^ a b c The Reason of State, Book I, chapter 14: "On justice between the king and the subjects". Bibliography Luigi Pozzi, La "Ragion di Stato" e le "Relazioni universali" di Giovanni Botero, Casale 1881. Mario Attilio Levi, Della Ragion di Stato di Giovanni Botero, in Annali dell'Istituto superiore di Magistero del Piemonte, I (1927), pp. 1–21. Rodolfo De Mattei, Critiche secentesche alla "Ragion di Stato" del Botero, in Studi di storia e diritto in onore di A. Solmi, Milano 1941, II, pp. 325–342. Rodolfo De Mattei, Origini e fortuna della locuzione "ragion di Stato", in Studi in memoria di F. Ferrara, Milano 1943, I, pp. 177–192. Emil A. Fischer, Giovanni Botero ein politischer und volkswirtschaftlicher Denker der Gegenreformation, Langnau (Bern) 1952. Federico Chabod, Giovanni Botero (1934), ora in Id., Scritti sul Rinascimento, Torino 1967, pp. 271–458 (da segnalare la preziosa appendice con l'esemplare analisi delle fonti delle Relazioni universali). Friedrich Meinecke, Die Idee der Staatsräson, in der neueren Geschichte, München-Berlin 1924 (trad. it. L'idea della ragion di Stato nella storia moderna, Firenze 1970), pp. 65–70. Luigi Firpo, La "Ragion di Stato" di Giovanni Botero: redazione, rifacimenti, fortuna, in Civiltà del Piemonte. Studi in onore di Renzo Gandolfo nel suo settantacinquesimo compleanno, a cura di Gianrenzo P. Clivio, Riccardo Massano, Torino 1975, pp. 139–64. Botero e la "Ragion di Stato", Atti del Convegno in memoria di Luigi Firpo, Torino (8-10 marzo 1990), a cura di Artemio Enzo Baldini, Firenze 1992 (in partic. A. Tenenti, Dalla "Ragion di Stato" di Machiavelli a quella di Botero, pp. 11–21; K.C. Schellhase, Botero, reason of State, and Tacitus, pp. 243–58; M. Stolleis, Zur Rezeption von Giovanni Botero in Deutschland, pp. 405–16). Descendre, Romain (2003). "Raison d'État, puissance et économie. Le mercantilisme de Giovanni Botero". Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale (in French) (3): 311–321. doi:10.3917/rmm.033.0311. JSTOR 40903952. Descendre, Romain (2009). L'état du monde. Giovanni Botero entre raison d'état et géopolitique (in French). Genève: Droz Librairie. ISBN 978-2600011907. Catteeuw, Laurie (2013). Censures et raisons d'État. Une histoire de la modernité politique (XVIe-XVIIe siècle) (in French). Paris: Éditions Albin Michel. ISBN 9782226209146. External links Botero, Giovanni (1590). Della ragione di stato, libri dieci. Di Giouanni Botero Benese, reuisti dall'autore, e arricchiti in più luoghi di discorsi, e di cose memorabili etc (in Italian). Rome: presso Vincenzio Pellagallo. Retrieved 27 May 2019. Botero, Giovanni (2017). Robert Bireley (ed.). The Reason of State. Rome: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316493953. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_interest"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Botero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Botero"},{"link_name":"Reason of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasons_of_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"positive law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For the political concept, see National interest.The Reason of State (Italian: Della Ragion di Stato) is a work of political philosophy by Italian Jesuit Giovanni Botero. The book first popularised the term Reason of State[1][2] and became a political 'bestseller', going through 15 Italian editions and translations into Spanish, Latin and French in the late sixteenth and the seventeenth century.[3] Botero's Reason of State was also translated into German as Johannis Boteri Grundlicher Bericht Anordnung guter Polizeien und Regiments (1596). Despite this success on the continent, Botero's Della Ragion di Stato was never published in England. However a little-known contemporary English manuscript translation exists in the British Library.[4] Botero's treatise has been translated into English by P.J. and D.P. Waley with an introduction by D.P. Waley (London, 1956),[5] and, more recently, by Robert Bireley (Cambridge, 2017).[6]The expression 'reason of state' denotes a way of thinking that about government that does agree fully with Botero's ideas. It emerged at the end of the fifteenth century and remained prevalent until the eighteenth century. Notwithstanding the criticism of Botero on fully amoral statecraft, it refers to the right of rulers to act in ways that go against the dictates of both natural and positive law with the aim of acquiring, preserving, and augmenting the dominion of the state.[7][8]","title":"The Reason of State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"machiavellism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The book was first published in Venice in 1589, and is most notable for criticizing methods of statecraft associated with Niccolò Machiavelli and presenting economics as an aspect of politics. In the dedication of the 1589 edition of The Reason of State, Botero states his determined opposition to machiavellism. He traces the corruption of 16th century political discourse to the ideas advanced by Machiavelli.[9] However, Botero does adopt aspects of Machiavelli's thought in The Reason of State. For instance, in 1590 Botero added a chapter to The Reason of State that advocates all European states join the Republic of Venice in a campaign to oust the Ottoman Empire from Europe.[10] This appeal mirrors Machiavelli's own call to drive all foreigners out of Italy at the end of The Prince. Botero also expands upon Machiavelli's premise that men, not money, are more important for preserving a viable political regime. Where for Machiavelli men are crucial for their military valor, Botero proclaims that both a regime's population and its martial abilities are the most crucial resources at a ruler's disposal.[11]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"sub_title":"The Reason of State","text":"Among the reasons that Botero put forward for writing his Della ragion di Stato, Botero refers to the popularity of (oral) discussions of reason of state in the European courts. While in France and Italy Botero noted that the term \"reason of state\" was frequently associated with Niccolò Machiavelli's political thought. By deciding to take part in these and other discussions, Botero uses a written and published form to retrieve the topic of reason of state from secrecy.[12] Botero is the first promoter of a ‘good’ reason of state in which statesmen are responsible before their conscience.[13] He impugns any notion of the reason of State that would be based on immorality, that is on constant transgression of God's prescriptions.[7] The most significant point of departure from Machiavelli's intellectual 'shadow' concerns Botero's warm embrace and strong support of Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church in particular:The prince must prostrate himself in all humility before the Divine Majesty and acknowledge that from Him proceed the power of a ruler and the obedience of his subjects ... A Christian prince [should not] close the door of his secret council-chamber against Christ and the Gospels and set up a reason of State contrary to God's law, as though it were a rival altar ... So great is the power of religion in government that the state can have no secure foundation without it ... Religion is the mother ... of all the virtues.— Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State, translated by P.J. Waley and D.P. Waley, New Haven, Yale University Press 1956, p. 63.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Botero and Religious Toleration","text":"In essence, Botero asserts that piety, religion and Roman Catholicism are indispensable parts of any reason of state approach to governing.[14]Botero considers Roman Catholicism to be the foundation of virtuous behavior. He perceives Islam and the Protestant branch of Christianity as a threat to both the survival of Roman Catholicism and good governance in Europe.[15] In The Reason of State, Botero connects a political regime's religious heterogeneity with civil unrest and civil war. He suggests that Christian rulers disincentivize the growth of new religions and religious branches by levying special taxes upon religious dissenters and prohibiting these dissenters from speaking or assembling freely or bearing arms.[16] In extreme cases, Botero advocates that Christian rulers relocate entire populations of religious dissenters. Botero advocates that Christian monarchs implement policies similar to those adopted by the Ottoman Empire against religious minorities and by the Assyrian Empire against the Jewish people.[17]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Botero on Demography","text":"In addition to his main work Botero composed a special treatise Delle Cause della Grandezza della Città (On the Causes of the Greatness of Cities), published in 1589 as an appendix to The Reason of State.[18] This is a very remarkable treatise. The causes to which Botero ascribes the increase of cities are mostly identical with those mentioned by Seneca, the influence of each being traced and estimated. But the work is principally worthy of notice from its showing that the author was fully master of all that is really true in the theory of Malthus. This is particularly evinced in his reasonings to show that colonies do not depopulate the mother countries, and in his investigation of the circumstances which limit and determine the growth of cities.[19]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"School of Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salamanca"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XY-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XY-20"},{"link_name":"monarchomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchomachs"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XY-20"}],"sub_title":"Botero on the limits of the power of the kings","text":"According to Botero the power of the kings is not without limits. Relying on Aquinas and the philosophers of the School of Salamanca, Botero maintains that the people entrust the king with certain powers in order to protect them and allow their prosperity: \"A people must bestow upon their ruler such powers as are necessary for him maintain laws among them and defend them against the violence of their enemies.\"[20] The king, for his part, mustn't exceed the powers bestowed upon him by the people, and \"must not oppress his subjects with new taxes disproportionate to their means nor permit greedy ministers to increase the amount of ordinary taxation or to extort it by cruel methods.\"[20] Echoing early monarchomach arguments, common among Jesuit political theorists, Botero maintains that \"when a people is burdened beyond its resources, either they leave the country or turn against the ruler or go over to an enemy power.\"[20]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2016articles/article4.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bl.uk/eblj/2016articles/article4.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_7-1"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20849557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20849557"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Reason of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9729-4_433"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Catteeuw 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCatteeuw2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Catteeuw 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCatteeuw2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Nova Science Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781607419495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607419495"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Botero 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBotero2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"John Ramsay McCulloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch"},{"link_name":"The Literature of Political Economy: a Classified Catalogue of a Select Publications in the Different Departments of that Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fBhSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA253"},{"link_name":"Longman, Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XY_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XY_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-XY_20-2"}],"text":"^ Botero was the first to use the term in a book title: Harro Höpfl, Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus and the State, c.1540–1630 (Cambridge, 2004), p. 84.\n\n^ \"Renaissance political thought\". Blackwell encyclopaedia of political thought. 1987. p. 431. The word [Reason of State] became familiar after Giovanni Botero's Ragione di stato was published in 1589\n\n^ Robert Bireley, The Counter-Reformation Prince: Anti-Machiavellianism or Catholic Statecraft in Early Modern Europe (Chapel Hill, 1990), p. 50.\n\n^ Trace, Jamie. (2016). The Only Early English Translation of Giovanni Botero’s Della ragion di stato: Richard Etherington and MS Sloane 1065. This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from the British Library via http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2016articles/article4.html\n\n^ Giovanni Botero. The Reason of State, and the Greatness of Cities, translated by Robert Peterson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956.\n\n^ Botero 2017.\n\n^ a b Stéphane Bonnet (2003). \"Botero machiavélien ou l'invention de la raison d'Etat\". Les Études philosophiques (3): 315–329. JSTOR 20849557.\n\n^ Höpfl, Harro (2011). Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Reason of State. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433.\n\n^ Botero 2017, pp. 1–2.\n\n^ Botero 2017, pp. 213–215.\n\n^ Botero 2017, pp. xxxiii, 5.\n\n^ Catteeuw 2013, pp. 70–71.\n\n^ Catteeuw 2013, p. 72.\n\n^ Artistotle Tziampiris (2009). Faith and Reason of State: Lessons from Early Modern Europe and Cardinal Richelieu. Nova Science Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 9781607419495.\n\n^ Botero 2017, pp. 67, 97.\n\n^ Botero 2017, pp. 98–107.\n\n^ Botero 2017, p. 107.\n\n^ Botero’s Delle Cause della Grandezza della Città was translated into English on two separate occasions: Giovanni Botero, A Treatise Concerning the Causes of the Magnificencie and Greatness of Cities, translated by Robert Peterson (London: T. P[urfoote], 1606) and Giovanni Botero, The Cavse of the Greatnesse of Cities (London: E[lizabeth] P[urslowe], 1635).\n\n^ John Ramsay McCulloch (1845). The Literature of Political Economy: a Classified Catalogue of a Select Publications in the Different Departments of that Science. Longman, Brown. p. 253.\n\n^ a b c The Reason of State, Book I, chapter 14: \"On justice between the king and the subjects\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federico Chabod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Chabod"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Meinecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Meinecke"},{"link_name":"Luigi Firpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Firpo"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3917/rmm.033.0311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3917%2Frmm.033.0311"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40903952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40903952"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2600011907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2600011907"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782226209146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782226209146"}],"text":"Luigi Pozzi, La \"Ragion di Stato\" e le \"Relazioni universali\" di Giovanni Botero, Casale 1881.\nMario Attilio Levi, Della Ragion di Stato di Giovanni Botero, in Annali dell'Istituto superiore di Magistero del Piemonte, I (1927), pp. 1–21.\nRodolfo De Mattei, Critiche secentesche alla \"Ragion di Stato\" del Botero, in Studi di storia e diritto in onore di A. Solmi, Milano 1941, II, pp. 325–342.\nRodolfo De Mattei, Origini e fortuna della locuzione \"ragion di Stato\", in Studi in memoria di F. Ferrara, Milano 1943, I, pp. 177–192.\nEmil A. Fischer, Giovanni Botero ein politischer und volkswirtschaftlicher Denker der Gegenreformation, Langnau (Bern) 1952.\nFederico Chabod, Giovanni Botero (1934), ora in Id., Scritti sul Rinascimento, Torino 1967, pp. 271–458 (da segnalare la preziosa appendice con l'esemplare analisi delle fonti delle Relazioni universali).\nFriedrich Meinecke, Die Idee der Staatsräson, in der neueren Geschichte, München-Berlin 1924 (trad. it. L'idea della ragion di Stato nella storia moderna, Firenze 1970), pp. 65–70.\nLuigi Firpo, La \"Ragion di Stato\" di Giovanni Botero: redazione, rifacimenti, fortuna, in Civiltà del Piemonte. Studi in onore di Renzo Gandolfo nel suo settantacinquesimo compleanno, a cura di Gianrenzo P. Clivio, Riccardo Massano, Torino 1975, pp. 139–64.\nBotero e la \"Ragion di Stato\", Atti del Convegno in memoria di Luigi Firpo, Torino (8-10 marzo 1990), a cura di Artemio Enzo Baldini, Firenze 1992 (in partic. A. Tenenti, Dalla \"Ragion di Stato\" di Machiavelli a quella di Botero, pp. 11–21; K.C. Schellhase, Botero, reason of State, and Tacitus, pp. 243–58; M. Stolleis, Zur Rezeption von Giovanni Botero in Deutschland, pp. 405–16).\nDescendre, Romain (2003). \"Raison d'État, puissance et économie. Le mercantilisme de Giovanni Botero\". Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale (in French) (3): 311–321. doi:10.3917/rmm.033.0311. JSTOR 40903952.\nDescendre, Romain (2009). L'état du monde. Giovanni Botero entre raison d'état et géopolitique (in French). Genève: Droz Librairie. ISBN 978-2600011907.\nCatteeuw, Laurie (2013). Censures et raisons d'État. Une histoire de la modernité politique (XVIe-XVIIe siècle) (in French). Paris: Éditions Albin Michel. ISBN 9782226209146.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Renaissance political thought\". Blackwell encyclopaedia of political thought. 1987. p. 431. The word [Reason of State] became familiar after Giovanni Botero's Ragione di stato was published in 1589","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stéphane Bonnet (2003). \"Botero machiavélien ou l'invention de la raison d'Etat\". Les Études philosophiques (3): 315–329. JSTOR 20849557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20849557","url_text":"20849557"}]},{"reference":"Höpfl, Harro (2011). Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Reason of State. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy: Reason of State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9729-4_433","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_433"}]},{"reference":"Artistotle Tziampiris (2009). Faith and Reason of State: Lessons from Early Modern Europe and Cardinal Richelieu. Nova Science Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 9781607419495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers","url_text":"Nova Science Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607419495","url_text":"9781607419495"}]},{"reference":"John Ramsay McCulloch (1845). The Literature of Political Economy: a Classified Catalogue of a Select Publications in the Different Departments of that Science. Longman, Brown. p. 253.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch","url_text":"John Ramsay McCulloch"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fBhSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA253","url_text":"The Literature of Political Economy: a Classified Catalogue of a Select Publications in the Different Departments of that Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman","url_text":"Longman, Brown"}]},{"reference":"Descendre, Romain (2003). \"Raison d'État, puissance et économie. Le mercantilisme de Giovanni Botero\". Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale (in French) (3): 311–321. doi:10.3917/rmm.033.0311. JSTOR 40903952.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frmm.033.0311","url_text":"10.3917/rmm.033.0311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40903952","url_text":"40903952"}]},{"reference":"Descendre, Romain (2009). L'état du monde. Giovanni Botero entre raison d'état et géopolitique (in French). Genève: Droz Librairie. ISBN 978-2600011907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2600011907","url_text":"978-2600011907"}]},{"reference":"Catteeuw, Laurie (2013). Censures et raisons d'État. Une histoire de la modernité politique (XVIe-XVIIe siècle) (in French). Paris: Éditions Albin Michel. ISBN 9782226209146.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782226209146","url_text":"9782226209146"}]},{"reference":"Botero, Giovanni (1590). Della ragione di stato, libri dieci. Di Giouanni Botero Benese, reuisti dall'autore, e arricchiti in più luoghi di discorsi, e di cose memorabili etc (in Italian). Rome: presso Vincenzio Pellagallo. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hyhf9RKsyfwC","url_text":"Della ragione di stato, libri dieci. Di Giouanni Botero Benese, reuisti dall'autore, e arricchiti in più luoghi di discorsi, e di cose memorabili etc"}]},{"reference":"Botero, Giovanni (2017). Robert Bireley (ed.). The Reason of State. Rome: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316493953. ISBN 9781316493953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316493953","url_text":"10.1017/9781316493953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316493953","url_text":"9781316493953"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denshway_Museum
Denshway Museum
["1 Establishment","2 Museum idea","3 Museum design","4 References"]
Coordinates: 30°36′07″N 30°51′13″E / 30.60194°N 30.85361°E / 30.60194; 30.8536130°36′07″N 30°51′13″E / 30.60194°N 30.85361°E / 30.60194; 30.85361 Denshway MuseumEstablishedJuly 1999LocationAl-Minufiyah, Egypt, 75 kilometers north west of Cairo The Denshway Museum is a museum in Al-Minufiyah, Egypt, 75 kilometers north west of Cairo, which was established to commemorate the Denshawai incident. Establishment The museum, which opened in July 1999, commemorates the Denshawai incident, a confrontation between British Army officers and local Egyptians over the officers hunting of local pigeons which the villagers grew for food. The museum honours the seven Egyptians who were hanged by the British on 26 June 1906. Museum idea In creating the museum, it was hoped to remind villagers of the history that helped to shape the region and also to provide a cultural center which would increase tourism in the region. Museum design The museum's design is that of an Egyptian pigeon tower, referring to the incident being sparked by British Army officers hunting pigeons for sport. The building has three levels, connected by stone spiral stairs. The museum includes a replica of the gallows, paintings and sculptures that tell the story of the incident as it unfolded, five exhibition halls and public space. References ^ "Overview: Denshway Museum: Symbol of Egyptian revolution history". 15 October 2017. ^ a b Rania Khallaf (1 July 1999). "'Our Way Towards a Better Life'". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008. vteMuseums in Egypt Egyptian National Military Museum Abdeen Palace Museum Agricultural Museum Ahmed Shawki Museum Alexandria National Museum Alexandria Aquarium Museum Al Minya Museum Al-Alemein War Museum Ashmunein open air museum Aswan Museum Bayt Al-Suhaymi Beit El-Umma (House of the People) Beni Suef Museum Beshtak Palace Cairo Aquarium Museum Cairo Zoologica Museum Carriage Museum Child Museum Constantine P. Cavafy museum in Alexandria Coptic Museum Denshway Museum Egyptian Geological Museum Gamal Abdel Nasser Museum Gayer-Anderson Museum Gezira Center for Modern Art Graeco-Roman Museum Grand Egyptian Museum Imhotep Museum Ismaïlia Museum Karanis Site Museum Karnak open air museum Kasr (Qasr) El-Gawhara (Jewel Palace) Kharga Museum Library of Alexandria Museum Luxor Museum Manyal Palace Marine Museum Mallawi Museum Memphis open air museum Military Museum Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum Mohamed Nagy Museum Mukhtar Museum Mummification Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Egyptian Railways Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo Museum of Islamic Ceramics Museum of Modern Art in Egypt National Museum of Egyptian Civilization Nubian Museum Oceanographic museum in Alexandria Om Kalthoum Museum Pharaonic Village Postal Museum Prince Amr Ibrahim Palace Princess Fatma Al-Zahra' Palace museum Qasr Al-Eini Museum Ramses Wessa Wassef Art Center Adam Henein Museum Royal Jewelry Museum Taha Hussein Museum Underwater museum in Alexandria Egypt portal Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article about a museum in Egypt is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Overview: Denshway Museum: Symbol of Egyptian revolution history\". 15 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/27760/Overview-Denshway-Museum-Symbol-of-Egyptian-revolution-history","url_text":"\"Overview: Denshway Museum: Symbol of Egyptian revolution history\""}]},{"reference":"Rania Khallaf (1 July 1999). \"'Our Way Towards a Better Life'\". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080415181724/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/436/eg6.htm","url_text":"\"'Our Way Towards a Better Life'\""},{"url":"http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/436/eg6.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mans%C3%B6ngr
Mansöngr
["1 In high-medieval Iceland","1.1 In Icelandic sagas","1.2 In Icelandic law","2 In rímur","3 In Norway","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
A mansǫngr (literally 'maiden-song'; plural mansǫngvar; modern Icelandic mansöngur, plural mansöngvar) is a form of Norse poetry. In scholarly usage the term has often been applied to medieval skaldic love-poetry; and it is used of lyric openings to rímur throughout the Icelandic literary tradition. In high-medieval Iceland Skaldic love-poetry and erotic poems in Old Norse-Icelandic are often characterised in modern scholarship as mansöngvar. However, Edith Marold and Bjarni Einarsson have argued that the term mansöngr has been over-used in medieval scholarship, being applied to love-poems which we have no evidence were actually viewed as mansöngvar. Many medieval references to mansöngvar are not accompanied by the poem in question, and the boundaries of the genre are thus disputed. The Icelandic Homily Book (from c. 1200) mentions mansöngr in connection with the music of David and Solomon. In Icelandic sagas In Egils saga, the poet Egill Skallagrímsson recites a poem about a woman to his friend Arinbjörn. Arinbjörn asks Egill for whom he has composed this mansöngr and Egill recites another poem before revealing that the subject of both is Arinbjörn's kinswoman Ásgerðr, the widow of Egill's brother Þórólfr (Thorolf). Egill requests Arinbjörn's help in arranging his marriage with Ásgerðr, and the mansöngvar are thus a prelude to an open declaration of love and a marriage petition. Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's poems to Kolfinna Ávaldadóttir are also described as mansöngvar in Hallfreðar saga, but the saga depicts Hallfreðr as resisting attempts to organise Kolfinna's marriage to both himself and other men. The saga portrays Hallfreðr's erotic poetry about Kolfinna and his libellous verses on Kolfinna's husband, Grís, as destructive in nature—objectifying Kolfinna while inciting her family to violence. Only through his relationship with his King Ólafr Tryggvason (his eventual godfather) and his spiritual poems does Hallfreðr find redemption and maturity and eventually express regret for the sorrow he has caused Kolfinna. One of the oldest saga manuscripts to preserve a reference to the genre is DG 8 from c. 1225–1250 in the hagiographical saga Óláfs saga helga. According to the saga, the Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti composed a mansǫngsdrápa about Queen Ástríðr of Norway when they were both in the court of her father, the King of Sweden. This drápa provoked the wrath of her husband, King Ólafr Helgason, but when Óttarr travelled to Norway he prudently enlisted the help of his uncle and skald Sigvatr Þórðarson to gain an audience with the Norwegian king and redeem himself with the poem Hǫfuðlausn, which praises the merits of King Ólafr rather than the beauty of his wife. In Icelandic law The composing of mansöngvar for or about women is explicitly prohibited by the medieval Icelandic law-code Grágás, 'in the younger additions to Konungsbók (GKS 1157 fol) and Staðarhólsbók (AM 334 fol), where it is inserted into a passage bearing the title 'vm scaldscap' ('on poetry'), an exhaustive treatment of the different kinds of poetry and the various punishments for them'. But there is no clear explanation of what a mansöngr is. In the Konungsbók version, §238, the text reads Ef maðr yrkir mansöng vm cono oc varðar scog gang. Kona a söc ef hon er xx. eða ellre. ef hon vill eigi søkia láta. oc a lavg raðande hennar sökena. If a man composes mansǫngr about a woman he suffers full outlawry. The woman has to bring the case if she is twenty or older. If she will not have it prosecuted, then her legal administrator has to bring the case. In rímur In Icelandic rímur, mansöngur is the term used for the (optional) opening section of each ríma poem within the larger epic. The mansöngur typically shares a metre with the ríma it prefaces but is lyric poetry rather than narrative and the poet often speaks in the first person, addressing the audience directly. The mansöngur is often addressed to a woman but known as mansöngr even when it isn't. The mansöngur may or may not relate to the main narrative of the rímur: some poets use the mansöngur to comment on the events of the story as they unfold or explore specific narrative themes, but others treat the mansöngur as a 'break from the action'. The earliest rímur lack mansöngvar. In later rímur, the author (usually male) would compose poetry about a woman he had fallen in love with (but who generally is not depicted as reciprocating his feelings). Accordingly, mansöngvar are often sorrowful. Later, they started to feature other topics, such as love for one's ancestral estate or complaints at how few people appreciate poetry. One example of the content of a mansöngur is afforded by Craigie's summary of stanzas 1-17 of the third ríma of Skotlands rímur by Einar Guðmundsson, a 17th-century poet. It includes many of the classical features of the mansöngur in rímur: a fair woman is addressed, while the poet laments his inadequacy as a poet and the sorrowful state of the world. The mansöngur is also a platform for personal expression—here, probably, a (veiled) complaint over losing his position as the minister for Staður in Reykjanes in 1635 after accusing two parishioners of sorcery: Though the ring-decked maiden might wish for a love-song, I have but little poetry from Odin. Only a little scent of the fruit of song he gave me once: I have no need to be grateful for his generosity. Let those rejoice who have been more successful. Friendship is not shown to every man, and I was never good at winning favour of the great. True friendship is rare over all the land; most men look for some advantage and are envious of all others who get wealth or fame. Seek not, then, to be praised by the world: disgrace and loss may follow. He that sees in secret will reward you, and He will come one day to sit in judgement. May I be able to see Him with joy, though my works are not so good as they might be. I have not the mansöngs to speak about the fair maid, but I must try to give her the third ballad now! In Norway Among the medieval inscriptions found at Bryggen in the Norwegian city of Bergen, there are preserved examples of mansǫngskvæði (mansǫngr poems) written in Skaldic meters such as dróttkvætt. In particular, N B145 dates to the first half of the thirteenth century and contains a full dróttkvætt stanza, the first half of which translates thusly: The ancient breeze of the cliff-goddesses fell to me early with respect to the beautiful, dangerous young pine-tree of the fastened fire of the fish expanse . Simplified, this means: Desire for the beautiful, dangerous young woman overcame me a long time ago. See also Old Norse poetry References ^ Edith Marold, ' Mansǫngr — a Phantom Genre?', trans. by Kate Heslop, in Learning and Understanding in the Old Norse World: Essays in Honour of Margaret Clunies Ross, ed. by Judy Quinn, Tarrin Wills, and Kate Heslop, Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe, 18 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), pp. 239-62; Bjarni Einarsson, ‘"Mansöngr" revisited’, Opuscula, 11 (2003) . ^ The dialogue between Egill and Arinbjörn is first preserved in the 'theta fragment' of Egils saga (AM 162 A θ fol.) from c. 1250. ^ Ingibjörg Gísladóttir, „Krist vil ek allrar ástar....“ Um eðli Hallfreðar sögu vandræðaskálds, University of Iceland, BA Thesis in Icelandic Literature, 2008. ^ The De La Gardie Collection in Uppsala University Library ^ Edith Marold, ' Mansǫngr — a Phantom Genre?', trans. by Kate Heslop, in Learning and Understanding in the Old Norse World: Essays in Honour of Margaret Clunies Ross, ed. by Judy Quinn, Tarrin Wills, and Kate Heslop, Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe, 18 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), pp. 239-62 (pp. 249-50). ^ Text and translation quoted from Edith Marold, ' Mansǫngr — a Phantom Genre?', trans. by Kate Heslop, in Learning and Understanding in the Old Norse World: Essays in Honour of Margaret Clunies Ross, ed. by Judy Quinn, Tarrin Wills, and Kate Heslop, Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe, 18 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), pp. 239-62 (p. 249); she quotes the text from Grágás: Islændernes lovbog i fristatens tid, udg. efter det kongelige Bibliotheks Haanskrift, ed. and trans. by Vilhjálmur Finsen, 2 vols (Copenhagen: Berling, 1852), Ib, 184. For the Staðarhólsbók version see Grágás efter det Arnamagnæanske Haandskrift Nr. 334 fol., ed. and trans. by Vilhjálmur Finsen (Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 1879), p. 393 [§377). ^ Vésteinn Ólason, 'Old Icelandic Poetry', in A History of Icelandic Literature, ed. by Daisy Nejmann, Histories of Scandinavian Literature, 5 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), pp. 1-63 (pp. 55-59). ^ Skotlands rímur: Icelandic Ballads on the Gowrie Conspiracy, ed. by W. A. Craigie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908), p. 6; https://archive.org/details/skotlandsrmuric00craigoog. ^ a b Margaret Clunies Ross (2011) . A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge: Brewer. p. 43. ISBN 9781843842798. Further reading Theodor Möbius, 'Vom isl. mansöngr', Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie: Ergänzungsband (1874), 42-61. The principal study of mansöngvar. T. M. Johnstone, 'Nasīb and Mansöngur', The Journal of Arabic Literature, 3 (1972), 90-95. Compares the parallel literary development of the mansöngur and the Arabic Nasīb (poetry). Ingibjörg Gísladóttir, „Krist vil ek allrar ástar....“ Um eðli Hallfreðar sögu vandræðaskálds. University of Iceland, BA Thesis in Icelandic Literature, 2008.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mansöngr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Marold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Marold"},{"link_name":"Bjarni Einarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bjarni_Einarsson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Icelandic Homily Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Homily_Book"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon"}],"text":"Skaldic love-poetry and erotic poems in Old Norse-Icelandic are often characterised in modern scholarship as mansöngvar. However, Edith Marold and Bjarni Einarsson have argued that the term mansöngr has been over-used in medieval scholarship, being applied to love-poems which we have no evidence were actually viewed as mansöngvar.[1] Many medieval references to mansöngvar are not accompanied by the poem in question, and the boundaries of the genre are thus disputed. The Icelandic Homily Book (from c. 1200) mentions mansöngr in connection with the music of David and Solomon.","title":"In high-medieval Iceland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egils saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egils_saga"},{"link_name":"Egill Skallagrímsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallfre%C3%B0r_vandr%C3%A6%C3%B0ask%C3%A1ld"},{"link_name":"Hallfreðar saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallfre%C3%B0ar_saga"},{"link_name":"Ólafr Tryggvason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93lafr_Tryggvason&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Óláfs saga helga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93l%C3%A1fs_saga_helga"},{"link_name":"Óttarr svarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ttarr_svarti"},{"link_name":"Queen Ástríðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Olofsdotter_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"her father, the King of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung"},{"link_name":"drápa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1pa"},{"link_name":"King Ólafr Helgason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sigvatr Þórðarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson"},{"link_name":"Hǫfuðlausn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C7%ABfu%C3%B0lausn_(%C3%93ttarr_svarti)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In Icelandic sagas","text":"In Egils saga, the poet Egill Skallagrímsson recites a poem about a woman to his friend Arinbjörn. Arinbjörn asks Egill for whom he has composed this mansöngr and Egill recites another poem before revealing that the subject of both is Arinbjörn's kinswoman Ásgerðr, the widow of Egill's brother Þórólfr (Thorolf).[2] Egill requests Arinbjörn's help in arranging his marriage with Ásgerðr, and the mansöngvar are thus a prelude to an open declaration of love and a marriage petition.Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's poems to Kolfinna Ávaldadóttir are also described as mansöngvar in Hallfreðar saga, but the saga depicts Hallfreðr as resisting attempts to organise Kolfinna's marriage to both himself and other men. The saga portrays Hallfreðr's erotic poetry about Kolfinna and his libellous verses on Kolfinna's husband, Grís, as destructive in nature—objectifying Kolfinna while inciting her family to violence. Only through his relationship with his King Ólafr Tryggvason (his eventual godfather) and his spiritual poems does Hallfreðr find redemption and maturity and eventually express regret for the sorrow he has caused Kolfinna.[3]One of the oldest saga manuscripts to preserve a reference to the genre is DG[4] 8 from c. 1225–1250 in the hagiographical saga Óláfs saga helga. According to the saga, the Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti composed a mansǫngsdrápa about Queen Ástríðr of Norway when they were both in the court of her father, the King of Sweden. This drápa provoked the wrath of her husband, King Ólafr Helgason, but when Óttarr travelled to Norway he prudently enlisted the help of his uncle and skald Sigvatr Þórðarson to gain an audience with the Norwegian king and redeem himself with the poem Hǫfuðlausn, which praises the merits of King Ólafr rather than the beauty of his wife.","title":"In high-medieval Iceland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grágás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Goose_Laws"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"In Icelandic law","text":"The composing of mansöngvar for or about women is explicitly prohibited by the medieval Icelandic law-code Grágás, 'in the younger additions to Konungsbók (GKS 1157 fol) and Staðarhólsbók (AM 334 fol), where it is inserted into a passage bearing the title 'vm scaldscap' ('on poetry'), an exhaustive treatment of the different kinds of poetry and the various punishments for them'.[5] But there is no clear explanation of what a mansöngr is. In the Konungsbók version, §238, the text reads[6]Ef maðr yrkir mansöng vm cono oc varðar scog gang. Kona a söc ef hon er xx. eða ellre. ef hon vill eigi søkia láta. oc a lavg raðande hennar sökena.If a man composes mansǫngr about a woman he suffers full outlawry. The woman has to bring the case if she is twenty or older. If she will not have it prosecuted, then her legal administrator has to bring the case.","title":"In high-medieval Iceland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"lyric poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Craigie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craigie"},{"link_name":"Skotlands rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skotlands_r%C3%ADmur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"scent of the fruit of song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_mead"},{"link_name":"He that sees in secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Icelandic rímur, mansöngur is the term used for the (optional) opening section of each ríma poem within the larger epic. The mansöngur typically shares a metre with the ríma it prefaces but is lyric poetry rather than narrative and the poet often speaks in the first person, addressing the audience directly. The mansöngur is often addressed to a woman but known as mansöngr even when it isn't. The mansöngur may or may not relate to the main narrative of the rímur: some poets use the mansöngur to comment on the events of the story as they unfold or explore specific narrative themes, but others treat the mansöngur as a 'break from the action'.The earliest rímur lack mansöngvar. In later rímur, the author (usually male) would compose poetry about a woman he had fallen in love with (but who generally is not depicted as reciprocating his feelings). Accordingly, mansöngvar are often sorrowful. Later, they started to feature other topics, such as love for one's ancestral estate or complaints at how few people appreciate poetry.[7]One example of the content of a mansöngur is afforded by Craigie's summary of stanzas 1-17 of the third ríma of Skotlands rímur by Einar Guðmundsson, a 17th-century poet. It includes many of the classical features of the mansöngur in rímur: a fair woman is addressed, while the poet laments his inadequacy as a poet and the sorrowful state of the world. The mansöngur is also a platform for personal expression—here, probably, a (veiled) complaint over losing his position as the minister for Staður in Reykjanes in 1635 after accusing two parishioners of sorcery:Though the ring-decked maiden might wish for a love-song, I have but little poetry from Odin. Only a little scent of the fruit of song he gave me once: I have no need to be grateful for his generosity. Let those rejoice who have been more successful. Friendship is not shown to every man, and I was never good at winning favour of the great. True friendship is rare over all the land; most men look for some advantage and are envious of all others who get wealth or fame. Seek not, then, to be praised by the world: disgrace and loss may follow. He that sees in secret will reward you, and He will come one day to sit in judgement. May I be able to see Him with joy, though my works are not so good as they might be. I have not the mansöngs to speak about the fair maid, but I must try to give her the third ballad now![8]","title":"In rímur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inscriptions found at Bryggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"dróttkvætt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B3ttkv%C3%A6tt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b145-9"},{"link_name":"N B145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryggen_inscription_145"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b145-9"}],"text":"Among the medieval inscriptions found at Bryggen in the Norwegian city of Bergen, there are preserved examples of mansǫngskvæði (mansǫngr poems) written in Skaldic meters such as dróttkvætt.[9] In particular, N B145 dates to the first half of the thirteenth century and contains a full dróttkvætt stanza, the first half of which translates thusly:[9]The ancient breeze of the cliff-goddesses [GIANTESSES > DESIRE] fell to me early with respect to the beautiful, dangerous young pine-tree of the fastened fire of the fish expanse [SEA > GOLD > (beautiful, dangerous, young) WOMAN].Simplified, this means:Desire for the beautiful, dangerous young woman overcame me a long time ago.","title":"In Norway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasīb (poetry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"„Krist vil ek allrar ástar....“ Um eðli Hallfreðar sögu vandræðaskálds.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//skemman.is/en/item/view/1946/10445"}],"text":"Theodor Möbius, 'Vom isl. mansöngr', Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie: Ergänzungsband (1874), 42-61. The principal study of mansöngvar.\nT. M. Johnstone, 'Nasīb and Mansöngur', The Journal of Arabic Literature, 3 (1972), 90-95. Compares the parallel literary development of the mansöngur and the Arabic Nasīb (poetry).\nIngibjörg Gísladóttir, „Krist vil ek allrar ástar....“ Um eðli Hallfreðar sögu vandræðaskálds. University of Iceland, BA Thesis in Icelandic Literature, 2008.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Old Norse poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Casimir_P%C3%A9rier
Cabinet of Casimir Périer
["1 Ministers","2 Changes","3 References","4 Sources"]
French cabinet from 1831–1832 Cabinet of Casimir PérierCabinet of FranceCasimir Pierre PérierDate formed13 March 1831Date dissolved16 May 1832People and organisationsHead of stateLouis Philippe IHead of governmentCasimir Pierre PérierHistoryPredecessorCabinet of Jacques LaffitteSuccessorFirst cabinet ofNicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult The Cabinet of Casimir Périer was announced on 13 March 1831 by King Louis Philippe I. It replaced the Cabinet of Jacques Laffitte. Perier died of cholera on 16 May 1832. Louis-Philippe acted as president of the council until 11 October 1832, when the cabinet was replaced by the first cabinet of Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult. Ministers The ministers in Périer's cabinet and under Louis-Philippe after Périer died were: Portfolio Holder Party President of the Council of Ministers Casimir Perier Centre-right Ministers Minister of the Interior Casimir Perier Centre-right Minister of Justice Félix Barthe Centre-left Minister of Foreign Affairs Marshal Horace Sébastiani None Minister of War Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult None Minister of Finance The Baron Louis Centre-right Minister of the Navy and Colonies Admiral Count of Rigny Centre-right Minister of Public Education and Worship The Count of Montalivet Centre-right Minister of Commerce and Public Works The Count of Argout Centre-right Changes On 27 April 1832: Portfolio Holder Party Minister of the Interior The Count of Montalivet Centre-right Minister of Public Education and Worship The Baron Girod de l'Ain Centre-right References ^ Muel 1891, pp. 184. ^ Muel 1891, pp. 183. Sources Muel, Léon (1891). Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 ... Marchal et Billard. Retrieved 22 March 2014. vteGovernments of France (1792–1870)First Republic (1792–1804) National Convention Committee of Public Safety French Directory French Consulate Paris Commune First Empire (1804–1814) Napoleon Provisional Government of 1814 First restoration Hundred Days Provisional Government of 1815 Restoration (1814–1830) Talleyrand Richelieu (1) Dessolles Decazes Richelieu (2) Villèle Martignac Polignac Mortemart July Monarchy (1830–1848) Paris Municipal Commission Provisional Ministry First ministry of Louis-Philippe Laffitte Casimir Perier Soult (1) Gérard Maret Mortier de Broglie Thiers (1) Molé (1) Molé (2) Transitional cabinet of 1839 Soult (2) Thiers (2) Soult (3) Guizot Second Republic (1848–1852) Provisional Government Executive Commission Cavaignac Barrot (1) Barrot (2) Hautpoul Petit ministère Faucher Last cabinet of the French Second Republic Louis Napoleon (1) Louis Napoleon (2) Second Empire (1852–1870) Third cabinet of Napoleon III Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III Ollivier Cousin-Montauban vteCabinet of Casimir Périer (13 March 1831 to 16 May 1832)Head of state: King Louis Philippe IPresident of the ministryCasimir Pierre PérierCasimir Pierre PérierInterior Casimir Pierre Périer Camille de Montalivet JusticeFélix BartheForeign AffairsHorace SébastianiWarNicolas SoultFinanceJoseph-Dominique LouisNavy and ColoniesHenri de RignyEducation and Religious Affairs Camille de Montalivet Amédée Girod de l'Ain Commerce and Public WorksAntoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout
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Périer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuel1891183-2"}],"text":"The ministers in Périer's cabinet and under Louis-Philippe after Périer died were:[2]","title":"Ministers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On 27 April 1832:","title":"Changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 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(1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Dessolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jean-Joseph_Dessolles"},{"link_name":"Decazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_%C3%89lie_Decazes"},{"link_name":"Richelieu (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_ministry_of_Armand-Emmanuel_du_Plessis_de_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Villèle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le"},{"link_name":"Martignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jean-Baptiste_de_Martignac"},{"link_name":"Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Jules_de_Polignac"},{"link_name":"Mortemart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Casimir_de_Rochechouart_de_Mortemart"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Paris Municipal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Municipal_Commission_Ministry_of_1830"},{"link_name":"Provisional Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Provisional_Ministry_of_1830"},{"link_name":"First ministry of Louis-Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ministry_of_Louis-Philippe"},{"link_name":"Laffitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Jacques_Laffitte"},{"link_name":"Casimir Perier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Soult (1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Nicolas_Jean-de-Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"Gérard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_%C3%89tienne_Maurice,_comte_G%C3%A9rard"},{"link_name":"Maret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugues-Bernard_Maret"},{"link_name":"Mortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Mortier"},{"link_name":"de Broglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Victor_de_Broglie"},{"link_name":"Thiers (1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"Molé (1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Louis_Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Molé (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Transitional cabinet of 1839","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_French_cabinet_of_1839"},{"link_name":"Soult (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Nicolas_Jean-de-Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"Thiers (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Adolphe_Thiers"},{"link_name":"Soult (3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Nicolas_Jean-de-Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"Guizot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fran%C3%A7ois-Pierre_Guizot"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Executive Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Executive_Commission_(1848)"},{"link_name":"Cavaignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_General_Cavaignac"},{"link_name":"Barrot (1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Odilon_Barrot"},{"link_name":"Barrot (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Odilon_Barrot"},{"link_name":"Hautpoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul"},{"link_name":"Petit ministère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_minist%C3%A8re_of_1851"},{"link_name":"Faucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_L%C3%A9on_Faucher"},{"link_name":"Last cabinet of the French Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_cabinet_of_the_French_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"Louis Napoleon (1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Louis Napoleon (2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Second Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Third cabinet of Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Ollivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Ollivier_ministry"},{"link_name":"Cousin-Montauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin-Montauban_ministry"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cabinet_of_Casimir_P%C3%A9rier"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cabinet_of_Casimir_P%C3%A9rier"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cabinet_of_Casimir_P%C3%A9rier"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Casimir Périer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"},{"link_name":"Casimir Pierre Périer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_(1830%E2%80%931848).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perier,_Casimir_-_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Casimir Pierre Périer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier"},{"link_name":"Casimir Pierre Périer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier"},{"link_name":"Camille de Montalivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthe_Camille_Bachasson,_Count_of_Montalivet"},{"link_name":"Félix Barthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Barthe"},{"link_name":"Horace Sébastiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Soult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Dominique Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis"},{"link_name":"Henri de Rigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny"},{"link_name":"Camille de Montalivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthe_Camille_Bachasson,_Count_of_Montalivet"},{"link_name":"Amédée Girod de l'Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Girod_de_l%27Ain"},{"link_name":"Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d%27Argout"}],"text":"Muel, Léon (1891). Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 ... Marchal et Billard. Retrieved 22 March 2014.vteGovernments of France (1792–1870)First Republic (1792–1804)\nNational Convention\nCommittee of Public Safety\nFrench Directory\nFrench Consulate\nParis Commune\nFirst Empire (1804–1814)\nNapoleon\nProvisional Government of 1814\nFirst restoration\nHundred Days\nProvisional Government of 1815\nRestoration (1814–1830)\nTalleyrand\nRichelieu (1)\nDessolles\nDecazes\nRichelieu (2)\nVillèle\nMartignac\nPolignac\nMortemart\nJuly Monarchy (1830–1848)\nParis Municipal Commission\nProvisional Ministry\nFirst ministry of Louis-Philippe\nLaffitte\nCasimir Perier\nSoult (1)\nGérard\nMaret\nMortier\nde Broglie\nThiers (1)\nMolé (1)\nMolé (2)\nTransitional cabinet of 1839\nSoult (2)\nThiers (2)\nSoult (3)\nGuizot\nSecond Republic (1848–1852)\nProvisional Government\nExecutive Commission\nCavaignac\nBarrot (1)\nBarrot (2)\nHautpoul\nPetit ministère\nFaucher\nLast cabinet of the French Second Republic\nLouis Napoleon (1)\nLouis Napoleon (2)\nSecond Empire (1852–1870)\nThird cabinet of Napoleon III\nFourth cabinet of Napoleon III\nOllivier\nCousin-MontaubanvteCabinet of Casimir Périer (13 March 1831 to 16 May 1832)Head of state: King Louis Philippe IPresident of the ministryCasimir Pierre PérierCasimir Pierre PérierInterior\nCasimir Pierre Périer\nCamille de Montalivet\nJusticeFélix BartheForeign AffairsHorace SébastianiWarNicolas SoultFinanceJoseph-Dominique LouisNavy and ColoniesHenri de RignyEducation and Religious Affairs\nCamille de Montalivet\nAmédée Girod de l'Ain\nCommerce and Public WorksAntoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Muel, Léon (1891). Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 ... Marchal et Billard. Retrieved 22 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GW9DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183","url_text":"Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 ..."}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GW9DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183","external_links_name":"Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890 ..."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popularization_of_science
Popular science
["1 History","2 Role","3 Common threads","4 Criticism","5 See also","6 Notes and references","7 General bibliography","8 External links"]
Interpretation of science intended for a general audience For other uses, see Popular science (disambiguation). For broader coverage of this topic, see Science communication. Title page of Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), an early popular-science book. Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages. History Before the modern specialization and professionalization of science, there was often little distinction between "science" and "popular science", and works intended to share scientific knowledge with a general reader existed as far back as Greek and Roman antiquity. Without these popular works, much of the scientific knowledge of the era might have been lost. For example, none of the original works of the 4th century BC Greek astronomer Eudoxus have survived, but his contributions were largely preserved due to the didactic poem "Phenomena" written a century later and commented on by Hipparchus. Explaining science in poetic form was not uncommon, and as recently as 1791, Erasmus Darwin wrote The Botanic Garden, two long poems intended to interest and educate readers in botany. Many Greek and Roman scientific handbooks were written for the lay audience, and this "handbook" tradition continued right through to the invention of the printing press, with much later examples including books of secrets such as Giambattista Della Porta's 1558 "Magia Naturalis" and Isabella Cortese's 1561 "Secreti". The 17th century saw the beginnings of the modern scientific revolution and the consequent need for explicit popular science writing. Although works such as Galileo's 1632 "Il Saggiatore" and Robert Hooke's 1665 "Micrographia" were read by both scientists and the public, Newton's 1687 Principia was incomprehensible for most readers, so popularizations of Newton's ideas soon followed. Popular science writing surged in countries such as France, where books such as Fontenelle's 1686 Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds were best-sellers. By 1830, astronomer John Herschel had recognized the need for the specific genre of popular science. In a letter to philosopher William Whewell, he wrote that the general public needed "digests of what is actually known in each particular branch of science... to give a connected view of what has been done, and what remains to be accomplished." Indeed, as the British population became not just increasingly literate but also well-educated, there was growing demand for science titles. Mary Somerville became an early and highly successful science writer of the nineteenth century. Her On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), intended for the mass audience, sold quite well. Arguably one of the first books in modern popular science, it contained few diagrams and very little mathematics. It had ten editions and was translated into multiple languages. It was the most popular science title from the publisher John Murray until On the Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin. Role Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science while making the language more accessible. Many science-related controversies are discussed in popular science books and publications, such as the long-running debates over biological determinism and the biological components of intelligence, stirred by popular books such as The Mismeasure of Man and The Bell Curve. The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Common threads Some usual features of popular science productions include: Entertainment value or personal relevance to the audience Emphasis on uniqueness and radicalness Exploring ideas overlooked by specialists or falling outside established disciplines Generalized, simplified science concepts Presented for an audience with little or no science background, hence explaining general concepts more thoroughly Synthesis of new ideas that cross multiple fields and offer new applications in other academic specialties Use of metaphors and analogies to explain difficult or abstract scientific concepts Criticism The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science often emphasizes uniqueness and generality and may have a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Comparisons between original scientific reports, derivative science journalism, and popular science typically reveals at least some level of distortion and oversimplification. See also List of science communicators List of popular science mass media outlets Amateur astronomy – Hobby of watching the sky and stars Citizen science – Amateur scientific research The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online – Online digital book library Easiness effect – Epistemic overconfidence instilled by pop-sci oversimplifications Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century – Engineering branch of the United States National AcademiesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets History of science – History of understanding the Universe Kalinga Prize – UNESCO science award List of notable online science encyclopedias – List of encyclopedias accessible via the Internet List of popular science books on evolution List of science museums National Association of Science Writers – Organization of science journalists Nature documentary – Documentary genre Nature writing – Nonfiction or fiction prose or poetry about the natural environment, literary genre Popular history – Genre of historiography Popular Mechanics – American science magazine Popular mathematics – Mathematics for a general audience Popular psychology – Concepts and theories about human mental life and behavior that are purportedly based on psychology Public awareness of science – Aspect of education and communication Scientific celebrity – Scientists well-known to the public Science communication – Public communication of science-related topics to non-experts Science & Entertainment Exchange – Science education Science museum – Museum devoted primarily to science Science by press conference – Aspect of science news Science outreach – activities by research institutes, universities, and institutions such as science museums, aimed at promoting public awareness of sciencePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Physics outreach – Broadening awareness and understanding of physics Sense about Science – British non-profit organisation TED (conference) – American-Canadian organization of conferences Notes and references ^ Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (2020). Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (eds.). Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality. Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783839448359. ISBN 9783839448359. ^ Stahl, William Harris (1962). Roman science: origins, development, and influence to the later Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ^ Pellegrini, Giuseppe; Rubin, Andrea (2020). "20 Italy: The long and winding path of science communication". In Gascoigne, Toss; Schiele, Bernard; Leach, Joan; Riedlinger, Michelle; Lewenstein, Bruce V.; Massarani, Luisa; Broks, Peter (eds.). Communicating Science: A Global Perspective. Australian National University Press. p. 469. doi:10.22459/CS.2020. ISBN 9781760463656. S2CID 230769184. ^ Falkowski, Paul G. (2015). "2 Meet the Microbes. Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable". Life's Engines. Princeton University Press. pp. 25–27. doi:10.1515/9781400865727-004. ^ Meadows, Jack (1986). "The growth of science popularization: a historical sketch". Impact. 144: 341–346. ^ Boissoneault, Lorraine (13 February 2019). "How 18th-Century Writers Created the Genre of Popular Science". Smithsonian Magazine. ^ a b Holmes, Richard (22 October 2014). "In retrospect: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences". Nature. 514 (7523): 432–433. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..432H. doi:10.1038/514432a. S2CID 4453696. ^ Yeo, Richard R. (1993). Defining science : William Whewell, natural knowledge, and public debate in early Victorian Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-521-43182-4. OCLC 26673878. ^ Baraniuk, Chris (28 June 2017). "Mary Somerville: Queen of 19th-century science". New Scientist. 235 (3132): 40–1. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X. ^ Strickland, Elisabetta (September 2017). "Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 64 (8): 929–31. doi:10.1090/noti1569. ^ Murdz William McRae, "Introduction: Science in Culture" in The Literature of Science, pp. 1–3, 10–11 ^ Fahnestock, Jeanne. "Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts". Written Communication. 3 (3): 275–296. doi:10.1177/0741088386003003001. S2CID 146786632. General bibliography Andreas W. Daum, Varieties of Popular Science and the Transformations of Public Knowledge: Some Historical Reflections". Isis. A Journal of the History of Science Society, 100 (June 2009), 319–332. McRae, Murdo William (editor). The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing. The University of Georgia Press: Athens, 1993. ISBN 0-8203-1506-0. External links Media related to Popular science at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of popular science at Wiktionary vteScience and the public Citizen science Conversazione March for Science Participatory action research Community-based Patient and public involvement Physics outreach Popular science Public awareness of science Public science Science by press conference Science Café Science communication Science fair Science festival Science journalism Science museum Science outreach Science policy The Amateur Scientist vteEnvironmental humanitiesArt Crop art Environmental art Environmental sculpture Land art Landscape painting Photography conservation landscape nature wildlife Sculpture trail Site-specific art Sustainable art Culture Cultural ecology Cultural landscape Ecolinguistics Ecological anthropology Ecosemiotics Environmental anthropology Ethnoecology Traditional ecological knowledge Literature Ecocomposition Ecocriticism Ecopoetry Geocriticism Nature writing Outdoor literature Philosophy Aesthetics of nature Critical realism Deep ecology Ecofeminism Ecophenomenology Ecosophy Environmental ethics Environmental justice Environmental philosophy Predation problem Social ecology Religion Ecotheology Environmental theology Religion and environmentalism Spiritual ecology Stewardship Other Anthrozoology Ecomusicology Environmental communication Environmental education adult arts-based Environmental history Environmental interpretation Environmental journalism Environmental law Outdoor education Psychogeography Thematic interpretation Related Animal studies Bioethics Biophilia hypothesis Do it yourself (ethic) Natural history (museums) Popular science Property theory (common property) Sexecology Science, technology and society science studies Simple living Slow food Spirit of place Sustainability studies Applied Arts and Crafts movement Acoustic ecology Biomimicry Ecological design Ecomuseum Educational trail Environmental design Landscape architecture assessment planning Nature center New Urbanism Sustainable architecture Sustainable design Sustainable fashion Themed walk Environment portal Category Commons Journals Degrees Portals: Science History of science Authority control databases: National France BnF data Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popular science (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_science_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Science communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Somerville_On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences.jpg"},{"link_name":"science journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_journalism"}],"text":"For other uses, see Popular science (disambiguation).For broader coverage of this topic, see Science communication.Title page of Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), an early popular-science book.Popular science (also called pop-science or popsci) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience. While science journalism focuses on recent scientific developments, popular science is more broad ranging. It may be written by professional science journalists or by scientists themselves. It is presented in many forms, including books, film and television documentaries, magazine articles, and web pages.","title":"Popular science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eudoxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus"},{"link_name":"Phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratus#Phenomena"},{"link_name":"Hipparchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin"},{"link_name":"The Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"books of secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_secrets"},{"link_name":"Giambattista Della Porta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Della_Porta"},{"link_name":"Magia Naturalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia_Naturalis"},{"link_name":"Isabella Cortese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Cortese"},{"link_name":"Secreti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Cortese#The_Secrets_of_Lady_Isabella_Cortese"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei"},{"link_name":"Il Saggiatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assayer"},{"link_name":"Robert Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke"},{"link_name":"Micrographia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Newton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"Principia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fontenelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle"},{"link_name":"Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversations_on_the_Plurality_of_Worlds"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herschel"},{"link_name":"William Whewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whewell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mary Somerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Somerville"},{"link_name":"On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Connexion_of_the_Physical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-7"}],"text":"Before the modern specialization and professionalization of science, there was often little distinction between \"science\" and \"popular science\", and works intended to share scientific knowledge with a general reader existed as far back as Greek and Roman antiquity.[1] Without these popular works, much of the scientific knowledge of the era might have been lost. For example, none of the original works of the 4th century BC Greek astronomer Eudoxus have survived, but his contributions were largely preserved due to the didactic poem \"Phenomena\" written a century later and commented on by Hipparchus. Explaining science in poetic form was not uncommon, and as recently as 1791, Erasmus Darwin wrote The Botanic Garden, two long poems intended to interest and educate readers in botany. Many Greek and Roman scientific handbooks were written for the lay audience,[2] and this \"handbook\" tradition continued right through to the invention of the printing press, with much later examples including books of secrets such as Giambattista Della Porta's 1558 \"Magia Naturalis\" and Isabella Cortese's 1561 \"Secreti\".The 17th century saw the beginnings of the modern scientific revolution and the consequent need for explicit popular science writing. Although works such as Galileo's 1632 \"Il Saggiatore\" and Robert Hooke's 1665 \"Micrographia\" were read by both scientists and the public,[3][4] Newton's 1687 Principia was incomprehensible for most readers, so popularizations of Newton's ideas soon followed.[5] Popular science writing surged in countries such as France, where books such as Fontenelle's 1686 Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds were best-sellers.[6]By 1830, astronomer John Herschel had recognized the need for the specific genre of popular science. In a letter to philosopher William Whewell, he wrote that the general public needed \"digests of what is actually known in each particular branch of science... to give a connected view of what has been done, and what remains to be accomplished.\"[7] Indeed, as the British population became not just increasingly literate but also well-educated, there was growing demand for science titles.[8] Mary Somerville became an early and highly successful science writer of the nineteenth century. Her On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), intended for the mass audience, sold quite well.[9][10] Arguably one of the first books in modern popular science, it contained few diagrams and very little mathematics. It had ten editions and was translated into multiple languages. It was the most popular science title from the publisher John Murray until On the Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature"},{"link_name":"biological determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_determinism"},{"link_name":"The Mismeasure of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mismeasure_of_Man"},{"link_name":"The Bell Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic"}],"text":"Popular science is a bridge between scientific literature as a professional medium of scientific research, and the realms of popular political and cultural discourse. The goal of the genre is often to capture the methods and accuracy of science while making the language more accessible. Many science-related controversies are discussed in popular science books and publications, such as the long-running debates over biological determinism and the biological components of intelligence, stirred by popular books such as The Mismeasure of Man and The Bell Curve.[11]The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science emphasizes uniqueness and generality, taking a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature.","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Some usual features of popular science productions include:Entertainment value or personal relevance to the audience\nEmphasis on uniqueness and radicalness\nExploring ideas overlooked by specialists or falling outside established disciplines\nGeneralized, simplified science concepts\nPresented for an audience with little or no science background, hence explaining general concepts more thoroughly\nSynthesis of new ideas that cross multiple fields and offer new applications in other academic specialties\nUse of metaphors and analogies to explain difficult or abstract scientific concepts","title":"Common threads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic"},{"link_name":"oversimplification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversimplification"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The purpose of scientific literature is to inform and persuade peers regarding the validity of observations and conclusions and the forensic efficacy of methods. Popular science attempts to inform and convince scientific outsiders (sometimes along with scientists in other fields) of the significance of data and conclusions and to celebrate the results. Statements in the scientific literature are often qualified and tentative, emphasizing that new observations and results are consistent with and similar to established knowledge wherein qualified scientists are assumed to recognize the relevance. By contrast, popular science often emphasizes uniqueness and generality and may have a tone of factual authority absent from the scientific literature. Comparisons between original scientific reports, derivative science journalism, and popular science typically reveals at least some level of distortion and oversimplification.[12]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=u0sFEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9783839448359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9783839448359"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783839448359","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783839448359"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Roman science: origins, development, and influence to the later Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/romanscienceorig0000stah/page/15/mode/1up?q=laymen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Communicating Science: A Global Perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/35412"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.22459/CS.2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.22459%2FCS.2020"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781760463656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760463656"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"230769184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230769184"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9781400865727-004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400865727-004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"The growth of science popularization: a historical sketch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000071157"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"How 18th-Century Writers Created the Genre of Popular Science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/18th-century-writers-created-genre-popular-science-enlightenment-180971481/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:27_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:27_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"In retrospect: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F514432a"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2014Natur.514..432H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..432H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/514432a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F514432a"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4453696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4453696"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Defining science : William Whewell, natural knowledge, and public debate in early Victorian Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673878"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-43182-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43182-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26673878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26673878"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Somerville: Queen of 19th-century science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2817%2931271-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti1569"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/noti1569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti1569"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0741088386003003001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0741088386003003001"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"146786632","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146786632"}],"text":"^ Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (2020). Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (eds.). Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality. Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783839448359. ISBN 9783839448359.\n\n^ Stahl, William Harris (1962). Roman science: origins, development, and influence to the later Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.\n\n^ Pellegrini, Giuseppe; Rubin, Andrea (2020). \"20 Italy: The long and winding path of science communication\". In Gascoigne, Toss; Schiele, Bernard; Leach, Joan; Riedlinger, Michelle; Lewenstein, Bruce V.; Massarani, Luisa; Broks, Peter (eds.). Communicating Science: A Global Perspective. Australian National University Press. p. 469. doi:10.22459/CS.2020. ISBN 9781760463656. S2CID 230769184.\n\n^ Falkowski, Paul G. (2015). \"2 Meet the Microbes. Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable\". Life's Engines. Princeton University Press. pp. 25–27. doi:10.1515/9781400865727-004.\n\n^ Meadows, Jack (1986). \"The growth of science popularization: a historical sketch\". Impact. 144: 341–346.\n\n^ Boissoneault, Lorraine (13 February 2019). \"How 18th-Century Writers Created the Genre of Popular Science\". Smithsonian Magazine.\n\n^ a b Holmes, Richard (22 October 2014). \"In retrospect: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences\". Nature. 514 (7523): 432–433. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..432H. doi:10.1038/514432a. S2CID 4453696.\n\n^ Yeo, Richard R. (1993). Defining science : William Whewell, natural knowledge, and public debate in early Victorian Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-521-43182-4. OCLC 26673878.\n\n^ Baraniuk, Chris (28 June 2017). \"Mary Somerville: Queen of 19th-century science\". New Scientist. 235 (3132): 40–1. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X.\n\n^ Strickland, Elisabetta (September 2017). \"Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science\". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 64 (8): 929–31. doi:10.1090/noti1569.\n\n^ Murdz William McRae, \"Introduction: Science in Culture\" in The Literature of Science, pp. 1–3, 10–11\n\n^ Fahnestock, Jeanne. \"Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts\". Written Communication. 3 (3): 275–296. doi:10.1177/0741088386003003001. S2CID 146786632.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andreas W. Daum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Daum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8203-1506-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1506-0"}],"text":"Andreas W. Daum, Varieties of Popular Science and the Transformations of Public Knowledge: Some Historical Reflections\". Isis. A Journal of the History of Science Society, 100 (June 2009), 319–332.\nMcRae, Murdo William (editor). The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing. The University of Georgia Press: Athens, 1993. ISBN 0-8203-1506-0.","title":"General bibliography"}]
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[{"title":"List of science communicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_communicators"},{"title":"List of popular science mass media outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popular_science_mass_media_outlets"},{"title":"Amateur astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_astronomy"},{"title":"Citizen science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science"},{"title":"The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Charles_Darwin_Online"},{"title":"Easiness effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easiness_effect"},{"title":"Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Engineering_Achievements_of_the_20th_Century"},{"title":"History of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science"},{"title":"Kalinga Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_Prize"},{"title":"List of notable online science encyclopedias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias#Science"},{"title":"List of popular science books on evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popular_science_books_on_evolution"},{"title":"List of science museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_science_museums"},{"title":"National Association of Science Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Science_Writers"},{"title":"Nature documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_documentary"},{"title":"Nature writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_writing"},{"title":"Popular history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_history"},{"title":"Popular Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics"},{"title":"Popular mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_mathematics"},{"title":"Popular psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_psychology"},{"title":"Public awareness of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_awareness_of_science"},{"title":"Scientific celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_celebrity"},{"title":"Science communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_communication"},{"title":"Science & Entertainment Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_%26_Entertainment_Exchange"},{"title":"Science museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum"},{"title":"Science by press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_by_press_conference"},{"title":"Science outreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_outreach"},{"title":"Physics outreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_outreach"},{"title":"Sense about Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_about_Science"},{"title":"TED (conference)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"}]
[{"reference":"Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (2020). Muñoz Morcillo, Jesús; Robertson-von Trotha, Caroline Y. (eds.). Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality. Verlag. doi:10.1515/9783839448359. ISBN 9783839448359.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sFEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Genealogy of Popular Science: From Ancient Ecphrasis to Virtual Reality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783839448359","url_text":"10.1515/9783839448359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783839448359","url_text":"9783839448359"}]},{"reference":"Stahl, William Harris (1962). Roman science: origins, development, and influence to the later Middle Ages. 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Nature. 514 (7523): 432–433. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..432H. doi:10.1038/514432a. S2CID 4453696.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514432a","url_text":"\"In retrospect: On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514..432H","url_text":"2014Natur.514..432H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F514432a","url_text":"10.1038/514432a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4453696","url_text":"4453696"}]},{"reference":"Yeo, Richard R. (1993). Defining science : William Whewell, natural knowledge, and public debate in early Victorian Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-521-43182-4. 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New Scientist. 235 (3132): 40–1. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X","url_text":"\"Mary Somerville: Queen of 19th-century science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2817%2931271-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0262-4079(17)31271-X"}]},{"reference":"Strickland, Elisabetta (September 2017). \"Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science\". Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 64 (8): 929–31. doi:10.1090/noti1569.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti1569","url_text":"\"Mary Fairfax Somerville, Queen of Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti1569","url_text":"10.1090/noti1569"}]},{"reference":"Fahnestock, Jeanne. \"Accommodating Science: The Rhetorical Life of Scientific Facts\". Written Communication. 3 (3): 275–296. doi:10.1177/0741088386003003001. S2CID 146786632.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0741088386003003001","url_text":"10.1177/0741088386003003001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146786632","url_text":"146786632"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopityophthorus_pubipennis
Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Species of beetle Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Infraorder: Cucujiformia Family: Curculionidae Genus: Pseudopityophthorus Species: P. pubipennis Binomial name Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis(LeConte, 1860) Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis, the western oak bark beetle, is a species of typical bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America. References ^ "Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23. ^ "Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-23. ^ "Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-23. Further reading Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1. Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4. Taxon identifiersPseudopityophthorus pubipennis Wikidata: Q49624294 BugGuide: 470760 EPPO: PSDPPU GBIF: 1204436 iNaturalist: 456052 IRMNG: 10464678 ITIS: 620498 NatureServe: 2.920308 NCBI: 322461 This Scolytinae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Cowens
Al Cowens
["1 Baseball career","1.1 Farmer incidents","2 Death","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American baseball player (1951-2002) Baseball player Al CowensRight fielderBorn: (1951-10-25)October 25, 1951Los Angeles, California, U.S.Died: March 11, 2002(2002-03-11) (aged 50)Downey, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 6, 1974, for the Kansas City RoyalsLast MLB appearanceJune 8, 1986, for the Seattle MarinersMLB statisticsBatting average.270Home runs108Runs batted in717 Teams Kansas City Royals (1974–1979) California Angels (1980) Detroit Tigers (1980–1981) Seattle Mariners (1982–1986) Career highlights and awards Gold Glove Award (1977) Alfred Edward Cowens, Jr. (October 25, 1951 – March 11, 2002) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball. From 1974 through 1986, Cowens played for the Kansas City Royals (1974–79), California Angels (1980), Detroit Tigers (1980–81) and Seattle Mariners (1982–86). He batted and threw right-handed. Baseball career A native of Los Angeles, California, Cowens was a product of the Kansas City Royals farm system, having been selected by the team in the 1969 MLB draft. He made his major league debut with the Royals in 1974 and played for them through 1979. His most productive season came in 1977, when he batted .312 with 23 home runs and 112 RBI, earned a Gold Glove, and finished second to Rod Carew in balloting for the American League MVP Award. Cowens was traded along with Todd Cruz from the Royals to the California Angels for Willie Aikens and Rance Mulliniks at the Winter Meetings in Toronto on December 6, 1979, with Craig Eaton being sent to the Angels to complete the transaction four months later on April 1, 1980. The need for Cowens was the result of injuries to Joe Rudi and Dan Ford which hurt the Angels' chances of winning the American League pennant. A shortage of power hitters due to injuries to Don Baylor and Brian Downing by the second month of the 1980 season led to Cowens being dealt from the Angels to the Detroit Tigers for Jason Thompson on May 27, 1980. He played with the Tigers through the end of the 1981 season. In March 1982, the Tigers sold his contract the Seattle Mariners, where he played until the team released him on June 12, 1986. Overall in 13 MLB seasons, Cowens appeared in 1584 MLB games, batting .270 with 108 home runs and 717 RBIs. He played in three postseason series, appearing in 14 total games with the Royals in the American League Championship Series of 1976 through 1978, each of which the team lost to the New York Yankees. Farmer incidents Early in the 1979 season, a notable feud started between Cowens, then with the Royals, and pitcher Ed Farmer, then with the Texas Rangers. On May 8, a Farmer pitch thrown in the top of the fifth inning fractured Cowens' jaw and broke several teeth, causing him to miss 21 games. Farmer later said that Cowens had attempted to steal signs from the catcher and thought the pitch would be a breaking ball away, but it was actually an inside fastball. At the start of the same game, Farmer had also hit Royals second baseman Frank White and broke his wrist, which kept him sidelined for a month. The next season, on June 20‚ 1980, Farmer and Cowens faced each other again; Farmer now with the Chicago White Sox and Cowens now with the Tigers. In a game at Comiskey Park, with Farmer pitching, Cowens hit a ground ball to shortstop. While Farmer watched his infielders make the play, Cowens ran to the mound rather than first base, and tackled the pitcher from behind, landing several punches before the benches cleared and the two were separated. American League president Lee MacPhail suspended Cowens for seven games, and Farmer filed a criminal complaint, resulting in a warrant being issued for Cowens in Illinois. Later, Farmer agreed to drop the charges in exchange for a handshake‚ and the two players brought out the lineup cards before a game in Detroit on September 1, and shook hands. A later appearance by Cowens at Comiskey Park was greeted by fans with a "Coward Cowens" banner. Death Cowens died in Downey, California, on March 11, 2002, at the age of 50 from a heart attack. At the time of his death, Cowens had been scouting players for the Kansas City Royals. He is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California. See also List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a right fielder leaders References ^ a b c d "Al Cowens". Retrosheet. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ "1977 Awards Voting". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ a b Durso, Joseph. "Angels Get Cowens In Deal With Royals," The New York Times, Friday, December 7, 1979. Retrieved May 25, 2022. ^ Schulte, Jim. "Angels Get Thompson for Cowens," The Sun (San Bernardino, CA), Wednesday, May 28, 1980. Retrieved May 25, 2022. ^ "For the Record," The Washington Post, Friday, June 13, 1986. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ "Texas Rangers 8, Kansas City Royals 7". Retrosheet. May 8, 1979. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ a b c McDaniel, Rachael (March 23, 2012). "Cooperstown Confidential: Thinking of Al Cowens". The Hardball Times. Retrieved April 2, 2020. ^ Gammons, Peter (April 15, 1991). "Sign Language: Is Giving Signs a Higher Art Form Than Stealing Them? One Finger Says Yes, Two Say No, Three Say Pitchout". Sports Illustrated – via si.com/vault. ^ "The 1979 KC A Regular Season Batting Log for Frank White". Retrosheet. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ "Detroit Tigers 5, Chicago White Sox 3". Retrosheet. June 20, 1980. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ "Farmer files complaint after Cowens' attack". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. AP. June 22, 1980. p. 41. Retrieved April 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com. ^ "Cowens-Farmer resolve their long-standing feud". The Des Moines Register. AP. September 2, 1980. p. 19. Retrieved April 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com. ^ "Chicago White Sox 11, Detroit Tigers 3". Retrosheet. September 1, 1980. Retrieved April 5, 2020. ^ Markusen, Bruce (June 25, 2016). "Fro and Big Glasses: The Baseball Career of Al Cowens". vintagedetroit.com. Retrieved April 5, 2020. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League) Al Cowens at Find a Grave vteAmerican League Outfielder Gold Glove Award 1957: Kaline, Mays, Miñoso 1958: Kaline, Piersall, Siebern 1959: Jensen, Kaline, Miñoso 1960: Landis, Maris, Miñoso 1961: Kaline, Landis, Piersall 1962: Kaline, Landis, Mantle 1963: Kaline, Landis, Yastrzemski 1964: Davalillo, Kaline, Landis 1965: Kaline, Tresh, Yastrzemski 1966: Agee, Kaline, Oliva 1967: Blair, Kaline, Yastrzemski 1968: Smith, Stanley, Yastrzemski 1969: Blair, Stanley, Yastrzemski 1970: Berry, Blair, Stanley 1971: Blair, Otis, Yastrzemski 1972: Berry, Blair, Murcer 1973: Blair, Otis, Stanley 1974: Blair, Otis, Rudi 1975: Blair, Lynn, Rudi 1976: Evans, Manning, Rudi 1977: Beníquez, Cowens, Yastrzemski 1978: Evans, Lynn, Miller 1979: Evans, Lezcano, Lynn 1980: Lynn, Murphy, Wilson 1981: Evans, Henderson, Murphy 1982: Evans, Murphy, Winfield 1983: Evans, Murphy, Winfield 1984: Evans, Murphy, Winfield 1985: Evans, Murphy, Pettis, Winfield 1986: Barfield, Pettis, Puckett 1987: Barfield, Puckett, Winfield 1988: Pettis, Puckett, White 1989: Pettis, Puckett, White 1990: Burks, Griffey Jr., Pettis 1991: Griffey Jr., Puckett, White 1992: Griffey Jr., Puckett, White 1993: Griffey Jr., Lofton, White 1994: Griffey Jr., Lofton, White 1995: Griffey Jr., Lofton, White 1996: Buhner, Griffey Jr., Lofton 1997: Edmonds, Griffey Jr., Williams 1998: Edmonds, Griffey Jr., Williams 1999: Green, Griffey Jr., Williams 2000: Dye, Erstad, Williams 2001: Cameron, Hunter, Suzuki 2002: Erstad, Hunter, Suzuki 2003: Cameron, Hunter, Suzuki 2004: Hunter, Suzuki, Wells 2005: Hunter, Suzuki, Wells 2006: Hunter, Suzuki, Wells 2007: Hunter, Suzuki, Sizemore 2008: Hunter, Suzuki, Sizemore 2009: Hunter, Suzuki, Jones 2010: Crawford, Gutiérrez, Suzuki 2011: Ellsbury, Gordon, Markakis 2012: Gordon, Jones, Reddick 2013: Gordon, Jones, Victorino 2014: Gordon, Jones, Markakis 2015: Calhoun, Céspedes, Kiermaier 2016: Betts, Gardner, Kiermaier 2017: Betts, Buxton, Gordon 2018: Betts, Bradley Jr., Gordon 2019: Betts, Gordon, Kiermaier 2020: Gallo, Gordon, Robert 2021: Benintendi, Gallo, Taylor 2022: Kwan, Straw, Tucker 2023: García, Kiermaier, Kwan Portals: Biography Baseball
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"right fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_fielder"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"}],"text":"American baseball player (1951-2002)Baseball playerAlfred Edward Cowens, Jr. (October 25, 1951 – March 11, 2002) was an American right fielder in Major League Baseball. From 1974 through 1986, Cowens played for the Kansas City Royals (1974–79), California Angels (1980), Detroit Tigers (1980–81) and Seattle Mariners (1982–86). He batted and threw right-handed.","title":"Al Cowens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"1969 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro-1"},{"link_name":"batted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro-1"},{"link_name":"Gold Glove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award"},{"link_name":"Rod Carew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Carew"},{"link_name":"American League MVP Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Todd Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Cruz"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels"},{"link_name":"Willie Aikens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Aikens"},{"link_name":"Rance Mulliniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rance_Mulliniks"},{"link_name":"Winter Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Meetings"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jdnyt791207f-3"},{"link_name":"Craig Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Eaton"},{"link_name":"Joe Rudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Rudi"},{"link_name":"Dan Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Ford"},{"link_name":"American League pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jdnyt791207f-3"},{"link_name":"Don Baylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Baylor"},{"link_name":"Brian Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Downing"},{"link_name":"1980 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_California_Angels_season"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Jason Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Thompson_(first_baseman,_born_1954)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro-1"},{"link_name":"American League Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retro-1"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"}],"text":"A native of Los Angeles, California, Cowens was a product of the Kansas City Royals farm system, having been selected by the team in the 1969 MLB draft.[1] He made his major league debut with the Royals in 1974 and played for them through 1979. His most productive season came in 1977, when he batted .312 with 23 home runs and 112 RBI,[1] earned a Gold Glove, and finished second to Rod Carew in balloting for the American League MVP Award.[2]Cowens was traded along with Todd Cruz from the Royals to the California Angels for Willie Aikens and Rance Mulliniks at the Winter Meetings in Toronto on December 6, 1979,[3] with Craig Eaton being sent to the Angels to complete the transaction four months later on April 1, 1980. The need for Cowens was the result of injuries to Joe Rudi and Dan Ford which hurt the Angels' chances of winning the American League pennant.[3] A shortage of power hitters due to injuries to Don Baylor and Brian Downing by the second month of the 1980 season led to Cowens being dealt from the Angels to the Detroit Tigers for Jason Thompson on May 27, 1980.[4] He played with the Tigers through the end of the 1981 season. In March 1982, the Tigers sold his contract the Seattle Mariners, where he played until the team released him on June 12, 1986.[5]Overall in 13 MLB seasons, Cowens appeared in 1584 MLB games, batting .270 with 108 home runs and 717 RBIs.[1] He played in three postseason series, appearing in 14 total games with the Royals in the American League Championship Series of 1976 through 1978,[1] each of which the team lost to the New York Yankees.","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardball-7"},{"link_name":"steal signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_stealing"},{"link_name":"breaking ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_ball"},{"link_name":"fastball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frank White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_White_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardball-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Comiskey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiskey_Park"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardball-7"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Lee MacPhail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_MacPhail"},{"link_name":"criminal complaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_complaint"},{"link_name":"warrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Farmer incidents","text":"Early in the 1979 season, a notable feud started between Cowens, then with the Royals, and pitcher Ed Farmer, then with the Texas Rangers. On May 8, a Farmer pitch thrown in the top of the fifth inning fractured Cowens' jaw and broke several teeth,[6] causing him to miss 21 games.[7] Farmer later said that Cowens had attempted to steal signs from the catcher and thought the pitch would be a breaking ball away, but it was actually an inside fastball.[8] At the start of the same game, Farmer had also hit Royals second baseman Frank White and broke his wrist,[7] which kept him sidelined for a month.[9]The next season, on June 20‚ 1980, Farmer and Cowens faced each other again; Farmer now with the Chicago White Sox and Cowens now with the Tigers. In a game at Comiskey Park, with Farmer pitching, Cowens hit a ground ball to shortstop.[10] While Farmer watched his infielders make the play, Cowens ran to the mound rather than first base, and tackled the pitcher from behind, landing several punches before the benches cleared and the two were separated.[7] American League president Lee MacPhail suspended Cowens for seven games, and Farmer filed a criminal complaint, resulting in a warrant being issued for Cowens in Illinois.[11] Later, Farmer agreed to drop the charges in exchange for a handshake‚ and the two players brought out the lineup cards before a game in Detroit on September 1, and shook hands.[12][13] A later appearance by Cowens at Comiskey Park was greeted by fans with a \"Coward Cowens\" banner.[14]","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downey,_California"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Inglewood Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood_Park_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Inglewood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood,_California"}],"text":"Cowens died in Downey, California, on March 11, 2002, at the age of 50 from a heart attack. At the time of his death, Cowens had been scouting players for the Kansas City Royals. He is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.","title":"Death"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a right fielder leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_putouts_as_a_right_fielder_leaders"}]
[{"reference":"\"Al Cowens\". Retrosheet. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/C/Pcowea001.htm","url_text":"\"Al Cowens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"1977 Awards Voting\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/awards_1977.shtml","url_text":"\"1977 Awards Voting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Rangers 8, Kansas City Royals 7\". Retrosheet. May 8, 1979. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1979/B05080TEX1979.htm","url_text":"\"Texas Rangers 8, Kansas City Royals 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"McDaniel, Rachael (March 23, 2012). \"Cooperstown Confidential: Thinking of Al Cowens\". The Hardball Times. Retrieved April 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/cooperstown-confidential-thinking-of-al-cowens/","url_text":"\"Cooperstown Confidential: Thinking of Al Cowens\""}]},{"reference":"Gammons, Peter (April 15, 1991). \"Sign Language: Is Giving Signs a Higher Art Form Than Stealing Them? One Finger Says Yes, Two Say No, Three Say Pitchout\". Sports Illustrated – via si.com/vault.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1991/04/15/123997/sign-language-is-giving-signs-a-higher-art-form-than-stealing-them-one-finger-says-yes-two-say-no-three-say-pitchout","url_text":"\"Sign Language: Is Giving Signs a Higher Art Form Than Stealing Them? One Finger Says Yes, Two Say No, Three Say Pitchout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1979 KC A Regular Season Batting Log for Frank White\". Retrosheet. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1979/Iwhitf0010071979.htm","url_text":"\"The 1979 KC A Regular Season Batting Log for Frank White\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Tigers 5, Chicago White Sox 3\". Retrosheet. June 20, 1980. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1980/B06200CHA1980.htm","url_text":"\"Detroit Tigers 5, Chicago White Sox 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"\"Farmer files complaint after Cowens' attack\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. AP. June 22, 1980. p. 41. Retrieved April 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48041291/farmer-files-complaint-after-cowens/","url_text":"\"Farmer files complaint after Cowens' attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"\"Cowens-Farmer resolve their long-standing feud\". The Des Moines Register. AP. September 2, 1980. p. 19. Retrieved April 5, 2020 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48041417/cowens-farmer-resolve-their/","url_text":"\"Cowens-Farmer resolve their long-standing feud\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register","url_text":"The Des Moines Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago White Sox 11, Detroit Tigers 3\". Retrosheet. September 1, 1980. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1980/B09010DET1980.htm","url_text":"\"Chicago White Sox 11, Detroit Tigers 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"Retrosheet"}]},{"reference":"Markusen, Bruce (June 25, 2016). \"Fro and Big Glasses: The Baseball Career of Al Cowens\". vintagedetroit.com. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vintagedetroit.com/blog/2016/06/25/the-baseball-career-of-al-cowens/","url_text":"\"Fro and Big Glasses: The Baseball Career of Al Cowens\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_UCLA_Bruins_football_team
1979 UCLA Bruins football team
["1 Schedule","2 Roster","3 Awards and honors","4 References","5 External links"]
American college football season 1979 UCLA Bruins footballConferencePacific-10Record5–6 (3–4 Pac-10)Head coachTerry Donahue (4th season)Home stadiumLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumSeasons← 19781980 → 1979 Pacific-10 Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T No. 2 USC $ 6 – 0 – 1 11 – 0 – 1 No. 11 Washington 5 – 2 – 0 9 – 3 – 0 Arizona 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 5 – 1 Oregon 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 5 – 0 California 5 – 4 – 0 6 – 6 – 0 Stanford 3 – 3 – 1 5 – 5 – 1 Arizona State † 3 – 4 – 0 6 – 6 – 0 UCLA 3 – 4 – 0 5 – 6 – 0 Washington State 2 – 6 – 0 3 – 8 – 0 Oregon State 1 – 7 – 0 1 – 10 – 0 $ – Conference champion† – Arizona State later forfeited 5 wins (3 in conference) due to NCAA sanctionsRankings from AP Poll The 1979 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season. This was Terry Donahue's fourth season as the Bruins' head coach. – Schedule DateOpponentRankSiteResultAttendanceSeptember 8No. 16 Houston*Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CAL 16–2440,008 September 15No. 5 Purdue*Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CAW 31–2144,174 September 22at Wisconsin*No. 20Camp Randall StadiumMadison, WIW 37–1278,830 September 29No. 14 Ohio State*No. 17Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CAL 13–1747,228 October 6at StanfordStanford StadiumStanford, CAL 24–2770,205 October 13at Washington StateMartin StadiumPullman, WAL 14–1732,651 October 20CaliforniaLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CA (rivalry)W 28–2740,546 October 27No. 20 WashingtonLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CAL 14–3435,757 November 10Arizona StateLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CAW 31–2834,763 November 17at OregonAutzen StadiumEugene, ORW 35–041,235 November 24at No. 4 USCLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CA (Victory Bell)L 14–4988,214 *Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game Roster 1979 UCLA Bruins football team roster Players Coaches Offense Pos. # Name Class QB Rick Bashore Sr G 72 Brent Boyd Sr WR Michael Brant RB Glen Cannon OL Greg Christiansen WR Willie Curran OL Irv Eatman RB Anthony Edgar G 77 Larry Lee Jr RB Danny Lei OL Jim Main RB 24 Freeman McNeil Jr RB Blanchard Montgomery RB Jairo Penaranda QB Bernard Quarles QB Tom Ramsey RB Toa Saipale OL Luis Sharpe G 66 John Tautolo Jr WR Scott Tiesing WR Jo-Jo Townsell Fr WR Dokie Williams TE Tim Wrightman Defense Pos. # Name Class LB Arthur Akers DB Brian Baggott S 5 Kenny Easley Jr LB Chris Elias DL Mark Ferguson DE Joe Gary So DB Dave Gomer LB Larry Hall DB Phil Hubbard LB Billy Don Jackson DL Karl Morgan DL Martin Moss LB Brad Plemmons LB Avon Riley DB Lupe Sanchez LB Scott Stauch DB Tom Sullivan DL Mark Tuinei Special teams Pos. # Name Class K Peter Boermeester K 8 Norm Johnson So Head coach Terry Donahue Coordinators/assistant coaches Legend (C) Team captain (S) Suspended (I) Ineligible Injured Redshirt Awards and honors All-American: Kenny Easley (S, consensus), Freeman McNeil (TB, third team) References ^ "2017 Media Guide" (PDF). thesundevils.com. ASU Athletics. p. 127. Retrieved June 15, 2018. ^ 2014 UCLA Media Guide, UCLA Athletics Department, 2014 ^ "2015 UCLA Bruins Football Media Guide Year-by-Year Results" (PDF). Retrieved June 14, 2017. External links Game program: UCLA at Washington State – October 13, 1979 vteUCLA Bruins footballVenues Moore Field (1919–1928) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1926–1981) Rose Bowl (1982–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games California USC: Victory Bell Culture & lore Joe Bruin "Sons of Westwood" "Mighty Bruins" Marching band 1967 "Game of the Century" 1998 Miami game People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"1979 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1979 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1979 NCAA Division I-A football season. This was Terry Donahue's fourth season as the Bruins' head coach.[2]–","title":"1979 UCLA Bruins football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"[3]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenny Easley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Easley"},{"link_name":"Freeman McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_McNeil"}],"text":"All-American: Kenny Easley (S, consensus), Freeman McNeil (TB, third team)","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"2017 Media Guide\" (PDF). thesundevils.com. ASU Athletics. p. 127. Retrieved June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesundevils.com/documents/2017/8/28/2017_ASU_Football_Guide_Final.pdf","url_text":"\"2017 Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 UCLA Bruins Football Media Guide Year-by-Year Results\" (PDF). Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/uclabruins.com/documents/2015/8/13/FB_15MG_96_100.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 UCLA Bruins Football Media Guide Year-by-Year Results\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winn%27s_Common
Winn's Common
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°28′52″N 0°5′35″E / 51.48111°N 0.09306°E / 51.48111; 0.09306This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Winn's Common" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Bronze Age tumulus on Winn's Common Winn's Common is a public open space in Plumstead in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, England. History The North end of Winn's Common Winn's Common is said to have been settled by ancient Britons. Several Bronze Age burial mounds were found in the area, as well as Roman relics. One mound remains on Winn's Common, the Winn's Common Tumulus. During World War II a line of barrage balloons were sited on Winn's Common to deter enemy aircraft from attacking the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. The George Webb Memorial Fountain Signage for the Green Chain Walk on Winn's Common Across Kings Highway there is a memorial to George Webb, the headmaster of Burrage Grove Boys School in 1896. Originally a drinking fountain, it has been filled in and its fittings removed. At the end of the second world war many prefabricated houses were placed on Winn's Common to try to alleviate the displaced from all over London. The prefabs came down in the late 1950s to be replaced by open ground and football pitches. An old hut at the North End of the common, adjacent to Kings Highway, served as the changing rooms with a tin trough and cold taps supplying the only washing facility. References ^ "Burial mound on Winns Common, Plumstead". Historic England. Retrieved 4 June 2018. External links Media related to Winn's Common at Wikimedia Commons vteParks and open spaces in LondonRoyal parks Bushy Green Greenwich Hyde Kensington Regent's Richmond St James's Large urban parks Alexandra Arnos Barking Barra Hall Battersea Beckenham Place Park Blackheath Brockwell Burgess Charlton Clissold Crystal Palace Dulwich Enfield Town Finsbury Forster Memorial Hampstead Heath Hanworth Holland Mayesbrook Mountsfield Old Deer Parsloes Primrose Hill Pymmes Queen's Park Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Ravenscourt Ruskin Southwark Valentines Victoria Wandsworth Wanstead Waterlow Park West Ham Wimbledon Country parks Bayhurst Wood Bedfont Lakes Belhus Woods Eastbrookend Fairlop Waters Foots Cray Fryent Hainault Forest Havering High Elms Hornchurch Lee Valley South Norwood Stanmore Stockley Trent Commons Barnes Blackheath Bostall Heath Clapham Ealing East Sheen Eel Brook Eltham Hackney Marshes Hainault Forest Ham Hampstead Heath Hayes Keston Mitcham Monken Hadley Peckham Rye Plumstead Stanmore Streatham Sutton Tooting Tylers Wandsworth Wimbledon and Putney Winn's Woolwich Wormwood Scrubs Village greens Camberwell Crooked Billet Islington Kew Newington Parsons Richmond Shepherd's Bush Turnham Twickenham Marshes and wetlands Crayford Erith Hackney Hornchurch Ickenham Ingrebourne Leyton Rainham, Wennington, and Aveley Tottenham Walthamstow Woodberry Wetlands WWT London Wetland Centre Woodland Bostall Braeburn Coldfall Copse Dulwich Epping Forest Grangewood Park Highgate Lesnes Abbey Mad Bess Old Park Oxleas Park Petts Queen's Repository Woods Russia Dock Sydenham Hill House gardens Avenue House Belair Park Boston Manor Park Broomfield House Cannizaro Park Chiswick House Danson Park Grovelands Park Grove Park Gunnersbury Park Hall Place Hampton Court Park Hillingdon Court Kenwood House Lamorbey Park Langtons Manor House Gardens Marble Hill Park Morden Hall Park Morden Park Osterley Park Syon House Valence House Museum Walpole Park Entry-fee charging Kew Gardens London Wetland Centre Community gardens Phoenix Garden vteParks and open spaces by London borough Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth City of Westminster 51°28′52″N 0°5′35″E / 51.48111°N 0.09306°E / 51.48111; 0.09306
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopez_(TV_series)
Lopez (TV series)
["1 Premise","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","3 Episodes","3.1 Series overview","3.2 Season 1 (2016)","3.3 Season 2 (2017)","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
American TV series or program LopezGenreSitcomCreated byJohn AltschulerDave KrinskyGeorge LopezJeff StilsonStarring George Lopez Anthony "CiTRiC" Campos Maronzio Vance James Michael Connor Hayley Huntley Ashley Zamora Ray Diaz Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes24ProductionCamera setupSingle-cameraProduction companiesTravieso ProductionsAltschuler Krinsky Works3 Arts EntertainmentDakota PicturesOriginal releaseNetworkTV LandReleaseMarch 30, 2016 (2016-03-30) –June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21) Lopez is an American semi-autobiographical single-camera sitcom television series created by John Altschuler, Dave Krinsky and Jeff Stilson, starring George Lopez. TV Land gave a 12-episode straight-to-series order in August 2015. The series premiered on TV Land on March 30, 2016. On June 3, 2016, TV Land renewed Lopez for a second season. On November 16, 2017, the series was cancelled after two seasons. Premise The series follows a semi-fictionalized version of George Lopez and his day-to-day life, as he balances being a stand-up comedian while dealing with interpersonal relationships and trying to stay true to his roots in the Latino community. He also struggles to adjust to being a celebrity in a world where social media is his worst enemy. The first season finds George working with new manager Olly, who helps him pursue a residency show in Las Vegas. The second season involves George and Olly trying to pitch a new detective show called Valleys to networks. Cast and characters Main George Lopez as George Lopez Anthony "CiTRiC" Campos as Manolo, George's driver and confidant Maronzio Vance as Maronzio, George's friend and fellow stand-up comedian who is frequently his opening act James Michael Connor as Stephen (season 1), George's nosy and annoying neighbor Hayley Huntley as Olivia "Olly" Michaels, George's social media-savvy manager Ashley Zamora as Erica Lopez (season 1), George's teenage daughter Ray Diaz as Hector (season 2), Manolo's former cellmate who starts to live with him and George Recurring Alexie Gilmore as Sheila, George's brief love interest (season 1) Zeke Nicholson as Gabrielo del Santo, an image consultant who works with Olly (season 1) Jacqueline Obradors as Alita, George's real estate agent (season 1) Austin Mincks as Tiddlypie, a rival comedian (season 1) Virginia Montero as Manolo's mom Gwen Holloway as Olly and Pfeiffer's mom Rain Valdez as Coco, a transgender actor slated to be the female lead for George's detective show (season 2) Natalie Lander as Rachel Naismith, a young TV producer (season 2) Laura Ashley Samuels as Pfeiffer, Olly's immature younger sister who is clearly their mother's favorite (season 2) Luenell as Miss Wendy, Manolo's GED teacher and love interest (season 2) Gillian Vigman as Lori Strahan, owner of a billion-dollar TV shopping network and George's love interest (season 2) Episodes Series overview SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired112March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)212March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21) Season 1 (2016) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"Slave for a Day"Troy MillerStory by : John Altschuler & Dave Krinsky & George Lopez & Jeff StilsonTeleplay by : John Altschuler & Dave KrinskyMarch 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)1010.65 George agrees to be auctioned off as "Slave for a Day" to benefit his daughter's school. Meanwhile, George is excited to be invited to Snoop Dogg's home, only to find out that Snoop just wants him there to keep his Hispanic maid company, as she is a huge fan of George. 22"George Takes a Hike"Troy MillerJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyApril 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)1020.49 George professes that he'd like to find a woman who wouldn't date him solely for his fame and money. He meets a woman named Sheila at a dog adoption center who seems to fit the bill, as she does not recognize him. George then gets frustrated when he tells Sheila he is a comedian but she equates "comedian" with "unemployed". Finally, after she searches for his name on Google, she realizes he is famous and arrives at his house. 33"Down and Drought in Beverly Hills"Troy MillerChip PopeApril 13, 2016 (2016-04-13)1030.44 When a celebrity tours bus stops in front of George's home, neighbor Stephen is quick to point out that George's sprinklers are always running, something frowned upon in drought-stricken California. Olly and Gabrielo go into damage control mode, and encourage George to stem the tide of negative social media comments by letting the grounds in front of his house die and go brown. 44"George's Party"Troy MillerPeter MurrietaApril 20, 2016 (2016-04-20)1040.46 Thinking his neighbors will like him more if he has a get-together, Sheila convinces George to throw a big party in his house. But as the house fills up and no one wants to leave, someone calls the police with a noise complaint. When the police say the call came from the landline in the house, George owns up to calling them himself to get the people out. But it turns out he's covering for Erica, who made the call after seeing how miserable her dad was. 55"Land of the Rings"Troy MillerAlan R. Cohen & Alan FreedlandApril 27, 2016 (2016-04-27)1050.43 George finds it difficult to go back to his childhood stomping grounds without someone hitting him up for a big donation. The last straw is when the school baseball team wins a championship, and the manager asks George to buy expensive championship rings for the players and anyone else associated with the team. 66"George Hosts a Golf Tournament"Troy MillerVince CalandraMay 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)1060.46 When Adam Sandler backs out of hosting a charity golf tournament for Type 2 Diabetes, Olly and Gabrielo encourage George to host it. But soon, all the other celebrities Sandler had lined up also back out, and George is left with Jerry Seinfeld (or so he thinks) as the only big name star who will appear. Meanwhile, Erica tries to go to Burning Man without George's knowledge, and when he finds out, his worries for her impair his concentration while golfing. 77"My $uper $weet $ixteen"Troy MillerHoward KremerMay 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)1070.39 George objects when Erica wants a lavish sweet sixteen party, until he learns there are rumors going around Erica's school that his career is on the skids and he desperately needs money. 88"George Doubles Down"Troy MillerJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyMay 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)1080.44 As George and Olly continue to push for a residency show in Las Vegas, Maronzio wants George to reschedule some of his current dates so he can spend time marketing a motivational program. Olly convinces George to replace Maronzio as his opening act. George's search for a replacement includes Kathy Griffin, who laughs at his offer. After not finding anyone suitable, George comes back around to Maronzio. 99"George Gets Roasted"Troy MillerChip Pope & Howard KremerMay 25, 2016 (2016-05-25)1090.39 Olly thinks it will be good publicity for George to be the target at a comedy roast, and numerous celebrities start lining up for a chance to take potshots at him. George goes on the hunt for good retaliation jokes, after a lawyer advises him that any material George developed while married could be claimed by his ex-wife as community property. 1010"George Needs Vegas"Troy MillerPeter MurrietaJune 1, 2016 (2016-06-01)1100.44 As Olly and Gabrielo get close to closing the deal on a Vegas residency show for George, they determine he must develop an entirely new act, causing George to try and find comedy fodder in the world around him. With the residents from George's old neighborhood turning on him, he instead ponders developing a TV series starring himself as a Latino private investigator. 1111"Fear and Loving on the Way to Las Vegas"Troy MillerJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyJune 15, 2016 (2016-06-15)1110.40 Because Manolo cannot leave California without permission from his parole officer, George has to drive himself to Vegas. The car breaks down in the desert and George gets help from a townie who is a big fan. Before fixing the car, the man takes George to his house, where he explains that George is his wife's "pass" (the one celebrity she can have sex with that won't count as cheating). 1212"George Goes All In"Troy MillerJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyJune 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)1120.39 George learns that Tiddlypie filled in for his first night while he was delayed in the desert. He then has to deal with his new promoters who want to turn him into something he isn't by including racist overtones in his show. They also suggest that he ditch Maronzio as his opening act because they believe he doesn't help George expand his demographics. In the end, George wows his promoters and his first audience simply by talking and telling jokes about the events of the season. Season 2 (2017) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)131"Leaving Las Vegas"Jay KarasJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyMarch 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)2010.37 George takes a trip back to California to visit with old friends. While there, he meets with Olly and tells her he is frustrated with doing the same show eight times a week for the last eight months, and wants out of his contract. This puts Olly in a panic and infuriates Maronzio, who was enjoying the Vegas life as George's opening act. 142"Moving on and Moving in"Jay KarasJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyApril 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)2020.35 While George gets settled in a new home, Olly tells him she has managed to get him out of his Vegas contract. She then arranges a meeting with ABC executives for George to pitch his idea of a "dramedy" about a San Fernando detective, starring himself. Meanwhile, Manolo learns he must pursue a GED as part of his parole agreement. 153"Coco for Lopez"Todd BiermannAlan R. Cohen & Alan FreedlandApril 12, 2017 (2017-04-12)2030.31 George and Olly have a meeting with ABC to meet Coco (Rain Valdez), a proposed cast member for Valleys who is transgender. Problems ensue when Coco arrives fully expecting to be the star of the series. Elsewhere, Manolo begins classes for his GED and finds himself dealing with bullies, while Maronzio has a birthday party and doesn't invite George. 164"George Dates His Daughter"Todd BiermannSivert Glarum & Michael JaminApril 19, 2017 (2017-04-19)2040.37 Looking for female companionship, George signs up on a dating site and winds up getting a date request from Masiela Lusha, who played his daughter Carmen on the TV series George Lopez. Later, Constance Marie, who played George's TV wife Angie, shows up and appears to also be interested in dating him. It soon becomes clear that both women are hoping to be considered for the female lead in Valleys, unaware that the part has already been given to Coco. 175"No Country Club for Young Men"Peter LauerChip PopeApril 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)2050.28 To keep Hector out of trouble, George gets him a job at his country club, but Hector soon succumbs to the negative influence of a fellow employee. Meanwhile, Olly's annoying and immature sister Pfeiffer (Laura Ashley Samuels) returns home, causing stress. 186"George Breaks In"Peter LauerMarlena RodriguezMay 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)2060.30 Upon learning that Hector has been hooking up with "cougars" at the country club, George tries to steer him clear. Olly works to arrange meetings between George and potential writers for Valleys, but first, George is obligated to pitch a new grill on a home shopping channel run by the rich and beautiful Lori (Gillian Vigman). Maronzio suggests that Manolo take a break from his studies, and the two go out to a local club for open mic night. 197"George Gets Schooled"Steven TsuchidaPhilippe IujvidinMay 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)2070.35 George is invited to speak at a college in San Fernando. While he makes fun of Donald Trump and the border wall, he also uses microaggressions and pokes fun at how Trump's detractors on campus squash free speech. This angers the crowd, causes a social media nightmare for Olly, and leads to Lori becoming concerned about grill sales. Elsewhere, Manolo gets close to his GED teacher, Wendy (Luenell). 208"George Clowns Around"Steven TsuchidaHoward KremerMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)2080.26 While George tries to save his reputation in the Latino community by appearing as a guest host on clown comic Platanito's show, he is angered to see that Lori is using Hector to pitch his grill on TV. Meanwhile, Manolo learns that he has to keep his relationship with Wendy a secret. 219"Cuck You George Lopez"Linda MendozaAlan R. Cohen & Alan FreedlandMay 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)2090.32 With the social media crisis successfully averted and grill sales resurging, George and Lori get close again. But George soon starts to feel emasculated when Lori wants to make all the decisions. Elsewhere, Olly starts seeing ramifications from her sister sleeping with both the male and female network executives, while Manolo decides to undergo laser eye surgery after learning that Wendy doesn't like him in glasses. 2210"Lost in Trans-lation"Linda MendozaSivert Glarum & Michael JaminMay 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)2100.32 While Hector struggles to sell additional products on Lori's network, George and Lori reconnect. Olly learns that Valleys is "on life support", partly because of fallout from Pfeiffer's affairs and partly because Coco has been missing appointments and making headlines for the wrong reasons. Meanwhile, Maronzio tries in vain to convince his ex-wife to take him back. 2311"The Show Might Go On"Peter LauerJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyJune 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)2110.28 After the script read-through, George and Olly are caught between creative integrity and George's need to find work when the network wants to cut Valleys to a half-hour and add more comedic elements. Elsewhere, a downtrodden Maronzio joins a religious group headed by ex-cons, while Manolo takes his final exams. 2412"Relevance"Peter LauerJohn Altschuler & Dave KrinskyJune 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)2120.31 Refusing to compromise and be part of a bad TV show, George decides to take Valleys away from the network and fund it via kickstarter campaign, based on a suggestion from Lori. Olly, Hector and Maronzio (freshly retrieved from the Trial Seekers) all help get the word out for George through their various social media outlets. In the end, the network says George cannot produce Valleys himself, as they still own the rights to it, but it doesn't matter. George is now blowing up and has become relevant again, as evidenced by Olly getting calls from Amazon, Hulu and even HBO. Elsewhere, Manolo passes his GED exam and is named class valedictorian, while George has to make a personal decision regarding Lori, who is moving to London to open a sister network there. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, season 1 of Lopez has an aggregate score of 73% based on 8 positive and 3 negative critic reviews. The website’s consensus reads: "Lopez's namesake star wrings enough cheeky, autobiographical humor to transcend the show's old-school premise." References ^ a b TV Land press release (August 11, 2015). "TV Land Gives Series Order to Innovative New Comedy "Lopez" Starring Acclaimed Actor and Comedian George Lopez". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ TV Land press release (February 8, 2016). ""Lopez" Premieres March 30th on TV Land". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ Petski, Denise (June 4, 2016). "George Lopez Comedy Renewed For Second Season By TV Land". Deadline. ^ "TV Land Cancels 'Lopez' & 'Throwing Shade' As 'Nobodies' Moves To Paramount Network". Deadline. 16 November 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017. ^ Petski, Denise (December 10, 2015). "George Lopez's TV Land Comedy Casts Maronzio Vance". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ Petski, Denise (January 26, 2016). "George Lopez's TV Land Comedy Casts Alexie Gilmore In Recurring Role". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.30.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-03-31. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-04-03. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.6.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-07. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-04-08. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.13.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-14. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-04-15. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.20.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-21. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-22. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.27.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-28. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2016-04-29. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.4.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-05-05. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-05-06. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.11.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-05-12. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-05-13. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.18.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21. Retrieved 2016-05-20. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.25.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-05-26. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-05-27. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.1.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-06-02. Archived from the original on 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2016-06-03. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.15.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-06-16. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.22.2016". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-06-23. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-06-24. ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 30, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.29.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2017. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-04-06. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2017-04-10. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-04-13. Archived from the original on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2017-04-16. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-04-20. Archived from the original on 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-04-23. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.26.2017 (Corrected Charts Now Posted)". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-04-27. Archived from the original on 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2017-05-01. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.3.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-05-04. Archived from the original on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-05-07. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.10.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-05-11. Archived from the original on 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2017-05-14. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.17.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-05-18. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2017-05-22. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.24.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-05-25. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2017-05-29. ^ "UPDATED WITH BROADCAST: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.31.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-06-01. Archived from the original on 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2017-06-05. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.14.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-06-15. Archived from the original on 2017-06-18. Retrieved 2017-06-19. ^ "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-06-22. Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2017-06-26. ^ "Lopez". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 3, 2022. External links Official website Lopez at IMDb vteTV Land original programming ALF's Hit Talk Show (2004) Chasing Farrah (2005) Sit Down Comedy with David Steinberg (2005–07) I Pity the Fool (2006) TV Land: Myths and Legends (2007–08) The Big 4-0 (2008) High School Reunion (2008–10) She's Got the Look (2008–10) Family Foreman (2008) The Cougar (2009) How'd You Get So Rich? (2009–10) Hot in Cleveland (2010–15) Harry Loves Lisa (2010) Retired at 35 (2011–12) Happily Divorced (2011–13) The Exes (2011–15) The Soul Man (2012–16) Forever Young (2013) Kirstie (2013–14) Jennifer Falls (2014) The Jim Gaffigan Show (2015–16) Impastor (2015–16) Younger (2015–19) Teachers (2016–19) Lopez (2016–17) Nobodies (2017–2018) One Day at a Time (2020, simulcast with Pop)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-camera_setup"},{"link_name":"John Altschuler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Altschuler"},{"link_name":"Dave Krinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Krinsky"},{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"TV Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Land"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressrel-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lopez is an American semi-autobiographical single-camera sitcom television series created by John Altschuler, Dave Krinsky and Jeff Stilson, starring George Lopez. TV Land gave a 12-episode straight-to-series order in August 2015.[1] The series premiered on TV Land on March 30, 2016.[2] On June 3, 2016, TV Land renewed Lopez for a second season.[3]On November 16, 2017, the series was cancelled after two seasons.[4]","title":"Lopez (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"stand-up comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"celebrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"}],"text":"The series follows a semi-fictionalized version of George Lopez and his day-to-day life, as he balances being a stand-up comedian while dealing with interpersonal relationships and trying to stay true to his roots in the Latino community. He also struggles to adjust to being a celebrity in a world where social media is his worst enemy.The first season finds George working with new manager Olly, who helps him pursue a residency show in Las Vegas. The second season involves George and Olly trying to pitch a new detective show called Valleys to networks.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lopez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressrel-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"James Michael Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Michael_Connor"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"George Lopez as George Lopez[1]\nAnthony \"CiTRiC\" Campos as Manolo, George's driver and confidant\nMaronzio Vance as Maronzio, George's friend and fellow stand-up comedian who is frequently his opening act[5]\nJames Michael Connor as Stephen (season 1), George's nosy and annoying neighbor\nHayley Huntley as Olivia \"Olly\" Michaels, George's social media-savvy manager\nAshley Zamora as Erica Lopez (season 1), George's teenage daughter\nRay Diaz as Hector (season 2), Manolo's former cellmate who starts to live with him and George","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexie Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexie_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Obradors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Obradors"},{"link_name":"Rain Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Valdez"},{"link_name":"Natalie Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Lander"},{"link_name":"Laura Ashley Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Ashley_Samuels"},{"link_name":"Luenell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenell"},{"link_name":"Gillian Vigman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Vigman"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Alexie Gilmore as Sheila, George's brief love interest (season 1)[6]\nZeke Nicholson as Gabrielo del Santo, an image consultant who works with Olly (season 1)\nJacqueline Obradors as Alita, George's real estate agent (season 1)\nAustin Mincks as Tiddlypie, a rival comedian (season 1)\nVirginia Montero as Manolo's mom\nGwen Holloway as Olly and Pfeiffer's mom\nRain Valdez as Coco, a transgender actor slated to be the female lead for George's detective show (season 2)\nNatalie Lander as Rachel Naismith, a young TV producer (season 2)\nLaura Ashley Samuels as Pfeiffer, Olly's immature younger sister who is clearly their mother's favorite (season 2)\nLuenell as Miss Wendy, Manolo's GED teacher and love interest (season 2)\nGillian Vigman as Lori Strahan, owner of a billion-dollar TV shopping network and George's love interest (season 2)","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2016)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2017)"}],"sub_title":"Series overview","text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired112March 30, 2016 (2016-03-30)June 22, 2016 (2016-06-22)212March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)June 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2016)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2017)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, season 1 of Lopez has an aggregate score of 73% based on 8 positive and 3 negative critic reviews. The website’s consensus reads: \"Lopez's namesake star wrings enough cheeky, autobiographical humor to transcend the show's old-school premise.\"[31]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"TV Land press release (August 11, 2015). \"TV Land Gives Series Order to Innovative New Comedy \"Lopez\" Starring Acclaimed Actor and Comedian George Lopez\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2015/08/11/tv-land-gives-series-order-to-innovative-new-comedy-lopez-starring-acclaimed-actor-and-comedian-george-lopez-751211/20150811tvland01/","url_text":"\"TV Land Gives Series Order to Innovative New Comedy \"Lopez\" Starring Acclaimed Actor and Comedian George Lopez\""}]},{"reference":"TV Land press release (February 8, 2016). \"\"Lopez\" Premieres March 30th on TV Land\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2016/02/08/lopez-premieres-march-30th-on-tv-land-607224/20160208tvland01/","url_text":"\"\"Lopez\" Premieres March 30th on TV Land\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (June 4, 2016). \"George Lopez Comedy Renewed For Second Season By TV Land\". Deadline.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/06/george-lopez-comedy-renewed-second-season-tv-land-1201766920/","url_text":"\"George Lopez Comedy Renewed For Second Season By TV Land\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Land Cancels 'Lopez' & 'Throwing Shade' As 'Nobodies' Moves To Paramount Network\". Deadline. 16 November 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/11/tv-land-lopez-throwing-shade-canceled-nobodies-moves-to-paramount-network-1202209434/","url_text":"\"TV Land Cancels 'Lopez' & 'Throwing Shade' As 'Nobodies' Moves To Paramount Network\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (December 10, 2015). \"George Lopez's TV Land Comedy Casts Maronzio Vance\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/12/george-lopez-tv-land-comedy-lopez-cast-maronzio-vance-1201664777/","url_text":"\"George Lopez's TV Land Comedy Casts Maronzio Vance\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (January 26, 2016). \"George Lopez's TV Land Comedy Casts Alexie Gilmore In Recurring Role\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/01/george-lopez-tv-land-comedy-casts-alexie-gilmore-recurring-lopez-1201690510/","url_text":"\"George Lopez's TV Land Comedy Casts Alexie Gilmore In Recurring Role\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.30.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-03-31. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402143551/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-30-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.30.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-30-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.6.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-07. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160408113337/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-6-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.6.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-6-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.13.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-14. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2016-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419042245/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-13-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.13.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-13-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.20.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-21. Archived from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2016-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090514/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-20-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.20.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-20-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.27.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-04-28. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 2016-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430214713/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-27-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.27.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-27-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.4.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-05-05. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. Retrieved 2016-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506075708/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-4-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.4.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-4-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.11.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-05-12. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. 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Retrieved 2016-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160617092204/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-15-2016.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.15.2016\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-15-2016.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.22.2016\". Showbuzz Daily. 2016-06-23. Archived from the original on 2016-06-26. 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Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330232651/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-29-2017.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.29.2017\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-3-29-2017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.5.2017\". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-04-06. Archived from the original on 2017-04-07. 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Retrieved 2017-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427203213/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-26-2017.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.26.2017 (Corrected Charts Now Posted)\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-4-26-2017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.3.2017\". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-05-04. Archived from the original on 2017-05-04. 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Retrieved 2017-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513165446/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-10-2017.html","url_text":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.10.2017\""},{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-wednesday-cable-originals-network-finals-5-10-2017.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.17.2017\". Showbuzz Daily. 2017-05-18. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80liamanu_Crater
Āliamanu Crater
["1 History","2 Geology","3 Legends","4 References"]
Volcanic tuff cone Āliamanu CraterAerial view of Salt Lake (Āliapa‘akai) with Āliamanu Crater directly aboveHighest pointElevation760 ft (230 m)Coordinates21°21′42″N 157°54′54″W / 21.36167°N 157.91500°W / 21.36167; -157.91500GeographyĀliamanu CraterĀliamanu Crater within Hawaii LocationSalt Lake, Hawaii, United StatesParent rangeHawaiian IslandsGeologyMountain typeTuff coneVolcanic arcHawaiian-Emperor seamount chain Āliamanu Crater, also known as Leilono Crater or North Crater, is a volcanic tuff cone in the Salt Lake neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii. It has an elevation of 760 feet, towering the nearby Āliapa‘akai and Makalapa craters. History The first geological description of Aliamanu was done by 19th century geologist James Dwight Dana. In the early 20th century, the US military constructed a military base within the crater now known as the Aliamanu Military Reserve. The area was also used for underground ammunition storage. Geology Āliamanu was one of the many tuff craters formed during the Honolulu Volcanics, a series of eruptions in southeastern Oahu. Legends The Ancient hawaiians believed the upper rim of Aliamanu crater to be the location of Leilono, a site said to contain the entrance to the otherworld (Pō). Legends also record the Hawaiian goddesses Pele and Hiʻiaka using the crater as a habitat. References ^ "Hawaiian Place Names". ulukau.org. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ a b Decisions on Names in the United States. Department of the Interior. 1959. ^ a b "Geolex — Aliamanu publications". ngmdb.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ a b Thompson, Erwin N. (1985). Pacific Ocean Engineers History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific, 1905–1980. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 75. ^ Pankiwskyj, Kost A. "Geology of the Salt lake Area, Oahu, Hawaii". Pacific Science. 26: 244. ^ a b "Ka Makani Ho'eo o Moanalua The Ho'eo, whistling wind of Moanalua". Moanalua Ahupua'a: 44.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hawaiian Place Names\". ulukau.org. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?e=d-0mahele--00-0-0--010---4------0-0l--1haw-Zz-1---20-intro---00031-00112escapewin-00escapewin-00&cl=CL1.11.1.53&d=HASH019889927b8a69f7e30e2fdb&x=1","url_text":"\"Hawaiian Place Names\""}]},{"reference":"Decisions on Names in the United States. Department of the Interior. 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Geolex — Aliamanu publications\". ngmdb.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/AliamanuRefs_4535.html","url_text":"\"Geolex — Aliamanu publications\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Erwin N. (1985). Pacific Ocean Engineers History of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific, 1905–1980. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 75.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pankiwskyj, Kost A. \"Geology of the Salt lake Area, Oahu, Hawaii\". Pacific Science. 26: 244.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ka Makani Ho'eo o Moanalua The Ho'eo, whistling wind of Moanalua\". Moanalua Ahupua'a: 44.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%80liamanu_Crater&params=21_21_42_N_157_54_54_W_type:mountain","external_links_name":"21°21′42″N 157°54′54″W / 21.36167°N 157.91500°W / 21.36167; -157.91500"},{"Link":"https://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?e=d-0mahele--00-0-0--010---4------0-0l--1haw-Zz-1---20-intro---00031-00112escapewin-00escapewin-00&cl=CL1.11.1.53&d=HASH019889927b8a69f7e30e2fdb&x=1","external_links_name":"\"Hawaiian Place Names\""},{"Link":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/AliamanuRefs_4535.html","external_links_name":"\"Geolex — Aliamanu publications\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma_High_School
Petaluma High School
["1 Academics","2 Facilities","3 Staff and administration","4 Sexual assault controversy","5 Wildlife Museum","6 Manufacturing Technology Program","7 Clubs","8 Athletics","9 Awards","10 Notable alumni","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°13′37″N 122°38′46″W / 38.22694°N 122.64611°W / 38.22694; -122.64611This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 38°13′37″N 122°38′46″W / 38.22694°N 122.64611°W / 38.22694; -122.64611 Public school in Petaluma, California, United StatesPetaluma High SchoolAddress201 Fair StreetPetaluma, California 94952United StatesInformationTypePublicSchool districtPetaluma City SchoolsPrincipalGiovanni NapoliEnrollment1,220 (2022–23)Color(s)Purple & White    Team nameTrojansNewspaperThe Trojan TribuneYearbookThe EnterpriseWebsitepetalumahighschool.org Petaluma High School is located one mile from historic downtown Petaluma in California. It is a comprehensive public high school with approximately 1,310 students in grades 9–12, serving the west side of Petaluma and many of the rural areas that surround the city in both Sonoma County and Marin County. Academics Petaluma High School has a graduation rate of 96.33% as of 2011, with 37.2% of students satisfying the requirements for admission to either the University of California or the California State University system. The average class sizes are 30 for Math, 25 for Science and English, and 30 for Social Science. Per the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program, 66% of students in English, 30% in Math 69% in Science, and 62% in Social Science scored as Proficient or Advanced. It offers Advanced Placement courses in 15 subjects: English Composition/Literature, Spanish Literature, Calculus A/B, Calculus B/C, Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Environmental Science, World History, U.S. History, Macroeconomics, Psychology, American Government, and Art. The school (along with Casa Grande High School) is set to a “block schedule”, in which there are only three classes (or four, if students choose to take a class before school known as “zero period”) per day. Facilities Petaluma High School began as a public school in 1873, making it one of the oldest high schools in California. Sitting on approximately 24 acres, the current campus was completed in 1935 with the main building remodeled in December 2001. A new science and math building was completed in October 2000. Modernization of the D-Wing building was completed during the summer of 2005. During the 2009-2010 school-year the new Arts, Media and Entertainment building was opened. The Arts Media and Entertainment program includes education in digital and print photography with a full service laboratory. Students interested in filmmaking partake in the film program, while those interested in drawing, painting, sculpture, ceramics, and other art forms participate in the core Art program that culminates in AP Art. The entire campus consists of the following: 83 classrooms, a wildlife museum, auto shop, wood shop, metal shop, and an agricultural shop. Athletic facilities include a gymnasium; baseball, football, and softball fields; weight room; and swimming pool. Staff and administration The staff at Petaluma High includes 72 certificated teachers, four academic counselors, a Project Success counselor, a full-time librarian, a Safe School Support Specialist, three administrators, and 40 classified support staff members. In addition, it has the part-time services of a school nurse, a school psychologist, a speech and language specialist, bilingual support services, and instructional assistants in special education. On July 1, 2019, Justin Mori became principal. Erin Dinday and Giovanni Napoli serve as assistant principals. Sexual assault controversy On June 2, 2018, Petaluma High School attracted great controversy when school officials cut the microphone of Lulabel Seitz, the graduating class of 2018's valedictorian, during her commencement speech, after extensive warning. David Rose, the assistant superintendent for student services at Petaluma City Schools, responded later, "Many of the assertions that Ms. Seitz is making do not match our perspective." Wildlife Museum Petaluma Wildlife Museum Petaluma High School is the home of the Petaluma Wildlife Museum, one of the few museums in the country that is solely run by students. Through the Wildlife Museum, students can take classes on Wildlife Management and Museum Management. The Museum houses over 50 species of insects, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. Thousands of people visit the Museum every year where dozens of high school students provide tours and animal education. Each school year, the Museum hosts several high school classes, educating over 100 teens about a variety of wildlife related subjects. Students take rigorous courses in Wildlife and Museum Management to learn about environmental education, wildlife biology, animal husbandry, public speaking, and museum operations and maintenance. Additionally, throughout the school year, student docents are responsible for animal care, museum maintenance, program development and conducting tours. Over the course of 20 years, the Museum has hosted thousands of school classes and community groups, teaching them about biodiversity, ecosystems, wildlife, animal adaptations and natural history. Tours are conducted by trained high school docents and are developed around California State Science Standards. Grade school tours visit exhibits representing Africa, Asia, and North and South America. Students also explore large mineral, fossil, and forestry displays. Hundreds of taxidermied and live animals engage children and bring the science lessons alive. Manufacturing Technology Program Petaluma High's Manufacturing Technology program is the only NIMS (National Institute for Metalworking Skills) accredited high school program in the state of California. In 2022 we joined the NASA Hunch program and manufacture parts for the international space station, and parts for other NASA missions. Clubs Clubs at Petaluma High include the 4th Wall Video Club, California Scholarship Federation (CSF), Chess Club, Drama Club, Circle of Friends, Council of Written Word, Dance Club, Environment Club, Future Farmers of America (FFA), French Club, Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA), a branch of GSA, HOSA, Interact, Junior Statesman, Latino Club, Magic Club, MEChA Paddle Smashers, PYPC, Street Dance Club, Skills USA, Soul Stealers, PHASE automotive, and Student Council. Athletics Petaluma High School is a Division III school and one of seven members of the Vine Valley Athletic League of the North Coast Section. Its mascot is the Trojans and its colors are purple and white. PHS offers boys sports programs in Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Track, and Wrestling. Girls programs include Cross Country, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Track, and Volleyball. In 2009, Petaluma High football had one of its most successful seasons in years, finishing the season 12-1 and making it to the North Coast Section Division 2 quarterfinals. However, they lost in the quarterfinals to Eureka High School. Steve Ellison was the coach of Petaluma High football for the previous 31 seasons and retired after the 2009 season. Coach Ellison's overall coaching record at Petaluma High and Sacred Heart of San Francisco was 218-173-7(Wins-Losses-Ties). Currently, the head football coach is Rick Krist, a physical education teacher and alumnus of the school. In 2011 Petaluma High School's softball team also won the NCS Championship and came back the following year to defend their title but fell one run short in 2012. In 2015-16, the boys basketball team had one of their most successful seasons since 1992. The team won 19 games under new head coach Scott Behrs, beating Casa Grande for the first time in 6 years, defeating powerhouse Cardinal Newman, and winning the Sonoma County League Postseason Tournament Championship over league rival Analy in dramatic fashion, 27-26 at Haehl Pavilion At the campus of Santa Rosa Junior College. Behrs is the winning-est coach at Petaluma High School in the last 20 years. In 2017, the Egg Bowl was brought back to the town of Petaluma. Casa Grande and Petaluma High Schools would play each other in varsity football for the first time since 2011. The game was played on September 16, 2017 @ Casa Grande High school. Petaluma won the game 20-14, stopping a late Casa Grande drive with 40 seconds left. The following year saw one of the most exciting Egg Bowl's in the history of the rivalry. Casa Grande trailed by 14 points entering the 4th quarter, but managed to come all the way back with 35 seconds left on a 40-yard touchdown pass, and converted a gutsy two-point conversion to win the game 37-36 @ Ellison Field. The 2022 Egg Bowl brought another close match @ Casa Grande High School. The score remained one score the entire game, with the Trojans taking a 28-21 lead with around 10 minutes to go. This was followed by a Trojans interception with 6 minutes left in the final quarter. However, a failed gutsy call on fourth down gave the Gauchos the ball with 3 minutes left. They would end up scoring a touchdown with 2 minutes left and successfully completing a two-point conversion to take the lead 29-28. The Trojans would fail to respond and Casa Grande would win the game. Awards In 1992, Petaluma High was named a California Distinguished School. Notable alumni Ben Bostrom - Superbike, Supermoto, and Supersport Champion Lloyd Bridges - actor Richard D. Hearney - Marine Corps 4-Star General, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps & Naval Aviator Biff Hoffman - football player Duke Iversen - football player Brett Johnson - screenwriter Tom Moore - long time meet director of the Modesto Relays Alex Navarro - Drummer, Headboard (1996 - 1998, 2001), Senior Editor, Giant Bomb (2010–2021), and Co-Founder, Nextlander (2021–Present) Bill Pronzini - mystery writer Winona Ryder - actress Konrad Schmidt - catcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks Virginia Strom-Martin - California State Assemblywoman 1996-2002 Alex Consani - Model References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Petaluma High School ^ "PHS Administration Directory". Petaluma City Schools. Retrieved October 25, 2023. ^ "Petaluma High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 7, 2024. ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2013-01-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Petaluma High School / Homepage" (PDF). ^ "Petaluma High School / Homepage". ^ Inside Edition (2018-06-11), High School Cuts Mic on Valedictorian's #MeToo Graduation Speech, archived from the original on 2021-12-13, retrieved 2018-06-15 ^ "High school valedictorian says mic was cut before speaking about sex assault". CBS News. ^ "About". Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2013-01-17. ^ "Petaluma High School / Homepage" (PDF). ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2013-01-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ https://www.maxpreps.com/games/10-29-2022/football-22/casa-grande-vs-petaluma.htm?c=eMtO-uteQUyvAHmMsYmKgA&returnurl=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubWF4cHJlcHMuY29tL2xvY2FsL2NvbnRlc3QvZGVmYXVsdC5hc3B4P2NvbnRlc3RpZD1mYTRlY2I3OC01ZWViLTRjNDEtYWYwMC03OThjYjE4OThhODAmc3NpZD02NjQzOTM4Ni03YmI1LTQyZjYtOTYyOC1lYTQ0NGEzYTJkNTk#tab=scoretrkr&schoolid=6deaadb4-0c1a-4e30-9f52-a47b5c872b76 ^ "Distinguished Schools Data File". Retrieved August 27, 2010. ^ http://www.headboard.com/headboard_history.html External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Geographic NCES
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°13′37″N 122°38′46″W / 38.22694°N 122.64611°W / 38.22694; -122.64611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Petaluma_High_School&params=38_13_37_N_122_38_46_W_region:US-CA_type:edu_source:gnis-1799807"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Petaluma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Sonoma County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County"},{"link_name":"Marin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County"}],"text":"38°13′37″N 122°38′46″W / 38.22694°N 122.64611°W / 38.22694; -122.64611[1]Public school in Petaluma, California, United StatesPetaluma High School is located one mile from historic downtown Petaluma in California. It is a comprehensive public high school with approximately 1,310 students in grades 9–12, serving the west side of Petaluma and many of the rural areas that surround the city in both Sonoma County and Marin County.","title":"Petaluma High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"California State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petalumacityschools.org-4"},{"link_name":"Advanced Placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Casa Grande High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_High_School"}],"text":"Petaluma High School has a graduation rate of 96.33% as of 2011, with 37.2% of students satisfying the requirements for admission to either the University of California or the California State University system. The average class sizes are 30 for Math, 25 for Science and English, and 30 for Social Science.[4] Per the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program, 66% of students in English, 30% in Math 69% in Science, and 62% in Social Science scored as Proficient or Advanced. It offers Advanced Placement courses in 15 subjects: English Composition/Literature, Spanish Literature, Calculus A/B, Calculus B/C, Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Environmental Science, World History, U.S. History, Macroeconomics, Psychology, American Government, and Art.[5]The school (along with Casa Grande High School) is set to a “block schedule”, in which there are only three classes (or four, if students choose to take a class before school known as “zero period”) per day.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petalumacityschools.org-4"}],"text":"Petaluma High School began as a public school in 1873, making it one of the oldest high schools in California. Sitting on approximately 24 acres, the current campus was completed in 1935 with the main building remodeled in December 2001. A new science and math building was completed in October 2000. Modernization of the D-Wing building was completed during the summer of 2005.During the 2009-2010 school-year the new Arts, Media and Entertainment building was opened. The Arts Media and Entertainment program includes education in digital and print photography with a full service laboratory. Students interested in filmmaking partake in the film program, while those interested in drawing, painting, sculpture, ceramics, and other art forms participate in the core Art program that culminates in AP Art.The entire campus consists of the following: 83 classrooms, a wildlife museum, auto shop, wood shop, metal shop, and an agricultural shop. Athletic facilities include a gymnasium; baseball, football, and softball fields; weight room; and swimming pool.[4]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The staff at Petaluma High includes 72 certificated teachers, four academic counselors, a Project Success counselor, a full-time librarian, a Safe School Support Specialist, three administrators, and 40 classified support staff members. In addition, it has the part-time services of a school nurse, a school psychologist, a speech and language specialist, bilingual support services, and instructional assistants in special education.[6]On July 1, 2019, Justin Mori became principal. Erin Dinday and Giovanni Napoli serve as assistant principals.","title":"Staff and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On June 2, 2018, Petaluma High School attracted great controversy when school officials cut the microphone of Lulabel Seitz, the graduating class of 2018's valedictorian, during her commencement speech, after extensive warning.[7]David Rose, the assistant superintendent for student services at Petaluma City Schools, responded later, \"Many of the assertions that Ms. Seitz is making do not match our perspective.\"[8]","title":"Sexual assault controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petaluma_Wildlife_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Petaluma Wildlife Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaluma_Wildlife_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petalumacityschools.org-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Petaluma Wildlife MuseumPetaluma High School is the home of the Petaluma Wildlife Museum, one of the few museums in the country that is solely run by students. Through the Wildlife Museum, students can take classes on Wildlife Management and Museum Management.[4]The Museum houses over 50 species of insects, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. Thousands of people visit the Museum every year where dozens of high school students provide tours and animal education.[9] Each school year, the Museum hosts several high school classes, educating over 100 teens about a variety of wildlife related subjects. Students take rigorous courses in Wildlife and Museum Management to learn about environmental education, wildlife biology, animal husbandry, public speaking, and museum operations and maintenance. Additionally, throughout the school year, student docents are responsible for animal care, museum maintenance, program development and conducting tours.Over the course of 20 years, the Museum has hosted thousands of school classes and community groups, teaching them about biodiversity, ecosystems, wildlife, animal adaptations and natural history. Tours are conducted by trained high school docents and are developed around California State Science Standards. Grade school tours visit exhibits representing Africa, Asia, and North and South America. Students also explore large mineral, fossil, and forestry displays. Hundreds of taxidermied and live animals engage children and bring the science lessons alive.","title":"Wildlife Museum"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Petaluma High's Manufacturing Technology program is the only NIMS (National Institute for Metalworking Skills) accredited high school program in the state of California. \nIn 2022 we joined the NASA Hunch program and manufacture parts for the international space station, and parts for other NASA missions.","title":"Manufacturing Technology Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Clubs at Petaluma High include the 4th Wall Video Club, California Scholarship Federation (CSF), Chess Club, Drama Club, Circle of Friends, Council of Written Word, Dance Club, Environment Club, Future Farmers of America (FFA), French Club, Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA), a branch of GSA, HOSA, Interact, Junior Statesman, Latino Club, Magic Club, MEChA Paddle Smashers, PYPC, Street Dance Club, Skills USA, Soul Stealers, PHASE automotive, and Student Council.[10]","title":"Clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Coast Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Section"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"North Coast Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Section"},{"link_name":"Eureka High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_High_School_(California)"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_Preparatory"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_CA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Petaluma High School is a Division III school and one of seven members of the Vine Valley Athletic League of the North Coast Section. Its mascot is the Trojans and its colors are purple and white. PHS offers boys sports programs in Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis, Track, and Wrestling. Girls programs include Cross Country, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Track, and Volleyball.[11]In 2009, Petaluma High football had one of its most successful seasons in years, finishing the season 12-1 and making it to the North Coast Section Division 2 quarterfinals. However, they lost in the quarterfinals to Eureka High School. Steve Ellison was the coach of Petaluma High football for the previous 31 seasons and retired after the 2009 season. Coach Ellison's overall coaching record at Petaluma High and Sacred Heart of San Francisco was 218-173-7(Wins-Losses-Ties). Currently, the head football coach is Rick Krist, a physical education teacher and alumnus of the school. In 2011 Petaluma High School's softball team also won the NCS Championship and came back the following year to defend their title but fell one run short in 2012.In 2015-16, the boys basketball team had one of their most successful seasons since 1992. The team won 19 games under new head coach Scott Behrs, beating Casa Grande for the first time in 6 years, defeating powerhouse Cardinal Newman, and winning the Sonoma County League Postseason Tournament Championship over league rival Analy in dramatic fashion, 27-26 at Haehl Pavilion At the campus of Santa Rosa Junior College. Behrs is the winning-est coach at Petaluma High School in the last 20 years.In 2017, the Egg Bowl was brought back to the town of Petaluma. Casa Grande and Petaluma High Schools would play each other in varsity football for the first time since 2011. The game was played on September 16, 2017 @ Casa Grande High school. Petaluma won the game 20-14, stopping a late Casa Grande drive with 40 seconds left.The following year saw one of the most exciting Egg Bowl's in the history of the rivalry. Casa Grande trailed by 14 points entering the 4th quarter, but managed to come all the way back with 35 seconds left on a 40-yard touchdown pass, and converted a gutsy two-point conversion to win the game 37-36 @ Ellison Field.The 2022 Egg Bowl brought another close match @ Casa Grande High School. The score remained one score the entire game, with the Trojans taking a 28-21 lead with around 10 minutes to go. This was followed by a Trojans interception with 6 minutes left in the final quarter. However, a failed gutsy call on fourth down gave the Gauchos the ball with 3 minutes left. They would end up scoring a touchdown with 2 minutes left and successfully completing a two-point conversion to take the lead 29-28. The Trojans would fail to respond and Casa Grande would win the game.[12]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Distinguished School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Distinguished_School"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 1992, Petaluma High was named a California Distinguished School.[13]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Bostrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bostrom"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Hearney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Hearney"},{"link_name":"Biff Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Duke Iversen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Iversen"},{"link_name":"Brett Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Tom Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Moore_(track)"},{"link_name":"Modesto Relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Relays"},{"link_name":"Alex Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bill Pronzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Pronzini"},{"link_name":"Winona Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Konrad Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"Virginia Strom-Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Strom-Martin"},{"link_name":"California State Assemblywoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Alex Consani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Consani"}],"text":"Ben Bostrom - Superbike, Supermoto, and Supersport Champion\nLloyd Bridges - actor\nRichard D. Hearney - Marine Corps 4-Star General, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps & Naval Aviator\nBiff Hoffman - football player\nDuke Iversen - football player\nBrett Johnson - screenwriter\nTom Moore - long time meet director of the Modesto Relays\nAlex Navarro - Drummer, Headboard (1996 - 1998, 2001),[14] Senior Editor, Giant Bomb (2010–2021), and Co-Founder, Nextlander (2021–Present)\nBill Pronzini - mystery writer\nWinona Ryder - actress\nKonrad Schmidt - catcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks\nVirginia Strom-Martin - California State Assemblywoman 1996-2002\nAlex Consani - Model","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(film)
Bastardo (film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]
2013 film BastardoDirected byNejib BelkadhiWritten byNejib BelkadhiProduced byImed MarzoukStarringAbdel Moneem ChouayatCinematographyGergely PohárnokEdited byPascale Chavance, Badi ChoukaMusic byLone Wolf (Paul Marshall)Distributed byPropaganda ProductionRelease date 8 September 2013 (2013-09-08) (TIFF) Running time106 minutesCountryTunisiaLanguageArabic Bastardo is a 2013 Tunisian drama film written and directed by Nejib Belkadhi. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. Plot Mohsen, "the bastard", was found in a dustbin 30 years ago by his adoptive father, and has always been rejected by the residents of the rundown district where he lives. When he is fired from his job, a mobile phone company comes to install a relay tower on the roof of his modest house in exchange for a monthly stipend, Bastardo has a reversal of fortune. The aerial makes Mohsen a wealthy and respected man, to the disgruntlement of the village mobster Larnouba. Director Belkadhi says: "Power and corruption have been part of our lives for decades, and less than three years after the revolution, I am still wondering if we made it. Back in 2007, when I began writing the script, I had one thought in mind: my main character Bastardo shouldn’t choose power. It’s rather power that chooses him and radically changes him." Cast Abdel Moneem Chouayat as Mohsen Bastardo Chedly Arfaoui as Larnouba Lobna Noomene as Bent Essengra Taoufik El Bahri as Khlifa Lassad Ben Abdallah as Khadra Issa Harath as Am Salah Latifa El Gafsi Ramzy Slim Bilel Briki Production Bastardo received a grant from the Doha Film Institute in 2011. The original, uncut version of the movie was 3 hours and 20 minutes' long. References ^ "Lone Wolf". Retrieved 23 March 2014. ^ "Bastardo". TIFF. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013. ^ "Toronto Adds 75+ Titles To 2013 Edition". Indiewire. Retrieved 17 August 2013. ^ "Bastardo". January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. ^ "Bastardo". Retrieved 23 March 2014. ^ "Film preview: Bastardo at Hyde Park Picture House, Leeds". 20 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014. External links Bastardo at IMDb
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich_(album)
Ostrich (album)
["1 Track listing","2 The band","3 References","4 External links"]
2012 studio album by Crack the SkyOstrichStudio album by Crack the SkyReleasedOctober 23, 2012 (2012-10-23)GenreRockLabelAluminum Cat RecordingsCrack the Sky chronology Machine(2010) Ostrich(2012) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingLos Angeles Times Ostrich is the fifteenth studio album by the American rock band Crack the Sky, released in 2012. Track listing All tracks were composed by John Palumbo and performed by Crack the Sky. 1 The Box 4:24 2 Happy Happy Happy 4:45 3 Your House is on Fire 4:30 4 King of the Rodeo 4:30 5 Big Elephant 5:10 6 Holding My Breath 4:44 7 Pole Dancing at the Hollywood 4:52 8 Under the Hood 4:21 9 Don't Ask 4:02 10 Ali's Song 3:11 The band John Palumbo (Vocals/Guitar/Keyboards) Bobby Hird (Vocals/Guitar) Dave DeMarco (Vocals/Bass/Baritone guitar) Rick Witkowski (Vocals/Guitar/Ukulele) Glenn Workman (Vocals/Keyboards) Joey D'Amico (Vocals/Drums) References ^ "FAME Review: Crack the Sky - Ostrich". www.acousticmusic.com. ^ "Baltimore album reviews ". Los Angeles Times. ^ Hermes, Jon Dolan,Brandon Geist,Jon Weiderhorn,Ryan Reed,Kory Grow,Reed Fischer,Richard Gehr,Dan Epstein,Will; Stone, Rolling (June 17, 2015). "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Crack The Sky's Joey D'Amico". Wesley Case, “Crack the Sky — ‘Ostrich’ (Aluminum Cat)”, The Baltimore Sun External links Official website Review at FAME Ostrich at allmusic.com vteCrack the SkyStudio albums Crack the Sky Animal Notes Safety in Numbers White Music Photoflamingo World in Motion 1 Raw From the Greenhouse Dog City Cut Ghost Dogs from Japan The Sale Machine Ostrich Live albums Live on WBAB Live Sky The End Live—Recher Theatre 06.19.99 Alive and Kickin' Ass Compilations Classic Crack Rare! Crack Attic This 2010s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophisternon
Ophisternon
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of fishes Ophisternon Bengal eel (O. bengalense) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Synbranchiformes Family: Synbranchidae Subfamily: Synbranchinae Genus: OphisternonMcClelland, 1844 Type species Ophisternon bengalensisMcClelland, 1844 Species see text Synonyms Anommatophasma Mees, 1962 Furmastix Whitley, 1951 Pluto Hubbs, 1938 Tetrabranchus Bleeker, 1851 Ophisternon is a genus of swamp eels found in fresh and brackish waters in South and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, Middle America and West Africa. Two species are blind cave-dwellers. Species There are currently six recognized species in this genus: Ophisternon aenigmaticum D. E. Rosen & Greenwood, 1976 (Obscure swamp eel) Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger, 1909) (Guinea swamp eel) Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844 (Bengal eel) Ophisternon candidum (Mees, 1962) (Blind cave eel) Ophisternon gutturale (J. Richardson, 1845) (Australian swamp eel) Ophisternon infernale (C. L. Hubbs, 1938) (Blind swamp eel) References ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Ophisteron". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Synbranchidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Ophisternon in FishBase. May 2017 version. ^ Romero, A., editor (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes. ISBN 978-1402000768 Taxon identifiersOphisternon Wikidata: Q2142162 Wikispecies: Ophisternon ADW: Ophisternon AFD: Ophisternon BOLD: 23549 CoL: 68YS GBIF: 2352005 iNaturalist: 53521 IRMNG: 1104770 ITIS: 553261 NCBI: 205851 Open Tree of Life: 261059 WoRMS: 270103 Authority control databases: National Israel This Synbranchiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swamp eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_eel"},{"link_name":"brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Middle America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-3"},{"link_name":"cave-dwellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavefish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romero-4"}],"text":"Ophisternon is a genus of swamp eels found in fresh and brackish waters in South and Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, Middle America and West Africa.[3] Two species are blind cave-dwellers.[4]","title":"Ophisternon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-3"},{"link_name":"Ophisternon aenigmaticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophisternon_aenigmaticum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. E. Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn_Eric_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Ophisternon afrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophisternon_afrum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boulenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Boulenger"},{"link_name":"Ophisternon bengalense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophisternon_bengalense"},{"link_name":"McClelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McClelland_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"Ophisternon candidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophisternon_candidum"},{"link_name":"Mees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlof_Fokko_Mees"},{"link_name":"Ophisternon gutturale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophisternon_gutturale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"Ophisternon infernale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophisternon_infernale"},{"link_name":"C. L. Hubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Leavitt_Hubbs"}],"text":"There are currently six recognized species in this genus:[3]Ophisternon aenigmaticum D. E. Rosen & Greenwood, 1976 (Obscure swamp eel)\nOphisternon afrum (Boulenger, 1909) (Guinea swamp eel)\nOphisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844 (Bengal eel)\nOphisternon candidum (Mees, 1962) (Blind cave eel)\nOphisternon gutturale (J. Richardson, 1845) (Australian swamp eel)\nOphisternon infernale (C. L. Hubbs, 1938) (Blind swamp eel)","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Ophisteron\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=1824","url_text":"\"Ophisteron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Genera in the family Synbranchidae\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 11 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Synbranchidae","url_text":"\"Genera in the family Synbranchidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?genid=1824","external_links_name":"\"Ophisteron\""},{"Link":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Synbranchidae","external_links_name":"\"Genera in the family Synbranchidae\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Ophisternon","external_links_name":"Species of Ophisternon"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ophisternon/","external_links_name":"Ophisternon"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Ophisternon","external_links_name":"Ophisternon"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=23549","external_links_name":"23549"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/68YS","external_links_name":"68YS"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2352005","external_links_name":"2352005"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53521","external_links_name":"53521"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1104770","external_links_name":"1104770"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553261","external_links_name":"553261"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=205851","external_links_name":"205851"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=261059","external_links_name":"261059"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=270103","external_links_name":"270103"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548422105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophisternon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iruvattam_Manavaatti
Iruvattam Manavaatti
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Reception","5 References"]
2005 Indian filmIruvattam ManavaattiDVD coverDirected bySanalWritten byV. C. AshokStarringKunchacko BobanKavya MadhavanCinematographyS. G. SreeramEdited byK. P. HariharaputhranMusic byAlphonse Joseph (songs)S. P. Venkatesh (Background Score)Release date 4 February 2005 (2005-02-04) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Iruvattam Manavaatti is a 2005 Indian Malayalam language political romantic film. The film stars Kunchacko Boban and Kavya Madhavan. This film is inspired by the Tamil film Run (2002). Plot The movie was based on the political background of Kannur. The movie was based on the life of a veterinary doctor Goutham and Bhoomika born in a strong communist family of Kannur. The movie deals with all the happenings after both of them fall in love. Cast Kunchacko Boban as Dr. Goutham Kavya Madhavan as Bhoomika Murali as Const. Ananthan Kalabhavan Mani as Koroth Raghavan MLA / Koroth Krishnan Sethu Lakshmi as Koroth Madhavi Indrans as Attender Chandrappan / Prabhudeva Harisree Ashokan as Susheelan Nishanth Sagar as Dr. Sudheer Madhu Warrier as Hareedran Salim Kumar as Ochira Velu Cochin Haneefa as Ambujakshan/ Ambiyannan Kalarenjini as Bhoomika's mother Bindhu Panicker as Chandramathi Ambika Mohan Mani C. Kappan as Bharathan Rani Larius as Rathnam/Rathnamma Soundtrack The songs were composed by Alphons Joseph. The lyrics were written by Beeyar Prasad. "Veenayaakumo" - Sujatha Mohan, Sreenivas Ponnum Jamanthippoovum" - M. G. Sreekumar "Vidarum Varna Pookkal" - Afsal, Vidhu Prathap "Gaanamanu Njan" - Sujatha Mohan, Sreenivas "Kanneeril Pidayum" - Alphonse Joseph Reception A critic from Sify wrote that "But pray, why do Malayalam directors try to ape Tamil and Bollywood films shamelessly?" A critic from webindia123 wrote that "Even though movie lacks reality, it has some entertainment value". References ^ "Dr Gautham to Dr Anvar Hussain, Kunchako Boban lists out his best roles on National Doctor's Day". Mathrubhumi. 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. ^ a b "Iruvattam Manavatty". Sify. 27 January 2005. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. ^ "List of Malayalam Songs from the movie Iruvattam Manavaatti". Malayalachalachithram. ^ "Malayalam lyricist Beeyar Prasad passes away". The Hindu. 4 January 2023. ^ "Iruvattam Manavatty". webindia123. This article about a Malayalam film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political"},{"link_name":"romantic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_film"},{"link_name":"Kunchacko Boban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunchacko_Boban"},{"link_name":"Kavya Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavya_Madhavan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-2"}],"text":"2005 Indian filmIruvattam Manavaatti is a 2005 Indian Malayalam language political romantic film. The film stars Kunchacko Boban and Kavya Madhavan.[1] This film is inspired by the Tamil film Run (2002).[2]","title":"Iruvattam Manavaatti"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The movie was based on the political background of Kannur. The movie was based on the life of a veterinary doctor Goutham and Bhoomika born in a strong communist family of Kannur. The movie deals with all the happenings after both of them fall in love.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kunchacko Boban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunchacko_Boban"},{"link_name":"Kavya Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavya_Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Murali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murali_(Malayalam_actor)"},{"link_name":"Kalabhavan Mani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabhavan_Mani"},{"link_name":"Sethu Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sethu_Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"Indrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrans"},{"link_name":"Harisree Ashokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harisree_Ashokan"},{"link_name":"Nishanth Sagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishanth_Sagar"},{"link_name":"Madhu Warrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu_Warrier"},{"link_name":"Salim Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Cochin Haneefa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Haneefa"},{"link_name":"Kalarenjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalarenjini"},{"link_name":"Bindhu Panicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindhu_Panicker"},{"link_name":"Ambika Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Mani C. Kappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_C._Kappan"}],"text":"Kunchacko Boban as Dr. Goutham\nKavya Madhavan as Bhoomika\nMurali as Const. Ananthan\nKalabhavan Mani as Koroth Raghavan MLA / Koroth Krishnan\nSethu Lakshmi as Koroth Madhavi\nIndrans as Attender Chandrappan / Prabhudeva\nHarisree Ashokan as Susheelan\nNishanth Sagar as Dr. Sudheer\nMadhu Warrier as Hareedran\nSalim Kumar as Ochira Velu\nCochin Haneefa as Ambujakshan/ Ambiyannan\nKalarenjini as Bhoomika's mother\nBindhu Panicker as Chandramathi\nAmbika Mohan\nMani C. Kappan as Bharathan\nRani Larius as Rathnam/Rathnamma","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alphons Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphons_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Beeyar Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeyar_Prasad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sujatha Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujatha_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Sreenivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivas_(singer)"},{"link_name":"M. G. Sreekumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Sreekumar"}],"text":"The songs were composed by Alphons Joseph. The lyrics were written by Beeyar Prasad.[3][4]\"Veenayaakumo\" - Sujatha Mohan, Sreenivas\nPonnum Jamanthippoovum\" - M. G. Sreekumar\n\"Vidarum Varna Pookkal\" -\tAfsal, Vidhu Prathap\n\"Gaanamanu Njan\" - Sujatha Mohan, Sreenivas\n\"Kanneeril Pidayum\" - Alphonse Joseph","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A critic from Sify wrote that \"But pray, why do Malayalam directors try to ape Tamil and Bollywood films shamelessly?\"[2] A critic from webindia123 wrote that \"Even though movie lacks reality, it has some entertainment value\".[5]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Burg
1. FC Burg
["1 History","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]
German football club Football club1. FC BurgFull name1. Fußball Club BurgFounded1957LeagueBezirksliga Bremen (VII)2015–16Landesliga Bremen (VI), 14th (relegated)WebsiteClub website 1. FC Burg is a German association football club from the northern district of Burg-Grambke in the city-state of Bremen. History The club was established in 1957 and won its first lower tier local title in 1965. FC remained part of Kreisklasse play through the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s, until finally winning promotion to the Landesliga Bremen (VI) in 1997. In 2004, they won the league championship and advanced to the Verbandsliga Bremen (V) where they earned mid-table results until being relegated in 2007. They finished as runners-up to SC Weyhe in the Landesliga in 2010 in order to return to what is now the Bremen-Liga (V). In 2014 they finished at the bottom and were relegated back to the Landesliga along with OT Bremen. Honours The club's honours: Landesliga Bremen Champions: 2004 Runners-up: 2010 References ^ 1. FC Burg at Fussball.de (in German) Tables and results of the German football leagues, accessed: 11 March 2015 External links Official website Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables (in German) fussballdaten.de This article about a German football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German association football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Burg-Grambke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burg-Grambke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"}],"text":"Football club1. FC Burg is a German association football club from the northern district of Burg-Grambke in the city-state of Bremen.","title":"1. FC Burg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landesliga Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga_Bremen"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_Bremen"},{"link_name":"SC Weyhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SC_Weyhe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bremen-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen-Liga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The club was established in 1957 and won its first lower tier local title in 1965. FC remained part of Kreisklasse play through the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s, until finally winning promotion to the Landesliga Bremen (VI) in 1997. In 2004, they won the league championship and advanced to the Verbandsliga Bremen (V) where they earned mid-table results until being relegated in 2007. They finished as runners-up to SC Weyhe in the Landesliga in 2010 in order to return to what is now the Bremen-Liga (V). In 2014 they finished at the bottom and were relegated back to the Landesliga along with OT Bremen.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landesliga Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesliga_Bremen"}],"text":"The club's honours:Landesliga Bremen\nChampions: 2004\nRunners-up: 2010","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://1fc-burg.de/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"http://www.fussball.de/mannschaft/1-fc-burg-1-fc-burg-bremen/-/saison/1415/team-id/011MID2U6O000000VTVG0001VTR8C1K7#!/section/stage","external_links_name":"1. FC Burg at Fussball.de"},{"Link":"https://1fc-burg.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv"},{"Link":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/","external_links_name":"fussballdaten.de"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1._FC_Burg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaw-kwaw-a-pilt_First_Nation
Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
["1 Member governments","2 See also","3 External links"]
The Stó꞉lō Tribal Council is a First Nations Tribal Council in the Fraser Valley-Greater Vancouver region of the Canadian province of British Columbia. It includes Stó꞉lō First Nations band governments located geographically from Hope, at the south end of the Fraser Canyon, down to Langley. The Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council has different band members. Several Sto꞉lo peoples and their band governments do not belong to either council. Member governments Chawathil First Nation Cheam First Nation Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation Sq'éwlets First Nation Seabird Island First Nation Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation Soowahlie First Nation Source: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada information page See also Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council Stó꞉lō Halkomelem List of tribal councils in British Columbia External links Stó꞉lō Tribal Council website vteFirst Nations governments of the Sto:lo Tribal Council Chawathil First Nation Cheam First Nation Kwantlen First Nation Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation Scowlitz First Nation Seabird Island First Nation Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation Soowahlie First Nation vteCoast SalishPeoples Chawathil Cheam Sts'ailes (WA) Chemainus Clemclemaluts Comiaken Copalis Cowlitz Duwamish Esquimalt Halalt Hoh Homalco Humptulips Katzie Khenipsen Kilpahlas Klahoose Klallam Koksilah Kwa-kwa-a-pilt Kwantlen Kway-quit-lam Matsqui Musqueam Nanoose Nuxalk Malahat Sliammon Snuneymuxw Tsawwassen Tsleil-Waututh shíshálh Squamish Semiahmoo Sumas Sq'éwlets Sts'ailes Leq'á:mel Popkum Seabird Island Skwah Skway Shilshole Shxw'ow'hamel Skawahlook Skowkale Soowahlie Squiala Stó꞉lō Tzeachten Yakweakwioose T'souk-e Tsartlip Somena Quamichan Penelakut Lamalcha Saanich Lummi Nooksack Lower Skagit Upper Skagit Skokomish Muckleshoot Sammamish Samish Sauk-Suiattle Snohomish Snoqualmie Skykomish Nisqually Puyallup Stillaquamish Suquamish Swinomish Tulalip Quinault Sahewamish Wynoochee Satsop Nehalem (Tillamook) Siletz Quamichan Somena Governments Aitchelitz Band Chawathil First Nation Cheam First Nation Kwantlen First Nation Katzie First Nation Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation Leq'á:mel First Nation Matsqui First Nation Popkum Band Sq'éwlets First Nation Seabird Island Band Skwah First Nation Skway First Nation Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation Skawahlook First Nation Skowkale First Nation Soowahlie First Nation Squiala First Nation Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council Stó꞉lō Tribal Council Sumas First Nation Tzeachten First Nation Yakweakwioose First Nation Sts'ailes Nation Tsleil-waututh First Nation Musqueam Indian Band Katzie First Nation Kwikwetlem First Nation Semiahmoo First Nation Chemainus First Nation Halalt First Nation Homalco First Nation Klahoose First Nation Malahat First Nation Nanoose First Nation Peters First Nation Tla'amin Nation shíshálh Nation Snuneymuxw First Nation Tsawwassen First Nation Yale First Nation Yakweakwioose First Nation Tseycum First Nation Tsleil-Waututh First Nation Squamish Nation Union Bar First Nation Nuxalk Nation T'Sou-ke Nation Esquimalt First Nation Tsawout First Nation Cowichan Tribes Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon Confederated Tribes of Siletz Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Cowlitz Indian Tribe Suquamish Tribe Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe Lummi Nation Makah Tribe Muckleshoot Indian Tribe Nisqually Indian Tribe Quinault Indian Nation Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe Samish Indian Nation Skokomish Indian Tribe Snoqualmie Indian Tribe Squaxin Island Tribe Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians Suquamish Tribe Swinomish Indian Tribal Community Tulalip Tribes Organizations and institutions Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency Washington Indian Gaming Association Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs Culture and society Music Mythology Art Languages Comox Island Comox † Sliammon/Mainland Comox Pentlatch Halkomelem shíshálh Squamish Nooksack North Straits Lummi Saanich Samish Semiahmoo Songhees T'sou-ke Klallam Lushootseed Northern and Southern Twana Cowlitz Quinault This British Columbia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This First Nations in Canada-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%EA%9E%89lo_Nation_Chiefs_Council"},{"title":"Stó꞉lō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3%EA%9E%89l%C5%8D"},{"title":"Halkomelem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkomelem"},{"title":"List of tribal councils in British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tribal_councils_in_British_Columbia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask_Jeeves
Ask.com
["1 History","1.1 Search engine shut-down","1.2 Ask Sponsored Listings","2 Corporate details","3 Marketing and promotion","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°48′13″N 122°16′31″W / 37.80361°N 122.27528°W / 37.80361; -122.27528E-business Ask.comType of businessSubsidiaryType of siteAnswer engineAvailable inEnglishFoundedJune 3, 1996; 28 years ago (1996-06-03) (as Ask Jeeves) February 2006; 18 years ago (2006-02) (as Ask.com)Headquarters555 City CenterOakland, California, U.S.OwnerIACCreated byGarrett GruenerDavid Warthen (Founders)Douglas Leeds (CEO)ParentAsk Media Group, LLCURLask.comRegistrationOptionalCurrent statusActive Ask.com (originally known as Ask Jeeves) is a question answering–focused e-business founded in 1996 by Garrett Gruener and David Warthen in Berkeley, California. The original software was implemented by Gary Chevsky, from his own design. Warthen, Chevsky, Justin Grant, and others built the early AskJeeves.com website around that core engine. In 2006, the "Jeeves" name was dropped and they refocused on the search engine, which had its own algorithm. In late 2010, facing insurmountable competition from more popular search engines like Google, the company outsourced its web search technology and returned to its roots as a question and answer site. Douglas Leeds was elevated from president to CEO in 2010. Three venture capital firms, Highland Capital Partners, Institutional Venture Partners, and The RODA Group were early investors. Ask.com is currently owned by InterActiveCorp (IAC) under the Nasdaq symbol Nasdaq: IAC, and its corporate headquarters are located at 555 City Center, in the Oakland City Center development in downtown Oakland, California. History Jeeves Ask.com was originally known as Ask Jeeves, "Jeeves" being the name of a "gentleman's personal gentleman", or valet, fetching answers to any question asked. The character was named after Jeeves, Bertie Wooster's valet in the fictional works of P. G. Wodehouse. The original idea behind Ask Jeeves was to allow users to get answers to questions in everyday, natural language, and traditional keyword searching. The current Ask.com still supports this for math, dictionary, and conversion questions. Ask Jeeves launched in beta in mid-April 1997 and fully launched on June 1, 1997. On September 18, 2001, Ask Jeeves acquired Teoma for over $1.5 million. In July 2005, Ask Jeeves was acquired by IAC. In February 2006, Jeeves was removed from Ask Jeeves and the search engine rebranded to Ask. On May 16, 2006, Ask implemented a "Binoculars Site Preview" into its search results. On search results pages, the "binoculars" let searchers have a preview of the page they could visit with a mouse-over activating a pop-up screenshot. On June 5, 2007, Ask.com relaunched with a 3D look. In December 2007, Ask released the AskEraser feature, allowing users to opt-out from tracking of search queries and IP and cookie values. They also vowed to erase this data after 18 months if the AskEraser option is not set. HTTP cookies must be enabled for AskEraser to function. An Ask.com search of Wikipedia, 2016 On July 4, 2008, Ask acquired Lexico Publishing Group, which owns Dictionary.com, Thesaurus.com, and Reference.com. In August 2008, Ask launched the Ask Kids search engine designed for children. In April 2009, Jeeves returned to the UK version of Ask.com, redesigned as a CGI character and the website was once again named Ask Jeeves, though international versions were still just Ask.com. His image remained on the UK website until July 21, 2016, though the Ask Jeeves name would continue to be used until September 21, 2016, when the website rebranded to just Ask. On July 26, 2010, Ask.com released a closed-beta Q&A service. The service was released to the public on July 29, 2010. Ask.com launched its mobile Q&A app for the iPhone in late 2010. Ask.com reached 100 million global users per month in 2012 through its website with more than 2 million downloads of its flagship mobile app in that year. The company has also released additional apps spun out of its Q&A experience, including Ask Around in 2011 and PollRoll in 2012. Search engine shut-down In 2010, Ask.com abandoned the search industry, with the loss of 130 search engineering jobs, because it could not compete against more popular search engines such as Google. Earlier in the year, Ask had launched a Q&A community for generating answers from real people as opposed to search algorithms then combined this with its question-and–answer repository, utilizing its extensive history of archived query data to search sites that provide answers to questions people have. To avoid a situation in which no answers were available from its own resources, the company outsourced to an unnamed third-party search provider the comprehensive web search matches that it had gathered itself. Ask Sponsored Listings Formerly the direct-sales engine for Ask.com, Ask Sponsored Listings is no longer available, having merged with Sendori, an operating business of IAC, in 2011. Corporate details Ask.com headquarters in Oakland, California (photographed in 2006) Ask Jeeves, Inc. stock traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange from July 1999 to July 2005, under the ticker symbol ASKJ. In July 2005, the ASKJ ticker was retired upon the acquisition by IAC, valued at US$1.85 billion. In 2012, Ask.com made two acquisitions as part of a larger strategy to offer more content on the Ask.com website. On July 2, 2012, Ask.com purchased content discovery start-up nRelate for an undisclosed amount. That was followed by the company's acquisition of expert advice and information site About.com, which closed in September 2012. On August 14, 2014, Ask.com acquired popular social networking website ASKfm, where users can ask other users questions, with the option of anonymity. As of August 14, 2014, Ask.fm had 180 million monthly unique users in more than 150 countries around the world, with its largest user base in the United States. Available on the web and as a mobile app, ASKfm generates an estimated 20,000 questions per minute with approximately 45 percent of its mobile monthly active users logging in daily. As of 2014, the mobile app has been downloaded more than 40 million times. In 2021, Ask re-launched its SymptomFind brand and introduced the new finance-focused Ask Money site. Marketing and promotion From November 1999, Ask Jeeves advertised on produce stickers on apples, oranges and bananas. Questions such as "How many calories in a banana?" were printed alongside the Ask Jeeves web address. A Jeeves balloon and a float appeared in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade through 2000–2004. Apostolos Gerasoulis, the co-creator of Ask's Teoma algorithmic search technology, starred in four television advertisements in 2007, extolling the virtues of Ask.com's usefulness for information relevance. After a hiatus from mass consumer marketing, Ask returned to TV advertising in the fall of 2011 after refocusing its site on questions and answers. Instead of national advertising, Ask focused on local markets. In the summer of 2012, Ask launched a national cinema campaign, along with other out-of-home tactics in certain markets such as New York and Seattle. As part of a Seattle-based local market effort, Ask.com launched its "You Asked We Answered" campaign in 2012, in which the company "answered" residents' top complaints about living in their city, including easing morning commutes and stadium traffic, as well as keeping the local Parks and Rec department wading pools open. On January 14, 2009, Ask.com became the official sponsor of 2000 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Champion Bobby Labonte's No. 96 Ford. Ask would become the official search engine of NASCAR. Ask.com was the primary sponsor for the No. 96 for 18 of the first 21 races and had rights to increase this to a total of 29 races that season. The Ask.com car debuted in the 2009 Bud Shootout where it failed to finish the race, but subsequently returned strongly, placing as high as 5th in a March 1, 2009, Shelby 427 race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Ask.com's foray into NASCAR represented the first instance of its venture into what it calls "Super Verticals". See also Internet portal Comparison of web search engines List of search engines List of search engines by popularity References ^ "Ask.com". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2019-02-19. ^ a b Ryan, Kevin (2010-11-12). "The Long, Sad Story of Ask.com". adage.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2019-02-18. ^ Kopytoff, Verne G. (November 9, 2010). "Ask.com Giving Up Search to Return to Q-and-A Service". The New York Times. ^ "IAC Management". IAC. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. ^ "Ask Jeeves, Inc. initial public offering prospectus". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ a b "The Search Engine Report - August 5, 1997 Number 9". Search Engine Watch. August 5, 1997. Archived from the original on July 6, 1998. Retrieved January 15, 2019. ^ Sherman, Chris (2003-10-08). "What's In A (Search Engine's) Name?". Search Engine Watch. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2019-02-13. ^ "Teoma – The Superior Search Engine?". www.rustybrick.com. Retrieved 2019-01-29. ^ a b "Short History of Early Search Engines – The History of SEO". www.thehistoryofseo.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2019-02-03. ^ a b "IAC". www.iac.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2019-02-18. ^ Major Relaunch For Ask: Ask3D, Techcrunch, June 4, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007. ^ Ask.com Takes the Lead on Log Retention; Microsoft and Yahoo! Follow, eff.org. Retrieved January 3, 2008. ^ "Does AskEraser Really Erase?". Electronic Privacy Information Center. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ^ "Letter to U.S. Federal Trade Commission" (PDF). Center for Democracy and Technology. January 23, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ^ Auchard, Eric (July 3, 2008). "Ask.com closes acquisition of Dictionary.com". Reuters. ^ "Ask.com closes Dictionary.com deal". CNet. July 4, 2008. ^ "Jeeves rises from the dead". The Guardian. April 20, 2009. ^ "Ask.com Q&A Service Drops July 29th". Softpedia. July 27, 2010. ^ Christian, Zibreg (September 24, 2010). "Ask.com has an iPhone app that lets you ask and get local answers". Geek.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2011. ^ Sterling, Greg (11 October 2012). "Ask CEO Doug Leeds Proclaims Search Wars "Over," Says Yahoo Can Be Great Again". Search Engine Land. Retrieved October 16, 2012. ^ Knight, Kristina. "How Tina Fey inspired Ask.com to change". BizReport. Retrieved October 16, 2012. ^ Perez, Marin. "Ask Around app brings location-based conversations to iPhone". Into Mobile. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2012. ^ Spirrison, Brad. "Ask.com hits the polls with Pollroll". Appolicious. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2012. ^ Van Grove, Jennifer. "Ask.com Reinvents Itself with a Focus on Community Q&A". Mashable. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ Kopytoff, Verne (November 9, 2010). "Ask.com to Return to Old Service". New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2013. ^ "Ask Sponsored Listings is now Sedori". Sendori. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012. ^ de Senerpont Domis, Olaf. "Q&A with Ask.com's CEO and nRelate's Founder". The Deal Pipeline. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012. ^ Stewart, Christopher. "Times Co. Sells About.com for $300 Million". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 23, 2012. ^ Magid, Larry. "IAC's Ask.com Buys Ask.fm And Hires A Safety Officer To Stem Bullying". Forbes. Retrieved August 29, 2014. ^ Curtis, Sophie (14 August 2014). "Tinder owner buys social network ASKfm". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved August 29, 2014. ^ Sullivan, Laurie. "Ask.com Acquires Q&A Social Network Ask.fm, Prepares To Add Tools To Increase Safety". Media Post. Retrieved August 29, 2014. ^ a b Perez, Sarah (14 August 2014). "IAC Agrees To Work With Regulators On Cyberbullying Protections Following ASKfm Deal". Techcrunch. Retrieved August 29, 2014. ^ "About SymptomFind". Ask Media Group. ^ "Ask Money Homepage". Ask Money. Ask Media Group. ^ Fabricant, Florence (7 May 2000). "RESPONSIBLE PARTY: DAVID HELLIER; Your $40 Pledge, Her $3 Tote Bag Have Answers? Plant a Question". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ a b Trigaux, Robert (3 December 2000). "No space is sacred when it comes to alternative advertising". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ Lee, Ellen (27 February 2006). "Ask Jeeves closes door on the butler / Familiar mascot retired as search site becomes Ask.com". SFGATE. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "About Ask.com: TV Spots". Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007. ^ Ha, Anthony. "Ask.com Returns to TV, Cautiously". AdWeek. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ Vega, Tanzina. "Ask.com Heralds a New Focus". New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ Sandoval, Greg. "Hey, Times Square! I'm Google+. Please Notice Me". CNET. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ Sullivan, Laurie. "Ask.com Launches 'You Asked' Branding Campaign". Media Post. Retrieved November 12, 2012. ^ Official Release (January 14, 2009). "– Ask.com enters NASCAR with multi-faceted program". Nascar.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011. ^ Duane Cross. "Labonte will drive No. 96 for Hall of Fame in 2009 – 14 January 2009". Bbs.cid.cn.nascar.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. ^ Archived March 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ask.com Partners With NASCAR, Says "Super Verticals" Will Put It Back In Search Race". Searchengineland.com. January 13, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2011. External links Official website vteIACAngi Inc. Angi Handy HomeAdvisor HomeStars Ask Media Group Ask.com Ask Applications Excite Reference.com Sidewalk.com Dotdash Meredith Allrecipes The Balance Better Homes and Gardens Brides Cooking Light Entertainment Weekly Food & Wine Health HelloGiggles InStyle Investopedia Life Lifewire Martha Stewart Living Midwest Living Parents People People en Español Real Simple Serious Eats Shape Simply Recipes Southern Living Travel + Leisure TreeHugger Verywell Wood Other properties Care.com The Daily Beast DailyBurn Acquisitions Meredith National Media Time Inc. 37°48′13″N 122°16′31″W / 37.80361°N 122.27528°W / 37.80361; -122.27528
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Warthen, Chevsky, Justin Grant, and others built the early AskJeeves.com website around that core engine. In 2006, the \"Jeeves\" name was dropped and they refocused on the search engine, which had its own algorithm.[2] In late 2010, facing insurmountable competition from more popular search engines like Google, the company outsourced its web search technology and returned to its roots as a question and answer site.[3] Douglas Leeds was elevated from president to CEO in 2010.[4]Three venture capital firms, Highland Capital Partners, Institutional Venture Partners, and The RODA Group were early investors.[5] Ask.com is currently owned by InterActiveCorp (IAC) under the Nasdaq symbol Nasdaq: IAC, and its corporate headquarters are located at 555 City Center, in the Oakland City Center development in downtown Oakland, California.","title":"Ask.com"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeeves-in-2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet"},{"link_name":"Jeeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeeves"},{"link_name":"Bertie Wooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Wooster"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"natural language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Teoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-8"},{"link_name":"IAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_(company)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"opt-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt-out"},{"link_name":"search queries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_query"},{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"},{"link_name":"HTTP cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookies"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ask_with_wikipedia.png"},{"link_name":"Dictionary.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com"},{"link_name":"Thesaurus.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus.com"},{"link_name":"Reference.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference.com"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"JeevesAsk.com was originally known as Ask Jeeves,[6] \"Jeeves\" being the name of a \"gentleman's personal gentleman\", or valet, fetching answers to any question asked. The character was named after Jeeves, Bertie Wooster's valet in the fictional works of P. G. Wodehouse.[7]The original idea behind Ask Jeeves was to allow users to get answers to questions in everyday, natural language, and traditional keyword searching. The current Ask.com still supports this for math, dictionary, and conversion questions.Ask Jeeves launched in beta in mid-April 1997 and fully launched on June 1, 1997.[6]On September 18, 2001, Ask Jeeves acquired Teoma for over $1.5 million.[8]In July 2005, Ask Jeeves was acquired by IAC.[9][10]In February 2006, Jeeves was removed from Ask Jeeves and the search engine rebranded to Ask.[2][9]On May 16, 2006, Ask implemented a \"Binoculars Site Preview\" into its search results. On search results pages, the \"binoculars\" let searchers have a preview of the page they could visit with a mouse-over activating a pop-up screenshot.On June 5, 2007, Ask.com relaunched with a 3D look.[11]In December 2007, Ask released the AskEraser feature,[12] allowing users to opt-out from tracking of search queries and IP and cookie values. They also vowed to erase this data after 18 months if the AskEraser option is not set. HTTP cookies must be enabled for AskEraser to function.[13][14]An Ask.com search of Wikipedia, 2016On July 4, 2008, Ask acquired Lexico Publishing Group, which owns Dictionary.com, Thesaurus.com, and Reference.com.[15][16]In August 2008, Ask launched the Ask Kids search engine designed for children.[10]In April 2009, Jeeves returned to the UK version of Ask.com, redesigned as a CGI character and the website was once again named Ask Jeeves, though international versions were still just Ask.com.[17] His image remained on the UK website until July 21, 2016, though the Ask Jeeves name would continue to be used until September 21, 2016, when the website rebranded to just Ask.On July 26, 2010, Ask.com released a closed-beta Q&A service. The service was released to the public on July 29, 2010.[18] Ask.com launched its mobile Q&A app for the iPhone in late 2010.[19]Ask.com reached 100 million global users per month in 2012[20] through its website with more than 2 million downloads of its flagship mobile app in that year.[21] The company has also released additional apps spun out of its Q&A experience, including Ask Around[22] in 2011 and PollRoll[23] in 2012.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Search engine shut-down","text":"In 2010, Ask.com abandoned the search industry, with the loss of 130 search engineering jobs, because it could not compete against more popular search engines such as Google. Earlier in the year, Ask had launched a Q&A community for generating answers from real people as opposed to search algorithms then combined this with its question-and–answer repository, utilizing its extensive history of archived query data to search sites that provide answers to questions people have.[24]To avoid a situation in which no answers were available from its own resources, the company outsourced to an unnamed third-party search provider the comprehensive web search matches that it had gathered itself.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Ask Sponsored Listings","text":"Formerly the direct-sales engine for Ask.com, Ask Sponsored Listings is no longer available, having merged with Sendori, an operating business of IAC, in 2011.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Askcomheadquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"About.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"ASKfm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASKfm"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"monthly active users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_active_users"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Techcrunch-32"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ask.com&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Techcrunch-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Ask.com headquarters in Oakland, California (photographed in 2006)Ask Jeeves, Inc. stock traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange from July 1999 to July 2005, under the ticker symbol ASKJ. In July 2005, the ASKJ ticker was retired upon the acquisition by IAC, valued at US$1.85 billion.In 2012, Ask.com made two acquisitions as part of a larger strategy to offer more content on the Ask.com website. On July 2, 2012, Ask.com purchased content discovery start-up[27] nRelate for an undisclosed amount. That was followed by the company's acquisition of expert advice and information site About.com, which closed in September 2012.[28]On August 14, 2014, Ask.com acquired popular social networking website ASKfm, where users can ask other users questions, with the option of anonymity.[29] As of August 14, 2014, Ask.fm had 180 million monthly unique users in more than 150 countries around the world,[30] with its largest user base in the United States.[31] Available on the web and as a mobile app, ASKfm generates an estimated 20,000 questions per minute with approximately 45 percent of its mobile monthly active users logging in daily.[32] As of 2014[update], the mobile app has been downloaded more than 40 million times.[32]In 2021, Ask re-launched its SymptomFind[33] brand and introduced the new finance-focused Ask Money site.[34]","title":"Corporate details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"produce stickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_look-up_code#Promotion_via_PLU_stickers"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tampa-bay-times-36"},{"link_name":"Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tampa-bay-times-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Apostolos Gerasoulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolos_Gerasoulis"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Sprint Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Bobby Labonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Labonte"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Shelby 427","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_427"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Super Verticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_search"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"From November 1999, Ask Jeeves advertised on produce stickers on apples, oranges and bananas. Questions such as \"How many calories in a banana?\" were printed alongside the Ask Jeeves web address.[35][36]A Jeeves balloon and a float appeared in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade through 2000–2004.[36][37]Apostolos Gerasoulis, the co-creator of Ask's Teoma algorithmic search technology, starred in four television advertisements in 2007, extolling the virtues of Ask.com's usefulness for information relevance.[38]After a hiatus from mass consumer marketing, Ask returned to TV advertising in the fall of 2011 after refocusing its site on questions and answers.[39] Instead of national advertising, Ask focused on local markets. In the summer of 2012, Ask launched a national cinema campaign,[40] along with other out-of-home tactics in certain markets such as New York and Seattle.[41]As part of a Seattle-based local market effort, Ask.com launched its \"You Asked We Answered\"[42] campaign in 2012, in which the company \"answered\" residents' top complaints about living in their city, including easing morning commutes and stadium traffic, as well as keeping the local Parks and Rec department wading pools open.On January 14, 2009, Ask.com became the official sponsor of 2000 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Champion Bobby Labonte's No. 96 Ford. Ask would become the official search engine of NASCAR.[43] Ask.com was the primary sponsor for the No. 96 for 18 of the first 21 races and had rights to increase this to a total of 29 races that season.[44] The Ask.com car debuted in the 2009 Bud Shootout where it failed to finish the race, but subsequently returned strongly, placing as high as 5th in a March 1, 2009, Shelby 427 race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.[45] Ask.com's foray into NASCAR represented the first instance of its venture into what it calls \"Super Verticals\".[46]","title":"Marketing and promotion"}]
[{"image_text":"Jeeves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Jeeves-in-2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Ask.com search of Wikipedia, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Ask_with_wikipedia.png/220px-Ask_with_wikipedia.png"},{"image_text":"Ask.com headquarters in Oakland, California (photographed in 2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Askcomheadquarters.jpg/220px-Askcomheadquarters.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg"},{"title":"Internet portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet"},{"title":"Comparison of web search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_search_engines"},{"title":"List of search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines"},{"title":"List of search engines by popularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_search_engines_by_popularity"}]
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The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/technology/internet/10ask.html?src=busln","url_text":"\"Ask.com Giving Up Search to Return to Q-and-A Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAC Management\". IAC. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120105004656/http://iac.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20&item=2491","url_text":"\"IAC Management\""},{"url":"http://iac.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20&item=2491","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ask Jeeves, Inc. initial public offering prospectus\". Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1054298/0000950149-99-001225.txt","url_text":"\"Ask Jeeves, Inc. initial public offering prospectus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629100701/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1054298/0000950149-99-001225.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Search Engine Report - August 5, 1997 Number 9\". Search Engine Watch. August 5, 1997. Archived from the original on July 6, 1998. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_for_You_(Martin_Garrix_and_Troye_Sivan_song)
There for You (Martin Garrix and Troye Sivan song)
["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Credits and personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]
2017 single by Martin Garrix and Troye Sivan"There for You"Single by Martin Garrix and Troye SivanReleased26 May 2017Recorded2017GenreElectropopLength3:41LabelStmpdEpic AmsterdamSony NetherlandsSongwriter(s)Brett McLaughlinMartijn GarritsenBen BurgessWilliam Lobban BeanTroye Sivan MelletJessie ThomasProducer(s)Cook ClassicsMartin GarrixBart SchoudelMartin Garrix singles chronology "Byte" (2017) "There for You" (2017) "Pizza" (2017) Troye Sivan singles chronology "Heaven"(2016) "There for You"(2017) "My My My!"(2018) Music video"There for You" on YouTube "There for You" is a song by Dutch DJ Martin Garrix and Australian singer-songwriter Troye Sivan. It was released on 26 May 2017. The remixes album was released on 18 August 2017, featuring remixes from Araatan, Bali Bandits, Bart B More, Julian Jordan, Madison Mars, Vintage Culture, King Arthur, Goldhouse, Brohug, Lione and Lontalius. Background Garrix debuted the song with Troye Sivan, who joined him on stage to perform at the Coachella Valley Music And Arts Festival of Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, on 14 April 2017. Sivan announced the title on Twitter and indicated that the song would have an official release, by saying "I love you guys and can't wait for you to have this song in ur phones". Garrix announced that "There for You" would be officially available on 26 May via an Instagram post. He revealed the artwork for the song in a post on Twitter. Track listing Digital downloadNo.TitleLength1."There for You"3:41 Digital download – The RemixesNo.TitleLength1."There for You" (Araatan Remix)2:492."There for You" (Bali Bandits Remix)3:123."There for You" (Dzeko Remix)2:394."There for You" (Bart B More Remix)2:545."There for You" (Julian Jordan Remix)3:036."There for You" (Madison Mars Remix)2:557."There for You" (Vintage Culture & Kohen Remix)3:258."There for You" (King Arthur Remix)3:569."There for You" (Goldhouse Remix)3:0310."There for You" (Brohug Remix)3:2311."There for You" (Lione Remix)4:3512."There for You" (Lontalius Remix)3:46 Credits and personnel Credits adapted from Tidal. Martin Garrix – composing, producing, engineering Troye Sivan – composing Brett McLaughlin – composing, engineering Ben Burgess – composing William Lobban Bean – composing Jessie Thomas – composing Cook Classics – producing Bart Schoudel – producing, engineering Chelsea Avery – engineering Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "There for You" Chart (2017) Peak position Australia (ARIA) 23 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 25 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 19 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 15 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 48 Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) 21 Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100) 6 Denmark (Tracklisten) 26 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 19 France (SNEP) 60 Germany (Official German Charts) 31 Hungary (Single Top 40) 25 Hungary (Stream Top 40) 10 Ireland (IRMA) 28 Italy (FIMI) 30 Latvia (Latvijas Top 40) 7 Malaysia (RIM) 5 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 11 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 12 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 22 Norway (VG-lista) 31 Philippines (Philippine Hot 100) 53 Portugal (AFP) 20 Scotland (OCC) 30 Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) 53 Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100) 10 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 62 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 34 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 24 UK Singles (OCC) 40 US Billboard Hot 100 94 US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) 12 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "There for You" Chart (2017) Position Australia (ARIA) 92 Belgium (Ultratop Flanders) 58 Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia) 72 Hungary (Stream Top 40) 52 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 53 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 59 Portugal (AFP) 70 US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) 31 Certifications Certifications and sales for "There for You" Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 2× Platinum 140,000‡ Belgium (BEA) Platinum 20,000‡ Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) 2× Platinum 120,000‡ Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 80,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Gold 45,000‡ France (SNEP) Gold 66,666‡ Germany (BVMI) Gold 200,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Platinum 50,000‡ Mexico (AMPROFON) Platinum+Gold 90,000‡ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 15,000‡ Poland (ZPAV) Gold 25,000‡ Portugal (AFP) Gold 5,000‡ Spain (PROMUSICAE) Gold 30,000‡ Sweden (GLF) Gold 20,000‡ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Gold 10,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ "Released 4 Years Ago: Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". 11 June 2021. ^ "The 5 Best Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan 'There for You' Remixes". Billboard. 21 August 2017. ^ Russell, Erica (23 April 2017). "Troye Sivan Surprises Coachella Crowd With New Martin Garrix Collab". PopCrush. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Miranda, Bren (9 May 2017). "Martin Garrix Set To Release "There For You" On May 26th". EDM Chicago. Retrieved 11 May 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix confirms 'There For You' is coming mid-May". DJMag.com. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017. ^ Giorgio, Alec (8 May 2017). "Martin Garrix Confirms 'There For You' For Mid-May Release". EDM Sauce. Retrieved 11 May 2017. ^ Stevo (18 May 2017). "Martin Garrix Reveals Release Date For Single With Troye Sivan". EDM Sauce. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ Meadow, Matthew (18 May 2017). "Martin Garrix Reveals Official Release Date For Troye Sivan Collab ". Your EDM. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan Debut New Song "There For You" At Coachella: Watch - idolator". idolator. 23 April 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix announces huge 'There For You' remixes package". DJMag.com. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix Debuts Unreleased Track With Troye Sivan at Coachella 2017 Weekend 2: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Kohli, Kanvar (23 April 2017). "Martin Garrix teases unreleased single with Troye Sivan at Coachella - Dancing Astronaut". www.dancingastronaut.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ "Troye Sivan & Martin Garrix Perform Brand-New Song Together At Coachella". MTV. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Elizabeth, De. "Troye Sivan Just Debuted a Brand-New Song at Coachella". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix and Troye Sivan perform new track 'There For You' at Coachella Weekend 2: Watch". DJMag.com. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Lee, Christina (23 April 2017). "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan Debut New Song "There For You" At Coachella: Watch". Idolator.com. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Miranda, Bren (25 April 2017). "Martin Garrix Teases Upcoming Single, "There For You", with Troye Sivan". EDM Chicago. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ Powell, Karlie (23 April 2017). "Martin Garrix Debuted His Next Radio Hit With A Special Guest At Coachella ". Your EDM. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There For You (May 26th)". Songlover. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017. ^ Rafter, Andrew (23 May 2017). "Martin Garrix shares the artwork for his new single There For You". DJMag.com. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ^ Meadow, Matthew (22 May 2017). "Martin Garrix's Next Single Revealed In Full, Releases Friday ". Your EDM. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ^ "There For You". Spotify. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017. ^ "There for You: The Remixes by Martin Garrix on Apple Music". iTunes. 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017. ^ "There For You / Martin Garrix TIDAL". Tidal. Retrieved 26 May 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201748 into search. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – SINGLES DIGITAL – TOP 100 and insert 201722 into search. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Tracklisten. Retrieved 14 June 2017. ^ "Troye Sivan, Martin Garrix: There for You" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 13 March 2019. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 9 June 2017. ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 9 June 2017. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Martin Garrix". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Top Digital Download. Retrieved 24 June 2017. ^ "Latvijas Top 40". Latvijas Radio. 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia" (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Malaysia. Retrieved 14 July 2017. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 26, 2017" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 14 July 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". VG-lista. Retrieved 3 June 2017. ^ "BillboardPH Hot 100". Billboard Philippines. 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved 5 July 2017. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 June 2017. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201733 into search. Retrieved 22 August 2017. ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select SINGLES DIGITAL - TOP 100 and insert 201722 into search. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ "Top 100 Canciones — Semana 24: del 09.06.2017 al 15.06.2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 9 June 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 12 August 2017. ^ "Martin Garrix Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 12, 2019. ^ "Martin Garrix Chart History (Hot Dance/Electronic Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 12, 2019. ^ "ARIA End of Year Singles 2017". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 5 January 2018. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2017". Ultratop. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2017". Ultratop. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ "Stream Top 100 - 2017". Mahasz. Retrieved 17 February 2018. ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2017". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 21 October 2019. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2017". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 December 2017. ^ "Top AFP - Audiogest - Top 100 Singles 2017" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ "Hot Dance/Electronic Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved 15 August 2019. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2018 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 19 August 2017. ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2017". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 October 2017. ^ "Brazilian single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved 10 December 2023. ^ "Canadian single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Music Canada. Retrieved 17 May 2018. ^ "Danish single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 9 January 2018. ^ "French single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan; 'There for You')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 9 November 2017. ^ "Italian single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 4 September 2017. ^ "Certificados Musicales Amprofon (in Spanish)". Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Martin Garrix and Troye Sivan – There for You". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 11 August 2017. ^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2022 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 10 November 2022. ^ "Portuguese single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ "Spanish single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 27, 2017 | Sverigetopplistan" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 17 July 2017. Scroll to position 37 to view certification. ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('There for You')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 October 2021. ^ "British single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "American single certifications – Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 9 December 2020. vteMartin GarrixDiscographyAwards and nominationsExtended plays Gold Skies Seven Bylaw Singles "Animals" "Wizard" "Helicopter" "Tremor" "Gold Skies" "Proxy" "Turn Up the Speakers" "Set Me Free" "Virus (How About Now)" "Forbidden Voices" "Don't Look Down" "The Only Way Is Up" "Bouncybob" "Now That I've Found You" "Lions in the Wild" "In the Name of Love" "Scared to Be Lonely" "Byte" "There for You" "Pizza" "Forever" "So Far Away" "Like I Do" "Game Over" "Ocean" "High on Life" "Burn Out" "Breach (Walk Alone)" "Yottabyte" "Access" "Waiting for Tomorrow" "Dreamer" "No Sleep" "Summer Days" "These Are the Times" "Home" "Used to Love" "Drown" "Higher Ground" "Pressure" "We Are the People" "Love Runs Out" Related articles Area21 Stmpd Rcrds vteTroye Sivan Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Blue Neighbourhood Bloom Something to Give Each Other Extended plays TRXYE Wild In a Dream Singles "Happy Little Pill" "Wild" "Youth" "Talk Me Down" "Heaven" "There for You" "My My My!" "The Good Side" "Strawberries & Cigarettes" "Bloom" "Dance to This" "Animal" "1999" "Revelation" "Somebody to Love" "I'm So Tired..." "Take Yourself Home" "Easy" "You" "Could Cry Just Thinkin About You" "Angel Baby" "You Know What I Need" "Rush" "Got Me Started" "One of Your Girls" "Honey" Featured singles "Papercut" "2099" "Love Me Wrong" Concert tours Troye Sivan Live Blue Neighbourhood Tour The Bloom Tour Something to Give Each Other Tour Sweat (with Charli XCX)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Garrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Garrix"},{"link_name":"Troye Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Julian Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Vintage Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Culture"},{"link_name":"Goldhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhouse"},{"link_name":"Brohug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brohug"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"2017 single by Martin Garrix and Troye Sivan\"There for You\" is a song by Dutch DJ Martin Garrix and Australian singer-songwriter Troye Sivan.[3][4][5] It was released on 26 May 2017.[6][7][8][9] The remixes album was released on 18 August 2017, featuring remixes from Araatan, Bali Bandits, Bart B More, Julian Jordan, Madison Mars, Vintage Culture, King Arthur, Goldhouse, Brohug, Lione and Lontalius.[10]","title":"There for You (Martin Garrix and Troye Sivan song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troye Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley Music And Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"Empire Polo Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Polo_Club"},{"link_name":"Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indio,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Garrix debuted the song with Troye Sivan, who joined him on stage to perform at the Coachella Valley Music And Arts Festival of Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, on 14 April 2017.[11][12][13][14] Sivan announced the title on Twitter and indicated that the song would have an official release, by saying \"I love you guys and can't wait for you to have this song in ur phones\".[15][16][17][18] Garrix announced that \"There for You\" would be officially available on 26 May via an Instagram post.[19] He revealed the artwork for the song in a post on Twitter.[20][21]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dzeko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeko_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Julian Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Vintage Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Culture"},{"link_name":"Goldhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhouse"},{"link_name":"Brohug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brohug"}],"text":"Digital download[22]No.TitleLength1.\"There for You\"3:41Digital download – The Remixes[23]No.TitleLength1.\"There for You\" (Araatan Remix)2:492.\"There for You\" (Bali Bandits Remix)3:123.\"There for You\" (Dzeko Remix)2:394.\"There for You\" (Bart B More Remix)2:545.\"There for You\" (Julian Jordan Remix)3:036.\"There for You\" (Madison Mars Remix)2:557.\"There for You\" (Vintage Culture & Kohen Remix)3:258.\"There for You\" (King Arthur Remix)3:569.\"There for You\" (Goldhouse Remix)3:0310.\"There for You\" (Brohug Remix)3:2311.\"There for You\" (Lione Remix)4:3512.\"There for You\" (Lontalius Remix)3:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_(service)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Tidal.[24]Martin Garrix – composing, producing, engineering\nTroye Sivan – composing\nBrett McLaughlin – composing, engineering\nBen Burgess – composing\nWilliam Lobban Bean – composing\nJessie Thomas – composing\nCook Classics – producing\nBart Schoudel – producing, engineering\nChelsea Avery – engineering","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_for_You_(Martin_Garrix_and_Troye_Sivan_song)&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-25"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-26"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-27"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-28"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Martin_Garrix-29"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_-30"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czechdigital_-31"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Denmark_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-32"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Troye_Sivan,_Martin_Garrix-33"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-34"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-35"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-36"},{"link_name":"Stream Top 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100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-43"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-44"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-45"},{"link_name":"Philippine Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Portugal_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-47"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-48"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-49"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakdigital_-50"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-52"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Martin_Garrix_&_Troye_Sivan-53"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-54"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Martin_Garrix-55"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance/Electronic Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceelectronic_Martin_Garrix-56"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_for_You_(Martin_Garrix_and_Troye_Sivan_song)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"There for You\"\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[25]\n\n23\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[26]\n\n25\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[27]\n\n19\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[28]\n\n15\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[29]\n\n48\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[30]\n\n21\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[31]\n\n6\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[32]\n\n26\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[33]\n\n19\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[34]\n\n60\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[35]\n\n31\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[36]\n\n25\n\n\nHungary (Stream Top 40)[37]\n\n10\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[38]\n\n28\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[39]\n\n30\n\n\nLatvia (Latvijas Top 40)[40]\n\n7\n\n\nMalaysia (RIM)[41]\n\n5\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[42]\n\n11\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[43]\n\n12\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[44]\n\n22\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[45]\n\n31\n\n\nPhilippines (Philippine Hot 100)[46]\n\n53\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[47]\n\n20\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[48]\n\n30\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[49]\n\n53\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[50]\n\n10\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[51]\n\n62\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[52]\n\n34\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]\n\n24\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[54]\n\n40\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[55]\n\n94\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[56]\n\n12\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"There for You\"\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[57]\n\n92\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[58]\n\n58\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[59]\n\n72\n\n\nHungary (Stream Top 40)[60]\n\n52\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[61]\n\n53\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[62]\n\n59\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[63]\n\n70\n\n\nUS Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[64]\n\n31","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Released 4 Years Ago: Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You\". 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://edmhousenetwork.com/released-3-years-ago-martin-garrix-troye-sivan-there-for-you/","url_text":"\"Released 4 Years Ago: Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan – There for You\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 5 Best Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan 'There for You' Remixes\". Billboard. 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/news/dance/7934242/martin-garrix-troye-sivan-there-for-you-remixes-best","url_text":"\"The 5 Best Martin Garrix & Troye Sivan 'There for You' Remixes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Erica (23 April 2017). \"Troye Sivan Surprises Coachella Crowd With New Martin Garrix Collab\". PopCrush. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Ta%C5%9Foz
Ottoman destroyer Taşoz
["1 Design","2 Construction and purchase","3 Operational history","4 Footnotes","5 References"]
Ottoman destroyer History Ottoman Empire NameTaşoz NamesakeThassos Ordered22 January 1906 BuilderSchneider et Cie, Nantes Laid downJune 1906 Launched1907 Commissioned1907 Decommissioned1932 FateScrapped, 1949 General characteristics Class and typeSamsun-class destroyer Displacement311 t (306 long tons) Length56.3 m (184 ft 9 in) (p/p) Beam6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) Draft3.17 m (10 ft 5 in) Depth4.1 m (13 ft 5 in) Installed power 2 × Normand boilers 5,200 PS (3,800 kW) Propulsion 2 × Shafts 2 × Triple-expansion steam engines Speed28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) Range2,300 nmi (4,300 km; 2,600 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) Complement64 officers and enlisted men Armament 1 × 65 mm (2.6 in) gun 6 × 47 mm (1.9 in) guns 2 × 381 mm (15 in) torpedo tubes Taşoz was one of the four Durandal-class destroyers purchased by the Ottoman Empire from France in 1907. The ship served in the Ottoman Navy during the Italo-Turkish War, the Balkan Wars and World War I. Design Built at Nantes by Schneider et Cie, Taşoz was 56.3 meters (184 ft 9 in) long between the perpendiculars and 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in) in full length, with a beam of 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in) and a draft of 3.17 m (10 ft 5 in). The displacement of the ship was 284 t (280 long tons). Her crew consisted of 7 officers and 60 sailors when she was built in 1907. The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, fed by steam from two water-tube boilers built by SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde. The engines had 5,950 indicated horsepower (4,440 kW) and could accelerate the ship to 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) in 1907. Due to maintenance problems which were widespread throughout the Navy, the ship's speed dropped to 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) in 1912 and 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) in 1915. The ship could carry 60 tons of coal. As built, the ship carried one Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 naval gun, six QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two 450 mm torpedo tubes. Construction and purchase At the turn of the 20th century, during a program to strengthen the Ottoman Navy, large quantities of cannons, ammunition and supplies were ordered from Krupp in 1904. In order to maintain diplomatic and financial balance, the Ottoman government decided to place subsequent orders with France. For this purpose, four Sultanhisar-class torpedo boats were ordered from Schneider-Creusot to meet the needs of the navy. As this small order was not sufficient for the French, the 200-ton Refahiye-class gunboats and the 420-ton Marmaris were also ordered. During negotiations in 1906, the French convinced the Ottoman government to purchase four more destroyers, which were ordered on 22 January 1906. Based on the French Durandal-class destroyers, Samsun, Yarhisar and Basra were built by Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde, while Taşoz was built by Schneider et Cie. Operational history Taşoz was commissioned into the Ottoman Navy in 1907 in Istanbul. On 1 October 1911, after the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War, Basra, together with her sister ships Samsun, Yarhisar and Basra, became part of an Ottoman fleet directed to defend the Dardanelles (consisting, in addition to them, of the battleships Barbaros Hayreddin, Turgut Reis, the ironclad Mesudiye and the torpedo boat Demirhisar), but the following day all ships returned to Istanbul to make necessary repairs and retrieve supplies. The Ottoman fleet returned to defensive positions on 12 October, with little activity until the end of the conflict. During the First Balkan War, on 12 December 1912 Taşoz and Basra went on patrol in the waters of the Dardanelles, intending to ambush Greek destroyers, but had to return due to trouble with their boilers. Between 7 and 11 February 1913, Taşoz and Basra, together with the ironclad Asar-i Tevfik took part in the unsuccessful descent at Podima on the Black Sea coast, losing Asar-i Tevfik in this action. In April and May, the Taşoz, together with the torpedo boat Berkefşan, escorted the transport ship Kizilirmak, sailing from Constanța to Istanbul. At the outbreak of World War I, the destroyer was already obsolete and of low combat value. On 14–16 August 1914, Taşoz together with the cruiser Berk-i Satvet patrolled the Turkish straits. On 21 September, Taşoz and Basra escorted the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim during a patrol cruise in the Black Sea. On the morning of 29 October, the Taşoz, together with her sister Samsun and the line cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim, took part in an attack on the Russian harbour of Sevastopol, which was carried out without a formal declaration of war. After the attack, both destroyers participated in the rescue of sailors from the scuttled Russian minesweeper Prut, taking on board a total of 75 survivors. In 1915, her depleted engine room reduced her top speed to 17 knots, and the crew size increased to 91 men (17 Germans and 74 Turks). On 1 April 1915, a group of Ottoman ships, consisting of the cruisers Mecidiye and Hamidiye, and the destroyers Taşoz, Samsun, Muâvenet-i Milliye and Yâdigâr-ı Millet left the Bosporus, with the task of attacking Odessa. The long-range cover team for this operation consisted of the cruisers Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midilli, patrolling the waters west of the Crimean Peninsula. On the night of 2/3 April, the team arrived at Odessa and the destroyers started trawling. On 3 April, at 4 a.m. Taşoz and Samsun were damaged, and at 6:40, 16 nautical miles from the Vorontsov Lighthouse, the cruiser Mecidiye struck a mine, suffering such heavy damage, that after taking out its crew and destroying its armament and radio station, it was scuttled by a torpedo fired by Yâdigâr-ı Millet. The operation was aborted and the ships returned to base on 4 April. Prior to the attack by Entente forces on Gallipoli Taşoz, together with her sister ships, escorted transports of Ottoman troops organised to reinforce the forces defending the Dardanelles. On 3 August 1915, the cruiser Hamidiye and the destroyers Taşoz, Muâvenet-i Milliye and Numûne-i Hamiyet escorted a convoy consisting of the ships Zonguldak, Eresos, Illiria and Seyhun to the port of Zonguldak. On 28 October 1916, Taşoz transported a group of German officers to Constanta to supervise the establishment of a naval base for Central Power ships there. On 22 January 1918, Taşoz and Numûne-i Hamiyet and the torpedo boat Akhisar were based in Çanakkale, tasked with protecting the damaged battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim from attack by enemy submarines. On 30 March, Taşoz, Samsun and Basra escorted the German transport ship Patmos, carrying soldiers from Constanta to Odessa. In October, the ship was put in reserve in Istanbul. After the end of the war, on 29 October 1923, Taşoz was incorporated into the newly formed Turkish Navy Between 1924 and 1925, the vessel underwent an overhaul at Deniz Fabrikaları in Istanbul and after its completion, entered active service. The ship was withdrawn from the fleet in 1932, following the purchase of newer Italian destroyers. The destroyer was scrapped only in 1949 at Gölcük. Footnotes ^ a b Noppen 2015, p. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 158. ^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 28. ^ Gardiner 1985, p. 391. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, pp. 12–13. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 15. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 15-16. ^ a b c Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 21. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 29. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 44. ^ Gozdawa-Gołębiowski 1994, p. 160. ^ a b c d Gozdawa-Gołębiowski 1994, p. 238. ^ Noppen 2015, p. 33. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 47. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 34. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 49. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 52. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 32. ^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 53. ^ a b c Noppen 2015, p. 46. References Gardiner, Robert (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 9780870219078. Gozdawa-Gołębiowski, Jan (1994). Pierwsza wojna światowa na morzu. Warsaw: Lampart. ISBN 83-902554-2-1. Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1. Noppen, Ryan K. (2015). Ottoman Navy Warships 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-4728-0620-8.
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The ship served in the Ottoman Navy during the Italo-Turkish War, the Balkan Wars and World War I.","title":"Ottoman destroyer Taşoz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Schneider et Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneider_et_Cie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoppen201510-1"},{"link_name":"between the perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P/p"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199528-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1985391-4"},{"link_name":"Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_65_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1891"},{"link_name":"QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"}],"text":"Built at Nantes by Schneider et Cie,[1] Taşoz was 56.3 meters (184 ft 9 in) long between the perpendiculars and 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in) in full length, with a beam of 58.2 meters (190 ft 11 in) and a draft of 3.17 m (10 ft 5 in). The displacement of the ship was 284 t (280 long tons). Her crew consisted of 7 officers and 60 sailors when she was built in 1907.[2]The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, fed by steam from two water-tube boilers built by SA Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde. The engines had 5,950 indicated horsepower (4,440 kW) and could accelerate the ship to 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) in 1907. Due to maintenance problems which were widespread throughout the Navy,[3] the ship's speed dropped to 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) in 1912 and 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) in 1915. The ship could carry 60 tons of coal.[2][4]As built, the ship carried one Canon de 65 mm Modèle 1891 naval gun, six QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two 450 mm torpedo tubes.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sultanhisar-class torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_torpedo_boat_Sultanhisar"},{"link_name":"Refahiye-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Refahiye-class_gunboat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"Ottoman government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_government"},{"link_name":"Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forges_et_Chantiers_de_la_Gironde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199512%E2%80%9313-5"}],"text":"At the turn of the 20th century, during a program to strengthen the Ottoman Navy, large quantities of cannons, ammunition and supplies were ordered from Krupp in 1904. In order to maintain diplomatic and financial balance, the Ottoman government decided to place subsequent orders with France. For this purpose, four Sultanhisar-class torpedo boats were ordered from Schneider-Creusot to meet the needs of the navy. As this small order was not sufficient for the French, the 200-ton Refahiye-class gunboats and the 420-ton Marmaris were also ordered. During negotiations in 1906, the French convinced the Ottoman government to purchase four more destroyers, which were ordered on 22 January 1906. Based on the French Durandal-class destroyers, Samsun, Yarhisar and Basra were built by Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde, while Taşoz was built by Schneider et Cie.[5]","title":"Construction and purchase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Navy"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"Italo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Samsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Samsun"},{"link_name":"Yarhisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Yarhisar"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Basra"},{"link_name":"Dardanelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles"},{"link_name":"Barbaros Hayreddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Turgut Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Weissenburg"},{"link_name":"ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"Mesudiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_ironclad_Mesudiye"},{"link_name":"Demirhisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_torpedo_boat_Demirhisar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199515-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199515-16-7"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199521-8"},{"link_name":"ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"Asar-i Tevfik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_ironclad_Asar-i_Tevfik"},{"link_name":"descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_assault"},{"link_name":"Podima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C4%B1k%C3%B6y,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199521-8"},{"link_name":"transport ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_ship"},{"link_name":"Constanța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199521-8"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Berk-i Satvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Berk-i_Satvet"},{"link_name":"Turkish straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_straits"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199529-9"},{"link_name":"Yavuz Sultan Selim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Goeben"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199528-3"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199544-10"},{"link_name":"scuttled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttled"},{"link_name":"Prut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_minelayer_Prut"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994160-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoppen201510-1"},{"link_name":"Mecidiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Mecidiye"},{"link_name":"Hamidiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Hamidiye"},{"link_name":"Muâvenet-i Milliye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Muavenet-i_Milliye"},{"link_name":"Yâdigâr-ı Millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Yadigar-i_Millet"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238-12"},{"link_name":"Midilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Breslau"},{"link_name":"Crimean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238-12"},{"link_name":"trawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_trawler"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoppen201533-13"},{"link_name":"Vorontsov Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorontsov_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199547-14"},{"link_name":"attack by Entente forces on Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199534-15"},{"link_name":"Numûne-i Hamiyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_N%C3%BCmune-i_Hamiyet"},{"link_name":"Zonguldak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonguldak"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199549-16"},{"link_name":"Central Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Power"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199552-17"},{"link_name":"Akhisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_torpedo_boat_Akhisar"},{"link_name":"Çanakkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199532-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199553-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"Turkish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Navy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoppen201546-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoppen201546-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoppen201546-20"},{"link_name":"scrapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"Gölcük","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6lc%C3%BCk_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995158-2"}],"text":"Taşoz was commissioned into the Ottoman Navy in 1907 in Istanbul.[2] On 1 October 1911, after the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War, Basra, together with her sister ships Samsun, Yarhisar and Basra, became part of an Ottoman fleet directed to defend the Dardanelles (consisting, in addition to them, of the battleships Barbaros Hayreddin, Turgut Reis, the ironclad Mesudiye and the torpedo boat Demirhisar), but the following day all ships returned to Istanbul to make necessary repairs and retrieve supplies.[6] The Ottoman fleet returned to defensive positions on 12 October, with little activity until the end of the conflict.[7]During the First Balkan War, on 12 December 1912 Taşoz and Basra went on patrol in the waters of the Dardanelles, intending to ambush Greek destroyers, but had to return due to trouble with their boilers.[8] Between 7 and 11 February 1913, Taşoz and Basra, together with the ironclad Asar-i Tevfik took part in the unsuccessful descent at Podima on the Black Sea coast, losing Asar-i Tevfik in this action.[8] In April and May, the Taşoz, together with the torpedo boat Berkefşan, escorted the transport ship Kizilirmak, sailing from Constanța to Istanbul.[8]At the outbreak of World War I, the destroyer was already obsolete and of low combat value. On 14–16 August 1914, Taşoz together with the cruiser Berk-i Satvet patrolled the Turkish straits.[9] On 21 September, Taşoz and Basra escorted the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim during a patrol cruise in the Black Sea.[3] On the morning of 29 October, the Taşoz, together with her sister Samsun and the line cruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim, took part in an attack on the Russian harbour of Sevastopol,[10] which was carried out without a formal declaration of war. After the attack, both destroyers participated in the rescue of sailors from the scuttled Russian minesweeper Prut, taking on board a total of 75 survivors.[11]In 1915, her depleted engine room reduced her top speed to 17 knots, and the crew size increased to 91 men (17 Germans and 74 Turks).[2][1] On 1 April 1915, a group of Ottoman ships, consisting of the cruisers Mecidiye and Hamidiye, and the destroyers Taşoz, Samsun, Muâvenet-i Milliye and Yâdigâr-ı Millet left the Bosporus, with the task of attacking Odessa.[12] The long-range cover team for this operation consisted of the cruisers Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midilli, patrolling the waters west of the Crimean Peninsula.[12] On the night of 2/3 April, the team arrived at Odessa and the destroyers started trawling.[13] On 3 April, at 4 a.m. Taşoz and Samsun were damaged, and at 6:40, 16 nautical miles from the Vorontsov Lighthouse, the cruiser Mecidiye struck a mine, suffering such heavy damage, that after taking out its crew and destroying its armament and radio station, it was scuttled by a torpedo fired by Yâdigâr-ı Millet.[12] The operation was aborted and the ships returned to base on 4 April.[12][14]Prior to the attack by Entente forces on Gallipoli Taşoz, together with her sister ships, escorted transports of Ottoman troops organised to reinforce the forces defending the Dardanelles.[15] On 3 August 1915, the cruiser Hamidiye and the destroyers Taşoz, Muâvenet-i Milliye and Numûne-i Hamiyet escorted a convoy consisting of the ships Zonguldak, Eresos, Illiria and Seyhun to the port of Zonguldak.[16]On 28 October 1916, Taşoz transported a group of German officers to Constanta to supervise the establishment of a naval base for Central Power ships there. [17]On 22 January 1918, Taşoz and Numûne-i Hamiyet and the torpedo boat Akhisar were based in Çanakkale, tasked with protecting the damaged battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim from attack by enemy submarines.[18] On 30 March, Taşoz, Samsun and Basra escorted the German transport ship Patmos, carrying soldiers from Constanta to Odessa.[19] In October, the ship was put in reserve in Istanbul.[2]After the end of the war, on 29 October 1923, Taşoz was incorporated into the newly formed Turkish Navy[20] Between 1924 and 1925, the vessel underwent an overhaul at Deniz Fabrikaları in Istanbul and after its completion, entered active service.[2][20] The ship was withdrawn from the fleet in 1932, following the purchase of newer Italian destroyers.[2][20] The destroyer was scrapped only in 1949 at Gölcük.[2]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoppen201510_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoppen201510_1-1"},{"link_name":"Noppen 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1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994238_12-3"},{"link_name":"Gozdawa-Gołębiowski 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGozdawa-Go%C5%82%C4%99biowski1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoppen201533_13-0"},{"link_name":"Noppen 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNoppen2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199547_14-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199534_15-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199549_16-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199552_17-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199532_18-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz199553_19-0"},{"link_name":"Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLangensiepenG%C3%BClery%C3%BCz1995"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoppen201546_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoppen201546_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoppen201546_20-2"},{"link_name":"Noppen 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNoppen2015"}],"text":"^ a b Noppen 2015, p. 10.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 158.\n\n^ a b Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 28.\n\n^ Gardiner 1985, p. 391.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, pp. 12–13.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 15.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 15-16.\n\n^ a b c Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 21.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 29.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 44.\n\n^ Gozdawa-Gołębiowski 1994, p. 160.\n\n^ a b c d Gozdawa-Gołębiowski 1994, p. 238.\n\n^ Noppen 2015, p. 33.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 47.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 34.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 49.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 52.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 32.\n\n^ Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995, p. 53.\n\n^ a b c Noppen 2015, p. 46.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 9780870219078.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC&q=angora&pg=PP4","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870219078","url_text":"9780870219078"}]},{"reference":"Gozdawa-Gołębiowski, Jan (1994). Pierwsza wojna światowa na morzu. Warsaw: Lampart. ISBN 83-902554-2-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-902554-2-1","url_text":"83-902554-2-1"}]},{"reference":"Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/learnislampdfenglishbooktheottomansteamnavy18281923/page/n3/mode/2up","url_text":"The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-610-1","url_text":"978-0-85177-610-1"}]},{"reference":"Noppen, Ryan K. (2015). Ottoman Navy Warships 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-4728-0620-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0620-8","url_text":"978-1-4728-0620-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC&q=angora&pg=PP4","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/learnislampdfenglishbooktheottomansteamnavy18281923/page/n3/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Magyar_Kupa
1983–84 Magyar Kupa
["1 Quarter-finals","2 Semi-finals","3 Final","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Football tournament season 1983–84 Magyar KupaTournament detailsCountry HungaryFinal positionsChampionsSiófoki BányászRunner-upRába ETO Győr← 1982–831984–85 → The 1983–84 Magyar Kupa (English: Hungarian Cup) was the 44th season of Hungary's annual knock-out cup football competition. Quarter-finals Games were played on May 2, 1984. Team 1  Score  Team 2 Békéscsaba Előre Spartacus 2–1 Budapest Honvéd Siófoki Bányász 4–2 Ferencváros Olefin 2–5 Rába ETO Győr MTK-VM 0–03–4 (pen.) Tatabányai Bányász Semi-finals Games were played on May 9, 1984. Team 1  Score  Team 2 Siófoki Bányász 1–0 Tatabányai Bányász Békéscsaba Előre Spartacus 3–33–4 (pen.) Rába ETO Győr Final 9 June 198419:00 (UTC+2) Siófoki Bányász2–1Rába ETO Győr Szabó 55' Horváth 88' Report Szentes 20' Sóstói Stadion, SzékesfehérvárAttendance: 17,000Referee: Lajos Hartmann (Hungary) See also 1983–84 Nemzeti Bajnokság I References ^ "1983-84 Magyar Kupa". RSSSF. 5 March 2016. External links Official site (in Hungarian) soccerway.com vteMagyar KupaSeasons 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1921–22 1922–23 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1951–52 1954–55 1955–58 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1983–84 in Hungarian football « 1982–83 1984–85 » Club footballDomestic leagues Nemzeti Bajnokság I Nemzeti Bajnokság II Nemzeti Bajnokság III Domestic cups Hungarian Cup (Final) European competitions European Cup Cup Winners' Cup UEFA Cup Mitropa Cup International competitionMen UEFA Euro 1984 (Qualifying, Group 3) György Mezey vte1983–84 in European football (UEFA) « 1982–83 1984–85 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '83 '84 England Faroe Islands '83 '84 Finland '83 '84 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '83 '84 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '83 '84 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '83 '84 Spain Sweden '83 '84 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '83 '84 Finland '83 '84 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '83 '84 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '83 '84 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '83 '84 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland Spain UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Portals: Association football Hungary
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[]
[{"title":"1983–84 Nemzeti Bajnokság I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27addal
Al-Mu'addal
["1 References"]
Amir of the Saffarid dynasty Al-Mu'addalAmir of the Saffarid dynastyCoin of AhmadReign911PredecessorMuhammad ibn Ali ibn al-LaythSuccessorAmr ibn Ya'qubHouseSaffaridsFatherAli ibn al-Layth This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Al-Mu'addal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) Al-Mu'addal ibn Ali ibn al-Layth was the Saffarid ruler of Zarang for a part of 911. In 890 al-Mu'addal and his brother al-Layth helped their father 'Ali escape from imprisonment at the hands of the latter's uncle, the Saffarid amir Amr ibn al-Layth. The three of them fled to Khurasan, where they entered the services of Rafi' ibn Harthama. After 'Ali died in 893, the brothers continued to serve Rafi'. In 896 they were captured by 'Amr, who however treated them well. Near the end of 908 al-Layth made a bid for power against 'Amr's son and successor Tahir by occupying part of Zarang. Al-Mu'addal, who had been taken hostage by Tahir, was released in early 909 after Tahir was unable to dislodge al-Layth in an attempt to induce the latter to give up his struggle. Al-Layth maintained his position, however, and Tahir was eventually forced to withdraw. Al-Layth was now amir, but many were opposed to him. In the east, supporters of Tahir were causing unrest in Zabulistan, while in the west, the Turkish general Sebük-eri had transferred his allegiance from the Saffarids to the Abbasid caliph, resulting in the loss of Fars and Kerman. Al-Mu'addal was sent to restore order to Zabulistan; while doing so he managed to capture a brother of Sebük-eri's named Ghalib. He then moved on to Ghazna and killed a local leader there, but soon encountered stiff resistance and al-Layth was required to send him reinforcements. Despite this, he returned to Sistan near the end of 909 having established the authority of al-Layth in the eastern provinces. In 910 al-Mu'addal participated in al-Layth's campaign against Sebük-eri; once they entered Fars he was charged with capturing the road to Khuzestan. Sebük-eri soon after managed to defeat and capture al-Layth, however, and al-Mu'addal was forced to flee to Kerman, where he took control of the local treasury before moving on to Sistan. In Zarang, meanwhile, news of al-Layth's fall caused the people to recognize another brother, Muhammad, as amir. In an effort to cement his power, Muhammad imprisoned al-Mu'addal. Muhammad was subsequently forced to conduct a campaign against the Samanids to the north. After suffering a setback and being forced to end the campaign, his advisors convinced him that he needed al-Mu'addal's support, so he set him free. Al-Mu'addal, however, seized Zarang, forcing Muhammad to go to Bust instead. Soon afterwards the Samanid Ahmad ibn Isma'il sent an army to take Zarang from the Saffarids. The Samanids arrived before the city in March 911 and initiated a siege. During the siege al-Mu'addal was informed of Ahmad's taking of Bust and his capture of Muhammad. This prompted him to negotiate with the Samanids, and at the end of July 911 he surrendered. Al-Mu'addal's fate was better than that of his predecessors', who had been imprisoned in Baghdad; he was sent by Ahmad to Bukhara and given a monthly stipend. His surrender allowed the Samanids to take control of Sistan. References Bosworth, C.E. The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 1994. Preceded byAl-Layth b. 'Ali Saffarid Ruler in Zarang 911 Succeeded byAmr II vteRulers of the Saffarid dynasty (861–1002) Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar (861–879) Amr ibn al-Layth (879–901) Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr (901–908) al-Layth (909–910) Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Layth (910–911) al-Mu'addal (911) Amr ibn Ya'qub (912–913) Ahmad ibn Muhammad (923–963) Khalaf ibn Ahmad (963–1002)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saffarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid"},{"link_name":"Zarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarang"},{"link_name":"al-Layth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Layth"},{"link_name":"Amr ibn al-Layth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-Layth"},{"link_name":"Khurasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Rafi' ibn Harthama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi%27_ibn_Harthama"},{"link_name":"Tahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_I"},{"link_name":"Zarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarang"},{"link_name":"Zabulistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabulistan"},{"link_name":"Sebük-eri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seb%C3%BCk-eri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abbasid caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_caliph"},{"link_name":"Fars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province"},{"link_name":"Kerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman"},{"link_name":"Ghazna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazna"},{"link_name":"Sistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan"},{"link_name":"Khuzestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_ibn_al-Layth"},{"link_name":"Samanids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanids"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Isma'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Samani"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"}],"text":"Al-Mu'addal ibn Ali ibn al-Layth was the Saffarid ruler of Zarang for a part of 911.In 890 al-Mu'addal and his brother al-Layth helped their father 'Ali escape from imprisonment at the hands of the latter's uncle, the Saffarid amir Amr ibn al-Layth. The three of them fled to Khurasan, where they entered the services of Rafi' ibn Harthama. After 'Ali died in 893, the brothers continued to serve Rafi'. In 896 they were captured by 'Amr, who however treated them well.Near the end of 908 al-Layth made a bid for power against 'Amr's son and successor Tahir by occupying part of Zarang. Al-Mu'addal, who had been taken hostage by Tahir, was released in early 909 after Tahir was unable to dislodge al-Layth in an attempt to induce the latter to give up his struggle. Al-Layth maintained his position, however, and Tahir was eventually forced to withdraw.Al-Layth was now amir, but many were opposed to him. In the east, supporters of Tahir were causing unrest in Zabulistan, while in the west, the Turkish general Sebük-eri had transferred his allegiance from the Saffarids to the Abbasid caliph, resulting in the loss of Fars and Kerman. Al-Mu'addal was sent to restore order to Zabulistan; while doing so he managed to capture a brother of Sebük-eri's named Ghalib. He then moved on to Ghazna and killed a local leader there, but soon encountered stiff resistance and al-Layth was required to send him reinforcements. Despite this, he returned to Sistan near the end of 909 having established the authority of al-Layth in the eastern provinces.In 910 al-Mu'addal participated in al-Layth's campaign against Sebük-eri; once they entered Fars he was charged with capturing the road to Khuzestan. Sebük-eri soon after managed to defeat and capture al-Layth, however, and al-Mu'addal was forced to flee to Kerman, where he took control of the local treasury before moving on to Sistan. In Zarang, meanwhile, news of al-Layth's fall caused the people to recognize another brother, Muhammad, as amir. In an effort to cement his power, Muhammad imprisoned al-Mu'addal.Muhammad was subsequently forced to conduct a campaign against the Samanids to the north. After suffering a setback and being forced to end the campaign, his advisors convinced him that he needed al-Mu'addal's support, so he set him free. Al-Mu'addal, however, seized Zarang, forcing Muhammad to go to Bust instead.Soon afterwards the Samanid Ahmad ibn Isma'il sent an army to take Zarang from the Saffarids. The Samanids arrived before the city in March 911 and initiated a siege. During the siege al-Mu'addal was informed of Ahmad's taking of Bust and his capture of Muhammad. This prompted him to negotiate with the Samanids, and at the end of July 911 he surrendered. Al-Mu'addal's fate was better than that of his predecessors', who had been imprisoned in Baghdad; he was sent by Ahmad to Bukhara and given a monthly stipend. His surrender allowed the Samanids to take control of Sistan.","title":"Al-Mu'addal"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_shows
Minstrel show
["1 History","1.1 Early development","1.2 Height","1.3 Decline","1.4 Black minstrels","2 Structure","3 Characters","4 Music and dance","5 Legacy","6 Motion pictures with minstrel show routines","7 See also","8 Citations","9 Cited and general references","10 External links"]
19th- and 20th-century American form of musical theater For the album by Little Brother, see The Minstrel Show. For the medieval European entertainer, see Minstrel. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (July 2023) Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843 The minstrel show, also called minstrelsy, was an American form of theater developed in the early 19th century. The shows were performed by mostly white actors wearing blackface makeup for the purpose of comically portraying racial stereotypes of African Americans. There were also some African-American performers and black-only minstrel groups that formed and toured. Minstrel shows stereotyped blacks as dimwitted, lazy, buffoonish, cowardly, superstitious, and happy-go-lucky. Each show consisted of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performances that depicted people specifically of African descent. Blackface minstrelsy was the first uniquely American form of theater, and for many minstrel shows emerged as brief burlesques and comic entr'actes in the early 1830s in the Northeastern states. They were developed into full-fledged art form in the next decade. By 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national artform, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. By the turn of the 20th century the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by the Vaudeville style of theatre. The form survived as professional entertainment until about 1910; amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools and local theaters. The genre has had a lasting legacy and influence and was featured in the British television series The Black and White Minstrel Show as recently as the mid-1970s. Generally, as the civil rights movement progressed and gained acceptance, minstrelsy lost popularity. The typical minstrel performance followed a three-act structure. The troupe first danced onto stage then exchanged wisecracks and sang songs. The second part featured a variety of entertainments, including the pun-filled stump speech. The final act consisted of a slapstick musical plantation skit or a send-up of a popular play. Minstrel songs and sketches featured several stock characters, most popularly the slave and the dandy. These were further divided into sub-archetypes such as the mammy, her counterpart the old darky, the provocative mulatto wench, and the black soldier. Minstrels claimed that their songs and dances were authentically black, although the extent of the genuine black influence remains debated. Spirituals (known as jubilees) entered the repertoire in the 1870s, marking the first undeniably black music to be used in minstrelsy. During the 1830s and 1840s at the height of its popularity, it was at the epicenter of the American music industry. For several decades, it provided the means through which American whites viewed black people. On the one hand, it had strong racist aspects; on the other, it afforded white Americans more awareness, albeit distorted, of some aspects of black culture in America. Although the minstrel shows were extremely popular, being "consistently packed with families from all walks of life and every ethnic group", they were also controversial. Integrationists decried them as falsely showing happy slaves while at the same time making fun of them; segregationists thought such shows were "disrespectful" of social norms as they portrayed runaway slaves with sympathy and would undermine slavery. History Early development Thomas D. Rice from sheet music cover of "Sich a Getting Up Stairs", 1830s Minstrel shows were popular before slavery was abolished, sufficiently so that Frederick Douglass described blackface performers as "...the filthy scum of white society, who have stolen from us a complexion denied them by nature, in which to make money, and pander to the corrupt taste of their white fellow citizens." Circus sideshows included Negro performers, minstrels were exhibited in museums, Wild West shows, and in musical ensembles. Black people were also part of traveling medicine shows, which were on the cheaper side of outdoor shows for the paying masses. Such traveling medicine shows also employed a Negro band and minstrels, including both men and women. Museums were set up to appeal to the low income audience, housing freak shows, wax sculptures, as well as exhibits of exoticism, mingled with magic, and necessarily live performance. African Americans were most often displayed as savages, cannibals, or natural freaks. Although white theatrical portrayals of black characters date back to as early as 1604, the character of Othello being traditionally played by an actor in black makeup, the minstrel show as such has later origins. By the late 18th century, blackface characters began appearing on the American stage, usually as "servant" types whose roles did little more than provide some element of comic relief. Lewis Hallam is frequently cited as the first actor to perform in blackface based on an impression he did of a drunken black man in a 1769 staging of The Padlock. Later research by Cockrell and others disputes this claim. Eventually, similar performers appeared in entr'actes in New York City theaters and other venues such as taverns and circuses. As a result, the blackface "Sambo" character came to supplant the "tall-tale-telling Yankee" and "frontiersman" character-types in popularity, and white actors such as Charles Mathews, George Washington Dixon, and Edwin Forrest began to build reputations as blackface performers. Author Constance Rourke even claimed that Forrest's impression was so good he could fool blacks when he mingled with them in the streets. Thomas Dartmouth Rice's successful song-and-dance number, "Jump Jim Crow", brought blackface performance to a new level of prominence in the early 1830s. At the height of Rice's success, The Boston Post wrote, "The two most popular characters in the world at the present are Victoria of the United Kingdom and Jump Jim Crow." As early as the 1820s, blackface performers called themselves "Ethiopian delineators"; from then into the early 1840s, unlike the later heyday of minstrelsy, they performed either solo or in small teams. Blackface soon found a home in the taverns of New York's less respectable precincts of Lower Broadway, the Bowery, and Chatham Street. It also appeared on more respectable stages, most often as an entr'acte. Upper class houses at first limited the number of such acts they would show, but beginning in 1841, blackface performers frequently took to the stage at even the classy Park Theatre, much to the dismay of some patrons. Theater was a participatory activity, and the lower classes came to dominate the playhouse. They threw things at actors or orchestras who performed unpopular material, and rowdy audiences eventually prevented the Bowery Theatre from staging high drama at all. Typical blackface acts of the period were short burlesques, often with mock Shakespearean titles like "Hamlet the Dainty", "Bad Breath, the Crane of Chowder", "Julius Sneezer" or "Dars-de-Money". Meanwhile, at least some whites were interested in black song and dance by actual black performers. Nineteenth-century New York slaves shingle danced for spare change on their days off, and musicians played what they claimed to be "Negro music" on so-called black instruments like the banjo. The New Orleans Picayune wrote that a singing New Orleans street vendor called Old Corn Meal would bring "a fortune to any man who would start on a professional tour with him". Rice responded by adding a "Corn Meal" skit to his act. Meanwhile, there had been several attempts at legitimate black stage performance, the most ambitious probably being New York's African Grove theater, founded and operated by free blacks in 1821, with a repertoire drawing heavily on Shakespeare. A rival theater company paid people to "riot" and cause disturbances at the theater, and it was shut down by the police when neighbors complained of the commotion. White, working-class Northerners could identify with the characters portrayed in early blackface performances. This coincided with the rise of groups struggling for workingman's nativism and pro-Southern causes, and faux black performances came to confirm pre-existing racist concepts and to establish new ones. Following a pattern that had been pioneered by Rice, minstrelsy united workers and "class superiors" against a common black enemy, symbolized especially by the character of the black dandy. In this same period, the class-conscious but racially inclusive rhetoric of "wage slavery" was largely supplanted by a racist one of "white slavery". This suggested that the abuses against northern factory workers were a graver ill than the treatment of black slaves—or by a less class-conscious rhetoric of "productive" versus "unproductive" elements of society. On the other hand, views on slavery were fairly evenly presented in minstrelsy, and some songs even suggested the creation of a coalition of working blacks and whites to end the institution. Among the appeals and racial stereotypes of early blackface performance were the pleasure of the grotesque and its infantilization of blacks. These allowed—by proxy, and without full identification—childish fun and other low pleasures in an industrializing world where workers were increasingly expected to abandon such things. Height Sheet music cover for "Dandy Jim from Caroline", featuring Dan Emmett (center) and the other Virginia Minstrels, c. 1844 With the Panic of 1837, theater attendance suffered, and concerts were one of the few attractions that could still make money. In 1843, four blackface performers led by Dan Emmett combined to stage just such a concert at the New York Bowery Amphitheatre, calling themselves the Virginia Minstrels. The minstrel show as a complete evening's entertainment was born. The show had little structure. The four sat in a semicircle, played songs, and traded wisecracks. One gave a stump speech in dialect, and they ended with a lively plantation song. The term minstrel had previously been reserved for traveling white singing groups, but Emmett and company made it synonymous with blackface performance, and by using it, signalled that they were reaching out to a new, middle-class audience. The Herald wrote that the production was "entirely exempt from the vulgarities and other objectionable features, which have hitherto characterized Negro extravaganzas." In 1845, the Ethiopian Serenaders purged their show of low humor and surpassed the Virginia Minstrels in popularity. Shortly thereafter, Edwin Pearce Christy founded Christy's Minstrels, combining the refined singing of the Ethiopian Serenaders (epitomized by the work of Christy's composer Stephen Foster) with the Virginia Minstrels' bawdy schtick. Christy's company established the three-act template into which minstrel shows would fall for the next few decades. This change to respectability prompted theater owners to enforce new rules to make playhouses calmer and quieter. Minstrels toured the same circuits as opera companies, circuses, and European itinerant entertainers, with venues ranging from lavish opera houses to makeshift tavern stages. Life on the road entailed an "endless series of one-nighters, travel on accident-prone railroads, in poor housing subject to fires, in empty rooms that they had to convert into theaters, arrest on trumped up charges, exposed to deadly diseases, and managers and agents who skipped out with all the troupe's money." The more popular groups stuck to the main circuit that ran through the Northeast; some even went to Europe, which allowed their competitors to establish themselves in their absence. By the late 1840s, a Southern tour had opened from Baltimore to New Orleans. Circuits through the Midwest and as far as California followed by the 1860s. As its popularity increased, theaters sprang up specifically for minstrel performance, often with names such as the Ethiopian Opera House and the like. Many amateur troupes performed only a few local shows before disbanding. Meanwhile, celebrities like Emmett continued to perform solo. The rise of the minstrel show coincided with the growth of the abolitionist movement. Many Northerners were concerned for the oppressed blacks of the South, but most had no idea how these slaves lived day-to-day. Blackface performance had been inconsistent on this subject; some slaves were happy, others victims of a cruel and inhuman institution. However, in the 1850s, minstrelsy became more pro-slavery as political and satirical content was toned down or removed entirely. Most minstrels projected a greatly romanticized and exaggerated image of black life with cheerful, simple slaves always ready to sing and dance and to please their masters. (Less frequently, the masters cruelly split up black lovers or sexually assaulted black women.) The lyrics and dialogue were generally racist, satiric, and largely white in origin. Songs about slaves yearning to return to their masters were plentiful. Figures like the Northern dandy and the homesick ex-slave reinforced the idea that blacks did not belong, nor did they want to belong, in Northern society. Adaptations of Uncle Tom's Cabin sprang up rapidly after its publication (all were unlicensed by Harriet Beecher Stowe, who refused to sell the theatrical rights for any sum). While all incorporated some elements of minstrelsy, their content varied significantly, from serious productions retaining the book's antislavery message like that of George Aiken's, to minstrel show parodies which generally excised characters such as the cruel master Simon Legree, retaining only the "plantation frolics", differing from earlier minstrel shows only in name, to outright condemnation of Stowe as uninterested in the suffering of the white working class. "Tom shows" continued into the 20th century, continuing to blend the comic aspects of minstrelsy with the more serious plot of the novel. Minstrelsy's racism (and sexism) could be vicious. There were comic songs in which blacks were "roasted, fished for, smoked like tobacco, peeled like potatoes, planted in the soil, or dried up and hung as advertisements", and there were multiple songs in which a black man accidentally put out a black woman's eyes. On the other hand, the fact that the minstrel show broached the subjects of slavery and race at all is perhaps more significant than the racist manner in which it did so. Despite these pro-plantation attitudes, minstrelsy was banned in many Southern cities. Its association with the North was such that as secessionist attitudes grew stronger, minstrels on Southern tours became convenient targets of anti-Yankee sentiment. Non-race-related humor came from lampoons of other subjects, including aristocratic whites such as politicians, doctors, and lawyers. Women's rights was another serious subject that appeared with some regularity in antebellum minstrelsy, almost always to ridicule the notion. The women's rights lecture became common in stump speeches. When one character joked, "Jim, I tink de ladies oughter vote", another replied, "No, Mr. Johnson, ladies am supposed to care berry little about polytick, and yet de majority ob em am strongly tached to parties." Minstrel humor was simple and relied heavily on slapstick and wordplay. Performers told riddles: "The difference between a schoolmaster and an engineer is that one trains the mind and the other minds the train." With the advent of the American Civil War, minstrels remained mostly neutral and satirized both sides. However, as the war reached Northern soil, troupes turned their loyalties to the Union. Sad songs and sketches came to dominate in reflection of the mood of a bereaved nation. Troupes performed skits about dying soldiers and their weeping widows, and about mourning white mothers. "When This Cruel War Is Over" became the hit of the period, selling over a million copies of sheet music. To balance the somber mood, minstrels put on patriotic numbers like "The Star-Spangled Banner", accompanied by depictions of scenes from American history that lionized figures like George Washington and Andrew Jackson. Social commentary grew increasingly important to the show. Performers criticized Northern society and those they felt responsible for the breakup of the country, who opposed reunification, or who profited from a nation at war. Emancipation was either opposed through "happy plantation" material, or mildly supported with pieces that depicted slavery in a negative light. Eventually, direct criticism of the South became more biting. Decline Poster for Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels Minstrelsy lost popularity during the Civil War. New entertainments such as variety shows, musical comedies and vaudeville appeared in the North, backed by master promoters like P. T. Barnum who wooed audiences away. Blackface troupes responded by traveling farther and farther afield, with their primary base now in the South and Midwest. By 1883 there were no resident minstrel troupes in New York, only performances by travelling troupes. Those minstrels who stayed in New York and similar cities followed Barnum's lead by advertising relentlessly and emphasizing spectacle. Troupes ballooned; as many as 19 performers could be on stage at once, and J. H. Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels had over 100 members. Scenery grew lavish and expensive, and specialty acts such as strongmen, acrobats, or circus freaks sometimes appeared. These changes made minstrelsy unprofitable for smaller troupes. Minstrel troupes, which previously had tended to be owned by performers, now tended to be owned by professional managers such as Haverly. Other minstrel troupes tried to satisfy different, less socially acceptable tastes. Female acts had made a stir in variety shows, and Madame Rentz's Female Minstrels ran with the idea, first performing in 1870 in skimpy costumes and tights, the scantily clad women being the real attraction. Their success gave rise to at least 11 all-female troupes by 1871, one of which did away with blackface altogether. Ultimately, the girlie show emerged as a form in its own right. Mainstream minstrelsy continued to emphasize its propriety and "fun without vulgarity", but traditional troupes adopted some of these elements in the guise of the female impersonator. A well-played prima donna character, as popularised by the performer Francis Leon, was considered to be critical to success in the postwar period. This new minstrelsy maintained an emphasis on refined music. Most troupes added jubilees, or spirituals, to their repertoire in the 1870s. These were fairly authentic religious slave songs borrowed from traveling black singing groups. Other troupes drifted further from minstrelsy's roots. When George Primrose and Billy West broke with Haverly's Mastodons in 1877, they did away with blackface for all but the endmen and dressed themselves in lavish finery and powdered wigs. They decorated the stage with elaborate backdrops and performed no slapstick whatsoever. Their brand of minstrelsy differed from other entertainments only in name. Other troupes followed to varying extents, and pre-war style minstrelsy found itself confined to explicitly nostalgic "histories of minstrelsy" features. Social commentary continued to dominate most performances, with plantation material constituting only a small part of the repertoire. This effect was amplified as minstrelsy featuring black performers took off in its own right and stressed its connection to the old plantations. The main target of criticism was the moral decay of the urbanized North. Cities were painted as corrupt, as homes to unjust poverty, and as dens of "city slickers" who lay in wait to prey upon new arrivals. Minstrels stressed traditional family life; stories told of reunification between mothers and sons thought dead in the war. Women's rights, disrespectful children, low church attendance, and sexual promiscuity became symptoms of decline in family values and of moral decay. Of course, Northern black characters carried these vices even further. African-American members of Congress were one example, pictured as pawns of the Radical Republicans. By the 1890s, minstrelsy formed only a small part of American entertainment, and, by 1919, a mere three troupes dominated the scene. A key cause was rising salary costs, which for the leading companies had risen from $400 a week in the 1860s to $2500 a week in 1912, far too high to be profitable in most cases, especially with the rise of motion pictures, which could easily outcompete the touring minstrel shows on ticket prices. Small companies and amateurs carried the traditional minstrel show into the 20th century, now with an audience mostly in the rural South, while black-owned troupes continued traveling to more outlying areas like the West. These black troupes were one of minstrelsy's last bastions, as more white actors moved into vaudeville. (Community amateur blackface minstrel shows persisted in northern New York State into the 1960s. The University of Vermont banned the minstrel-like Kake Walk as part of the winter Carnival in 1969.) Black minstrels In the 1840s and '50s, William Henry Lane and Thomas Dilward became the first African Americans to perform on the minstrel stage. All-black troupes followed as early as 1855. These companies emphasized that their ethnicity made them the only true delineators of black song and dance, with one advertisement describing a troupe as "SEVEN SLAVES just from Alabama, who are EARNING THEIR FREEDOM by giving concerts under the guidance of their Northern friends." White curiosity proved a powerful motivator, and the shows were patronized by people who wanted to see blacks acting "spontaneously" and "naturally." Promoters seized on this, one billing his troupe as "THE DARKY AS HE IS AT HOME, DARKY LIFE IN THE CORNFIELD, Canebrake, BARNYARD, AND ON THE LEVEE AND FLATBOAT." Keeping with convention, black minstrels still corked the faces of at least the endmen. One commentator described a mostly uncorked black troupe as "mulattoes of a medium shade except two, who were light. ... The end men were each rendered thoroughly black by burnt cork." The minstrels themselves promoted their performing abilities, quoting reviews that favorably compared them to popular white troupes. These black companies often featured female minstrels. Plantation scenarios were common in black minstrelsy, as shown here in this post-1875 poster for Callender's Colored Minstrels One or two African-American troupes dominated the scene for much of the late 1860s and 1870s. The first of these was Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels, who played the Northeast around 1865. Sam Hague's Slave Troupe of Georgia Minstrels formed shortly thereafter and toured England to great success beginning in 1866. In the 1870s, white entrepreneurs bought most of the successful black companies. Charles Callender obtained Sam Hague's troupe in 1872 and renamed it Callender's Georgia Minstrels. They became the most popular black troupe in America, and the words Callender and Georgia came to be synonymous with the institution of black minstrelsy. J. H. Haverly, in turn, purchased Callender's troupe in 1878 and applied his strategy of enlarging troupe size and embellishing sets. When this company went to Europe, Gustave and Charles Frohman took the opportunity to promote their Callender's Consolidated Colored Minstrels. Their success was such that the Frohmans bought Haverly's group and merged it with theirs, creating a virtual monopoly on the market. The company split in three to better canvas the nation and dominated black minstrelsy throughout the 1880s. Individual black performers like Billy Kersands, James A. Bland, Sam Lucas, Martin Francis and Wallace King grew as famous as any featured white performer. Racism made black minstrelsy a difficult profession. When playing Southern towns, performers had to stay in character off stage, dressed in ragged "slave clothes" and perpetually smiling. Troupes left town quickly after each performance, and some had so much trouble securing lodging that they hired whole trains or had custom sleeping cars built, complete with hidden compartments to hide in should things turn ugly. Even these were no haven, as whites sometimes used the cars for target practice. Their salaries, though higher than those of most blacks of the period, failed to reach levels earned by white performers; even superstars like Kersands earned slightly less than featured white minstrels. Most black troupes did not last long. In content, early black minstrelsy differed little from its white counterpart. As the white troupes drifted from plantation subjects in the mid-1870s however, black troupes placed a new emphasis on it. The addition of jubilee singing gave black minstrelsy a popularity boost as the black troupes were rightly believed to be the most authentic performers of such material. Other significant differences were that the black minstrels added religious themes to their shows while whites shied from them, and that the black companies commonly ended the first act of the show with a military high-stepping, brass band burlesque, a practice adopted after Callender's Minstrels used it in 1875 or 1876. Although black minstrelsy lent credence to racist ideals of blackness, many African-American minstrels worked to subtly alter these stereotypes and to poke fun at white society. One jubilee described heaven as a place "where de white folks must let the darkeys be" and they could not be "bought and sold". In plantation material, aged black characters were rarely reunited with long-lost masters like they were in white minstrelsy. African Americans formed a large part of the black minstrels' audience, especially for smaller troupes. In fact, their numbers were so great that many theater owners had to relax rules relegating black patrons to certain areas. The reasons for the popularity of this openly racist form of entertainment with black audiences have long been debated by historians. Perhaps they felt in on the joke, laughing at the over-the-top characters from a sense of "in-group recognition". Maybe they even implicitly endorsed the racist antics, or they felt some connection to elements of an African culture that had been suppressed but was visible, albeit in racist, exaggerated form, in minstrel personages. They certainly got many jokes that flew over whites' heads or registered as only quaint distractions. An undeniable draw for black audiences was simply seeing fellow African Americans on stage; black minstrels were largely viewed as celebrities. Formally educated African Americans, on the other hand, either disregarded black minstrelsy or openly disdained it. Still, black minstrelsy was the first large-scale opportunity for African Americans to enter American show business. Black minstrels were therefore viewed as a success. Pat H. Chappelle capitalized on this and created the first totally black-owned black vaudeville show, The Rabbit's Foot Company, which performed with an all-black cast that elevated the level of shows with sophisticated and fun comedy. It successfully toured mainly the Southwest and Southeast, as well as in New Jersey and New York City. Structure The Christy Minstrels established the basic structure of the minstrel show in the 1840s. A crowd-gathering parade to the theater often preceded the performance. The show itself was divided into three major sections. During the first, the entire troupe danced onto stage singing a popular song. Upon the instruction of the interlocutor, a sort of host, they sat in a semicircle. Various stock characters always took the same positions: the genteel interlocutor in the middle, flanked by Mr Tambo and Mr Bones, who served as the endmen or cornermen. The interlocutor acted as a master of ceremonies and as a dignified, if pompous, straight man. He had a somewhat aristocratic demeanor, a "codfish aristocrat", while the endmen exchanged jokes and performed a variety of humorous songs. Over time, the first act came to include maudlin numbers not always in dialect. One minstrel, usually a tenor, came to specialize in this part; such singers often became celebrities, especially with women. Initially, an upbeat plantation song and dance ended the act; later it was more common for the first act to end with a walkaround, including dances in the style of a cakewalk. The second portion of the show, called the olio, was historically the last to evolve, as its real purpose was to allow for the setting of the stage for act three behind the curtain. It had more of a variety show structure. Performers danced, played instruments, did acrobatics, and demonstrated other amusing talents. Troupes offered parodies of European-style entertainments, and European troupes themselves sometimes performed. The highlight was when one actor, typically one of the endmen, delivered a faux-black-dialect stump speech, a long oration about anything from nonsense to science, society, or politics, during which the dim-witted character tried to speak eloquently, only to deliver countless malapropisms, jokes, and unintentional puns. All the while, the speaker moved about like a clown, standing on his head and almost always falling off his stump at some point. With blackface makeup serving as fool's mask, these stump speakers could deliver biting social criticism without offending the audience, although the focus was usually on sending up unpopular issues and making fun of blacks' inability to make sense of them. Many troupes employed a stump specialist with a trademark style and material. "A Meeting of the Limkiln Club" A blackface stump speech by the American Quartet, 1902 Problems playing this file? See media help. The afterpiece rounded out the production. In the early days of the minstrel show, this was often a skit set on a Southern plantation that usually included song-and-dance numbers and featured Sambo- and Mammy-type characters in slapstick situations. The emphasis lay on an idealized plantation life and the happy slaves who lived there. Nevertheless, antislavery viewpoints sometimes surfaced in the guise of family members separated by slavery, runaways, or even slave uprisings. A few stories highlighted black trickster figures who managed to get the better of their masters. Beginning in the mid-1850s, performers did burlesque renditions of other plays; both Shakespeare and contemporary playwrights were common targets. The humor of these came from the inept black characters trying to perform some element of high white culture. Slapstick humor pervaded the afterpiece, including cream pies to the face, inflated bladders, and on-stage fireworks. Material from Uncle Tom's Cabin dominated beginning in 1853. The afterpiece allowed the minstrels to introduce new characters, some of whom became quite popular and spread from troupe to troupe. Characters This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co., shows the blackface transformation from white to "black". Jim Crow, the archetypal slave character as created by Rice The earliest minstrel characters took as their base popular white stage archetypes—frontiersmen, fishermen, hunters, and riverboatsmen whose depictions drew heavily from the tall tale—and added exaggerated blackface speech and makeup. These Jim Crows and Gumbo Chaffs fought and boasted that they could "wip weight in wildcats" or "eat an alligator". As public opinion toward blacks changed, however, so did the minstrel stereotypes. Eventually, several stock characters emerged. Chief among these were the slave, who often maintained the earlier name Jim Crow, and the dandy, known frequently as Zip Coon, from the song Zip Coon. "First performed by George Dixon in 1834, Zip Coon made a mockery of free blacks. An arrogant, ostentatious figure, he dressed in high style and spoke in a series of malaprops and puns that undermined his attempts to appear dignified." The white actors who portrayed these characters spoke an exaggerated form of Black Vernacular English. The blackface makeup and illustrations on programs and sheet music depicted them with huge eyeballs, very wide noses, and thick-lipped mouths that hung open or grinned foolishly; one character expressed his love for a woman with "lips so large a lover could not kiss them all at once". They had huge feet and preferred "possum" and "coon" to more civilized fare. Minstrel characters were often described in animalistic terms, with "wool" instead of hair, "bleating" like sheep, and having "darky cubs" instead of children. Other claims were that blacks had to drink ink when they got sick "to restore their color" and that they had to file their hair rather than cut it. They were inherently musical, dancing and frolicking through the night with no need for sleep. Thomas "Daddy" Rice introduced the earliest slave archetype with his song "Jump Jim Crow" and its accompanying dance. He claimed to have learned the number by watching an old, limping black stable hand dancing and singing, "Wheel about and turn about and do jus' so/Eb'ry time I wheel about I jump Jim Crow." Other early minstrel performers quickly adopted Rice's character. Slave characters in general came to be low-comedy types with names that matched the instruments they played: Brudder Tambo (or simply Tambo) for the tambourine and Brudder Bones (or Bones) for the bone castanets or bones. These endmen (for their position in the minstrel semicircle) were ignorant and poorly spoken, being conned, electrocuted, or run over in various sketches. They happily shared their stupidity; one slave character said that to get to China, one had only to go up in a balloon and wait for the world to rotate below. Highly musical and unable to sit still, they constantly contorted their bodies wildly while singing. Tambo and Bones's simple-mindedness and lack of sophistication were highlighted by pairing them with a straight man master of ceremonies called the interlocutor. This character, although usually in blackface, spoke in aristocratic English and used a much larger vocabulary. The humor of these exchanges came from the misunderstandings on the part of the endmen when talking to the interlocutor: Interlocutor: I'm astonished at you, Why, the idea of a man of your mental caliber talking about such sordid matters, right after listening to such a beautiful song! Have you no sentiment left? Tambo: No, I haven't got a cent left. Tambo and Bones were favorites of the audience, and their repartee with the interlocutor was for many the best part of the show. There was an element of laughing with them for the audience, as they frequently made light of the interlocutor's grandiose ways. The interlocutor was responsible for beginning and ending each segment of the show. To this end, he had to be able to gauge the mood of the audience and know when it was time to move on. Accordingly, the actor who played the role was paid very well in comparison to other non-featured performers. There were many variants on the slave archetype. The old darky or old uncle formed the head of the idyllic black family. Like other slave characters, he was highly musical and none-too-bright, but he had favorable aspects like his loving nature and the sentiments he raised regarding love for the aged, ideas of old friendships, and the cohesiveness of the family. His death and the pain it caused his master was a common theme in sentimental songs. Alternatively, the master could die, leaving the old darky to mourn. Stephen Foster's "Old Uncle Ned" was the most popular song on this subject. Less frequently, the old darky might be cast out by a cruel master when he grew too old to work. After the Civil War, this character became the most common figure in plantation sketches. He frequently cried about the loss of his home during the war, only to meet up with someone from the past such as the child of his former master. In contrast, the trickster, often called Jasper Jack, appeared less frequently. Female characters ranged from the sexually provocative to the laughable. These roles were almost always played by men in drag (most famously George Christy, Francis Leon and Barney Williams), even though American theater outside minstrelsy was filled with actresses at this time. Mammy or the old auntie was the old darky's counterpart. She often went by the name of Aunt Dinah Roh after the song of that title. Mammy was lovable to both blacks and whites, matronly, but hearkening to European peasant woman sensibilities. Her main role was to be the devoted mother figure in scenarios about the perfect plantation family. Minstrel show performers Rollin Howard (in wench costume) and George Griffin, c. 1855 The wench, yaller gal or prima donna was a mulatto who combined the light skin and facial features of a white woman with the perceived sexual promiscuity and exoticism of a black woman. Her beauty and flirtatiousness made her a common target for male characters, although she usually proved capricious and elusive. After the Civil War, the wench emerged as the most important specialist role in the minstrel troupe; men could alternately be titillated and disgusted, while women could admire the illusion and high fashion. The role was most strongly associated with the song "Miss Lucy Long", so the character many times bore that name. Actress Olive Logan commented that some actors were "marvelously well fitted by nature for it, having well-defined soprano voices, plump shoulders, beardless faces, and tiny hands and feet." Many of these actors were teen-aged boys. In contrast was the funny old gal, a slapstick role played by a large man in motley clothing and large, flapping shoes. The humor she invoked often turned on the male characters' desire for a woman whom the audience would perceive as unattractive. 1906 postcard advertisement featuring dandy-type characters The counterpart to the slave was the dandy, a common character in the afterpiece. He was a Northern, urban black man trying to live above his station by mimicking white, upper-class speech and dress—usually to no good effect. Dandy characters often went by Zip Coon, after the song popularized by George Washington Dixon, although others had pretentious names like Count Julius Caesar Mars Napoleon Sinclair Brown. Their clothing was a ludicrous parody of upper-class dress: coats with tails and padded shoulders, white gloves, monocles, fake mustaches, and gaudy watch chains. They spent their time primping and preening, going to parties, dancing and strutting, and wooing women. The black soldier became another stock type during the Civil War and merged qualities of the slave and the dandy. He was acknowledged for playing some role in the war, but he was more frequently lampooned for bumbling through his drills or for thinking his uniform made him the equal of his white counterparts. He was usually better at retreating than fighting, and, like the dandy, he preferred partying to serious pursuits. Still, his introduction allowed for some return to themes of the breakup of the plantation family. Non-black stereotypes played a significant role in minstrelsy, and, although still performed in blackface, were distinguished by their lack of black dialect. American Indians before the Civil War were usually depicted as innocent symbols of the pre-industrial world or as pitiable victims whose peaceful existence had been shattered by the encroachment of the white man. However, as the United States turned its attentions West, American Indians became savage, pagan obstacles to progress. These characters were formidable scalpers to be feared, not ridiculed; any humor in such scenarios usually derived from a black character trying to act like one of the frightful savages. One sketch began with white men and American Indians enjoying a communal meal in a frontier setting. As the American Indians became intoxicated, they grew more and more antagonistic, and the army ultimately had to intervene to prevent the massacre of the whites. Even favorably presented American Indian characters usually died tragically. Depictions of East Asians began during the California Gold Rush when minstrels encountered Chinese out West. John Chinaman minstrel songs arising in the 1850s depicted the stock character of John Chinaman as effeminate and unmanly, often centering on the stock character's failed pursuit of white women.: 26  Minstrels caricatured East Asians by their strange language ("ching chang chung"), odd eating habits (dogs and cats), and propensity for wearing pigtails. Parodies of Japanese became popular when a Japanese acrobat troupe toured the United States beginning in 1865. A run of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado in the mid-1880s inspired another wave of Asian characterizations. The few white characters in minstrelsy were stereotypes of immigrant groups like the Irish and Germans. Irish characters first appeared in the 1840s, portrayed as hotheaded, odious drunkards who spoke in a thick brogue. However, beginning in the 1850s, many Irishmen joined minstrelsy, and Irish theatergoers probably came to represent a significant part of the audience, so this negative image was muted. Germans, on the other hand, were portrayed favorably from their introduction to minstrelsy in the 1860s. They were responsible and sensible, though still portrayed as humorous for their large size, hearty appetites, and heavy "Dutch" accents. Part of this positive portrayal no doubt came about because some of the actors portraying German characters were German themselves. Music and dance A complete minstrel show, c.1899 "Minstrelsy evolved from several different American entertainment traditions; the traveling circus, medicine shows, shivaree, Irish dance and music with African syncopated rhythms, musical halls and traveling theatre." Music and dance were the heart of the minstrel show and a large reason for its popularity. Around the time of the 1830s, there was a lot of national conflict as to how people viewed African Americans. Because of that interest in the Negro people, these songs granted the listener new knowledge about African Americans, who were different from themselves, even if the information was prejudiced. Troupes took advantage of this interest and marketed sheet music of the songs they featured so that viewers could enjoy them at home and other minstrels could adopt them for their act. How much influence black music had on minstrel performance remains a debated topic. Minstrel music certainly contained some element of black culture, added onto a base of European tradition with distinct Irish and Scottish folk music influences. According to the historian of music Larry Birnbaum, minstrel music primarily originated from English, Scottish, and Irish folk music. Musicologist Dale Cockrell argues that early minstrel music mixed both African and European traditions and that distinguishing black and white urban music during the 1830s is impossible. Insofar as the minstrels had authentic contact with black culture, it was via neighborhoods, taverns, theaters and waterfronts where blacks and whites could mingle freely. The inauthenticity of the music and the Irish and Scottish elements in it are explained by the fact that slaves were rarely allowed to play native African music and therefore had to adopt and adapt elements of European folk music. Compounding the problem is the difficulty in ascertaining how much minstrel music was written by black composers, as the custom at the time was to sell all rights to a song to publishers or other performers. Nevertheless, many troupes claimed to have carried out more serious "fieldwork". Just as the American people came from all over the world, some of the first forms of truly American music and drama were composed of elements from many different places. Early blackface songs often consisted of unrelated verses strung together by a common chorus. In this pre-Emmett minstrelsy, the music "jangled the nerves of those who believed in music that was proper, respectable, polished, and harmonic, with recognizable melodies." It was thus a juxtaposition of "vigorous earth-slapping footwork of black dances … with the Irish lineaments of blackface jigs and reels." Similar to the look of a blackface performer, the lyrics in the songs that were sung have a tone of mockery and a spirit of laughing at black Americans rather than with them. The minstrel show texts sometimes mixed black lore, such as stories about talking animals or slave tricksters, with humor from the region southwest of the Appalachians, itself a mixture of traditions from different races and cultures. Minstrel instruments were also a mélange: African banjo and tambourine with European fiddle and bones In short, early minstrel music and dance was not true black culture; it was a white reaction to it. This was the first large-scale appropriation and commercial exploitation of black culture by American whites. In the late 1830s, a decidedly European structure and high-brow style became popular in minstrel music. The banjo, played with "scientific touches of perfection" and popularized by Joel Sweeney, became the heart of the minstrel band. Songs like the Virginia Minstrels' hit "Old Dan Tucker" have a catchy tune and energetic rhythm, melody and harmony; minstrel music was now for singing as well as dancing. The Spirit of the Times even described the music as vulgar because it was "entirely too elegant" and that the "excellence" of the singing " an objection to it." Others complained that the minstrels had foregone their black roots. In short, the Virginia Minstrels and their imitators wanted to please a new audience of predominantly white, middle-class Northerners, by playing music the spectators would find familiar and pleasant. Despite the elements of ridicule contained in blackface performance, mid-nineteenth century white audiences, by and large, believed the songs and dances to be authentically black. For their part, the minstrels always billed themselves and their music as such. The songs were called "plantation melodies" or "Ethiopian choruses", among other names. By using the black caricatures and so-called black music, the minstrels added a touch of the unknown to the evening's entertainment, which was enough to fool audiences into accepting the whole performance as authentic. Detail from an 1859 playbill of Bryant's Minstrels depicting the final part of the walk around The minstrels' dance styles, on the other hand, were much truer to their alleged source. The success of "Jump Jim Crow" is indicative: It was an old English tune with fairly standard lyrics, which leaves only Rice's dance—wild upper-body movements with little movement below the waist—to explain its popularity. Dances like the Turkey Trot, the Buzzard Lope, and the Juba dance all had their origins in the plantations of the South, and some were popularized by black performers such as William Henry Lane, Signor Cornmeali ("Old Corn Meal"), and John "Picayune" Butler. One performance by Lane in 1842 was described as consisting of "sliding steps, like a shuffle, and not the high steps of an Irish jig." Lane and the white men who mimicked him moved about the stage with no obvious foot movement. The walk around, a common feature of the minstrel show's first act, was ultimately of West African origin and featured a competition between individuals hemmed in by the other minstrels. Elements of white tradition remained, of course, such as the fast-paced breakdown that formed part of the repertoire beginning with Rice. Minstrel dance was generally not held to the same mockery as other parts, although contemporaries such as Fanny Kemble argued that minstrel dances were merely a "faint, feeble, impotent—in a word, pale Northern reproductions of that ineffable black conception." The introduction of the jubilee, or spiritual, marked the minstrels' first undeniable adoption of black music. These songs remained relatively authentic in nature, antiphonal with a repetitive structure that relied heavily on call and response. The black troupes sang the most authentic jubilees, while white companies inserted humorous verses and replaced religious themes with plantation imagery, often starring the old darky. Jubilee eventually became synonymous with plantation. Legacy The minstrel show played a powerful role in shaping assumptions about black people. However, unlike vehemently anti-black propaganda from the time, minstrelsy made this attitude palatable to a wide audience by couching it in the guise of well-intentioned paternalism. 1930 NBC promotional pamphlet using minstrel show references. Collection of E.O. Costello Popular entertainment perpetuated the racist stereotype of the uneducated, ever-cheerful, and highly musical black person well into the 1950s. Even as the minstrel show was dying out in all but amateur theater, blackface performers became common acts on vaudeville stages and in legitimate drama. These entertainers kept the familiar songs, dances, and pseudo-black dialect, often in nostalgic looks back at the old minstrel show. The most famous of these performers is probably Al Jolson, who took blackface to the big screen in the 1920s in films such as The Jazz Singer (1927). His 1930 film Mammy uses the setting of a traveling minstrel show, giving an on-screen presentation of a performance. Likewise, when the sound era of cartoons began in the late 1920s, early animators such as Walt Disney gave characters such as Mickey Mouse (who already resembled blackface performers) a minstrel-show personality; the early Mickey is constantly singing and dancing and smiling. The face of Raggedy Ann is a color-reversed minstrel mask, and Raggedy Ann's creator, Johnny Gruelle, designed the doll in part with the antics of blackface star Fred Stone in mind. As late as 1942, as demonstrated in the Warner Bros. cartoon Fresh Hare, minstrel shows could be used as a gag (in this case, Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny leading a chorus of "Camptown Races") with the expectation, presumably, that audiences would get the reference. Radio shows got into the act, a fact perhaps best exemplified by the popular radio shows Two Black Crows, Sam 'n' Henry, and Amos 'n' Andy, A transcription survives from 1931 of The Blue Coal Minstrels, which uses many of the standard forms of the minstrel show, including Tambo, Bones and the interlocutor. The National Broadcasting Company, in a 1930 pamphlet, used the minstrel show as a point of reference in selling its services. As recently as the mid-1970s the BBC broadcast The Black and White Minstrel Show starring the George Mitchell Minstrels. The racist archetypes that blackface minstrelsy helped to create persist to this day; some argue that this is even true in hip hop culture and movies. The 2000 Spike Lee movie Bamboozled alleges that modern black entertainment exploits African-American culture much as the minstrel shows did a century ago, for example. Meanwhile, African-American actors were limited to the same old minstrel-defined roles for years to come and by playing them, made them more believable to white audiences. On the other hand, these parts opened the entertainment industry to African-American performers and gave them their first opportunity to alter those stereotypes. Many famous singers and actors gained their start in black minstrelsy, including W. C. Handy, Ida Cox, Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and Butterbeans and Susie. The Rabbit's Foot Company was a variety troupe, founded in 1900 by an African American, Pat Chappelle, which drew on and developed the minstrel tradition while updating it and helping to develop and spread black musical styles. Besides Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, later musicians working for "the Foots" included Louis Jordan, Brownie McGhee and Rufus Thomas, and the company was still touring as late as 1950. Its success was rivalled by other touring variety troupes, such as Silas Green from New Orleans. The very structure of American entertainment bears minstrelsy's imprint. The endless barrage of gags and puns appears in the work of the Marx Brothers and David and Jerry Zucker. The varied structure of songs, gags, "hokum" and dramatic pieces continued into vaudeville, variety shows, and to modern sketch comedy shows such as Hee Haw or, more distantly, Saturday Night Live and In Living Color. Jokes once delivered by endmen are still told today: "Why did the chicken cross the road?" "Why does a fireman wear red suspenders?" Other jokes form part of the repertoire of modern comedians: "Who was that lady I saw you with last night? That was no lady—that was my wife!" The stump speech is an important precursor to modern comedy. Another important legacy of minstrelsy is its music. The hokum blues genre carried over the dandy, the wench, the simple-minded slave characters (sometimes rendered as the rustic white "rube") and even the interlocutor into early blues and country music incarnations through the medium of "race music" and "hillbilly" recordings. Many minstrel tunes are now popular folk songs. Most have been expunged of the exaggerated black dialect and the overt references to blacks. "Dixie", for example, was adopted by the Confederacy as its unofficial national anthem and is still popular, and "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was sanitized and made the state song of Virginia until 1997. "My Old Kentucky Home" remains the state song of Kentucky. The instruments of the minstrel show were largely kept on, especially in the South. Minstrel performers from the last days of the shows, such as Uncle Dave Macon, helped popularize the banjo and fiddle in modern country music. And by introducing America to black dance and musical style, minstrels opened the nation to black cultural forms for the first time on a large scale. Motion pictures with minstrel show routines A small number of films available today contain authentic recreations of Minstrel show numbers and routines. Due to their content they are rarely (if ever) broadcast on television today, but are available on home video. Uncle Tom's Cabin (1903), an early "full-length" movie (between 10 and 14 minutes), was directed by Edwin S. Porter and used white actors in blackface in the major roles. Similar to the earlier "Tom Shows" it featured black stereotypes such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction. A Plantation Act (1926), a Vitaphone sound-on-disc short film starring Al Jolson. Long thought to have been lost, a copy of the film and sound disc were located and the restored version has been issued as a bonus feature on the DVD release of The Jazz Singer. The Jazz Singer (1927), the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences. Based on a play by Samson Raphaelson, the story tells of Jakie Rabinowitz (Al Jolson), the son of a devout Jewish family, who runs away from home to become a jazz singer. Why Bring That Up? (1929), a feature film starring Minstrel show comics Charles Mack and George Moran, also known as Two Black Crows. Mammy (1930), another Al Jolson film, this relives Jolson's early years as a minstrel man. With songs by Irving Berlin, who is also credited with the original story titled Mr. Bones. King for a Day (1934), is a 21-minute short in which Bill Green, played by Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, after being denied a chance to audition wins a black minstrel show in a crap game. The endmen in the show in the film emulate traditional white blackface by a line of white greasepaint around their mouths. Show Boat (1936), film starring Irene Dunne, Allan Jones, Hattie McDaniel, Paul Robeson. One of the shows on board is a blackface minstrel act. Swing Time (1936), a musical starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers features a dance number entitled "Bojangles of Harlem" performed by Astaire in blackface. Honolulu (1939), in which Eleanor Powell performs a blackface dance homage to Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. Swanee River (1940), another fictionalized biographical film on Stephen Foster. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Musical Scoring and was the last on-screen appearance of Al Jolson. Babes on Broadway (1941), a musical starring Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland. The next-to-last musical number is a medley of songs performed in blackface. Fresh Hare (1942), an animated short featuring Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. The final scene, edited out of recent television broadcasts, shows Bunny and Fudd in blackface, along with five tall men in the same condition, singing "Camptown Races". Holiday Inn (1942), contains a musical number entitled "Abraham" with Bing Crosby performing in blackface in the style of a minstrel show. Beginning in the 1980s, this number has been cut from many TV broadcasts. Dixie (1943), a film based on the life of songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett. It includes Bing Crosby singing the film's title song in blackface. The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944), blackface musicians perform a jolly number on the river vessel, in the scene where Captain Clemens rescues Charles Langdon from a thief. Here Come the Waves (1944), contains a show-within-a-show. It includes a minstrel routine performed by Bing Crosby and Sonny Tufts; their two characters then sing a musical number entitled "Ac-Cen-Tchu-Ate the Positive". Minstrel Man (1944), a fictional film about the rise, fall, and revival of a minstrel performer's career. It was nominated for two Academy Awards (Best Original Song and Best Original Score). My Wild Irish Rose (1947), starring Dennis Morgan, Andrea King, and Arlene Dahl, is set in 1890s New York and features several scenes depicting blackface musical numbers. Hollywood Varieties (1950), a collection of stage acts with Glen Vernon and Edward Ryan in a blackface skit. Yes Sir, Mr. Bones (1951), is based around a young child who finds a rest home for retired minstrel performers. In "flashback" sequences, a number of actual minstrel veterans, including Scatman Crothers, Freeman Davis (aka "Brother Bones"), Ned Haverly, Phil Arnold, "endmen" Cotton Watts and Slim Williams, the dancing team of Boyce and Evans, and the comic duo Ches Davis and Emmett Miller, perform in the roles they popularized in Minstrel shows. I Dream of Jeanie (1952) aka I Dream of Jeanie (with the Light Brown Hair), a completely fictional film biography of Stephen Foster. Veteran performer Glen Turnbull makes a guest appearance as a blackface Minstrel performer in Christy's Minstrels. Torch Song (1953), starring Joan Crawford, Michael Wilding, and Marjorie Rambeau, contains a musical number, done in blackface, entitled "Two-faced Woman." White Christmas (1954), features a full-scale minstrel show number, but without blackface. The lyrics to the songs do not insinuate that minstrel shows involved blackface, but invoked much of the same linguistic mechanisms as minstrel shows, such as double entendre. The lyrics to the song also include the line "I'd pawn my overcoat and vest / To see a minstrel show". Bamboozled (2000), a satirical film using minstrelsy to lampoon American popular culture written and directed by Spike Lee. Masked and Anonymous (2003), set in a dystopian future. Ed Harris plays a blackfaced character in one scene. See also The Black and White Minstrel Show, a British television and theatre show of the American traditional genre in the 1960s and 1970s Eldred Kurtz Means List of blackface minstrel songs List of blackface minstrel troupes List of entertainers who performed in blackface Stage Irish, the stereotyped portrayal of Irish people once common in plays during the 17th, 18th, and 20th centuries Citations ^ "Minstrel show | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. ^ The Coon Character Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University. Retrieved 29 January 2016. ^ John Kenrick, A History of the Musical: Minstrel Shows Archived 2012-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, musicals101.com. 1996, revised 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture by William J. Mahar, University of Illinois Press (1998) p. 9 ISBN 0-252-06696-0. ^ Meehan, Sarah (February 8, 2019). "Blackface photos found in old University of Maryland yearbooks". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 3, 2020. ^ Nowatzki, Robert (2010). Representing African Americans in Transatlantic Abolitionism and Blackface Minstrelsy. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8071-3745-1. ^ Lott 1993, pp. 17–18 ^ Watkins 1999, p. 82 ^ Sweet, Frank W. A History of the Minstrel Show, p27. ^ A History of the Minstrel Show (2000) By Frank W. Sweet, Backintyme, p. 28 Retrieved 18 March 2010. ^ Ken Padgett (August 20, 2014). "Blackface! Minstrel Shows". p. 1. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014. ^ Henry T. Sampson (2014). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press. p. 1088. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2. ^ Henry T. Sampson (2014). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press. p. 1090. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2. ^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 82 ^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 27 et. seq. ^ Rourke, Constance (1931). American Humor: A Study of the National Character. Quoted in Watkins 1994, p. 83. ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 66. ^ Toll 1978 ^ Toll 1974, p. 30 ^ a b Lott 1993, p. 65 et. seq., 75. ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 148; Toll 1974, pp. 10–11. ^ Cockrell 1997, pp. 31–32. ^ Lott 1993, p. 75. ^ Thoms F. De Voe, The Market Book (1862), New York:Burt Franklin 1969, p. 344, quoted in Lott 1993, pp. 41–42. ^ New Orleans Picayune. Quoted in Lott 1993, pp. 41–43 ^ African Grove Theater Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, MAAP (Mapping the African American Past; Columbia CNMTL, JPMorganChase, Teachers College, Curriculum Concepts International) ^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 76 et. seq. ^ Lott 1993, pp. 137–138 ^ Lott 1993, p. 155 ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 187, note 111. ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 146 ^ Lott 1993, pp. 143–148 ^ Strausbaugh 2006, pp. 102–103 Emmett and the Virginia Minstrel's claim as originators is not undisputed. E. P. Christy did more or less the same, apparently independently, earlier the same year in Buffalo, New York, but Emmett, performing in Manhattan, promptly gained attention that Christy had not. ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 152. ^ New York Herald, February 6, 1843. Quoted in Cockrell 1997, p. 151. ^ Toll 1974, p. 37. ^ Toll 1974, p. 219. ^ Toll 1974, p. 73. ^ Toll 1974, p. 66. ^ Cockrell 1997, pp. 147–154. ^ a b Toll 1974, p. 81. ^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 93. ^ Toll 1974, p. 85. ^ Lott 1993, pp. 211–233. ^ Toll 1974, p. 88-96. ^ Lott 1993, pp. 150–152. ^ Lott 1993, p. 90. ^ Lott 1993, p. 38. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 104–105. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 162–163. ^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 91. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 109–112. ^ Toll 1974, p. 117. ^ Toll 1974, p. 135-155. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 98. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 146–151. ^ Toll 1974, p. 135-155. ^ Toll 1974, p. 138-142. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 152–154. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 181–183. ^ Toll 1974, p. 126. ^ Davidson, Frank Costellow (1952). The Rise, Development, Decline and Influence of the American Minstrel Show (PhD thesis). ^ Watkins 1994, p. 103. ^ "The Survival of Blackface Minstrel Shows in the Adirondack Foothills". www.nyfolklore.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2010. ^ "Kake Walk at UVM". Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 197–198. ^ Playbill, "Seven Slaves Just From Alabama", Springfield, Massachusetts, May 7, . Quoted in Toll 1974, pp. 198–199. ^ Toll 1974, p. 201. ^ The Clipper, September 6, 1879. Quoted in Toll 1974, p. 205. ^ Toll 1974, p. 200. ^ Toll 1974, p. 203; Watkins 1994, p. 119. ^ Watkins 1994, pp. 109–110. ^ Watkins 1994, pp. 114–117. ^ Toll 1974, p. 220. ^ Toll 1974, p. 223. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 109. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 236–237. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 239–240. ^ Toll 1974, p. 245. ^ Toll 1974, p. 227. ^ Alexander 2012, p. 168 ^ Toll 1974, p. 258. ^ a b Watkins 1994, pp. 124–129. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 258–259. ^ Toll 1974, p. 226. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 125. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 112. ^ Alexander 2012, p. 169 ^ "Rabbit's Foot Comedy Company; T. G. Williams; William Mosely; Ross Jackson; Sam Catlett; Mr. Chappelle." News/Opinion, The Freeman, page 6. October 7, 1905. Indianapolis, Indiana ^ Toll 1974, pp. 37–38. ^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 104. ^ a b Strausbaugh 2006, p. 105. ^ "Mr. Tambo | theatre". ^ Lott 1993, p. 153. ^ a b Toll 1974, p. 53. ^ Strausbaugh 2006, pp. 104–105. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 53–54. ^ Toll 1974, p. 161. ^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 92. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 94. ^ Toll 1974, p. 57. ^ "Jim Crow", sheet music. Quoted in Nathan 1962, p. 55. ^ "Blackface!". Archived from the original on February 4, 2002. Retrieved December 10, 2014. ^ Virginia Serenaders (1844). "Lubly Fan Will You Come Out?", sheet music. Quoted in Toll 1974, p. 67. ^ Toll 1974, p. 67. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 69–70. ^ Toll 1974, p. 63, note 63. ^ Paskman & Spaeth 1928. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 78–79. ^ Toll 1974, p. 79. ^ Toll 1974, p. 144. ^ Toll 1974, p. 140. ^ Lott 1993, p. 166. ^ Grosvenor, Edwin S.; Toll, Robert C. (2019). "Blackface: the Sad History of Minstrel Shows". American Heritage. Retrieved February 21, 2024. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 118–119. ^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2. ^ Toll 1974, p. 172. ^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 131. ^ Toll 1974, p. 174. ^ Padgett, Ken (August 20, 2014). "Blackface! Minstrel Shows". Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014. ^ Larry Birnbaum (2013). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8108-8638-4. OCLC 1058131066. ^ Cockrell 1997, pp. 86–7. ^ Sullivan 2001, pp. 25–26. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 116. ^ Lott 1993, pp. 41, 94. ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 80. ^ Lott 1993, p. 94. ^ While much of the literature relating to the bones has assumed it to be an African instrument because of ethnocentric ideas about their "primitiveness", historical and musicological evidence supports a European origin for the bones in North America. See Beth Lenz' thesis, The Bones in the United States: History and Performance Practice. M. A. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1989, and articles in The Rhythm Bones Player, the official publication of the Rhythm Bones Society. ^ Lott 1993, pp. 101–103. ^ March 18, 1841. Playbill, Bowery Theatre. Quoted in Cockrell 1997, p. 148. ^ Cockrell 1997, p. 156. ^ October 9, 1847, writing about the Ethiopian Serenaders. Quoted in Lott 1993, p. 153. ^ Toll 1974, pp. 50–51. ^ Lott 1993, p. 39 ^ Toll 1974, p. 43. ^ Blesh, Rudi, and Janis, Harriet. Unpublished notes. Quoted in Stearns, Marshall and Jean (1968). Jazz Dance, 50–55. Quoted later in Toll 1974, p. 44 ^ Kemble, Fanny. Quoted in Lott 1993, pp. 115–116 ^ Toll 1974, p. 244 ^ Toll 1974, p. 119. ^ Sacks & Sacks 1993, p. 158. ^ Bernstein 2011, pp. 146–93 ^ Stark 2000, p. 72. ^ "Gentlemen, Be Seated!" New York: National Broadcasting Company, Inc. 1930. The pamphlet specifically describes the marketing for the Dutch Masters Minstrel Show, a show broadcast Saturday nights at 9.30 ET on the Blue Network, with the frontispiece showing the two endmen in blackface. One passage reads: "Reminiscent of those mellowed days of Primrose and West, Honey Boy Eveans and Lew Docstader, this specific greeting is both a cordial invitation and a subtle suggestion. For the appeal of these delightful entertainers is directly primarily, though not exclusively, to men whose memories still cherish the illusive fancies of bygone days"whose recollections can conjure the faded odors of glue and greasepaint, wafted across the limelight of some small town Opera House, back in the Gay 90s." ^ Jackson 2006, p. 47. ^ Toll 1974, p. 196. ^ Smith 2006. ^ Oliver 1972 ^ Malone & Stricklin 2003, p. 26. ^ Lott 1993, p. 5 for Hee Haw, in particular. ^ "…the sort of comedy featured on Hee Haw and the Grand Ole Opry is simply a minstrel survival with a new coat of paint." Wald 2004, p. 51. ^ Bernstein 2011, p. 7 ^ Marc 1997, p. 28. ^ www.50states.com Virginia State Song, 50states.com. Accessed online 2006-09-03, 2009-07-20. ^ Watkins 1994, p. 106. ^ The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's Slavery Days (1903) Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007. ^ "'Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive': song History, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video". greatamericansongbook.net. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Cited and general references Alexander, Michelle (2012). The New Jim Crow. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-819-7. Bernstein, Robin (2011). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8709-0. Bauch, Marc A. (2012), "Gentlemen, Be Seated!" - The Rise and the Fall of the Minstrel Show, Munich, Germany: Grin Verlag, ISBN 978-3-656-08636-9 Cantwell, Robert (1984), Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80495-3. Reprinted 2003. Cockrell, Dale (1997), Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World, Cambridge University Press / Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama, ISBN 978-0-521-56828-9 Jackson, Ronald L. II (2006), Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80495-3. Reprinted 2003. Lenz, Beth (1989), The Bones in the United States: History and Performance Practice. M. A. Thesis, University of Michigan. Lott, Eric (1993), Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509641-5 Malone, Bill C.; Stricklin, David (2003), Southern Music/American Music (Revised ed.), Lexington: University Press of Kentucky Marc, David (1997). Comic Visions: Television Comedy & American Culture (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Nathan, Hans (1962), Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press "Official Song of the State of Virginia". 50states.com. Retrieved August 21, 2021. Oliver, Paul (1972), The Story of the Blues, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-003509-4 Paskman, Dailey; Spaeth, Sigmund (1928), A Working Model, Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, archived from the original on September 10, 2006, retrieved August 21, 2021 Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993), Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press Smith, Peter Dunbaugh (2006), Ashley Street Blues: Racial Uplift and the Commodification of Vernacular Performance in Lavilla, Florida, 1896–1916 (PDF), Florida State University, archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009, retrieved May 3, 2009 Sotiropoulos, Karen (2006), Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press Stark, Seymour (2000), Men in Blackface: True Stories of the Minstrel Show, Xlibris Strausbaugh, John (2006), Black Like You, Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-498-6 Sullivan, Megan (2001), "African-American music as rebellion: From slavesong to hip-hop", Discoveries, 3: 21–39 Sweet, Frank W. (2000), A History of the Minstrel Show, Backintyme, ISBN 0-939479-21-4 Toll, Robert C. (1974), Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, New York: Oxford University Press Toll, Robert C. (April–May 1978), "Behind the Blackface: Minstrel Men and Minstrel Myths", American Heritage, 29 (3), archived from the original on January 9, 2009 Watkins, Mel (1994), On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor, New York: Simon & Schuster Watkins, Mel (1999), On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock, Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN 978-1-55652-351-9 Wald, Elijah (2004), Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, New York: Amistad, ISBN 978-0-06-052423-4 Zapata-Rodríguez, Melisa M. (2016). "Minstresy: Iconography of Resistance During the American Civil War". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography. 41 (1–2): 111–127. ISSN 1522-7464. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minstrelsy. "Minstrel Potpourri" performed by the Edison Minstrels (possibly The Haydn Quartet) "Waiting for the Robert E. Lee" performed by the Heidelberg Quintet (from the Internet Archive) Ruckus! American Entertainments at the Turn of the Twentieth Century From the collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University The Frank Dumont Minstrelsy Scrapbook 1850–1902, compiled by minstrel performer and manager Frank Dumont, containing more than 50 years of documentation about minstrelsy and its origins is available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The JUBA Project: Early Blackface Minstrelsy in Britain, 1842–1852 Guide to American Minstrel Show Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard University American Minstrel Show Collection, Princeton University Historical Notes for Collection 1: African-American and Jamaican Melodies, includes biographical sketches of many black minstrel composers and access to their music. "Popular culture once embraced racist blackface minstrel shows"—Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) vteBanjoTechnique Roll Clawhammer Drone G run Keith style Scruggs style Family instruments Banjo Banjo guitar Banjo ukulele Mandolin-banjo Bass banjo Banjeaurine Genres African-American Bluegrass Country Folk Jazz Minstrel Old-time Traditional Irish People Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members Earl Scruggs Pete Seeger Rhiannon Giddens Emily Strayer Manufacturers Gibson Gretsch Ibanez Slingerland International variants Cümbüş Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Minstrel Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Minstrel_Show"},{"link_name":"Minstrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Minstrels,_1843.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"blackface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackface"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenrick-3"},{"link_name":"entr'actes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entr%27acte"},{"link_name":"Northeastern states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Black and White Minstrel Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_and_White_Minstrel_Show"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stump speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_speech_(minstrelsy)"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"mammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammy_archetype"},{"link_name":"darky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#D"},{"link_name":"mulatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spirituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_(music)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lott-17-18-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_82-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"19th- and 20th-century American form of musical theaterFor the album by Little Brother, see The Minstrel Show. For the medieval European entertainer, see Minstrel.Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843The minstrel show, also called minstrelsy, was an American form of theater developed in the early 19th century.[1] The shows were performed by mostly white actors wearing blackface makeup for the purpose of comically portraying racial stereotypes of African Americans. There were also some African-American performers and black-only minstrel groups that formed and toured. Minstrel shows stereotyped blacks as dimwitted, lazy, buffoonish, cowardly, superstitious, and happy-go-lucky.[2][3] Each show consisted of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performances that depicted people specifically of African descent.Blackface minstrelsy was the first uniquely American form of theater, and for many minstrel shows emerged as brief burlesques and comic entr'actes in the early 1830s in the Northeastern states. They were developed into full-fledged art form in the next decade. By 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national artform, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience.[4]By the turn of the 20th century the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by the Vaudeville style of theatre. The form survived as professional entertainment until about 1910; amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools and local theaters.[5]The genre has had a lasting legacy and influence and was featured in the British television series The Black and White Minstrel Show as recently as the mid-1970s. Generally, as the civil rights movement progressed and gained acceptance, minstrelsy lost popularity.[citation needed]The typical minstrel performance followed a three-act structure. The troupe first danced onto stage then exchanged wisecracks and sang songs. The second part featured a variety of entertainments, including the pun-filled stump speech. The final act consisted of a slapstick musical plantation skit or a send-up of a popular play.Minstrel songs and sketches featured several stock characters, most popularly the slave and the dandy. These were further divided into sub-archetypes such as the mammy, her counterpart the old darky, the provocative mulatto wench, and the black soldier. Minstrels claimed that their songs and dances were authentically black,[6] although the extent of the genuine black influence remains debated. Spirituals (known as jubilees) entered the repertoire in the 1870s, marking the first undeniably black music to be used in minstrelsy.During the 1830s and 1840s at the height of its popularity, it was at the epicenter of the American music industry. For several decades, it provided the means through which American whites viewed black people. On the one hand, it had strong racist aspects; on the other, it afforded white Americans more awareness, albeit distorted, of some aspects of black culture in America.[7][8]Although the minstrel shows were extremely popular, being \"consistently packed with families from all walks of life and every ethnic group\",[9] they were also controversial. Integrationists decried them as falsely showing happy slaves while at the same time making fun of them; segregationists thought such shows were \"disrespectful\" of social norms as they portrayed runaway slaves with sympathy and would undermine slavery.[10]","title":"Minstrel show"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sich_a_Getting_Up_Stairs,_T._D._Rice.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas D. Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_D._Rice"},{"link_name":"Frederick Douglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Douglass"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wild West shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West_shows"},{"link_name":"medicine shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_show"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_1994_82-14"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello_(character)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hallam"},{"link_name":"The Padlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Padlock"},{"link_name":"entr'actes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entr%27acte"},{"link_name":"Sambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambo_(ethnic_slur)"},{"link_name":"Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Charles Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mathews"},{"link_name":"George Washington Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Edwin Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Forrest"},{"link_name":"Constance Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Rourke"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dartmouth Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_D._Rice"},{"link_name":"Jump Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Jim_Crow"},{"link_name":"Boston Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Post"},{"link_name":"Victoria of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jump Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Jim_Crow"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Bowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery"},{"link_name":"Chatham Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Row_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lott-65-75-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lott-65-75-20"},{"link_name":"Park Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Theatre_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bowery Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"burlesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_burlesque"},{"link_name":"Hamlet the Dainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"Bad Breath, the Crane of Chowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(character)#Role_in_the_play"},{"link_name":"Julius Sneezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)"},{"link_name":"Dars-de-Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desdemona"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"shingle danced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_dancing"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Picayune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Picayune"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Old Corn Meal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Corn_Meal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"African Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Grove"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"wage slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_slavery"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Early development","text":"Thomas D. Rice from sheet music cover of \"Sich a Getting Up Stairs\", 1830sMinstrel shows were popular before slavery was abolished, sufficiently so that Frederick Douglass described blackface performers as \"...the filthy scum of white society, who have stolen from us a complexion denied them by nature, in which to make money, and pander to the corrupt taste of their white fellow citizens.\"[11] Circus sideshows included Negro performers, minstrels were exhibited in museums, Wild West shows, and in musical ensembles. Black people were also part of traveling medicine shows, which were on the cheaper side of outdoor shows for the paying masses. Such traveling medicine shows also employed a Negro band and minstrels, including both men and women.[12] Museums were set up to appeal to the low income audience, housing freak shows, wax sculptures, as well as exhibits of exoticism, mingled with magic, and necessarily live performance. African Americans were most often displayed as savages, cannibals, or natural freaks.[13]Although white theatrical portrayals of black characters date back to as early as 1604,[14] the character of Othello being traditionally played by an actor in black makeup, the minstrel show as such has later origins. By the late 18th century, blackface characters began appearing on the American stage, usually as \"servant\" types whose roles did little more than provide some element of comic relief. Lewis Hallam is frequently cited as the first actor to perform in blackface based on an impression he did of a drunken black man in a 1769 staging of The Padlock. Later research by Cockrell and others disputes this claim. Eventually, similar performers appeared in entr'actes in New York City theaters and other venues such as taverns and circuses. As a result, the blackface \"Sambo\" character came to supplant the \"tall-tale-telling Yankee\" and \"frontiersman\" character-types in popularity,[15] and white actors such as Charles Mathews, George Washington Dixon, and Edwin Forrest began to build reputations as blackface performers. Author Constance Rourke even claimed that Forrest's impression was so good he could fool blacks when he mingled with them in the streets.[16]Thomas Dartmouth Rice's successful song-and-dance number, \"Jump Jim Crow\", brought blackface performance to a new level of prominence in the early 1830s. At the height of Rice's success, The Boston Post wrote, \"The two most popular characters in the world at the present are [Queen] Victoria of the United Kingdom and Jump Jim Crow.\"[17] As early as the 1820s, blackface performers called themselves \"Ethiopian delineators\";[18] from then into the early 1840s, unlike the later heyday of minstrelsy, they performed either solo or in small teams.[19]Blackface soon found a home in the taverns of New York's less respectable precincts of Lower Broadway, the Bowery, and Chatham Street.[20] It also appeared on more respectable stages, most often as an entr'acte.[20] Upper class houses at first limited the number of such acts they would show, but beginning in 1841, blackface performers frequently took to the stage at even the classy Park Theatre, much to the dismay of some patrons. Theater was a participatory activity, and the lower classes came to dominate the playhouse. They threw things at actors or orchestras who performed unpopular material,[21] and rowdy audiences eventually prevented the Bowery Theatre from staging high drama at all.[22] Typical blackface acts of the period were short burlesques, often with mock Shakespearean titles like \"Hamlet the Dainty\", \"Bad Breath, the Crane of Chowder\", \"Julius Sneezer\" or \"Dars-de-Money\".[23]Meanwhile, at least some whites were interested in black song and dance by actual black performers. Nineteenth-century New York slaves shingle danced for spare change on their days off,[24] and musicians played what they claimed to be \"Negro music\" on so-called black instruments like the banjo.[citation needed] The New Orleans Picayune wrote that a singing New Orleans street vendor called Old Corn Meal would bring \"a fortune to any man who would start on a professional tour with him\".[25] Rice responded by adding a \"Corn Meal\" skit to his act. Meanwhile, there had been several attempts at legitimate black stage performance, the most ambitious probably being New York's African Grove theater, founded and operated by free blacks in 1821, with a repertoire drawing heavily on Shakespeare. A rival theater company paid people to \"riot\" and cause disturbances at the theater, and it was shut down by the police when neighbors complained of the commotion.[26]White, working-class Northerners could identify with the characters portrayed in early blackface performances.[27] This coincided with the rise of groups struggling for workingman's nativism and pro-Southern causes, and faux black performances came to confirm pre-existing racist concepts and to establish new ones. Following a pattern that had been pioneered by Rice, minstrelsy united workers and \"class superiors\" against a common black enemy, symbolized especially by the character of the black dandy.[28] In this same period, the class-conscious but racially inclusive rhetoric of \"wage slavery\" was largely supplanted by a racist one of \"white slavery\". This suggested that the abuses against northern factory workers were a graver ill than the treatment of black slaves—or by a less class-conscious rhetoric of \"productive\" versus \"unproductive\" elements of society.[29] On the other hand, views on slavery were fairly evenly presented in minstrelsy,[30] and some songs even suggested the creation of a coalition of working blacks and whites to end the institution.[31]Among the appeals and racial stereotypes of early blackface performance were the pleasure of the grotesque and its infantilization of blacks. These allowed—by proxy, and without full identification—childish fun and other low pleasures in an industrializing world where workers were increasingly expected to abandon such things.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Emmett"},{"link_name":"Virginia Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dan Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Emmett"},{"link_name":"Bowery Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"Virginia Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"stump speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_speech_(minstrelsy)"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Serenaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Serenaders"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Edwin Pearce Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Pearce_Christy"},{"link_name":"Christy's Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy%27s_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"Stephen Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Foster"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toll1-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_93-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"George Aiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Aiken_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Tom shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin#Plays_and_Tom_shows"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_91-51"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"When This Cruel War Is Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_This_Cruel_War_Is_Over"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Height","text":"Sheet music cover for \"Dandy Jim from Caroline\", featuring Dan Emmett (center) and the other Virginia Minstrels, c. 1844With the Panic of 1837, theater attendance suffered, and concerts were one of the few attractions that could still make money.[citation needed] In 1843, four blackface performers led by Dan Emmett combined to stage just such a concert at the New York Bowery Amphitheatre, calling themselves the Virginia Minstrels. The minstrel show as a complete evening's entertainment was born.[33] The show had little structure. The four sat in a semicircle, played songs, and traded wisecracks. One gave a stump speech in dialect, and they ended with a lively plantation song. The term minstrel had previously been reserved for traveling white singing groups, but Emmett and company made it synonymous with blackface performance, and by using it, signalled that they were reaching out to a new, middle-class audience.[34]The Herald wrote that the production was \"entirely exempt from the vulgarities and other objectionable features, which have hitherto characterized Negro extravaganzas.\"[35] In 1845, the Ethiopian Serenaders purged their show of low humor and surpassed the Virginia Minstrels in popularity.[36] Shortly thereafter, Edwin Pearce Christy founded Christy's Minstrels, combining the refined singing of the Ethiopian Serenaders (epitomized by the work of Christy's composer Stephen Foster) with the Virginia Minstrels' bawdy schtick. Christy's company established the three-act template into which minstrel shows would fall for the next few decades. This change to respectability prompted theater owners to enforce new rules to make playhouses calmer and quieter.[citation needed]Minstrels toured the same circuits as opera companies, circuses, and European itinerant entertainers, with venues ranging from lavish opera houses to makeshift tavern stages. Life on the road entailed an \"endless series of one-nighters, travel on accident-prone railroads, in poor housing subject to fires, in empty rooms that they had to convert into theaters, arrest on trumped up charges, exposed to deadly diseases, and managers and agents who skipped out with all the troupe's money.\"[37] The more popular groups stuck to the main circuit that ran through the Northeast; some even went to Europe, which allowed their competitors to establish themselves in their absence. By the late 1840s, a Southern tour had opened from Baltimore to New Orleans. Circuits through the Midwest and as far as California followed by the 1860s.[citation needed] As its popularity increased, theaters sprang up specifically for minstrel performance, often with names such as the Ethiopian Opera House and the like.[38] Many amateur troupes performed only a few local shows before disbanding. Meanwhile, celebrities like Emmett continued to perform solo.[citation needed]The rise of the minstrel show coincided with the growth of the abolitionist movement. Many Northerners were concerned for the oppressed blacks of the South, but most had no idea how these slaves lived day-to-day. Blackface performance had been inconsistent on this subject; some slaves were happy, others victims of a cruel and inhuman institution.[39] However, in the 1850s, minstrelsy became more pro-slavery as political and satirical content was toned down or removed entirely.[40] Most minstrels projected a greatly romanticized and exaggerated image of black life with cheerful, simple slaves always ready to sing and dance and to please their masters. (Less frequently, the masters cruelly split up black lovers or sexually assaulted black women.)[41] The lyrics and dialogue were generally racist, satiric, and largely white in origin. Songs about slaves yearning to return to their masters were plentiful.[42] Figures like the Northern dandy and the homesick ex-slave reinforced the idea that blacks did not belong, nor did they want to belong, in Northern society.[43]Adaptations of Uncle Tom's Cabin sprang up rapidly after its publication (all were unlicensed by Harriet Beecher Stowe, who refused to sell the theatrical rights for any sum). While all incorporated some elements of minstrelsy, their content varied significantly, from serious productions retaining the book's antislavery message like that of George Aiken's, to minstrel show parodies which generally excised characters such as the cruel master Simon Legree, retaining only the \"plantation frolics\", differing from earlier minstrel shows only in name, to outright condemnation of Stowe as uninterested in the suffering of the white working class. \"Tom shows\" continued into the 20th century, continuing to blend the comic aspects of minstrelsy with the more serious plot of the novel.[44][45]Minstrelsy's racism (and sexism) could be vicious. There were comic songs in which blacks were \"roasted, fished for, smoked like tobacco, peeled like potatoes, planted in the soil, or dried up and hung as advertisements\", and there were multiple songs in which a black man accidentally put out a black woman's eyes.[46] On the other hand, the fact that the minstrel show broached the subjects of slavery and race at all is perhaps more significant than the racist manner in which it did so.[47] Despite these pro-plantation attitudes, minstrelsy was banned in many Southern cities.[48] Its association with the North was such that as secessionist attitudes grew stronger, minstrels on Southern tours became convenient targets of anti-Yankee sentiment.[49]Non-race-related humor came from lampoons of other subjects, including aristocratic whites such as politicians, doctors, and lawyers. Women's rights was another serious subject that appeared with some regularity in antebellum minstrelsy, almost always to ridicule the notion. The women's rights lecture became common in stump speeches. When one character joked, \"Jim, I tink de ladies oughter vote\", another replied, \"No, Mr. Johnson, ladies am supposed to care berry little about polytick, and yet de majority ob em am strongly tached to parties.\"[50] Minstrel humor was simple and relied heavily on slapstick and wordplay. Performers told riddles: \"The difference between a schoolmaster and an engineer is that one trains the mind and the other minds the train.\"[51]With the advent of the American Civil War, minstrels remained mostly neutral and satirized both sides. However, as the war reached Northern soil, troupes turned their loyalties to the Union. Sad songs and sketches came to dominate in reflection of the mood of a bereaved nation. Troupes performed skits about dying soldiers and their weeping widows, and about mourning white mothers. \"When This Cruel War Is Over\" became the hit of the period, selling over a million copies of sheet music.[52] To balance the somber mood, minstrels put on patriotic numbers like \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", accompanied by depictions of scenes from American history that lionized figures like George Washington and Andrew Jackson. Social commentary grew increasingly important to the show. Performers criticized Northern society and those they felt responsible for the breakup of the country, who opposed reunification, or who profited from a nation at war. Emancipation was either opposed through \"happy plantation\" material, or mildly supported with pieces that depicted slavery in a negative light. Eventually, direct criticism of the South became more biting.[53]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haverly%27s_United_Mastodon_Minstrels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverly%27s_United_Mastodon_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._T._Barnum"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"J. H. Haverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Haverly"},{"link_name":"United Mastodon Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverly%27s_United_Mastodon_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Madame Rentz's Female Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Rentz%27s_Female_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"spirituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_(music)"},{"link_name":"George Primrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primrose_and_West"},{"link_name":"Billy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primrose_and_West"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"Poster for Haverly's United Mastodon MinstrelsMinstrelsy lost popularity during the Civil War. New entertainments such as variety shows, musical comedies and vaudeville appeared in the North, backed by master promoters like P. T. Barnum who wooed audiences away. Blackface troupes responded by traveling farther and farther afield, with their primary base now in the South and Midwest. By 1883 there were no resident minstrel troupes in New York, only performances by travelling troupes.[54]Those minstrels who stayed in New York and similar cities followed Barnum's lead by advertising relentlessly and emphasizing spectacle. Troupes ballooned; as many as 19 performers could be on stage at once, and J. H. Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels had over 100 members.[55][56] Scenery grew lavish and expensive, and specialty acts such as strongmen, acrobats, or circus freaks sometimes appeared. These changes made minstrelsy unprofitable for smaller troupes. Minstrel troupes, which previously had tended to be owned by performers, now tended to be owned by professional managers such as Haverly.[57]Other minstrel troupes tried to satisfy different, less socially acceptable tastes. Female acts had made a stir in variety shows, and Madame Rentz's Female Minstrels ran with the idea, first performing in 1870 in skimpy costumes and tights, the scantily clad women being the real attraction. Their success gave rise to at least 11 all-female troupes by 1871, one of which did away with blackface altogether. Ultimately, the girlie show emerged as a form in its own right. Mainstream minstrelsy continued to emphasize its propriety and \"fun without vulgarity\", but traditional troupes adopted some of these elements in the guise of the female impersonator. A well-played prima donna character, as popularised by the performer Francis Leon, was considered to be critical to success in the postwar period.[58]This new minstrelsy maintained an emphasis on refined music. Most troupes added jubilees, or spirituals, to their repertoire in the 1870s. These were fairly authentic religious slave songs borrowed from traveling black singing groups. Other troupes drifted further from minstrelsy's roots. When George Primrose and Billy West broke with Haverly's Mastodons in 1877, they did away with blackface for all but the endmen and dressed themselves in lavish finery and powdered wigs. They decorated the stage with elaborate backdrops and performed no slapstick whatsoever. Their brand of minstrelsy differed from other entertainments only in name. Other troupes followed to varying extents, and pre-war style minstrelsy found itself confined to explicitly nostalgic \"histories of minstrelsy\" features.[59]Social commentary continued to dominate most performances, with plantation material constituting only a small part of the repertoire. This effect was amplified as minstrelsy featuring black performers took off in its own right and stressed its connection to the old plantations. The main target of criticism was the moral decay of the urbanized North. Cities were painted as corrupt, as homes to unjust poverty, and as dens of \"city slickers\" who lay in wait to prey upon new arrivals. Minstrels stressed traditional family life; stories told of reunification between mothers and sons thought dead in the war. Women's rights, disrespectful children, low church attendance, and sexual promiscuity became symptoms of decline in family values and of moral decay. Of course, Northern black characters carried these vices even further.[60] African-American members of Congress were one example, pictured as pawns of the Radical Republicans.[61]By the 1890s, minstrelsy formed only a small part of American entertainment, and, by 1919, a mere three troupes dominated the scene. A key cause was rising salary costs, which for the leading companies had risen from $400 a week in the 1860s to $2500 a week in 1912, far too high to be profitable in most cases, especially with the rise of motion pictures, which could easily outcompete the touring minstrel shows on ticket prices.[62] Small companies and amateurs carried the traditional minstrel show into the 20th century, now with an audience mostly in the rural South, while black-owned troupes continued traveling to more outlying areas like the West. These black troupes were one of minstrelsy's last bastions, as more white actors moved into vaudeville.[63] (Community amateur blackface minstrel shows persisted in northern New York State into the 1960s.[64] The University of Vermont banned the minstrel-like Kake Walk as part of the winter Carnival in 1969.)[65]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Henry Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Juba"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dilward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dilward"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Canebrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canebrake"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callender%27s_Colored_Minstrels_plantation_scene.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooker_and_Clayton%27s_Georgia_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"Sam Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hague"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Charles Callender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Callender"},{"link_name":"Gustave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Frohman"},{"link_name":"Charles Frohman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frohman"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Billy Kersands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Kersands"},{"link_name":"James A. Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bland"},{"link_name":"Sam Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Wallace King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_King"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"high-stepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watkins1-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watkins1-83"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Pat H. Chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_H._Chappelle"},{"link_name":"The Rabbit's Foot Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rabbit%27s_Foot_Company"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Black minstrels","text":"In the 1840s and '50s, William Henry Lane and Thomas Dilward became the first African Americans to perform on the minstrel stage.[66] All-black troupes followed as early as 1855. These companies emphasized that their ethnicity made them the only true delineators of black song and dance, with one advertisement describing a troupe as \"SEVEN SLAVES just from Alabama, who are EARNING THEIR FREEDOM by giving concerts under the guidance of their Northern friends.\"[67] White curiosity proved a powerful motivator, and the shows were patronized by people who wanted to see blacks acting \"spontaneously\" and \"naturally.\"[68] Promoters seized on this, one billing his troupe as \"THE DARKY AS HE IS AT HOME, DARKY LIFE IN THE CORNFIELD, Canebrake, BARNYARD, AND ON THE LEVEE AND FLATBOAT.\"[69] Keeping with convention, black minstrels still corked the faces of at least the endmen. One commentator described a mostly uncorked black troupe as \"mulattoes of a medium shade except two, who were light. ... The end men were each rendered thoroughly black by burnt cork.\"[70] The minstrels themselves promoted their performing abilities, quoting reviews that favorably compared them to popular white troupes. These black companies often featured female minstrels.Plantation scenarios were common in black minstrelsy, as shown here in this post-1875 poster for Callender's Colored MinstrelsOne or two African-American troupes dominated the scene for much of the late 1860s and 1870s. The first of these was Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels, who played the Northeast around 1865. Sam Hague's Slave Troupe of Georgia Minstrels formed shortly thereafter and toured England to great success beginning in 1866.[71] In the 1870s, white entrepreneurs bought most of the successful black companies. Charles Callender obtained Sam Hague's troupe in 1872 and renamed it Callender's Georgia Minstrels. They became the most popular black troupe in America, and the words Callender and Georgia came to be synonymous with the institution of black minstrelsy. J. H. Haverly, in turn, purchased Callender's troupe in 1878 and applied his strategy of enlarging troupe size and embellishing sets. When this company went to Europe, Gustave and Charles Frohman took the opportunity to promote their Callender's Consolidated Colored Minstrels. Their success was such that the Frohmans bought Haverly's group and merged it with theirs, creating a virtual monopoly on the market. The company split in three to better canvas the nation and dominated black minstrelsy throughout the 1880s.[72] Individual black performers like Billy Kersands, James A. Bland, Sam Lucas, Martin Francis and Wallace King grew as famous as any featured white performer.[73]Racism made black minstrelsy a difficult profession. When playing Southern towns, performers had to stay in character off stage, dressed in ragged \"slave clothes\" and perpetually smiling. Troupes left town quickly after each performance, and some had so much trouble securing lodging that they hired whole trains or had custom sleeping cars built, complete with hidden compartments to hide in should things turn ugly.[74] Even these were no haven, as whites sometimes used the cars for target practice. Their salaries, though higher than those of most blacks of the period, failed to reach levels earned by white performers; even superstars like Kersands earned slightly less than featured white minstrels.[75] Most black troupes did not last long.[76]In content, early black minstrelsy differed little from its white counterpart. As the white troupes drifted from plantation subjects in the mid-1870s however, black troupes placed a new emphasis on it. The addition of jubilee singing gave black minstrelsy a popularity boost as the black troupes were rightly believed to be the most authentic performers of such material.[77] Other significant differences were that the black minstrels added religious themes to their shows while whites shied from them, and that the black companies commonly ended the first act of the show with a military high-stepping, brass band burlesque, a practice adopted after Callender's Minstrels used it in 1875 or 1876. Although black minstrelsy lent credence to racist ideals of blackness, many African-American minstrels worked to subtly alter these stereotypes and to poke fun at white society. One jubilee described heaven as a place \"where de white folks must let the darkeys be\" and they could not be \"bought and sold\".[78] In plantation material, aged black characters were rarely reunited with long-lost masters like they were in white minstrelsy.[79]African Americans formed a large part of the black minstrels' audience, especially for smaller troupes. In fact, their numbers were so great that many theater owners had to relax rules relegating black patrons to certain areas.[80] The reasons for the popularity of this openly racist form of entertainment with black audiences have long been debated by historians.[81] Perhaps they felt in on the joke, laughing at the over-the-top characters from a sense of \"in-group recognition\".[82] Maybe they even implicitly endorsed the racist antics, or they felt some connection to elements of an African culture that had been suppressed but was visible, albeit in racist, exaggerated form, in minstrel personages.[83] They certainly got many jokes that flew over whites' heads or registered as only quaint distractions.[84] An undeniable draw for black audiences was simply seeing fellow African Americans on stage;[83] black minstrels were largely viewed as celebrities.[85] Formally educated African Americans, on the other hand, either disregarded black minstrelsy or openly disdained it.[86] Still, black minstrelsy was the first large-scale opportunity for African Americans to enter American show business.[87] Black minstrels were therefore viewed as a success.[88] Pat H. Chappelle capitalized on this and created the first totally black-owned black vaudeville show, The Rabbit's Foot Company, which performed with an all-black cast that elevated the level of shows with sophisticated and fun comedy. It successfully toured mainly the Southwest and Southeast, as well as in New Jersey and New York City.[89]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christy Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy%27s_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strausbaugh-105-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toll_1974_53-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"walkaround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkaround"},{"link_name":"cakewalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakewalk"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strausbaugh-105-92"},{"link_name":"fool's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_jester"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_92-99"},{"link_name":"\"A Meeting of the Limkiln Club\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Meeting_of_the_Limkiln_Club.ogg"},{"link_name":"American Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Quartet_(ensemble)"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"afterpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterpiece"},{"link_name":"plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_93-42"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"text":"The Christy Minstrels established the basic structure of the minstrel show in the 1840s.[90] A crowd-gathering parade to the theater often preceded the performance.[91] The show itself was divided into three major sections. During the first, the entire troupe danced onto stage singing a popular song.[92] Upon the instruction of the interlocutor, a sort of host, they sat in a semicircle. Various stock characters always took the same positions: the genteel interlocutor in the middle, flanked by Mr Tambo and Mr Bones,[93] who served as the endmen or cornermen. The interlocutor acted as a master of ceremonies and as a dignified, if pompous, straight man. He had a somewhat aristocratic demeanor, a \"codfish aristocrat\",[94] while the endmen exchanged jokes and performed a variety of humorous songs.[95][96] Over time, the first act came to include maudlin numbers not always in dialect. One minstrel, usually a tenor, came to specialize in this part; such singers often became celebrities, especially with women.[97] Initially, an upbeat plantation song and dance ended the act;[citation needed] later it was more common for the first act to end with a walkaround, including dances in the style of a cakewalk.[92]The second portion of the show, called the olio, was historically the last to evolve, as its real purpose was to allow for the setting of the stage for act three behind the curtain. It had more of a variety show structure. Performers danced, played instruments, did acrobatics, and demonstrated other amusing talents. Troupes offered parodies of European-style entertainments, and European troupes themselves sometimes performed. The highlight was when one actor, typically one of the endmen, delivered a faux-black-dialect stump speech, a long oration about anything from nonsense to science, society, or politics, during which the dim-witted character tried to speak eloquently, only to deliver countless malapropisms, jokes, and unintentional puns. All the while, the speaker moved about like a clown, standing on his head and almost always falling off his stump at some point. With blackface makeup serving as fool's mask, these stump speakers could deliver biting social criticism without offending the audience,[98] although the focus was usually on sending up unpopular issues and making fun of blacks' inability to make sense of them.[99] Many troupes employed a stump specialist with a trademark style and material.\"A Meeting of the Limkiln Club\"\n\nA blackface stump speech by the American Quartet, 1902\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The afterpiece rounded out the production. In the early days of the minstrel show, this was often a skit set on a Southern plantation that usually included song-and-dance numbers and featured Sambo- and Mammy-type characters in slapstick situations. The emphasis lay on an idealized plantation life and the happy slaves who lived there. Nevertheless, antislavery viewpoints sometimes surfaced in the guise of family members separated by slavery, runaways, or even slave uprisings.[42] A few stories highlighted black trickster figures who managed to get the better of their masters.[100] Beginning in the mid-1850s, performers did burlesque renditions of other plays; both Shakespeare and contemporary playwrights were common targets. The humor of these came from the inept black characters trying to perform some element of high white culture. Slapstick humor pervaded the afterpiece, including cream pies to the face, inflated bladders, and on-stage fireworks.[101] Material from Uncle Tom's Cabin dominated beginning in 1853. The afterpiece allowed the minstrels to introduce new characters, some of whom became quite popular and spread from troupe to troupe.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minstrel_PosterBillyVanWare_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Litho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimcrow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gumbo Chaffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo_Chaff"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Zip Coon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Straw#Zip_Coon"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Jump Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Jim_Crow"},{"link_name":"low-comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_comedy"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"straight man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_act"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_91-51"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toll_1974_53-95"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toll1-41"},{"link_name":"George Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Christy"},{"link_name":"Francis Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Leon"},{"link_name":"Barney Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammy_archetype"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_and_Griffin_wench.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rollin Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_Howard"},{"link_name":"wench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wench"},{"link_name":"yaller gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_yellow"},{"link_name":"mulatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Miss Lucy Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Lucy_Long"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ImperialMinstrelsPostcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zip Coon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_Coon"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"American Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"California Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"John Chinaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chinaman"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crean-116"},{"link_name":"ching chang chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ching_chong"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"brogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogue_(accent)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"text":"This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co., shows the blackface transformation from white to \"black\".Jim Crow, the archetypal slave character as created by RiceThe earliest minstrel characters took as their base popular white stage archetypes—frontiersmen, fishermen, hunters, and riverboatsmen whose depictions drew heavily from the tall tale—and added exaggerated blackface speech and makeup. These Jim Crows and Gumbo Chaffs fought and boasted that they could \"wip [their] weight in wildcats\" or \"eat an alligator\".[102] As public opinion toward blacks changed, however, so did the minstrel stereotypes. Eventually, several stock characters emerged. Chief among these were the slave, who often maintained the earlier name Jim Crow, and the dandy, known frequently as Zip Coon, from the song Zip Coon. \"First performed by George Dixon in 1834, Zip Coon made a mockery of free blacks. An arrogant, ostentatious figure, he dressed in high style and spoke in a series of malaprops and puns that undermined his attempts to appear dignified.\"[103]\nThe white actors who portrayed these characters spoke an exaggerated form of Black Vernacular English. The blackface makeup and illustrations on programs and sheet music depicted them with huge eyeballs, very wide noses, and thick-lipped mouths that hung open or grinned foolishly; one character expressed his love for a woman with \"lips so large a lover could not kiss them all at once\".[104] They had huge feet and preferred \"possum\" and \"coon\" to more civilized fare. Minstrel characters were often described in animalistic terms, with \"wool\" instead of hair, \"bleating\" like sheep, and having \"darky cubs\" instead of children. Other claims were that blacks had to drink ink when they got sick \"to restore their color\" and that they had to file their hair rather than cut it. They were inherently musical, dancing and frolicking through the night with no need for sleep.[105]Thomas \"Daddy\" Rice introduced the earliest slave archetype with his song \"Jump Jim Crow\" and its accompanying dance. He claimed to have learned the number by watching an old, limping black stable hand dancing and singing, \"Wheel about and turn about and do jus' so/Eb'ry time I wheel about I jump Jim Crow.\" Other early minstrel performers quickly adopted Rice's character.Slave characters in general came to be low-comedy types with names that matched the instruments they played: Brudder Tambo (or simply Tambo) for the tambourine and Brudder Bones (or Bones) for the bone castanets or bones. These endmen (for their position in the minstrel semicircle) were ignorant and poorly spoken, being conned, electrocuted, or run over in various sketches. They happily shared their stupidity; one slave character said that to get to China, one had only to go up in a balloon and wait for the world to rotate below.[106] Highly musical and unable to sit still, they constantly contorted their bodies wildly while singing.Tambo and Bones's simple-mindedness and lack of sophistication were highlighted by pairing them with a straight man master of ceremonies called the interlocutor. This character, although usually in blackface,[107] spoke in aristocratic English and used a much larger vocabulary. The humor of these exchanges came from the misunderstandings on the part of the endmen when talking to the interlocutor:Interlocutor: I'm astonished at you, Why, the idea of a man of your mental caliber talking about such sordid matters, right after listening to such a beautiful song! Have you no sentiment left?Tambo: No, I haven't got a cent left.[108]Tambo and Bones were favorites of the audience, and their repartee with the interlocutor was for many the best part of the show. There was an element of laughing with them for the audience, as they frequently made light of the interlocutor's grandiose ways.[51]The interlocutor was responsible for beginning and ending each segment of the show. To this end, he had to be able to gauge the mood of the audience and know when it was time to move on. Accordingly, the actor who played the role was paid very well in comparison to other non-featured performers.[95]There were many variants on the slave archetype. The old darky or old uncle formed the head of the idyllic black family. Like other slave characters, he was highly musical and none-too-bright, but he had favorable aspects like his loving nature and the sentiments he raised regarding love for the aged, ideas of old friendships, and the cohesiveness of the family. His death and the pain it caused his master was a common theme in sentimental songs. Alternatively, the master could die, leaving the old darky to mourn. Stephen Foster's \"Old Uncle Ned\" was the most popular song on this subject.[109] Less frequently, the old darky might be cast out by a cruel master when he grew too old to work. After the Civil War, this character became the most common figure in plantation sketches. He frequently cried about the loss of his home during the war, only to meet up with someone from the past such as the child of his former master.[41] In contrast, the trickster, often called Jasper Jack, appeared less frequently.Female characters ranged from the sexually provocative to the laughable. These roles were almost always played by men in drag (most famously George Christy, Francis Leon and Barney Williams), even though American theater outside minstrelsy was filled with actresses at this time. Mammy or the old auntie was the old darky's counterpart. She often went by the name of Aunt Dinah Roh after the song of that title. Mammy was lovable to both blacks and whites, matronly, but hearkening to European peasant woman sensibilities. Her main role was to be the devoted mother figure in scenarios about the perfect plantation family.[110]Minstrel show performers Rollin Howard (in wench costume) and George Griffin, c. 1855The wench, yaller gal or prima donna was a mulatto who combined the light skin and facial features of a white woman with the perceived sexual promiscuity and exoticism of a black woman. Her beauty and flirtatiousness made her a common target for male characters, although she usually proved capricious and elusive. After the Civil War, the wench emerged as the most important specialist role in the minstrel troupe; men could alternately be titillated and disgusted, while women could admire the illusion and high fashion.[111] The role was most strongly associated with the song \"Miss Lucy Long\", so the character many times bore that name. Actress Olive Logan commented that some actors were \"marvelously well fitted by nature for it, having well-defined soprano voices, plump shoulders, beardless faces, and tiny hands and feet.\"[112] Many of these actors were teen-aged boys. In contrast was the funny old gal, a slapstick role played by a large man in motley clothing and large, flapping shoes. The humor she invoked often turned on the male characters' desire for a woman whom the audience would perceive as unattractive.[113]1906 postcard advertisement featuring dandy-type charactersThe counterpart to the slave was the dandy, a common character in the afterpiece. He was a Northern, urban black man trying to live above his station by mimicking white, upper-class speech and dress—usually to no good effect. Dandy characters often went by Zip Coon, after the song popularized by George Washington Dixon, although others had pretentious names like Count Julius Caesar Mars Napoleon Sinclair Brown. Their clothing was a ludicrous parody of upper-class dress: coats with tails and padded shoulders, white gloves, monocles, fake mustaches, and gaudy watch chains.[114] They spent their time primping and preening, going to parties, dancing and strutting, and wooing women.The black soldier became another stock type during the Civil War and merged qualities of the slave and the dandy. He was acknowledged for playing some role in the war, but he was more frequently lampooned for bumbling through his drills or for thinking his uniform made him the equal of his white counterparts. He was usually better at retreating than fighting, and, like the dandy, he preferred partying to serious pursuits. Still, his introduction allowed for some return to themes of the breakup of the plantation family.[115]Non-black stereotypes played a significant role in minstrelsy, and, although still performed in blackface, were distinguished by their lack of black dialect. American Indians before the Civil War were usually depicted as innocent symbols of the pre-industrial world or as pitiable victims whose peaceful existence had been shattered by the encroachment of the white man. However, as the United States turned its attentions West, American Indians became savage, pagan obstacles to progress. These characters were formidable scalpers to be feared, not ridiculed; any humor in such scenarios usually derived from a black character trying to act like one of the frightful savages. One sketch began with white men and American Indians enjoying a communal meal in a frontier setting. As the American Indians became intoxicated, they grew more and more antagonistic, and the army ultimately had to intervene to prevent the massacre of the whites. Even favorably presented American Indian characters usually died tragically.Depictions of East Asians began during the California Gold Rush when minstrels encountered Chinese out West. John Chinaman minstrel songs arising in the 1850s depicted the stock character of John Chinaman as effeminate and unmanly, often centering on the stock character's failed pursuit of white women.[116]: 26  Minstrels caricatured East Asians by their strange language (\"ching chang chung\"), odd eating habits (dogs and cats), and propensity for wearing pigtails. Parodies of Japanese became popular when a Japanese acrobat troupe toured the United States beginning in 1865. A run of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado in the mid-1880s inspired another wave of Asian characterizations.[117]The few white characters in minstrelsy were stereotypes of immigrant groups like the Irish and Germans. Irish characters first appeared in the 1840s, portrayed as hotheaded, odious drunkards who spoke in a thick brogue. However, beginning in the 1850s, many Irishmen joined minstrelsy, and Irish theatergoers probably came to represent a significant part of the audience, so this negative image was muted. Germans, on the other hand, were portrayed favorably from their introduction to minstrelsy in the 1860s. They were responsible and sensible, though still portrayed as humorous for their large size, hearty appetites, and heavy \"Dutch\" accents.[118] Part of this positive portrayal no doubt came about because some of the actors portraying German characters were German themselves.[119]","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_folk_music"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birnbaum2013-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"African music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_1994_82-14"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Joel Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Sweeney"},{"link_name":"Old Dan Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dan_Tucker"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Spirit of the Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Times"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bryant%27s_Minstrels_walkaround_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bryant's Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant%27s_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Turkey Trot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Trot_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Buzzard Lope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buzzard_Lope&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juba dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_dance"},{"link_name":"Old Corn Meal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Corn_Meal"},{"link_name":"John \"Picayune\" Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_%22Picayune%22_Butler"},{"link_name":"shuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance_technique"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_(music)"},{"link_name":"Fanny Kemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Kemble"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"antiphonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphon"},{"link_name":"call and response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"text":"A complete minstrel show, c.1899\"Minstrelsy evolved from several different American entertainment traditions; the traveling circus, medicine shows, shivaree, Irish dance and music with African syncopated rhythms, musical halls and traveling theatre.\"[120] Music and dance were the heart of the minstrel show and a large reason for its popularity. Around the time of the 1830s, there was a lot of national conflict as to how people viewed African Americans. Because of that interest in the Negro people, these songs granted the listener new knowledge about African Americans, who were different from themselves, even if the information was prejudiced. Troupes took advantage of this interest and marketed sheet music of the songs they featured so that viewers could enjoy them at home and other minstrels could adopt them for their act.How much influence black music had on minstrel performance remains a debated topic. Minstrel music certainly contained some element of black culture, added onto a base of European tradition with distinct Irish and Scottish folk music influences. According to the historian of music Larry Birnbaum, minstrel music primarily originated from English, Scottish, and Irish folk music.[121] Musicologist Dale Cockrell argues that early minstrel music mixed both African and European traditions and that distinguishing black and white urban music during the 1830s is impossible.[122] Insofar as the minstrels had authentic contact with black culture, it was via neighborhoods, taverns, theaters and waterfronts where blacks and whites could mingle freely. The inauthenticity of the music and the Irish and Scottish elements in it are explained by the fact that slaves were rarely allowed to play native African music and therefore had to adopt and adapt elements of European folk music.[123] Compounding the problem is the difficulty in ascertaining how much minstrel music was written by black composers, as the custom at the time was to sell all rights to a song to publishers or other performers.[124] Nevertheless, many troupes claimed to have carried out more serious \"fieldwork\".[125] Just as the American people came from all over the world, some of the first forms of truly American music and drama were composed of elements from many different places.Early blackface songs often consisted of unrelated verses strung together by a common chorus. In this pre-Emmett minstrelsy, the music \"jangled the nerves of those who believed in music that was proper, respectable, polished, and harmonic, with recognizable melodies.\"[126] It was thus a juxtaposition of \"vigorous earth-slapping footwork of black dances … with the Irish lineaments of blackface jigs and reels.\"[127] Similar to the look of a blackface performer, the lyrics in the songs that were sung have a tone of mockery and a spirit of laughing at black Americans rather than with them. The minstrel show texts sometimes mixed black lore, such as stories about talking animals or slave tricksters, with humor from the region southwest of the Appalachians, itself a mixture of traditions from different races and cultures. Minstrel instruments were also a mélange: African banjo and tambourine with European fiddle and bones[128] In short, early minstrel music and dance was not true black culture; it was a white reaction to it.[129] This was the first large-scale appropriation and commercial exploitation of black culture by American whites.[14]In the late 1830s, a decidedly European structure and high-brow style became popular in minstrel music. The banjo, played with \"scientific touches of perfection\"[130] and popularized by Joel Sweeney, became the heart of the minstrel band. Songs like the Virginia Minstrels' hit \"Old Dan Tucker\" have a catchy tune and energetic rhythm, melody and harmony;[131] minstrel music was now for singing as well as dancing. The Spirit of the Times even described the music as vulgar because it was \"entirely too elegant\" and that the \"excellence\" of the singing \"[was] an objection to it.\"[132] Others complained that the minstrels had foregone their black roots.[133] In short, the Virginia Minstrels and their imitators wanted to please a new audience of predominantly white, middle-class Northerners, by playing music the spectators would find familiar and pleasant.Despite the elements of ridicule contained in blackface performance, mid-nineteenth century white audiences, by and large, believed the songs and dances to be authentically black. For their part, the minstrels always billed themselves and their music as such. The songs were called \"plantation melodies\" or \"Ethiopian choruses\", among other names. By using the black caricatures and so-called black music, the minstrels added a touch of the unknown to the evening's entertainment, which was enough to fool audiences into accepting the whole performance as authentic.[134]Detail from an 1859 playbill of Bryant's Minstrels depicting the final part of the walk aroundThe minstrels' dance styles, on the other hand, were much truer to their alleged source. The success of \"Jump Jim Crow\" is indicative: It was an old English tune with fairly standard lyrics, which leaves only Rice's dance—wild upper-body movements with little movement below the waist—to explain its popularity.[135] Dances like the Turkey Trot, the Buzzard Lope, and the Juba dance all had their origins in the plantations of the South, and some were popularized by black performers such as William Henry Lane, Signor Cornmeali (\"Old Corn Meal\"), and John \"Picayune\" Butler. One performance by Lane in 1842 was described as consisting of \"sliding steps, like a shuffle, and not the high steps of an Irish jig.\"[136] Lane and the white men who mimicked him moved about the stage with no obvious foot movement. The walk around, a common feature of the minstrel show's first act, was ultimately of West African origin and featured a competition between individuals hemmed in by the other minstrels. Elements of white tradition remained, of course, such as the fast-paced breakdown that formed part of the repertoire beginning with Rice. Minstrel dance was generally not held to the same mockery as other parts, although contemporaries such as Fanny Kemble argued that minstrel dances were merely a \"faint, feeble, impotent—in a word, pale Northern reproductions of that ineffable black conception.\"[137]\nThe introduction of the jubilee, or spiritual, marked the minstrels' first undeniable adoption of black music. These songs remained relatively authentic in nature, antiphonal with a repetitive structure that relied heavily on call and response. The black troupes sang the most authentic jubilees, while white companies inserted humorous verses and replaced religious themes with plantation imagery, often starring the old darky. Jubilee eventually became synonymous with plantation.[138]","title":"Music and dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NBC_Gentlemen_Be_Seated_cvr.gif"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"The Jazz Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer"},{"link_name":"Mammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammy_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Raggedy Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggedy_Ann"},{"link_name":"Johnny Gruelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Gruelle"},{"link_name":"Fred Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Stone"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Camptown Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptown_Races"},{"link_name":"Two Black Crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Black_Crows"},{"link_name":"Sam 'n' Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_%27n%27_Henry"},{"link_name":"Amos 'n' Andy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"National Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The Black and White Minstrel Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_and_White_Minstrel_Show"},{"link_name":"George Mitchell Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mitchell_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"hip hop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_culture"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Bamboozled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboozled"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"W. C. Handy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._C._Handy"},{"link_name":"Ida Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Cox"},{"link_name":"Ma Rainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Rainey"},{"link_name":"Bessie Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Smith"},{"link_name":"Ethel Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters"},{"link_name":"Butterbeans and Susie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterbeans_and_Susie"},{"link_name":"The Rabbit's Foot Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rabbit%27s_Foot_Company"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Louis Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Brownie McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownie_McGhee"},{"link_name":"Rufus Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Silas Green from New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Green_from_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Marx Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zucker_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Zucker_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"hokum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokum"},{"link_name":"sketch comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"Hee Haw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hee_Haw"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"In Living Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Living_Color"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watkins_92-99"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"hokum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokum"},{"link_name":"interlocutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocutor_(music)"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_(song)"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_Me_Back_to_Old_Virginny"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"My Old Kentucky Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Uncle Dave Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"}],"text":"The minstrel show played a powerful role in shaping assumptions about black people. However, unlike vehemently anti-black propaganda from the time, minstrelsy made this attitude palatable to a wide audience by couching it in the guise of well-intentioned paternalism.[139]1930 NBC promotional pamphlet using minstrel show references. Collection of E.O. CostelloPopular entertainment perpetuated the racist stereotype of the uneducated, ever-cheerful, and highly musical black person well into the 1950s. Even as the minstrel show was dying out in all but amateur theater, blackface performers became common acts on vaudeville stages and in legitimate drama. These entertainers kept the familiar songs, dances, and pseudo-black dialect, often in nostalgic looks back at the old minstrel show. The most famous of these performers is probably Al Jolson, who took blackface to the big screen in the 1920s in films such as The Jazz Singer (1927). His 1930 film Mammy uses the setting of a traveling minstrel show, giving an on-screen presentation of a performance. Likewise, when the sound era of cartoons began in the late 1920s, early animators such as Walt Disney gave characters such as Mickey Mouse (who already resembled blackface performers) a minstrel-show personality; the early Mickey is constantly singing and dancing and smiling.[140] The face of Raggedy Ann is a color-reversed minstrel mask, and Raggedy Ann's creator, Johnny Gruelle, designed the doll in part with the antics of blackface star Fred Stone in mind.[141] As late as 1942, as demonstrated in the Warner Bros. cartoon Fresh Hare, minstrel shows could be used as a gag (in this case, Elmer Fudd and Bugs Bunny leading a chorus of \"Camptown Races\") with the expectation, presumably, that audiences would get the reference. Radio shows got into the act, a fact perhaps best exemplified by the popular radio shows Two Black Crows, Sam 'n' Henry, and Amos 'n' Andy,[142] A transcription survives from 1931 of The Blue Coal Minstrels, which uses many of the standard forms of the minstrel show, including Tambo, Bones and the interlocutor. The National Broadcasting Company, in a 1930 pamphlet, used the minstrel show as a point of reference in selling its services.[143]As recently as the mid-1970s the BBC broadcast The Black and White Minstrel Show starring the George Mitchell Minstrels. The racist archetypes that blackface minstrelsy helped to create persist to this day; some argue that this is even true in hip hop culture and movies. The 2000 Spike Lee movie Bamboozled alleges that modern black entertainment exploits African-American culture much as the minstrel shows did a century ago, for example.[144]Meanwhile, African-American actors were limited to the same old minstrel-defined roles for years to come and by playing them, made them more believable to white audiences. On the other hand, these parts opened the entertainment industry to African-American performers and gave them their first opportunity to alter those stereotypes.[145] Many famous singers and actors gained their start in black minstrelsy, including W. C. Handy, Ida Cox, Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and Butterbeans and Susie. The Rabbit's Foot Company was a variety troupe, founded in 1900 by an African American, Pat Chappelle,[146] which drew on and developed the minstrel tradition while updating it and helping to develop and spread black musical styles. Besides Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith, later musicians working for \"the Foots\" included Louis Jordan, Brownie McGhee and Rufus Thomas, and the company was still touring as late as 1950. Its success was rivalled by other touring variety troupes, such as Silas Green from New Orleans.[147]The very structure of American entertainment bears minstrelsy's imprint. The endless barrage of gags and puns appears in the work of the Marx Brothers and David and Jerry Zucker. The varied structure of songs, gags, \"hokum\" and dramatic pieces continued into vaudeville, variety shows, and to modern sketch comedy shows such as Hee Haw or, more distantly, Saturday Night Live and In Living Color.[148][149][150] Jokes once delivered by endmen are still told today: \"Why did the chicken cross the road?\" \"Why does a fireman wear red suspenders?\"[151] Other jokes form part of the repertoire of modern comedians: \"Who was that lady I saw you with last night? That was no lady—that was my wife!\"[99] The stump speech is an important precursor to modern comedy.[152]Another important legacy of minstrelsy is its music. The hokum blues genre carried over the dandy, the wench, the simple-minded slave characters (sometimes rendered as the rustic white \"rube\") and even the interlocutor into early blues and country music incarnations through the medium of \"race music\" and \"hillbilly\" recordings. Many minstrel tunes are now popular folk songs. Most have been expunged of the exaggerated black dialect and the overt references to blacks. \"Dixie\", for example, was adopted by the Confederacy as its unofficial national anthem and is still popular, and \"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny\" was sanitized and made the state song of Virginia until 1997.[153] \"My Old Kentucky Home\" remains the state song of Kentucky. The instruments of the minstrel show were largely kept on, especially in the South. Minstrel performers from the last days of the shows, such as Uncle Dave Macon, helped popularize the banjo and fiddle in modern country music. And by introducing America to black dance and musical style, minstrels opened the nation to black cultural forms for the first time on a large scale.[154]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_adaptations_of_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin#Silent_film_versions"},{"link_name":"Edwin S. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter"},{"link_name":"blackface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackface"},{"link_name":"Tom Shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shows"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iath.virginia.edu-155"},{"link_name":"A Plantation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Plantation_Act"},{"link_name":"Vitaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaphone"},{"link_name":"sound-on-disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-on-disc"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"The Jazz Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer"},{"link_name":"Samson Raphaelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Raphaelson"},{"link_name":"Why Bring That Up?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Bring_That_Up%3F"},{"link_name":"Charles Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mack_(blackface_performer)"},{"link_name":"George Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Moran_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Two Black Crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Black_Crows"},{"link_name":"Mammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammy_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"King for a Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_for_a_Day_(1934_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Show Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Boat_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Irene Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Dunne"},{"link_name":"Hattie McDaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattie_McDaniel"},{"link_name":"Paul Robeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson"},{"link_name":"Swing Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Time_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Swanee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanee_River_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Al Jolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jolson"},{"link_name":"Babes on Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babes_on_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Mickey Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Rooney"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"Fresh Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Hare"},{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Elmer Fudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Fudd"},{"link_name":"Camptown Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptown_Races"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_(film)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Decatur Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Decatur_Emmett"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mark_Twain_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"Here Come the Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Come_the_Waves"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Sonny Tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Tufts"},{"link_name":"Ac-Cen-Tchu-Ate the Positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate_the_Positive"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Minstrel Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_Man_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"My Wild Irish Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Wild_Irish_Rose"},{"link_name":"Dennis Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Andrea King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_King"},{"link_name":"Arlene Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Scatman Crothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatman_Crothers"},{"link_name":"Freeman Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Bones"},{"link_name":"Phil Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Emmett Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Miller"},{"link_name":"I Dream of Jeanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeanie_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Foster"},{"link_name":"Torch Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Song_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Michael Wilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilding_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Rambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Rambeau"},{"link_name":"White Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Christmas_(film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bamboozled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboozled"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Masked and Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masked_and_Anonymous"},{"link_name":"Ed Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Harris"}],"text":"A small number of films available today contain authentic recreations of Minstrel show numbers and routines. Due to their content they are rarely (if ever) broadcast on television today, but are available on home video.Uncle Tom's Cabin (1903), an early \"full-length\" movie (between 10 and 14 minutes), was directed by Edwin S. Porter and used white actors in blackface in the major roles. Similar to the earlier \"Tom Shows\" it featured black stereotypes such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction.[155]\nA Plantation Act (1926), a Vitaphone sound-on-disc short film starring Al Jolson. Long thought to have been lost, a copy of the film and sound disc were located and the restored version has been issued as a bonus feature on the DVD release of The Jazz Singer.\nThe Jazz Singer (1927), the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences. Based on a play by Samson Raphaelson, the story tells of Jakie Rabinowitz (Al Jolson), the son of a devout Jewish family, who runs away from home to become a jazz singer.\nWhy Bring That Up? (1929), a feature film starring Minstrel show comics Charles Mack and George Moran, also known as Two Black Crows.\nMammy (1930), another Al Jolson film, this relives Jolson's early years as a minstrel man. With songs by Irving Berlin, who is also credited with the original story titled Mr. Bones.\nKing for a Day (1934), is a 21-minute short in which Bill Green, played by Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson, after being denied a chance to audition wins a black minstrel show in a crap game. The endmen in the show in the film emulate traditional white blackface by a line of white greasepaint around their mouths.\nShow Boat (1936), film starring Irene Dunne, Allan Jones, Hattie McDaniel, Paul Robeson. One of the shows on board is a blackface minstrel act.\nSwing Time (1936), a musical starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers features a dance number entitled \"Bojangles of Harlem\" performed by Astaire in blackface.\nHonolulu (1939), in which Eleanor Powell performs a blackface dance homage to Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson.\nSwanee River (1940), another fictionalized biographical film on Stephen Foster. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Musical Scoring and was the last on-screen appearance of Al Jolson.\nBabes on Broadway (1941), a musical starring Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland. The next-to-last musical number is a medley of songs performed in blackface.\nFresh Hare (1942), an animated short featuring Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. The final scene, edited out of recent television broadcasts, shows Bunny and Fudd in blackface, along with five tall men in the same condition, singing \"Camptown Races\".\nHoliday Inn (1942), contains a musical number entitled \"Abraham\" with Bing Crosby performing in blackface in the style of a minstrel show. Beginning in the 1980s, this number has been cut from many TV broadcasts.\nDixie (1943), a film based on the life of songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett. It includes Bing Crosby singing the film's title song in blackface.\nThe Adventures of Mark Twain (1944), blackface musicians perform a jolly number on the river vessel, in the scene where Captain Clemens rescues Charles Langdon from a thief.\nHere Come the Waves (1944), contains a show-within-a-show. It includes a minstrel routine performed by Bing Crosby and Sonny Tufts; their two characters then sing a musical number entitled \"Ac-Cen-Tchu-Ate the Positive\".[156]\nMinstrel Man (1944), a fictional film about the rise, fall, and revival of a minstrel performer's career. It was nominated for two Academy Awards (Best Original Song and Best Original Score).\nMy Wild Irish Rose (1947), starring Dennis Morgan, Andrea King, and Arlene Dahl, is set in 1890s New York and features several scenes depicting blackface musical numbers.\nHollywood Varieties (1950), a collection of stage acts with Glen Vernon and Edward Ryan in a blackface skit.\nYes Sir, Mr. Bones (1951), is based around a young child who finds a rest home for retired minstrel performers. In \"flashback\" sequences, a number of actual minstrel veterans, including Scatman Crothers, Freeman Davis (aka \"Brother Bones\"), Ned Haverly, Phil Arnold, \"endmen\" Cotton Watts and Slim Williams, the dancing team of Boyce and Evans, and the comic duo Ches Davis and Emmett Miller, perform in the roles they popularized in Minstrel shows.\nI Dream of Jeanie (1952) aka I Dream of Jeanie (with the Light Brown Hair), a completely fictional film biography of Stephen Foster. Veteran performer Glen Turnbull makes a guest appearance as a blackface Minstrel performer in Christy's Minstrels.\nTorch Song (1953), starring Joan Crawford, Michael Wilding, and Marjorie Rambeau, contains a musical number, done in blackface, entitled \"Two-faced Woman.\"\nWhite Christmas (1954), features a full-scale minstrel show number, but without blackface. The lyrics to the songs do not insinuate that minstrel shows involved blackface, but invoked much of the same linguistic mechanisms as minstrel shows, such as double entendre. The lyrics to the song also include the line \"I'd pawn my overcoat and vest / To see a minstrel show\". [citation needed]\nBamboozled (2000), a satirical film using minstrelsy to lampoon American popular culture written and directed by Spike Lee.\nMasked and Anonymous (2003), set in a dystopian future. Ed Harris plays a blackfaced character in one scene.","title":"Motion pictures with minstrel show routines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Minstrel show | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/art/minstrel-show"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-coon_2-0"},{"link_name":"The Coon Character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/coon/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120414123006/http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/coon/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kenrick_3-0"},{"link_name":"A History of the Musical: Minstrel Shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.musicals101.com/minstrel.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120611122159/http://www.musicals101.com/minstrel.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-252-06696-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06696-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Blackface photos found in old University of Maryland yearbooks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-umd-blackface-yearbook-20190208-story.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-3745-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3745-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lott-17-18_7-0"},{"link_name":"Lott 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLott1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Watkins_82_8-0"},{"link_name":"Watkins 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWatkins1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hist_9-0"},{"link_name":"p27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D5cVSVbOu2EC&pg=PA25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"A History of the Minstrel Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D5cVSVbOu2EC&pg=PA25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Blackface! 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2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBernstein2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-142"},{"link_name":"Stark 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStark2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-143"},{"link_name":"Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-144"},{"link_name":"Jackson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJackson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-145"},{"link_name":"Toll 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFToll1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-146"},{"link_name":"Smith 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-147"},{"link_name":"Oliver 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOliver1972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-148"},{"link_name":"Malone & Stricklin 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaloneStricklin2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-149"},{"link_name":"Lott 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLott1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-150"},{"link_name":"Grand Ole Opry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry"},{"link_name":"Wald 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWald2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-151"},{"link_name":"Bernstein 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBernstein2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-152"},{"link_name":"Marc 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMarc1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-153"},{"link_name":"www.50states.com Virginia State Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.50states.com/songs/virginia.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-154"},{"link_name":"Watkins 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWatkins1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-iath.virginia.edu_155-0"},{"link_name":"The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's Slavery Days (1903)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv03hp.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070313225042/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv03hp.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-156"},{"link_name":"\"'Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive': song History, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/a/accent-positive.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160818124257/http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/a/accent-positive.html"}],"text":"^ \"Minstrel show | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com.\n\n^ The Coon Character Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University. Retrieved 29 January 2016.\n\n^ John Kenrick, A History of the Musical: Minstrel Shows Archived 2012-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, musicals101.com. 1996, revised 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2011.\n\n^ Behind the Burnt Cork Mask: Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture by William J. Mahar, University of Illinois Press (1998) p. 9 ISBN 0-252-06696-0.\n\n^ Meehan, Sarah (February 8, 2019). \"Blackface photos found in old University of Maryland yearbooks\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 3, 2020.\n\n^ Nowatzki, Robert (2010). Representing African Americans in Transatlantic Abolitionism and Blackface Minstrelsy. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8071-3745-1.\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 17–18\n\n^ Watkins 1999, p. 82\n\n^ Sweet, Frank W. A History of the Minstrel Show, p27.\n\n^ A History of the Minstrel Show (2000) By Frank W. Sweet, Backintyme, p. 28 Retrieved 18 March 2010.\n\n^ Ken Padgett (August 20, 2014). \"Blackface! Minstrel Shows\". p. 1. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.\n\n^ Henry T. Sampson (2014). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press. p. 1088. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2.\n\n^ Henry T. Sampson (2014). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press. p. 1090. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2.\n\n^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 82\n\n^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 27 et. seq.\n\n^ Rourke, Constance (1931). American Humor: A Study of the National Character. Quoted in Watkins 1994, p. 83.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 66.\n\n^ Toll 1978\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 30\n\n^ a b Lott 1993, p. 65 et. seq., 75.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 148; Toll 1974, pp. 10–11.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, pp. 31–32.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 75.\n\n^ Thoms F. De Voe, The Market Book (1862), New York:Burt Franklin 1969, p. 344, quoted in Lott 1993, pp. 41–42.\n\n^ New Orleans Picayune. Quoted in Lott 1993, pp. 41–43\n\n^ African Grove Theater Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, MAAP (Mapping the African American Past; Columbia CNMTL, JPMorganChase, Teachers College, Curriculum Concepts International)\n\n^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 76 et. seq.\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 137–138\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 155\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 187, note 111.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 146\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 143–148\n\n^ Strausbaugh 2006, pp. 102–103 Emmett and the Virginia Minstrel's claim as originators is not undisputed. E. P. Christy did more or less the same, apparently independently, earlier the same year in Buffalo, New York, but Emmett, performing in Manhattan, promptly gained attention that Christy had not.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 152.\n\n^ New York Herald, February 6, 1843. Quoted in Cockrell 1997, p. 151.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 37.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 219.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 73.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 66.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, pp. 147–154.\n\n^ a b Toll 1974, p. 81.\n\n^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 93.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 85.\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 211–233.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 88-96.\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 150–152.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 90.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 38.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 104–105.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 162–163.\n\n^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 91.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 109–112.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 117.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 135-155.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 98.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 146–151.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 135-155.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 138-142.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 152–154.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 181–183.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 126.\n\n^ Davidson, Frank Costellow (1952). The Rise, Development, Decline and Influence of the American Minstrel Show (PhD thesis).\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 103.\n\n^ \"The Survival of Blackface Minstrel Shows in the Adirondack Foothills\". www.nyfolklore.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2010.\n\n^ \"Kake Walk at UVM\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 197–198.\n\n^ Playbill, \"Seven Slaves Just From Alabama\", Springfield, Massachusetts, May 7, [1857?]. Quoted in Toll 1974, pp. 198–199.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 201.\n\n^ The Clipper, September 6, 1879. Quoted in Toll 1974, p. 205.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 200.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 203; Watkins 1994, p. 119.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, pp. 109–110.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, pp. 114–117.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 220.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 223.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 109.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 236–237.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 239–240.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 245.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 227.\n\n^ Alexander 2012, p. 168\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 258.\n\n^ a b Watkins 1994, pp. 124–129.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 258–259.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 226.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 125.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 112.\n\n^ Alexander 2012, p. 169\n\n^ \"Rabbit's Foot Comedy Company; T. G. Williams; William Mosely; Ross Jackson; Sam Catlett; Mr. Chappelle.\" News/Opinion, The Freeman, page 6. October 7, 1905. Indianapolis, Indiana\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 37–38.\n\n^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 104.\n\n^ a b Strausbaugh 2006, p. 105.\n\n^ \"Mr. Tambo | theatre\".\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 153.\n\n^ a b Toll 1974, p. 53.\n\n^ Strausbaugh 2006, pp. 104–105.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 53–54.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 161.\n\n^ a b Watkins 1994, p. 92.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 94.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 57.\n\n^ \"Jim Crow\", sheet music. Quoted in Nathan 1962, p. 55.\n\n^ \"Blackface!\". Archived from the original on February 4, 2002. Retrieved December 10, 2014.\n\n^ Virginia Serenaders (1844). \"Lubly Fan Will You Come Out?\", sheet music. Quoted in Toll 1974, p. 67.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 67.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 63, note 63.\n\n^ Paskman & Spaeth 1928.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 78–79.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 79.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 144.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 140.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 166.\n\n^ Grosvenor, Edwin S.; Toll, Robert C. (2019). \"Blackface: the Sad History of Minstrel Shows\". American Heritage. Retrieved February 21, 2024.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 118–119.\n\n^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 172.\n\n^ Strausbaugh 2006, p. 131.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 174.\n\n^ Padgett, Ken (August 20, 2014). \"Blackface! Minstrel Shows\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.\n\n^ Larry Birnbaum (2013). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8108-8638-4. OCLC 1058131066.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, pp. 86–7.\n\n^ Sullivan 2001, pp. 25–26.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 116.\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 41, 94.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 80.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 94.\n\n^ While much of the literature relating to the bones has assumed it to be an African instrument because of ethnocentric ideas about their \"primitiveness\", historical and musicological evidence supports a European origin for the bones in North America. See Beth Lenz' thesis, The Bones in the United States: History and Performance Practice. M. A. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1989, and articles in The Rhythm Bones Player, the official publication of the Rhythm Bones Society.\n\n^ Lott 1993, pp. 101–103.\n\n^ March 18, 1841. Playbill, Bowery Theatre. Quoted in Cockrell 1997, p. 148.\n\n^ Cockrell 1997, p. 156.\n\n^ October 9, 1847, writing about the Ethiopian Serenaders. Quoted in Lott 1993, p. 153.\n\n^ Toll 1974, pp. 50–51.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 39\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 43.\n\n^ Blesh, Rudi, and Janis, Harriet. Unpublished notes. Quoted in Stearns, Marshall and Jean (1968). Jazz Dance, 50–55. Quoted later in Toll 1974, p. 44\n\n^ Kemble, Fanny. Quoted in Lott 1993, pp. 115–116\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 244\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 119.\n\n^ Sacks & Sacks 1993, p. 158.\n\n^ Bernstein 2011, pp. 146–93\n\n^ Stark 2000, p. 72.\n\n^ \"Gentlemen, Be Seated!\" New York: National Broadcasting Company, Inc. 1930. The pamphlet specifically describes the marketing for the Dutch Masters Minstrel Show, a show broadcast Saturday nights at 9.30 ET on the Blue Network, with the frontispiece showing the two endmen in blackface. One passage reads: \"Reminiscent of those mellowed days of Primrose and West, Honey Boy Eveans and Lew Docstader, this specific greeting is both a cordial invitation and a subtle suggestion. For the appeal of these delightful entertainers is directly primarily, though not exclusively, to men whose memories still cherish the illusive fancies of bygone days\"whose recollections can conjure the faded odors of glue and greasepaint, wafted across the limelight of some small town Opera House, back in the Gay 90s.\"\n\n^ Jackson 2006, p. 47.\n\n^ Toll 1974, p. 196.\n\n^ Smith 2006.\n\n^ Oliver 1972\n\n^ Malone & Stricklin 2003, p. 26.\n\n^ Lott 1993, p. 5 for Hee Haw, in particular.\n\n^ \"…the sort of comedy featured on Hee Haw and the Grand Ole Opry is simply a minstrel survival with a new coat of paint.\" Wald 2004, p. 51.\n\n^ Bernstein 2011, p. 7\n\n^ Marc 1997, p. 28.\n\n^ www.50states.com Virginia State Song, 50states.com. Accessed online 2006-09-03, 2009-07-20.\n\n^ Watkins 1994, p. 106.\n\n^ The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's Slavery Days (1903) Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, accessed April 19, 2007.\n\n^ \"'Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive': song History, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\". greatamericansongbook.net. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=reDzBZ3pXqsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59558-819-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-819-7"},{"link_name":"Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8147-8709-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8709-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-656-08636-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-08636-9"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern 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The New Jim Crow. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-819-7.\nBernstein, Robin (2011). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8709-0.\nBauch, Marc A. (2012), \"Gentlemen, Be Seated!\" - The Rise and the Fall of the Minstrel Show, Munich, Germany: Grin Verlag, ISBN 978-3-656-08636-9\nCantwell, Robert (1984), Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80495-3. Reprinted 2003.\nCockrell, Dale (1997), Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World, Cambridge University Press / Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama, ISBN 978-0-521-56828-9\nJackson, Ronald L. II (2006), Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80495-3. Reprinted 2003.\nLenz, Beth (1989), The Bones in the United States: History and Performance Practice. M. A. Thesis, University of Michigan.\nLott, Eric (1993), Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509641-5\nMalone, Bill C.; Stricklin, David (2003), Southern Music/American Music (Revised ed.), Lexington: University Press of Kentucky\nMarc, David (1997). Comic Visions: Television Comedy & American Culture (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc.\nNathan, Hans (1962), Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press\n\"Official Song of the State of Virginia\". 50states.com. Retrieved August 21, 2021.\nOliver, Paul (1972), The Story of the Blues, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-003509-4\nPaskman, Dailey; Spaeth, Sigmund (1928), A Working Model, Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, archived from the original on September 10, 2006, retrieved August 21, 2021\nSacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993), Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press\nSmith, Peter Dunbaugh (2006), Ashley Street Blues: Racial Uplift and the Commodification of Vernacular Performance in Lavilla, Florida, 1896–1916 (PDF), Florida State University, archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009, retrieved May 3, 2009\nSotiropoulos, Karen (2006), Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press\nStark, Seymour (2000), Men in Blackface: True Stories of the Minstrel Show, Xlibris\nStrausbaugh, John (2006), Black Like You, Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-498-6\nSullivan, Megan (2001), \"African-American music as rebellion: From slavesong to hip-hop\", Discoveries, 3: 21–39\nSweet, Frank W. (2000), A History of the Minstrel Show, Backintyme, ISBN 0-939479-21-4\nToll, Robert C. (1974), Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, New York: Oxford University Press\nToll, Robert C. (April–May 1978), \"Behind the Blackface: Minstrel Men and Minstrel Myths\", American Heritage, 29 (3), archived from the original on January 9, 2009\nWatkins, Mel (1994), On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor, New York: Simon & Schuster\nWatkins, Mel (1999), On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock, Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN 978-1-55652-351-9\nWald, Elijah (2004), Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, New York: Amistad, ISBN 978-0-06-052423-4\nZapata-Rodríguez, Melisa M. (2016). \"Minstresy: Iconography of Resistance During the American Civil War\". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography. 41 (1–2): 111–127. ISSN 1522-7464.","title":"Cited and general references"}]
[{"image_text":"Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg/220px-Virginia_Minstrels%2C_1843.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas D. Rice from sheet music cover of \"Sich a Getting Up Stairs\", 1830s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sich_a_Getting_Up_Stairs%2C_T._D._Rice.jpg/110px-Sich_a_Getting_Up_Stairs%2C_T._D._Rice.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sheet music cover for \"Dandy Jim from Caroline\", featuring Dan Emmett (center) and the other Virginia Minstrels, c. 1844","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg/180px-Dandy_Jim_from_Caroline.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for Haverly's United Mastodon Minstrels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Haverly%27s_United_Mastodon_Minstrels.jpg/200px-Haverly%27s_United_Mastodon_Minstrels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plantation scenarios were common in black minstrelsy, as shown here in this post-1875 poster for Callender's Colored Minstrels","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Callender%27s_Colored_Minstrels_plantation_scene.jpg/180px-Callender%27s_Colored_Minstrels_plantation_scene.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"This reproduction of a 1900 minstrel show poster, originally published by the Strobridge Litho Co., shows the blackface transformation from white to \"black\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Minstrel_PosterBillyVanWare_edit.jpg/220px-Minstrel_PosterBillyVanWare_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jim Crow, the archetypal slave character as created by Rice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jimcrow.jpg/220px-Jimcrow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Minstrel show performers Rollin Howard (in wench costume) and George Griffin, c. 1855","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Howard_and_Griffin_wench.jpg/150px-Howard_and_Griffin_wench.jpg"},{"image_text":"1906 postcard advertisement featuring dandy-type characters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ImperialMinstrelsPostcard.jpg/260px-ImperialMinstrelsPostcard.jpg"},{"image_text":"A complete minstrel show, c.1899"},{"image_text":"Detail from an 1859 playbill of Bryant's Minstrels depicting the final part of the walk around","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bryant%27s_Minstrels_walkaround_2.jpg/200px-Bryant%27s_Minstrels_walkaround_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"1930 NBC promotional pamphlet using minstrel show references. Collection of E.O. Costello","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/NBC_Gentlemen_Be_Seated_cvr.gif/220px-NBC_Gentlemen_Be_Seated_cvr.gif"}]
[{"title":"The Black and White Minstrel Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_and_White_Minstrel_Show"},{"title":"Eldred Kurtz Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_Kurtz_Means"},{"title":"List of blackface minstrel songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blackface_minstrel_songs"},{"title":"List of blackface minstrel troupes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blackface_minstrel_troupes"},{"title":"List of entertainers who performed in blackface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_entertainers_who_performed_in_blackface"},{"title":"Stage Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_Irish"}]
[{"reference":"\"Minstrel show | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/art/minstrel-show","url_text":"\"Minstrel show | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Meehan, Sarah (February 8, 2019). \"Blackface photos found in old University of Maryland yearbooks\". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-umd-blackface-yearbook-20190208-story.html","url_text":"\"Blackface photos found in old University of Maryland yearbooks\""}]},{"reference":"Nowatzki, Robert (2010). Representing African Americans in Transatlantic Abolitionism and Blackface Minstrelsy. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8071-3745-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3745-1","url_text":"978-0-8071-3745-1"}]},{"reference":"Ken Padgett (August 20, 2014). \"Blackface! Minstrel Shows\". p. 1. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140927230547/http://black-face.com/minstrel-shows.htm","url_text":"\"Blackface! Minstrel Shows\""},{"url":"http://black-face.com/minstrel-shows.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henry T. Sampson (2014). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press. p. 1088. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8351-2","url_text":"978-0-8108-8351-2"}]},{"reference":"Henry T. Sampson (2014). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press. p. 1090. ISBN 978-0-8108-8351-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8351-2","url_text":"978-0-8108-8351-2"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Frank Costellow (1952). The Rise, Development, Decline and Influence of the American Minstrel Show (PhD thesis).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Survival of Blackface Minstrel Shows in the Adirondack Foothills\". www.nyfolklore.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134128/http://www.nyfolklore.org/pubs/voic30-3-4/blkface.html","url_text":"\"The Survival of Blackface Minstrel Shows in the Adirondack Foothills\""},{"url":"http://www.nyfolklore.org/pubs/voic30-3-4/blkface.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kake Walk at UVM\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927071157/http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=kakewalk","url_text":"\"Kake Walk at UVM\""},{"url":"http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=kakewalk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Tambo | theatre\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/art/Mr-Tambo","url_text":"\"Mr. Tambo | theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackface!\". Archived from the original on February 4, 2002. Retrieved December 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://black-face.com/","url_text":"\"Blackface!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020204132239/http://www.black-face.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grosvenor, Edwin S.; Toll, Robert C. (2019). \"Blackface: the Sad History of Minstrel Shows\". American Heritage. Retrieved February 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanheritage.com/blackface-sad-history-minstrel-shows","url_text":"\"Blackface: the Sad History of Minstrel Shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)","url_text":"American Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic","url_text":"Bloomsbury Academic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2","url_text":"978-1-350-23394-2"}]},{"reference":"Padgett, Ken (August 20, 2014). \"Blackface! Minstrel Shows\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140927230547/http://black-face.com/minstrel-shows.htm","url_text":"\"Blackface! Minstrel Shows\""},{"url":"http://black-face.com/minstrel-shows.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larry Birnbaum (2013). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-8108-8638-4. OCLC 1058131066.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yJes-jdk5kEC","url_text":"Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8638-4","url_text":"978-0-8108-8638-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1058131066","url_text":"1058131066"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive': song History, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\". greatamericansongbook.net. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/a/accent-positive.html","url_text":"\"'Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive': song History, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124257/http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/a/accent-positive.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Michelle (2012). The New Jim Crow. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-819-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=reDzBZ3pXqsC","url_text":"The New Jim Crow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-819-7","url_text":"978-1-59558-819-7"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Robin (2011). Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-8709-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC","url_text":"Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8709-0","url_text":"978-0-8147-8709-0"}]},{"reference":"Bauch, Marc A. (2012), \"Gentlemen, Be Seated!\" - The Rise and the Fall of the Minstrel Show, Munich, Germany: Grin Verlag, ISBN 978-3-656-08636-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-08636-9","url_text":"978-3-656-08636-9"}]},{"reference":"Cantwell, Robert (1984), Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80495-3","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bluegrassbreakdo0000cant","url_text":"Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80495-3","url_text":"978-0-306-80495-3"}]},{"reference":"Cockrell, Dale (1997), Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World, Cambridge University Press / Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama, ISBN 978-0-521-56828-9","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/demonsofdisorder00cock","url_text":"Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56828-9","url_text":"978-0-521-56828-9"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Ronald L. II (2006), Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80495-3","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bluegrassbreakdo0000cant","url_text":"Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press","url_text":"State University of New York Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80495-3","url_text":"978-0-306-80495-3"}]},{"reference":"Lenz, Beth (1989), The Bones in the United States: History and Performance Practice","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lott, Eric (1993), Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509641-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lott","url_text":"Lott, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509641-5","url_text":"978-0-19-509641-5"}]},{"reference":"Malone, Bill C.; Stricklin, David (2003), Southern Music/American Music (Revised ed.), Lexington: University Press of Kentucky","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University Press of Kentucky"}]},{"reference":"Marc, David (1997). Comic Visions: Television Comedy & American Culture (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nathan, Hans (1962), Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press","url_text":"University of Oklahoma Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Song of the State of Virginia\". 50states.com. Retrieved August 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.50states.com/songs/virginia.htm","url_text":"\"Official Song of the State of Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Paul (1972), The Story of the Blues, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-003509-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003509-4","url_text":"978-0-14-003509-4"}]},{"reference":"Paskman, Dailey; Spaeth, Sigmund (1928), A Working Model, Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, archived from the original on September 10, 2006, retrieved August 21, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060910112327/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam358/minstrel.html","url_text":"A Working Model"},{"url":"http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam358/minstrel.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sacks, Howard L.; Sacks, Judith (1993), Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Press","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution Press"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter Dunbaugh (2006), Ashley Street Blues: Racial Uplift and the Commodification of Vernacular Performance in Lavilla, Florida, 1896–1916 (PDF), Florida State University, archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009, retrieved May 3, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326133827/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03312006-171940/unrestricted/pds_dissertation.pdf","url_text":"Ashley Street Blues: Racial Uplift and the Commodification of Vernacular Performance in Lavilla, Florida, 1896–1916"},{"url":"http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03312006-171940/unrestricted/pds_dissertation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sotiropoulos, Karen (2006), Staging Race: Black Performers in Turn of the Century America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stark, Seymour (2000), Men in Blackface: True Stories of the Minstrel Show, Xlibris","urls":[]},{"reference":"Strausbaugh, John (2006), Black Like You, Tarcher, ISBN 1-58542-498-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58542-498-6","url_text":"1-58542-498-6"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Megan (2001), \"African-American music as rebellion: From slavesong to hip-hop\", Discoveries, 3: 21–39","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sweet, Frank W. (2000), A History of the Minstrel Show, Backintyme, ISBN 0-939479-21-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939479-21-4","url_text":"0-939479-21-4"}]},{"reference":"Toll, Robert C. (1974), Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America, New York: Oxford University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Toll, Robert C. (April–May 1978), \"Behind the Blackface: Minstrel Men and Minstrel Myths\", American Heritage, 29 (3), archived from the original on January 9, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109044327/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1978/3/1978_3_93.shtml","url_text":"\"Behind the Blackface: Minstrel Men and Minstrel Myths\""},{"url":"http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1978/3/1978_3_93.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Mel (1994), On the Real Side: Laughing, Lying, and Signifying—The Underground Tradition of African-American Humor that Transformed American Culture, from Slavery to Richard Pryor, New York: Simon & Schuster","urls":[]},{"reference":"Watkins, Mel (1999), On the Real Side: A History of African American Comedy from Slavery to Chris Rock, Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN 978-1-55652-351-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-351-9","url_text":"978-1-55652-351-9"}]},{"reference":"Wald, Elijah (2004), Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, New York: Amistad, ISBN 978-0-06-052423-4","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/escapingdeltarob00walde","url_text":"Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-052423-4","url_text":"978-0-06-052423-4"}]},{"reference":"Zapata-Rodríguez, Melisa M. (2016). \"Minstresy: Iconography of Resistance During the American Civil War\". Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography. 41 (1–2): 111–127. ISSN 1522-7464.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-7464","url_text":"1522-7464"}]}]
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Minstrel Shows\""},{"Link":"http://black-face.com/minstrel-shows.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yJes-jdk5kEC","external_links_name":"Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1058131066","external_links_name":"1058131066"},{"Link":"http://www.50states.com/songs/virginia.htm","external_links_name":"www.50states.com Virginia State Song"},{"Link":"http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv03hp.html","external_links_name":"The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's Slavery Days (1903)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070313225042/http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/onstage/films/mv03hp.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/a/accent-positive.html","external_links_name":"\"'Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive': song History, Commentary, Discography, Performances on Video\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124257/http://greatamericansongbook.net/pages/songs/a/accent-positive.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=reDzBZ3pXqsC","external_links_name":"The New Jim Crow"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f_mgPpS-xXsC","external_links_name":"Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bluegrassbreakdo0000cant","external_links_name":"Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/demonsofdisorder00cock","external_links_name":"Demons of Disorder: Early Blackface Minstrels and their World"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bluegrassbreakdo0000cant","external_links_name":"Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media"},{"Link":"http://www.50states.com/songs/virginia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Official Song of the State of Virginia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060910112327/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam358/minstrel.html","external_links_name":"A Working Model"},{"Link":"http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam358/minstrel.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326133827/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03312006-171940/unrestricted/pds_dissertation.pdf","external_links_name":"Ashley Street Blues: Racial Uplift and the Commodification of Vernacular Performance in Lavilla, Florida, 1896–1916"},{"Link":"http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03312006-171940/unrestricted/pds_dissertation.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090109044327/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1978/3/1978_3_93.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Blackface: Minstrel Men and Minstrel Myths\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1978/3/1978_3_93.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/escapingdeltarob00walde","external_links_name":"Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-7464","external_links_name":"1522-7464"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/EDIS-SRP-0202-22","external_links_name":"Minstrel Potpourri"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/download/HeidelbergQuintetwithBillyMurray/HeidelbergQuintetwithBillyMurray-WaitingfortheRobertELee.mp3","external_links_name":"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720122428/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/digitallibrary/ruckus.html","external_links_name":"Ruckus! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_syndrome
Rabbit syndrome
["1 References"]
Drug side effect Rabbit syndrome is a rare form of extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic drugs in which perioral tremors occur at a rate of approximately 5 Hz. Rabbit syndrome is characterized by involuntary, fine, rhythmic motions of the mouth along a vertical plane, without involvement of the tongue, and resembling the chewing movements of a rabbit. It is usually seen after years of pharmacotherapy, and is more prominent with high potency drugs like haloperidol, fluphenazine, and pimozide. There is also a low incidence with thioridazine, clozapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and low doses of risperidone. Rabbit syndrome can be treated with anticholinergic drugs. It generally disappears within a few days of treatment but may re-emerge after anticholinergic treatment is stopped. Another treatment strategy is to switch the patient to an atypical antipsychotic with high anti-cholinergic properties. References ^ Yassa, R; Lal, S (1986). "Prevalence of the rabbit syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (5): 656–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.5.656. PMID 2870650. ^ Villeneuve, A (1972). "The rabbit syndrome. A peculiar extrapyramidal reaction". Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. 17 (2): Suppl 2:SS69–. doi:10.1177/07067437720176S213. PMID 5042912. ^ a b Catena Dell'Osso, Mario; Fagiolini, Andrea; Ducci, Francesca; Masalehdan, Azadeh; Ciapparelli, Antonio; Frank, Ellen (2007). "Newer antipsychotics and the rabbit syndrome". Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 3: 6. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-3-6. PMC 1914060. PMID 17562001. ^ Schwartz, M; Hocherman, S (2004). "Antipsychotic-induced rabbit syndrome: Epidemiology, management and pathophysiology". CNS Drugs. 18 (4): 213–20. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418040-00002. PMID 15015902. S2CID 11451531. ^ Gonidakis, F; Ploubidis, D; Papadimitriou, G (2008). "Aripiprazole-induced rabbit syndrome in a drug-naive schizophrenic patient". Schizophrenia Research. 103 (1–3): 341–2. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.01.008. PMID 18262773. S2CID 6112768. This article about a medical condition affecting the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easterside
Easterside
["1 Ladgate Ward","2 Geography and architecture","3 Transport","4 Amenities","5 Sport","6 Schools","7 Churches","8 References"]
Coordinates: 54°32′35″N 1°13′01″W / 54.543°N 1.217°W / 54.543; -1.217Estate in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England Easterside is an area in the Ladgate ward of Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England. It is bounded to the east by Marton Road (A172) and by B1380 (Ladgate Lane) to the south. It had a population of 2,842 in 2011. Ladgate Ward Ladgate ward is named after Ladgate Lane, the road that separates the wards two areas. Easterside has a larger centre than Tollesby, the latter is closer to the original village of Marton than its modern centre. By postcode, Easterside lies in TS4, and Tollesby in TS7 and TS8. The ward had a population of 5,583 in 2011. The Middlesbrough Municipal Golf Course is also in the ward. Geography and architecture The area is 2+1⁄3 miles (3.8 km) south-east of the Middlesbrough town hall. The architectural style is broadly similar to the nearby Beechwood and Saltersgill in the same postcode, TS4, as well as parts of the Pallister Park estate. Much of its housing stock is post-war, built between the late-1950s early and mid-1960s in an open plan style with few high walls or fences and has large green spaces in common areas. The area's centre is a small shopping street leading to St Agnes church. The church, built in 1967, has a half pyramid spire and triangle-base pyramid tower. Transport Easterside is served by the Arriva service 29, 28, 28A every 60 minutes in Monday-Saturday daytime, and stagecoach services 10 every 30 minutes daytimes every Monday-Saturday 60 minutes on Sunday. It is located next to one of the principal road routes into the centre of the town and, as such, is affected by the infamous 'Marton Crawl' in peak periods. The Marton railway station (better described as a halt) lies about a mile east of the estate, at the eastern edge of Stewart Park. and is on the Esk Valley Line that joins Middlesbrough and Whitby. There is also a stop at James Cook University Hospital, bearing the same name. Amenities There is a small local shopping area, including local shops such as a Sainsbury's convenience store and Martins newsagent. There is also a branch library. The local pubs and clubs are The Viking, and The Beechwood, Easterside and District Social Club. Sport There are several playing facilities in the area. On the western edge of the area are the Saltersgill playing fields, the home of Acklam Rugby Club. These facilities are also used and maintained by the University of Teesside. The Middlesbrough Sports Village, a velodrome, skate park and tennis courts are on the other side of Marton Road on the site formerly known as Prissick Base. Schools The estate has three schools: Easterside Academy (Easterside Primary School as was), the St Thomas More RC Primary School, and Holmwood School for pupils with special educational needs. Churches The estate was served by the Anglican Church of St Agnes, which was built as a result of donation by Agnes Spencer and was opened in 1967. Its architects were Mortimer Partners of Northallerton. The Roman Catholic Church of St Thomas More lies close to the social club on the outskirts of Beechwood. It was demolished in 2023 and only the spike remains. References ^ 1,478, UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Middlesbrough 014D Lower-layer SOA (E01012052)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 June 2022. and 1,364, UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Middlesbrough 014C Lower-layer SOA (E01012051)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Ladgate Ward (as of 2011) (E05001492)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ "'North-east's most unusual church' prepares to celebrate golden anniversary". Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ "Teesside University - Sport & well-being - Sports membership scheme". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2009. ^ Enquire Learning Trust. "Easterside Academy". Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ Nicholas Postgate Catholic Academy Trust. "St Thomas More RC Primary". St Thomas More RC Primary. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ Holmwood School. "Holmwood School". Holmwood School. Retrieved 1 February 2023. Places adjacent to Easterside Beechwood James Cook University Hospital (enter location) Tollesby Marton Stewart Park vteThe borough of MiddlesbroughDistricts, suburbsvillages and wards Acklam Ayresome Berwick Hills Brambles Farm Coulby Newham Easterside Grove Hill Hemlington Linthorpe Marton Middlesbrough Middlehaven Netherfields North Ormesby Nunthorpe Pallister Park End Saltersgill Thorntree Tollesby Whinney Banks Villages Stainton and Thornton Stainton Thornton Governance Middlesbrough Borough Council Tees Valley Combined Authority Regeneration Middlesbrough Development Corporation Parliamentary constituencies Middlesbrough Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland Middlesbrough West Buildings Acklam Hall Cenotaph Centre North East Middlesbrough Town Hall Churches Middlesbrough Cathedral Sacred Heart Church St Clare of Assisi St Bernadette's Culture, retail,leisure and tourism Arts Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art Middlesbrough Theatre Temenos Museums Captain Cook Birthplace Museum Dorman Museum Parks Albert Park Fairy Dell Park Maze Park Nature Reserve Stewart Park Teessaurus Park Retail Cleveland Centre Teesside Park Services Education Middlesbrough College The Northern School of Art Schools Teesside University Emergency Cleveland Police Health James Cook University Hospital Roseberry Park Hospital Organisations Middlesbrough and Teesside Philanthropic Foundation Middlesbrough Youth Theatre Companies Bulkhaul Limited Double Eleven PD Ports Mass media Evening Gazette BBC Radio Tees SportClubs Basketball Middlesbrough Lions Football Middlesbrough F.C. Middlesbrough F.C. Women Futsal Middlesbrough Futsal Club Roller Hockey Middlesbrough RHC Rugby Middlesbrough RUFC Venues Acklam Park Media Prima Arena Riverside Stadium Waterways Tees Crossings Tees Viaduct Tees Newport Bridge Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge Transport Air Teesside International Airport Bus Middlesbrough bus station Port Teesport Rail lines Esk Valley Line Tees Valley Line Tees Valley Metro (Proposed) Rail stations Gypsy Lane James Cook Marton Middlesbrough Nunthorpe Road A19 A66 A174 Historic Gunnergate Hall INTRO Festival Middlesbrough Borough Police Middlesbrough during World War II Middlesbrough Priory St Luke's Hospital Governance Cleveland Teesside Regeneration Teesside Development Corporation Tees Valley Regeneration Sport Middlesbrough Bears Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C. Sports Venues Ayresome Park Cleveland Park Stadium Linthorpe Road Paradise Ground Transport Middlesbrough Corporation Tramways Middlesbrough and Guisborough Railway Middlesbrough, Stockton and Thornaby Electric Tramways Company Middlesbrough and Stockton Tramways Company Whitby, Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway Miscellaneous History Middlesbrough meteorite Military People Postcodes Category 54°32′35″N 1°13′01″W / 54.543°N 1.217°W / 54.543; -1.217
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Marton Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marton_Road"},{"link_name":"B1380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1380_road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Estate in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, EnglandEasterside is an area in the Ladgate ward of Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England. It is bounded to the east by Marton Road (A172) and by B1380 (Ladgate Lane) to the south. It had a population of 2,842 in 2011.[1]","title":"Easterside"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tollesby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollesby"},{"link_name":"Marton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marton,_Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"TS4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TS_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ladgate ward is named after Ladgate Lane, the road that separates the wards two areas. Easterside has a larger centre than Tollesby, the latter is closer to the original village of Marton than its modern centre. By postcode, Easterside lies in TS4, and Tollesby in TS7 and TS8. The ward had a population of 5,583 in 2011.[2] The Middlesbrough Municipal Golf Course is also in the ward.","title":"Ladgate Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechwood,_Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Saltersgill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltersgill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The area is 2+1⁄3 miles (3.8 km) south-east of the Middlesbrough town hall. The architectural style is broadly similar to the nearby Beechwood and Saltersgill in the same postcode, TS4, as well as parts of the Pallister Park estate.Much of its housing stock is post-war, built between the late-1950s early and mid-1960s in an open plan style with few high walls or fences and has large green spaces in common areas.The area's centre is a small shopping street leading to St Agnes church. The church, built in 1967, has a half pyramid spire and triangle-base pyramid tower.[3]","title":"Geography and architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esk Valley Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esk_Valley_Line"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"James Cook University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"bearing the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook_railway_station"}],"text":"Easterside is served by the Arriva service 29, 28, 28A every 60 minutes in Monday-Saturday daytime, and \nstagecoach services 10 every 30 minutes daytimes every Monday-Saturday 60 minutes on Sunday. It is located next to one of the principal road routes into the centre of the town and, as such, is affected by the infamous 'Marton Crawl' in peak periods. The Marton railway station (better described as a halt) lies about a mile east of the estate, at the eastern edge of Stewart Park. and is on the Esk Valley Line that joins Middlesbrough and Whitby. There is also a stop at James Cook University Hospital, bearing the same name.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"}],"text":"There is a small local shopping area, including local shops such as a Sainsbury's convenience store and Martins newsagent. There is also a branch library. The local pubs and clubs are The Viking, and The Beechwood, Easterside and District Social Club.","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Teesside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Teesside"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"There are several playing facilities in the area. On the western edge of the area are the Saltersgill playing fields, the home of Acklam Rugby Club. These facilities are also used and maintained by the University of Teesside.[4] The Middlesbrough Sports Village, a velodrome, skate park and tennis courts are on the other side of Marton Road on the site formerly known as Prissick Base.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The estate has three schools: Easterside Academy[5] (Easterside Primary School as was), the St Thomas More RC Primary School,[6] and Holmwood School[7] for pupils with special educational needs.","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnes Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Spencer"}],"text":"The estate was served by the Anglican Church of St Agnes, which was built as a result of donation by Agnes Spencer and was opened in 1967. Its architects were Mortimer Partners of Northallerton. The Roman Catholic Church of St Thomas More lies close to the social club on the outskirts of Beechwood. It was demolished in 2023 and only the spike remains.","title":"Churches"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Middlesbrough 014D Lower-layer SOA (E01012052)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E01012052","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Middlesbrough 014D Lower-layer SOA (E01012052)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Middlesbrough 014C Lower-layer SOA (E01012051)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E01012051","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Middlesbrough 014C Lower-layer SOA (E01012051)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Ladgate Ward (as of 2011) (E05001492)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=E05001492","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Ladgate Ward (as of 2011) (E05001492)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"'North-east's most unusual church' prepares to celebrate golden anniversary\". Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/north-easts-most-unusual-church-prepares-9295215.amp","url_text":"\"'North-east's most unusual church' prepares to celebrate golden anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teesside University - Sport & well-being - Sports membership scheme\". Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219071619/http://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/sport/opening.cfm","url_text":"\"Teesside University - Sport & well-being - Sports membership scheme\""},{"url":"http://www.tees.ac.uk/sections/sport/opening.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Enquire Learning Trust. \"Easterside Academy\". Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eastersideacademy.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Easterside Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Nicholas Postgate Catholic Academy Trust. \"St Thomas More RC Primary\". St Thomas More RC Primary. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stm.npcat.org.uk/","url_text":"\"St Thomas More RC Primary\""}]},{"reference":"Holmwood School. \"Holmwood School\". Holmwood School. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holmwoodschool.org.uk/","url_text":"\"Holmwood School\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_La_Rochelle
John of La Rochelle
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
John of La Rochelle (also known as Jean de La Rochelle, John of Rupella, and Johannes de Rupella; c. 1200 – 8 February 1245), was a French Franciscan and theologian. Life He was born in La Rochelle (Latin: Rupella), towards the end of the 12th century, and seems to have entered the Franciscan Order at an early age. He was a pupil of Alexander of Hales and was the first Franciscan to receive a bachelor's degree of theology from the University of Paris. He produced multiple treatises, sermons, commentaries on scripture, and also played a large role in the Summa fratris Alexandri, a theological Summa written by Alexander. “Hales left the beginnings of the theological Summa, and it was completed by John of la Rochelle and others”. By 1238, he was a master of theology, with his own pupils, for his name is found in the list of masters convoked in that year by William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, to discuss the question of ecclesiastical benefices. “For Jean de la Rochelle, theology is essentially wisdom…Jean deems that three things are required for a theologian: knowledge, a holy life, and teaching. Someone who teaches Scripture should have a solid doctoral formation, but should also embody in himself sacred knowledge by his good will and moral actions, before practicing his profession upon others through teaching and preaching”. In dissensions which rent the Franciscan order, John was one of the opponents of Brother Elias, and with Alexander of Hales was involved in discussions that led to the plot which brought about Elias' downfall in 1239. When the 1241 Chapter of Definitors called for comments on disputed questions on the Franciscan Rule, the Province of Paris asked John of La Rochelle, together with Alexander of Hales, Robert of Bascia and Odo of Rigaud, to furnish an explanation of the Rule of St. Francis. The work received the approbation of the General Chapter of the Order held at Bologna in 1242, and subsequently became known as the "Exposition of the Four Masters." He died in 1245, the same year as his teacher Alexander of Hales. Works His works, the Tractatus de divisione potentiarum animae (A Treatise on the Multiple Divisions of the Soul’s Power), written c. 1233, and Summa de anima (Summa on the Soul), written c. 1235, were arguably some of his best. Father Fidelis of Fanna says (on the Summa) that no subject is to be found so frequently in manuscripts of the 13th and 14th centuries in the many European libraries he searched. There also exist summae on the virtue, vices, the articles of the faith, and the ten commandments; many biblical commentaries; sermons, and disputed questions on grace and other theological topics. John was among those who declared against the general lawfulness of plurality. He appears to have enjoyed a favorable reputation, and is described by Bernard of Besse as a professor of great fame for holiness and learning, whose writings were both solid and extremely useful. The main aim of the Summa de anima is to set out Jean's position on being and essence in the context of the debate between those who defend the theory that all of created being is composed of matter and form, and those who, like Thomas Aquinas later would, rejected the doctrine which attributed a composite nature to the soul. Jean investigates the soul according to the four Aristotelian causes: material, efficient, formal, and final. He states what he believes to be intellectual cognition, “while nonetheless retaining certain Avicennian doctrines”. Going deeper into the investigation of the soul, Jean introduces a doctrine that distinguishes the soul into two levels of reason: higher and lower. The levels of the soul are distinguished according to their objects: the objects of higher reasoning can be classified as a spiritual being, and the objects of lower reasoning are classified as corporeal. “Following Augustine, Jean classifies the objects of knowledge further by dividing them into four categories: beings above, beside, in, or beneath the soul”. He also proposes a different agent intellect for each class of objects: the immanent agent intellect suitable for corporeal beings, and two further agent intellects: one for beings outside the soul, such as angels, and one for the being above the soul, God himself. The distinction between the agent intellect outside the soul and the one above the soul, also shows Augustine's heavy influence on Jean, since similar doctrines are found in Augustine's work On Spirit and the Soul. Jean's idea here is similar to Avicenna's views on separate intelligence, in relation to a separate angelic agent intellect that acts upon the soul's immanent agent intellect. John's Treatise on the Multiple Divisions of the Soul’s Power (Tractatus) gives another detailed view of his conception of the soul. "Fortunately it shows more clearly than his Summa how he appropriates and begins to transform his philosophical sources”. The Tractatus is divided into three parts that correspond to the three ways of looking at the soul: definition, division, and completion or perfection. “Jean’s typical procedure in each of the three parts of the Tractatus is to assemble authoritative texts on the point at hand and then to analyze their competing vocabularies”. His analysis of competing vocabularies of the soul includes a wide range of sources, including Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, the book of Genesis, Nemesius of Emesa, and Avicenna. Jean's Tractatus was a great example of how challenging it was for theologians to organize and clarify much of the newly translated material of the 13th century. Jean made significant progress as a philosopher in a time when Parisian theologians abstained from philosophical studies. Jean had many influences and referenced many works from theologians and philosophers alike; however, much of his work, especially that in philosophy of the soul, indicates much originality. Notes ^ "Franciscan Schools of Thought". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2006-12-10. ^ Smalley, The gospels in the Paris schools in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries: Peter the Chanter, Hugh of St. Cher, Alexander of Hales, John of la Rochelle. Franciscan Studies, Volume 39, 1979. ^ a b Gracia, Jorge J. E. and Timothy B. Noone (eds). A companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Malden MA: Blackwell 2003) ^ Ryan, Denise Jean de la Rochelle’s Distinction Between Being and Essence and its Significance in Debate Regarding the Aristotelian Four Causes in Relation to the Rational Soul. Yearbook of the Irish Philosophical Society, National University of Ireland (Department of Philosophy) 29 October 2010 ^ Bowman, Leonard The Development of the Doctrine of the Agent Intellect in the Franciscan School of the Thirteenth Century. Modern Schoolman: A Quarterly Journal of Philosophy, Volume 50, 1973 ^ a b Craig, Edward Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 5, Published by Routledge 1998 References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John of Rupella". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. External links Guide to Thirteenth Century Theologians (Gary Macy, University of San Diego) Jean de la Rochelle (Université de Napierville) (in French) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Portugal Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"John of La Rochelle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Alexander of Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Summa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Auvergne,_Bishop_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"benefices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gracia-3"},{"link_name":"Brother Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Elias"},{"link_name":"Definitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitor"},{"link_name":"Alexander of Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales"},{"link_name":"Rule of St. Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St._Francis"},{"link_name":"General Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Chapter"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"}],"text":"He was born in La Rochelle (Latin: Rupella), towards the end of the 12th century, and seems to have entered the Franciscan Order at an early age. He was a pupil of Alexander of Hales[1] and was the first Franciscan to receive a bachelor's degree of theology from the University of Paris. He produced multiple treatises, sermons, commentaries on scripture, and also played a large role in the Summa fratris Alexandri, a theological Summa written by Alexander. “Hales left the beginnings of the theological Summa, and it was completed by John of la Rochelle and others”.[2]\nBy 1238, he was a master of theology, with his own pupils, for his name is found in the list of masters convoked in that year by William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, to discuss the question of ecclesiastical benefices.“For Jean de la Rochelle, theology is essentially wisdom…Jean deems that three things are required for a theologian: knowledge, a holy life, and teaching. Someone who teaches Scripture should have a solid doctoral formation, but should also embody in himself sacred knowledge by his good will and moral actions, before practicing his profession upon others through teaching and preaching”.[3]In dissensions which rent the Franciscan order, John was one of the opponents of Brother Elias, and with Alexander of Hales was involved in discussions that led to the plot which brought about Elias' downfall in 1239. When the 1241 Chapter of Definitors called for comments on disputed questions on the Franciscan Rule, the Province of Paris asked John of La Rochelle, together with Alexander of Hales, Robert of Bascia and Odo of Rigaud, to furnish an explanation of the Rule of St. Francis. The work received the approbation of the General Chapter of the Order held at Bologna in 1242, and subsequently became known as the \"Exposition of the Four Masters.\"He died in 1245, the same year as his teacher Alexander of Hales.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanna"},{"link_name":"Bernard of Besse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Besse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Avicennian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gracia-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Craig-6"}],"text":"His works, the Tractatus de divisione potentiarum animae (A Treatise on the Multiple Divisions of the Soul’s Power), written c. 1233, and Summa de anima (Summa on the Soul), written c. 1235, were arguably some of his best. Father Fidelis of Fanna says (on the Summa) that no subject is to be found so frequently in manuscripts of the 13th and 14th centuries in the many European libraries he searched.There also exist summae on the virtue, vices, the articles of the faith, and the ten commandments; many biblical commentaries; sermons, and disputed questions on grace and other theological topics.John was among those who declared against the general lawfulness of plurality. He appears to have enjoyed a favorable reputation, and is described by Bernard of Besse as a professor of great fame for holiness and learning, whose writings were both solid and extremely useful.The main aim of the Summa de anima is to set out Jean's position on being and essence in the context of the debate between those who defend the theory that all of created being is composed of matter and form, and those who, like Thomas Aquinas later would, rejected the doctrine which attributed a composite nature to the soul.[4] Jean investigates the soul according to the four Aristotelian causes: material, efficient, formal, and final. \nHe states what he believes to be intellectual cognition, “while nonetheless retaining certain Avicennian doctrines”.[3] Going deeper into the investigation of the soul, Jean introduces a doctrine that distinguishes the soul into two levels of reason: higher and lower. The levels of the soul are distinguished according to their objects: the objects of higher reasoning can be classified as a spiritual being, and the objects of lower reasoning are classified as corporeal.\n“Following Augustine, Jean classifies the objects of knowledge further by dividing them into four categories: beings above, beside, in, or beneath the soul”.[5] He also proposes a different agent intellect for each class of objects: the immanent agent intellect suitable for corporeal beings, and two further agent intellects: one for beings outside the soul, such as angels, and one for the being above the soul, God himself. The distinction between the agent intellect outside the soul and the one above the soul, also shows Augustine's heavy influence on Jean, since similar doctrines are found in Augustine's work On Spirit and the Soul. Jean's idea here is similar to Avicenna's views on separate intelligence, in relation to a separate angelic agent intellect that acts upon the soul's immanent agent intellect.John's Treatise on the Multiple Divisions of the Soul’s Power (Tractatus) gives another detailed view of his conception of the soul. \"Fortunately it shows more clearly than his Summa how he appropriates and begins to transform his philosophical sources”.[6] The Tractatus is divided into three parts that correspond to the three ways of looking at the soul: definition, division, and completion or perfection. “Jean’s typical procedure in each of the three parts of the Tractatus is to assemble authoritative texts on the point at hand and then to analyze their competing vocabularies”.[6] His analysis of competing vocabularies of the soul includes a wide range of sources, including Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, the book of Genesis, Nemesius of Emesa, and Avicenna. Jean's Tractatus was a great example of how challenging it was for theologians to organize and clarify much of the newly translated material of the 13th century.Jean made significant progress as a philosopher in a time when Parisian theologians abstained from philosophical studies. Jean had many influences and referenced many works from theologians and philosophers alike; however, much of his work, especially that in philosophy of the soul, indicates much originality.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Franciscan Schools of Thought\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303172102/http://servus.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fra/FRAtho02.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//servus.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fra/FRAtho02.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gracia_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gracia_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Craig_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Craig_6-1"}],"text":"^ \"Franciscan Schools of Thought\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2006-12-10.\n\n^ Smalley, The gospels in the Paris schools in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries: Peter the Chanter, Hugh of St. Cher, Alexander of Hales, John of la Rochelle. Franciscan Studies, Volume 39, 1979.\n\n^ a b Gracia, Jorge J. E. and Timothy B. Noone (eds). A companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Malden MA: Blackwell 2003)\n\n^ Ryan, Denise Jean de la Rochelle’s Distinction Between Being and Essence and its Significance in Debate Regarding the Aristotelian Four Causes in Relation to the Rational Soul. Yearbook of the Irish Philosophical Society, National University of Ireland (Department of Philosophy) 29 October 2010\n\n^ Bowman, Leonard The Development of the Doctrine of the Agent Intellect in the Franciscan School of the Thirteenth Century. Modern Schoolman: A Quarterly Journal of Philosophy, Volume 50, 1973\n\n^ a b Craig, Edward Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Volume 5, Published by Routledge 1998","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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