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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McGovern_(soldier)
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John McGovern (VC)
|
["1 Details","2 Further information","3 The medal","4 References"]
|
John McGovernBorn(1825-05-16)16 May 1825Tullyhaw, County CavanDied22 November 1888(1888-11-22) (aged 63)Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaBuriedHoly Sepulchre Cemetery, HamiltonAllegiance United KingdomService/branchBengal ArmyYears of service1845–1862RankCorporalUnit1st Bengal European FusiliersBattles/wars
Second Anglo-Burmese War
Indian Mutiny
AwardsVictoria Cross
John McGovern VC (16 May 1825 – 22 November 1888) (Also known as McGOWAN) was born in the parish of Templeport in Tullyhaw, County Cavan, Ireland, was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Details
He was 32 years old, and a private in the 1st Bengal European Fusiliers (later The Royal Munster Fusiliers), Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 23 June 1857 at Delhi, India for which he was awarded the VC:
For gallant conduct during the operations before Delhi, but more especially on the 23rd of June, 1857, when he carried into camp a wounded comrade under a very heavy fire from the enemy's battery, at the risk of his own life.
Further information
McGovern emigrated to Canada and died in Hamilton, Ontario, in November 1888.
The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum (Chelsea, England).
References
^ "No. 22278". The London Gazette. 21 June 1859. p. 2420.
^ 100 Famous Hamiltarians
The Register of the Victoria Cross (1981, 1988 and 1997)
Clarke, Brian D. H. (1986). "A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men". The Irish Sword. XVI (64): 185–287.
Ireland's VCs ISBN 1-899243-00-3 (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)
|
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigonella
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Naval Air Station Sigonella
|
["1 History","2 Facilities","2.1 Airport","2.2 Housing","2.3 Educational opportunities","3 Based units","3.1 Italian Air Force","3.2 Italian Navy","3.3 United States Navy","3.4 United States Air Force","3.5 NATO","3.6 European Union","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 37°24′06″N 014°55′20″E / 37.40167°N 14.92222°E / 37.40167; 14.92222Airport
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Naval Air Station SigonellaBase aerea di SigonellaLentini, Sicily, Italy in ItalyA C-5 Galaxy of the US Air Force at NAS Sigonella, against the backdrop of nearby Mount Etna SigonellaLocation in SicilyCoordinates37°24′06″N 014°55′20″E / 37.40167°N 14.92222°E / 37.40167; 14.92222TypeItalian Air Force base with US Navy Naval Air StationSite informationOwnerItalian Ministry of DefenceOperator
Italian Air Force (AMI)
US Navy (USN)
Controlled by
Support and Special Forces Command (AMI)
Commander, Navy Region Europe, Africa, Central (USN)
ConditionOperationalWebsiteOfficial websiteSite historyBuilt1957 – 1959In use1959 (1959) – presentGarrison informationCurrentcommander
Colonel Howard Lee Rivera (ITAF)
Captain Aaron Shoemaker (USN)
Airfield informationIdentifiersIATA: NSY, ICAO: LICZ, WMO: 164590Elevation24 metres (79 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction
Length and surface
10R/28L
2,462 metres (8,077 ft) Asphalt
10L/28R
2,442 metres (8,012 ft) Asphalt
Naval Air Station (NAS) Sigonella (IATA: NSY, ICAO: LICZ) is an Italian Air Force base (Italian: Aeroporto "Cosimo Di Palma" di Sigonella), and a U.S. Navy installation at Italian Air Force Base Sigonella in Lentini, Sicily, Italy. The whole NAS is a tenant of the Italian Air Force, which has the military and the administrative control. It serves as an Italian base for the 41º Stormo Antisom (41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing). NAS Sigonella acts also as a landlord to more than 40 other U.S. commands and activities. It is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) west and 11 km (7 mi) south of the city of Catania, and some 40 km (25 mi) south of Mount Etna.
The NAS is located in the western part of the large airport structure, while the Italian military base is located in the eastern part. Because of its location near the center of the Mediterranean Sea, NASSIG is well-placed to support operations by the U.S. 6th Fleet, other U.S. military units, and U.S. allies and coalition partners.
Among the aircraft that fly from this island base are Italian Air Force ATR 72MP (which replaced the Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic in 2017) and United States Air Force C-130, C-17, and C-5 airlifters, KC-135 and KC-10 tankers and U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidons, C-2 Greyhounds, and C-40A Clippers.
It is one of the most frequently used stops for U.S. airlift aircraft bound from the continental United States to Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean.
NAS Sigonella has the best claim to be a hub of U.S. naval air operations in the Mediterranean. The base command is the landlord to more than 40 other U.S. units. Among the largest are a rotating P-8A patrol squadron; a Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station; and a U.S. Naval Hospital. The hospital was built in 1992. Previously, there was only a clinic and the closest U.S. Naval Hospital was in Naples. Sigonella is home to more than 4,000 troops, civilian personnel, and family members.
NAS Sigonella is the Navy's second largest security command, second only to that located at Naval Support Activity Bahrain. NAS Sigonella also has a large support of security personnel from NR NSF Sigonella, a Navy Reserve command based in NRC Detroit at Selfridge ANGB, Michigan.
The Naval Air Station comprises two sections: NAS I was the site of the original U.S. base but is now a support facility, and NAS II which includes the runways, operations, and most tenant commands. NAS I also contains the Navy Exchange and Commissary, the school, and some homes, mainly for the commodore of Task Force 67, the air station commanding officer, the air station executive officer, and commanding officers of tenant activities. NAS I also is host to other facilities, mainly for entertainment. NAS II is now only used as a service base.
Sigonella is based also on the Alliance Ground Surveillance Force (NAGSF) with five RQ-4D Phoenix remotely piloted aircraft and the associated European-sourced ground command and control stations.
History
The United States Naval Air Facility (NAF), Sigonella, was established June 15, 1959. Its first commanding officer was Captain Walter J. Frazier. The facility was conceived in the early 1950s when plans to base U.S. Navy P2V Neptunes at Hal Far, Malta began to outgrow the facility.
When there was no room for expansion at Malta, the U.S. Navy obtained NATO backing to be hosted by Sicilians. Italy made land available under a temporary agreement signed on June 25, 1957. Six days later, Landing Ship Tanks (LSTs) began to deliver equipment from the Malta base.
Ground was broken in September, and construction on the administrative area at NAF I was started in 1958. It was built on top of an airfield where damaged fighters and bombers of the German Air Force had once landed during the Second World War. The first Americans arrived for work at Sigonella in March 1959—six months before any buildings were ready—and so worked for six months in Catania at a large warehouse complex called Magazzino Generale (General Warehouse), which is opposite the cemetery on the right side of the street as one enters Catania from the base.
By the end of August 1959, the NAF II airfield was available for daylight flights under visual flight rules (VFR); 24 flights were logged by 31 August.
One of Sigonella's first buildings was what is now the American Forces Network (AFN) building. In 1958, that building was Sigonella's vector (pest) control center, where rat poison was stored. The Army Corps of Engineers next used the building for their offices, later sharing it with Special Services, or what is now called Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR). Around 1966, AFN came to Sigonella and joined Special Services, which soon moved out, leaving the building to the broadcasters.
Sigonella's first flood occurred in mid-September 1959. The Dittaino Bridge between NAF I and NAF II was under six feet of water on September 20 and all traffic had to go through Catania. Power outages accompanied the floods.
In 1965 the Italian Air Force sited at Sigonella the 41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing (86st Gruppo and 88st Gruppo) with mixed crews from the Air Force and Navy.
In the 1980s, "Naval Air Facility" Sigonella was redesignated as a "Naval Air Station".
In 1983 the base was named after World War II pilot Captain Cosimo Di Palma (it), who was shot down by the Luftwaffe while on a mission with the Italian Co-belligerent Air Force and was honored with the Gold Medal of Military Valor.
NAS Sigonella during flooding in December 2005.
On the night of October 10, 1985, there were tense hours on NAS II when the Italian Carabinieri, Italian Air Force, and the US Army's Delta Force came close to firing upon one another following the interception by US Navy F-14 Tomcat fighters of an Egyptian Boeing 737 airliner carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship, the Achille Lauro, which had been commandeered by members of the PLO on 7 October. The hijackers had killed a Jewish American Leon Klinghoffer. The F-14s instructed the Egyptian plane to land at Sigonella where the Americans had planned to take the hijackers into custody. The Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi instead claimed the hijackers were under Italian jurisdiction. The Italian authorities, therefore, refused to allow the Navy SEALs to board the plane, threatening to open fire on the Americans had they attempted to do so. The ensuing stand-off lasted throughout the night until President Ronald Reagan gave the orders for the Americans to stand down. The hijackers were eventually tried and sentenced by an Italian court.
A taxiway on NAS Sigonella
In late 1985, work crews belonging to NMCB 133 were repairing and installing sidewalks in the housing area at NAS I when they uncovered a small stockpile of Luftwaffe antiaircraft ammunition. The stockpile had belonged to an antiaircraft position that had been buried during raids in the Allied invasion of 1943.
On April 1, 2004, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) opened Defense Depot Sigonella Italy on NAS II to serve as a supply base for the Mediterranean. DLA also provides fuel and property disposal from NAS II.
Sigonella suffered its second major flood mid December 2005. Over 400 service members and families evacuated. In 2006, a newly installed protective berm prevented a nearly second consecutive year of flooding.
When NATO took military intervention in Libya in 2011, NAS Sigonella played an important role in US Operation Odyssey Dawn because of its short distance to the country. As Libya remained unstable in 2013, a Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force–Crisis Response unit was formed and an element of this was moved to the base to be within V-22 range of Libya.
In 2019, an investigation by Sigonella's Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) office and the local Carabinieri led to the arrest of 18 individuals suspected of stealing over 100,000 liters (22,000 imp gal; 26,000 U.S. gal) of JP-5 jet fuel. According to the investigators, the criminal operation, which involved the siphoning of jet fuel from a pipeline connecting Augusta Bay with NAS Sigonella, had been ongoing for almost 3 years and caused approximately 800,000 Euros in damages.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, most of the base including recreational facilities, daycare programs, and the school were shut down to slow the spread of the COVID-19 Coronavirus.
Facilities
Entrance to the Sigonella air base
The Base Operating and Support Services contractor Gemmo is responsible for pest management at the station.
Airport
The airport resides at an elevation of 79 feet (24 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 10R/28L which measures 2,462 by 45 metres (8,077 ft × 148 ft) and 10L/28R measuring 2,442 by 28 metres (8,012 ft × 92 ft).
Housing
Most permanent party military personnel and families are housed in Marinai, located 2 minutes from NAS II and approximately 10–15 minutes from NAS I. Marinai flooded in December 2005 displacing many families temporarily. Also in Marinai are Boy Scout Troop 53 and Cub Scout Pack 53. Previously, "Mineo" was used as a housing base, but has since been returned to Italian Nationals and is no longer in service. Temporarily deployed unaccompanied military personnel, typically from rotational squadrons deployed from the United States, are housed in bachelor enlisted quarters and bachelor officer quarters located at NAS II.
From 1987 to 2002, there was a base housing development Villaggio Costanzo which was located in the village of Santa Maria La Stella, in the comune of Aci Sant'Antonio, and approximately 60 minutes from NAS I. The closest community to the base is Motta Sant'Anastasia, where many military personnel and their families live in rented accommodations on the economy. Relations between the Americans and the local Italian nationals are cordial, despite some anti-American demonstrations outside the base protesting the Iraq War. Many Italian nationals are employed as civilian workers at the base.
Educational opportunities
Family support includes pre-Kindergarten and Department of Defense Dependent Schools (DoDDs) K-12 schooling. In-person college-level courses are delivered by several universities. In particular, the University of Maryland Global Campus – Europe (formerly the European Division) offers a wide range of courses, depending on demand.
Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at NAS Sigonella.
Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Sigonella, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.
Italian Air Force
Support and Special Forces Command
Sigonella Air Base Command (Comando Aeroporto Sigonella)
41st (Anti-submarine) Wing (41° Stormo AntiSom) – P-72A
86st (Crew training) Wing (86º Gruppo CAE)
11st Department aircraft maintenance (11° Reparto manutenzione velivoli)
Combat Forces Command
32nd Wing (32° Stormo)
61st Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron (61° Gruppo APR) – MQ-1C Predator A+
Italian Navy
Aviation Inspector for the Navy
88nd (Anti-submarine) Wing (88° Gruppo AntiSom) – P-72A
United States Navy
Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Detachment
Aviation Supply Depot
Air Operations Department – C-26D Metroliner
Commander, Fleet Logistics Support Wing (CFLSW)
Executive Transport Department Sigonella – C-20G Gulfstream IV
Fleet Logistics Support Wing Detachment – Supports C-130T Hercules and C-40A Clipper on detachment
Commander Helicopter Sea Combat Wing ATLANTIC (COMHSCWINGLANT)
Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 28 (HSC-28), Detachment 1 – MH-60S Seahawk
Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Sicily
Naval Medical Research Unit Three (NAMRU-3)
Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP)
NAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Sigonella
Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Naval Forces Africa (CNE-CNA)
US Sixth Fleet
Commander Task Force 67 (CTF-67)
TG-67.1 (Maritime Patrol) – P-8A Poseidon
TG-67.2 (Tactical Operation Center)
TU-67.2.1 (Mobile Tactical Operation Center)
TG-67.3 (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) – MQ-4C Triton
United States Air Force
Air Combat Command (ACC)
Sixteenth Air Force
319th Reconnaissance Wing
319th Operations Group
7th Reconnaissance Squadron (GSU) – RQ-4B Global Hawk
US Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)
Third Air Force
435th Air Expeditionary Wing
409th Air Expeditionary Group
324th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (GSU)
NATO
NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance Force (NAGSF)
Alliance Ground Surveillance – RQ-4D Phoenix
European Union
EU NAVFOR Med
Operation Irini
See also
Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS)
Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)
Crisis of Sigonella
References
^ Coletta, Francesco (2011). "Le basi militari alleate in Italia aspetti di rilevanza per l'attività di Polizia Militare". carabinieri.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 September 2021.
^ Taylor, Adam (24 May 2021). "As countries condemn Belarus flight diversion, critics accuse West of similar tactics". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
^ Stars and Stripes Europe, 25 October 1985
^ "US Repositioning 200 Marines in Italy as Precaution for Libya Unrest."
^ "Marine rapid reaction unit moved to Italy amid escalating crisis in Libya."
^ Scianna, Janine (18 October 2019). "Operation 'Black Gold' Nabs 18 Perpetrators of Sigonella Jet Fuel: Sigonella's Carabinieri and NCIS Team Up to Investigate". DVIDS. Sigonella, Italy. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
^ "Facilities on US bases shuttered as Italy closes just about everything to fight coronavirus"
^ "Base Operating and Support Services (BOSS) at U.S. Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily". Gemmo SpA. 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
^ Airport information for LICZ from DAFIF (effective October 2006)
^ Boy Scout Troop 53
^ "NAS Sigonella Sicily, Italy—Installation Overview".
^ "Sigonella | UMGC Europe".
^ Carmelo, Lgt. Savoca (13 November 2018). "Cambio di comando al 41° Stormo" . Aeronautica Militare (in Italian). Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ "Tenant Commands". Commander, Navy Region Europe, Africa, Central – Naval Air Station Sigonella. United States Navy. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ "7 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. US Air Force. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ "324 Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. US Air Force. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ "Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS)". NATO. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
^ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. April 2021. p. 10.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naval Air Station Sigonella.
NAS Sigonella, official site
, official site 41º Stormo AMI
Sigonella Community Support Group
Google Map
Current weather for LICZ at NOAA/NWS
Accident history for NSY at Aviation Safety Network
vteAirports in ItalyInternationalMajor
Milan–Malpensa
Rome–Fiumicino
Minor
Alghero
Ancona
Bari
Bergamo
Bologna
Bolzano
Brindisi
Cagliari
Catania
Comiso
Cuneo
Elba
Florence
Forlì
Genoa
Lamezia Terme
Milan–Linate
Naples
Olbia
Palermo
Parma
Perugia
Pescara
Pisa
Reggio Calabria
Rimini
Rome–Ciampino
Salerno
Trapani
Treviso
Trieste
Turin
Venice
Verona
Domestic
Crotone
Foggia
Lampedusa
Pantelleria
Unscheduled
Albenga
Aosta
Brescia
Grosseto
Oristano
Taranto
Tortolì
Trento
Military
Amendola
Aviano
Bari
Cameri
Capodichino
Caselle
Cervia
Decimomannu
Frosinone
Galatina
Ghedi
Gioia del Colle
Grazzanise
Guidonia
Istrana
Latina
Martina Franca
Padua
Piacenza
Pisa
Pratica di Mare
Rivolto
Sigonella
Toblach
Trapani
Varese
Villafranca
Defunct
Vicenza
Statistics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lentini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentini"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"41º Stormo Antisom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/41%C2%BA_Stormo"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania"},{"link_name":"Mount Etna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Etna"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"U.S. 6th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"ATR 72MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_72"},{"link_name":"Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breguet_Br.1150_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130"},{"link_name":"C-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III"},{"link_name":"C-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"KC-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-135"},{"link_name":"KC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC-10"},{"link_name":"tankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"P-8 Poseidons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"C-2 Greyhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-2_Greyhound"},{"link_name":"C-40A Clippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-40_Clipper"},{"link_name":"the continental United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONUS"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Naples"},{"link_name":"Naval Support Activity Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Navy Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Selfridge ANGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfridge_ANGB"},{"link_name":"Navy Exchange and Commissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Alliance Ground Surveillance Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Ground_Surveillance_Force"}],"text":"AirportNaval Air Station (NAS) Sigonella (IATA: NSY, ICAO: LICZ) is an Italian Air Force base (Italian: Aeroporto \"Cosimo Di Palma\" di Sigonella), and a U.S. Navy installation at Italian Air Force Base Sigonella in Lentini, Sicily, Italy. The whole NAS is a tenant of the Italian Air Force, which has the military and the administrative control.[1] It serves as an Italian base for the 41º Stormo Antisom (41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing). NAS Sigonella acts also as a landlord to more than 40 other U.S. commands and activities. It is located 15 kilometres (9 mi) west and 11 km (7 mi) south of the city of Catania, and some 40 km (25 mi) south of Mount Etna.The NAS is located in the western part of the large airport structure, while the Italian military base is located in the eastern part. Because of its location near the center of the Mediterranean Sea, NASSIG is well-placed to support operations by the U.S. 6th Fleet, other U.S. military units, and U.S. allies and coalition partners.Among the aircraft that fly from this island base are Italian Air Force ATR 72MP (which replaced the Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic in 2017) and United States Air Force C-130, C-17, and C-5 airlifters, KC-135 and KC-10 tankers and U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidons, C-2 Greyhounds, and C-40A Clippers.It is one of the most frequently used stops for U.S. airlift aircraft bound from the continental United States to Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean.NAS Sigonella has the best claim to be a hub of U.S. naval air operations in the Mediterranean. The base command is the landlord to more than 40 other U.S. units. Among the largest are a rotating P-8A patrol squadron; a Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station; and a U.S. Naval Hospital. The hospital was built in 1992. Previously, there was only a clinic and the closest U.S. Naval Hospital was in Naples. Sigonella is home to more than 4,000 troops, civilian personnel, and family members.NAS Sigonella is the Navy's second largest security command, second only to that located at Naval Support Activity Bahrain. NAS Sigonella also has a large support of security personnel from NR NSF Sigonella, a Navy Reserve command based in NRC Detroit at Selfridge ANGB, Michigan.The Naval Air Station comprises two sections: NAS I was the site of the original U.S. base but is now a support facility, and NAS II which includes the runways, operations, and most tenant commands. NAS I also contains the Navy Exchange and Commissary, the school, and some homes, mainly for the commodore of Task Force 67, the air station commanding officer, the air station executive officer, and commanding officers of tenant activities. NAS I also is host to other facilities, mainly for entertainment. NAS II is now only used as a service base.Sigonella is based also on the Alliance Ground Surveillance Force (NAGSF) with five RQ-4D Phoenix remotely piloted aircraft and the associated European-sourced ground command and control stations.","title":"Naval Air Station Sigonella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P2V Neptunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-2_Neptune"},{"link_name":"Hal Far","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6al_Far"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"German Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Catania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania"},{"link_name":"visual flight rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_flight_rules"},{"link_name":"American Forces Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Forces_Network"},{"link_name":"rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Morale, Welfare and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale,_Welfare_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"Dittaino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dittaino"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautica_Militare"},{"link_name":"41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/41%C2%BA_Stormo"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_Di_Palma"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Italian Co-belligerent Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_051214-N-1120L-001_U.S._Navy_Sailors_assigned_to_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Mobile_Unit_Eight_(EODMU-8),_prepare_to_load_their_zodiac_pontoon_boat_onto_a_trailer_following_an_initial_exploration_of_the_Marinai_housing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Delta Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Achille Lauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Achille_Lauro"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLO"},{"link_name":"Leon Klinghoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Klinghoffer"},{"link_name":"Bettino Craxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettino_Craxi"},{"link_name":"Navy SEALs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_060823-N-3013W-003_Aviation_Ordnanceman_3rd_Class_Giancarlo_Rosasarias_of_Los_Angeles,_Calif.,_directs_the_taxi_pilot_to_straighten_his_direction_of_movement_in_order_to_properly_park_a_P-3C_Orion,_after_returning_from.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allied invasion of 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Defense Logistics Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Logistics_Agency"},{"link_name":"berm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berm"},{"link_name":"military intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Operation Odyssey Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Marine Air Ground Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Air_Ground_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"V-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Naval Criminal Investigative Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"JP-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP-5"},{"link_name":"Augusta Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Bay_(Sicily)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The United States Naval Air Facility (NAF), Sigonella, was established June 15, 1959. Its first commanding officer was Captain Walter J. Frazier. The facility was conceived in the early 1950s when plans to base U.S. Navy P2V Neptunes at Hal Far, Malta began to outgrow the facility.When there was no room for expansion at Malta, the U.S. Navy obtained NATO backing to be hosted by Sicilians. Italy made land available under a temporary agreement signed on June 25, 1957. Six days later, Landing Ship Tanks (LSTs) began to deliver equipment from the Malta base.Ground was broken in September, and construction on the administrative area at NAF I was started in 1958. It was built on top of an airfield where damaged fighters and bombers of the German Air Force had once landed during the Second World War. The first Americans arrived for work at Sigonella in March 1959—six months before any buildings were ready—and so worked for six months in Catania at a large warehouse complex called Magazzino Generale (General Warehouse), which is opposite the cemetery on the right side of the street as one enters Catania from the base.By the end of August 1959, the NAF II airfield was available for daylight flights under visual flight rules (VFR); 24 flights were logged by 31 August.One of Sigonella's first buildings was what is now the American Forces Network (AFN) building. In 1958, that building was Sigonella's vector (pest) control center, where rat poison was stored. The Army Corps of Engineers next used the building for their offices, later sharing it with Special Services, or what is now called Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR). Around 1966, AFN came to Sigonella and joined Special Services, which soon moved out, leaving the building to the broadcasters.Sigonella's first flood occurred in mid-September 1959. The Dittaino Bridge between NAF I and NAF II was under six feet of water on September 20 and all traffic had to go through Catania. Power outages accompanied the floods.In 1965 the Italian Air Force sited at Sigonella the 41st Antisubmarine Warfare Wing (86st Gruppo and 88st Gruppo) with mixed crews from the Air Force and Navy.In the 1980s, \"Naval Air Facility\" Sigonella was redesignated as a \"Naval Air Station\".In 1983 the base was named after World War II pilot Captain Cosimo Di Palma (it), who was shot down by the Luftwaffe while on a mission with the Italian Co-belligerent Air Force and was honored with the Gold Medal of Military Valor.NAS Sigonella during flooding in December 2005.On the night of October 10, 1985, there were tense hours on NAS II when the Italian Carabinieri, Italian Air Force, and the US Army's Delta Force came close to firing upon one another following the interception by US Navy F-14 Tomcat fighters of an Egyptian Boeing 737 airliner carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship, the Achille Lauro, which had been commandeered by members of the PLO on 7 October. The hijackers had killed a Jewish American Leon Klinghoffer. The F-14s instructed the Egyptian plane to land at Sigonella where the Americans had planned to take the hijackers into custody. The Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi instead claimed the hijackers were under Italian jurisdiction. The Italian authorities, therefore, refused to allow the Navy SEALs to board the plane, threatening to open fire on the Americans had they attempted to do so. The ensuing stand-off lasted throughout the night until President Ronald Reagan gave the orders for the Americans to stand down. The hijackers were eventually tried and sentenced by an Italian court.[2]A taxiway on NAS SigonellaIn late 1985, work crews belonging to NMCB 133 were repairing and installing sidewalks in the housing area at NAS I when they uncovered a small stockpile of Luftwaffe antiaircraft ammunition. The stockpile had belonged to an antiaircraft position that had been buried during raids in the Allied invasion of 1943.[3]On April 1, 2004, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) opened Defense Depot Sigonella Italy on NAS II to serve as a supply base for the Mediterranean. DLA also provides fuel and property disposal from NAS II.Sigonella suffered its second major flood mid December 2005. Over 400 service members and families evacuated. In 2006, a newly installed protective berm prevented a nearly second consecutive year of flooding.When NATO took military intervention in Libya in 2011, NAS Sigonella played an important role in US Operation Odyssey Dawn because of its short distance to the country. As Libya remained unstable in 2013, a Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force–Crisis Response unit was formed and an element of this was moved to the base to be within V-22 range of Libya.[4][5]In 2019, an investigation by Sigonella's Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) office and the local Carabinieri led to the arrest of 18 individuals suspected of stealing over 100,000 liters (22,000 imp gal; 26,000 U.S. gal) of JP-5 jet fuel. According to the investigators, the criminal operation, which involved the siphoning of jet fuel from a pipeline connecting Augusta Bay with NAS Sigonella, had been ongoing for almost 3 years and caused approximately 800,000 Euros in damages.[6]During the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, most of the base including recreational facilities, daycare programs, and the school were shut down to slow the spread of the COVID-19 Coronavirus.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sigonella_Airport,_Sicily.png"},{"link_name":"pest management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_management"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gemmo-8"}],"text":"Entrance to the Sigonella air baseThe Base Operating and Support Services contractor Gemmo is responsible for pest management at the station.[8]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAD-9"}],"sub_title":"Airport","text":"The airport resides at an elevation of 79 feet (24 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 10R/28L which measures 2,462 by 45 metres (8,077 ft × 148 ft) and 10L/28R measuring 2,442 by 28 metres (8,012 ft × 92 ft).[9]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boy Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cub Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Scouting_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Aci Sant'Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci_Sant%27Antonio"},{"link_name":"Motta Sant'Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motta_Sant%27Anastasia"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"}],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"Most permanent party military personnel and families are housed in Marinai, located 2 minutes from NAS II and approximately 10–15 minutes from NAS I. Marinai flooded in December 2005 displacing many families temporarily. Also in Marinai are Boy Scout Troop 53[10] and Cub Scout Pack 53. Previously, \"Mineo\" was used as a housing base, but has since been returned to Italian Nationals and is no longer in service. Temporarily deployed unaccompanied military personnel, typically from rotational squadrons deployed from the United States, are housed in bachelor enlisted quarters and bachelor officer quarters located at NAS II.From 1987 to 2002, there was a base housing development Villaggio Costanzo which was located in the village of Santa Maria La Stella, in the comune of Aci Sant'Antonio, and approximately 60 minutes from NAS I. The closest community to the base is Motta Sant'Anastasia, where many military personnel and their families live in rented accommodations on the economy. Relations between the Americans and the local Italian nationals are cordial, despite some anti-American demonstrations outside the base protesting the Iraq War. Many Italian nationals are employed as civilian workers at the base.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Defense Dependent Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Dependent_Schools"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FRONT_GATE_SIGONELLA_1962.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030313-N-9693M-005_Members_assigned_to_the_%22Gray_Wolves%22_of_Electronic_Attack_Squadron_One_Four_Two_(VAQ-142)_maneuver_an_EA-6B_Prowler_into_position_for_a_maintenance_check.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030506-N-0020T-003_Lt._j.g._Ike_Kraushaar_pilots_an_MH-53E_Sea_Dragon_helicopter_to_the_active_runway_at_Naval_Air_Station_(NAS)_Sigonella.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030526-N-3122S-019_A_P-3C_Orion_aircraft_assigned_to_the.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_060115-N-8726C-001_Three_P-3C_Orion_aircraft_belonging_to_the_Tridents_of_Patrol_Squadron_Two_Six_(VP-26)_stand_ready_on_a_rain_soaked_airfield_on_board_Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_060112-N-8726C-001_Sailors_assigned_the_Tridents_of_Patrol_Squadron_Two_Six_(VP-26)_head_back_to_the_hangar_after_conducting_a_pre-flight_checks_on_a_P-3C_Orion.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030313-N-9693M-003_A_C-2_Greyhound_assigned_to_the.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breguet_Br_1150_Atlantic_MM40124_Aeronautica.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Educational opportunities","text":"Family support includes pre-Kindergarten and Department of Defense Dependent Schools (DoDDs) K-12 schooling. In-person college-level courses are delivered by several universities.[11] In particular, the University of Maryland Global Campus – Europe (formerly the European Division)[12] offers a wide range of courses, depending on demand.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFMAPR21-10-18"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"P-72A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_72"},{"link_name":"32nd Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Wing_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"MQ-1C Predator A+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"P-72A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATR_72"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"C-26D Metroliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-26_Metroliner"},{"link_name":"C-20G Gulfstream IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_IV"},{"link_name":"C-130T Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"C-40A Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-40_Clipper"},{"link_name":"MH-60S Seahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk"},{"link_name":"Naval Medical Research Unit Three (NAMRU-3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Unit_Three"},{"link_name":"Naval Supply Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Naval Forces Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe_-_Naval_Forces_Africa"},{"link_name":"US Sixth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"P-8A Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"MQ-4C Triton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_MQ-4C_Triton"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"Sixteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"319th Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/319th_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"319th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/319th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"7th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/397th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"RQ-4B Global Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-4_Global_Hawk"},{"link_name":"US Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_in_Europe_-_Air_Forces_Africa"},{"link_name":"Third Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"409th Air Expeditionary Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/409th_Air_Expeditionary_Group"},{"link_name":"324th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/324th_Expeditionary_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"Alliance Ground Surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Ground_Surveillance"},{"link_name":"RQ-4D Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk#NATO"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"Operation Irini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Irini"}],"text":"Flying and notable non-flying units based at NAS Sigonella.[13][14][15][16][17][18]Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Sigonella, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.Italian Air Force[edit]\nSupport and Special Forces Command\n\nSigonella Air Base Command (Comando Aeroporto Sigonella)\n41st (Anti-submarine) Wing (41° Stormo AntiSom) – P-72A\n86st (Crew training) Wing (86º Gruppo CAE)\n11st Department aircraft maintenance (11° Reparto manutenzione velivoli)\nCombat Forces Command\n\n32nd Wing (32° Stormo)\n61st Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron (61° Gruppo APR) – MQ-1C Predator A+\nItalian Navy[edit]\nAviation Inspector for the Navy\n\n88nd (Anti-submarine) Wing (88° Gruppo AntiSom) – P-72A\nUnited States Navy[edit]\nAircraft Intermediate Maintenance Detachment\nAviation Supply Depot\nAir Operations Department – C-26D Metroliner\nCommander, Fleet Logistics Support Wing (CFLSW)\nExecutive Transport Department Sigonella – C-20G Gulfstream IV\nFleet Logistics Support Wing Detachment – Supports C-130T Hercules and C-40A Clipper on detachment\nCommander Helicopter Sea Combat Wing ATLANTIC (COMHSCWINGLANT)\nHelicopter Sea Combat Squadron 28 (HSC-28), Detachment 1 – MH-60S Seahawk\nNaval Computer and Telecommunications Station Sicily\nNaval Medical Research Unit Three (NAMRU-3)\nNaval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP)\n\nNAVSUP Fleet Logistics Center Sigonella\nCommander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe-Naval Forces Africa (CNE-CNA)\n\nUS Sixth Fleet\nCommander Task Force 67 (CTF-67)\nTG-67.1 (Maritime Patrol) – P-8A Poseidon\nTG-67.2 (Tactical Operation Center)\nTU-67.2.1 (Mobile Tactical Operation Center)\nTG-67.3 (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) – MQ-4C Triton\n\n\nUnited States Air Force[edit]\nAir Combat Command (ACC)\n\nSixteenth Air Force\n319th Reconnaissance Wing\n319th Operations Group\n7th Reconnaissance Squadron (GSU) – RQ-4B Global Hawk\nUS Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)\n\nThird Air Force\n435th Air Expeditionary Wing\n409th Air Expeditionary Group\n324th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (GSU)\nNATO[edit]\nNATO Alliance Ground Surveillance Force (NAGSF)\n\nAlliance Ground Surveillance – RQ-4D Phoenix\nEuropean Union[edit]\nEU NAVFOR Med\n\nOperation Irini","title":"Based units"}]
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[{"image_text":"NAS Sigonella during flooding in December 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_051214-N-1120L-001_U.S._Navy_Sailors_assigned_to_Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal_Mobile_Unit_Eight_%28EODMU-8%29%2C_prepare_to_load_their_zodiac_pontoon_boat_onto_a_trailer_following_an_initial_exploration_of_the_Marinai_housing.jpg/230px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"A taxiway on NAS Sigonella","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US_Navy_060823-N-3013W-003_Aviation_Ordnanceman_3rd_Class_Giancarlo_Rosasarias_of_Los_Angeles%2C_Calif.%2C_directs_the_taxi_pilot_to_straighten_his_direction_of_movement_in_order_to_properly_park_a_P-3C_Orion%2C_after_returning_from.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to the Sigonella air base","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sigonella_Airport%2C_Sicily.png/220px-Sigonella_Airport%2C_Sicily.png"}]
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[{"title":"Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Ground_Surveillance"},{"title":"Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_User_Objective_System"},{"title":"Crisis of Sigonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_Sigonella"}]
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[{"reference":"Coletta, Francesco (2011). \"Le basi militari alleate in Italia aspetti di rilevanza per l'attività di Polizia Militare\". carabinieri.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210929125317/http://www.carabinieri.it/editoria/rassegna-dell-arma/la-rassegna/anno-2011/n-3---luglio-settembre/studi/le-basi-militari-alleate-in-italia-aspetti-di-rilevanza-per-l-attivit%c3%a0-di-polizia-militare","url_text":"\"Le basi militari alleate in Italia aspetti di rilevanza per l'attività di Polizia Militare\""},{"url":"http://www.carabinieri.it/editoria/rassegna-dell-arma/la-rassegna/anno-2011/n-3---luglio-settembre/studi/le-basi-militari-alleate-in-italia-aspetti-di-rilevanza-per-l-attivit%c3%a0-di-polizia-militare","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Adam (24 May 2021). \"As countries condemn Belarus flight diversion, critics accuse West of similar tactics\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/24/belarus-flight-evo-morales-sndowden-russia/","url_text":"\"As countries condemn Belarus flight diversion, critics accuse West of similar tactics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Scianna, Janine (18 October 2019). \"Operation 'Black Gold' Nabs 18 Perpetrators of Sigonella Jet Fuel: Sigonella's Carabinieri and NCIS Team Up to Investigate\". DVIDS. Sigonella, Italy. Retrieved 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dvidshub.net/news/357235/operation-black-gold-nabs-18-perpetrators-sigonella-jet-fuel-sigonellas-carabinieri-and-ncis-team-up-investigate","url_text":"\"Operation 'Black Gold' Nabs 18 Perpetrators of Sigonella Jet Fuel: Sigonella's Carabinieri and NCIS Team Up to Investigate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Base Operating and Support Services (BOSS) at U.S. Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily\". Gemmo SpA. 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gemmo.com/en/main-projectsmilitaryboss-at-naval-air-station-sigonella-sicily-italy/82.html","url_text":"\"Base Operating and Support Services (BOSS) at U.S. Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAS Sigonella Sicily, Italy—Installation Overview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liveabout.com/installation-overview-naval-air-station-sigonella-italy-3354747","url_text":"\"NAS Sigonella Sicily, Italy—Installation Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sigonella | UMGC Europe\".","urls":[{"url":"https://europe.umgc.edu/locations/italy-sigonella.cfm","url_text":"\"Sigonella | UMGC Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Carmelo, Lgt. Savoca (13 November 2018). \"Cambio di comando al 41° Stormo\" [Change of command at the 41st Wing]. Aeronautica Militare (in Italian). Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/comunicazione/notizie/Pagine/cambio_comando_sigonella_41.aspx","url_text":"\"Cambio di comando al 41° Stormo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenant Commands\". Commander, Navy Region Europe, Africa, Central – Naval Air Station Sigonella. United States Navy. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/cnreurafcent/installations/nas_sigonella/about/tenant_commands.html","url_text":"\"Tenant Commands\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. US Air Force. 31 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/862220/7-reconnaissance-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"7 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"324 Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (USAFE)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. US Air Force. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432069/324-expeditionary-reconnaissance-squadron-usafe/","url_text":"\"324 Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron (USAFE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS)\". NATO. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48892.htm","url_text":"\"Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS)\""}]},{"reference":"AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. April 2021. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirForces_Monthly","url_text":"AirForces Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire","url_text":"Stamford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire","url_text":"Lincolnshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England","url_text":"England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Publishing","url_text":"Key Publishing Ltd"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ouenza
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Ouenza
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["1 Demographics","2 Life in Ouenza","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 35°57′N 8°08′E / 35.950°N 8.133°E / 35.950; 8.133For the musician, see Ouenza (rapper).
35°57′N 8°08′E / 35.950°N 8.133°E / 35.950; 8.133
City and Commune in Tébessa Province, AlgeriaOuenza
الونزةCity and CommuneOuenza's train stationLocation of Taher in the Tébessa ProvinceCountry AlgeriaProvinceTébessa ProvinceDistrictOuenza DistrictAPC2012-2017Government • TypeMunicipality • MayorOmar Ifroujen (RND)Area • Total48 sq mi (124 km2)Population (2008) • Total52,737Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)Postal code1235012003ISO 3166 codeCP
Ouenza (Arabic: الونزة) is a town in Tébessa Province, in far eastern Algeria; near the border with Tunisia; 43 km south of Souk Ahras; and west of M'Daourouch.
Demographics
The population is 52,000. Ethnologically, the city draws its population from the diverse surrounding regions, including Souk Ahras, Taoura, Annaba, Guelma, Tebessa, Chréa, El-meridj, Ain Zerga, Meskiana and others.
Life in Ouenza
Ouenza was built by the French Société de l'Ouenza at the start of the Twentieth Century, to exploit the iron ore deposits that have been the basis of economic growth in the region for over 100 years. Originally, workers from Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and other regions of Algeria came to Ouenza, contributing to its cultural diversity and making the town unique in the region. But once these workers retired and returned home with their families, they were replaced by inhabitants of Ouenza's neighbouring villages.
Ouenza's location brings it a dry climate, with hot summers and cold winters. The majority of the inhabitants leave for coastal towns such as Annaba and el Kala during the summer season.
Ouenza has a number of locations very popular with its inhabitants. One of these, the suq, is known by its colonial name, SAS. People of all ages gather at the boulodrome, named "le Cercle", to watch the game of pétanque. The main supermarket is named "L'économat". There is also a village hall with a 400-seat cinema and air conditioning. There are also three tennis courts and the football field of the local team OSO. Recently a number of cybercafes have emerged, catering for the tastes of the young people.
See also
Algeria portal
Iron ore in Africa
References
^ "Répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion" (PDF). ONS. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
vte Tébessa ProvinceCapital: TébessaDistricts
Bir El Ater
Bir Mokadem
Cheria
El Aouïnet
El Kouif
El Ma Labiodh
El Ogla
Morsott
Negrine
Ouenza
Oum Ali
Tébessa
Communes
Aïn Zerga
Bedjene
Bekkaria
Bir el-Ater
Bir El Mokadem
Bir Dheb
Boukhadra
Boulhaf Dir
Cheria
El Aouinet
El Kouif
El Ma El Biodh
El Meridj
El Mezerra
El Ogla el Malha
El Ogla
Ferkane
Guorriguer
Hammamet
Lahouidjbet
Morsott
Negrine
Ouenza
Oum Ali
Safsaf El Ouesra
Stah Guentis
Tébessa
Tlidjene
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ouenza (rapper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ouenza_(rapper)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"35°57′N 8°08′E / 35.950°N 8.133°E / 35.950; 8.133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ouenza¶ms=35_57_N_8_08_E_"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Tébessa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa_Province"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Tunisia_border"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Souk Ahras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Ahras"},{"link_name":"M'Daourouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27Daourouch"}],"text":"For the musician, see Ouenza (rapper).35°57′N 8°08′E / 35.950°N 8.133°E / 35.950; 8.133City and Commune in Tébessa Province, AlgeriaOuenza (Arabic: الونزة) is a town in Tébessa Province, in far eastern Algeria; near the border with Tunisia; 43 km south of Souk Ahras; and west of M'Daourouch.","title":"Ouenza"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Souk Ahras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Ahras"},{"link_name":"Taoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoura"},{"link_name":"Annaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba"},{"link_name":"Guelma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma"},{"link_name":"Tebessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa"},{"link_name":"Chréa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"El-meridj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El-meridj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ain Zerga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Zerga"},{"link_name":"Meskiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskiana"}],"text":"The population is 52,000. Ethnologically, the city draws its population from the diverse surrounding regions, including Souk Ahras, Taoura, Annaba, Guelma, Tebessa, Chréa, El-meridj, Ain Zerga, Meskiana and others.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Société de l'Ouenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27Ouenza"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Annaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaba"},{"link_name":"el Kala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Kala"},{"link_name":"suq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suq"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empires"},{"link_name":"boulodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boulodrome&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pétanque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque"},{"link_name":"supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater"}],"text":"Ouenza was built by the French Société de l'Ouenza at the start of the Twentieth Century, to exploit the iron ore deposits that have been the basis of economic growth in the region for over 100 years. Originally, workers from Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and other regions of Algeria came to Ouenza, contributing to its cultural diversity and making the town unique in the region. But once these workers retired and returned home with their families, they were replaced by inhabitants of Ouenza's neighbouring villages.Ouenza's location brings it a dry climate, with hot summers and cold winters. The majority of the inhabitants leave for coastal towns such as Annaba and el Kala during the summer season.Ouenza has a number of locations very popular with its inhabitants. One of these, the suq, is known by its colonial name, SAS. People of all ages gather at the boulodrome, named \"le Cercle\", to watch the game of pétanque. The main supermarket is named \"L'économat\". There is also a village hall with a 400-seat cinema and air conditioning. There are also three tennis courts and the football field of the local team OSO. Recently a number of cybercafes have emerged, catering for the tastes of the young people.","title":"Life in Ouenza"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Algeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria"},{"title":"Iron ore in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore_in_Africa"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion\" (PDF). ONS. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.dz/collections/w12_p2.pdf","url_text":"\"Répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ouenza¶ms=35_57_N_8_08_E_","external_links_name":"35°57′N 8°08′E / 35.950°N 8.133°E / 35.950; 8.133"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ouenza¶ms=35_57_N_8_08_E_","external_links_name":"35°57′N 8°08′E / 35.950°N 8.133°E / 35.950; 8.133"},{"Link":"https://www.ons.dz/collections/w12_p2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Shoun
|
Clyde Shoun
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American baseball player (1912-1968)
Baseball player
Clyde ShounPitcherBorn: (1912-03-20)March 20, 1912Mountain City, Tennessee, U.S.Died: March 20, 1968(1968-03-20) (aged 56)Johnson City, Tennessee, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutAugust 7, 1935, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearanceJuly 19, 1949, for the Chicago White SoxMLB statisticsWin–loss record73–59Earned run average3.91Strikeouts483
Teams
Chicago Cubs (1935–1937)
St. Louis Cardinals (1938–1942)
Cincinnati Reds (1942–1944, 1946–1947)
Boston Braves (1947–1949)
Chicago White Sox (1949)
Career highlights and awards
Pitched a no-hitter on May 15, 1944
Clyde Mitchell Shoun (March 20, 1912 – March 20, 1968) was an American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he was born in Mountain City, Tennessee, and known as "Hardrock", due to his fastball. He was the younger brother of professional basketball player Slim Shoun.
Shoun was 23 years old when he broke into the big leagues on August 7, 1935, with the Chicago Cubs. He played for the Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Braves, and Chicago White Sox.
Shoun led the major leagues in games pitched with 54 in 1940 when he was a member of the Cardinals.
While with the Reds, Shoun no-hit the Boston Braves 1–0 on May 15, 1944. The lone baserunner came on a walk to his mound opponent, Jim Tobin, himself a no-hit pitcher just 18 days earlier on April 27, and well known for being a good-hitting pitcher.
Shoun missed the 1945 professional baseball season due to his service in the Navy during World War II. However, he continued to play baseball during the year while in the service.
Shoun died on his 56th birthday in the veterans center in Johnson City, Tennessee.
See also
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
References
^ "Milas Shoun". Peach Basket Society. October 14, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
^ Hoffman, Benjamin (June 20, 2012). "When Knucklers Danced With Greatness". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ "Baseball in Wartime – Those Who Served A to Z". BaseballinWartime.com. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
^ a b Nowlin, Bill. "Clyde Shoun". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Clyde Shoun at Find a Grave
Achievements
Preceded byJim Tobin
No-hitter pitcher May 15, 1944
Succeeded byDick Fowler
This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Mountain City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Slim Shoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Shoun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"no-hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jim Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tobin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-4"},{"link_name":"Johnson City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabr-4"}],"text":"Baseball playerClyde Mitchell Shoun (March 20, 1912 – March 20, 1968) was an American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he was born in Mountain City, Tennessee, and known as \"Hardrock\", due to his fastball. He was the younger brother of professional basketball player Slim Shoun.[1]Shoun was 23 years old when he broke into the big leagues on August 7, 1935, with the Chicago Cubs. He played for the Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Braves, and Chicago White Sox.Shoun led the major leagues in games pitched with 54 in 1940 when he was a member of the Cardinals.While with the Reds, Shoun no-hit the Boston Braves 1–0 on May 15, 1944. The lone baserunner came on a walk to his mound opponent, Jim Tobin, himself a no-hit pitcher just 18 days earlier on April 27, and well known for being a good-hitting pitcher.[2]Shoun missed the 1945 professional baseball season due to his service in the Navy during World War II.[3] However, he continued to play baseball during the year while in the service.[4]Shoun died on his 56th birthday in the veterans center in Johnson City, Tennessee.[4]","title":"Clyde Shoun"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_annual_saves_leaders"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball no-hitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_no-hitters"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Milas Shoun\". Peach Basket Society. October 14, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://peachbasketsociety.blogspot.com/2015/09/milas-shoun.html","url_text":"\"Milas Shoun\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Benjamin (June 20, 2012). \"When Knucklers Danced With Greatness\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/sports/baseball/knuckleballers-have-a-history-as-colorful-as-their-pitch.html","url_text":"\"When Knucklers Danced With Greatness\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baseball in Wartime – Those Who Served A to Z\". BaseballinWartime.com. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://baseballinwartime.com/those_who_served/those_who_served_atoz.htm","url_text":"\"Baseball in Wartime – Those Who Served A to Z\""}]},{"reference":"Nowlin, Bill. \"Clyde Shoun\". sabr.org. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/clyde-shoun/","url_text":"\"Clyde Shoun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_American_Baseball_Research","url_text":"Society for American Baseball Research"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://peachbasketsociety.blogspot.com/2015/09/milas-shoun.html","external_links_name":"\"Milas Shoun\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/sports/baseball/knuckleballers-have-a-history-as-colorful-as-their-pitch.html","external_links_name":"\"When Knucklers Danced With Greatness\""},{"Link":"http://baseballinwartime.com/those_who_served/those_who_served_atoz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Baseball in Wartime – Those Who Served A to Z\""},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/clyde-shoun/","external_links_name":"\"Clyde Shoun\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/122193","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/shouncl01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=shoun-001cly","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/Pshouc101.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13442746","external_links_name":"Clyde Shoun"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Shoun&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hindburn
|
River Hindburn
|
["1 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 54°06′N 2°37′W / 54.100°N 2.617°W / 54.100; -2.617River in Lancashire, England
Not to be confused with River Hyndburn.
River HindburnRiver Hindburn, near Wray (December 2008)LocationCountryUnited KingdomPartEnglandCountyLancashire
The River Hindburn is a river in Lancashire, England. The Hindburn rises at Thrushgill where three smaller streams (namely Whitray Beck, Middle Gill and Dale Beck) combine. The river proceeds northwards past Lowgill to Wray where it merges with the River Roeburn before carrying on to meet the River Wenning in Hornby Park.
External links
Media related to River Hindburn at Wikimedia Commons
vte Rivers and watercourses of Lancashire Rivers
Blakewater
Brock
Brun
Calder (Ribble)
Calder (Wyre)
Chor
Cocker
Conder
Darwen
Don
Douglas
Dunsop
Greta
Grizedale
Hindburn
Hyndburn
Hodder
Irwell
Keer
Laneshaw
Lostock
Loud
Lune
Ogden
Ribble
Roddlesworth
Roeburn
Spodden
Tawd
Wenning
Wyre
Yarrow
Canals
Lancaster
Leeds & Liverpool
Ribble Link
Others
Artle Beck
Bashall Brook
Black Brook
Bradshaw Brook
Broad Fleet
Colne Water
Dinckley Brook
Eagley Brook
Earby Beck
Freckleton Pool
Green Brook
Green Withins Brook
Hyndburn Brook
Langden Brook
Leck Beck
Limy Water
Mearley Brook
Naden Brook
Pendle Water
Pendleton Brook
Sabden Brook
Savick Brook
Skirden Beck
Stock Beck
Stydd Brook
Trawden Brook
Walverden Water
Wanless Water
Whitewell Brook
Wycoller Beck
vteGeography of the City of LancasterCities & towns
Carnforth
Lancaster
Morecambe
Villages& suburbs
Abbeystead
Abraham Heights
Aldcliffe
Arkholme
Aughton
Bank Houses
Bare
Bay Horse
Bolton-le-Sands
Borwick
Cantsfield
Caton
Claughton
Cockerham
Conder Green
Cowan Bridge
Dolphinholme
Ellel
Galgate
Glasson
Gressingham
Halton
Heysham
Hornby
Ireby
Lower Thurnham
Melling
Middleton
Nether Burrow
Nether Kellet
Over Kellet
Overton
Poulton-le-Sands
Priest Hutton
Quernmore
Scotforth
Silverdale
Skerton
Slyne
Stodday
Sunderland
Tatham
Tewitfield
Torrisholme
Tunstall
Upper Thurnham
Warton
Wennington
Whittington
Wray
Yealand Conyers
Yealand Redmayne
Yealand Storrs
Parishes
Aldcliffe-with-Stodday
Arkholme-with-Cawood
Bolton-le-Sands
Borwick
Burrow-with-Burrow
Cantsfield
Carnforth
Caton-with-Littledale
Claughton
Cockerham
Ellel
Gressingham
Halton-with-Aughton
Heaton-with-Oxcliffe
Hornby-with-Farleton
Ireby
Leck
Melling-with-Wrayton
Middleton
Morecambe
Nether Kellet
Over Kellet
Over Wyresdale
Overton
Priest Hutton
Quernmore
Roeburndale
Scotforth
Silverdale
Slyne-with-Hest
Tatham
Thurnham
Tunstall
Warton
Wennington
Whittington
Wray-with-Botton
Yealand Conyers
Yealand Redmayne
Topography
Arnside and Silverdale AONB
Forest of Bowland AONB
Footpaths
Lancashire Coastal Way
Lancashire Witches Walk
Hills
Clougha Pike
Gragareth
Green Hill
Grit Fell
Hawthornthwaite Fell
Leck Fell
Ward's Stone
Warton Crag
White Hill
Wolfhole Crag
Rivers
Cocker
Conder
Greta
Grizedale
Hindburn
Keer
Lune
Roeburn
Wenning
Wyre
River features
Crook o' Lune
Other waterways
Artle Beck
Lancaster Canal
Leck Beck
54°06′N 2°37′W / 54.100°N 2.617°W / 54.100; -2.617
This Lancashire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a river in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Hyndburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Hyndburn"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wray,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"River Roeburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Roeburn"},{"link_name":"River Wenning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wenning"},{"link_name":"Hornby Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornby,_Lancashire"}],"text":"River in Lancashire, EnglandNot to be confused with River Hyndburn.The River Hindburn is a river in Lancashire, England. The Hindburn rises at Thrushgill where three smaller streams (namely Whitray Beck, Middle Gill and Dale Beck) combine. The river proceeds northwards past Lowgill to Wray where it merges with the River Roeburn before carrying on to meet the River Wenning in Hornby Park.","title":"River Hindburn"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Hindburn¶ms=54_06_N_2_37_W_region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"54°06′N 2°37′W / 54.100°N 2.617°W / 54.100; -2.617"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Hindburn¶ms=54_06_N_2_37_W_region:GB_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"54°06′N 2°37′W / 54.100°N 2.617°W / 54.100; -2.617"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Hindburn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Hindburn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_(singer)
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Gray (singer)
|
["1 Early life and career","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Maxi single","2.3 Singles","2.4 As a featured artist","2.5 As producer","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Music video appearances","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
|
South Korean rapper and record producer (born 1986)
GrayBackground informationBirth nameLee Seong-hwaBorn (1986-12-08) December 8, 1986 (age 37)OriginSeoul, South KoreaGenresHip hop, contemporary R&BOccupation(s)Rapperrecord producerYears active2012–presentLabelsAOMGWebsitewww.aomgofficial.com/grayMusical artist
Lee Seong-hwa (Korean: 이성화; born December 8, 1986), better known by his stage name Gray (그레이; stylized as GRAY), is a South Korean rapper and record producer. In 2012, he released his debut single "Blink" (Korean: 깜빡; RR: Kkamppak). In 2021, he released his first studio album Grayground.
Early life and career
Gray started composing songs when he was 17. He studied computer engineering at Hongik University. He joined AOMG in 2013 and contributed greatly to the growth of the label. He produced many hit songs such as Woo's "We Are" as well as high-quality hip-hop tracks such as Jay Park's "On It".
It was revealed that Gray's exclusive contract with AOMG ended in March 2024. After 13 years, he has decided to leave the label.
Discography
Loco and Gray (right) at the AOMG 2014 U.S. Tour
Studio albums
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Sales
KOR
Grayground
Released: August 17, 2021
Label: AOMG
Format: CD, digital download
14
KOR: 4,500
Maxi single
Title
Details
Call Me Gray
Released: October 25, 2013
Label: AOMG
Format: CD, digital download
Singles
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
KOR
"Blink" (깜빡)feat. Zion.T, Crucial Star
2012
—
Non-album singles
"Blink (Remix)"feat. Crush, Elo, Jinbo
2013
—
"Dangerous" (위험해)
67
Call Me Gray
"Just Do It" (하기나 해)feat. Loco
2015
12
Non-album singles
"Good"with Loco, feat. Elo
2016
1
"Comfortable" (맘 편히)with Simon Dominic, One
1
Show Me the Money 5 Episode 2
"Summer Night (Remix)"feat. Hoody
17
Non-album single
"I'm Fine" (잘)with Sleepy, Loco, Hoody
2017
15
Hyena on the Keyboard
"El Tornado"with Jay Park
2018
—
Non-album singles
"Upside Down" (뒤집어버려)with Jay Park, Simon Dominic, Loco
89
"Late Night"with Loco
76
"TMI"
2019
102
"Stay the Night"feat. DeVita
2020
111
Stay the Night (She is My Type X Gray)
"Connected"
2021
—
Non-album single
"I Don't Love You"
121
Grayground
"Make Love"feat. Zion.T
150
"Party for the Night"feat. Loco, Lee Hi
—
"Sweaty"with Loco and Coogie
2022
131
Street Man Fighter OST Vol. 3
"—" denotes release did not chart.
As a featured artist
Title
Year
Artist(s)
Album
"Drinks Up"
2011
Mainstream (ft. Gray)
Digital single
"Love, Life, Rap"
2013
P-Type (ft. Gray)
"See The Light"
Loco (ft. Gray)
"Wish U Well"
Double K (ft. Gray)
Nom (놈)
"Let's Get It On"
G-Slow (ft. Swings, Gray)
Digital single
"A Real Lady"
Swings (ft. Beenzino, Zion.T, Gray)
"Invincible (못 이겨)"
Swings (ft. Gray)
"Victorious 2 (이겨낼거야 2)"
2014
Mood Swings II, Pt. 1: Major Depression
"No Manners (무례하게)"
Loco (ft. Gray)
Locomotive
"If I (좋겠어)"
"Lucid Dream (자각몽)"
Wutan (ft. Gray)
Digital single
"Whatever You Do"
Crush (ft. Gray)
Crush On You
"Evolution"
Jay Park (ft. Gray)
Evolution
"Metronome"
Jay Park (ft. Simon Dominic, Gray)
"Success Crazed (미친놈)"
Jay Park (ft. Simon Dominic, Trinidad James, Loco, Gray)
"Parachute"
Elo (ft. Gray)
Digital single
"Parachute "
2015
"Respect"
Loco (ft. Gray)
"Awesome"
"My Last"
Jay Park (ft. Loco, Gray)
Worldwide
"Don't Try Me"
Jay Park (ft. Ugly Duck, Gray)
"이제는 떳떳하다"
TakeOne (ft. Gray, Crucial Star, Black Gosi, MC Meta, Lolly)
Digital single
"You Always (넌 언제나)"
2016
Simon D (ft. Hoody, Gray)
Two Yoo Project Sugar Man
"Always On My Grind"
AOMG
Follow The Movement Tour
"GOOD"
Loco & Gray (ft. Elo)
Digital Single
"Comfortable"
One, Gray, Simon Dominic
Show Me The Money 5
"DAY N NIGHT"
Elo (ft. Gray)
8 Femmes
"On My Way"
Swings (ft. Gray, BewhY)
Mood Swings II, Pt. 3: Psychotherapy
"Drive"
Jay Park (ft. Gray)
Everything You Wanted
"1999"
G2 (ft. Gray)
G2's Life, Pt. 1
"Call Me"
2017
Dayday (ft. Gray, Jay Park)
All Day Every Day
"Summer Go Loco"
Loco (ft. Gray)
Summer Go Loco
"We Are (시차)"
Woo Won-Jae (ft. Gray, Loco)
Digital Single
"Wang Like Alexander (알렉산더처럼 왕)"
2018
Hash Swan (ft. Gray)
Alexandrite
"Action!"
DPR Live (ft. Gray)
Digital Single
"Dally (달리)"
Hyolyn (ft.Gray)
Digital Single
"RUN"
Lee Jin-ah (ft. Gray)
Jinah Restaurant Full Course
"How To Love" (Thai song)
2020
Ally (ft. Gray)
Digital single
"All Your Fault" (네 잘못이야)
2021
Yugyeom (ft. Gray)
Point of View: U
As producer
Title
Year
Artist
Album
"I'm Her"
2012
KittiB
Digital single
"Hongdae Blues (홍대 블루스)"
Stello (ft. Rbii)
"Plastic Girl"
Stello (ft. Jeongbo)
"The Way Home"
Stello (ft. Yoon Hyeon-jun)
"You're Not A Lady"
Jerry.K (ft. Zion.T)
True Self
"Red Dress"
Crush
Digital single
"Without You"
2013
Infinite H (ft. Zion.T)
Fly High
"Invincible (못 이겨)"
Swings (ft. Gray)
#1, Vol. 2
"Are You Listening? (듣고 있어?)"
Swings
"Blur"
Elo (ft. Loco)
Digital single
"Two Melodies (뻔한 멜로디)"
Zion.T (ft. Crush)
Red Light
"Click Me"
Zion.T (ft. Dok2)
"Parachute"
Elo (ft. Gray)
Digital single
"Take Care"
Loco (ft. Park Na-rae of Spica)
"Love, Life, Rap"
P-Type (ft. Gray)
"A Real Lady"
Swings (ft. Beenzino, Zion.T, & Gray)
"Feel Like I'm Back (우울증)"
Crucial Star
Drawing #2: A Better Man
"Good Vibes Only"
Dok2 (ft. Gray)
Ruthless, the Album
"No More (G-Mix)"
Dok2 (ft. Crush & Loco)
"Wish U Well"
Double K (ft. Gray)
Nom (놈)
"If I Were U"
Yoon Dae-jang
Digital single
"See The Light"
Loco (ft. Gray)
"Let's Get It On"
G-Slow (ft. Swings & Gray)
"Shower Later"
2014
Gary
Mr. Gae
Mizuno CF
Advertisement
"Victorious 2 (이겨낼거야 2)"
Swings (ft. Gray)
Mood Swings II, Pt. 1: Major Depression (감정기복 II, Pt. 1: 주요 우울증)
"Major Depression (주요 우울증)"
Swings (ft. Lovey)
"Hot Summer"
B-Free
Hot Summer
"Metronome"
Jay Park (ft. Simon Dominic & Gray)
Digital single
"Go Hard"
Illionaire Records (ft. Zion.T)
"Whatever You Do"
Crush (ft. Gray)
Crush On You
"Give It To Me"
Crush (ft. Jay Park & Simon Dominic)
"As You Are Living Your Life (살다가보면)"
Jung In
High School King of Savvy OST Part.2
"NaNa"
Jay Park
Digital single
"Pool Party"
Swings (ft. Yoon Jong-shin, Seulong, & G.NA)
"The Promise"
Jay Park
"Taekwondo"
"A Real Man"
Swings & Ailee
"Evolution"
Jay Park (ft. Gray)
Evolution
"Who The F*ck is U"
Jay Park (ft. TakeOne & B-Free)
"Success Crazed (미친놈)"
Jay Park (ft. Simon Dominic, Trinidad James, Loco, & Gray)
"Lucid Dream (자각몽)"
Wutan (ft. Gray)
Digital single
"Hands Up (손바닥을 보여줘)"
Loco (ft. Crush)
Locomotive
"Hold Me Tight (감아)"
"You Don't Know (니가 모르게)"
Loco
"Thinking About You (자꾸 생각나)"
Loco (ft. Jay Park)
"No Manners (무례하게)"
Loco (ft. Gray)
"If I (좋겠어)"
"Your Love"
2015
Elo (ft. The Quiett)
Digital single
"Alright"
Shinhwa
We
"All I Got Time For"
Jay Park
Digital single
"Unpretty Dreams"
Jessi
Unpretty Rapstar
"Ayo"
Lydia Paek
Digital single
"Sex Trip"
Jay Park
"MOMMAE (몸매)"
"Whatever"
Ugly Duck (ft. Mayson the Soul, U-Turn)
"Respect"
Loco (ft. Gray)
"Won & Only"
Simon Dominic (ft. Jay Park)
Won & Only
"Simon Dominic (사이먼 도미닉)"
Simon Dominic
"Money Don't Lie (돈은 거짓말 안 해) (Re-mastered)"
"Lonely Night (GRAY Remix)
Simon Dominic (ft. Elo)
"Respect"
Sik-K, Lilboi, Geegoin (ft. Loco, Gray, DJ Pumkin)
Show Me The Money 4
"ON IT + BO$$"
Lil Boi
"Awesome"
Loco (ft. Gray, Jay Park)
Awesome
"We Up There 2"
Loco (ft. C Jamm, Jay Park)
"Don't Try Me"
Jay Park (ft. Ugly Duck, Gray)
Worldwide
"MOMMAE (remix)"
Jay Park (ft. Crush, Simon Dominic, Honey Cocaine)
"On It"
Jay Park (ft. DJ Wegun)
"Seattle 2 Seoul"
Jay Park
"In This B*tch"
"Eat, Pray, Love"
Dynamic Duo
Grand Carnival
"Watch"
Swings (ft. Black Nut)
Levitate
"Re:Birth/A Piece of Cake (누워서 떡 먹기)"
Ugly Duck & DJ Wegun
Digital single
"Lonely Night"
Gary (ft. Gaeko)
"Always On My Grind"
2016
AOMG
Follow The Movement Tour
"Bad Vibes Lonely"
Dok2 (ft. Dean)
Digital single
"You Always (넌 언제나)"
Simon Dominic (ft. Hoody, Gray)
Two Yoo Project Sugar Man
"Like You"
Hoody
Digital single
"Heartbreak Hotel"
Tiffany Hwang (ft. Simon Dominic)
"GOOD"
Loco & Gray (ft. Elo)
"Not The Same Person You Used To Know (니가 알던 내가 아냐)"
BewhY, G2, One (ft. Simon Dominic)
Show Me the Money 5
"Comfortable"
One, Gray, Simon Dominic
"Forever"
BewhY
"자화상 pt.2 (Fake)"
"Day Day"
BewhY (ft. Jay Park)
"Not The Same Person You Used To Know (니가 알던 내가 아냐) "
Jay Park & Ugly Duck (ft. Loco, Dayday, Simon Dominic)
Scene Stealers
"ROSE"
Elo
8 Femmes
"The End"
Elo (ft. Paloalto)
"DAY N NIGHT"
Elo (ft. Gray)
"Parachute "
"Angel"
Elo (ft. Simon Dominic)
"On My Way"
Swings (ft. Gray, BewhY)
Mood Swings II, Pt. 3: Psychotherapy
"Your Soul"
Swings
"Drive"
Jay Park (ft. Gray)
Everything You Wanted
"Your Eyes"
Hoody (ft. Jay Park)
On and On
"The Light"
Hoody
"Like You"
"Need U"
Hoody (ft. Dok2)
"1999"
G2 (ft. Gray)
G2's Life, Pt. 1
"막다른 길"
TakeOne (ft. Elo, Stella Jang)
녹색이념
"Knockin' at the Door"
2017
G2
G2's Life, Pt. 2
"A.O.M.G"
Loco
Bleached
"지나쳐"
Loco (ft. Dean)
"Call Me"
Dayday (ft. Gray, Jay Park)
All Day Every Day
"Curtain Call"
BewhY
The Blind Star
"Red Carpet"
"My Star"
"Wright Brothers"
BewhY (ft. CJamm)
"We Are (시차)"
Woo Won-Jae (ft. Gray, Loco)
Digital Single
"I'm Fine (잘)"
Gray (ft. Sleepy, Loco, Hoody)
Hyenas on The Keyboard - Single
"11"
Wanna One (Prod. Dynamic Duo)
1÷x=1 (Undivided)
"Me In"
2018
Bang Jae-min (feat. Chancellor)
Top Management OST
"119"
Nafla, pH-1, Kid Milli, OLNL, Loopy, Superbee
Show Me the Money 777 Episode 4
"Too Much"
2019
BIGONE (Feat.PENOMECO) (Prod. GRAY)
PEACH BLOSSOM
"Angel"
2020
OnlyOneOf (Prod. GRAY)
Produced by Part 1
"I Want U Around"
2021
Yugyeom (Feat. DeVita)
Point of View: U
"Running Through The Rain"
Yugyeom
"All Your Fault"
Yugyeom (Feat. Gray)
"All About U"
Yugyeom (Feat. Loco)
"When U Fall"
Yugyeom
"Dingo X SGBOYZ - ?"
2021
SGBOYZ (Jay Park, Don Mills, Loco, Nucksal) (Prod. GRAY)
Digital Single
21世紀少年 -21st Century Boy-
2022
YOUYA (Music. YOUYA,GRAY)
Digital Single
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2023
Ballerina
Music director
Netflix Film
Television
Year
Program
Notes
2015
You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook
Guest with Loco, Jay Park
2016
Show Me the Money 5
Producer with Simon Dominic
2017
You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook
Guest with Loco, Elo
2017
Hyena on the Keyboard
Contestant with Loco, Hoody, Sleepy
2018
A Battle of One Voice: 300
Contestant with Loco
2018
The Call (South Korean TV series)
Contestant with Loco
2018
Hyena on the Keyboard
Contestant with Rhythm Power
2018
After Mom is Asleep
Guest with Simon Dominic, Loco
2018
Eat In Style
2019
I Can See Your Voice
Guest with Loco, Simon Dominic, Code Kunst
2019
Sign Here
Judge
2019
Not the Same Person You Used to Know
Contestant with Loco, Swings, DJ Pumkin
2021
Come Back Home
Guest with Simon Dominic
2021
Sixth Sense 2
Guest with Loco
2021
Knowing Bros
Guest with Code Kunst, Lee Hi, Simon Dominic
2021
Show Me the Money 10
Producer with Mino
Music video appearances
Year
Song Title
Artist
Ref.
2021
"Red Lipstick"
Lee Hi (Feat. Yoon Mirae)
Awards and nominations
Year
Awards ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.
2017
Korean Hip-hop Awards
Producer of the Year
Himself
Nominated
2018
Nominated
2019
Nominated
2023
Blue Dragon Film Awards
Best Music
Balerina
Nominated
References
^ "그레이(GRAY) 기본소개". Play DB.
^ "※그레이의 첫 번째 자작곡 유출※ / 브이터뷰 ". Dingo Freestyle Youtube. May 20, 2020.
^ "'대학 선후배' 그레이-로꼬 "둘 다 학교 잘렸다"". Star Today. 2016-02-26.
^ Hwang, Duha (2021-09-26). "그레이 - grayground". Rhythmer.
^ 최재서 (2024-03-28). "그레이·우원재·이하이·구스범스, AOMG 떠난다". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-04-01.
^ "Grayground". August 26, 2021.
^ 2021년 8월 Album Chart . Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved September 9, 2021.
^ "Gaon Digital Chart". Gaon (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-12-23.
""Dangerous" charting".
""Just Do It" charting".
""Good" charting".
""Comfortable" charting".
""Summer Night (Remix)" charting".
"I'm Fine charting".
""Upside Down" charting".
""Late Night" charting".
""TMI" charting".
""Stay the Night" charting".
""I Don't Love You" charting".
""Make Love" charting".
""Sweaty" charting".
^ Kim Myung-mi (August 9, 2021). "그레이, 내일(10일) 수록곡 'I Don't Love You' 선공개 예고" . Newsen (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
^ "How To Love (feat. GRAY) - ALLY ". Youtube (in Thai). Retrieved 2020-02-23.
^ Jo Ji-young (April 26, 2022). " 전종서X김지훈X박유림, 넷플릭스 오리지널 영화 '발레리나'로 뭉친다" Jeon Jong-seo X Kim Ji-hoon X Park Yu-rim to unite in Netflix original movie 'Ballerina] (in Korean). Sports Chosun. Retrieved April 26, 2022 – via Naver.
^ Kim Myung-mi (July 16, 2021). "'쇼미더머니10' 그레이-송민호, 첫 프로듀서 라인업 공개 (공식입장)" . Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved July 16, 2021.
^ Choi Jeong-ah (September 9, 2021). "이하이, 등장한 '빨간 립스틱' 뮤비 티저 공개…박재범→정찬성 총출동" . Sportsworld (in Korean). Retrieved September 9, 2021 – via Naver.
^ "한국 힙합 어워드 2017 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보 공개". @khiphopawards Instagram. January 30, 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
^ "한국 힙합 어워즈 2018 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보". @khiphopawards Instagram. December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
^ "한국 힙합 어워즈 2019 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보". @khiphopawards Instagram. 2019-02-08. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
External links
Media related to Gray (singer) at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"Grayground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayground"}],"text":"Musical artistLee Seong-hwa (Korean: 이성화; born December 8, 1986),[1] better known by his stage name Gray (그레이; stylized as GRAY), is a South Korean rapper and record producer. In 2012, he released his debut single \"Blink\" (Korean: 깜빡; RR: Kkamppak). In 2021, he released his first studio album Grayground.","title":"Gray (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hongik University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongik_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woo_Won-jae"},{"link_name":"Jay Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gray started composing songs when he was 17.[2] He studied computer engineering at Hongik University.[3] He joined AOMG in 2013 and contributed greatly to the growth of the label. He produced many hit songs such as Woo's \"We Are\" as well as high-quality hip-hop tracks such as Jay Park's \"On It\".[4]It was revealed that Gray's exclusive contract with AOMG ended in March 2024. After 13 years, he has decided to leave the label.[5]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AOMG,_Loco_and_GRAY,_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Loco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loco_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"AOMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOMG"}],"text":"Loco and Gray (right) at the AOMG 2014 U.S. Tour","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maxi single","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As a featured artist","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As producer","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Loco and Gray (right) at the AOMG 2014 U.S. Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AOMG%2C_Loco_and_GRAY%2C_2014.jpg/220px-AOMG%2C_Loco_and_GRAY%2C_2014.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"그레이(GRAY) 기본소개\". Play DB.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playdb.co.kr/artistdb/detail.asp?ManNo=32709","url_text":"\"그레이(GRAY) 기본소개\""}]},{"reference":"\"※그레이의 첫 번째 자작곡 유출※ / 브이터뷰 [V-Terview]\". Dingo Freestyle Youtube. May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__HnCH0RD1U","url_text":"\"※그레이의 첫 번째 자작곡 유출※ / 브이터뷰 [V-Terview]\""}]},{"reference":"\"'대학 선후배' 그레이-로꼬 \"둘 다 학교 잘렸다\"\". Star Today. 2016-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mk.co.kr/star/hot-issues/view/2016/02/154270/","url_text":"\"'대학 선후배' 그레이-로꼬 \"둘 다 학교 잘렸다\"\""}]},{"reference":"Hwang, Duha (2021-09-26). \"그레이 - grayground\". Rhythmer.","urls":[{"url":"http://board.rhythmer.net/src/go.php?n=19579&m=view&c=16&s=review","url_text":"\"그레이 - grayground\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmer","url_text":"Rhythmer"}]},{"reference":"최재서 (2024-03-28). \"그레이·우원재·이하이·구스범스, AOMG 떠난다\". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20240328138100005","url_text":"\"그레이·우원재·이하이·구스범스, AOMG 떠난다\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grayground\". August 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=34&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"Grayground\""}]},{"reference":"2021년 8월 Album Chart [August 2021 Album Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved September 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=08&hitYear=2021&termGbn=month","url_text":"2021년 8월 Album Chart"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon Digital Chart\". Gaon (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon","url_text":"\"Gaon Digital Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dangerous\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=45&hitYear=2013&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"\"Dangerous\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Just Do It\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=16&hitYear=2015&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"\"Just Do It\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Good\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=25&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"\"Good\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Comfortable\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=27&nationGbn=K","url_text":"\"\"Comfortable\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Summer Night (Remix)\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=34&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"\"Summer Night (Remix)\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"I'm Fine charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2017&targetTime=41&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"I'm Fine charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Upside Down\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2018&targetTime=18&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"\"Upside Down\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Late Night\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2018&targetTime=48&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"\"Late Night\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"TMI\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=ALL&termGbn=week&hitYear=2019&targetTime=18&nationGbn=T","url_text":"\"\"TMI\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Stay the Night\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=33&hitYear=2020&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"\"Stay the Night\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"I Don't Love You\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=33&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"\"I Don't Love You\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Make Love\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=34&hitYear=2021&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"\"Make Love\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sweaty\" charting\".","urls":[{"url":"https://circlechart.kr/page_chart/onoff.circle?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=ALL&targetTime=38&hitYear=2022&termGbn=week&yearTime=3","url_text":"\"\"Sweaty\" charting\""}]},{"reference":"Kim Myung-mi (August 9, 2021). \"그레이, 내일(10일) 수록곡 'I Don't Love You' 선공개 예고\" [Gray, a support message delivered with a honey voice, preview of the song 'I Don't Love You' from tomorrow (10th)]. Newsen (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved August 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000476961","url_text":"\"그레이, 내일(10일) 수록곡 'I Don't Love You' 선공개 예고\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"How To Love (feat. GRAY) - ALLY [OFFICIAL MV]\". Youtube (in Thai). Retrieved 2020-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSdTTMF5b74","url_text":"\"How To Love (feat. GRAY) - ALLY [OFFICIAL MV]\""}]},{"reference":"Jo Ji-young (April 26, 2022). \"[공식] 전종서X김지훈X박유림, 넷플릭스 오리지널 영화 '발레리나'로 뭉친다\" [[Official] Jeon Jong-seo X Kim Ji-hoon X Park Yu-rim to unite in Netflix original movie 'Ballerina] (in Korean). Sports Chosun. Retrieved April 26, 2022 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=076&aid=0003858804","url_text":"\"[공식] 전종서X김지훈X박유림, 넷플릭스 오리지널 영화 '발레리나'로 뭉친다\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Chosun","url_text":"Sports Chosun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Kim Myung-mi (July 16, 2021). \"'쇼미더머니10' 그레이-송민호, 첫 프로듀서 라인업 공개 (공식입장)\" ['Show Me the Money 10' Gray & Song Min-ho, First Producer Line-up Revealed (official)]. Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=202107161301590310","url_text":"\"'쇼미더머니10' 그레이-송민호, 첫 프로듀서 라인업 공개 (공식입장)\""}]},{"reference":"Choi Jeong-ah (September 9, 2021). \"이하이, 등장한 '빨간 립스틱' 뮤비 티저 공개…박재범→정찬성 총출동\" [Lee Hi, 'Red Lipstick' MV teaser released... Jae-beom Park → Chan-seong Jeong]. Sportsworld (in Korean). Retrieved September 9, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=396&aid=0000591522","url_text":"\"이하이, 등장한 '빨간 립스틱' 뮤비 티저 공개…박재범→정찬성 총출동\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"한국 힙합 어워드 2017 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보 공개\". @khiphopawards Instagram. January 30, 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BP41eJjgvmn/","url_text":"\"한국 힙합 어워드 2017 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보 공개\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BP41eJjgvmn","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"한국 힙합 어워즈 2018 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보\". @khiphopawards Instagram. December 27, 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BdM03mvgy3V/","url_text":"\"한국 힙합 어워즈 2018 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BdM03mvgy3V","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"한국 힙합 어워즈 2019 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보\". @khiphopawards Instagram. 2019-02-08. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BtnXGuLhoP_/","url_text":"\"한국 힙합 어워즈 2019 - 올해의 프로듀서 후보\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BtnXGuLhoP_","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliope_Tsoupaki
|
Calliope Tsoupaki
|
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Greek pianist and composer
Calliope Tsoupaki (Greek: Καλλιόπη Τσουπάκη; born 27 May 1963) is a Greek pianist and composer.
Biography
Calliope Tsoupaki was born in Piraeus, Greece. She studied piano and music theory at the Hellinicon Conservatory in Athens and composition with Yannis Ioannidis. She continued her studies with Louis Andriessen at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague, and graduated in 1992.
After ending her studies, Tsoupaki settled in Amsterdam and began a career as a pianist and composer. Her works have been performed in Europe and in the United States and at international music festivals. In 1993 she lived and worked in Budapest on a three-month residency from the Pepinières Foundation for young artists. In 2007 she took a position teaching composition at Koninklijk Conservatorium.
Since 2018 Calliope Tsoupaki is the composer laureate of the Netherlands.
Works
Selected works include:
Enigma for viola solo (1999)
Medea (Μήδεια) for viola and 3 female voices (1996); words by Euripides
When I Was 27 (Στα 27 μου χρόνια) for viola and double bass (1990)
Music for Saxophones
Greek Love Songs
Vita Nova chamber opera for solo voice, baroque violin, viola da gamba and harpsichord
Sappho's Tears for female voice, tenor recorder and violin
Ananda for piano solo (written for the Indonesian pianist / composer Ananda Sukarlan)
Tsoupaki's works have been recorded and issued on CD including:
Syrinx Saxophone Quartet
Calliope Tsoupaki: St. Luke's Passion Etcetera Records (2010)
Vintage Brisk (2007)
Thin Air (2020)
Black Moon (2012) Trytone, 2022
References
^ Törnqvist, Saskia; Reeder, Jonathan (2001). Calliope Tsoupaki.
^ "Calliope Tsoupaki's Experience". Retrieved 16 October 2010.
^ Hall, Charles J. (2002). Chronology of Western Classical Music: 1751–1900.
^ "Composer Laureate of the Netherlands". Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^ "Etcetera". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ "Figures". TryTone. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
External links
Calliope Tsoupaki website
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about a Greek composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Törnqvist, Saskia; Reeder, Jonathan (2001). Calliope Tsoupaki.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Calliope Tsoupaki's Experience\". Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.linkedin.com/pub/calliope-tsoupaki/4/256/777","url_text":"\"Calliope Tsoupaki's Experience\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Charles J. (2002). Chronology of Western Classical Music: 1751–1900.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Composer Laureate of the Netherlands\". Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://componistdesvaderlands.nl/de-componist/","url_text":"\"Composer Laureate of the Netherlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Etcetera\". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111112184556/http://www.etcetera-records.com/index.php?750#","url_text":"\"Etcetera\""},{"url":"http://www.etcetera-records.com/index.php?750#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Figures\". TryTone. Retrieved 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trytone.org/catalog/98-figures.html","url_text":"\"Figures\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Mama
|
Gene Vincent
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Early music career","1.3 Biggest hits","1.4 Europe","1.5 Later career","2 Death and legacy","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilations and bootlegs","3.3 EPs","3.4 Singles","4 Film appearances","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American rock musician (1935–1971)
Gene VincentVincent in 1957BornVincent Eugene Craddock(1935-02-11)February 11, 1935Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.DiedOctober 12, 1971(1971-10-12) (aged 36)Newhall, California, U.S.OccupationsSingersongwriterguitaristSpouses
Ruth Ann Hand
(m. 1956; div. 1956)
Darlene Hicks
(m. 1958; div. 1961)
Margaret Russell
(m. 1963; div. 1965)
Jackie Frisco (m. 1966)
Musical careerGenres
Rockabilly
rock and roll
country
Instrument(s)
Vocals
guitar
Years active1955–1971Labels
Capitol
Columbia
Dandelion
Kama Sutra
Musical artistMilitary serviceAllegiance United StatesService/branch United States NavyYears of service1952–1955Rank SeamanBattles/warsKorean War
Vincent Eugene Craddock (February 11, 1935 – October 12, 1971), known as Gene Vincent, was an American rock and roll musician who pioneered the style of rockabilly. His 1956 top ten hit with his backing band the Blue Caps, "Be-Bop-a-Lula", is considered a significant early example of rockabilly. His chart career was brief, especially in his home country of the US, where he notched three top 40 hits in 1956 and 1957, and never charted in the top 100 again. In the UK, he was a somewhat bigger star, racking up eight top 40 hits from 1956 to 1961.
Vincent was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He is sometimes referred to by his somewhat unusual nickname/moniker the "Screaming End".
Biography
Early life
Craddock was born February 11, 1935, in Norfolk, Virginia, to Mary Louise and Ezekiah Jackson Craddock. His musical influences included country, rhythm and blues, and gospel. His favorite composition was Beethoven's Egmont overture. He showed his first real interest in music while his family lived in Munden Point (now Virginia Beach), in Princess Anne County, Virginia, near the North Carolina line, where they ran a country store. He received his first guitar at the age of twelve as a gift from a friend.
Craddock's father volunteered to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard and patrolled American coastal waters to protect Allied shipping against German U-boats during World War II. Craddock's mother maintained the general store in Munden Point. His parents moved the family to Norfolk, the home of a large naval base, and opened a general store and sailors' tailoring shop.
Craddock dropped out of school in 1952, at the age of seventeen, and enlisted in the United States Navy. As he was under the age of enlistment, his parents signed the forms allowing him to enter. He completed boot camp and joined the fleet as a crewman aboard the fleet oiler USS Chukawan, with a two-week training period in the repair ship USS Amphion, before returning to the Chukawan. He never saw combat but completed a Korean War deployment. He sailed home from Korean waters aboard the battleship USS Wisconsin but was not part of the ship's company.
Craddock planned a career in the Navy and, in 1955, used his $612 re-enlistment bonus to buy a new Triumph motorcycle. On July 4, 1955, while he was in Norfolk, his left leg was shattered in an auto crash. He refused to allow the leg to be amputated, and the leg was saved, but the injury left him with a limp and pain. He wore a steel sheath as a leg brace for the rest of his life. Most accounts relate the accident as the fault of a drunk driver who struck him. Years later in some of his music biographies, there is no mention of an accident, but it was claimed that his injury was due to a wound incurred in combat in Korea. He spent time in the Portsmouth Naval Hospital and was medically discharged from the navy shortly thereafter.
Early music career
Craddock became involved in the local music scene in Norfolk. He changed his name to Gene Vincent and formed a rockabilly band, Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps (a term used in reference to enlisted sailors in the U.S. Navy). The band included Willie Williams on rhythm guitar (replaced in late 1956 by Paul Peek), Jack Neal on upright bass, Dickie Harrell on drums (died May 31, 2023, at age 82), and Cliff Gallup on lead guitar. He also collaborated with another rising musician, Jay Chevalier of Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Vincent and His Blue Caps soon gained a reputation playing in various country bars in Norfolk. There they won a talent contest organized by a local radio DJ, "Sheriff Tex" Davis, who then became Vincent's manager.
Biggest hits
Advertisement featured in Cashbox magazine, 2 June 1956
In 1956 he wrote "Be-Bop-a-Lula", which drew comparisons to Elvis Presley and which Rolling Stone magazine later listed as number 103 on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Local radio DJ "Sheriff Tex" Davis arranged for a demo of the song to be made, and this secured Vincent a contract with Capitol Records. He signed a publishing contract with Bill Lowery of the Lowery Group of music publishers in Atlanta, Georgia. "Be-Bop-a-Lula" was not on Vincent's first album and was picked by Capitol producer Ken Nelson as the B-side of his first single, "Woman Love". Prior to the release of the single, Lowery pressed promotional copies of "Be-Bop-a-Lula" and sent them to radio stations throughout the country. By the time Capitol released the single, "Be-Bop-a-Lula" had already gained attention from the public and radio DJs. The song was picked up and played by other U.S. radio stations (obscuring the original A-side song) and became a hit, peaking at number 7 and spending 20 weeks on the Billboard pop chart and reaching number 5 and spending 17 weeks on the Cash Box chart, and launching Vincent's career as a rock-and-roll star.
After "Be-Bop-a-Lula" became a hit, Vincent and His Blue Caps were unable to follow it up with the same level of commercial success, although they released critically acclaimed songs like "Race with the Devil" (number 96 on the Billboard chart and number 50 on the Cash Box chart) and "Bluejean Bop" (number 49 on the Billboard chart and another million-selling disc).
Cliff Gallup left the band in 1956, and Russell Williford joined as the new guitarist for the Blue Caps. Williford played and toured Canada with Vincent in late 1956 but left the group in early 1957. Gallup came back to do the next album and then left again. Williford came back and exited again before Johnny Meeks joined the band. The group had another hit in 1957 with "Lotta Lovin'" (highest position number 13 and spending 19 weeks on the Billboard chart and number 17 and 17 weeks on the Cashbox chart). Vincent was awarded gold records for two million sales of "Be-Bop-a-Lula", and 1.5 million sales of "Lotta Lovin'". The same year he toured the east coast of Australia with Little Richard and Eddie Cochran, drawing audiences totaling 72,000 to their Sydney Stadium concerts. Vincent also made an appearance in the film The Girl Can't Help It, with Jayne Mansfield, performing "Be-Bop-a-Lula" with the Blue Caps in a rehearsal room. "Dance to the Bop" was released by Capitol Records on October 28, 1957. On November 17, 1957, Vincent and His Blue Caps performed the song on the nationally broadcast television program The Ed Sullivan Show. The song spent nine weeks on the Billboard chart and peaked at number 23 on January 23, 1958 and reached number 36 and spent eight weeks on the Cashbox chart. It was Vincent's last American hit single. The song was used in the movie Hot Rod Gang for a dance rehearsal scene featuring dancers doing the West Coast Swing.
Vincent and His Blue Caps also appeared several times on Town Hall Party, California's largest country music barn dance, held at the Town Hall in Compton, California. They appeared on October 25, 1958, and July 25 and November 7, 1959. However, by the end of 1959 the Blue Caps were no longer part of the billing on Gene Vincent records. The late 1959 single "Wild Cat" was credited solely to Gene Vincent, and this would be the case on all subsequent Gene Vincent releases.
Europe
A dispute with the US tax authorities and the American Musicians' Union over payments to his band and his having sold the band's equipment to pay a tax bill led Vincent to leave the United States for Europe.
On December 15, 1959, Vincent appeared on Jack Good's TV show, Boy Meets Girl, his first appearance in England. He wore black leather, gloves, and a medallion, and stood in a hunched posture. Good is credited with the transformation of Vincent's image. After the TV appearance he toured France, the Netherlands, Germany and the UK performing in his US stage clothes.
On April 16, 1960, while on tour in the UK, Vincent, Eddie Cochran and the songwriter Sharon Sheeley were involved in a high-speed traffic accident in a private-hire taxi in Chippenham, Wiltshire. Vincent broke his ribs and collarbone and further damaged his weakened leg. Sheeley suffered a broken pelvis. Cochran, who had been thrown from the vehicle, suffered serious brain injuries and died the next day. Vincent returned to the United States after the accident.
While they were preparing to board their taxi, Vincent and Cochran had rebuffed Tony Sheridan's request to ride along with them to the next venue. After escaping that fateful road accident, Sheridan soon relocated to Hamburg, where he helped influence the musical training of many British groups who would later become part of the British Invasion, including one of his backing bands, the Beatles.
Promoter Don Arden had Vincent return to the UK in 1961 to do an extensive tour in theatres and ballrooms, including the Agincourt Ballroom, Camberley with Chris Wayne and the Echoes. In 1962 Vincent was on the same bill as the Beatles in Hamburg; Paul McCartney recalled an incident with a pistol at Vincent's girlfriend's hotel. In 1963 Vincent appeared in court for pointing a gun at his then wife Margaret Russell and threatening to kill her, though his wife said in court that she had forgiven him. After the overwhelming success of the UK tour, Vincent moved to Britain in 1963. On a UK tour Vincent had pulled a gun on Jet Harris, Harris hid behind John Leyton, the situation was defused and the three would later become friends. His accompanying band, Sounds Incorporated, a six-piece outfit with three saxophones, guitar, bass and drums, went on to play with the Beatles at their Shea Stadium concert. Vincent toured the UK again in 1963 with the Outlaws, featuring future Deep Purple guitar player Ritchie Blackmore, as a backing band. Vincent's alcohol problems marred the tour, resulting in problems both on stage and with the band and management.
Later career
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Vincent's attempts to re-establish his American career in folk rock and country rock proved unsuccessful; he is remembered today for recordings of the 1950s and early 1960s released by Capitol Records. In the early 1960s, he also put out tracks on EMI's Columbia label, including a cover of Arthur Alexander's "Where Have You Been All My Life?" A backing band called the Shouts joined him.
Vincent, 1967
In 1966 and 1967, in the United States, he recorded for Challenge Records, backed by ex-members of the Champs and Glen Campbell. Challenge released three singles in the US, and the UK London label released two singles and collected recordings on to an LP, Gene Vincent, on the UK London label in 1967. Although well received, none sold well. In 1968 in a hotel in Germany, Vincent tried to shoot Paul Raven, later to find fame as Gary Glitter. He fired several shots but missed and a frightened Raven left the country the next day.
In 1969, he recorded the album I'm Back and I'm Proud for long-time fan John Peel's Dandelion Records, produced by Kim Fowley with arrangements by Skip Battin (of the Byrds), Mars Bonfire on rhythm guitar, Johnny Meeks (of Blue Caps and Merle Haggard's The Strangers) on lead guitar, Jim Gordon on drums, and backing vocals by Linda Ronstadt and Jackie Frisco. While recording the track "Sexy Ways" for the album Vincent threatened to get a gun from his car and shoot Paul A. Rothchild and John Densmore if they did not leave the studio; the pair then left the studio quickly. He recorded two other albums for Kama Sutra Records, reissued on one CD by Rev-Ola in March 2008. On his 1969 tour of the UK he was backed by the Wild Angels, a British band that had performed at the Royal Albert Hall with Bill Haley & His Comets and Duane Eddy. Because of pressure from his ex-wife Margaret Russell, the Inland Revenue and promoter Don Arden, Vincent returned to the US.
His final US recordings were four tracks for Rockin' Ronny Weiser's Rolling Rock label, a few weeks before his death. These were released on a compilation album of tribute songs, including "Say Mama", by his daughter, Melody Jean Vincent, accompanied by Johnny Meeks on guitar. On 19 September 1971, he began his last series of gigs in Britain. He was backed by Richard Cole and Kansas Hook (Dave Bailey, Bob Moore, and bass player Charlie Harrison from Poco and Roger McGuinn's Thunderbyrd). They recorded four tracks ("Say Mama", "Be-Bop-A-Lula", "Roll Over Beethoven", "Distant Drums") at the BBC studios in Maida Vale, London, for Johnnie Walker's Radio 1 show. The fifth record ("Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On") remained unfinished. He managed one show at the Garrick Night Club in Leigh, Lancashire, and two shows at the Wookey Hollow Club in Liverpool on October 3 and 4. Vincent then returned to the US and died a few days later. In September, 1974, BBC launched pop label BEEB with a maxi single by Vincent ("Roll Over Beethoven", BEEB 001). The single comprised three of these tracks. The four tracks are now on Vincent's album White Lightning.
Death and legacy
Vincent died at the age of 36 on October 12, 1971, from a combination of a ruptured ulcer, internal hemorrhage and heart failure, while visiting his father in Saugus, California. He is interred at Eternal Valley Memorial Park, in Newhall, California.
Vincent is mentioned in one of Ian Dury's earliest songs, "Upminster Kid" (on the 1975 Kilburn and the High Roads album Handsome), with the words "Well Gene Vincent Craddock remembered the love of an Upminster rock 'n' roll teen". Vincent had died just four years earlier.
Vincent was the first inductee into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame upon its formation in 1997. The following year he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Vincent has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1749 North Vine Street. In 2012, his band, the Blue Caps, were retroactively inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by a special committee, alongside Vincent. On Tuesday, September 23, 2003, Vincent was honored with a Norfolk's Legends of Music Walk of Fame bronze star embedded in the Granby Street sidewalk.
Writing for AllMusic, Ritchie Unterberger called Vincent "an American rockabilly legend who defined the greasy-haired, leather-jacketed, hot rods 'n' babes spark of rock and roll." Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less impressed by the musician's career, saying "Vincent was never a titan – his few moments of rockabilly greatness were hyped-up distillations of slavering lust from a sensitive little guy who was just as comfortable with 'Over the Rainbow' in his normal frame of mind." However, he included Vincent's compilation album The Bop That Just Won't Stop (1974) in his "basic record library", published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981).
Discography
Studio albums
Bluejean Bop! (Capitol T764. US & UK) (8/13/1956)
Gene Vincent and the Blue Caps (Capitol T811, US & UK) (1957)
Gene Vincent Rocks! And the Blue Caps Roll (Capitol T970, US & UK) (3/1958)
A Gene Vincent Record Date (Capitol T1059, US & UK) (11/1958)
Sounds Like Gene Vincent (Capitol T1207, US & UK) (6/1959)
Crazy Times (Capitol T1342, US & UK mono) (Capitol ST1342, US & UK stereo) (3/1960)
The Crazy Beat of Gene Vincent (Capitol T 20453, UK) (1963)
Shakin' Up a Storm (Columbia 33-OSX 1646, UK) (1964)
Gene Vincent (London HAH 8333, UK) (1967)
I'm Back and I'm Proud (Dandelion D9 102, US) (1969) (Dandelion 63754, UK) (1970)
Gene Vincent (Kama Sutra KSBS 2019, US) (1970) retitled If Only You Could See Me Today (Kama Sutra 2361009, UK) (1971)
The Day the World Turned Blue (Kama Sutra KSBS 2027, US) (1970) (Kama Sutra 2316005, UK) (1971)
Compilations and bootlegs
Rhythm in Blue (bootleg) (Bluecap Records BC2-11-35, Canada) (1979)
Be-Bop-a-Lula (bootleg) (Koala KOA 14617, US) (1980)
Forever Gene Vincent (Rolling Rock LP 022, US) (1980) (contains four rare recordings by Vincent)
Dressed in Black (Magnum Force MFLP 016, UK) (1982)
Gene Vincent with Interview by Red Robinson (bootleg) (Great Northwest Music Company GNW 4016, US) (1982)
From LA to Frisco (Magnum Force MFLP 1023, UK) (1982)
For Collectors Only (Magnum Force MFLP 020, UK) (1984)
Rarities Vol 2 (bootleg) (Doktor Kollector DK 005, France) (1985)
Rareties (bootleg) (Dr Kollector CRA 001, France) (1986)
Important Words (Rockstar RSR LP 1020, UK) (1990)
Lost Dallas Sessions (Rollercoaster RCCD 3031) (1998)
Hey Mama! (Rollercoaster ROLL 2021, UK) (1998)
EPs
Hot Rod Gang (Capitol EAP 1–985 US & UK) (9/58)
Be-Bop-a-Lula '62 (Capitol EAP 1-20448 France) (62)
Live and Rockin' (Fan club issue UK) (69)
The Screamin' Kid Live! (bootleg) (no label 20240 France) (69)
The Screaming Kid (bootleg) (no label 20.266 France) (69)
Rainyday Sunshine (Rollin' Danny RD1 UK) (80)
On Tour with Gene Vincent & Eddie Cochran (Rockstar RSR-EP 2013 UK) (86)
In Concert Vol 1 (bootleg) (Savas SA 178305 France) (88)
The Last Session (Strange Fruit SFNT 001 UK) (88)
Hey Mama! (Rollercoaster RCEP 123 UK) (98)
Blue Gene (Norton EP-076 US) (99)
(NB: This listing omits the many EPs of album tracks & compilations)
Singles
Year
Titles (A-side, B-side)Both sides from same album except where indicated
US single
UK single
Peak chart positions
US album
US
UK
CAN
1956
"Be-Bop-a-Lula"b/w "Woman Love"
Capitol 3450
Capitol 14599
7
16
—
Gene Vincent's Greatest!
"Race with the Devil"b/w "Gonna Back Up Baby" (non-album track)
Capitol 3530
Capitol 14628
96
28
—
"Blue Jean Bop"b/w "Who Slapped John"
Capitol 3558
Capitol 14637
—
16
—
Bluejean Bop
"Jumps, Giggles and Shouts"b/w "Wedding Bells"
N/A
Capitol 14681
—
—
—
1957
"Crazy Legs"b/w "Important Words"
Capitol 3617
Capitol 14693
—
—
—
The Bop That Just Won't Stop (1956) (released 1974), and other lp's.
"B-I-Bickey-Bi, Bo-Bo-Go"b/w "Five Days" (non-album track)
Capitol 3617
Capitol 14693
—
—
—
"Lotta Lovin'"b/w "Wear My Ring" (non-album track)
Capitol 3763
Capitol 14763
13
—
2
Gene Vincent's Greatest!
"Dance to the Bop"b/w "I Got It"
Capitol 3839
Capitol 14808
23
—
6
Non-album tracks
1958
"I Got a Baby"b/w "Walkin' Home from School"
Capitol 3874
Capitol 14830
—
—
—
"Baby Blue"b/w "True to You"
Capitol 3959
Capitol 14868
—
—
—
"Rocky Road Blues"b/w "Yes I Love You Baby" (from Gene Vincent's Greatest!)
Capitol 4010
Capitol 14908
—
—
—
"Git It"b/w "Little Lover" (from Gene Vincent's Greatest!)
Capitol 4051
Capitol 14935
—
—
—
A Gene Vincent Record Date
"Say Mama"b/w "Be Bop Boogie Boy"
Capitol 4105
Capitol 14974
—
—
—
Non-album tracks
1959
"Over the Rainbow"b/w "Who's Pushing Your Swing"
Capitol 4153
Capitol 15000
—
—
—
Gene Vincent's Greatest!
"Summertime"b/w "Frankie and Johnnie" (from Gene Vincent Rocks! And the Blue Caps Roll)
N/A
Capitol 15035
—
—
—
A Gene Vincent Record Date
"The Night Is So Lonely"b/w "Right Now"
Capitol 4237
Capitol 15053
—
—
—
Non-album tracks
1960
"Wild Cat"b/w "Right Here on Earth"
Capitol 4313
Capitol 15099
—
21
—
"My Heart"b/w "I Got to Get You Yet"
N/A
Capitol 15115
—
16
—
Sounds Like Gene Vincent
"Pistol Packin' Mama"US B-side: "Anna Annabelle"UK B-side: "Weeping Willow"
Capitol 4442
Capitol 15136
—
15
—
Non-album tracks
"Anna Annabelle"b/w "Accentuate the Positive" (from Crazy Times)
N/A
Capitol 15169
—
—
—
1961
"Jezebel"b/w "Maybe" (from Sounds Like Gene Vincent)
N/A
Capitol 15179
—
—
—
Bluejean Bop
"If You Want My Lovin'"b/w "Mister Loneliness"
Capitol 4525
Capitol 15185
—
—
—
Non-album tracks
"She She Little Sheila"b/w "Hot Dollar"
N/A
Capitol 15202
—
22
—
Crazy Times
"I'm Going Home"b/w "Love of a Man"
N/A
Capitol 15215
—
36
—
Non-album tracks
"Brand New Beat"b/w "Unchained Melody" (from Gene Vincent and the Blue Caps)
N/A
Capitol 15231
—
—
—
Gene Vincent Rocks! And the Blue Caps Roll
"Lucky Star"b/w "Baby Don't Believe Him"
Capitol 4665
Capitol 15243
—
—
—
Non-album tracks
1962
"Be-Bop-a-Lula '62"b/w "King of Fools"
N/A
Capitol 15264
—
—
—
1963
"Held for Questioning"b/w "You're Still in My Heart"
N/A
Capitol 15290
—
—
—
"Crazy Beat"b/w "High Blood Pressure"
N/A
Capitol 15307
—
—
—
"Where Have You Been All My Life"b/w "Temptation Baby"
N/A
Columbia 7174
—
—
—
1964
"Humpity Dumpity"b/w "A Love 'Em and Leave 'Em Kinda Guy"
N/A
Columbia 7218
—
—
—
"La Den Da Den Da Da"b/w "The Beginning of the End"
N/A
Columbia 7293
—
—
—
"Private Detective"b/w "You Are My Sunshine"
N/A
Columbia 7343
—
—
—
1966
"Bird Doggin'"b/w "Ain't That Too Much"
Challenge 59337
London 10079
—
—
—
"Lonely Street"b/w "I've Got My Eyes on You"
Challenge 59347
London 10099
—
—
—
1967
"Born to Be a Rolling Stone"b/w "Hurtin' for You Baby"
Challenge 59365
N/A
—
—
—
1969
"Be-Bop-a-Lula '69"b/w "Ruby Baby"
N/A
Dandelion 4596
—
—
—
I'm Back and I'm Proud
"Story of the Rockers"b/w "Pickin' Poppies"
Playground 100Forever 6001
Spark 1091
—
—
—
Non-album tracks
1970
"White Lightning"b/w "Scarlet Ribbons"
N/A
Dandelion 4974
—
—
—
I'm Back and I'm Proud
"Sunshine"b/w "Geese"
Kama Sutra 514
N/A
—
—
—
Gene Vincent
"The Day the World Turned Blue"US B-side: "How I Love Them Old Songs"UK B-side: "High on Life"
Kama Sutra 518
Kama Sutra 2013 018
—
—
—
The Day the World Turned Blue
Film appearances
The Girl Can't Help It (1956)
Hot Rod Gang (1958, a.k.a. Fury Unleashed)
It's Trad, Dad! (1962, a.k.a. Ring a Ding Rhythm)
Live It Up! (1963, a.k.a. Sing and Swing)
The Rock And Roll Singer (1970) - documentary of Vincent's London tour of 1969
Vincent was played by Carl Barât in the 2009 film Telstar
Bibliography
Britt Hagarty: The Day The World Turned Blue Blandford Press (1984) ISBN 0-7137-1531-6
Susan Vanhecke: Race With the Devil: Gene Vincent's Life in the Fast Lane. Saint Martin's Press (2000) ISBN 0-312-26222-1
Steven Mandich: Sweet Gene Vincent (The Bitter End) Orange Syringe Publications. (2002) 1000 Printed. ISBN 0-9537626-0-2
Mick Farren: Gene Vincent. There's One In Every Town The Do-Not Press (2004) ISBN 1-904316-37-9
John Collis: Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran, Rock 'N' Roll Revolutionaries Virgin Books (2004) ISBN 1-85227-193-0
Derek Henderson: Gene Vincent, A Companion Spent Brothers Productions (2005) ISBN 0-9519416-7-4 (NB contains an extensive Bibliography on Gene Vincent)
References
^ "Gene Vincent - Universal Music France". February 7, 2021. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ a b Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 8 – The All American Boy: Enter Elvis and the Rock-a-Billies. " (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 3.
^ "Gene Vincent: The hero before The Beatles". faroutmagazine.co.uk. October 12, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
^ Chaddock, Ian. "GENE VINCENT". Vivelerock.net. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 1218. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
^ "Gene Vincent Biography". Musicianguide.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
^ Henderson, Derek (2005). Gene Vincent: a companion. Southampton: Spent Brothers Productions. p. 3. ISBN 0-9519416-7-4. OCLC 70671058.
^ Perrin, Jean-Éric ; Rey, Jerôme; Verlant, Gilles (2009). Les Miscellanées du rock. Paris: Éditions Fetjaine / La Martinière. p. 252. ISBN 978-2-35425-130-7. Gene choisit de se faire poser une gaine d'acier autour des restes de son membre
^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'n' Roll Years. London: Reed International Books. p. 231. CN 5585.
^ "Official Gene Vincent website". Rockabillyhall.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ "Richard Dickie Be-Bop Harrell Sr". lovingfuneralhome.com. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ "Sheriff Tex Davis". The Independent. London, UK. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. December 9, 2004. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
^ Henderson 2005, p. 152.
^ "Cash Box Country Singles 11/03/56". CASHBOX Magazine. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ Bronson, Fred (1995). Billboard's hottest hot 100 hits. New York: Billboard Books. p. 253. ISBN 0-8230-7646-6. OCLC 32014167.
^ a b Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins. p. 87. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
^ Dregni, Michael (April 22, 2019). "Cliff Gallup". Vintage Guitar® magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
^ Carey, Kevin (February 1, 2009). "Russell Williford. The Best Known, Unknown Blue Cap". Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
^ a b Archived March 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Ed Sullivan Show, Season 10, Episode 8, November 17, 1957: Gene Vincent & the Blue Caps, Georgia Gibbs, Carol Burnett, Johnny Carson". TV.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ "HOT ROD GANG DVD Movie – 1958 Movie on DVD! – Gene Vincent Movie Hot Rods – Hot Rod Gang". Thevideobeat.com. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ "Hot Rod Gang (1958)". IMDb.com. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ Hillbilly-Music.com. "Town Hall Party". hillbilly-music.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
^ "Gene Vincent – At Town Hall Party Production Details". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
^ Farren, Mick (2010). "Gene Vincent – The Genesis of the Dark Side". In Driver, Jim. (ed.). The Mammoth Book of Sex, Drugs & Rock 'n' Roll. London: Constable & Robinson. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-84901-461-8. OCLC 784882138.
^ Farren, Mike (2004). Gene Vincent There's One in Every Town. Do Not Press. pp. 75–80. ISBN 1-904316-37-9.
^ https://www.rte.ie/radio/doconone/771586-are-you-tony-sheridan Martin Duffy. Are You Tony Sheridan? (RTÉ Doc on One radio documentary), 17 July 2010.
^ a b Ronnie Wood (Show) in conversation with Paul McCartney confirmed meeting Vincent at the venue. sky.com/ronnie
^ "Gene Vincent | Singer who pointed gun at wife says 'She forgives me'". Spentbrothers.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
^ Cochran, Bobby (2003). "U. K. Tour". Three Steps to Heaven: The Eddie Cochran Story. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-634-03252-3.
^ Bloom, Jerry (2008). Black Knight. Omnibus Press.
^ "Regrettable Television: This Is Your Life, Gary Glitter". Channelhopping.onthebox.com. December 14, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
^ Henderson 2005, p. 34.
^ "Gene Vincent | I'm Back and I'm Proud". Spentbrothers.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
^ Hagarty, Britt (1984). The day the world turned blue: a biography of Gene Vincent. Poole: Blandford. p. 245. ISBN 0-7137-1531-6. OCLC 11869138.
^ a b Henderson 2005, p. 4.
^ Henderson 2005, p. 36.
^ "BBC's BEEB to Bow With Maxi-Single". Billboard. September 14, 1974. p. 56.
^ The Harmony illustrated encyclopedia of rock. Clifford, Mike., Frame, Pete, 1942-, Tobler, John., Hanel, Ed., St. Pierre, Roger., Trengove, Chris. (5th ed.). New York: Harmony Books. 1986. p. 221. ISBN 0-517-56264-2. OCLC 13860782.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Farren, Mick. (2004). Gene Vincent : there's one in every town. London: Do-Not Press. p. 138. ISBN 1-904316-37-9. OCLC 56452920.
^ a b Starkey, Arun (October 12, 2022). "Exploring the influence of Gene Vincent on Ian Dury". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (December 31, 1969). "Kilburn & the High Roads - Handsome Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
^ "Rockabilly Hall of Fame Inductess". Rockabillyhall.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
^ McDonald, Sam (January 11, 1998). "Gene Vincent: Early Rocker's Legacy Bops Into Hall of Fame". Daily Press (published January 11, 1998). Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
^ "Gene Vincent". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
^ "Gene Vincent - Hollywood Star Walk". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
^ "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Adds Six Backing Groups to the Class of 2012". Rolling Stone. February 9, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021.
^ "Rock Hall Inducting Bands of 6 Iconic Members Billboard". Billboard. February 9, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021.
^ McDonald, Sam (September 9, 2003). "Region's Legends to be Honored". Daily Press. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021.
^ "Legends of Music Walk of Fame". Downtown Norfolk. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021.
^ Unterberger, Ritchie (n.d.). "Gene Vincent". AllMusic. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: V". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 21, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
^ "CHUM Hit Parade - January 6, 1958".
^ "BBC Arts - BBC Arts, The Rock and Roll Singer". BBC. March 24, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Gene Vincent.
Official Gene Vincent website Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine from Rockabilly Hall of Fame.
"Gene Vincent". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Official fan club Gene Vincent Lonely Street
Derek Henderson's Gene Vincent website
Findagrave: Gene Vincent
Gene Vincent at IMDb
Gene Vincent discography at Discogs
vteGene VincentStudio albums
Bluejean Bop!
Gene Vincent and the Blue Caps
Singles
"Be-Bop-a-Lula"
"Lotta Lovin'"
"Lucky Star"
"Crazy Beat"
"Lonely Street"
Other songs
"Right Now"
Film appearances
The Girl Can't Help It
Hot Rod Gang
Live It Up!
It's Trad, Dad!
Related
The Blue Caps
"Sweet Gene Vincent"
Awards for Gene Vincent
vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1998Performers
Eagles
Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, Joe Walsh
Fleetwood Mac
Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, Jeremy Spencer
The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, Michelle Phillips
Lloyd Price
Santana
José Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, Michael Shrieve
Gene Vincent
Early influences
Jelly Roll Morton
Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
Allen Toussaint
vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2012Performers
Beastie Boys
Ad-Rock, Mike D, Adam Yauch
The Blue Caps
Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, Willie Williams
The Comets
Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, Billy Williamson
The Crickets
Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, Niki Sullivan
Donovan
The Famous Flames
Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, Johnny Terry
Guns N' Roses
Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, Izzy Stradlin
The Midnighters
Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, Sonny Woods
The Miracles
Pete Moore, Bobby Rogers, Claudette Rogers, Marv Tarplin, Ronnie White
Laura Nyro
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, Chad Smith
Small Faces/Faces
Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, Ronnie Wood
Early influences
Freddie King
Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
Don Kirshner
Award for Musical Excellence
Tom Dowd
Glyn Johns
Cosimo Matassa
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"the Blue Caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Caps"},{"link_name":"Be-Bop-a-Lula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be-Bop-a-Lula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc8-2"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Rockabilly Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Vincent Eugene Craddock (February 11, 1935 – October 12, 1971), known as Gene Vincent, was an American rock and roll musician who pioneered the style of rockabilly. His 1956 top ten hit with his backing band the Blue Caps, \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\", is considered a significant early example of rockabilly.[2] His chart career was brief, especially in his home country of the US, where he notched three top 40 hits in 1956 and 1957, and never charted in the top 100 again. In the UK, he was a somewhat bigger star, racking up eight top 40 hits from 1956 to 1961.Vincent was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He is sometimes referred to by his somewhat unusual nickname/moniker the \"Screaming End\".[3][4]","title":"Gene Vincent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicianguide.com-6"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"Beethoven's Egmont overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"USS Chukawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chukawan"},{"link_name":"USS Amphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Amphion_(AR-13)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"USS Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)"},{"link_name":"Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"leg brace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_brace"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_Rock_'N'_Roll_Years-9"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Naval Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Naval_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Craddock was born February 11, 1935, in Norfolk, Virginia,[5] to Mary Louise and Ezekiah Jackson Craddock.[6] His musical influences included country, rhythm and blues, and gospel. His favorite composition was Beethoven's Egmont overture. He showed his first real interest in music while his family lived in Munden Point (now Virginia Beach), in Princess Anne County, Virginia, near the North Carolina line, where they ran a country store. He received his first guitar at the age of twelve as a gift from a friend.Craddock's father volunteered to serve in the U.S. Coast Guard and patrolled American coastal waters to protect Allied shipping against German U-boats during World War II. Craddock's mother maintained the general store in Munden Point. His parents moved the family to Norfolk, the home of a large naval base, and opened a general store and sailors' tailoring shop.Craddock dropped out of school in 1952, at the age of seventeen, and enlisted in the United States Navy. As he was under the age of enlistment, his parents signed the forms allowing him to enter. He completed boot camp and joined the fleet as a crewman aboard the fleet oiler USS Chukawan, with a two-week training period in the repair ship USS Amphion, before returning to the Chukawan. He never saw combat but completed a Korean War deployment. He sailed home from Korean waters aboard the battleship USS Wisconsin but was not part of the ship's company.Craddock planned a career in the Navy and, in 1955, used his $612 re-enlistment bonus to buy a new Triumph motorcycle. On July 4, 1955, while he was in Norfolk, his left leg was shattered in an auto crash.[7] He refused to allow the leg to be amputated, and the leg was saved, but the injury left him with a limp and pain. He wore a steel sheath as a leg brace[8] for the rest of his life. Most accounts relate the accident as the fault of a drunk driver who struck him. Years later in some of his music biographies, there is no mention of an accident, but it was claimed that his injury was due to a wound incurred in combat in Korea.[9] He spent time in the Portsmouth Naval Hospital and was medically discharged from the navy shortly thereafter.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Paul Peek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Peek"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obiDH-11"},{"link_name":"Cliff Gallup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Gallup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Jay Chevalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Chevalier"},{"link_name":"Rapides Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Early music career","text":"Craddock became involved in the local music scene in Norfolk. He changed his name to Gene Vincent and formed a rockabilly band, Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps (a term used in reference to enlisted sailors in the U.S. Navy).[10] The band included Willie Williams on rhythm guitar (replaced in late 1956 by Paul Peek), Jack Neal on upright bass, Dickie Harrell on drums (died May 31, 2023, at age 82),[11] and Cliff Gallup on lead guitar.[5] He also collaborated with another rising musician, Jay Chevalier of Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Vincent and His Blue Caps soon gained a reputation playing in various country bars in Norfolk. There they won a talent contest organized by a local radio DJ, \"Sheriff Tex\" Davis, who then became Vincent's manager.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_Love_-_Be-Bop-a-Lula_ad_-_Cash_Box_1956.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cashbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Be-Bop-a-Lula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be-Bop-a-Lula"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pc8-2"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-13"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Bill Lowery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lowery_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Ken Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Nelson_(United_States_record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson2005152-14"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bluejean Bop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluejean_Bop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lotta Lovin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Lovin%27"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Little Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"The Girl Can't Help It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It"},{"link_name":"Jayne Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcs-discography1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"West Coast Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Swing"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rcs-discography1-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Town Hall Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Hall_Party"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Biggest hits","text":"Advertisement featured in Cashbox magazine, 2 June 1956In 1956 he wrote \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\", which drew comparisons to Elvis Presley[2] and which Rolling Stone magazine later listed as number 103 on its \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[13] Local radio DJ \"Sheriff Tex\" Davis arranged for a demo of the song to be made, and this secured Vincent a contract with Capitol Records.[5] He signed a publishing contract with Bill Lowery of the Lowery Group of music publishers in Atlanta, Georgia. \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\" was not on Vincent's first album and was picked by Capitol producer Ken Nelson as the B-side of his first single, \"Woman Love\". Prior to the release of the single, Lowery pressed promotional copies of \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\" and sent them to radio stations throughout the country. By the time Capitol released the single, \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\" had already gained attention from the public and radio DJs. The song was picked up and played by other U.S. radio stations (obscuring the original A-side song) and became a hit, peaking at number 7 and spending 20 weeks on the Billboard pop chart[14] and reaching number 5 and spending 17 weeks on the Cash Box chart,[15] and launching Vincent's career as a rock-and-roll star.[16]After \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\" became a hit, Vincent and His Blue Caps were unable to follow it up with the same level of commercial success, although they released critically acclaimed songs like \"Race with the Devil\" (number 96 on the Billboard chart and number 50 on the Cash Box chart) and \"Bluejean Bop\" (number 49 on the Billboard chart and another million-selling disc).[17]Cliff Gallup left the band in 1956, and Russell Williford joined as the new guitarist for the Blue Caps. Williford played and toured Canada with Vincent in late 1956 but left the group in early 1957. Gallup came back to do the next album and then left again. Williford came back and exited again before Johnny Meeks joined the band.[18][19] The group had another hit in 1957 with \"Lotta Lovin'\" (highest position number 13 and spending 19 weeks on the Billboard chart and number 17 and 17 weeks on the Cashbox chart). Vincent was awarded gold records for two million sales of \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\",[17] and 1.5 million sales of \"Lotta Lovin'\".[citation needed] The same year he toured the east coast of Australia with Little Richard and Eddie Cochran, drawing audiences totaling 72,000 to their Sydney Stadium concerts. Vincent also made an appearance in the film The Girl Can't Help It, with Jayne Mansfield, performing \"Be-Bop-a-Lula\" with the Blue Caps in a rehearsal room.[5] \"Dance to the Bop\" was released by Capitol Records on October 28, 1957.[20] On November 17, 1957, Vincent and His Blue Caps performed the song on the nationally broadcast television program The Ed Sullivan Show.[21] The song spent nine weeks on the Billboard chart and peaked at number 23 on January 23, 1958 and reached number 36 and spent eight weeks on the Cashbox chart. It was Vincent's last American hit single.[22] The song was used in the movie Hot Rod Gang for a dance rehearsal scene featuring dancers doing the West Coast Swing.[20][23]Vincent and His Blue Caps also appeared several times on Town Hall Party, California's largest country music barn dance, held at the Town Hall in Compton, California.[24] They appeared on October 25, 1958, and July 25 and November 7, 1959.[25] However, by the end of 1959 the Blue Caps were no longer part of the billing on Gene Vincent records. The late 1959 single \"Wild Cat\" was credited solely to Gene Vincent, and this would be the case on all subsequent Gene Vincent releases.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US tax authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jack Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Good_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Sharon Sheeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Sheeley"},{"link_name":"Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippenham"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tony Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Don Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Arden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"Echoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Echoes_(English_group)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jet Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Harris"},{"link_name":"John Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leyton"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sounds Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Shea Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outlaws_(UK_band)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Blackmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Blackmore"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"A dispute with the US tax authorities and the American Musicians' Union over payments to his band and his having sold the band's equipment to pay a tax bill led Vincent to leave the United States for Europe.[26]On December 15, 1959, Vincent appeared on Jack Good's TV show, Boy Meets Girl, his first appearance in England. He wore black leather, gloves, and a medallion, and stood in a hunched posture.[5] Good is credited with the transformation of Vincent's image.[5] After the TV appearance he toured France, the Netherlands, Germany and the UK performing in his US stage clothes.[27]On April 16, 1960, while on tour in the UK, Vincent, Eddie Cochran and the songwriter Sharon Sheeley were involved in a high-speed traffic accident in a private-hire taxi in Chippenham, Wiltshire. Vincent broke his ribs and collarbone and further damaged his weakened leg.[5] Sheeley suffered a broken pelvis. Cochran, who had been thrown from the vehicle, suffered serious brain injuries and died the next day. Vincent returned to the United States after the accident.[citation needed]While they were preparing to board their taxi, Vincent and Cochran had rebuffed Tony Sheridan's request to ride along with them to the next venue. After escaping that fateful road accident,[28] Sheridan soon relocated to Hamburg, where he helped influence the musical training of many British groups who would later become part of the British Invasion, including one of his backing bands, the Beatles.Promoter Don Arden had Vincent return to the UK in 1961 to do an extensive tour in theatres and ballrooms,[5] including the Agincourt Ballroom, Camberley[29] with Chris Wayne and the Echoes. In 1962 Vincent was on the same bill as the Beatles in Hamburg; Paul McCartney recalled an incident with a pistol at Vincent's girlfriend's hotel.[29] In 1963 Vincent appeared in court for pointing a gun at his then wife Margaret Russell and threatening to kill her, though his wife said in court that she had forgiven him.[30] After the overwhelming success of the UK tour, Vincent moved to Britain in 1963. On a UK tour Vincent had pulled a gun on Jet Harris, Harris hid behind John Leyton, the situation was defused and the three would later become friends.[31] His accompanying band, Sounds Incorporated, a six-piece outfit with three saxophones, guitar, bass and drums, went on to play with the Beatles at their Shea Stadium concert. Vincent toured the UK again in 1963 with the Outlaws, featuring future Deep Purple guitar player Ritchie Blackmore, as a backing band. Vincent's alcohol problems marred the tour, resulting in problems both on stage and with the band and management.[32]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Graphophone_Company"},{"link_name":"Arthur Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genevincent015e.jpg"},{"link_name":"Challenge Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge_Records_(1950s)"},{"link_name":"Champs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Champs"},{"link_name":"Glen Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Campbell"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Records"},{"link_name":"Gary Glitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Glitter"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"John Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peel"},{"link_name":"Dandelion Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-5"},{"link_name":"Kim Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fowley"},{"link_name":"Skip Battin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Battin"},{"link_name":"Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Mars Bonfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Bonfire"},{"link_name":"The Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strangers_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Jim Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gordon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200534-34"},{"link_name":"Paul A. Rothchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_A._Rothchild"},{"link_name":"John Densmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Densmore"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Kama Sutra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra_Records"},{"link_name":"Wild Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Angels_(band)"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bill Haley & His Comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets"},{"link_name":"Duane Eddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_Eddy"},{"link_name":"Inland Revenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Revenue"},{"link_name":"Don Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Arden"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson20054-37"},{"link_name":"Distant Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distant_Drums_(song)"},{"link_name":"Maida Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida_Vale"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Walker's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Walker_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin%27_On"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200536-38"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Vincent's attempts to re-establish his American career in folk rock and country rock proved unsuccessful; he is remembered today for recordings of the 1950s and early 1960s released by Capitol Records.[5] In the early 1960s, he also put out tracks on EMI's Columbia label, including a cover of Arthur Alexander's \"Where Have You Been All My Life?\" A backing band called the Shouts joined him.Vincent, 1967In 1966 and 1967, in the United States, he recorded for Challenge Records, backed by ex-members of the Champs and Glen Campbell. Challenge released three singles in the US, and the UK London label released two singles and collected recordings on to an LP, Gene Vincent, on the UK London label in 1967. Although well received, none sold well. In 1968 in a hotel in Germany, Vincent tried to shoot Paul Raven, later to find fame as Gary Glitter. He fired several shots but missed and a frightened Raven left the country the next day.[33]In 1969, he recorded the album I'm Back and I'm Proud for long-time fan John Peel's Dandelion Records,[5] produced by Kim Fowley with arrangements by Skip Battin (of the Byrds), Mars Bonfire on rhythm guitar, Johnny Meeks (of Blue Caps and Merle Haggard's The Strangers) on lead guitar, Jim Gordon on drums, and backing vocals by Linda Ronstadt and Jackie Frisco.[34] While recording the track \"Sexy Ways\" for the album Vincent threatened to get a gun from his car and shoot Paul A. Rothchild and John Densmore if they did not leave the studio; the pair then left the studio quickly.[35] He recorded two other albums for Kama Sutra Records, reissued on one CD by Rev-Ola in March 2008. On his 1969 tour of the UK he was backed by the Wild Angels, a British band that had performed at the Royal Albert Hall with Bill Haley & His Comets and Duane Eddy. Because of pressure from his ex-wife Margaret Russell, the Inland Revenue and promoter Don Arden, Vincent returned to the US.[36]His final US recordings were four tracks for Rockin' Ronny Weiser's Rolling Rock label, a few weeks before his death. These were released on a compilation album of tribute songs, including \"Say Mama\", by his daughter, Melody Jean Vincent, accompanied by Johnny Meeks on guitar. On 19 September 1971, he began his last series of gigs in Britain.[37] He was backed by Richard Cole and Kansas Hook (Dave Bailey, Bob Moore, and bass player Charlie Harrison from Poco and Roger McGuinn's Thunderbyrd). They recorded four tracks (\"Say Mama\", \"Be-Bop-A-Lula\", \"Roll Over Beethoven\", \"Distant Drums\") at the BBC studios in Maida Vale, London, for Johnnie Walker's Radio 1 show. The fifth record (\"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On\") remained unfinished.[38] He managed one show at the Garrick Night Club in Leigh, Lancashire, and two shows at the Wookey Hollow Club in Liverpool on October 3 and 4. Vincent then returned to the US and died a few days later. In September, 1974, BBC launched pop label BEEB with a maxi single by Vincent (\"Roll Over Beethoven\", BEEB 001). The single comprised three of these tracks.[39] The four tracks are now on Vincent's album White Lightning.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"Saugus, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugus,_California"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson20054-37"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Newhall, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhall,_California"},{"link_name":"Ian Dury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dury"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey2022-42"},{"link_name":"Handsome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handsome_(Kilburn_and_the_High-Roads_album)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starkey2022-42"},{"link_name":"Rockabilly Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Unterberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Unterberger"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"compilation album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-53"}],"text":"Vincent died at the age of 36 on October 12, 1971, from a combination of a ruptured ulcer, internal hemorrhage and heart failure, while visiting his father in Saugus, California.[37][40][41] He is interred at Eternal Valley Memorial Park, in Newhall, California.Vincent is mentioned in one of Ian Dury's earliest songs, \"Upminster Kid\"[42] (on the 1975 Kilburn and the High Roads album Handsome[43]), with the words \"Well Gene Vincent Craddock remembered the love of an Upminster rock 'n' roll teen\". Vincent had died just four years earlier.[42]Vincent was the first inductee into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame upon its formation in 1997.[44] The following year he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[45] Vincent has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1749 North Vine Street.[46][47] In 2012, his band, the Blue Caps, were retroactively inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by a special committee, alongside Vincent.[48][49] On Tuesday, September 23, 2003, Vincent was honored with a Norfolk's Legends of Music Walk of Fame bronze star embedded in the Granby Street sidewalk.[50][51]Writing for AllMusic, Ritchie Unterberger called Vincent \"an American rockabilly legend who defined the greasy-haired, leather-jacketed, hot rods 'n' babes spark of rock and roll.\"[52] Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less impressed by the musician's career, saying \"Vincent was never a titan – his few moments of rockabilly greatness were hyped-up distillations of slavering lust from a sensitive little guy who was just as comfortable with 'Over the Rainbow' in his normal frame of mind.\" However, he included Vincent's compilation album The Bop That Just Won't Stop (1974) in his \"basic record library\", published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981).[53]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bluejean Bop!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluejean_Bop!"},{"link_name":"Gene Vincent and the Blue Caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Vincent_and_the_Blue_Caps"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Bluejean Bop! (Capitol T764. US & UK) (8/13/1956)\nGene Vincent and the Blue Caps (Capitol T811, US & UK) (1957)\nGene Vincent Rocks! And the Blue Caps Roll (Capitol T970, US & UK) (3/1958)\nA Gene Vincent Record Date (Capitol T1059, US & UK) (11/1958)\nSounds Like Gene Vincent (Capitol T1207, US & UK) (6/1959)\nCrazy Times (Capitol T1342, US & UK mono) (Capitol ST1342, US & UK stereo) (3/1960)\nThe Crazy Beat of Gene Vincent (Capitol T 20453, UK) (1963)\nShakin' Up a Storm (Columbia 33-OSX 1646, UK) (1964)\nGene Vincent (London HAH 8333, UK) (1967)\nI'm Back and I'm Proud (Dandelion D9 102, US) (1969) (Dandelion 63754, UK) (1970)\nGene Vincent (Kama Sutra KSBS 2019, US) (1970) retitled If Only You Could See Me Today (Kama Sutra 2361009, UK) (1971)\nThe Day the World Turned Blue (Kama Sutra KSBS 2027, US) (1970) (Kama Sutra 2316005, UK) (1971)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"}],"sub_title":"Compilations and bootlegs","text":"Rhythm in Blue (bootleg) (Bluecap Records BC2-11-35, Canada) (1979)\nBe-Bop-a-Lula (bootleg) (Koala KOA 14617, US) (1980)\nForever Gene Vincent (Rolling Rock LP 022, US) (1980) (contains four rare recordings by Vincent)\nDressed in Black (Magnum Force MFLP 016, UK) (1982)\nGene Vincent with Interview by Red Robinson (bootleg) (Great Northwest Music Company GNW 4016, US) (1982)\nFrom LA to Frisco (Magnum Force MFLP 1023, UK) (1982)\nFor Collectors Only (Magnum Force MFLP 020, UK) (1984)\nRarities Vol 2 (bootleg) (Doktor Kollector DK 005, France) (1985)\nRareties [sic] (bootleg) (Dr Kollector CRA 001, France) (1986)\nImportant Words (Rockstar RSR LP 1020, UK) (1990)\nLost Dallas Sessions (Rollercoaster RCCD 3031) (1998)\nHey Mama! (Rollercoaster ROLL 2021, UK) (1998)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Hot Rod Gang (Capitol EAP 1–985 US & UK) (9/58)\nBe-Bop-a-Lula '62 (Capitol EAP 1-20448 France) (62)\nLive and Rockin' (Fan club issue UK) (69)\nThe Screamin' Kid Live! (bootleg) (no label 20240 France) (69)\nThe Screaming Kid (bootleg) (no label 20.266 France) (69)\nRainyday Sunshine (Rollin' Danny RD1 UK) (80)\nOn Tour with Gene Vincent & Eddie Cochran (Rockstar RSR-EP 2013 UK) (86)\nIn Concert Vol 1 (bootleg) (Savas SA 178305 France) (88)\nThe Last Session (Strange Fruit SFNT 001 UK) (88)\nHey Mama! (Rollercoaster RCEP 123 UK) (98)\nBlue Gene (Norton EP-076 US) (99)(NB: This listing omits the many EPs of album tracks & compilations)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Girl Can't Help It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It"},{"link_name":"Hot Rod Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rod_Gang"},{"link_name":"It's Trad, Dad!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Trad,_Dad!"},{"link_name":"Live It Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_It_Up!_(film)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Carl Barât","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bar%C3%A2t"},{"link_name":"Telstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstar_(film)"}],"text":"The Girl Can't Help It (1956)\nHot Rod Gang (1958, a.k.a. Fury Unleashed)\nIt's Trad, Dad! (1962, a.k.a. Ring a Ding Rhythm)\nLive It Up! (1963, a.k.a. Sing and Swing)\nThe Rock And Roll Singer (1970) - documentary of Vincent's London tour of 1969[55]Vincent was played by Carl Barât in the 2009 film Telstar","title":"Film appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7137-1531-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1531-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-26222-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-26222-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9537626-0-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9537626-0-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-904316-37-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904316-37-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85227-193-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-193-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9519416-7-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9519416-7-4"}],"text":"Britt Hagarty: The Day The World Turned Blue Blandford Press (1984) ISBN 0-7137-1531-6\nSusan Vanhecke: Race With the Devil: Gene Vincent's Life in the Fast Lane. Saint Martin's Press (2000) ISBN 0-312-26222-1\nSteven Mandich: Sweet Gene Vincent (The Bitter End) Orange Syringe Publications. (2002) 1000 Printed. ISBN 0-9537626-0-2\nMick Farren: Gene Vincent. There's One In Every Town The Do-Not Press (2004) ISBN 1-904316-37-9\nJohn Collis: Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran, Rock 'N' Roll Revolutionaries Virgin Books (2004) ISBN 1-85227-193-0\nDerek Henderson: Gene Vincent, A Companion Spent Brothers Productions (2005) ISBN 0-9519416-7-4 (NB contains an extensive Bibliography on Gene Vincent)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Advertisement featured in Cashbox magazine, 2 June 1956","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Woman_Love_-_Be-Bop-a-Lula_ad_-_Cash_Box_1956.jpg/220px-Woman_Love_-_Be-Bop-a-Lula_ad_-_Cash_Box_1956.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vincent, 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Genevincent015e.jpg/170px-Genevincent015e.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent - Universal Music France\". February 7, 2021. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.universalmusic.fr/artistes/20000104974","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent - Universal Music France\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210207181028/https://www.universalmusic.fr/artistes/20000104974","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilliland, John (1969). \"Show 8 – The All American Boy: Enter Elvis and the Rock-a-Billies. [Part 2]\" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilliland","url_text":"Gilliland, John"},{"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19756/m1","url_text":"\"Show 8 – The All American Boy: Enter Elvis and the Rock-a-Billies. [Part 2]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Chronicles","url_text":"Pop Chronicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries","url_text":"University of North Texas Libraries"}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent: The hero before The Beatles\". faroutmagazine.co.uk. October 12, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/gene-vincent-heror-the-beatles/","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent: The hero before The Beatles\""}]},{"reference":"Chaddock, Ian. \"GENE VINCENT\". Vivelerock.net. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211228151827/https://vivelerock.net/gene-vincent/","url_text":"\"GENE VINCENT\""},{"url":"https://vivelerock.net/gene-vincent/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 1218. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent Biography\". Musicianguide.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000576/Gene-Vincent.html","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Derek (2005). Gene Vincent: a companion. Southampton: Spent Brothers Productions. p. 3. ISBN 0-9519416-7-4. OCLC 70671058.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70671058","url_text":"Gene Vincent: a companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9519416-7-4","url_text":"0-9519416-7-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70671058","url_text":"70671058"}]},{"reference":"Perrin, Jean-Éric [in French]; Rey, Jerôme; Verlant, Gilles (2009). Les Miscellanées du rock. Paris: Éditions Fetjaine / La Martinière. p. 252. ISBN 978-2-35425-130-7. Gene choisit de se faire poser une gaine d'acier autour des restes de son membre","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Perrin","url_text":"Perrin, Jean-Éric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Verlant","url_text":"Verlant, Gilles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35425-130-7","url_text":"978-2-35425-130-7"}]},{"reference":"Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'n' Roll Years. London: Reed International Books. p. 231. CN 5585.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Official Gene Vincent website\". Rockabillyhall.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105110313/http://www.rockabillyhall.com/LatestNewsGV.html","url_text":"\"Official Gene Vincent website\""},{"url":"http://www.rockabillyhall.com/LatestNewsGV.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Dickie Be-Bop Harrell Sr\". lovingfuneralhome.com. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lovingfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Richard-Harrell-6/#!/Obituary","url_text":"\"Richard Dickie Be-Bop Harrell Sr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheriff Tex Davis\". The Independent. London, UK. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120711034403/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2956395.ece","url_text":"\"Sheriff Tex Davis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2956395.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". Rolling Stone. December 9, 2004. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/gene-vincent-and-his-blue-caps-be-bop-a-lula-20110526","url_text":"\"The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080622142703/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs/page/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cash Box Country Singles 11/03/56\". CASHBOX Magazine. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives-c/50s_files/19561103C.html","url_text":"\"Cash Box Country Singles 11/03/56\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210311111104/http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives-c/50s_files/19561103C.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bronson, Fred (1995). Billboard's hottest hot 100 hits. New York: Billboard Books. p. 253. ISBN 0-8230-7646-6. OCLC 32014167.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32014167","url_text":"Billboard's hottest hot 100 hits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7646-6","url_text":"0-8230-7646-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32014167","url_text":"32014167"}]},{"reference":"Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins. p. 87. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/87","url_text":"The Book of Golden Discs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/87","url_text":"87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6","url_text":"0-214-20512-6"}]},{"reference":"Dregni, Michael (April 22, 2019). \"Cliff Gallup\". Vintage Guitar® magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vintageguitar.com/32416/cliff-gallup/","url_text":"\"Cliff Gallup\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210303103647/https://www.vintageguitar.com/32416/cliff-gallup/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carey, Kevin (February 1, 2009). \"Russell Williford. The Best Known, Unknown Blue Cap\". Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://tims.blackcat.nl/messages/russell_williford.htm","url_text":"\"Russell Williford. The Best Known, Unknown Blue Cap\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210303111507/http://tims.blackcat.nl/messages/russell_williford.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ed Sullivan Show, Season 10, Episode 8, November 17, 1957: Gene Vincent & the Blue Caps, Georgia Gibbs, Carol Burnett, Johnny Carson\". TV.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080216074103/http://www.tv.com/the-ed-sullivan-show/gene-vincent-andamp-the-blue-caps---georgia-gibbs---carol-burnett/episode/111360/summary.html","url_text":"\"The Ed Sullivan Show, Season 10, Episode 8, November 17, 1957: Gene Vincent & the Blue Caps, Georgia Gibbs, Carol Burnett, Johnny Carson\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/the-ed-sullivan-show/gene-vincent-andamp-the-blue-caps---georgia-gibbs---carol-burnett/episode/111360/summary.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HOT ROD GANG DVD Movie – 1958 Movie on DVD! – Gene Vincent Movie Hot Rods – Hot Rod Gang\". Thevideobeat.com. Retrieved April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thevideobeat.com/rock-roll-movies/hot-rod-gang-1958.html","url_text":"\"HOT ROD GANG DVD Movie – 1958 Movie on DVD! – Gene Vincent Movie Hot Rods – Hot Rod Gang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Rod Gang (1958)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051741","url_text":"\"Hot Rod Gang (1958)\""}]},{"reference":"Hillbilly-Music.com. \"Town Hall Party\". hillbilly-music.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hillbilly-music.com/programs/story/index.php?prog=170","url_text":"\"Town Hall Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent – At Town Hall Party Production Details\". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808469645/details","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent – At Town Hall Party Production Details\""}]},{"reference":"Farren, Mick (2010). \"Gene Vincent – The Genesis of the Dark Side\". In Driver, Jim. (ed.). The Mammoth Book of Sex, Drugs & Rock 'n' Roll. London: Constable & Robinson. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-84901-461-8. OCLC 784882138.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/784882138","url_text":"The Mammoth Book of Sex, Drugs & Rock 'n' Roll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-461-8","url_text":"978-1-84901-461-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/784882138","url_text":"784882138"}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent | Singer who pointed gun at wife says 'She forgives me'\". Spentbrothers.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spentbrothers.com/archives/2005/06/02/singer_who_pointed_gun_at_wife_says_she_forgives_me/","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent | Singer who pointed gun at wife says 'She forgives me'\""}]},{"reference":"Cochran, Bobby (2003). \"U. K. Tour\". Three Steps to Heaven: The Eddie Cochran Story. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-634-03252-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-03252-3","url_text":"978-0-634-03252-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Regrettable Television: This Is Your Life, Gary Glitter\". Channelhopping.onthebox.com. December 14, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://channelhopping.onthebox.com/2012/12/14/regrettable-television-this-your-life-gary-glitter","url_text":"\"Regrettable Television: This Is Your Life, Gary Glitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent | I'm Back and I'm Proud\". Spentbrothers.com. Retrieved May 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spentbrothers.com/archives/2011/03/16/im_back_and_im_proud/","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent | I'm Back and I'm Proud\""}]},{"reference":"Hagarty, Britt (1984). The day the world turned blue: a biography of Gene Vincent. Poole: Blandford. p. 245. ISBN 0-7137-1531-6. OCLC 11869138.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11869138","url_text":"The day the world turned blue: a biography of Gene Vincent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1531-6","url_text":"0-7137-1531-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11869138","url_text":"11869138"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC's BEEB to Bow With Maxi-Single\". Billboard. September 14, 1974. p. 56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Harmony illustrated encyclopedia of rock. Clifford, Mike., Frame, Pete, 1942-, Tobler, John., Hanel, Ed., St. Pierre, Roger., Trengove, Chris. (5th ed.). New York: Harmony Books. 1986. p. 221. ISBN 0-517-56264-2. OCLC 13860782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13860782","url_text":"The Harmony illustrated encyclopedia of rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-56264-2","url_text":"0-517-56264-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13860782","url_text":"13860782"}]},{"reference":"Farren, Mick. (2004). Gene Vincent : there's one in every town. London: Do-Not Press. p. 138. ISBN 1-904316-37-9. OCLC 56452920.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56452920","url_text":"Gene Vincent : there's one in every town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904316-37-9","url_text":"1-904316-37-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56452920","url_text":"56452920"}]},{"reference":"Starkey, Arun (October 12, 2022). \"Exploring the influence of Gene Vincent on Ian Dury\". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved April 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-influence-of-gene-vincent-on-ian-dury/","url_text":"\"Exploring the influence of Gene Vincent on Ian Dury\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (December 31, 1969). \"Kilburn & the High Roads - Handsome Album Reviews, Songs & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/handsome-mw0000595977","url_text":"\"Kilburn & the High Roads - Handsome Album Reviews, Songs & More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rockabilly Hall of Fame Inductess\". Rockabillyhall.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190518131612/http://www.rockabillyhall.com/Certificates.html","url_text":"\"Rockabilly Hall of Fame Inductess\""},{"url":"http://www.rockabillyhall.com/Certificates.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Sam (January 11, 1998). \"Gene Vincent: Early Rocker's Legacy Bops Into Hall of Fame\". Daily Press (published January 11, 1998). Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19980111-1998-01-11-9801090154-story.html","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent: Early Rocker's Legacy Bops Into Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210211144831/https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19980111-1998-01-11-9801090154-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent\". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://walkoffame.com/gene-vincent/","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent - Hollywood Star Walk\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/gene-vincent/","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent - Hollywood Star Walk\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210211160449/http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/gene-vincent/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Adds Six Backing Groups to the Class of 2012\". Rolling Stone. February 9, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-adds-six-backing-groups-to-the-class-of-2012-77581/","url_text":"\"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Adds Six Backing Groups to the Class of 2012\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210214122746/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame-adds-six-backing-groups-to-the-class-of-2012-77581/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rock Hall Inducting Bands of 6 Iconic Members Billboard\". Billboard. February 9, 2012. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/506261/rock-hall-inducting-bands-of-6-iconic-members","url_text":"\"Rock Hall Inducting Bands of 6 Iconic Members Billboard\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210214123353/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/506261/rock-hall-inducting-bands-of-6-iconic-members","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Sam (September 9, 2003). \"Region's Legends to be Honored\". Daily Press. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20030909-2003-09-09-0309090064-story.html","url_text":"\"Region's Legends to be Honored\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210213120408/https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-20030909-2003-09-09-0309090064-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Legends of Music Walk of Fame\". Downtown Norfolk. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.downtownnorfolk.org/go/legends-of-music-walk-of-fame","url_text":"\"Legends of Music Walk of Fame\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210213121825/https://www.downtownnorfolk.org/go/legends-of-music-walk-of-fame","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Ritchie (n.d.). \"Gene Vincent\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gene-vincent-mn0000803720","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: V\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 21, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=V&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: V\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"\"CHUM Hit Parade - January 6, 1958\".","urls":[{"url":"http://chumtribute.com/58-01-06-chart.jpg","url_text":"\"CHUM Hit Parade - January 6, 1958\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Arts - BBC Arts, The Rock and Roll Singer\". BBC. March 24, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02mpbst","url_text":"\"BBC Arts - BBC Arts, The Rock and Roll Singer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gene Vincent\". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/gene-vincent","url_text":"\"Gene Vincent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_%C3%90ura%C5%A1kovi%C4%87
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Vera Ðurašković
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Vera ÐuraškovićPersonal informationBorn (1949-08-29) 29 August 1949 (age 74)NationalitySerbianListed height1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Listed weight63 kg (139 lb)PositionShooting guardCareer history0000Bosna
Medals
Women's basketball
Representing Yugoslavia
1980 Moskva
Team competition
Vera Ðurašković, born Čerepina, (born 29 August 1949) is a former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Vera Ðurašković". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
External links
Vera Ðurašković at FIBA
Vera Ðurašković international stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Vera Ðurašković at Olympedia
Vera Ðurašković at Olympics.com
Links to related articles
vteYugoslavia squad – 1980 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal
4 Đurašković
5 Bećirspahić
6 Komnenović
7 Bjedov
8 Mitić
9 Ožegović
10 Pekić
11 Tonković
12 Ðurković
13 Despotović
14 Majstorović
15 Perazić
Coach: Vasojević
This article about a Yugoslav Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to a Serbian basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"}],"text":"Vera Ðurašković, born Čerepina, (born 29 August 1949) is a former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1980 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Vera Ðurašković"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Vera Ðurašković\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418101339/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/du/vera-duraskovic-1.html","url_text":"\"Vera Ðurašković\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/du/vera-duraskovic-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_DeGenaro
|
Mary DeGenaro
|
["1 Biography","2 State court service","3 Supreme Court of Ohio service","4 Recognition and memberships","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American judge
Mary DeGenaroJustice of the Supreme Court of OhioIn officeJanuary 28, 2018 – January 1, 2019Appointed byJohn KasichPreceded byWilliam O'NeillSucceeded byMelody J. StewartJudge of the Ohio Seventh District Court of AppealsIn officeFebruary 9, 2001 – January 28, 2018
Personal detailsBorn (1961-04-25) April 25, 1961 (age 63)Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.EducationYoungstown State University (BA)Cleveland State University (JD)
Mary DeGenaro (born April 25, 1961) is an American lawyer who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio from 2018 to 2019.
Biography
DeGenaro received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Youngstown State University in 1983 and her Juris Doctor from the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1986.
After graduation from law school, she served as a law clerk to Judge George Washington White of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.
She served 14 years in private practice before her election to the bench. During her judicial service, she also served as an adjunct faculty member for the political science department at Youngstown State University.
State court service
DeGenaro served as a judge from 2001 to 2018 on the Seventh District Court of Appeals in Youngstown. She was sworn in on February 9, 2001.
Supreme Court of Ohio service
On January 25, 2018, Governor John Kasich announced his appointment of DeGenaro to fill the seat vacated by the retirement of William O'Neill. She was sworn in as Ohio's 159th Justice on January 28, 2018. At the time of her appointment, it made the composition of the court all Republican jurists and majority female.
On November 8, 2018, DeGenaro faced Melody J. Stewart in the general election for a seat on the Supreme Court. Stewart won the seat 52.5% to 47.5%.
Recognition and memberships
She served as vice president of the Ohio Women's Bar Association at the time of her Supreme Court appointment.
In 2005, she began serving as a founding member of the Ohio State Bar Association's Appellate Practice Specialty Certification Board, which administers the specialty bar examination and certification.
References
^ a b "Kasich appoints Appellate Judge Mary Degenaro as new Supreme Court Justice". Circleville Herald. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ a b c d "Justice Mary DeGenaro". supremecourt.ohio.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ Bischoff, Laura. "Kasich names Youngstown judge to Ohio Supreme Court". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ Borchardt, Jackie (January 25, 2018). "Kasich chooses Youngstown judge Mary DeGenaro for Ohio Supreme Court seat". cleveland.com. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ "Mary DeGenaro Sworn in as Ohio's 159th Justice". Court News Ohio. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ Chow, Andy (January 26, 2018). "Kasich Appoints a Youngstown Appeals Judge to the Ohio Supreme Court, Which Is Now Majority Women". Retrieved January 28, 2018.
^ "A real change on the high court". Morning Journal. 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
External links
Official Biography on Ohio Supreme Court website
Mary DeGenaro at Ballotpedia
Legal offices
Preceded byWilliam O'Neill
Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court 2018–2019
Succeeded byMelody J. Stewart
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ohio"}],"text":"Mary DeGenaro (born April 25, 1961) is an American lawyer who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio from 2018 to 2019.","title":"Mary DeGenaro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Youngstown State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_State_University"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Cleveland-Marshall College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland-Marshall_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circleville-1"},{"link_name":"George Washington White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_White"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialBio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialBio-2"}],"text":"DeGenaro received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Youngstown State University in 1983 and her Juris Doctor from the Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1986.[1]After graduation from law school, she served as a law clerk to Judge George Washington White of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.[2]She served 14 years in private practice before her election to the bench. During her judicial service, she also served as an adjunct faculty member for the political science department at Youngstown State University.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seventh District Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Seventh_District_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circleville-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaytonDaily-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialBio-2"}],"text":"DeGenaro served as a judge from 2001 to 2018 on the Seventh District Court of Appeals in Youngstown.[1][3] She was sworn in on February 9, 2001.[2]","title":"State court service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Kasich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kasich"},{"link_name":"William O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Neill_(Ohio_judge)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNO-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Melody J. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_J._Stewart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On January 25, 2018, Governor John Kasich announced his appointment of DeGenaro to fill the seat vacated by the retirement of William O'Neill.[4] She was sworn in as Ohio's 159th Justice on January 28, 2018.[5] At the time of her appointment, it made the composition of the court all Republican jurists and majority female.[6]On November 8, 2018, DeGenaro faced Melody J. Stewart in the general election for a seat on the Supreme Court. Stewart won the seat 52.5% to 47.5%.[7]","title":"Supreme Court of Ohio service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialBio-2"}],"text":"She served as vice president of the Ohio Women's Bar Association at the time of her Supreme Court appointment.In 2005, she began serving as a founding member of the Ohio State Bar Association's Appellate Practice Specialty Certification Board, which administers the specialty bar examination and certification.[2]","title":"Recognition and memberships"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Graveyard
|
Martyred Intellectuals Memorial
|
["1 History of intellectual massacre","2 Design and construction of the memorial","3 Design significance","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Public Monument in Dhaka, BangladeshMartyred Intellectuals Memorialশহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী স্মৃতিসৌধMartyred Intellectuals MemorialGeneral informationStatusCompletedTypePublic MonumentLocationDhaka, BangladeshAddressRayerbazar, Mohammadpur ThanaConstruction started1996Completed1999HeightRoof58 feet (18 m)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Farid Uddin AhmedMd Jami-al-Shafi
Martyred Intellectuals Memorial (Bengali: শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী স্মৃতিসৌধ) is a monument built in memory of the martyred intellectuals of the Bangladesh Liberation War. The memorial is located at Rayerbazar, Mohammadpur Thana in Dhaka. The memorial was designed by architect Farid U Ahmed and Jami Al Shafi. The initial proposal for a memorial at Rayer Bazar was brought forward by Projonmo 71 (organisation of the children of the martyrs of liberation war), who also laid a temporary foundation stone in 1991.
History of intellectual massacre
During the entire duration of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a large number of teachers, doctors, engineers, poets and writers were systematically massacred by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, most notably the alleged Islamist militia groups Al-Badr and Al-Shams. The largest number of assassinations took place on 14 December 1971, only two days before the surrender of the Pakistan Army to the joint forces of the Indian Army and Mukti bahini.
Birds-eye view of the memorial
On the night of 14 December 1971, over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were rounded up in Dhaka. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. They were later executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. In memory of the martyred intellectuals, 14 December is mourned in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh.
Even after the official ending of the war on 16 December, there were reports of hostile fire from the armed Pakistani soldiers and their collaborators. In one such incident, filmmaker Zahir Raihan was killed on 30 January 1972 in Mirpur, allegedly by the armed Beharis of Mirpur.
991 teachers and professors, 49 doctors, 42 lawyers, 13 journalists, and 16 others (artists, engineers, and non-journalistic writers) are estimated to have been killed.
Intellectuals who were killed between 25 March and 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country included Govinda Chandra Dev (philosopher, Professor at DU), Munier Chowdhury (litterateur, dramatist, Professor at DU), Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (litterateur, Professor at DU), Anwar Pasha (litterateur, Professor at DU), Mohammed Fazle Rabbee (cardiologist), Alim Chowdhury (ophthalmologist), Shahidullah Kaisar (journalist), Nizamuddin Ahmed (reporter), Selina Parvin (reporter), Altaf Mahmud (lyricist and musician), Hobibur Rahman (Professor of Mathematics, RU), Sukharanjan Samaddar (Professor of Sanskrit, RU), Mir Abdul Quaiyum (Professor of Psychology, RU), Dhirendranath Datta (politician), Ranadaprasad Saha (philanthropist), Lt. Col. Moazzem Hossain (ex-soldier), Mamun Mahmood (police officer), and many others.
Design and construction of the memorial
In 1993, the Government of Bangladesh decided to erect a memorial at the site. The Ministry of Housing and Works Department and the Institute of Architects Bangladesh jointly organised a national-level architectural competition for the design of the memorial "Badhya Bhumi Smriti Soudha". Out of 22 entries, the jurors selected the design proposal of architect Farid Uddin Ahmed and architect Md Jami-al-Shafi.
The Public Works Department was responsible for the implementation of the project. Its completion took about three years (1996 to 1999).
Design significance
Rayerbazar Martyred Intellectuals Memorial
The main element of the monument is approximately 17.7 m high, 0.9 m thick and 115.8 m long curved brick wall, representing the original brickfield of Rayer Bazar where the dead bodies were found. The wall is broken at the two ends, representing grief and sorrow. A square window at the south-west side of the wall permits visitor's view to reach the sky behind, that also scale down the wall. In front of the curved wall is a still water body from which rises a black granite column, which represents grief.
References
^ Ahmed, Syed Shabbir (2012). "Mohammadpur Thana (Dhaka Metropolitan)". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ a b Amin, Md. Shahidul (2012). "Badhya Bhumi Smriti Soudha". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ Zaman, Mustafa (12 December 2003). "Icons of History". Star Magazine. The Daily Star.
^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Killing of Intellectuals". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
^ "No count of the nation's intellectual loss". New Age. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martyred Intellectuals Memorial, Rayer Bazaar.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"martyred intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"Mohammadpur Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammadpur_Thana"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdpurthana-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farid_U_Ahmed_and_Jami_Al_Shafi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Public Monument in Dhaka, BangladeshMartyred Intellectuals Memorial (Bengali: শহীদ বুদ্ধিজীবী স্মৃতিসৌধ) is a monument built in memory of the martyred intellectuals of the Bangladesh Liberation War. The memorial is located at Rayerbazar, Mohammadpur Thana in Dhaka.[1] The memorial was designed by architect Farid U Ahmed and Jami Al Shafi.[2][3] The initial proposal for a memorial at Rayer Bazar was brought forward by Projonmo 71 (organisation of the children of the martyrs of liberation war), who also laid a temporary foundation stone in 1991.","title":"Martyred Intellectuals Memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"Al-Badr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Al-Shams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shams_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Mukti bahini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukti_bahini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1._%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mirpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur_DOHS"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Day"},{"link_name":"Zahir Raihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_Raihan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Govinda Chandra Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda_Chandra_Dev"},{"link_name":"Munier Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munier_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufazzal_Haider_Chaudhury"},{"link_name":"Anwar Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Fazle Rabbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Fazle_Rabbee"},{"link_name":"Shahidullah Kaisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahidullah_Kaisar"},{"link_name":"Selina Parvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Parvin"},{"link_name":"Altaf Mahmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaf_Mahmud"},{"link_name":"Dhirendranath Datta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta"},{"link_name":"Ranadaprasad Saha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranadaprasad_Saha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahiduzzman-5"}],"text":"During the entire duration of the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a large number of teachers, doctors, engineers, poets and writers were systematically massacred by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, most notably the alleged Islamist militia groups Al-Badr and Al-Shams. The largest number of assassinations took place on 14 December 1971, only two days before the surrender of the Pakistan Army to the joint forces of the Indian Army and Mukti bahini.Birds-eye view of the memorialOn the night of 14 December 1971, over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were rounded up in Dhaka. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. They were later executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. In memory of the martyred intellectuals, 14 December is mourned in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh.Even after the official ending of the war on 16 December, there were reports of hostile fire from the armed Pakistani soldiers and their collaborators. In one such incident, filmmaker Zahir Raihan was killed on 30 January 1972 in Mirpur, allegedly by the armed Beharis of Mirpur.991 teachers and professors, 49 doctors, 42 lawyers, 13 journalists, and 16 others (artists, engineers, and non-journalistic writers) are estimated to have been killed.[4]Intellectuals who were killed between 25 March and 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country included Govinda Chandra Dev (philosopher, Professor at DU), Munier Chowdhury (litterateur, dramatist, Professor at DU), Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (litterateur, Professor at DU), Anwar Pasha (litterateur, Professor at DU), Mohammed Fazle Rabbee (cardiologist), Alim Chowdhury (ophthalmologist), Shahidullah Kaisar (journalist), Nizamuddin Ahmed (reporter), Selina Parvin (reporter), Altaf Mahmud (lyricist and musician), Hobibur Rahman (Professor of Mathematics, RU), Sukharanjan Samaddar (Professor of Sanskrit, RU), Mir Abdul Quaiyum (Professor of Psychology, RU), Dhirendranath Datta (politician), Ranadaprasad Saha (philanthropist), Lt. Col. Moazzem Hossain (ex-soldier), Mamun Mahmood (police officer), and many others.[5]","title":"History of intellectual massacre"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1993, the Government of Bangladesh decided to erect a memorial at the site. The Ministry of Housing and Works Department and the Institute of Architects Bangladesh jointly organised a national-level architectural competition for the design of the memorial \"Badhya Bhumi Smriti Soudha\". Out of 22 entries, the jurors selected the design proposal of architect Farid Uddin Ahmed and architect Md Jami-al-Shafi.The Public Works Department was responsible for the implementation of the project. Its completion took about three years (1996 to 1999).","title":"Design and construction of the memorial"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2._%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A7.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farid_U_Ahmed_and_Jami_Al_Shafi-2"}],"text":"Rayerbazar Martyred Intellectuals MemorialThe main element of the monument is approximately 17.7 m high, 0.9 m thick and 115.8 m long curved brick wall, representing the original brickfield of Rayer Bazar where the dead bodies were found. The wall is broken at the two ends, representing grief and sorrow. A square window at the south-west side of the wall permits visitor's view to reach the sky behind, that also scale down the wall. In front of the curved wall is a still water body from which rises a black granite column, which represents grief.[2]","title":"Design significance"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maquil%C3%B3n
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Antonio Maquilón
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Peruvian footballer (1902-1984)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Maquilón and the second or maternal family name is Badaracco.
Antonio MaquilónPersonal informationFull name
Antonio Maquilón BadaraccoDate of birth
(1902-11-29)29 November 1902Place of birth
PeruDate of death
20 April 1984(1984-04-20) (aged 81)Position(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)
Sportivo Tarapacá Ferrocarril
International career
Peru
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Antonio Maquilón Badaracco (29 November 1902 – 20 April 1984) was a Peruvian football defender who played for Peru in the 1930 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Sportivo Tarapacá Ferrocarril.
References
^ 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay
External links
Antonio Maquilón at National-Football-Teams.com
FIFA profile
vtePeru squad – 1927 South American Championship third place
GK Pardon
GK Segalá
DF Moscoso
DF Saldarriaga
MF Basurto
MF Dagnino
MF García
MF Maquilón
MF Ulloa
FW Aranda
FW Sarmiento
FW Lavalle
FW Montellanos
FW Muro
FW Neyra
FW Villanueva
Coach: Olivieri
vtePeru squad – 1929 South American Championship fourth place
GK Pardon
GK Segalá
DF de las Casas
DF Maquilón
DF Saldarriaga
MF Astengo
MF Denegri
MF Galindo
MF Mustafich
MF Salas
FW Breiding
FW Bulnes
FW Góngora
FW Lizarbe
FW Muro
FW Nué
FW Ortega
FW Ramírez
FW Rostaing
Coach: Borrelli
vtePeru squad – 1930 FIFA World Cup
MF Astengo
FW Cillóniz
DF de las Casas
MF Denegri
DF Fernández
MF Galindo
MF García
FW Góngora
FW Lavalle
FW Lores
DF Maquilón
FW Neyra
FW Pacheco
GK Pardon
MF Quintana
FW Rodríguez Nue
FW Sarmiento
DF Soria
FW Souza
GK Valdivieso
MF Valle
FW Villanueva
Coach: Bru
This biographical article related to a football defender from Peru is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aged_beef
|
Beef aging
|
["1 Dry-aged beef","2 Wet-aged beef","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Process of preparing beef for consumption
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Beef aging" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Beef being dry aged
Beef aging or ageing is a process of preparing beef for consumption by aging it, in order to break down the connective tissue within the meat.
Dry-aged beef
See also: Meat hanging
Hanging beef
Dry aging beef at a steakhouse
Dry-aged beef is beef that has been hung or placed on a rack to dry for several weeks. After the animal is slaughtered and cleaned, it is hung as a full or half carcass. Primal (large distinct sections) or sub primal cuts, such as strip loins, rib eyes, and sirloin, are placed in a refrigerator unit, also known as a "hot box". This process involves considerable expense, as the beef must be stored near freezing temperatures. Subprimal cuts can be dry aged on racks either in specially climate-controlled coolers or within a moisture-permeable drybag. Moreover, only the higher grades of meat can be dry aged, as the process requires meat with a large, evenly distributed fat content. Because of this, dry-aged beef is seldom available outside of steak restaurants and upscale butcher shops or groceries. The key effect of dry aging is the concentration and saturation of the natural flavour, as well as the tenderization of the meat texture.
The process changes beef by two means. Firstly, moisture is evaporated from the muscle. The resulting process of desiccation creates a greater concentration of beef flavour and taste. Secondly, the beef's natural enzymes break down the connective tissue in the muscle, which leads to more tender beef.
The process of dry-aging usually also promotes growth of certain fungal (mold) species on the external surface of the meat. This does not cause spoilage, but rather forms an external "crust" on the meat's surface, which is trimmed off when the meat is prepared for cooking. These fungal species complement the natural enzymes in the beef by helping to tenderize and increase the flavor of the meat. The genus Thamnidium, in particular, is known to produce collagenolytic enzymes which greatly contribute to the tenderness and flavor of dry-aged meat.
Dry-aged beef is typically not sold by most supermarkets in the U.S. today, because it takes time, the meat loses weight, and there is a risk of spoilage. Dry-aging can take from 15 to 28 days, and typically up to a third or more of the weight is lost as moisture. This type of beef is served in higher-priced steakhouses and by select restaurants.
Dry-aging can be done at home under refrigeration by three means: open air, with the presence of salt blocks, and with the use of a moisture permeable drybag to protect the meat while it is aging. Since the mid-2010s, some chefs have experimented with a "quick" or "cheat" dry-age by coating a cut of beef with ground koji (rice inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae) to simulate the effect of traditional dry-aging; the results are not quite the same, but can be achieved within 48 to 72 hours. The koji technique can also be applied to chicken and shrimp.
When dry aging using a moisture permeable material, surface mold growth is not present, flavor and scent exchange within the refrigerated environment is not a concern, and trim loss of the outer hardened surface is measurably reduced. The flavor and texture profile of the beef is similar on all dimensions to the traditional open air dry-aged results.
Historically, it was common to store mutton or beef joints at room temperature for extended periods; even after the invention of refrigeration hanging sides of beef in large coolers for a few weeks as part of the processing was standard.
Wet-aged beef
Wet-aged beef is beef that has typically been aged in a vacuum-sealed bag to retain its moisture. Since the 1970s, with the development of vacuum packing machines and related technology, this has become the dominant mode of aging beef in the US and UK. It is popular with producers, wholesalers and retailers because it takes less time: typically only a few days and there is no moisture loss, so any given piece of meat sold by weight will have a higher value than a dry aged piece where moisture loss is desired for taste at the expense of final weight. The beef is usually kept for a period of 4 to 10 days in wet aging. Modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) is usually employed for the vacuum packaging of meat; typically between 60 and 80 percent oxygen to retain its appetizing color, with red meat such as beef needing a higher oxygen level than less vividly colored meat such as pork. The vacuum packed beef is stored at a temperature of 32 °F to 45 °F (0 °C to 7.2 °C).
See also
Food portal
Ham, especially country ham: pork aging, Bacon
Meat hanging
References
^ "Dry Aged Steak: Why Dry Age Meat?". Retrieved 6 August 2021.
^ Leone, Brad (16 March 2016). "The Dry-Age Shortcut: How to Fake 45 Days in 48 Hours". Bon Appétit. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
^ Leone, Brad (26 April 2017). "Brad Uses Moldy Rice (Koji) to Make Food Delicious". It's Alive! With Brad. Season 1. Episode 6. YouTube. Bon Appétit. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
^ DeGeer, S. L.; Hunt, M. C.; Bratcher, C. L.; Crozier-Dodson, B. A.; Johnson, D. E.; Stika, J. F. (2009). "Spotlight on dry aging beef: Effects of loin type, aging methods, and aging time". Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Semley, John (18 August 2017). "Approaching bovinity: Life, death and the existential understanding that comes from dry-aged beef". The National Post. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Further reading
Ahnström, M. L.; Seyfert, M.; Hunt, M. C.; Johnson, D. E. (2006). "Dry aging of beef in a bag highly permeable to water vapor". Meat Science. 73 (4): 674–679. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.03.006.
DeGeer, S. L.; Hunt, M. C.; Bratcher, C. L.; Crozier-Dodson, B. A.; Johnson, D. E.; Stika, J. F. (2009). "Effects of dry aging of bone-in and boneless strip loins using two aging processes for two aging times". Meat Science. 83 (4): 768–774. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.017.
External links
"Almost EVERYTHING You Need To Know About Dry Aged Beef!". Ask The Meatman.
http://www.modifiedatmospherepackaging.com/applications/modified-atmosphere-packaging-fresh-meat.aspx
vteBeef and vealProduction
Argentine beef
Beef cattle
Cow–calf operation
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ProductsCuts
Baseball steak
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Selat solo
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Related meats
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Żubroń
Other
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
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Beef ring
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Meat on the bone
Ractopamine - Beef
US beef imports
Japan
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South Korea (2008 US beef protest in South Korea)
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The resulting process of desiccation creates a greater concentration of beef flavour and taste. Secondly, the beef's natural enzymes break down the connective tissue in the muscle, which leads to more tender beef.The process of dry-aging usually also promotes growth of certain fungal (mold) species on the external surface of the meat. This does not cause spoilage, but rather forms an external \"crust\" on the meat's surface, which is trimmed off when the meat is prepared for cooking. These fungal species complement the natural enzymes in the beef by helping to tenderize and increase the flavor of the meat. The genus Thamnidium, in particular, is known to produce collagenolytic enzymes which greatly contribute to the tenderness and flavor of dry-aged meat. [1]Dry-aged beef is typically not sold by most supermarkets in the U.S. today, because it takes time, the meat loses weight, and there is a risk of spoilage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makushin_Volcano
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Makushin Volcano
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["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Origins","2.2 Activity","3 Geography","4 Research studies","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°53′11″N 166°55′52″W / 53.8863889°N 166.9311111°W / 53.8863889; -166.9311111Ice-covered stratovolcano on Unalaska island in the Aleutian islands, Alaska, U.S.
Makushin VolcanoAerial view of the Point Kadin vents, a series of post- glacial explosion pits and small cinder cones that occur along a fracture zone northwest of the summit of Makushin VolcanoHighest pointElevation2,036 m (6,680 ft)Prominence2,036 m (6,680 ft)ListingHighest ocean islands 74thUS most prominent peaks 69thCoordinates53°53′11″N 166°55′52″W / 53.8863889°N 166.9311111°W / 53.8863889; -166.9311111GeographyMakushin VolcanoUnalaska Island, Alaska, U.S.Show map of UnalaskaMakushin VolcanoMakushin Volcano (Alaska)Show map of Alaska
Parent rangeAleutian RangeTopo mapUSGS Unalaska C-3GeologyAge of rockEarly PlioceneMountain typeStratovolcano with caldera and parasitic coneVolcanic arc/beltAleutian ArcLast eruptionJanuary 1995ClimbingFirst ascentGeorge Davidson in 1867
The Makushin Volcano (also known as Mount Makushin) is an ice-covered stratovolcano located on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Islands of the U.S. state of Alaska. With an elevation of 2,036 meters (6,680 ft), its summit is the highest point on the island. Makushin is one of the most active among the 52 historically active volcanoes of Alaska. It has erupted at least two dozen times over the past several thousand years, with the last eruption occurring in 1995.
Etymology
NASA satellite view of Unalaska Island. Makushin is the prominent white snowy area to the northwest
In 1792, Sarichev called the volcano "Ognedyshushchaya Gora" meaning "fire-breathing mountain", i.e. volcano in Russian. In 1825, it was known as Makuschkin Volcano, possibly from the Russian word makushka, meaning "the top (of the head)". Its native name was Aigagin, a derivative of the word Aigak in the native tongue of the Aleuts.
Makushin was also the native village here on the northern shore of the Makushin Bay where the foreman or bidarshik of the Russian American Company lived. There were six huts (yourts) where 35 natives lived.
Alaska Volcano Observatory has identified "Ajagin Wesselow", "Makushin Volcano", "Ajagisch", "Makouchine", "Ognedieshutshai Gora", "Ayagsh", "Aiyagin", "Cheerful Mtn.", "Ayyagyh", "Ayagish", "Makuschkin Volcano", "Ognedyshushchaya Gora" and "Makishinskaia sopka" as alternate names for the Makushin Volcano. Specifically identified here are the four features namely, Red Cinder Dome, Pakushin cone, the Sugarloaf and the Point Kadin vents.
History
Origins
The history of the volcano has been identified with the early Pliocene age. However, the caldera of the volcano is dated to a comparatively recent history of 8000 years. The “Sugarloaf cone on the ENE flank, and a cluster of about a dozen explosion pits and cinder cones at Point Kadin on the WNW flank” is attributed to the Holocene age.
According to the history recorded by the Alaska Volcano Observatory: “The first episode began in Pliocene or early Pleistocene time (the oldest known age of lavas is 0.93 Ma ) and produced extensive flows and subordinate pyroclastic deposits of basaltic and andesitic composition, which enlarged the island by several kilometers along the northwest coast. Radial dips of flows suggest that Makushin Volcano itself was the principal vent area. The older flows are extensively glaciated, which implies a minimum age of late Pleistocene. The summit of Makushin subsequently collapsed, forming a summit caldera. Andesitic pyroclastic-flow and debris flow deposits occur in glaciated valleys on the north and south sides of the volcano indicating a Holocene age for the caldera-forming eruption."
Activity
English born American geographer George Davidson in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano and the Makushin valley.
Historically, Makushin is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands, erupting at least two dozen times over the past several thousands years, the last in 1995. Seventeen explosions or eruptions of the Makushin Volcano have been recorded since 1786, though the magnitude has been termed as “small-to-moderate”. These were recorded in the years 1768–69, 1790?, 1792?, 1802, 1818?, 1826–38?, 1844?, 1865, 1867?, 1883, 1907, 1912?, 1926, 1938, 1951, 1952?, 1980, 1987 and 1995. Makushin's pinnacle last erupted on January 30, 1995, which generated ash extending to an altitude of 2.5 km. In the 1987 eruption, which occurred on March 2, the plume rose to 900 meters (3,000 ft) above the volcano. The 1980 eruption was comparatively of smaller magnitude emanating from a vent on the southern side about 60 meters (200 ft) below the volcanic peak.
Although the volcano has not erupted since 1995, studies conducted between July 1996 and August 2000 recorded some 176 minor earthquakes registering between 0.1 and 3.2 on the Richter Scale, occurring on average 2 to 3 times a month. The hypocenters of the earthquakes generally occur in two cluster areas, the first is the larger and more active, located about 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) southeast of the summit of the volcano at depths ranging from 2–9 kilometers (1.2–5.6 mi) and the second, about 24 kilometers (15 mi) east of the summit under Unalaska Bay occurs at depths of 6–14 kilometers (3.7–8.7 mi).
The volcano was climbed by English born American geographer George Davidson in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano area and the Makushin valley.
Geography
Makushin Volcano in 1982
Mount Makushin is located on the northern Unalaska Island, which is situated to the west of the town of Dutch Harbor. The Unalaska Bay, which is 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, separates the Dutch Harbor and Unalaska towns. The volcano is truncated, with a width of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi), forming the triangular northwest extension of the Unalaska Island. The caldera, which crowns the volcano, has a width of 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) (3 kilometers (1.9 mi) is also mentioned in another reference). Compared with the other Aleutian strato-volcanoes in the region, which have steep profiles, the Makushin volcano is a contrast that exhibits a broad and dome like structure with an ice field coverage of 40 km2 (15 sq mi). Fumaroles and hot springs in area form a roughly linear trend. About 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) to the south of this volcano is the “composite Pakushin cone” that has multiple craters, which is 4000 years old eruption; pyroclastic flows and surges have been reported here. The southeast flank of the volcano has rock exposures, at 975 meters (3,199 ft) elevation.
The pyroclastic flows deposited by the eruptions forming the Caldera have engulfed valleys in the eastern, northeastern, northern, and western valleys of the valley with depths up to 100 m. The northeast border of the volcano is also filled with volcanic lava, which is called the “Lava Ramp” spreading to an area of 50 km2 (19 sq mi). A subsidiary cone formed is the Pakushin Cone), on the south. In the east and southeast part of the volcano hot springs and fumaroles have been created, at the summit and in valleys. A valley of the same name stretches to the northeast of the volcano from Broad Bay in Captain's Bay and was identified as a glacial valley after a survey in 1873.
The terrain surrounding the volcano is very rugged but most of the surface surrounding the volcano is vegetated. However, it is generally less pronounced in the area of pyroclastic flows and deposits. Areas of short and tall grass grow in the volcano area, ranging from less than 20 cm high to over 1 meter.
John Muir, the Scottish-born American naturalist (1838–1914), in his book "The Cruise of the Corwin (1881)", has vividly described this volcano: The noblest of them all was Makushin, about nine thousand feet high and laden with glaciers, a grand sight, far surpassing what I had been led to expect. There is a spot on its summit which is said to smoke, probably mostly steam and vapor from the infiltration of water into the heated cavities of the old volcano. The extreme summit of Makushin was wrapped in white clouds, and from beneath these the glaciers were seen descending impressively into the sunshine to within a thousand or fifteen hundred feet of sea-level. This fine mountain, glittering in its showy mail of snow and ice, together with a hundred other peaks dipping into the blue sky, and every one of them telling the work of ice or fire in their forms and sculpture—these, and the sparkling sea, and long inreaching fiords, are a noble picture to add to the thousand others which have enriched our lives this summer in the great Northland.
Unalaska town
The closest town to the Volcano is the Unalaska town which is located 1,280 kilometers (800 mi) from Anchorage on the Aleutian Archipelago at the northern end of the Island. It is situated on a well protected bay. This was at the cross roads of shipping and trade during Russian occupation (1741–1867). Dutch Harbor another important harbor town across the Unalaska town was a major naval base during the World War II. Fishing and crabbing industries have been the mainstay of the economy of Unalaska island.
Research studies
The high-temperature geothermal resources study of volcanoes in Alaska has covered the geothermal areas in the summit caldera peak and also on the southeastern and eastern flanks of the Makushin. It is recorded as a subduction-related volcanic arc in the middle of the great Aleutian chain.
Energy resources from the geothermal reservoir beneath the volcano have been assessed in a study carried out by the Alaska Power Authority to meet the power demands of the town of Unalaska and the Dutch Harbor. The study has established that such an energy generation from the geothermal resources would be cheaper than the diesel power system existing on the island.
See also
North America portalUnited States portalAlaska portalMountains portalVolcanoes portal
List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of mountain peaks of Alaska
List of Ultras of the United States
List of volcanoes in the United States
References
^ "Makushin Volcano". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ Wood, Charles Arthur, Kienle, Jürgen (1992). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–3. ISBN 0-521-43811-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Fox Islands". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ Bridges, David L.; Gao, Stephen S. "Spatial variation of seismic b-values beneath Makushin Volcano" (PDF). Department of Geology, Kansas State University. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ The topographic map shows an elevation of 5,905 feet (1,800 m)
^ a b c d e f "Makushin". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
^ "Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands". USGS. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ a b c "Makushin Volcano, Alaska, USA". About.com Geology. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ a b c d e f g "Makushin description and statistics". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ a b c d e f Lu, Zhong, Power, John A., McConnell, Vicki S., Wicks Jr., Charles and Dzurisin, Daniel (2002). "Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993–2000" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (B11): ECV 1-1-ECV 1-13. Bibcode:2002JGRB..107.2266L. doi:10.1029/2001JB000970.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Geological Survey (U.S.) (1902). Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Issue 187. G.P.O. p. 276. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ a b c Wilson, Herbert Michael, Renshawe, John Henry, Douglas, Edward Morehouse, Goode, Richard Urquhart (1901). Results of spirit-leveling, fiscal year 1900–'01. Volume 185 of Bulletin, United States Geological Survey, Govt. Print. Off. p. 276.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d "Makushin Volcano – John Seach". volcanolive.com. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ Geothermal energy: turn on the power!Volume 6 of Transactions. Geothermal Resources Council. 1982. ISBN 0-934412-56-1.
^ Mazel, David (1991). Pioneering ascents: the origins of climbing in America, 1642–1873. Stackpole Books. p. 221. ISBN 0-8117-3045-X.
^ "Makushin". Ski Mountaineer. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
^ a b "Development Potential of Geothermal zReservoir in UnAlaska, Island Alaska" (PDF). Alaska Power Authority. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
Sources
Global Volcanism Program
Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands-Selected Photographs
Alaska Volcano Observatory
Volcanoes USGS
External links
Makushin Volcano at Wikipedia's sister projects
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With an elevation of 2,036 meters (6,680 ft),[2][3][4][5][6] its summit is the highest point on the island. Makushin is one of the most active among the 52 historically active volcanoes of Alaska. It has erupted at least two dozen times over the past several thousand years, with the last eruption occurring in 1995.[6][7][8][9][10]","title":"Makushin Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unalaska_NASA.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Aleuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleut_people"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_1901-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_1901-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makushi-9"}],"text":"NASA satellite view of Unalaska Island. Makushin is the prominent white snowy area to the northwestIn 1792, Sarichev called the volcano \"Ognedyshushchaya Gora\" meaning \"fire-breathing mountain\", i.e. volcano in Russian.[11] In 1825, it was known as Makuschkin Volcano, possibly from the Russian word makushka, meaning \"the top (of the head)\". Its native name was Aigagin, a derivative of the word Aigak in the native tongue of the Aleuts.[12]\nMakushin was also the native village here on the northern shore of the Makushin Bay where the foreman or bidarshik of the Russian American Company lived. There were six huts (yourts) where 35 natives lived.[12]Alaska Volcano Observatory has identified \"Ajagin Wesselow\", \"Makushin Volcano\", \"Ajagisch\", \"Makouchine\", \"Ognedieshutshai Gora\", \"Ayagsh\", \"Aiyagin\", \"Cheerful Mtn.\", \"Ayyagyh\", \"Ayagish\", \"Makuschkin Volcano\", \"Ognedyshushchaya Gora\" and \"Makishinskaia sopka\" as alternate names for the Makushin Volcano. Specifically identified here are the four features namely, Red Cinder Dome, Pakushin cone, the Sugarloaf and the Point Kadin vents.[9]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-6"},{"link_name":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Volcano_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makushi-9"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The history of the volcano has been identified with the early Pliocene age. However, the caldera of the volcano is dated to a comparatively recent history of 8000 years. The “Sugarloaf cone on the ENE flank, and a cluster of about a dozen explosion pits and cinder cones at Point Kadin on the WNW flank” is attributed to the Holocene age.[6]According to the history recorded by the Alaska Volcano Observatory: “The first episode began in Pliocene or early Pleistocene time (the oldest known age of lavas is 0.93 Ma [Nye, 1990]) and produced extensive flows and subordinate pyroclastic deposits of basaltic and andesitic composition, which enlarged the island by several kilometers along the northwest coast. Radial dips of flows suggest that Makushin Volcano itself was the principal vent area. The older flows are extensively glaciated, which implies a minimum age of late Pleistocene. The summit of Makushin subsequently collapsed, forming a summit caldera. Andesitic pyroclastic-flow and debris flow deposits occur in glaciated valleys on the north and south sides of the volcano indicating a Holocene age for the caldera-forming eruption.\"[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Davidson_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Davidson_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_01-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makushi-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seach-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seach-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_01-10"},{"link_name":"hypocenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocenter"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_01-10"},{"link_name":"George Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Davidson_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Activity","text":"English born American geographer George Davidson in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano and the Makushin valley.Historically, Makushin is one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands, erupting at least two dozen times over the past several thousands years, the last in 1995.[10] Seventeen explosions or eruptions of the Makushin Volcano have been recorded since 1786, though the magnitude has been termed as “small-to-moderate”. These were recorded in the years 1768–69, 1790?, 1792?, 1802, 1818?, 1826–38?, 1844?, 1865, 1867?, 1883, 1907, 1912?, 1926, 1938, 1951, 1952?, 1980, 1987 and 1995. Makushin's pinnacle last erupted on January 30, 1995, which generated ash extending to an altitude of 2.5 km.[6][9][13][14] In the 1987 eruption, which occurred on March 2, the plume rose to 900 meters (3,000 ft) above the volcano. The 1980 eruption was comparatively of smaller magnitude emanating from a vent on the southern side about 60 meters (200 ft) below the volcanic peak.[13]Although the volcano has not erupted since 1995, studies conducted between July 1996 and August 2000 recorded some 176 minor earthquakes registering between 0.1 and 3.2 on the Richter Scale, occurring on average 2 to 3 times a month.[10] The hypocenters of the earthquakes generally occur in two cluster areas, the first is the larger and more active, located about 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) southeast of the summit of the volcano at depths ranging from 2–9 kilometers (1.2–5.6 mi) and the second, about 24 kilometers (15 mi) east of the summit under Unalaska Bay occurs at depths of 6–14 kilometers (3.7–8.7 mi).[10]The volcano was climbed by English born American geographer George Davidson in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano area and the Makushin valley.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Makushin82.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makushi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makushi-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seach-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Makushi-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seach-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_1901-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_01-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_01-10"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UnalaskaAlaska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power-17"}],"text":"Makushin Volcano in 1982Mount Makushin is located on the northern Unalaska Island, which is situated to the west of the town of Dutch Harbor. The Unalaska Bay, which is 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, separates the Dutch Harbor and Unalaska towns. The volcano is truncated, with a width of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi), forming the triangular northwest extension of the Unalaska Island.[9] The caldera, which crowns the volcano, has a width of 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) (3 kilometers (1.9 mi) is also mentioned in another reference).[9][16] Compared with the other Aleutian strato-volcanoes in the region, which have steep profiles, the Makushin volcano is a contrast that exhibits a broad and dome like structure with an ice field coverage of 40 km2 (15 sq mi). Fumaroles and hot springs in area form a roughly linear trend.[13] About 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) to the south of this volcano is the “composite Pakushin cone” that has multiple craters, which is 4000 years old eruption; pyroclastic flows and surges have been reported here.[6] The southeast flank of the volcano has rock exposures, at 975 meters (3,199 ft) elevation.[9]The pyroclastic flows deposited by the eruptions forming the Caldera have engulfed valleys in the eastern, northeastern, northern, and western valleys of the valley with depths up to 100 m. The northeast border of the volcano is also filled with volcanic lava, which is called the “Lava Ramp” spreading to an area of 50 km2 (19 sq mi). A subsidiary cone formed is the Pakushin Cone), on the south. In the east and southeast part of the volcano hot springs and fumaroles have been created, at the summit and in valleys.[13] A valley of the same name stretches to the northeast of the volcano from Broad Bay in Captain's Bay and was identified as a glacial valley after a survey in 1873.[12]The terrain surrounding the volcano is very rugged but most of the surface surrounding the volcano is vegetated. However, it is generally less pronounced in the area of pyroclastic flows and deposits.[10] Areas of short and tall grass grow in the volcano area, ranging from less than 20 cm high to over 1 meter.[10]John Muir, the Scottish-born American naturalist (1838–1914), in his book \"The Cruise of the Corwin (1881)\", has vividly described this volcano:The noblest of them all was Makushin, about nine thousand feet high and laden with glaciers, a grand sight, far surpassing what I had been led to expect. There is a spot on its summit which is said to smoke, probably mostly steam and vapor from the infiltration of water into the heated cavities of the old volcano. The extreme summit of Makushin was wrapped in white clouds, and from beneath these the glaciers were seen descending impressively into the sunshine to within a thousand or fifteen hundred feet of sea-level. This fine mountain, glittering in its showy mail of snow and ice, together with a hundred other peaks dipping into the blue sky, and every one of them telling the work of ice or fire in their forms and sculpture—these, and the sparkling sea, and long inreaching fiords, are a noble picture to add to the thousand others which have enriched our lives this summer in the great Northland.[8]Unalaska townThe closest town to the Volcano is the Unalaska town which is located 1,280 kilometers (800 mi) from Anchorage on the Aleutian Archipelago at the northern end of the Island. It is situated on a well protected bay. This was at the cross roads of shipping and trade during Russian occupation (1741–1867). Dutch Harbor another important harbor town across the Unalaska town was a major naval base during the World War II. Fishing and crabbing industries have been the mainstay of the economy of Unalaska island.[17]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_activity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global-6"},{"link_name":"Aleutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Range"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muir-8"},{"link_name":"Alaska Power Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaska_Power_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Power-17"}],"text":"The high-temperature geothermal resources study of volcanoes in Alaska has covered the geothermal areas in the summit caldera peak and also on the southeastern and eastern flanks of the Makushin.[6] It is recorded as a subduction-related volcanic arc in the middle of the great Aleutian chain.[8]Energy resources from the geothermal reservoir beneath the volcano have been assessed in a study carried out by the Alaska Power Authority to meet the power demands of the town of Unalaska and the Dutch Harbor. The study has established that such an energy generation from the geothermal resources would be cheaper than the diesel power system existing on the island.[17]","title":"Research studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Global Volcanism Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1101-31-"},{"link_name":"Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands-Selected Photographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-40/"},{"link_name":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.avo.alaska.edu/"},{"link_name":"Volcanoes USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/insar/public_files/2001JB000970.pdf"}],"text":"Global Volcanism Program\nVolcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands-Selected Photographs\nAlaska Volcano Observatory\nVolcanoes USGS","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"NASA satellite view of Unalaska Island. Makushin is the prominent white snowy area to the northwest","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Unalaska_NASA.jpg/220px-Unalaska_NASA.jpg"},{"image_text":"English born American geographer George Davidson in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano and the Makushin valley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/George_Davidson_1.jpg/220px-George_Davidson_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Makushin Volcano in 1982","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Makushin82.jpg/220px-Makushin82.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unalaska town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/UnalaskaAlaska.jpg/220px-UnalaskaAlaska.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Alaska portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Alaska"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg"},{"title":"Volcanoes portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_North_America"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Alaska"},{"title":"List of Ultras of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of volcanoes in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Makushin Volcano\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1418889","url_text":"\"Makushin Volcano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Charles Arthur, Kienle, Jürgen (1992). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–3. ISBN 0-521-43811-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C&pg=PA42","url_text":"Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X","url_text":"0-521-43811-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Fox Islands\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359361/Makushin","url_text":"\"Fox Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Bridges, David L.; Gao, Stephen S. \"Spatial variation of seismic b-values beneath Makushin Volcano\" (PDF). Department of Geology, Kansas State University. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gao","url_text":"Gao, Stephen S."},{"url":"http://web.mst.edu/~sgao/publications/epsl06b.pdf","url_text":"\"Spatial variation of seismic b-values beneath Makushin Volcano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University","url_text":"Kansas State University"}]},{"reference":"\"Makushin\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=311310","url_text":"\"Makushin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"\"Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands\". USGS. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-40/","url_text":"\"Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Makushin Volcano, Alaska, USA\". About.com Geology. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/peaks/blmakushin.htm","url_text":"\"Makushin Volcano, Alaska, USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Makushin description and statistics\". Alaska Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.avo.alaska.edu/volcanoes/volcinfo.php?volcname=makushin","url_text":"\"Makushin description and statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Lu, Zhong, Power, John A., McConnell, Vicki S., Wicks Jr., Charles and Dzurisin, Daniel (2002). \"Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993–2000\" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (B11): ECV 1-1-ECV 1-13. Bibcode:2002JGRB..107.2266L. doi:10.1029/2001JB000970.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/insar/public_files/2001JB000970.pdf","url_text":"\"Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993–2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRB..107.2266L","url_text":"2002JGRB..107.2266L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JB000970","url_text":"10.1029/2001JB000970"}]},{"reference":"Geological Survey (U.S.) (1902). Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Issue 187. G.P.O. p. 276. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sKUeAQAAIAAJ&q=Makushin+Burning+mountain","url_text":"Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Issue 187"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Herbert Michael, Renshawe, John Henry, Douglas, Edward Morehouse, Goode, Richard Urquhart (1901). Results of spirit-leveling, fiscal year 1900–'01. Volume 185 of Bulletin, United States Geological Survey, Govt. Print. Off. p. 276.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yKoPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA276","url_text":"Results of spirit-leveling, fiscal year 1900–'01"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Makushin Volcano – John Seach\". volcanolive.com. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.volcanolive.com/makushin.html","url_text":"\"Makushin Volcano – John Seach\""}]},{"reference":"Geothermal energy: turn on the power!Volume 6 of Transactions. Geothermal Resources Council. 1982. ISBN 0-934412-56-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934412-56-1","url_text":"0-934412-56-1"}]},{"reference":"Mazel, David (1991). Pioneering ascents: the origins of climbing in America, 1642–1873. Stackpole Books. p. 221. ISBN 0-8117-3045-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3AmCAAAAMAAJ&q=Makushin","url_text":"Pioneering ascents: the origins of climbing in America, 1642–1873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3045-X","url_text":"0-8117-3045-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Makushin\". Ski Mountaineer. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skimountaineer.com/ROF/ROF.php?name=Makushin","url_text":"\"Makushin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development Potential of Geothermal zReservoir in UnAlaska, Island Alaska\" (PDF). Alaska Power Authority. Retrieved 2010-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aidea.org/aea/PDF%20files/Development%20Potential%20of%20Makushin%20Geo.pdf","url_text":"\"Development Potential of Geothermal zReservoir in UnAlaska, Island Alaska\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_7.5_in_Osaka-jo_Hall
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Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall
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["1 Production","1.1 Background","1.2 Storylines","2 Event","3 Reception","4 Aftermath","5 Results","6 References","7 External links"]
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Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo HallPromotional poster for the event, featuring Kazuchika Okada, A.J. Styles, Shinsuke Nakamura, Togi Makabe and Hiroshi TanahashiPromotionNew Japan Pro-WrestlingDateJuly 5, 2015CityOsaka, JapanVenueOsaka-jō HallAttendance11,400Pay-per-view chronology
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Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on July 5, 2015, in Osaka, Osaka, at the Osaka-jō Hall. The event featured ten matches (including one match on the pre-show) with all six of NJPW's championships on the line, main evented by an IWGP Heavyweight Championship match between champion A.J. Styles and challenger Kazuchika Okada.
In addition to airing worldwide through NJPW World, the event also aired in Japan as a regular PPV through SKY PerfecTV!. The event marked NJPW's first show in Osaka-jō Hall in 21 years and drew 11,400 fans to the arena. This was the seventh event under the Dominion name and the first to take place in July.
Production
Background
Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was announced on November 8, 2014, during the Power Struggle event in Osaka. The event would mark NJPW's first show in the Osaka-jō Hall in 21 years. NJPW president Kaname Tezuka revealed that the decision to hold a show in the venue was made after the promotion sold out Osaka's Bodymaker Colosseum four times during 2014, claiming that they needed a bigger venue for the market. The event was to be part of NJPW's 2015 goal of expanding their presence in western Japan. The event was compared to 2014's Back to the Yokohama Arena, which was NJPW's first event in eleven years at the Yokohama Arena, but which was also ultimately deemed a failure for the company, drawing only an attendance of 7,800. Daily Sports wrote that it was imperative for NJPW to do better with Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, which could be seen by the promotion putting together a studded card, featuring matches for all six of its championships. All seated tickets for the event were sold out in advance.
Storylines
Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall featured ten professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
A.J. Styles, the reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion, heading into Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall
The first match for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was announced on April 6, 2015, with A.J. Styles defending his IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kazuchika Okada. Styles and Okada have been involved in a feud with each other ever since April 2014. After signing with NJPW, Styles made his debut appearance during Invasion Attack 2014, attacking then-champion Okada and aligning himself with the villainous Bullet Club stable. This led to a match on May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2014, where Okada and Styles faced off for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Okada was defeated, after Yujiro Takahashi betrayed him and his Chaos stable and jumped to Bullet Club, making Styles the sixth non-Japanese IWGP Heavyweight Champion in his first match under a NJPW contract. A rematch between the two was booked for Back to the Yokohama Arena on May 25, which saw Styles successfully defend his title. During the second half of 2014, Okada continued feuding with Bullet Club, primarily facing off against Styles' stablemates, including Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson, while also winning the 2014 G1 Climax tournament. Meanwhile, Styles lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship to Hiroshi Tanahashi in his third defense on October 13 at King of Pro-Wrestling. After unsuccessfully challenging Tanahashi for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, Okada entered a "slump", during which he feuded with another Bullet Club member, Bad Luck Fale. Meanwhile, after defeating Tetsuya Naito at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, Styles re-entered the IWGP Heavyweight Championship picture and, on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, defeated Tanahashi to regain the title. On April 5 at Invasion Attack 2015, Okada scored a decisive win over Fale, declared his "slump" over and concluded the event by attacking Styles, after he had retained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kota Ibushi. The next day, the title match between the two was made official for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, giving it a rare three-month build. In the subsequent three months, Styles' Bullet Club and Okada's Chaos stables faced off in multiple tag team matches with Styles' side winning all three of the matches that both he and Okada were involved in, though Styles did not score any of the wins directly over Okada. Okada, meanwhile, on two occasions laid Styles out with his Rainmaker finishing maneuver in post-match attacks. Compared to Styles' belittling of Okada in the build-up to the original Wrestling Dontaku 2014 title match between the two, he now admitted that Okada was one of NJPW's best wrestlers, but added that he himself was the world's best wrestler.
The second match for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was announced on May 3, 2015, at Wrestling Dontaku 2015, where Bullet Club's Kenny Omega, having retained his IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship against what he called "Japanese garbage" (Ryusuke Taguchi), "Mexican garbage" (Máscara Dorada) and "American garbage" (Alex Shelley), announced he would not enter the upcoming 2015 Best of the Super Juniors tournament, but would instead next defend his title against the winner of said tournament at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall. On June 7, Kushida defeated Kyle O'Reilly in the finals to win the 2015 Best of the Super Juniors. The nex day, the title match between Omega and Kushida was made official for July 5, marking the first time they fought in over two years, having previously met each other during the 2013 Best of the Super Juniors in a match, where Omega won. In the build-up to the title match, Omega stole Kushida's Best of the Super Juniors trophy, while also stating that after his win at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, he would not defend his title again until the January 4 Dome Show in 2016. On July 3, during the final event before Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Ricochet, the winner of the 2014 Best of the Super Juniors, made a surprise return to NJPW, challenging the winner of the Omega-Kushida match.
On May 7, NJPW announced the first seven matches for the event. Added was an IWGP Intercontinental Championship match between Hirooki Goto and Shinsuke Nakamura. This is a rematch from the main event of Wrestling Dontaku 2015, where Goto defeated Nakamura to capture the Intercontinental Championship. Also added was another title rematch, where Togi Makabe will defend the NEVER Openweight Championship against Tomohiro Ishii. The two had been involved in a rivalry since the previous November's Power Struggle event, where Makabe emerged as the next challenger for then NEVER Openweight Champion Ishii. On January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, Makabe defeated Ishii to win the NEVER Openweight Championship for the first time, but was forced to vacate the title on February 14 after being unable to defend it in a rematch against Ishii due to influenza. Ishii then went on to defeat Makabe's G.B.H. stablemate Tomoaki Honma to reclaim the title. This led to a title match on April 29 at Wrestling Hinokuni, where Makabe again defeated Ishii to regain the NEVER Openweight Championship.
(Left to right) Matt Taven, Michael Bennett and Maria Kanellis, The Kingdom, who were involved in a storyline rivalry with Bullet Club, heading into Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall
Also at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, the Ring of Honor tag team The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett) were set to defend their IWGP Tag Team Championship against Bullet Club's Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The feud between both teams began on March 1 at ROH's 13th Anniversary Show, where Bennett and Taven pinned then IWGP Tag Team Champion Anderson to win a non-title three-way tag team match, after his partner Doc Gallows failed to make the event due to travel issues. This led to a match at Invasion Attack 2015, where Bennett and Taven defeated Anderson and Gallows to become the new IWGP Tag Team Champions, largely thanks to Bennett's wife Maria Kanellis distracting Anderson. After the event, Bullet Club recruited Gallows' wife Amber Gallows to take part in the first NJPW match involving female wrestlers since October 2002. The match took place at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 and saw Bennett, Taven and Kanellis defeat Anderson and the two Gallows with Kanellis pinning Amber for the win, after low blowing Anderson. Throughout the match, NJPW continued a storyline, where Anderson's infatuation with Kanellis distracted him from the match, but after the loss, Anderson turned on Kanellis and came together with Doc to perform their signature double-team move, Magic Killer, on her, before being chased away from the ring by Bennett and Taven. A title rematch, where The Kingdom would be accompanied by Kanellis and Bullet Club by Amber Gallows, was announced for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall on May 7.
Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was also set to feature the culmination of two big storyline rivalries that started in early 2015. In the first, Hiroshi Tanahashi will take on Toru Yano as part of a rivalry that started following March's 2015 New Japan Cup, where Yano scored an upset win over Tanahashi in the first round. In the following months, Yano's scored multiple wins over Tanahashi, before finally being pinned by Tanahashi in a six-man tag team match at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Using Yano's own tactics against him, Tanahashi pinned his rival by grabbing him by his hair and rolling him up for the win. In the second match, Katsuyori Shibata will take on his former mentor Kazushi Sakuraba. The two returned to NJPW from the world of mixed martial arts on August 12, 2012, and remained together as a tag team until 2014, when Shibata formed a new tag team with his former high school classmate Hirooki Goto, while Sakuraba formed a partnership with Toru Yano and the Chaos stable. Sakuraba and Shibata came on a collision course on April 5, 2015, at Invasion Attack 2015, where Sakuraba teamed with Yano as part of his rivalry with Tanahashi to take on Tanahashi and Shibata. The match ended with Sakuraba submitting his former protégé, who afterwards declared a war on his former mentor. On May 7, NJPW announced grudge matches between Tanahashi and Yano as well as Sakuraba and Shibata for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall.
Following the conclusion of the 2015 Best of the Super Juniors, NJPW announced a sixth title match for the event, where The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) would defend their IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship in a three-way match against reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) and Roppongi Vice (Beretta and Rocky Romero). During the Best of the Super Juniors, Beretta and O'Reilly wrestled in the A block, while Fish, Romero and Nick Jackson wrestled in block B. In the head-to-head matches between members of the three teams, Fish and O'Reilly won all three of their matches and Romero defeated Jackson.
Event
Kazuchika Okada celebrating at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, after capturing the IWGP Heavyweight Championship
In the first match of Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, The Young Bucks made their first successful defense of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, defeating reDRagon and Roppongi Vice in a three-way match. The third match featured former mixed martial artists Katsuyori Shibata and Kazushi Sakuraba facing off in a grudge match, where Shibata was victorious. The next match saw the 2015 Best of the Super Juniors winner Kushida submit Kenny Omega to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship for the second time. Omega's six-month reign ended at his fourth title defense. Next up was the third NEVER Openweight Championship match between Togi Makabe and Tomohiro Ishii in six months. Early in the match, Ishii went for a plancha, but landed on a shoulder he had separated the previous year, when Makabe failed to catch him properly. This led to a doctor coming ringside to check on Ishii, nearly stopping the match early. In the end, just like in the previous two matches, Makabe was again victorious, making his first successful title defense. In the fourth title match of the event, The Kingdom's Matt Taven and Michael Bennett defended the IWGP Tag Team Championship against Bullet Club's Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The match featured outside interference from both Amber Gallows and Maria Kanellis. Anderson's infatuation with Kanellis continued distracting him from the match, eventually leading to Doc Gallows superkicking Kanellis, removing her from the match. Shortly thereafter, Anderson and Gallows isolated Taven and hit him with the Magic Killer to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship for the third time as a team, ending The Kingdom's reign at their first defense.
The next match saw Hiroshi Tanahashi take on Toru Yano's in a grudge match. Tanahashi survived Yano's attempts to cheat his way to another victory and in the end defeated him to win their rivalry. In the semi-main event, Hirooki Goto defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to make his first successful defense of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship. The main event featured A.J. Styles defending the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kazuchika Okada. Early part of the match featured outside interference from Styles' Bullet Club stablemates, leading to referee Red Shoes Unno ejecting them from ringside, leaving Styles alone. Eventually, after a series of counters, Okada hit Styles with his Rainmaker finishing move to win the match and become the new IWGP Heavyweight Champion. Okada started his third reign, while Styles' second reign ended at his second defense.
Reception
Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter called the event "fantastic". He praised both Okada and Styles, calling them "two of the three best wrestlers in the world beyond the top of their game", writing that their match against each other was in a "completely different league" from all other "great" matches that had taken place earlier in the show and at WWE's The Beast in the East show the previous day. Meltzer also praised the IWGP Intercontinental and IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship matches, dubbing Kushida "one of the best wrestlers in the world today". Meltzer also praised Ishii's selling, though noting he could have been legitimately hurt in the plancha spot, noting that there was a lot of miscommunication and mistimed spots in the match following the incident. He gave the main event four and three quarter stars out of five and the IWGP Intercontinental and Junior Heavyweight Championship matches both four and a half stars.
James Caldwell of Pro Wrestling Torch called the show a "must-watch", giving the main event a full five-star rating, writing that it was "ne of those matches that you just didn't want to see end". Sean Radican of the same site gave the show an overall score of 8.5, stating that it "had its peaks and valleys", though ultimately being "very good". He gave the IWGP Intercontinental Championship match four stars and the main event four and three quarter stars out of five. Radican panned the NEVER Openweight Championship match, giving it one and a quarter stars, stating he was taken out of the match when Makabe "didn't make much of an effort" to catch Ishii in the plancha at the start of the match.
Matthew Macklin of Pro Wrestling Insider called the show "the best NJPW show of the year", stating that it had "four or five matches that could be on any match of the year list".
411Mania's Larry Csonka gave the show a rating of 9.8, stating that it "just out Wrestle Kingdom 9 for the show of the year". Csonka named both the IWGP Junior Heavyweight and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship matches match of the year candidates, giving the former four and a half stars and the latter a full five-star rating.
Several reviewers were down on the IWGP Tag Team Championship match and its "Americanized" style of professional wrestling with Csonka naming it the worst match of the event. Meltzer, Macklin and Csonka all noted the Osaka-jō Hall crowd's lack of interest in the match.
Aftermath
Drawing a full capacity crowd of 11,400, the event was dubbed a great success by NJPW owner Takaaki Kidani.
Following Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, NJPW presented its annual premier tournament, G1 Climax, featuring twenty participants. Both Dominion 7.5 main eventers entered their final round-robin matches with a chance to advance to the finals, but A.J. Styles was eliminated after losing to Hiroshi Tanahashi, while Kazuchika Okada was eliminated after losing to his Chaos stablemate Shinsuke Nakamura. Tanahashi went on to defeat Nakamura in the finals to win the tournament. During the final day of the tournament, Styles pinned Okada in a six-man tag team match, setting up an IWGP Heavyweight Championship rematch between the two, which was eventually announced for October's King of Pro-Wrestling.
After winning the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kushida went on to defeat Ricochet on August 16 to make his first successful title defense. The same day, reDRagon defeated The Young Bucks to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship for the second time.
Results
No.ResultsStipulationsTimes1PManabu Nakanishi, Máscara Dorada, Ryusuke Taguchi, Sho Tanaka and Yuji Nagata defeated Hiroyoshi Tenzan, Jyushin Thunder Liger, Satoshi Kojima, Tiger Mask and Yohei KomatsuTen-man tag team match08:162The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) (c) (with Cody Hall) defeated reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) and Roppongi Vice (Beretta and Rocky Romero)Three-way tag team match for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship14:303Tetsuya Naito and Tomoaki Honma defeated Bullet Club (Bad Luck Fale and Yujiro Takahashi) (with Shiori)Tag team match08:504Katsuyori Shibata defeated Kazushi SakurabaSingles match11:485Kushida defeated Kenny Omega (c) (with Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson)Singles match for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship20:446Togi Makabe (c) defeated Tomohiro IshiiSingles match for the NEVER Openweight Championship17:507Bullet Club (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) (with Amber Gallows) defeated The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett) (c) (with Maria Kanellis)Tag team match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship10:098Hiroshi Tanahashi defeated Toru YanoSingles match12:329Hirooki Goto (c) defeated Shinsuke NakamuraSingles match for the IWGP Intercontinental Championship22:4010Kazuchika Okada (with Gedo) defeated A.J. Styles (c) (with Amber Gallows, Cody Hall, Doc Gallows, Karl Anderson, Matt Jackson, Nick Jackson and Tama Tonga)Singles match for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship26:16(c) – the champion(s) heading into the matchP – the match was broadcast on the pre-show
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External links
The official New Japan Pro-Wrestling website
vte← 2014 - 2015 NJPW events - 2016 →Events
Wrestle Kingdom 9
New Year Dash!!
The New Beginning in Osaka
Invasion Attack
Wrestling Hinokuni
Wrestling Dontaku 2015
Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall
Destruction in Okayama
Destruction in Kobe
King of Pro-Wrestling
Power Struggle
Tournaments
Best of the Super Juniors
2015
G1 Climax
2015
New Japan Cup
2015
Super Junior Tag League
2015
World Tag League
2015
Co-promoted events
Fantastica Mania 2015
Global Wars '15
Global Wars UK
vteNew Japan Pro-Wrestling eventsDominion
6.20
6.19
6.18
6.16
6.22
6.21
7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall
6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall
6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall
6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall (2018)
6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall (2019)
in Osaka-jo Hall (2020)
6.7 in Osaka-jo Hall
6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall
6.4 in Osaka-jo Hall
Current
January 4 Tokyo Dome Show (Wrestle Kingdom)
New Year Dash!!
Fantastica Mania
The New Beginning
NJPW Anniversary Show (49th, 50th)
New Japan Cup
Sakura Genesis
Windy City Riot (2022, 2024)
Wrestling Dontaku
Resurgence (2021, 2023, 2024)
Best of the Super Juniors
Dominion
Forbidden Door
Independence Day
G1 Climax
Destruction
Fighting Spirit Unleashed
Royal Quest (I, II, III)
Super Junior Tag League
Power Struggle
Historic X-Over
World Tag League
All Star Junior Festival USA 2023
All Together
Battle in the Valley
Capital Collision
Lonestar Shootout (2022, 2023)
Multiverse
Former
All Star Junior Festival 2023 (2023)
Back to the Yokohama Arena (2014)
Battle Autumn '22 (2022)
Battle Formation (1996–1997)
Battle Satellite in Tokyo Dome (1989)
Burning Spirit (2022)
Castle Attack (2021)
CEOxNJPW: When Worlds Collide (2018)
Declaration of Power (2022)
Do Judge!! (2000)
Final Dome (1999)
G1 Climax in Dallas (2019)
G1 Special in San Francisco (2018)
G1 Special in USA (2017)
G1 Supercard (2019)
Global Wars (2014–2019)
Global Wars UK (2015–2018)
Honor Rising: Japan (2016–2019)
Hyper Battle (2022)
Invasion Tour 2011 (2011)
Jingu Climax (1999)
King of Pro-Wrestling (2012–2019)
Lion's Gate Project (2016–2018)
NEVER (2010–2012)
New Japan Cup USA (2020–2021)
Pyongyang International Sports and Culture Festival for Peace (1995)
Rumble on 44th Street (2022)
Sengoku Lord (2019–2020)
Showdown (2019–2022)
Strong (2020–2023)
Strong Style Evolution (1997)
Strong Style Evolved (2018–2022)
Summer Struggle in Jingu (2020)
Summer Struggle in Sapporo (2021)
Summer Supercard (2019)
Super J-Cup (1994, 2009, 2016, 2019, 2020)
The Skydiving-J (1996)
Ultimate Crush (2003)
Uprising (2015)
War of the Worlds (2014–2019)
WCW/New Japan Supershow (1991–1993)
World Wrestling Peace Festival (1996)
Wrestle Grand Slam in MetLife Dome (2021)
Wrestle Grand Slam in Tokyo Dome (2021)
Wrestling Hinokuni (2015–2019)
Wrestling Summit (1990)
Young Lion Cup (1985–2019)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Osaka-jō Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka-j%C5%8D_Hall"},{"link_name":"championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"IWGP Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"A.J. Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Styles"},{"link_name":"Kazuchika Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75SN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"NJPW World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJPW_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"SKY PerfecTV!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_PerfecTV!"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJPW_Dominion"}],"text":"Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall[1] was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on July 5, 2015, in Osaka, Osaka, at the Osaka-jō Hall. The event featured ten matches (including one match on the pre-show) with all six of NJPW's championships on the line, main evented by an IWGP Heavyweight Championship match between champion A.J. Styles and challenger Kazuchika Okada.[2][3][4]In addition to airing worldwide through NJPW World,[4] the event also aired in Japan as a regular PPV through SKY PerfecTV!.[5] The event marked NJPW's first show in Osaka-jō Hall in 21 years and drew 11,400 fans to the arena. This was the seventh event under the Dominion name and the first to take place in July.","title":"Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Power Struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Struggle_(2014)"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PowerStruggle2014WON-7"},{"link_name":"Osaka-jō Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka-j%C5%8D_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bodymaker Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Back to the Yokohama Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Yokohama_Arena"},{"link_name":"Yokohama Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Arena"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was announced on November 8, 2014, during the Power Struggle event in Osaka.[6][7] The event would mark NJPW's first show in the Osaka-jō Hall in 21 years. NJPW president Kaname Tezuka revealed that the decision to hold a show in the venue was made after the promotion sold out Osaka's Bodymaker Colosseum four times during 2014, claiming that they needed a bigger venue for the market. The event was to be part of NJPW's 2015 goal of expanding their presence in western Japan.[8] The event was compared to 2014's Back to the Yokohama Arena, which was NJPW's first event in eleven years at the Yokohama Arena, but which was also ultimately deemed a failure for the company, drawing only an attendance of 7,800. Daily Sports wrote that it was imperative for NJPW to do better with Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, which could be seen by the promotion putting together a studded card, featuring matches for all six of its championships.[9] All seated tickets for the event were sold out in advance.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types"},{"link_name":"storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_thread"},{"link_name":"villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"less distinguishable characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Tweener"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A.J._Styles_IWGP_Heavyweight_Champion.JPG"},{"link_name":"A.J. Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Styles"},{"link_name":"IWGP Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"A.J. Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Styles"},{"link_name":"IWGP Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Kazuchika Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Invasion Attack 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_Attack_2014"},{"link_name":"villainous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Bullet Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Club"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Stable"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Dontaku 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Dontaku_2014"},{"link_name":"Yujiro Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiro_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Back to the Yokohama Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Yokohama_Arena"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Doc Gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Gallows"},{"link_name":"Karl Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2014 G1 Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_Climax#2014"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Tanahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Tanahashi"},{"link_name":"King of Pro-Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Pro-Wrestling_(2014)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestle_Kingdom_9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WK9-26"},{"link_name":"Bad Luck Fale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Luck_Fale"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tetsuya Naito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Naito"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WK9-26"},{"link_name":"The New Beginning in Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Beginning_in_Osaka_(2015)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Invasion Attack 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_Attack_2015"},{"link_name":"Kota Ibushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Ibushi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InvasionAttack2015-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StylesvsOkadaTS-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoadtoDominion070315-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StylesvsOkadaTS-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Dontaku 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Dontaku_2015"},{"link_name":"Kenny Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Omega"},{"link_name":"IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Junior_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ryusuke Taguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryusuke_Taguchi"},{"link_name":"Máscara Dorada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1scara_Dorada"},{"link_name":"Alex Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Shelley"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InvasionAttack2015WON-37"},{"link_name":"2015 Best of the Super Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Super_Juniors#2015"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WrestlingDontaku2015WON-39"},{"link_name":"Kushida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujiro_Kushida"},{"link_name":"Kyle O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FinalCard-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75JrsTS-42"},{"link_name":"2013 Best of the Super Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Super_Juniors#2013"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"January 4 Dome Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_4_Dome_Show"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ricochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"2014 Best of the Super Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_of_the_Super_Juniors#2014"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RoadtoDominion070315-35"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCardPWT-47"},{"link_name":"IWGP Intercontinental Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Intercontinental_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hirooki Goto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirooki_Goto"},{"link_name":"Shinsuke Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinsuke_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"Togi Makabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togi_Makabe"},{"link_name":"NEVER Openweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEVER_Openweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Tomohiro Ishii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomohiro_Ishii"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCardPWT-47"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PowerStruggle2014WON-7"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WK9-26"},{"link_name":"vacate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Vacant"},{"link_name":"influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"G.B.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bash_Heel"},{"link_name":"Tomoaki Honma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoaki_Honma"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Hinokuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Hinokuni#2015"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Kingdom_IWGP_Tag_Team_Champions_with_Maria_Kanellis.JPG"},{"link_name":"Matt Taven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Taven"},{"link_name":"Michael Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Maria Kanellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kanellis"},{"link_name":"The Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Bullet Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Club"},{"link_name":"Ring of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"The Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Matt Taven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Taven"},{"link_name":"Michael Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"IWGP Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Gallows_and_Karl_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCardPWT-47"},{"link_name":"13th Anniversary Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROH_13th_Anniversary_Show"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Maria Kanellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kanellis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InvasionAttack2015WON-37"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Amber Gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Gallows"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"low blowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_attacks#Low_blow"},{"link_name":"Magic Killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_double-team_maneuvers#Aided_whiplash"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WrestlingDontaku2015WON-39"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"Toru Yano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toru_Yano"},{"link_name":"2015 New Japan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Cup#2015"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WrestlingDontaku2015WON-39"},{"link_name":"Katsuyori Shibata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuyori_Shibata"},{"link_name":"Kazushi Sakuraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazushi_Sakuraba"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InvasionAttack2015WON-37"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCard-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FirstCardPWT-47"},{"link_name":"The Young Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Bucks"},{"link_name":"IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Junior_Heavyweight_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"reDRagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReDRagon"},{"link_name":"Bobby Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fish"},{"link_name":"Roppongi Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roppongi_Vice"},{"link_name":"Beretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Barreta"},{"link_name":"Rocky Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Romero"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75FinalCard-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75JrsTS-42"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall featured ten professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.[11]A.J. Styles, the reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion, heading into Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo HallThe first match for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was announced on April 6, 2015, with A.J. Styles defending his IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kazuchika Okada.[12][13] Styles and Okada have been involved in a feud with each other ever since April 2014. After signing with NJPW,[14] Styles made his debut appearance during Invasion Attack 2014, attacking then-champion Okada and aligning himself with the villainous Bullet Club stable.[15][16] This led to a match on May 3 at Wrestling Dontaku 2014, where Okada and Styles faced off for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Okada was defeated, after Yujiro Takahashi betrayed him and his Chaos stable and jumped to Bullet Club,[17][18] making Styles the sixth non-Japanese IWGP Heavyweight Champion in his first match under a NJPW contract.[19] A rematch between the two was booked for Back to the Yokohama Arena on May 25, which saw Styles successfully defend his title.[20] During the second half of 2014, Okada continued feuding with Bullet Club, primarily facing off against Styles' stablemates, including Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson,[21][22] while also winning the 2014 G1 Climax tournament.[23] Meanwhile, Styles lost the IWGP Heavyweight Championship to Hiroshi Tanahashi in his third defense on October 13 at King of Pro-Wrestling.[24][25] After unsuccessfully challenging Tanahashi for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome,[26] Okada entered a \"slump\", during which he feuded with another Bullet Club member, Bad Luck Fale.[27][28] Meanwhile, after defeating Tetsuya Naito at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome,[26] Styles re-entered the IWGP Heavyweight Championship picture and, on February 11 at The New Beginning in Osaka, defeated Tanahashi to regain the title.[29][30] On April 5 at Invasion Attack 2015, Okada scored a decisive win over Fale, declared his \"slump\" over and concluded the event by attacking Styles, after he had retained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kota Ibushi.[31][32] The next day, the title match between the two was made official for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, giving it a rare three-month build.[33] In the subsequent three months, Styles' Bullet Club and Okada's Chaos stables faced off in multiple tag team matches with Styles' side winning all three of the matches that both he and Okada were involved in, though Styles did not score any of the wins directly over Okada.[34][35] Okada, meanwhile, on two occasions laid Styles out with his Rainmaker finishing maneuver in post-match attacks.[34] Compared to Styles' belittling of Okada in the build-up to the original Wrestling Dontaku 2014 title match between the two, he now admitted that Okada was one of NJPW's best wrestlers, but added that he himself was the world's best wrestler.[36]The second match for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was announced on May 3, 2015, at Wrestling Dontaku 2015, where Bullet Club's Kenny Omega, having retained his IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship against what he called \"Japanese garbage\" (Ryusuke Taguchi), \"Mexican garbage\" (Máscara Dorada) and \"American garbage\" (Alex Shelley),[37] announced he would not enter the upcoming 2015 Best of the Super Juniors tournament, but would instead next defend his title against the winner of said tournament at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall.[38][39] On June 7, Kushida defeated Kyle O'Reilly in the finals to win the 2015 Best of the Super Juniors.[40] The nex day, the title match between Omega and Kushida was made official for July 5,[41][42] marking the first time they fought in over two years, having previously met each other during the 2013 Best of the Super Juniors in a match, where Omega won.[43] In the build-up to the title match, Omega stole Kushida's Best of the Super Juniors trophy,[44] while also stating that after his win at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, he would not defend his title again until the January 4 Dome Show in 2016.[45] On July 3, during the final event before Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Ricochet, the winner of the 2014 Best of the Super Juniors, made a surprise return to NJPW, challenging the winner of the Omega-Kushida match.[35]On May 7, NJPW announced the first seven matches for the event.[46][47] Added was an IWGP Intercontinental Championship match between Hirooki Goto and Shinsuke Nakamura. This is a rematch from the main event of Wrestling Dontaku 2015, where Goto defeated Nakamura to capture the Intercontinental Championship.[46] Also added was another title rematch, where Togi Makabe will defend the NEVER Openweight Championship against Tomohiro Ishii.[46][47] The two had been involved in a rivalry since the previous November's Power Struggle event, where Makabe emerged as the next challenger for then NEVER Openweight Champion Ishii.[7] On January 4, 2015, at Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome, Makabe defeated Ishii to win the NEVER Openweight Championship for the first time,[26] but was forced to vacate the title on February 14 after being unable to defend it in a rematch against Ishii due to influenza.[48] Ishii then went on to defeat Makabe's G.B.H. stablemate Tomoaki Honma to reclaim the title.[49] This led to a title match on April 29 at Wrestling Hinokuni, where Makabe again defeated Ishii to regain the NEVER Openweight Championship.[50][51](Left to right) Matt Taven, Michael Bennett and Maria Kanellis, The Kingdom, who were involved in a storyline rivalry with Bullet Club, heading into Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo HallAlso at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, the Ring of Honor tag team The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett) were set to defend their IWGP Tag Team Championship against Bullet Club's Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson.[46][47] The feud between both teams began on March 1 at ROH's 13th Anniversary Show, where Bennett and Taven pinned then IWGP Tag Team Champion Anderson to win a non-title three-way tag team match, after his partner Doc Gallows failed to make the event due to travel issues.[52] This led to a match at Invasion Attack 2015, where Bennett and Taven defeated Anderson and Gallows to become the new IWGP Tag Team Champions, largely thanks to Bennett's wife Maria Kanellis distracting Anderson.[37][53] After the event, Bullet Club recruited Gallows' wife Amber Gallows to take part in the first NJPW match involving female wrestlers since October 2002.[54] The match took place at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 and saw Bennett, Taven and Kanellis defeat Anderson and the two Gallows with Kanellis pinning Amber for the win, after low blowing Anderson. Throughout the match, NJPW continued a storyline, where Anderson's infatuation with Kanellis distracted him from the match, but after the loss, Anderson turned on Kanellis and came together with Doc to perform their signature double-team move, Magic Killer, on her, before being chased away from the ring by Bennett and Taven.[39][55] A title rematch, where The Kingdom would be accompanied by Kanellis and Bullet Club by Amber Gallows, was announced for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall on May 7.[46]Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall was also set to feature the culmination of two big storyline rivalries that started in early 2015. In the first, Hiroshi Tanahashi will take on Toru Yano as part of a rivalry that started following March's 2015 New Japan Cup, where Yano scored an upset win over Tanahashi in the first round.[56] In the following months, Yano's scored multiple wins over Tanahashi,[57] before finally being pinned by Tanahashi in a six-man tag team match at Wrestling Dontaku 2015 on May 3. Using Yano's own tactics against him, Tanahashi pinned his rival by grabbing him by his hair and rolling him up for the win.[39] In the second match, Katsuyori Shibata will take on his former mentor Kazushi Sakuraba.[46] The two returned to NJPW from the world of mixed martial arts on August 12, 2012,[58] and remained together as a tag team until 2014, when Shibata formed a new tag team with his former high school classmate Hirooki Goto,[59] while Sakuraba formed a partnership with Toru Yano and the Chaos stable.[60] Sakuraba and Shibata came on a collision course on April 5, 2015, at Invasion Attack 2015, where Sakuraba teamed with Yano as part of his rivalry with Tanahashi to take on Tanahashi and Shibata. The match ended with Sakuraba submitting his former protégé,[37] who afterwards declared a war on his former mentor.[61] On May 7, NJPW announced grudge matches between Tanahashi and Yano as well as Sakuraba and Shibata for Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall.[46][47]Following the conclusion of the 2015 Best of the Super Juniors, NJPW announced a sixth title match for the event, where The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) would defend their IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship in a three-way match against reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) and Roppongi Vice (Beretta and Rocky Romero).[41][42][62] During the Best of the Super Juniors, Beretta and O'Reilly wrestled in the A block, while Fish, Romero and Nick Jackson wrestled in block B. In the head-to-head matches between members of the three teams, Fish and O'Reilly won all three of their matches and Romero defeated Jackson.[63]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazuchika_Okada_2015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kazuchika Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada"},{"link_name":"IWGP Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWGP_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"plancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_aerial_techniques#Plancha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"superkicking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superkick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuchika_Okada#In_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Kazuchika Okada celebrating at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, after capturing the IWGP Heavyweight ChampionshipIn the first match of Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, The Young Bucks made their first successful defense of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, defeating reDRagon and Roppongi Vice in a three-way match.[1][3][4] The third match featured former mixed martial artists Katsuyori Shibata and Kazushi Sakuraba facing off in a grudge match, where Shibata was victorious.[1][3][64] The next match saw the 2015 Best of the Super Juniors winner Kushida submit Kenny Omega to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship for the second time.[3][4][65] Omega's six-month reign ended at his fourth title defense.[1] Next up was the third NEVER Openweight Championship match between Togi Makabe and Tomohiro Ishii in six months. Early in the match, Ishii went for a plancha, but landed on a shoulder he had separated the previous year, when Makabe failed to catch him properly. This led to a doctor coming ringside to check on Ishii, nearly stopping the match early.[3] In the end, just like in the previous two matches, Makabe was again victorious, making his first successful title defense.[1][3][66] In the fourth title match of the event, The Kingdom's Matt Taven and Michael Bennett defended the IWGP Tag Team Championship against Bullet Club's Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson. The match featured outside interference from both Amber Gallows and Maria Kanellis. Anderson's infatuation with Kanellis continued distracting him from the match, eventually leading to Doc Gallows superkicking Kanellis, removing her from the match. Shortly thereafter, Anderson and Gallows isolated Taven and hit him with the Magic Killer to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship for the third time as a team, ending The Kingdom's reign at their first defense.[1][3][4]The next match saw Hiroshi Tanahashi take on Toru Yano's in a grudge match. Tanahashi survived Yano's attempts to cheat his way to another victory and in the end defeated him to win their rivalry.[1][3][67] In the semi-main event, Hirooki Goto defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to make his first successful defense of the IWGP Intercontinental Championship.[1][3][68] The main event featured A.J. Styles defending the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kazuchika Okada. Early part of the match featured outside interference from Styles' Bullet Club stablemates, leading to referee Red Shoes Unno ejecting them from ringside, leaving Styles alone. Eventually, after a series of counters, Okada hit Styles with his Rainmaker finishing move to win the match and become the new IWGP Heavyweight Champion. Okada started his third reign, while Styles' second reign ended at his second defense.[1][3][69]","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Meltzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"The Beast in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beast_in_the_East"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"selling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Sell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWI-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75411Mania-73"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWT-4"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75411Mania-73"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75WON-3"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75PWI-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dominion75411Mania-73"}],"text":"Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter called the event \"fantastic\". He praised both Okada and Styles, calling them \"two of the three best wrestlers in the world beyond the top of their game\", writing that their match against each other was in a \"completely different league\" from all other \"great\" matches that had taken place earlier in the show and at WWE's The Beast in the East show the previous day.[3] Meltzer also praised the IWGP Intercontinental and IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship matches, dubbing Kushida \"one of the best wrestlers in the world today\".[3] Meltzer also praised Ishii's selling, though noting he could have been legitimately hurt in the plancha spot, noting that there was a lot of miscommunication and mistimed spots in the match following the incident.[3] He gave the main event four and three quarter stars out of five and the IWGP Intercontinental and Junior Heavyweight Championship matches both four and a half stars.[70]James Caldwell of Pro Wrestling Torch called the show a \"must-watch\", giving the main event a full five-star rating, writing that it was \"[o]ne of those matches that you just didn't want to see end\".[4] Sean Radican of the same site gave the show an overall score of 8.5, stating that it \"had its peaks and valleys\", though ultimately being \"very good\". He gave the IWGP Intercontinental Championship match four stars and the main event four and three quarter stars out of five. Radican panned the NEVER Openweight Championship match, giving it one and a quarter stars, stating he was taken out of the match when Makabe \"didn't make much of an effort\" to catch Ishii in the plancha at the start of the match.[71]Matthew Macklin of Pro Wrestling Insider called the show \"the best NJPW show of the year\", stating that it had \"four or five matches that could be on any match of the year list\".[72]411Mania's Larry Csonka gave the show a rating of 9.8, stating that it \"just [nudged] out Wrestle Kingdom 9 for the show of the year\". Csonka named both the IWGP Junior Heavyweight and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship matches match of the year candidates, giving the former four and a half stars and the latter a full five-star rating.[73]Several reviewers were down on the IWGP Tag Team Championship match and its \"Americanized\" style of professional wrestling with Csonka naming it the worst match of the event.[3][4][73] Meltzer, Macklin and Csonka all noted the Osaka-jō Hall crowd's lack of interest in the match.[3][72][73]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takaaki Kidani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaaki_Kidani"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"G1 Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_Climax"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1081615WON-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1081615WON-78"},{"link_name":"King of Pro-Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Pro-Wrestling_(2015)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1081615WON-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G1081615WON-78"}],"text":"Drawing a full capacity crowd of 11,400, the event was dubbed a great success by NJPW owner Takaaki Kidani.[74]Following Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, NJPW presented its annual premier tournament, G1 Climax, featuring twenty participants.[75] Both Dominion 7.5 main eventers entered their final round-robin matches with a chance to advance to the finals, but A.J. Styles was eliminated after losing to Hiroshi Tanahashi, while Kazuchika Okada was eliminated after losing to his Chaos stablemate Shinsuke Nakamura.[76][77] Tanahashi went on to defeat Nakamura in the finals to win the tournament.[78] During the final day of the tournament, Styles pinned Okada in a six-man tag team match,[78] setting up an IWGP Heavyweight Championship rematch between the two, which was eventually announced for October's King of Pro-Wrestling.[79]After winning the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, Kushida went on to defeat Ricochet on August 16 to make his first successful title defense.[78] The same day, reDRagon defeated The Young Bucks to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship for the second time.[78]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A.J. Styles, the reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion, heading into Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A.J._Styles_IWGP_Heavyweight_Champion.JPG/220px-A.J._Styles_IWGP_Heavyweight_Champion.JPG"},{"image_text":"(Left to right) Matt Taven, Michael Bennett and Maria Kanellis, The Kingdom, who were involved in a storyline rivalry with Bullet Club, heading into Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Kingdom_IWGP_Tag_Team_Champions_with_Maria_Kanellis.JPG/220px-The_Kingdom_IWGP_Tag_Team_Champions_with_Maria_Kanellis.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kazuchika Okada celebrating at Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall, after capturing the IWGP Heavyweight Championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kazuchika_Okada_2015.JPG/220px-Kazuchika_Okada_2015.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall\". New Japan Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706044456/http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=990","url_text":"\"Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling","url_text":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling"},{"url":"http://www.njpw.co.jp/match/detail_result.php?e=990","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"新日本プロレス「Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo hall」. Sports Navi (in Japanese). Yahoo!. July 5, 2015. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150705172821/http://live.sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/live/sports/fight_all/4285","url_text":"新日本プロレス「Dominion 7.5 in Osaka-jo hall」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"},{"url":"http://live.sportsnavi.yahoo.co.jp/live/sports/fight_all/4285","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer, Dave (July 4, 2015). \"New Japan Dominion live coverage from Osaka Jo Hall - Styles vs. Okada for IWGP title, Nakamura vs. Goto for IC title and notes on biggest event since the Tokyo Dome, plus all G-1 main events\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer","url_text":"Meltzer, Dave"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150919041705/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/102-japan/43407-new-japan-dominion-live-coverage-from-osaka-jo-hall-styles-vs-okada-for-iwgp-title-nakamura-vs-goto-for-ic-title-and-notes-on-biggest-event-since-the-tokyo-dome","url_text":"\"New Japan Dominion live coverage from Osaka Jo Hall - Styles vs. Okada for IWGP title, Nakamura vs. Goto for IC title and notes on biggest event since the Tokyo Dome, plus all G-1 main events\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter"},{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/102-japan/43407-new-japan-dominion-live-coverage-from-osaka-jo-hall-styles-vs-okada-for-iwgp-title-nakamura-vs-goto-for-ic-title-and-notes-on-biggest-event-since-the-tokyo-dome","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James (July 5, 2015). \"Caldwell's NJPW Dominion PPV report 7/5: Complete \"virtual-time\" coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Okada IWGP World Hvt. Title match, plus five more big title matches\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_86030.shtml","url_text":"\"Caldwell's NJPW Dominion PPV report 7/5: Complete \"virtual-time\" coverage of A.J. Styles vs. Okada IWGP World Hvt. Title match, plus five more big title matches\""}]},{"reference":"新日本プロレス 2015.7.5 大阪大会. SKY PerfecTV! (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150709162339/http://www.skyperfectv.co.jp/genre/sports/list08/s05.html","url_text":"新日本プロレス 2015.7.5 大阪大会"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKY_PerfecTV!","url_text":"SKY PerfecTV!"},{"url":"http://www.skyperfectv.co.jp/genre/sports/list08/s05.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"新日本プロレスが21年ぶりに大阪城ホールに進出!! 2015年7月5日（日）「Dominion 7.5」開催決定!!. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). November 9, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=12694","url_text":"新日本プロレスが21年ぶりに大阪城ホールに進出!! 2015年7月5日（日）「Dominion 7.5」開催決定!!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling","url_text":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer, Dave (November 7, 2014). \"New Japan Power Struggle live coverage from Osaka - More matches made for Tokyo Dome, New Bullet Club member, UWF dream match announced, 2 Osaka PPVs announced\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. 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Styles has signed and is going to be given a major push as a singles headliner, to work with all the big guns, with a title shot at Kazuchika Okada coming sooner than later.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer","url_text":"Meltzer, Dave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell,_California","url_text":"Campbell, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1083-9593","url_text":"1083-9593"}]},{"reference":"オカダ屈辱！ＡＪの急襲受けＫＯ. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). April 7, 2014. 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Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/358565/","url_text":"不運続きのオカダ“バッドラックの呪い”絶つ！"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James (February 11, 2015). \"NJPW news: Bullet Club takes top titles at \"New Beginning\" - Styles new IWGP World Champ, other title changes\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_83264.shtml","url_text":"\"NJPW news: Bullet Club takes top titles at \"New Beginning\" - Styles new IWGP World Champ, other title changes\""}]},{"reference":"棚橋を撃破！ＡＪがＩＷＧＰ王座戴冠. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). February 12, 2015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. 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Styles defends IWGP World Title in main event, ROH tag teams win both Tag Titles, Bullet Club in action, more\". Pro Wrestling Torch. April 5, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_84294.shtml","url_text":"\"Show results - 4/5 NJPW \"Invasion Attack\" in Tokyo, Japan: A.J. Styles defends IWGP World Title in main event, ROH tag teams win both Tag Titles, Bullet Club in action, more\""}]},{"reference":"オカダ乱入 超異例！ＩＷＧＰ王座戦３か月前に決定. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). April 7, 2015. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150416035532/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/385749/","url_text":"オカダ乱入 超異例！ＩＷＧＰ王座戦３か月前に決定"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/385749/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"オカダ「ＡＪのぶっつけ王座戦許さん！」. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). June 3, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/406968/","url_text":"オカダ「ＡＪのぶっつけ王座戦許さん！」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Bryan (July 3, 2015). \"NJPW Road to Dominion Korakuen Hall 7-3-15 live coverage and results: Ten man tag action\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. 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Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150701094200/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/102-japan/43298-njpw-korakuen-hall-6-28-15-report-ten-man-elimination-tag-action","url_text":"\"NJPW Korakuen Hall 6-28-15 report: Ten man elimination tag action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter"},{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/102-japan/43298-njpw-korakuen-hall-6-28-15-report-ten-man-elimination-tag-action","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ケニー・オメガＩＷＧＰジュニア王座の“年内凍結”を宣言. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 1, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/416946/","url_text":"ケニー・オメガＩＷＧＰジュニア王座の“年内凍結”を宣言"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"『Dominion7.5』大阪城ホール追加カード! 後藤vs中邑、真壁vs石井、棚橋vs矢野、柴田vs桜庭、IWGPタッグ、ジュニア選手権が決定!!. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). May 7, 2015. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150509155008/http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=13927","url_text":"『Dominion7.5』大阪城ホール追加カード! 後藤vs中邑、真壁vs石井、棚橋vs矢野、柴田vs桜庭、IWGPタッグ、ジュニア選手権が決定!!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling","url_text":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling"},{"url":"http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=13927","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James (May 7, 2015). \"NJPW news: Big title matches announced for July's \"Dominion\" PPV\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_84881.shtml","url_text":"\"NJPW news: Big title matches announced for July's \"Dominion\" PPV\""}]},{"reference":"【お詫びとお知らせ】真壁刀義選手がインフルエンザのため、2月14日仙台大会欠場。“NEVER王座決定戦”本間vs石井が緊急決定. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (in Japanese). February 14, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njpw.co.jp/news/detail.php?nid=13391","url_text":"【お詫びとお知らせ】真壁刀義選手がインフルエンザのため、2月14日仙台大会欠場。“NEVER王座決定戦”本間vs石井が緊急決定"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Japan_Pro-Wrestling","url_text":"New Japan Pro-Wrestling"}]},{"reference":"\"Show results - 2/14 New Japan \"New Beginning\" Night 2: Nakamura defends IC Title in main event, new NWA World champion, new NEVER champion, Bullet Club loses, more\". Pro Wrestling Torch. February 14, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_83338.shtml","url_text":"\"Show results - 2/14 New Japan \"New Beginning\" Night 2: Nakamura defends IC Title in main event, new NWA World champion, new NEVER champion, Bullet Club loses, more\""}]},{"reference":"真壁ＮＥＶＥＲ王座奪還の裏に浜ちゃんあり. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). April 30, 2015. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150501050512/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/395316/","url_text":"真壁ＮＥＶＥＲ王座奪還の裏に浜ちゃんあり"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/395316/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Bryan (April 29, 2015). \"New Japan Pro Wrestling 4-29-15 house show report: Togi Makabe vs. Tomohiro Ishii highlights three title matches\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518105023/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/42305-new-japan-house-show-report-429-kumamoto-with-three-title-matches","url_text":"\"New Japan Pro Wrestling 4-29-15 house show report: Togi Makabe vs. Tomohiro Ishii highlights three title matches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter"},{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/42305-new-japan-house-show-report-429-kumamoto-with-three-title-matches","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer, Dave (March 1, 2015). \"ROH live coverage from Las Vegas - four way for ROH title, Alberto vs. Lethal, Bucks vs. Fish & O'Reilly\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer","url_text":"Meltzer, Dave"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402210735/http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/104-ring-of-honor/41441-roh-live-coverage-from-las-vegas-four-way-for-roh-title-alberto-vs-lethal-bucks-vs-fish-a-oreilly","url_text":"\"ROH live coverage from Las Vegas - four way for ROH title, Alberto vs. Lethal, Bucks vs. Fish & O'Reilly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter"},{"url":"http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/104-ring-of-honor/41441-roh-live-coverage-from-las-vegas-four-way-for-roh-title-alberto-vs-lethal-bucks-vs-fish-a-oreilly","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ＲＯＨ軍が“お色気作戦”でＩＷＧＰタッグ王座強奪. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). April 6, 2015. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. 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Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150909021235/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/374438/","url_text":"【新日ＮＪＣ】棚橋 天敵・矢野にまさかの１６７秒負け"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/374438/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Macklin, Matthew (April 30, 2015). \"NJPW Wrestling Dontaku preview\". Pro Wrestling Insider. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pwinsider.com/article/93398/njpw-wrestling-dontaku-preview.html?p=1","url_text":"\"NJPW Wrestling Dontaku preview\""}]},{"reference":"桜庭と柴田が新日参戦アピール. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). August 13, 2012. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815231533/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/30666","url_text":"桜庭と柴田が新日参戦アピール"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/30666/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"洋央紀＆柴田「合体リバース牛殺し」完成. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). January 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704234400/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/228900/","url_text":"洋央紀＆柴田「合体リバース牛殺し」完成"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/228900/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"桜庭まさかの悪役転身！. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). February 2, 2015. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150912023934/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/362473/","url_text":"桜庭まさかの悪役転身！"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/362473/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"柴田が師匠・桜庭に宣戦布告. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). April 14, 2015. Archived from the original on April 17, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150417141027/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/389301/","url_text":"柴田が師匠・桜庭に宣戦布告"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/389301/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, James (June 8, 2015). \"NJPW news: Monday press conference - full \"Dominion\" card announced for July 5, Fit Finlay's son joins New Japan, more\". Pro Wrestling Torch. Retrieved June 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Other_News_4/article_85493.shtml","url_text":"\"NJPW news: Monday press conference - full \"Dominion\" card announced for July 5, Fit Finlay's son joins New Japan, more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Show results - 6/7 NJPW Best of Super Jrs. Night 13: O'Reilly vs. Kushida tournament finals, plus non-tournament matches\". Pro Wrestling Torch. June 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222809/http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_85474.shtml","url_text":"\"Show results - 6/7 NJPW Best of Super Jrs. Night 13: O'Reilly vs. Kushida tournament finals, plus non-tournament matches\""},{"url":"http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_85474.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"【新日・大阪城決戦】柴田が師匠・桜庭超え. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418532/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】柴田が師匠・桜庭超え"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"【新日・大阪城決戦】Kushida オメガ破りIWGPジュニア奪回. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418534/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】Kushida オメガ破りIWGPジュニア奪回"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"【新日・大阪城決戦】真壁がＮＥＶＥＲ初防衛 名勝負の石井を称賛. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418536/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】真壁がＮＥＶＥＲ初防衛 名勝負の石井を称賛"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"【新日・大阪城決戦】棚橋 矢野に金的返し！４か月の因縁にピリオド. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418538/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】棚橋 矢野に金的返し！４か月の因縁にピリオド"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"【新日・大阪城決戦】中邑を返り討ち！洋央紀インターコンチ初防衛「Ｇ１、勝ち取ってやるよ」. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418526/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】中邑を返り討ち！洋央紀インターコンチ初防衛「Ｇ１、勝ち取ってやるよ」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"【新日・大阪城決戦】ＩＷＧＰ奪還オカダ ３６００万円スーパーカー“爆買い”. Tokyo Sports (in Japanese). July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418590/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】ＩＷＧＰ奪還オカダ ３６００万円スーパーカー“爆買い”"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer, Dave (July 13, 2015). \"July 13, 2015 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Dusty Rhodes bio part 2, back to back major shows in Japan, & more\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Campbell, California. pp. 24–26. ISSN 1083-9593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Meltzer","url_text":"Meltzer, Dave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Observer_Newsletter","url_text":"Wrestling Observer Newsletter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell,_California","url_text":"Campbell, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1083-9593","url_text":"1083-9593"}]},{"reference":"Radican, Sean (July 6, 2015). \"Radican's NJPW \"Dominion\" PPV Report 7/5: Okada vs. Styles main event, Shibata-Sakuraba, Goto-Nakamura, more\". Pro Wrestling Torch. 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Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191636/http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418530/","url_text":"【新日・大阪城決戦】木谷オーナーが総括「１００点満点」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Sports","url_text":"Tokyo Sports"},{"url":"http://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/prores/mens_prores/418530/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sempervive, Mike (July 18, 2015). \"The Big Audio Nightmare's Guide to the annual New Japan G1 Climax\". Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbe_portrait
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Cobbe portrait
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["1 Support","2 Criticism","3 History","4 Proposal of Stanley Wells and collaborators","5 Controversy","6 Latin text","7 Cobbe portrait of Southampton","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Early Jacobean painting argued to be a life portrait of William Shakespeare
The Cobbe portrait
The Cobbe portrait is an early Jacobean panel painting of a gentleman which has been argued to be a life portrait of William Shakespeare. It is displayed at Hatchlands Park in Surrey, a National Trust property, and the portrait is so-called because of its ownership by Charles Cobbe, Church of Ireland (Anglican) Archbishop of Dublin (1686–1765). There are numerous early copies of the painting, most of which were once identified as Shakespeare.
The Cobbe original was only identified in the collection of the Anglo-Irish Cobbe family in 2006, and had until then been completely unknown to the world. Evidence uncovered by researchers at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust led to the claim, presented in March 2009, that the portrait is of William Shakespeare and painted from life. Many scholars dismiss this theory and have provided evidence to identify the portrait as one of Sir Thomas Overbury.
The portrait has been the centrepiece of two exhibitions dedicated to it: Shakespeare Found: a Life Portrait at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Stratford-upon-Avon, from April–October 2009 and The Changing Face of William Shakespeare at the Morgan Library and Museum, New York, from February–May 2011. An illustrated catalogue provides details of the painting and its provenance.
Support
Support for the identification is drawn from several strands of evidence:
The portrait descended in the Cobbe family together with a portrait of Shakespeare's patron, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton – the person most likely to have commissioned a portrait of Shakespeare – and they were inherited by Archbishop Cobbe through his cousin's wife, Southampton's great-granddaughter, who inherited Wriothesley heirlooms.
At least five early copies of the Cobbe portrait have long traditions as representing Shakespeare: in the case of one of them, the 'Janssen' portrait in the Folger Shakespeare Library (Washington, D.C.), the tradition is claimed to date to within living memory of Shakespeare. This is one of the longest Shakespeare traditions attaching to any oil portrait. Furthermore, the existence of so many early copies indicates that the sitter was a man of fame.
The Cobbe portrait is inscribed with the words Principum amicitias!, meaning 'the alliances of princes!', a quotation from Horace in an ode addressed to a man who was, among other things, a playwright (see below).
The Cobbe portrait, and even more so the Janssen copy, bears a compositional similarity with the Droeshout engraving published in the First Folio of 1623. The original or copy may have been a source for the engraving.
Scientific testing has shown that the portrait is painted on a panel of English oak sometime after 1595; the form of the collar suggests a painting date of around 1610.
Both the Cobbe portrait and the Janssen copy received alterations, in particular to the hairline. In the Cobbe original, this alteration made the sitter look younger, and the copies of the Cobbe received this younger hairline. The later state of the Janssen was significantly aged compared with either version of the Cobbe, suggesting that the alteration was made either late in the sitter's life or after his death. A second "bald" copy of the Cobbe, originally owned by the Marquess of Dorchester, also exists.
The identification has received support from Shakespeare scholars Stanley Wells, Henry Woudhuysen, Jay L. Halio, Stuart Sillars, and Gregory Doran, chief associate director of the Royal Shakespeare Company, and art historians Alastair Laing, curator of paintings and sculpture at the National Trust, and Paul Joannides, professor of Art History at Cambridge.
Supporters of the Shakespeare identification reject the arguments for Overbury. Research using tracings by Rupert Featherstone at the Hamilton Kerr Institute, University of Cambridge, has led him to conclude that the Cobbe portrait and the only documented portrait of Overbury in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, depict two different sitters.
The Janssen portrait after 1988 restoration The altered balding hairline in the "original" Janssen portrait, as it appeared when purchased by the Folger Shakespeare Library in the early 1930s
Since the publicity surrounding it, the portrait has appeared on the covers of several books, and even inspired the Chinese author Zhang Yiyi to have a series of cosmetic surgeries to have his face transformed into that of Shakespeare.
Criticism
The claims about the portrait have also met with considerable scepticism from other Shakespeareans and art experts, including Shakespeare scholar and general editor of the Arden Shakespeare David Scott Kastan, who has questioned the portrait's provenance, and Tarnya Cooper, curator of 16th-century portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, who believes that both the Cobbe and Janssen portraits represent Sir Thomas Overbury. Other scholars have noted numerous differences between the Cobbe portrait and the authentic but posthumous Droeshout engraving that appeared in the First Folio of Shakespeare's works.
History
The subject of the portrait was unidentified for centuries after passing into the ownership of the Cobbe family some time in the early 18th century.
In 2006, Alec Cobbe viewed the "Janssen portrait", so-called because it was once attributed to the artist Cornelis Janssen. It belongs to Washington's Folger Shakespeare Library, and was on exhibition in the National Portrait Gallery in London; it bore a striking resemblance to the one owned by his family. The Janssen painting had long been claimed to be Shakespeare. However, the state of the painting that Cobbe viewed was not the one that showed the greatest resemblance to the standard engraved Droeshout image of Shakespeare with a high, balding forehead. The removal of overpainting in 1988 had, in fact, revealed an earlier state with a much younger hairline. Shakespeare's age and date had also been added at some later time.
In the exhibition catalogue the "Janssen portrait" was tentatively identified as a depiction of the courtier, poet and essayist Thomas Overbury. This suggestion dates back to an earlier exhibition in 1964, before the cleaning. Nevertheless, the catalogue asserted that this was simply a guess.
Cobbe sought advice from the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Over a three-year period, a research project headed by Stanley Wells and Alastair Laing, performed a number of authentication studies on the portrait. Wells and Laing concluded that sufficient circumstantial evidence exists to announce the project's findings. They also suggested that the "Janssen portrait" was a copy of the Cobbe portrait. As is detailed in the catalogue of the 2009 exhibition "Shakespeare Found", several other early copies of the Cobbe portrait have been located and no less than three of them have independent traditions as portraits of Shakespeare.
In 2006, the National Portrait Gallery concluded that the so-called Chandos portrait was then the only existing portrait painted during the life of Shakespeare. If verified, the Cobbe portrait would become the second portrait of William Shakespeare possibly painted from life.
Proposal of Stanley Wells and collaborators
After extensive infra-red and x-ray test analysis including growth-ring testing of the panel on which the portrait is painted, scientists have estimated that the panel is from around 1610.
According to Stanley Wells the portrait has been in the possession of the Cobbe family since the early 18th century and is most likely a portrait of Shakespeare. It, or more likely a copy such as the Janssen, is possibly the source of Martin Droeshout's familiar engraving on the title page of the Shakespeare First Folio (1623). The portrait is thought to have been commissioned by Shakespeare's patron, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. Wells said:
The evidence that it represents Shakespeare and that it was done from life, though it is circumstantial, is in my view overwhelming. I feel in little doubt that this is a portrait of Shakespeare, done from life and commissioned by the Earl of Southampton.
In deciding between the Cobbe original and one of its copies as a source for the engraving, Wells draws attention to a greater similarity in the shape of
the figure between the engraving and the Janssen copy. Although many details of the doublet and collar are eliminated in the engraving, the angle and length of the arms, the shape of the fabric at the shoulders, and the length of the torso, all show a greater resemblance in the Janssen. The alteration to the hairline of the Janssen must date before 1770, when an engraving was made of the painting in its altered state, but its timing relative to the production of the Droeshout engraving is unknown. The fact that this alteration was made, in part, to reverse an earlier alteration to the hairline in the Cobbe suggests to Wells that it was made independently, and that the Janssen copy may have been used as a source for the engraving in this aged state.
Controversy
In a review of the exhibition catalogue edited by Wells, Robert Bearman writes: "It is strongly argued that there is a striking resemblance between the newly discovered portrait (or, rather, a copy) and the Droeshout engraving of Shakespeare, and that the painting might itself have been used by Droeshout."
Bearman also expresses scepticism about the link with Shakespeare's patron Wriothesley.
Other experts are even more sceptical, and suggest that even the circumstantial evidence is weak. Shakespeare scholar David Scott Kastan also took the view that there were reasons to question the Cobbe portrait's provenance – whether it was in fact once owned by the Earl of Southampton or commissioned by him, as the Trust representatives believe – and to doubt whether the richly dressed man in the portrait was Shakespeare. "If I had to bet, I would say it's not Shakespeare", Kastan said. But even if it were, he said, the traditions of Elizabethan portraiture meant that it would be unwise to conclude that Shakespeare actually looked like the figure depicted in the portrait. "It might be a portrait of Shakespeare, but not a likeness, because the convention of portraiture at the time was often to idealise the subject", he said.
Sir Roy Strong, former director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Portrait Gallery, and a leading scholar of Elizabethan and Jacobean portraiture, has called Wells's claims "codswallop". Dr Tarnya Cooper, curator of 16th century portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, also voiced scepticism. While acknowledging that the Janssen portrait and the Cobbe portrait are versions of the same image, she believes it likely that both portraits represent Sir Thomas Overbury. Of Wells's identification of the sitter as Shakespeare, she said, "I respect Wells's scholarship enormously, but portraiture is a very different area, and this doesn't add up."
This portrait of Sir Thomas Overbury, bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in 1740, has been suggested as the source of the smaller Cobbe or Janssen portraits.
Writing in The Times Literary Supplement Shakespeare biographer Katherine Duncan-Jones also favours the identification of the subject as Overbury:
An authentic portrait of Sir Thomas Overbury (1581–1613) was bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in Oxford in 1740. This picture bears a startling resemblance to the "Cobbe" painting (and its companions). Features such as a distinctive bushy hairline, and a slightly malformed left ear that may once have borne the weight of a jewelled earring, appear identical. Even the man's beautifully intricate lace collar, though not identical in pattern, shares overall design with "Cobbe", having square rather than rounded corners.
Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel wrote that the Cobbe portrait was not an authentic likeness of Shakespeare. She noted the opinion of Eberhard J. Nikitsch, a specialist in inscriptions, who said that the script of the painting's inscription was not commonly used in early 17th-century portraits, and that it must have been added later.
Wells and his colleagues have responded to the criticisms, arguing that David Piper's original 1964 identification of the Janssen as Overbury was based on the misreading of an inventory. They also assert that the hairline was altered before 1630, because another copy of that date already showed the balding forehead. They counter Duncan-Jones's argument that the costume is too aristocratic for Shakespeare by comparing it to that worn by Shakespeare's colleague and collaborator John Fletcher in a portrait of the period.
Latin text
The portrait includes the Latin legend Principum amicitias! ("The Friendships of Princes!") painted above the sitter's head. This is speculated to be a quotation from Horace's Odes, book 2, ode 1 (below), where the words are addressed to Asinius Pollio, who, among other things, was a poet and playwright. In Horace's context they form part of a sentence meaning "beware the alliances of princes." The word for "beware" (or danger) is not, however present in the inscription, so it literally translates as "friendships of Princes". The fact that the word "friendships" appears in the accusative case in the inscription (rather than in the nominative, as one would expect if it were to stand alone), underscores the fact that the inscription was meant to allude to the passage in Horace 2.1.
Latin
English translation
Motum ex Metello consule ciuicum
bellique causas et uitia et modos
ludumque Fortunae grauisque
principum amicitias et arma
nondum expiatis uncta cruoribus,
periculosae plenum opus aleae,
tractas et incedis per ignis
suppositos cineri doloso.
You are writing on the civil disturbances during the consulship of Metellus, the causes of war, and the mistakes, and the methods, and the play of Fortune, and the destructive friendships of rulers, and weapons stained with blood still unatoned for. It is a work filled with dangerous chance, and you are walking over fires that smoulder with deceitful ashes.
The Cobbe portrait of Southampton
Cobbe portrait of Southampton
The claims regarding this portrait follow from research into another portrait in the Cobbe collection, also displayed at Hatchlands Park, which came to public attention in 2002 when the painting, which for three centuries had been identified as a portrait of a woman, "Lady Norton", was confidently identified as a portrait of a young man. The coincidence of distinctive features, the extraordinarily long hair, the high forehead, the long nose terminating in a bulb and the slender upper lip with known portraits of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, led to the conviction that it depicted Shakespeare's patron the 3rd Earl of Southampton himself, whose great-granddaughter was Lady Elizabeth Norton. The portrait is the earliest extant oil portrait of the androgynous-looking youthful Earl to survive and shows him at the time that Shakespeare dedicated his long poems Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594) to him. The Earl has often been suggested as the "Fair Youth" who is the love object in some of Shakespeare's sonnets. Alastair Laing of the National Trust wrote at the time that, "I am very happy indeed about the identification. Given the connection to Shakespeare and his sonnets, it is a very, very exciting discovery."
See also
Newbridge Estate
References
^ Hoyle, Ben (10 March 2009). "William Shakespeare portrait in Irish home painted from life, say experts". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
^ "William Shakespeare portrait could be 16th century courtier". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023.
^ a b c d e f Stanley Wells, editor. "A Life Portrait at Last: Portraits, Poet, Patron, Poems", The Cobbe Foundation and the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, 2009.
^ Mid Day, 27 April, 2011
^ Title page of the First Folio with Droeshout's engraved portrait of Shakespeare
^ a b Folger Shakespeare Library: Janssen portrait Archived 19 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ David Piper, O Sweet Mr. Shakespeare I'll Have His Picture: The Changing Image of Shakespeare's Person, 1600–1800, National Portrait Gallery, 1964, p.36
^ Tarnya Cooper (ed), Searching for Shakespeare, National Portrait Gallery and Yale Center for British Art, Yale University Press, 2006, p. 68; The Guardian, "Searching for Shakespeare"
^
Higgins, Charlotte (2 March 2006). "The only true painting of Shakespeare – probably". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
^ "Unique portrait from Shakespeare's life unveiled". CNN. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
^ Katz, Gregory. "The Bard? Portrait said to be Shakespeare unveiled." Associated Press, 9 March 2009.
^ Khan, Urmee (9 March 2009). "William Shakespeare painting unveiled". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
^ Robert Bearman, Shakespeare Quarterly, 60, 4, pp. 483–487 (2009)
^ Burns, John F. (9 March 2009). "Is This a Shakespeare Which I See Before Me?". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
^ "A portrait of William Shakespeare? 'Codswallop' says expert", Vanessa Thorpe in The Observer, 19 April 2009
^ Charlotte Higgins (11 March 2009). "To find the mind's construction in the face: The great Shakespeare debate". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
^ Duncan-Jones, Katherine. "Shakespeare Unfound(ed)? The real identity of the sitter for the new 'Shakespeare' portrait", The Times Literary Supplement, 18 March 2009.
^ Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel, "Viel Lärm um Nichts – Das jetzt gefundene und mit einigem Entdeckerstolz präsentierte Cobbe-Porträt ist kein authentisches lebensgetreues Bildnis William Shakespeares", Frankfurter Rundschau, 14–15 March 2009, pp. 34–35. English translation: "Much Ado About Nothing: why the Cobbe portrait is not an authentic, true-to-life portrait of William Shakespeare".
^ The Times Literary Supplement, March 25, 2009
^ a b "Historic 400-year-old Shakespeare portrait unveiled". Birmingham Post. 10 March 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
^ Randall L. B. McNeill, Horace: Image, Identity, and Audience, JHU Press, 2001, pp.128–9
^ a b Anthony Holden (21 April 2002). "That's no lady, that's..." The Observer. London. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cobbe portrait.
Website comparing alleged Shakespeare portraits
Article by the BBC on the Droeshout and Cobbe portraits
Article 1 by The Guardian on the Cobbe portrait
Article 2 by The Guardian on the Cobbe portrait
Article 3 by The Guardian on the Cobbe portrait
Article 1 by The Times on the authenticity of the Cobbe portrait
Article 2 by The Times on the authenticity of the Cobbe portrait
Discussion of the Cobbe portrait at the Shakespeare Quarterly Forum
vtePortraits, sculptures and memorials to William ShakespearePortraits
Chandos portrait
Droeshout portrait
Disputed
Ashbourne portrait
Cobbe portrait
Flower portrait
Sanders portrait
Sculptures
Shakespeare's funerary monument
Heminges and Condell Memorial
Statues
Central Park, New York
Leicester Square, London
British Library
Memorials
Boydell Shakespeare Gallery
Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobbe_portrait_of_Shakespeare.jpg"},{"link_name":"panel painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_painting"},{"link_name":"life portrait of William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits_of_William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hatchlands Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchlands_Park"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Charles Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland (Anglican) Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish"},{"link_name":"Cobbe family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbe_family"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare Birthplace Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Overbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Overbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"Morgan Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPT-3"}],"text":"The Cobbe portraitThe Cobbe portrait is an early Jacobean panel painting of a gentleman which has been argued to be a life portrait of William Shakespeare. It is displayed at Hatchlands Park in Surrey, a National Trust property, and the portrait is so-called because of its ownership by Charles Cobbe, Church of Ireland (Anglican) Archbishop of Dublin (1686–1765). There are numerous early copies of the painting, most of which were once identified as Shakespeare.The Cobbe original was only identified in the collection of the Anglo-Irish Cobbe family in 2006, and had until then been completely unknown to the world. Evidence uncovered by researchers at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust led to the claim, presented in March 2009, that the portrait is of William Shakespeare and painted from life.[1] Many scholars dismiss this theory and have provided evidence to identify the portrait as one of Sir Thomas Overbury.[2]The portrait has been the centrepiece of two exhibitions dedicated to it: Shakespeare Found: a Life Portrait at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Stratford-upon-Avon, from April–October 2009 and The Changing Face of William Shakespeare at the Morgan Library and Museum, New York, from February–May 2011. An illustrated catalogue provides details of the painting and its provenance.[3]","title":"Cobbe portrait"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"'Janssen' portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~28422~102045:Janssen-Portrait-of-Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Folger Shakespeare Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library"},{"link_name":"Droeshout engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droeshout_engraving"},{"link_name":"First Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPT-3"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPT-3"},{"link_name":"Stanley Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Wells"},{"link_name":"Henry Woudhuysen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Woudhuysen"},{"link_name":"Gregory Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Doran"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"Paul Joannides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Joannides_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Kerr Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Kerr_Institute"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Janssen_portrait.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Janssen_pre_1988.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yiyi_(author)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Support for the identification is drawn from several strands of evidence:The portrait descended in the Cobbe family together with a portrait of Shakespeare's patron, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton – the person most likely to have commissioned a portrait of Shakespeare – and they were inherited by Archbishop Cobbe through his cousin's wife, Southampton's great-granddaughter, who inherited Wriothesley heirlooms.\nAt least five early copies of the Cobbe portrait have long traditions as representing Shakespeare: in the case of one of them, the 'Janssen' portrait in the Folger Shakespeare Library (Washington, D.C.), the tradition is claimed to date to within living memory of Shakespeare. This is one of the longest Shakespeare traditions attaching to any oil portrait. Furthermore, the existence of so many early copies indicates that the sitter was a man of fame.\nThe Cobbe portrait is inscribed with the words Principum amicitias!, meaning 'the alliances of princes!', a quotation from Horace in an ode addressed to a man who was, among other things, a playwright (see below).\nThe Cobbe portrait, and even more so the Janssen copy, bears a compositional similarity with the Droeshout engraving published in the First Folio of 1623. The original or copy may have been a source for the engraving.\nScientific testing has shown that the portrait is painted on a panel of English oak sometime after 1595; the form of the collar suggests a painting date of around 1610.\nBoth the Cobbe portrait and the Janssen copy received alterations, in particular to the hairline.[3] In the Cobbe original, this alteration made the sitter look younger, and the copies of the Cobbe received this younger hairline. The later state of the Janssen was significantly aged compared with either version of the Cobbe, suggesting that the alteration was made either late in the sitter's life or after his death. A second \"bald\" copy of the Cobbe, originally owned by the Marquess of Dorchester, also exists.[3]The identification has received support from Shakespeare scholars Stanley Wells, Henry Woudhuysen, Jay L. Halio, Stuart Sillars, and Gregory Doran, chief associate director of the Royal Shakespeare Company, and art historians Alastair Laing, curator of paintings and sculpture at the National Trust, and Paul Joannides, professor of Art History at Cambridge.Supporters of the Shakespeare identification reject the arguments for Overbury. Research using tracings by Rupert Featherstone at the Hamilton Kerr Institute, University of Cambridge, has led him to conclude that the Cobbe portrait and the only documented portrait of Overbury in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, depict two different sitters.The Janssen portrait after 1988 restorationThe altered balding hairline in the \"original\" Janssen portrait, as it appeared when purchased by the Folger Shakespeare Library in the early 1930sSince the publicity surrounding it, the portrait has appeared on the covers of several books, and even inspired the Chinese author Zhang Yiyi to have a series of cosmetic surgeries to have his face transformed into that of Shakespeare.[4]","title":"Support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arden Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"Tarnya Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnya_Cooper"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Overbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Overbury"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The claims about the portrait have also met with considerable scepticism from other Shakespeareans and art experts, including Shakespeare scholar and general editor of the Arden Shakespeare David Scott Kastan, who has questioned the portrait's provenance, and Tarnya Cooper, curator of 16th-century portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, who believes that both the Cobbe and Janssen portraits represent Sir Thomas Overbury. Other scholars have noted numerous differences between the Cobbe portrait and the authentic but posthumous Droeshout engraving that appeared in the First Folio of Shakespeare's works.[5]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alec Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Janssen"},{"link_name":"Droeshout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Droeshout"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folger-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pip-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPG-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPT-3"},{"link_name":"Chandos portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandos_portrait"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chandos-9"}],"text":"The subject of the portrait was unidentified for centuries after passing into the ownership of the Cobbe family some time in the early 18th century.In 2006, Alec Cobbe viewed the \"Janssen portrait\", so-called because it was once attributed to the artist Cornelis Janssen. It belongs to Washington's Folger Shakespeare Library, and was on exhibition in the National Portrait Gallery in London; it bore a striking resemblance to the one owned by his family. The Janssen painting had long been claimed to be Shakespeare. However, the state of the painting that Cobbe viewed was not the one that showed the greatest resemblance to the standard engraved Droeshout image of Shakespeare with a high, balding forehead.[6] The removal of overpainting in 1988 had, in fact, revealed an earlier state with a much younger hairline. Shakespeare's age and date had also been added at some later time.In the exhibition catalogue the \"Janssen portrait\" was tentatively identified as a depiction of the courtier, poet and essayist Thomas Overbury. This suggestion dates back to an earlier exhibition in 1964, before the cleaning.[7] Nevertheless, the catalogue asserted that this was simply a guess.[8]Cobbe sought advice from the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Over a three-year period, a research project headed by Stanley Wells and Alastair Laing, performed a number of authentication studies on the portrait. Wells and Laing concluded that sufficient circumstantial evidence exists to announce the project's findings. They also suggested that the \"Janssen portrait\" was a copy of the Cobbe portrait. As is detailed in the catalogue of the 2009 exhibition \"Shakespeare Found\", several other early copies of the Cobbe portrait have been located and no less than three of them have independent traditions as portraits of Shakespeare.[3]In 2006, the National Portrait Gallery concluded that the so-called Chandos portrait was then the only existing portrait painted during the life of Shakespeare.[9] If verified, the Cobbe portrait would become the second portrait of William Shakespeare possibly painted from life.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"growth-ring testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPT-3"},{"link_name":"Martin Droeshout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Droeshout"},{"link_name":"First Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Folio"},{"link_name":"Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobbeap-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPT-3"},{"link_name":"doublet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folger-6"}],"text":"After extensive infra-red and x-ray test analysis including growth-ring testing of the panel on which the portrait is painted, scientists have estimated that the panel is from around 1610.[10]\nAccording to Stanley Wells[3] the portrait has been in the possession of the Cobbe family since the early 18th century and is most likely a portrait of Shakespeare. It, or more likely a copy such as the Janssen, is possibly the source of Martin Droeshout's familiar engraving on the title page of the Shakespeare First Folio (1623). The portrait is thought to have been commissioned by Shakespeare's patron, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton.[11][12] Wells said:The evidence that it represents Shakespeare and that it was done from life, though it is circumstantial, is in my view overwhelming. I feel in little doubt that this is a portrait of Shakespeare, done from life and commissioned by the Earl of Southampton.In deciding between the Cobbe original and one of its copies as a source for the engraving, Wells draws attention to a greater similarity in the shape of\nthe figure between the engraving and the Janssen copy.[3] Although many details of the doublet and collar are eliminated in the engraving, the angle and length of the arms, the shape of the fabric at the shoulders, and the length of the torso, all show a greater resemblance in the Janssen.[6] The alteration to the hairline of the Janssen must date before 1770, when an engraving was made of the painting in its altered state, but its timing relative to the production of the Droeshout engraving is unknown. The fact that this alteration was made, in part, to reverse an earlier alteration to the hairline in the Cobbe suggests to Wells that it was made independently, and that the Janssen copy may have been used as a source for the engraving in this aged state.","title":"Proposal of Stanley Wells and collaborators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Roy Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Strong"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Overbury_Bodleian_Library.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Overbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Overbury"},{"link_name":"The Times Literary Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement"},{"link_name":"Katherine Duncan-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Duncan-Jones"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Hammerschmidt-Hummel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"David Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Piper_(curator)"},{"link_name":"John Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"a portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Fletcher_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In a review of the exhibition catalogue edited by Wells, Robert Bearman writes: \"It is strongly argued that there is a striking resemblance between the newly discovered portrait (or, rather, a copy) and the Droeshout engraving of Shakespeare, and that the painting might itself have been used by Droeshout.\"\nBearman also expresses scepticism about the link with Shakespeare's patron Wriothesley.[13]Other experts are even more sceptical, and suggest that even the circumstantial evidence is weak. Shakespeare scholar David Scott Kastan also took the view that there were reasons to question the Cobbe portrait's provenance – whether it was in fact once owned by the Earl of Southampton or commissioned by him, as the Trust representatives believe – and to doubt whether the richly dressed man in the portrait was Shakespeare. \"If I had to bet, I would say it's not Shakespeare\", Kastan said. But even if it were, he said, the traditions of Elizabethan portraiture meant that it would be unwise to conclude that Shakespeare actually looked like the figure depicted in the portrait. \"It might be a portrait of Shakespeare, but not a likeness, because the convention of portraiture at the time was often to idealise the subject\", he said.[14]Sir Roy Strong, former director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Portrait Gallery, and a leading scholar of Elizabethan and Jacobean portraiture, has called Wells's claims \"codswallop\".[15] Dr Tarnya Cooper, curator of 16th century portraits at the National Portrait Gallery, also voiced scepticism. While acknowledging that the Janssen portrait and the Cobbe portrait are versions of the same image, she believes it likely that both portraits represent Sir Thomas Overbury. Of Wells's identification of the sitter as Shakespeare, she said, \"I respect Wells's scholarship enormously, but portraiture is a very different area, and this doesn't add up.\"[16]This portrait of Sir Thomas Overbury, bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in 1740, has been suggested as the source of the smaller Cobbe or Janssen portraits.Writing in The Times Literary Supplement Shakespeare biographer Katherine Duncan-Jones also favours the identification of the subject as Overbury:An authentic portrait of Sir Thomas Overbury (1581–1613) was bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in Oxford in 1740. This picture bears a startling resemblance to the \"Cobbe\" painting (and its companions). Features such as a distinctive bushy hairline, and a slightly malformed left ear that may once have borne the weight of a jewelled earring, appear identical. Even the man's beautifully intricate lace collar, though not identical in pattern, shares overall design with \"Cobbe\", having square rather than rounded corners.[17]Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel wrote that the Cobbe portrait was not an authentic likeness of Shakespeare. She noted the opinion of Eberhard J. Nikitsch, a specialist in inscriptions, who said that the script of the painting's inscription was not commonly used in early 17th-century portraits, and that it must have been added later.[18]Wells and his colleagues have responded to the criticisms, arguing that David Piper's original 1964 identification of the Janssen as Overbury was based on the misreading of an inventory. They also assert that the hairline was altered before 1630, because another copy of that date already showed the balding forehead. They counter Duncan-Jones's argument that the costume is too aristocratic for Shakespeare by comparing it to that worn by Shakespeare's colleague and collaborator John Fletcher in a portrait of the period.[19]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirminghamPost-20"},{"link_name":"Horace's Odes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odes_(Horace)"},{"link_name":"Asinius Pollio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio_(consul_40_BC)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BirminghamPost-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton.jpg"}],"text":"The portrait includes the Latin legend Principum amicitias! (\"The Friendships of Princes!\") painted above the sitter's head. This is speculated[20] to be a quotation from Horace's Odes, book 2, ode 1 (below), where the words are addressed to Asinius Pollio, who, among other things, was a poet and playwright. In Horace's context they form part of a sentence meaning \"beware the alliances of princes.\"[20] The word for \"beware\" (or danger[ous]) is not, however present in the inscription, so it literally translates as \"friendships of Princes\". The fact that the word \"friendships\" appears in the accusative case in the inscription (rather than in the nominative, as one would expect if it were to stand alone), underscores the fact that the inscription was meant to allude to the passage in Horace 2.1.The Cobbe portrait of Southampton","title":"Latin text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hatchlands Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchlands_Park"},{"link_name":"Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sou-22"},{"link_name":"Venus and Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Lucrece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece"},{"link_name":"\"Fair Youth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets#Fair_Youth"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare's sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sou-22"}],"text":"The claims regarding this portrait follow from research into another portrait in the Cobbe collection, also displayed at Hatchlands Park, which came to public attention in 2002 when the painting, which for three centuries had been identified as a portrait of a woman, \"Lady Norton\", was confidently identified as a portrait of a young man. The coincidence of distinctive features, the extraordinarily long hair, the high forehead, the long nose terminating in a bulb and the slender upper lip with known portraits of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, led to the conviction that it depicted Shakespeare's patron the 3rd Earl of Southampton himself, whose great-granddaughter was Lady Elizabeth Norton.[22] The portrait is the earliest extant oil portrait of the androgynous-looking youthful Earl to survive and shows him at the time that Shakespeare dedicated his long poems Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594) to him. The Earl has often been suggested as the \"Fair Youth\" who is the love object in some of Shakespeare's sonnets. Alastair Laing of the National Trust wrote at the time that, \"I am very happy indeed about the identification. Given the connection to Shakespeare and his sonnets, it is a very, very exciting discovery.\"[22]","title":"Cobbe portrait of Southampton"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Cobbe portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cobbe_portrait_of_Shakespeare.jpg/250px-Cobbe_portrait_of_Shakespeare.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Janssen portrait after 1988 restoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Janssen_portrait.jpg/220px-Janssen_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"The altered balding hairline in the \"original\" Janssen portrait, as it appeared when purchased by the Folger Shakespeare Library in the early 1930s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Janssen_pre_1988.jpg/220px-Janssen_pre_1988.jpg"},{"image_text":"This portrait of Sir Thomas Overbury, bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in 1740, has been suggested as the source of the smaller Cobbe or Janssen portraits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Thomas_Overbury_Bodleian_Library.jpg/220px-Thomas_Overbury_Bodleian_Library.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cobbe portrait of Southampton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Henry_Wriothesley%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton.jpg/170px-Henry_Wriothesley%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Newbridge Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbridge_Estate"}]
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[{"reference":"Hoyle, Ben (10 March 2009). \"William Shakespeare portrait in Irish home painted from life, say experts\". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article5877560.ece","url_text":"\"William Shakespeare portrait in Irish home painted from life, say experts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"William Shakespeare portrait could be 16th century courtier\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/5019141/William-Shakespeare-portrait-could-be-16th-century-courtier.html","url_text":"\"William Shakespeare portrait could be 16th century courtier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230625104141/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/5019141/William-Shakespeare-portrait-could-be-16th-century-courtier.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Charlotte (2 March 2006). \"The only true painting of Shakespeare – probably\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120712221704/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,329424549-110427,00.html","url_text":"\"The only true painting of Shakespeare – probably\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"http://arts.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,329424549-110427,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unique portrait from Shakespeare's life unveiled\". CNN. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/09/william.shakespeare.portrait/index.html","url_text":"\"Unique portrait from Shakespeare's life unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Urmee (9 March 2009). \"William Shakespeare painting unveiled\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/4962365/Painting-thought-to-be-the-first-portrait-of-William-Shakespeare-done-in-his-lifetime.html","url_text":"\"William Shakespeare painting unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Burns, John F. (9 March 2009). \"Is This a Shakespeare Which I See Before Me?\". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/10/world/europe/10shakespeare.html?fta=y","url_text":"\"Is This a Shakespeare Which I See Before Me?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Charlotte Higgins (11 March 2009). \"To find the mind's construction in the face: The great Shakespeare debate\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/mar/11/shakespeare-cobbe-portrait","url_text":"\"To find the mind's construction in the face: The great Shakespeare debate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic 400-year-old Shakespeare portrait unveiled\". Birmingham Post. 10 March 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/news/local-news/historic-400-year-old-shakespeare-portrait-unveiled-3948703","url_text":"\"Historic 400-year-old Shakespeare portrait unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Post","url_text":"Birmingham Post"}]},{"reference":"Anthony Holden (21 April 2002). \"That's no lady, that's...\" The Observer. London. Retrieved 10 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/apr/21/artsandhumanities.highereducation","url_text":"\"That's no lady, that's...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Banning
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Phineas Banning
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["1 Early life","2 California and enterprise","3 Family life","4 Southern California development: 1860–1880","4.1 Civil War California","4.2 1870s: Railroads, industries, and breakwaters","5 Final years","6 Legacy","7 See also","8 Notes","9 External links"]
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American businessman (1830–1885)
For the high school, see Phineas Banning High School.
Phineas BanningFounder of the Port of Los AngelesBorn(1830-08-19)August 19, 1830Wilmington, Delaware, USDiedMarch 8, 1885(1885-03-08) (aged 54)San Francisco, California, USOccupationBusinessmanSpouse(s)Rebecca Sanford (1856–1868) (her death) Mary Hollister (1870–1885) (his death)
Phineas Banning (August 19, 1830 – March 8, 1885) was an American businessman, financier and entrepreneur.
Known as "The Father of the Port of Los Angeles," he was one of the founders of the town of Wilmington, in Los Angeles County, California, which was named for his birthplace. His drive and ambition laid the foundations for what would become one of the busiest ports in the world.
Besides operating a freighting business, Banning operated a stage coach line between San Pedro and Wilmington, and later between Banning, California, which was named in his honor, and Yuma, Arizona.
During the Civil War, he ceded land to the Union Army to build a fort at Wilmington, the Drum Barracks. He was appointed a brigadier general of the First Brigade of the militia, and used the title of general for the rest of his life.
Early life
Banning was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the seventh of 11 children to John Alford Banning (1790–1851) and Elizabeth Lowber (1792–1861). At age 13, he moved to Philadelphia to work in his oldest brother's law firm. By his late teens, Banning was working on the dockyards of Philadelphia. At the age of 20, he signed up to work a passage to a then-exotic destination – Southern California.
California and enterprise
Banning's Landing, Wilmington, 1870
Banning arrived in San Pedro, California, in 1851, after a long land and sea journey that included crossing the isthmus of Panama before taking another ship to California. The 21-year-old was ambitious and worked in the fishing village of San Pedro, initially as a store clerk, and later as a stagecoach driver on the line that connected the hamlet with the pueblo of Los Angeles, a town of less than 2,000 people 20 miles (30 km) to the north.
Banning was elected to a one-year term on the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of that city, beginning May 10, 1858, and ending May 9, 1859.
Banning began his own staging and shipping company. By the 1860s, Banning stagecoach wagons were traveling to Salt Lake City, the Kern River gold fields, the new military installation at Yuma, Arizona, the Mormon settlement at San Bernardino, and in an arc around the Southern California region.
Banning was not content to consolidate business interests in staging. He also began expanding the harbor and docks at San Pedro from their beginnings as illegal exchange sites for mission contraband during the Spanish and Mexican eras, and made them efficient enterprises. In the late 1850s Banning and a group of Southern California investors purchased 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land adjacent to San Pedro for port expansion. The land purchase was incorporated as Wilmington, after Banning's Delaware birthplace, and his facility became known as Banning's Landing. Banning invested the profits from his trade networks into the development of a more sophisticated port complex and for the creation of roads, telegraphs, and other connections to Los Angeles. In 1859, the first ocean-going vessel anchored in Los Angeles-Wilmington harbor, and the 1860s saw the beginning of small-scale maritime trade between San Pedro and ships anchored in the deeper parts of the harbor. After government-funded dredging made a deep water harbor and breakwater a reality, the port continued to grow.
Family life
In 1856, Banning married Rebecca Sanford (1837–1868), the younger sister of his first California employer. Phineas and Rebecca had eight children, of which three survived into adulthood – William Banning (1857–1946), Joseph Brent Banning (1862–1920), and Hancock Banning (1866–1925).
Family life was relatively stable in the Banning household, and Phineas was a doting, if distant father to his three boys, who grew up around the expanding docks in San Pedro. Rebecca Banning died in childbirth in 1868, and the infant, Vincent Banning, died as well.
Mary E. Hollister Banning
In 1870, Banning married Mary Hollister (1846–1919), a wealthy heiress whose family lent their name to the city of Hollister, California. Phineas and Mary had three children, two of which survived to adulthood – Mary Hollister Banning (1871–1953) and Lucy Tichenor Banning (1873–1929).
Southern California development: 1860–1880
Civil War California
Following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, several Southern states broke away to form the Confederate States of America, which marked the beginning of the American Civil War (1861–1865). The effects of the war were felt in California, and particularly in Los Angeles, which had many Southern sympathizers, an alarming development for the new territory. An astute businessman and a vocal patriot, Banning and fellow Californian politician Benjamin Wilson donated adjacent plots of land in Wilmington for a military base. The outpost, named Drum Barracks, or Camp Drum (1861–1871), served as headquarters for the Union's Southwestern command for the state of California and territory of Arizona. The move brought Union troops to Wilmington, further enriching Banning. He was nearly killed, along with his first wife Rebecca, when the boiler exploded on one of his packet steamers, the SS Ada Hancock, in 1863. After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Drum Barracks was decommissioned, but the port and harbor continued to grow. Banning was an avowed Unionist and was friends with Winfield Scott Hancock when Hancock was stationed in Los Angeles. Phineas' son Hancock was named after the general.
The American government presented Banning with an honorary title, that of Brigadier General of the California First Brigade. The title was purely honorary, with no basis in military service, yet Banning insisted on being referred to as "General Banning" for the remainder of his life.
1870s: Railroads, industries, and breakwaters
Banning in 1883
Between 1868 and 1869 he organized the construction of Southern California's first railroad, the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad which he sold to the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1873.
Banning spent the 1870s in a frenzy of activity. As a California state senator, he campaigned for greater transportation connections to the city of Los Angeles and the growing port, his personal project. Banning eventually pushed through a plan for a small railroad linking Wilmington/San Pedro with the main city of Los Angeles, effectively halving the time necessary for the trip, but the plan was short-lived. The Southern Pacific Railroad began building track to connect Southern California to the greater national railroad lines, and demanded much of Los Angeles' prime real estate, an enormous sum of money, and Banning's small connector line railroad in exchange for adding Los Angeles as a terminus on the railroad. Realizing that Los Angeles would wither into nothingness if the company bypassed it, the city complied and Banning surrendered his hard-earned railroad.
Several personal successes marked the decade for Banning. The first breakwater was built for the nascent port in 1873, and Banning began to work for the Southern Pacific as a railroad agent.
Final years
By 1880, Banning had moved to Wilmington and managed several smaller business interests.
He was in poor health for two years prior to his death, suffering from liver and kidney problems. His disease was aggravated by an accident in San Francisco, where he was knocked down and run over by an express wagon.
Banning died at age 54 at the Occidental Hotel in San Francisco. He is interred in the Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery, Los Angeles.
Legacy
Banning's legacies lived on, and his dreams were realized with the federal approval of the Port of Los Angeles in the early 20th century, and the completion of a full breakwater in 1914, creating one of the world's busiest harbors. Banning's chief residence, the Banning House, was constructed in Wilmington in 1864. It is open to the public as a museum devoted to the Victorian era in California.
See also
David W. Alexander, 19th century Los Angeles, California, politician and sheriff
Casa Adobe De San Rafael
List of Riverside County, California, placename etymologies#Banning
Notes
^ a b Morrison, Patt (August 3, 2023). "Real estate, transit, oil — how early L.A. built fortunes and bred scoundrels". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
^ a b c Krythe, M. (1957). Port admiral: Phineas Banning. San Francisco: California Historical Society.
^ a b Queenan, C. (1986). Long Beach and Los Angeles: A tale of two ports. Northridge: Windsor Publications.
^ Chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials, 1850–1938, compiled under direction of Municipal Reference Library, City Hall, Los Angeles (March 1938, reprinted 1966). "Prepared ... as a report on Project No. SA 3123-5703-6077-8121-9900 conducted under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration."
^ Nathan Masters (March 14, 2012). "Photos: L.A.'s First Railroads Connected the Region to the Global Economy". Socal Focus. KCET.
^ a b Los Angeles Times, March 10, 1885, "Gen. Phineas Banning – Death of a Pioneer of Los Angeles County," p. 1
^ Notable Interments & Their Families Archived December 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery, Retrieved December 12, 2011
^ Big Orange Landmarks: No. 25 – General Phineas Banning Residence – Wilmington
^ Banning Residence Museum, Wilmington
External links
A Beacon in the Wilderness: The History of the Port of Los Angeles
Phineas Banning at Find a Grave
vteMembers of the Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1889)Presidents: AlexanderRequenaMellusNicholsDrownCoronelPotterSternsWoodworthHuberPerryMorrisonKingJonesO'MelvenySabichiBeaudryMacDougallCohnBeckLawlorSpenceMoranMooreMilesSinsabaughBreedHumphreysKuhrtsMembers (1850–1870)
Cristobal Aguilar
David W. Alexander
David Anderson
James Baldwin
Peter Baltz
Phineas Banning
John Barre
Joseph Bayer
Alexander Bell
Dionisio Botiller
Leonicio Botiller
Narciso Botello
Andrew A. Boyle
George Henry Carson
Samuel Bradford Caswell
Caro W. Childs
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Ira Gilchrist
Morris L. Goodman
John Goller
Lewis Granger
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Joseph Lancaster Grant
Jose Vicente Guerrero
Vincent A. Hoover
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Arnold Jacobi
Charles H. Johnson
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Wilson W. Jones
Matthew Keller
John King
Solomon Lazard
Obed Macy
Damien Marchesseault
Luis B. Martinez
Hiram McLaughlin
Lewis Meinzer
Francis Mellus
Jacob Metzger
William Moore
Moritz Morris
Murray Morrison
Elijah Moulton
Henry R. Myles
Myron Norton
Agustin Olvera
William H. Perry
William H. Peterson
Nehemiah A. Potter
David M. Porter
Augustine Poulain
William R. Rand
Manuel Requena
William Whipple Robinson
Louis Roeder
Tomas A. Sanchez
William T. B. Sanford
John Schumacher
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Philip Sichel
Felix Signoret
Abel Stearns
Eli Taylor
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John Turner
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Joseph G. Carmona
F. Tamiet
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Cayetano Apablasa
Ezra M. Hamilton
Louis Meinzer
John Schaeffer
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William Norton Monroe
J. G. Bower
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Thomas Goss
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George Fall
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James W. Potts
John Edward Hollenbeck
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John Bobenreith
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Henry Hammel
Frank R. Day
John Frederick Holbrook
Martin V. Biscailuz
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5th Ward
William B. Lawlor
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Hiram Sinsabaugh
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His drive and ambition laid the foundations for what would become one of the busiest ports in the world.Besides operating a freighting business, Banning operated a stage coach line between San Pedro and Wilmington, and later between Banning, California, which was named in his honor, and Yuma, Arizona.[1]During the Civil War, he ceded land to the Union Army to build a fort at Wilmington, the Drum Barracks. He was appointed a brigadier general of the First Brigade of the militia, and used the title of general for the rest of his life.","title":"Phineas Banning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"law firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"dockyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krythe-2"}],"text":"Banning was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the seventh of 11 children to John Alford Banning (1790–1851) and Elizabeth Lowber (1792–1861). At age 13, he moved to Philadelphia to work in his oldest brother's law firm. By his late teens, Banning was working on the dockyards of Philadelphia. At the age of 20, he signed up to work a passage to a then-exotic destination – Southern California.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilmington-1870.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Queenan-3"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Common Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Common_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"staging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staging_(stagecoaches)"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Kern River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_River"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krythe-2"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Missions_of_California"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Queenan-3"}],"text":"Banning's Landing, Wilmington, 1870Banning arrived in San Pedro, California, in 1851, after a long land and sea journey that included crossing the isthmus of Panama before taking another ship to California. The 21-year-old was ambitious and worked in the fishing village of San Pedro, initially as a store clerk, and later as a stagecoach driver on the line that connected the hamlet with the pueblo of Los Angeles, a town of less than 2,000 people 20 miles (30 km) to the north.[3]Banning was elected to a one-year term on the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of that city, beginning May 10, 1858, and ending May 9, 1859.[4]Banning began his own staging and shipping company. By the 1860s, Banning stagecoach wagons were traveling to Salt Lake City, the Kern River gold fields, the new military installation at Yuma, Arizona, the Mormon settlement at San Bernardino, and in an arc around the Southern California region.[2]Banning was not content to consolidate business interests in staging. He also began expanding the harbor and docks at San Pedro from their beginnings as illegal exchange sites for mission contraband during the Spanish and Mexican eras, and made them efficient enterprises. In the late 1850s Banning and a group of Southern California investors purchased 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land adjacent to San Pedro for port expansion. The land purchase was incorporated as Wilmington, after Banning's Delaware birthplace, and his facility became known as Banning's Landing. Banning invested the profits from his trade networks into the development of a more sophisticated port complex and for the creation of roads, telegraphs, and other connections to Los Angeles. In 1859, the first ocean-going vessel anchored in Los Angeles-Wilmington harbor, and the 1860s saw the beginning of small-scale maritime trade between San Pedro and ships anchored in the deeper parts of the harbor. After government-funded dredging made a deep water harbor and breakwater a reality, the port continued to grow.[3]","title":"California and enterprise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_E._Hollister_Banning,_portrait_(00081952).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hollister, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister,_California"}],"text":"In 1856, Banning married Rebecca Sanford (1837–1868), the younger sister of his first California employer. Phineas and Rebecca had eight children, of which three survived into adulthood – William Banning (1857–1946), Joseph Brent Banning (1862–1920), and Hancock Banning (1866–1925).Family life was relatively stable in the Banning household, and Phineas was a doting, if distant father to his three boys, who grew up around the expanding docks in San Pedro. Rebecca Banning died in childbirth in 1868, and the infant, Vincent Banning, died as well.Mary E. Hollister BanningIn 1870, Banning married Mary Hollister (1846–1919), a wealthy heiress whose family lent their name to the city of Hollister, California. Phineas and Mary had three children, two of which survived to adulthood – Mary Hollister Banning (1871–1953) and Lucy Tichenor Banning (1873–1929).","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Southern California development: 1860–1880"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Southern sympathizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Davis_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Drum Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"SS Ada Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Ada_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Winfield Scott Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT_2023-08-03-1"}],"sub_title":"Civil War California","text":"Following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, several Southern states broke away to form the Confederate States of America, which marked the beginning of the American Civil War (1861–1865). The effects of the war were felt in California, and particularly in Los Angeles, which had many Southern sympathizers, an alarming development for the new territory. An astute businessman and a vocal patriot, Banning and fellow Californian politician Benjamin Wilson donated adjacent plots of land in Wilmington for a military base. The outpost, named Drum Barracks, or Camp Drum (1861–1871), served as headquarters for the Union's Southwestern command for the state of California and territory of Arizona. The move brought Union troops to Wilmington, further enriching Banning. He was nearly killed, along with his first wife Rebecca, when the boiler exploded on one of his packet steamers, the SS Ada Hancock, in 1863. After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Drum Barracks was decommissioned, but the port and harbor continued to grow. Banning was an avowed Unionist and was friends with Winfield Scott Hancock when Hancock was stationed in Los Angeles. Phineas' son Hancock was named after the general.The American government presented Banning with an honorary title, that of Brigadier General of the California First Brigade. The title was purely honorary, with no basis in military service, yet Banning insisted on being referred to as \"General Banning\" for the remainder of his life.[1]","title":"Southern California development: 1860–1880"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gen._Phineas_Banning_(00040887).jpg"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_%26_San_Pedro_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kcet2-5"},{"link_name":"California state senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krythe-2"}],"sub_title":"1870s: Railroads, industries, and breakwaters","text":"Banning in 1883Between 1868 and 1869 he organized the construction of Southern California's first railroad, the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad which he sold to the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1873.[5]Banning spent the 1870s in a frenzy of activity. As a California state senator, he campaigned for greater transportation connections to the city of Los Angeles and the growing port, his personal project. Banning eventually pushed through a plan for a small railroad linking Wilmington/San Pedro with the main city of Los Angeles, effectively halving the time necessary for the trip, but the plan was short-lived. The Southern Pacific Railroad began building track to connect Southern California to the greater national railroad lines, and demanded much of Los Angeles' prime real estate, an enormous sum of money, and Banning's small connector line railroad in exchange for adding Los Angeles as a terminus on the railroad. Realizing that Los Angeles would wither into nothingness if the company bypassed it, the city complied and Banning surrendered his hard-earned railroad.[2]\nSeveral personal successes marked the decade for Banning. The first breakwater was built for the nascent port in 1873, and Banning began to work for the Southern Pacific as a railroad agent.","title":"Southern California development: 1860–1880"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-6"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-6"},{"link_name":"Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelus-Rosedale_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"By 1880, Banning had moved to Wilmington and managed several smaller business interests.He was in poor health for two years prior to his death, suffering from liver and kidney problems. His disease was aggravated by an accident in San Francisco, where he was knocked down and run over by an express wagon.[6]Banning died at age 54 at the Occidental Hotel in San Francisco.[6] He is interred in the Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery, Los Angeles.[7]","title":"Final years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"breakwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)"},{"link_name":"Banning House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banning_House"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Banning's legacies lived on, and his dreams were realized with the federal approval of the Port of Los Angeles in the early 20th century, and the completion of a full breakwater in 1914, creating one of the world's busiest harbors. Banning's chief residence, the Banning House, was constructed in Wilmington in 1864.[8] It is open to the public as a museum devoted to the Victorian era in California.[9]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAT_2023-08-03_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LAT_2023-08-03_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Real estate, transit, oil — how early L.A. built fortunes and bred scoundrels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-08-03/real-estate-transit-oil-how-early-la-built-fortunes-and-bred-scoundrels"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krythe_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krythe_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Krythe_2-2"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Queenan_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Queenan_3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kcet2_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Photos: L.A.'s First Railroads Connected the Region to the Global Economy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/photos-las-first-railroads.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LATimes_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LATimes_6-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Notable Interments & Their Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//angelusrosedale.com/interments.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111228023726/http://angelusrosedale.com/interments.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Big Orange Landmarks: No. 25 – General Phineas Banning Residence – Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2007/05/no-25-general-phineas-banning-residence.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Banning Residence Museum, Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.banningmuseum.org"}],"text":"^ a b Morrison, Patt (August 3, 2023). \"Real estate, transit, oil — how early L.A. built fortunes and bred scoundrels\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 4, 2023.\n\n^ a b c Krythe, M. (1957). Port admiral: Phineas Banning. San Francisco: California Historical Society.[page needed][ISBN missing]\n\n^ a b Queenan, C. (1986). Long Beach and Los Angeles: A tale of two ports. Northridge: Windsor Publications.[ISBN missing][page needed]\n\n^ Chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials, 1850–1938, compiled under direction of Municipal Reference Library, City Hall, Los Angeles (March 1938, reprinted 1966). \"Prepared ... as a report on Project No. SA 3123-5703-6077-8121-9900 conducted under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration.\"\n\n^ Nathan Masters (March 14, 2012). \"Photos: L.A.'s First Railroads Connected the Region to the Global Economy\". Socal Focus. KCET.\n\n^ a b Los Angeles Times, March 10, 1885, \"Gen. Phineas Banning – Death of a Pioneer of Los Angeles County,\" p. 1\n\n^ Notable Interments & Their Families Archived December 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery, Retrieved December 12, 2011\n\n^ Big Orange Landmarks: No. 25 – General Phineas Banning Residence – Wilmington\n\n^ Banning Residence Museum, Wilmington","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Banning's Landing, Wilmington, 1870","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wilmington-1870.jpg/250px-Wilmington-1870.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mary E. Hollister Banning","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mary_E._Hollister_Banning%2C_portrait_%2800081952%29.jpg/170px-Mary_E._Hollister_Banning%2C_portrait_%2800081952%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Banning in 1883","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gen._Phineas_Banning_%2800040887%29.jpg/125px-Gen._Phineas_Banning_%2800040887%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"David W. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Alexander"},{"title":"Casa Adobe De San Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Adobe_De_San_Rafael"},{"title":"List of Riverside County, California, placename etymologies#Banning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Riverside_County,_California,_placename_etymologies#Banning"}]
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[{"reference":"Morrison, Patt (August 3, 2023). \"Real estate, transit, oil — how early L.A. built fortunes and bred scoundrels\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-08-03/real-estate-transit-oil-how-early-la-built-fortunes-and-bred-scoundrels","url_text":"\"Real estate, transit, oil — how early L.A. built fortunes and bred scoundrels\""}]},{"reference":"Nathan Masters (March 14, 2012). \"Photos: L.A.'s First Railroads Connected the Region to the Global Economy\". Socal Focus. KCET.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/photos-las-first-railroads.html","url_text":"\"Photos: L.A.'s First Railroads Connected the Region to the Global Economy\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-08-03/real-estate-transit-oil-how-early-la-built-fortunes-and-bred-scoundrels","external_links_name":"\"Real estate, transit, oil — how early L.A. built fortunes and bred scoundrels\""},{"Link":"http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/photos-las-first-railroads.html","external_links_name":"\"Photos: L.A.'s First Railroads Connected the Region to the Global Economy\""},{"Link":"http://angelusrosedale.com/interments.php","external_links_name":"Notable Interments & Their Families"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111228023726/http://angelusrosedale.com/interments.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2007/05/no-25-general-phineas-banning-residence.html","external_links_name":"Big Orange Landmarks: No. 25 – General Phineas Banning Residence – Wilmington"},{"Link":"http://www.banningmuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Banning Residence Museum, Wilmington"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240524172008/https://www.webcitation.org/5ko5dQXW0?url=http://www.geocities.com/socsea84/beaconinwilderness.html","external_links_name":"A Beacon in the Wilderness: The History of the Port of Los Angeles"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/3701","external_links_name":"Phineas Banning"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/356375/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/34346664","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRMtqYyDKBDYC4M4gqcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95019044","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x92pf5","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Kelsey
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Carl Kelsey
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["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Students","4 References","5 External links"]
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American sociologist
Carl KelseyBorn(1870-09-02)September 2, 1870Grinnell, IowaDiedOctober 15, 1953(1953-10-15) (aged 83)Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaEducationIowa College, Andover Theological Seminary, University of Göttingen, University of PennsylvaniaScientific careerFieldsSociologyInstitutionsUniversity of PennsylvaniaThesisThe Negro Farmer (1903)Notable studentsWillard Waller, Richard R. Wright, Jr.
Carl Kelsey (September 2, 1870 in Grinnell, Iowa—October 15, 1953 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American sociologist and professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.
Biography
A native of Grinnell, Iowa, Kelsey was educated at Iowa College, Andover Theological Seminary, the University of Göttingen, and the University of Pennsylvania. He began his career as a social worker in Helena, Montana in 1895, before moving to do the same job in Buffalo, New York, Boston, and Chicago. In 1903, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, and joined their faculty as an instructor the same year. He became an assistant professor there in 1904, and a full professor in 1907. From 1913 to 1925, he was the vice president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and served as its secretary for many years.
Work
Kelsey's best known book is The Negro Farmer, originally published as his Ph.D. thesis in 1903. It argued that African American farmers were incompetent, in line with mainstream stereotypes at the time. He became active in the child welfare movement in the early 1900s. He helped establish the Philadelphia Training School for Social Work in 1908 and served as its consulting director for the following year. This school later became the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice, which is one of the most prestigious social work programs in the United States. Though he originally believed in a Lamarckian view of human characteristics, this changed starting in 1907. That year, he became a prominent proponent of the Boasian view that all races were approximately equal in their mental ability, and that racial differences were "largely superficial".
Students
Among his students were Willard Waller, Richard R. Wright, Jr., and Alice Paul.
References
^ Waller, Willard (October 1970). Willard W. Waller on the Family, Education, and War. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780226871523.
^ Morris, Aldon (2015-08-27). The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology. Univ of California Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780520960480.
^ Handy, William Matthews; Higgins, Charles (1906). The Making of America. Making of America. pp. 386.
^ Register - University of California. University of California Press. 1937. p. 6.
^ Charities and the Commons. Charity Organization Society. 1908. p. 395.
^ Washington, Booker T.; Harlan, Louis R. (November 1984). Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 13: 1914-15. Assistant Editors, Susan Valenza and Sadie M. Harlan. University of Illinois Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780252011252.
^ "Deaths Elsewhere". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1953-10-19. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ Wilson, Francille Rusan (2006). The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890-1950. University of Virginia Press. p. 270. ISBN 9780813925509.
^ a b Hollandsworth, James G. (2008). Portrait of a Scientific Racist: Alfred Holt Stone of Mississippi. LSU Press. p. 260. ISBN 9780807134832.
^ Lloyd, Mark Frazier (2008-01-01). "100 Years: A Centennial History of the School of Social Policy & Practice". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Philadelphia Training School for Social Work - 1908 - Social Welfare History Project". Social Welfare History Project. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ Degler, Carl N. (1992-11-05). In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–7. ISBN 9780199729012.
^ University of Pennsylvania, University Archives & Record Center (1912). "Transcript Record of Alice Paul, 1912: Alice Paul, M.A. 1907, Ph.D., 1912". Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
External links
Works by Carl Kelsey at Project Gutenberg
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grinnell, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinnell,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Carl Kelsey (September 2, 1870 in Grinnell, Iowa—October 15, 1953 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American sociologist and professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania.","title":"Carl Kelsey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grinnell, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinnell,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_College"},{"link_name":"Andover Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"Helena, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Political and Social Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"A native of Grinnell, Iowa, Kelsey was educated at Iowa College, Andover Theological Seminary, the University of Göttingen, and the University of Pennsylvania.[3] He began his career as a social worker in Helena, Montana in 1895, before moving to do the same job in Buffalo, New York, Boston, and Chicago. In 1903, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, and joined their faculty as an instructor the same year. He became an assistant professor there in 1904, and a full professor in 1907.[4][5] From 1913 to 1925, he was the vice president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,[6] and served as its secretary for many years.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"child welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_welfare"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Training School for Social Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Training_School_for_Social_Work"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollandsworth-9"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Social_Policy_and_Practice"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hollandsworth-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lamarckian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckian"},{"link_name":"Boasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boasian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kelsey's best known book is The Negro Farmer, originally published as his Ph.D. thesis in 1903. It argued that African American farmers were incompetent, in line with mainstream stereotypes at the time.[8] He became active in the child welfare movement in the early 1900s. He helped establish the Philadelphia Training School for Social Work in 1908[9] and served as its consulting director for the following year. This school later became the University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice, which is one of the most prestigious social work programs in the United States.[9][10][11] Though he originally believed in a Lamarckian view of human characteristics, this changed starting in 1907. That year, he became a prominent proponent of the Boasian view that all races were approximately equal in their mental ability, and that racial differences were \"largely superficial\".[12]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willard Waller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Waller"},{"link_name":"Richard R. Wright, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R._Wright_Jr."},{"link_name":"Alice Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Paul"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Among his students were Willard Waller, Richard R. Wright, Jr., and Alice Paul.[13]","title":"Students"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Waller, Willard (October 1970). Willard W. Waller on the Family, Education, and War. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780226871523.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z6vK_duUTekC&pg=PA22","url_text":"Willard W. Waller on the Family, Education, and War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226871523","url_text":"9780226871523"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Aldon (2015-08-27). The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology. Univ of California Press. p. 64. ISBN 9780520960480.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c-FyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520960480","url_text":"9780520960480"}]},{"reference":"Handy, William Matthews; Higgins, Charles (1906). The Making of America. Making of America. pp. 386.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/makingamerica01handgoog","url_text":"The Making of America"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/makingamerica01handgoog/page/n472","url_text":"386"}]},{"reference":"Register - University of California. University of California Press. 1937. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6wM5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"Register - University of California"}]},{"reference":"Charities and the Commons. Charity Organization Society. 1908. p. 395.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J3kAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395","url_text":"Charities and the Commons"}]},{"reference":"Washington, Booker T.; Harlan, Louis R. (November 1984). Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 13: 1914-15. Assistant Editors, Susan Valenza and Sadie M. Harlan. University of Illinois Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780252011252.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JH0pL8uqRyAC&pg=PA34","url_text":"Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 13: 1914-15. Assistant Editors, Susan Valenza and Sadie M. Harlan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252011252","url_text":"9780252011252"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths Elsewhere\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1953-10-19. Retrieved 2017-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/89766573/","url_text":"\"Deaths Elsewhere\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Francille Rusan (2006). The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890-1950. University of Virginia Press. p. 270. ISBN 9780813925509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francille_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Francille Rusan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V8pT3rcU7LYC&pg=PA270","url_text":"The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890-1950"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813925509","url_text":"9780813925509"}]},{"reference":"Hollandsworth, James G. (2008). Portrait of a Scientific Racist: Alfred Holt Stone of Mississippi. LSU Press. p. 260. ISBN 9780807134832.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7pQRwhJg7rIC&pg=PA260","url_text":"Portrait of a Scientific Racist: Alfred Holt Stone of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807134832","url_text":"9780807134832"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Mark Frazier (2008-01-01). \"100 Years: A Centennial History of the School of Social Policy & Practice\".","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=centennial","url_text":"\"100 Years: A Centennial History of the School of Social Policy & Practice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia Training School for Social Work - 1908 - Social Welfare History Project\". Social Welfare History Project. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2017-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/social-work/philadelphia-training-school-for-social-work-1908/","url_text":"\"Philadelphia Training School for Social Work - 1908 - Social Welfare History Project\""}]},{"reference":"Degler, Carl N. (1992-11-05). In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–7. ISBN 9780199729012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XNp5VWN5brwC","url_text":"In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199729012","url_text":"9780199729012"}]},{"reference":"University of Pennsylvania, University Archives & Record Center (1912). \"Transcript Record of Alice Paul, 1912: Alice Paul, M.A. 1907, Ph.D., 1912\". Archived from the original on 2020-10-24. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.upenn.edu/digitized-resources/docs-pubs/alice-paul/alice-paul-transcript","url_text":"\"Transcript Record of Alice Paul, 1912: Alice Paul, M.A. 1907, Ph.D., 1912\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024232305/https://archives.upenn.edu/digitized-resources/docs-pubs/alice-paul/alice-paul-transcript","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247801125","external_links_name":"The Negro Farmer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z6vK_duUTekC&pg=PA22","external_links_name":"Willard W. Waller on the Family, Education, and War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c-FyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"The Scholar Denied: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/makingamerica01handgoog","external_links_name":"The Making of America"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/makingamerica01handgoog/page/n472","external_links_name":"386"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6wM5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"Register - University of California"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J3kAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA395","external_links_name":"Charities and the Commons"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JH0pL8uqRyAC&pg=PA34","external_links_name":"Booker T. Washington Papers Volume 13: 1914-15. Assistant Editors, Susan Valenza and Sadie M. Harlan"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/89766573/","external_links_name":"\"Deaths Elsewhere\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V8pT3rcU7LYC&pg=PA270","external_links_name":"The Segregated Scholars: Black Social Scientists and the Creation of Black Labor Studies, 1890-1950"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7pQRwhJg7rIC&pg=PA260","external_links_name":"Portrait of a Scientific Racist: Alfred Holt Stone of Mississippi"},{"Link":"http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=centennial","external_links_name":"\"100 Years: A Centennial History of the School of Social Policy & Practice\""},{"Link":"https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/social-work/philadelphia-training-school-for-social-work-1908/","external_links_name":"\"Philadelphia Training School for Social Work - 1908 - Social Welfare History Project\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XNp5VWN5brwC","external_links_name":"In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought"},{"Link":"https://archives.upenn.edu/digitized-resources/docs-pubs/alice-paul/alice-paul-transcript","external_links_name":"\"Transcript Record of Alice Paul, 1912: Alice Paul, M.A. 1907, Ph.D., 1912\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024232305/https://archives.upenn.edu/digitized-resources/docs-pubs/alice-paul/alice-paul-transcript","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/34102","external_links_name":"Works by Carl Kelsey"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081213569","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42211549","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxDQkJQcPc6mHK6BGWDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280549305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80025719","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p153396563","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/229006744","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_Galleries
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Courtauld Gallery
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["1 History","2 Location","3 Highlights of the collection","3.1 Paintings","4 Gambier-Parry Collection","5 Gallery","6 Resources","7 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°30′42.3″N 0°07′02.9″W / 51.511750°N 0.117472°W / 51.511750; -0.117472Art museum in London, England
Courtauld GalleryInterior of the Courtauld GalleryLocation within Central LondonEstablished1932; 92 years ago (1932)LocationSomerset House, StrandLondon, WC2EnglandCoordinates51°30′42.3″N 0°07′02.9″W / 51.511750°N 0.117472°W / 51.511750; -0.117472TypeArt collectionCollection size530 paintings; 26,000 drawingsDirectorErnst VegelinPublic transit access Temple Charing CrossWebsitecourtauld.ac.uk
The Courtauld Gallery (UK: /ˈkɔːrtoʊld/) is an art museum in Somerset House, on the Strand in central London. It houses the collection of the Samuel Courtauld Trust and operates as an integral part of the Courtauld Institute of Art.
The Courtauld collection was formed largely through donations and bequests, and includes paintings, drawings, sculptures and other works from medieval to modern times. It is particularly known for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The collection contains some 530 paintings and over 26,000 drawings and prints. The head of the Courtauld Gallery is Ernst Vegelin. The gallery closed on 3 September 2018 for a major redevelopment, called Courtauld Connects, and reopened on 19 November 2021.
The Courtauld Institute of Art is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art. The director designate of the Courtauld Institute of Art is Professor Mark Hallett.
History
Pugin's Exhibition Room, Somerset House, showing a room which is now part of the Courtauld Gallery
The Courtauld Institute was founded in 1932 through the philanthropic efforts of the industrialist and art collector Samuel Courtauld, the diplomat and collector Lord Lee of Fareham, and the art historian Sir Robert Witt.
The art collection at the Courtauld was begun by Samuel Courtauld, who in the same year presented an extensive collection of paintings, mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works. He made further gifts later in the 1930s and a bequest in 1948.
A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (1882) by Édouard Manet
His collection included Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergère and a version of the Déjeuner sur l'Herbe, Renoir's La Loge, landscapes by Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro, a ballet scene by Edgar Degas, and a group of eight major works by Cézanne. Other paintings include Vincent van Gogh's Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Peach Blossoms in the Crau, Gauguin's Nevermore and Te Rerioa, and important works by Seurat, Henri "le Douanier" Rousseau, Toulouse-Lautrec and Modigliani.
Further bequests were added after the Second World War, most notably the collection of Old Master paintings assembled by Lord Lee, a founder of the institute. This included Cranach's Adam and Eve and a sketch in oils by Peter Paul Rubens for what is arguably his masterpiece, the Deposition altarpiece in Antwerp Cathedral.
Sir Robert Witt, also a founder of the Courtauld Institute, was an outstanding benefactor and bequeathed his important collection of Old Master and British drawings in 1952. His bequest included 20,000 prints and more than 3000 drawings. His son, Sir John Witt, later gave more English watercolours and drawings to the Gallery.
In 1958, Pamela Diamand, the daughter of Roger Fry (1866–1934), the eminent art critic and founder of the Omega Workshops, donated his collection of 20th-century art including works by Bloomsbury Group artists Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant.
In 1966, Mark Gambier-Parry, son of Major Ernest Gambier-Parry, bequeathed the diverse collection of art formed by his grandfather, Thomas Gambier Parry, which ranged from Early Italian Renaissance painting to majolica, medieval enamel and ivory carvings, and other types of art (see section below).
Dr William Wycliffe Spooner (1882–1967) and his wife Mercie added to the Gallery's collection of English watercolours in 1967 with a bequest of works by John Constable, John Sell Cotman, Alexander and John Robert Cozens, Thomas Gainsborough, Thomas Girtin, Samuel Palmer, Thomas Rowlandson, Paul Sandby, Francis Towne, J. M. W. Turner, Peter De Wint and others.
In 1974, a group of thirteen watercolours by Turner was presented in memory of Sir Stephen Courtauld, who restored Eltham Palace, and the brother of Samuel Courtauld.
In 1978 the Courtauld received the Princes Gate Collection of Old Master paintings and drawings formed by Count Antoine Seilern. The collection rivals the Samuel Courtauld Collection in importance. It includes paintings by Bernardo Daddi, Robert Campin, Bruegel, Quentin Matsys, Van Dyck and Tiepolo, but is strongest in the works of Rubens. The bequest also included a group of 19th- and 20th‑century works by Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Oskar Kokoschka.
More recently the Lillian Browse and Alastair Hunter collections have given the Courtauld more late 19th- and 20th‑century paintings, drawings and sculptures.
A collection of more than 50 British watercolours, including eight by Turner, was left to the Gallery by Dorothy Scharf in 2004.
The gallery closed on 3 September 2018 until 19 November 2021 for a major redevelopment costing £50M.
Location
The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, home of the Courtauld Institute and the Courtauld Gallery since 1989
From 1958 to 1989 the Courtauld collection was housed in part of the premises of the Warburg Institute in Woburn Square; it was thus separated from the Courtauld Institute, which was in Home House, Portman Square.
Since 1989 it has been housed, together with the Courtauld Institute, in the North or Strand block of Somerset House, in the rooms designed and purpose-built by Sir William Chambers for the learned societies, namely the Royal Academy (of which Chambers was the first Treasurer), the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries.
The Royal Academy occupied them from their completion in 1780 until it moved to the new National Gallery building in Trafalgar Square in 1837. Inscribed over the entrance to the Great Room, in which the annual Royal Academy summer exhibition was held, is the formidable inscription ΟΥΔΕΙΣ ΑΜΟΥΣΟΣ ΕΙΣΙΤΩ ("Let no stranger to the Muses enter" in Ancient Greek).
Highlights of the collection
Paintings
Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear, by Vincent van Gogh; oil on canvas; Arles, January 1889
The Customs Post, c. 1890; by Henri Rousseau
Portrait of Don Francisco de Saavedra, by Francisco Goya
Dutch School
Vincent van Gogh – 3 paintings;
Early Netherlandish
Robert Campin (or Master of Flemalle), the Seilern Triptych
Quentin Matsys – 2 paintings;
English School
William Beechey – 2 paintings;
Thomas Gainsborough – 2 paintings;
Peter Lely – 3 paintings;
Flemish School
Anthony van Dyck – 5 paintings;
Pieter Bruegel the Elder – 2 paintings, many drawings;
Peter Paul Rubens – 29 paintings;
David Teniers the Younger – 10 paintings;
French School
Paul Cézanne – 12 paintings;
Edgar Degas – 6 paintings;
Paul Gauguin – 3 paintings;
Claude Lorrain – 1 painting;
Édouard Manet – 4 paintings;
Claude Monet – 3 paintings;
Camille Pissarro – 4 paintings;
Alfred Sisley – 2 paintings;
Georges-Pierre Seurat – 9 paintings;
Pierre-Auguste Renoir – 4 paintings;
Chaïm Soutine – 1 painting;
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – 2 paintings;
Henri Rousseau – 1 painting;
German School
Lucas Cranach the Elder – 1 painting;
Italian School
Fra Angelico – 4 paintings;
Giovanni Bellini – 1 painting;
Sandro Botticelli – 1 painting;
Bernardo Daddi – 2 paintings;
Lorenzo Lotto – 2 paintings;
Lorenzo Monaco – 2 paintings;
Pietro Perugino – 1 painting;
Pesellino – a diptych
Parmigianino – 2 paintings;
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo – 12 paintings;
Tintoretto – 2 paintings;
Spanish School
Francisco Goya – 1 painting;
Gambier-Parry Collection
Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation of the Virgin, 1388–1390
Thomas Gambier Parry (1816–1888) was a keen and versatile collector for most of his adult life. Many of his purchases were made on trips to the continent, especially Italy, but he also bought from dealers and auctions in England, and sometimes sold items.
His most important collections were of late medieval and Early Renaissance paintings, small sculpted reliefs, ivories, and maiolica, but he also had a significant early collection of Islamic metalwork, and a variety of other types of objects, for example Hispano-Moresque ware, glass and three small post-Byzantine wooden crosses from Mount Athos elaborately carved with miniature scenes.
The Courtauld Gallery website shows images and descriptions of 324 objects from the 1966 bequest, which included the bulk of the collection.
Gambier Parry began by collecting mostly 16th- and 17th-century works, but his focus gradually moved to 14th- and 15th-century works, still relatively little collected, although Prince Albert was among British collectors of "Italian Primitives", as Trecento paintings were then known. Among his most important paintings were a Coronation of the Virgin by Lorenzo Monaco, one of the larger works in the collection, three predella panels with roundels of Christ and saints by Fra Angelico, and a small but important diptych of the Annunciation by Pesellino. There are two further predella panels by Lorenzo Monaco, and many other small panels by lesser-known masters. Later Renaissance works include ones by Il Garofalo, Sassoferrato, and there is a Baroque Assumption by Francesco Solimena. There are a number of illuminated manuscript pages from the workshop of the Boucicaut Master.
The sculptures include three fine 15th-century marble reliefs of the Virgin and Child, the most significant by Mino da Fiesole. There is a Limoges enamel book cover panel, a number of Renaissance Limoges items, and several small Gothic ivories.
Gallery
Robert Campin, Seilern Triptych, c. 1425
Sandro Botticelli, Holy Trinity with Mary Magdalene, John the Baptist and Tobias and the Angel (Pala della Convertite), 1491–1493
Parmigianino, Virgin and Child, 1525–1527
Lucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve, 1526
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Landscape with the Flight into Egypt, 1563
Peter Paul Rubens, The Family of Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1613-1615
Thomas Gainsborough, Portrait of Margaret Gainsborough, 1778
Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass, c. 1863-1868
Claude Monet, Autumn Effect at Argenteuil, 1873
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Theater Box, 1874
Edgar Degas, Two Dancers on a Stage, 1874
Edgar Degas, Woman at a Window, 1875–1878
Georges Seurat, Bridge of Courbevoie, 1886–1887
Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire with Large Pine, c. 1887
Vincent van Gogh, Peach Trees in Blossom, April, 1889
Georges Seurat, Young Woman Powdering Herself, 1889–1890
Paul Cézanne, The Card Players, 1892–1895
Paul Cézanne, Still Life with Cherub, 1895
Paul Gauguin, Nevermore (O Taiti), 1897
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1908
Amedeo Modigliani, Female Nude, 1916
Resources
The Courtauld publishes an online image collection, artandarchitecture.org.uk, which provides access to more than 40,000 images, including paintings and drawings from The Courtauld Gallery, and over 35,000 photographs of architecture and sculpture from the Conway Library of the institute. The site was developed with the support of the New Opportunities Fund.
Two other websites courtauldimages.com and courtauldprints.com sell high resolution digital files to scholars, publishers and broadcasters, and photographic prints to the general public.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Courtauld Gallery (building).
^ a b John Murdoch (1998). The Courtauld Gallery at Somerset House. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 7.
^ Dr Ernst Vegelin van Claerbergen. The Courtauld Institute of Art, 2013. Accessed April 2013. Archived here.
^ "After the National Gallery, the Courtauld is the latest London institution to send masterpieces to Japan". theartnewspaper.com. 25 July 2019.
^ a b correspondent, Mark Brown Arts (23 November 2017). "Courtauld Gallery to close for two years for £50m revamp". The Guardian.
^ "About the Courtauld Gallery". Courtauld Gallery. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
^ Michael Broughton; William Clarke; Joanna Selborne (2005). The Spooner Collection of British watercolours at the Courtauld Institute Gallery, exhibition catalogue. : Courtauld Institute of Art. ISBN 9781870787963.
^ The Collection: Drawings and Prints: the collectors. Courtauld Institute of Art, 2012. Accessed April 2013.
^ About Us: A Short History of the Courtauld. The Courtauld Institute of Art, 2011. Accessed April 2013.
^ Farr, Dennis; Newman, John (1990). Guide to the Courtauld Institute Galleries at Somerset House. London: Courtauld Institute Galleries. p. 36.
^ Search for "Gambier Parry" on A&A – art and architecture. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Accessed June 2013.
^ a b John Pope-Hennessy (March 1967). "Three Marble Reliefs in the Gambier-Parry Collection". The Burlington Magazine, The Gambier-Parry Bequest to The University of London. 109(768): 117-121+123. (subscription required).
^ Anthony Blunt (March 1967). "The History of Thomas Gambier Parry's Collection". The Burlington Magazine, The Gambier-Parry Bequest to The University of London. 109(768): 112-116+119+135+141+145-146+150+153+159-160+167+171. (subscription required).
^ John Valentine Granville Mallet (March 1967). "Italian Maiolica in the Gambier-Parry Collection". The Burlington Magazine, The Gambier-Parry Bequest to The University of London. 109(768): 144–151. (subscription required).
^ Art and architecture. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Accessed April 2013.
^ Courtauld Images. The Courtauld Institute of Art. Accessed April 2013.
^ Courtauld Prints. Courtauld Gallery of Art. Accessed April 2013.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈkɔːrtoʊld/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum"},{"link_name":"Somerset House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"French Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdoch-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Vegelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Vegelin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-court2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"history of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art"},{"link_name":"Mark Hallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hallett_(art_historian)"}],"text":"Art museum in London, EnglandThe Courtauld Gallery (UK: /ˈkɔːrtoʊld/) is an art museum in Somerset House, on the Strand in central London. It houses the collection of the Samuel Courtauld Trust and operates as an integral part of the Courtauld Institute of Art.The Courtauld collection was formed largely through donations and bequests, and includes paintings, drawings, sculptures and other works from medieval to modern times. It is particularly known for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The collection contains some 530 paintings and over 26,000 drawings and prints.[1] The head of the Courtauld Gallery is Ernst Vegelin.[2] The gallery closed on 3 September 2018 for a major redevelopment, called Courtauld Connects,[3][4] and reopened on 19 November 2021.[5]The Courtauld Institute of Art is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art. The director designate of the Courtauld Institute of Art is Professor Mark Hallett.","title":"Courtauld Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Courtauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Courtauld_(art_collector)"},{"link_name":"Lord Lee of Fareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lee,_1st_Viscount_Lee_of_Fareham"},{"link_name":"Robert Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Witt_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"French Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism"},{"link_name":"Post-Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet,_A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"link_name":"A Bar at the Folies-Bergère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"A Bar at the Folies-Bergère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Déjeuner sur l'Herbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Luncheon_on_the_Grass"},{"link_name":"Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"La Loge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Loge"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Bandaged_Ear"},{"link_name":"Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Henri \"le Douanier\" Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Toulouse-Lautrec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec"},{"link_name":"Modigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Old Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Master"},{"link_name":"Cranach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1612-1614)"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Roger Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fry"},{"link_name":"Omega Workshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Workshops"},{"link_name":"20th-century art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_art"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Bell"},{"link_name":"Duncan Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Grant"},{"link_name":"Ernest Gambier-Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gambier-Parry"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gambier Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gambier_Parry"},{"link_name":"Early Italian Renaissance painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Renaissance_painting"},{"link_name":"majolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiolica"},{"link_name":"enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"Dr William Wycliffe Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wycliffe_Spooner"},{"link_name":"John Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable"},{"link_name":"John Sell Cotman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cozens"},{"link_name":"John Robert Cozens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Cozens"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Thomas Girtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Girtin"},{"link_name":"Samuel Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Thomas Rowlandson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson"},{"link_name":"Paul Sandby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sandby"},{"link_name":"Francis Towne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Towne"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"Peter De Wint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_De_Wint"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-murdoch-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spooner-6"},{"link_name":"Stephen Courtauld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Courtauld"},{"link_name":"Eltham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Antoine Seilern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Seilern"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Daddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Daddi"},{"link_name":"Robert Campin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Campin"},{"link_name":"Bruegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Quentin Matsys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Matsys"},{"link_name":"Van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Oskar Kokoschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka"},{"link_name":"Lillian Browse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Browse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-court3-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"Pugin's Exhibition Room, Somerset House, showing a room which is now part of the Courtauld GalleryThe Courtauld Institute was founded in 1932 through the philanthropic efforts of the industrialist and art collector Samuel Courtauld, the diplomat and collector Lord Lee of Fareham, and the art historian Sir Robert Witt.The art collection at the Courtauld was begun by Samuel Courtauld, who in the same year presented an extensive collection of paintings, mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works. He made further gifts later in the 1930s and a bequest in 1948.A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (1882) by Édouard ManetHis collection included Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergère and a version of the Déjeuner sur l'Herbe, Renoir's La Loge, landscapes by Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro, a ballet scene by Edgar Degas, and a group of eight major works by Cézanne. Other paintings include Vincent van Gogh's Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Peach Blossoms in the Crau, Gauguin's Nevermore and Te Rerioa, and important works by Seurat, Henri \"le Douanier\" Rousseau, Toulouse-Lautrec and Modigliani.Further bequests were added after the Second World War, most notably the collection of Old Master paintings assembled by Lord Lee, a founder of the institute. This included Cranach's Adam and Eve and a sketch in oils by Peter Paul Rubens for what is arguably his masterpiece, the Deposition altarpiece in Antwerp Cathedral.Sir Robert Witt, also a founder of the Courtauld Institute, was an outstanding benefactor and bequeathed his important collection of Old Master and British drawings in 1952. His bequest included 20,000 prints and more than 3000 drawings. His son, Sir John Witt, later gave more English watercolours and drawings to the Gallery.In 1958, Pamela Diamand, the daughter of Roger Fry (1866–1934), the eminent art critic and founder of the Omega Workshops, donated his collection of 20th-century art including works by Bloomsbury Group artists Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant.In 1966, Mark Gambier-Parry, son of Major Ernest Gambier-Parry, bequeathed the diverse collection of art formed by his grandfather, Thomas Gambier Parry, which ranged from Early Italian Renaissance painting to majolica, medieval enamel and ivory carvings, and other types of art (see section below).Dr William Wycliffe Spooner (1882–1967) and his wife Mercie added to the Gallery's collection of English watercolours in 1967 with a bequest of works by John Constable, John Sell Cotman, Alexander and John Robert Cozens, Thomas Gainsborough, Thomas Girtin, Samuel Palmer, Thomas Rowlandson, Paul Sandby, Francis Towne, J. M. W. Turner, Peter De Wint and others.[1][6]In 1974, a group of thirteen watercolours by Turner was presented in memory of Sir Stephen Courtauld, who restored Eltham Palace, and the brother of Samuel Courtauld.In 1978 the Courtauld received the Princes Gate Collection of Old Master paintings and drawings formed by Count Antoine Seilern. The collection rivals the Samuel Courtauld Collection in importance. It includes paintings by Bernardo Daddi, Robert Campin, Bruegel, Quentin Matsys, Van Dyck and Tiepolo, but is strongest in the works of Rubens. The bequest also included a group of 19th- and 20th‑century works by Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Oskar Kokoschka.More recently the Lillian Browse and Alastair Hunter collections have given the Courtauld more late 19th- and 20th‑century paintings, drawings and sculptures.A collection of more than 50 British watercolours, including eight by Turner, was left to the Gallery by Dorothy Scharf in 2004.[7]The gallery closed on 3 September 2018 until 19 November 2021 for a major redevelopment costing £50M.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somerset_House,_Strand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"Somerset House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_House"},{"link_name":"William Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Warburg Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_Institute"},{"link_name":"Woburn Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Square"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-court-8"},{"link_name":"Home House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_House"},{"link_name":"Portman Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portman_Square"},{"link_name":"Sir William Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Chambers"},{"link_name":"learned societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_society"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy summer exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_summer_exhibition"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, home of the Courtauld Institute and the Courtauld Gallery since 1989From 1958 to 1989 the Courtauld collection was housed in part of the premises of the Warburg Institute in Woburn Square;[8] it was thus separated from the Courtauld Institute, which was in Home House, Portman Square.Since 1989 it has been housed, together with the Courtauld Institute, in the North or Strand block of Somerset House, in the rooms designed and purpose-built by Sir William Chambers for the learned societies, namely the Royal Academy (of which Chambers was the first Treasurer), the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries.The Royal Academy occupied them from their completion in 1780 until it moved to the new National Gallery building in Trafalgar Square in 1837. Inscribed over the entrance to the Great Room, in which the annual Royal Academy summer exhibition was held, is the formidable inscription ΟΥΔΕΙΣ ΑΜΟΥΣΟΣ ΕΙΣΙΤΩ (\"Let no stranger to the Muses enter\" in Ancient Greek).[9]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Highlights of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_bandaged_ear_(1889,_Courtauld_Institute).jpg"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Bandaged_Ear"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Customs_Post_by_Henri_Rousseau_c1890.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henri Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Saavedra_(Goya).jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Robert Campin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Campin"},{"link_name":"Seilern Triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seilern_Triptych"},{"link_name":"Quentin Matsys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Matsys"},{"link_name":"William Beechey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beechey"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Peter Lely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lely"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Pieter Bruegel the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"David Teniers the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Claude Lorrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lorrain"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sisley"},{"link_name":"Georges-Pierre Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Pierre_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Chaïm Soutine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine"},{"link_name":"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec"},{"link_name":"Henri Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Daddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Daddi"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Lotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Pietro Perugino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Perugino"},{"link_name":"Pesellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesellino"},{"link_name":"Parmigianino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigianino"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Tiepolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo"},{"link_name":"Tintoretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto"},{"link_name":"Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"}],"sub_title":"Paintings","text":"Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear, by Vincent van Gogh; oil on canvas; Arles, January 1889The Customs Post, c. 1890; by Henri RousseauPortrait of Don Francisco de Saavedra, by Francisco GoyaDutch SchoolVincent van Gogh – 3 paintings;Early NetherlandishRobert Campin (or Master of Flemalle), the Seilern Triptych\nQuentin Matsys – 2 paintings;English SchoolWilliam Beechey – 2 paintings;\nThomas Gainsborough – 2 paintings;\nPeter Lely – 3 paintings;Flemish SchoolAnthony van Dyck – 5 paintings;\nPieter Bruegel the Elder – 2 paintings, many drawings;\nPeter Paul Rubens – 29 paintings;\nDavid Teniers the Younger – 10 paintings;French SchoolPaul Cézanne – 12 paintings;\nEdgar Degas – 6 paintings;\nPaul Gauguin – 3 paintings;\nClaude Lorrain – 1 painting;\nÉdouard Manet – 4 paintings;\nClaude Monet – 3 paintings;\nCamille Pissarro – 4 paintings;\nAlfred Sisley – 2 paintings;\nGeorges-Pierre Seurat – 9 paintings;\nPierre-Auguste Renoir – 4 paintings;\nChaïm Soutine – 1 painting;\nHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec – 2 paintings;\nHenri Rousseau – 1 painting;German SchoolLucas Cranach the Elder – 1 painting;Italian SchoolFra Angelico – 4 paintings;\nGiovanni Bellini – 1 painting;\nSandro Botticelli – 1 painting;\nBernardo Daddi – 2 paintings;\nLorenzo Lotto – 2 paintings;\nLorenzo Monaco – 2 paintings;\nPietro Perugino – 1 painting;\nPesellino – a diptych\nParmigianino – 2 paintings;\nGiovanni Battista Tiepolo – 12 paintings;\nTintoretto – 2 paintings;Spanish SchoolFrancisco Goya – 1 painting;","title":"Highlights of the collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzo_Monaco,_Coronation_of_the_Virgin,_Christ_Redeemer,_1388-90,_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gambier Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gambier_Parry"},{"link_name":"reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"maiolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiolica"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Moresque ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artandarch2-10"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Trecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trecento"},{"link_name":"Coronation of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Monaco"},{"link_name":"predella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predella"},{"link_name":"Fra Angelico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico"},{"link_name":"diptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptych"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Pesellino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesellino"},{"link_name":"Il Garofalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Garofalo"},{"link_name":"Sassoferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassoferrato"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Francesco Solimena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Solimena"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Boucicaut Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucicaut_Master"},{"link_name":"Mino da Fiesole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_da_Fiesole"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-john-11"},{"link_name":"Limoges enamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges_enamel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-john-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blunt-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mallet-13"}],"text":"Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation of the Virgin, 1388–1390Thomas Gambier Parry (1816–1888) was a keen and versatile collector for most of his adult life. Many of his purchases were made on trips to the continent, especially Italy, but he also bought from dealers and auctions in England, and sometimes sold items.His most important collections were of late medieval and Early Renaissance paintings, small sculpted reliefs, ivories, and maiolica, but he also had a significant early collection of Islamic metalwork, and a variety of other types of objects, for example Hispano-Moresque ware, glass and three small post-Byzantine wooden crosses from Mount Athos elaborately carved with miniature scenes.The Courtauld Gallery website shows images and descriptions of 324 objects from the 1966 bequest, which included the bulk of the collection.[10]Gambier Parry began by collecting mostly 16th- and 17th-century works, but his focus gradually moved to 14th- and 15th-century works, still relatively little collected, although Prince Albert was among British collectors of \"Italian Primitives\", as Trecento paintings were then known. Among his most important paintings were a Coronation of the Virgin by Lorenzo Monaco, one of the larger works in the collection, three predella panels with roundels of Christ and saints by Fra Angelico, and a small but important diptych of the Annunciation by Pesellino. There are two further predella panels by Lorenzo Monaco, and many other small panels by lesser-known masters. Later Renaissance works include ones by Il Garofalo, Sassoferrato, and there is a Baroque Assumption by Francesco Solimena. There are a number of illuminated manuscript pages from the workshop of the Boucicaut Master.The sculptures include three fine 15th-century marble reliefs of the Virgin and Child, the most significant by Mino da Fiesole.[11] There is a Limoges enamel book cover panel, a number of Renaissance Limoges items, and several small Gothic ivories.[11][12][13]","title":"Gambier-Parry Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triptych-with-the-entombment-of-christ-1822.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Campin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Campin"},{"link_name":"Seilern Triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seilern_Triptych"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botticelli_Trinity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandro Botticelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity with Mary Magdalene, John the Baptist and Tobias and the Angel (Pala della Convertite)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_(Botticelli)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parmigianino,_Virgin_and_Child.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parmigianino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigianino"},{"link_name":"Virgin and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_(Parmigianino)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_and_Eve_(UK_CIA_P-1947-LF-77).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(Cranach)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pieter Bruegel the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Landscape with the Flight into Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Flight_into_Egypt_(Bruegel)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Familie_van_Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Margaret_Gainsborough_-_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Study_for_Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"The Luncheon on the Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_D%C3%A9jeuner_sur_l%27herbe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monet_w_290_autumn_effect_in_argenteuil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"The Theater Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Loge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Degas_-_Two_Dancers_on_a_Stage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_Germain_Hilaire_Degas_026.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georges_Seurat_012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georges Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cezanne_-_Mont_Sainte-Victoire,_Courtauld.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"Mont Sainte-Victoire with Large Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_with_Large_Pine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Perzikbomen_in_bloei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Peach Trees in Blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_Orchards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself_Georges_Seurat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georges Seurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Seurat"},{"link_name":"Young Woman Powdering Herself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Woman_Powdering_Herself_(Seurat)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_C%C3%A9zanne,_1892-95,_Les_joueurs_de_carte_(The_Card_Players),_60_x_73_cm,_oil_on_canvas,_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"link_name":"The Card Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Card_Players"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nature_morte_au_Ch%C3%A9rubin,_par_Paul_C%C3%A9zanne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Cézanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_091.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Gauguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gauguin"},{"link_name":"Nevermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevermore_(Gauguin)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_106.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Auguste Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Ambroise Vollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Vollard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amedeo_Modigliani_060.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amedeo Modigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani"},{"link_name":"Female Nude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seated_Nude_(1916)"}],"text":"Robert Campin, Seilern Triptych, c. 1425\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSandro Botticelli, Holy Trinity with Mary Magdalene, John the Baptist and Tobias and the Angel (Pala della Convertite), 1491–1493\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParmigianino, Virgin and Child, 1525–1527\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve, 1526\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPieter Bruegel the Elder, Landscape with the Flight into Egypt, 1563\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeter Paul Rubens, The Family of Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1613-1615\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThomas Gainsborough, Portrait of Margaret Gainsborough, 1778\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tÉdouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass, c. 1863-1868\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClaude Monet, Autumn Effect at Argenteuil, 1873\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPierre-Auguste Renoir, The Theater Box, 1874\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdgar Degas, Two Dancers on a Stage, 1874\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEdgar Degas, Woman at a Window, 1875–1878\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorges Seurat, Bridge of Courbevoie, 1886–1887\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire with Large Pine, c. 1887\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVincent van Gogh, Peach Trees in Blossom, April, 1889\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeorges Seurat, Young Woman Powdering Herself, 1889–1890\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Cézanne, The Card Players, 1892–1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Cézanne, Still Life with Cherub, 1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Gauguin, Nevermore (O Taiti), 1897\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPierre-Auguste Renoir, Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1908\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmedeo Modigliani, Female Nude, 1916","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artandarch-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-images-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prints-16"}],"text":"The Courtauld publishes an online image collection, artandarchitecture.org.uk,[14] which provides access to more than 40,000 images, including paintings and drawings from The Courtauld Gallery, and over 35,000 photographs of architecture and sculpture from the Conway Library of the institute. The site was developed with the support of the New Opportunities Fund.Two other websites courtauldimages.com[15] and courtauldprints.com[16] sell high resolution digital files to scholars, publishers and broadcasters, and photographic prints to the general public.","title":"Resources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pugin's Exhibition Room, Somerset House, showing a room which is now part of the Courtauld Gallery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg/250px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_002_-_Exhibition_at_Somerset_House_by_Thomas_Rowlandson_and_Augustus_Pugin._1800..jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (1882) by Édouard Manet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Edouard_Manet%2C_A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re.jpg/250px-Edouard_Manet%2C_A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, home of the Courtauld Institute and the Courtauld Gallery since 1989","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Somerset_House%2C_Strand.jpg/250px-Somerset_House%2C_Strand.jpg"},{"image_text":"Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear, by Vincent van Gogh; oil on canvas; Arles, January 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_bandaged_ear_%281889%2C_Courtauld_Institute%29.jpg/220px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_bandaged_ear_%281889%2C_Courtauld_Institute%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Customs Post, c. 1890; by Henri Rousseau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Customs_Post_by_Henri_Rousseau_c1890.jpg/220px-The_Customs_Post_by_Henri_Rousseau_c1890.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Don Francisco de Saavedra, by Francisco Goya","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_Saavedra_%28Goya%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation of the Virgin, 1388–1390","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lorenzo_Monaco%2C_Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_Christ_Redeemer%2C_1388-90%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art_Gallery.jpg/220px-Lorenzo_Monaco%2C_Coronation_of_the_Virgin%2C_Christ_Redeemer%2C_1388-90%2C_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art_Gallery.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"After the National Gallery, the Courtauld is the latest London institution to send masterpieces to Japan\". theartnewspaper.com. 25 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/courtauld-gallery-impressionist-japan","url_text":"\"After the National Gallery, the Courtauld is the latest London institution to send masterpieces to Japan\""}]},{"reference":"correspondent, Mark Brown Arts (23 November 2017). \"Courtauld Gallery to close for two years for £50m revamp\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/nov/23/courtauld-gallery-to-close-for-two-years-for-50m-revamp","url_text":"\"Courtauld Gallery to close for two years for £50m revamp\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Courtauld Gallery\". Courtauld Gallery. Retrieved 22 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://courtauld.ac.uk/gallery/about-the-courtauld-gallery/","url_text":"\"About the Courtauld Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"Farr, Dennis; Newman, John (1990). Guide to the Courtauld Institute Galleries at Somerset House. London: Courtauld Institute Galleries. p. 36.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815
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1815
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["1 Events","1.1 January","1.2 February","1.3 March","1.4 April","1.5 May","1.6 June","1.7 July","1.8 August","1.9 September","1.10 October","1.11 November","1.12 December","1.13 Date unknown","2 Births","2.1 January–June","2.2 July–December","2.3 Date unknown","3 Deaths","3.1 January–June","3.2 July–December","4 References"]
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Calendar year
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2nd millennium
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1790s
1800s
1810s
1820s
1830s
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1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1815 by topic
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vte
1815 in various calendarsGregorian calendar1815MDCCCXVAb urbe condita2568Armenian calendar1264ԹՎ ՌՄԿԴAssyrian calendar6565Balinese saka calendar1736–1737Bengali calendar1222Berber calendar2765British Regnal year55 Geo. 3 – 56 Geo. 3Buddhist calendar2359Burmese calendar1177Byzantine calendar7323–7324Chinese calendar甲戌年 (Wood Dog)4512 or 4305 — to —乙亥年 (Wood Pig)4513 or 4306Coptic calendar1531–1532Discordian calendar2981Ethiopian calendar1807–1808Hebrew calendar5575–5576Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat1871–1872 - Shaka Samvat1736–1737 - Kali Yuga4915–4916Holocene calendar11815Igbo calendar815–816Iranian calendar1193–1194Islamic calendar1230–1231Japanese calendarBunka 12(文化１２年)Javanese calendar1741–1742Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 daysKorean calendar4148Minguo calendar97 before ROC民前97年Nanakshahi calendar347Thai solar calendar2357–2358Tibetan calendar阳木狗年(male Wood-Dog)1941 or 1560 or 788 — to —阴木猪年(female Wood-Pig)1942 or 1561 or 789
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1815.
February 26: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba
1815 (MDCCCXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1815th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 815th year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th year of the 19th century, and the 6th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1815, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Calendar year
Events
January
January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England.
January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.
January 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).
January 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.
January 15 – War of 1812: Capture of USS President – American frigate USS President (1800), commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.
February
February 3 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland.
February 4 – The first Dutch student association, the Groninger Studentencorps Vindicat atque Polit, is founded in the Netherlands. The first rector of the senate is B. J. Winter.
February 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to John Stevens.
February 17 – The Spanish reconquest of Latin America begins.
February 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.
February 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.
March
March 1
Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.
Georgetown University's congressional charter is signed into law, by President James Madison.
March 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.
March 16 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands.
March 2–18 – Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.
March 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.
April
June 9: The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed.
Twelfth Night. Caricature of the Congress of Vienna by George Cruikshank.
April 5–12 – Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during an eruption, killing upwards of 92,000, and propelling thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). The high level gases reflect sunlight, and cause the widespread cooling (known as a volcanic winter) and heavy rains of 1816, snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere, widespread crop failures, and subsequently famine, which is why 1816 is later known as the Year Without a Summer.
April 21 – The eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.
April 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.
May
May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.
May 30 – The Arniston, an East Indiaman ship repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa, with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.
June
June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declared independence from the French Empire.
June 15 – The Duchess of Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, "the most famous ball in history".
June 16
Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.
Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Quatre Bras: Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.
June 18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Waterloo: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively and this time permanently defeat Napoleon.
June 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).
June 18: Battle of Waterloo
June 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme on its way to Paris.
July
July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).
July 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards HMS Bellerophon off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.
August
August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is "their prisoner" and that "His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government."
August 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
September
September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.
September 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.
October
October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.
October 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.
October 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.
October 23 – A 6.8 earthquake shakes northern China causing many houses and caves to collapse, killing at least 13,000 people.
November
November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention, the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp),
November 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands.
November 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil.
November 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.
December
December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near the Jardin du Luxembourg.
December 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published, anonymously in London, dated 1816.
December 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston.
Date unknown
The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands.
The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.
In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in England from this year.
Births
January–June
Edward Clark
January 11 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (d. 1891)
January 15 – Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann, German photographer (d. 1901)
January 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872)
January 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d. 1848)
February 2 – Mathilde Esch, Austrian genre painter (d. 1904)
February 3 – Edward James Roye, 5th President of Liberia (d. 1872)
February 10 – Constantin Bosianu, 4th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1882)
February 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874)
March 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886)
March 11 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879)
March 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
April 1
Otto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898)
Edward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880)
April 6 – Robert Volkmann, German composer (d. 1883)
April 24 – Anthony Trollope, English novelist (d. 1882)
May 11 – Richard Ansdell, English painter and engraver (d. 1885)
May 19 – Thomas Thornycroft, English sculptor and engineer (d. 1885)
May 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian Federation (d. 1896)
June 18 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, Bavarian general (d. 1881)
June 30 – Wilhelm von Ramming, Austrian general (d. 1876)
July–December
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Ada Lovelace
July 26 – Robert Remak, German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (d. 1865)
August 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial governor (d. 1901)
August 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator (d. 1888)
August 26 – Bernard Jauréguiberry, French admiral and statesman (d. 1887)
October 16 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905)
October 23 – João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe, Brazilian magistrate, politician (d. 1889)
October 31 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (d. 1897)
September 12 – Richard S. Rust, American abolitionist (d. 1906)
November 2 – George Boole, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1864)
November 5 – Luís Carlos Martins Pena, Brazilian playwright (d. 1848)
November 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (d. 1902)
November 20 – Maria Cederschiöld, Swedish deaconess (d. 1892)
December 2 – Juan Javier Espinosa, 9th President of Ecuador (d. 1870)
December 8 – Adolph Menzel, German painter (d. 1905)
December 10 – Ada Lovelace, English computer pioneer, daughter of Lord Byron (d. 1852)
December 13 – Pálné Veres, Hungarian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1895)
December 21 – Thomas Couture, French painter (d. 1879)
December 30 – Joseph Toynbee, English otologist (d. 1866)
December 31 – George Meade, American general (d. 1872)
Date unknown
William Farquharson Burnett, British commodore (d. 1863)
Deaths
January–June
Emma, Lady Hamilton
José de Córdoba y Ramos
William Howe De Lancey
January 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1778)
January 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, politically active British courtesan, lover of Horatio Nelson (b. 1765)
January 24 – Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet, British East India Company official (b. 1752)
February 9 – Ellen Hutchins, Irish botanist (b. 1785)
February 22 – Smithson Tennant, English chemist, discovered the elements iridium and osmium (b. 1761)
February 24 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)
February 26 – Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Austrian general (b. 1737)
March 4 – Frances Abington, English actress (b. 1737)
March 5 – Franz Mesmer, German developer of animal magnetism (b. 1734)
April 3 – José de Córdoba y Ramos, Spanish explorer and naval commander (b. 1732)
April 21 – Joseph Winston, American patriot, Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1746)
May 11 – Aletta Haniel, German business person (b. 1742)
May 25 – Domenico Puccini, Italian composer (b. 1772)
June 1 – Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (b. 1753)
June 16 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noble, general (killed in battle) (b. 1771)
June 17 – Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville, French general (b. 1773)
June 18 (killed at the Battle of Waterloo):
Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general (b. 1775)
Guillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (b. 1766)
Sir Alexander Gordon, British staff officer (b. 1786)
Claude-Étienne Michel, French general (b. 1772)
Sir Thomas Picton, British general (b. 1758)
Sir William Ponsonby, British general (b. 1772)
Jean Baptiste van Merlen, Dutch-Belgian general (b. 1773)
June 26 – William Howe De Lancey, British quartermaster-general (mortally wounded at Waterloo) (b. 1778)
June 27 – Jean-Baptiste Girard, French general (mortally wounded at Ligny) (b. 1775)
July–December
John Singleton Copley
July 3 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, German pioneer in mining and metallurgy (b. 1752)
August 2 – Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, French marshal (murdered) (b. 1763)
August 6 – James A. Bayard, U.S. Senator from Delaware (b. 1767)
August 25 – Stephen Badlam, American artisan and military officer (b. 1751)
September 9 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (b. 1738)
September 20 – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (b. 1725)
October 13 – Joachim Murat, French marshal, King of Naples (executed) (b. 1767)
October 19 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian anatomist (b. 1755)
October 22 – Claude Lecourbe, French general (b. 1759)
December 3 – John Carroll, first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b. 1735)
December 7 – Michel Ney, French marshal (executed) (b. 1769)
December 8 – Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, English Methodist preacher and philanthropist (b. 1739)
December 22 – José María Morelos, leader of Mexican War of Independence, executed (b. 1765)
December 29 – Saartjie Baartman, South African sideshow performer
References
^ Judith Bailey Slagle, ed. (1999). The Collected Letters of Joanna Baillie. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 734. ISBN 9780838638163.
^ Longford, Elizabeth (1986). "194". In Hastings, Max (ed.). The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–234. ISBN 9780195205282.
^ Sutherland, John; Fender, Stephen (2011). "15 June". Love, Sex, Death & Words: surprising tales from a year in literature. London: Icon. pp. 228–9. ISBN 978-184831-247-0.
^ Charles Jean Tristan, Count Montholon, History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helen (E. Ferrett & Company, 1846) p83
^ Andrew Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo- and the Great Commanders who Fought it (Simon and Schuster, 2001) p199
^ Tim Chapman, The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 (Routledge, 2006) p60
^ Adams, Charles Hansford (2005). The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. x.
^ To a meeting of the Royal Society in Newcastle upon Tyne.
^ "Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820". icons.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 247–248. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ Johnson, H. Earle (1986). "Handel and Haydn Society". In Hitchcock, H. Wiley; Sadie, Stanley (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Vol. II. London: Macmillan Press. p. 318. ISBN 0-943818-36-2.
^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. p. 284. ISBN 9781461659310.
^ Garnett, Richard (1899). "Trollope, Anthony" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 238–242.
^ Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Charles Scribner's Sons . 1996. p. 340.
^ Nash, Susan Higginson (January 26, 1958). "Badlam Famed Dorchester Cabinet Maker". Boston Herald. p. 7.
^ "Biografía de José María Morelos" (in Spanish). Historia del Nuevo Mundo. August 2, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1815"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg"},{"link_name":"February 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"MDCCCXV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"common year starting on Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Friday"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Common Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Anno Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"2nd millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_millennium"},{"link_name":"19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century"},{"link_name":"1810s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810s"}],"text":"Calendar yearWikimedia Commons has media related to 1815.February 26: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba1815 (MDCCCXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1815th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 815th year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th year of the 19th century, and the 6th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1815, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.Calendar year","title":"1815"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"Anna Isabella Milbanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Isabella_Byron,_Baroness_Byron"},{"link_name":"Seaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaham"},{"link_name":"county of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"January 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"January 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8"},{"link_name":"Battle of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_Pakenham"},{"link_name":"January 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"January 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_15"},{"link_name":"Capture of USS President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"USS President (1800)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_President_(1800)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Decatur"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England.[1]\nJanuary 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.\nJanuary 8 – Battle of New Orleans: American forces led by Andrew Jackson defeat British forces led by Sir Edward Pakenham. American forces suffer around 60 casualties and the British lose about 2,000 (the battle lasts for about 30 minutes).\nJanuary 13 – War of 1812: British troops capture Fort Peter in St. Marys, Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.\nJanuary 15 – War of 1812: Capture of USS President – American frigate USS President (1800), commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, is captured by a squadron of four British frigates.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"February 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_3"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"February 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_4"},{"link_name":"Groninger Studentencorps Vindicat atque Polit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninger_Studentencorps_Vindicat_atque_Polit"},{"link_name":"February 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"John Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stevens_(inventor,_born_1749)"},{"link_name":"February 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_17"},{"link_name":"Spanish reconquest of Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista_(Spanish_America)"},{"link_name":"February 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_18"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent"},{"link_name":"1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"February 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"}],"sub_title":"February","text":"February 3 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland.\nFebruary 4 – The first Dutch student association, the Groninger Studentencorps Vindicat atque Polit, is founded in the Netherlands. The first rector of the senate is B. J. Winter.\nFebruary 6 – New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to John Stevens.\nFebruary 17 – The Spanish reconquest of Latin America begins.\nFebruary 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom (including Canada) officially ends, following ratification of the Treaty of Ghent (1814) in Washington, D.C.\nFebruary 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"Georgetown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_University"},{"link_name":"congressional charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_charter"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"March 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15"},{"link_name":"Joachim Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Murat"},{"link_name":"King of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_War"},{"link_name":"March 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"King of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"March 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2"},{"link_name":"18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_18"},{"link_name":"Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Kandyan Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Convention"},{"link_name":"Ceylon becoming a British colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"March 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_20"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Elba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elba"},{"link_name":"Hundred Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"March 1\nNapoleonic Wars: Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.\nGeorgetown University's congressional charter is signed into law, by President James Madison.\nMarch 15 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples, declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.\nMarch 16 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands.\nMarch 2–18 – Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Kandy, the last king in Ceylon, is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.\nMarch 20 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon enters Paris, after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his Hundred Days rule.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congress_of_Vienna.PNG"},{"link_name":"June 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_9"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bodleian_Libraries,_Twelfth_night_or,-_What_you_will_now_performing_at_the_Theatre_Royal_Europe,_with_new_scenery_decorationscc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(print)"},{"link_name":"George Cruikshank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cruikshank"},{"link_name":"April 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_5"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_12"},{"link_name":"Mount Tambora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"blows its top explosively during an eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora"},{"link_name":"Sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide"},{"link_name":"stratosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere"},{"link_name":"volcanic winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_winter"},{"link_name":"1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816"},{"link_name":"1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816"},{"link_name":"Year Without a Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer"},{"link_name":"April 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_21"},{"link_name":"Garhwal Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kumaon division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_division"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"April 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24"},{"link_name":"Second Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Takovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takovo"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia"},{"link_name":"First Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"June 9: The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed.Twelfth Night. Caricature of the Congress of Vienna by George Cruikshank.April 5–12 – Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during an eruption, killing upwards of 92,000, and propelling thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). The high level gases reflect sunlight, and cause the widespread cooling (known as a volcanic winter) and heavy rains of 1816, snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere, widespread crop failures, and subsequently famine, which is why 1816 is later known as the Year Without a Summer.\nApril 21 – The eastern part of the former Garhwal Kingdom is joined with Kumaon division, under the administration of the British Raj.\nApril 24 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Ottoman Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Neapolitan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_War"},{"link_name":"Joachim Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Murat"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"May 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_30"},{"link_name":"Arniston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arniston_(East_Indiaman)"},{"link_name":"East Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Waenhuiskrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waenhuiskrans"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"May 3 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica, and is later executed.\nMay 30 – The Arniston, an East Indiaman ship repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa, with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"June 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_9"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Congress Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_neutrality_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"June 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_15"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Richmond's ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Richmond%27s_ball"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"June 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_16"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Quatre Bras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras"},{"link_name":"Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"June 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_18"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"June 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_22"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Napoleon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG"},{"link_name":"June 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_18"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Waterloo_(painting)"},{"link_name":"June 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_26"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Péronne, Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"June 9 – The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation and Congress Poland are created, and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed. Also, Luxembourg declared independence from the French Empire.\nJune 15 – The Duchess of Richmond's ball is held in Brussels, \"the most famous ball in history\".[2][3]\nJune 16\nNapoleonic Wars – Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.\nNapoleonic Wars – Battle of Quatre Bras: Marshal Ney engages Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, resulting in a tactical and strategic draw.\nJune 18 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Waterloo: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher decisively and this time permanently defeat Napoleon.\nJune 22 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon abdicates again; Napoleon II (1811–1832), age 4, rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).June 18: Battle of WaterlooJune 26 – Napoleonic Wars: Wellington's advancing Allied Army takes Péronne, Somme on its way to Paris.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"July 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_8"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis XVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVII_of_France"},{"link_name":"July 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_15"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"HMS Bellerophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)"},{"link_name":"Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Frederick Lewis Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lewis_Maitland_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"July 8 – Napoleonic Wars: Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).\nJuly 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon boards HMS Bellerophon off Rochefort, and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"August 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_7"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"HMS Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Northumberland_(1798)"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"August 2 – Napoleonic Wars: Representatives of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia sign a convention at Paris, declaring that Napoleon Bonaparte is \"their prisoner\" and that \"His safe keeping is entrusted to the British Government.\" [4]\nAugust 7 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon is transferred to HMS Northumberland, to begin his forced and final second exile, on the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.[5]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_23"},{"link_name":"Great September Gale of 1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_September_Gale_of_1815"},{"link_name":"hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane"},{"link_name":"September 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Holy Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Alliance"},{"link_name":"status quo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"September 23 – The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.\nSeptember 26 – Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance, to uphold the European status quo.[6]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October"},{"link_name":"Robert Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Barbary captive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"The Narrative of Robert Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"October 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_3"},{"link_name":"Chassigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassigny_(meteorite)"},{"link_name":"Martian meteorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite"},{"link_name":"Chassigny, Haute-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassigny,_Haute-Marne"},{"link_name":"October 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena"},{"link_name":"October 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_23"},{"link_name":"6.8 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_Pinglu_earthquake"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"October – Robert Adams, American sailor and the first Westerner to visit Timbuktu, is found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked, leading to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which is later published as The Narrative of Robert Adams.[7]\nOctober 3 – The Chassigny Martian meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.\nOctober 15 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.\nOctober 23 – A 6.8 earthquake shakes northern China causing many houses and caves to collapse, killing at least 13,000 people.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_3"},{"link_name":"Humphry Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy"},{"link_name":"Davy lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_lamp"},{"link_name":"coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"safety lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_lamp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icons-9"},{"link_name":"November 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_5"},{"link_name":"Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-10"},{"link_name":"United States of the Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789"},{"link_name":"November 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_27"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Congress Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"November 3 – Sir Humphry Davy announces his invention, the Davy lamp (a coal mining safety lamp),[8][9]\nNovember 5 – The Ionian Islands become a British protectorate,[10] the United States of the Ionian Islands.\nNovember 20 – The Napoleonic Wars come to an end after 12 years, with the British government restoring the status quo of France, prior to when the French Revolution began in 1789, after 26 years of turmoil.\nNovember 27 – The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland is signed, creating Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy in personal union with the Russian Empire, under terms agreed at the Congress of Vienna.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"December 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_7"},{"link_name":"Marshal Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"Jardin du Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"December 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_23"},{"link_name":"Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"December 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_25"},{"link_name":"Handel and Haydn Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_and_Haydn_Society"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-11"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"December 7 – Marshal Ney is executed in Paris, near the Jardin du Luxembourg.\nDecember 23 – The novel Emma by Jane Austen is first published, anonymously in London, dated 1816.\nDecember 25 – The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously performing arts organization in the United States, gives its first performance, in Boston.[11]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay of Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Islands"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"pillory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillory"},{"link_name":"perjury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"The first full-blooded European native born in New Zealand, Thomas King, is born in the Bay of Islands.\nThe second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.\nIn the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.\nWisden Cricketers' Almanack retrospectively recognises statistics for first-class cricket in England from this year.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_clark.png"},{"link_name":"Edward Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clark_(governor)"},{"link_name":"January 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_11"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"1891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891"},{"link_name":"January 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_15"},{"link_name":"Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Wehnert-Beckmann"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901"},{"link_name":"January 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_16"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872"},{"link_name":"January 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21"},{"link_name":"Horace Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Wells"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848"},{"link_name":"February 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2"},{"link_name":"Mathilde Esch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Esch"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904"},{"link_name":"February 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_3"},{"link_name":"Edward James Roye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Roye"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"February 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_10"},{"link_name":"Constantin Bosianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Bosianu"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882"},{"link_name":"February 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15"},{"link_name":"Constantin von Tischendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874"},{"link_name":"March 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9"},{"link_name":"David Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886"},{"link_name":"March 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11"},{"link_name":"Anna Bochkoltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bochkoltz"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879"},{"link_name":"March 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_12"},{"link_name":"Louis-Jules Trochu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896"},{"link_name":"April 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_1"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898"},{"link_name":"Edward Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clark_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"1880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880"},{"link_name":"April 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_6"},{"link_name":"Robert Volkmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Volkmann"},{"link_name":"1883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883"},{"link_name":"April 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24"},{"link_name":"Anthony Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trollope"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"Richard Ansdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ansdell"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885"},{"link_name":"May 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19"},{"link_name":"Thomas Thornycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thornycroft"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885"},{"link_name":"May 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27"},{"link_name":"Henry Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Parkes"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896"},{"link_name":"June 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_18"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Freiherr_von_und_zu_der_Tann-Rathsamhausen"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881"},{"link_name":"June 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_30"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Ramming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Ramming"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876"}],"sub_title":"January–June","text":"Edward ClarkJanuary 11 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (d. 1891)\nJanuary 15 – Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann, German photographer (d. 1901)\nJanuary 16 – Henry Halleck, American general (d. 1872)\nJanuary 21 – Horace Wells, American dentist, anesthesia pioneer (d. 1848)\nFebruary 2 – Mathilde Esch, Austrian genre painter (d. 1904)\nFebruary 3 – Edward James Roye, 5th President of Liberia (d. 1872)[12]\nFebruary 10 – Constantin Bosianu, 4th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1882)\nFebruary 15 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (d. 1874)\nMarch 9 – David Davis, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886)\nMarch 11 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879)\nMarch 12 – Louis-Jules Trochu, French general and politician, 26th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)\nApril 1\nOtto von Bismarck, German statesman (d. 1898)\nEdward Clark, Governor of Texas (d. 1880)\nApril 6 – Robert Volkmann, German composer (d. 1883)\nApril 24 – Anthony Trollope, English novelist (d. 1882)[13]\nMay 11 – Richard Ansdell, English painter and engraver (d. 1885)\nMay 19 – Thomas Thornycroft, English sculptor and engineer (d. 1885)\nMay 27 – Sir Henry Parkes, father of the Australian Federation (d. 1896)\nJune 18 – Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen, Bavarian general (d. 1881)\nJune 30 – Wilhelm von Ramming, Austrian general (d. 1876)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ada Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace"},{"link_name":"July 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_26"},{"link_name":"Robert Remak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Remak"},{"link_name":"1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865"},{"link_name":"August 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_5"},{"link_name":"Edward John Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre"},{"link_name":"1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901"},{"link_name":"August 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16"},{"link_name":"John Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bosco"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888"},{"link_name":"August 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_26"},{"link_name":"Bernard Jauréguiberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Jaur%C3%A9guiberry"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887"},{"link_name":"October 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_16"},{"link_name":"Francis Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lubbock"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"October 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_23"},{"link_name":"João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Maur%C3%ADcio_Vanderlei,_Baron_of_Cotejipe"},{"link_name":"1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889"},{"link_name":"October 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_31"},{"link_name":"Karl Weierstrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897"},{"link_name":"September 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_12"},{"link_name":"Richard S. Rust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Rust"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906"},{"link_name":"November 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2"},{"link_name":"George Boole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole"},{"link_name":"1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864"},{"link_name":"November 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_5"},{"link_name":"Martins Pena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Pena"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"November 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_12"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton"},{"link_name":"1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902"},{"link_name":"November 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_20"},{"link_name":"Maria Cederschiöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cederschi%C3%B6ld_(deaconess)"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892"},{"link_name":"December 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2"},{"link_name":"Juan Javier Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Javier_Espinosa"},{"link_name":"1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870"},{"link_name":"December 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_8"},{"link_name":"Adolph Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Menzel"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"December 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_10"},{"link_name":"Ada Lovelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace"},{"link_name":"Lord Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Byron"},{"link_name":"1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852"},{"link_name":"December 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13"},{"link_name":"Pálné Veres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ln%C3%A9_Veres"},{"link_name":"1895","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895"},{"link_name":"December 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_21"},{"link_name":"Thomas Couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Couture"},{"link_name":"1879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879"},{"link_name":"December 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30"},{"link_name":"Joseph Toynbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Toynbee"},{"link_name":"1866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866"},{"link_name":"December 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31"},{"link_name":"George Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872"}],"sub_title":"July–December","text":"Elizabeth Cady StantonAda LovelaceJuly 26 – Robert Remak, German embryologist, physiologist and neurologist (d. 1865)\nAugust 5 – Edward John Eyre, English explorer, colonial governor (d. 1901)\nAugust 16 – Saint John Bosco, Italian priest, educator (d. 1888)\nAugust 26 – Bernard Jauréguiberry, French admiral and statesman (d. 1887)\nOctober 16 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905)\nOctober 23 – João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe, Brazilian magistrate, politician (d. 1889)\nOctober 31 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (d. 1897)\nSeptember 12 – Richard S. Rust, American abolitionist (d. 1906)\nNovember 2 – George Boole, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1864)\nNovember 5 – Luís Carlos Martins Pena, Brazilian playwright (d. 1848)[14]\nNovember 12 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (d. 1902)\nNovember 20 – Maria Cederschiöld, Swedish deaconess (d. 1892)\nDecember 2 – Juan Javier Espinosa, 9th President of Ecuador (d. 1870)\nDecember 8 – Adolph Menzel, German painter (d. 1905)\nDecember 10 – Ada Lovelace, English computer pioneer, daughter of Lord Byron (d. 1852)\nDecember 13 – Pálné Veres, Hungarian educator, women's rights activist (d. 1895)\nDecember 21 – Thomas Couture, French painter (d. 1879)\nDecember 30 – Joseph Toynbee, English otologist (d. 1866)\nDecember 31 – George Meade, American general (d. 1872)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Farquharson Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farquharson_Burnett"},{"link_name":"1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863"}],"sub_title":"Date unknown","text":"William Farquharson Burnett, British commodore (d. 1863)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Romney_-_Emma_Hart_in_a_Straw_Hat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emma, Lady Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdova_y_Ramos_(Museo_Naval_de_Madrid).jpg"},{"link_name":"José de Córdoba y Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_y_Ramos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Howe_DeLancey.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Howe De Lancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe_De_Lancey"},{"link_name":"January 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8"},{"link_name":"Edward Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pakenham"},{"link_name":"1778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1778"},{"link_name":"January 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_16"},{"link_name":"Emma, Lady Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Horatio Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson"},{"link_name":"1765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1765"},{"link_name":"January 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_24"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Malet,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"1752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1752"},{"link_name":"February 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_9"},{"link_name":"Ellen Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"1785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1785"},{"link_name":"February 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_22"},{"link_name":"Smithson Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant"},{"link_name":"iridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"},{"link_name":"osmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium"},{"link_name":"1761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1761"},{"link_name":"February 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24"},{"link_name":"Robert Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fulton"},{"link_name":"1765","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1765"},{"link_name":"February 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_26"},{"link_name":"Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"1737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1737"},{"link_name":"March 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_4"},{"link_name":"Frances Abington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Abington"},{"link_name":"1737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1737"},{"link_name":"March 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_5"},{"link_name":"Franz Mesmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer"},{"link_name":"1734","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1734"},{"link_name":"April 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_3"},{"link_name":"José de Córdoba y Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_y_Ramos"},{"link_name":"1732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1732"},{"link_name":"April 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_21"},{"link_name":"Joseph Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Winston"},{"link_name":"1746","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1746"},{"link_name":"May 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_11"},{"link_name":"Aletta Haniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_Haniel"},{"link_name":"1742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1742"},{"link_name":"May 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_25"},{"link_name":"Domenico Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Puccini"},{"link_name":"1772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772"},{"link_name":"June 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1"},{"link_name":"Louis-Alexandre Berthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier"},{"link_name":"1753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1753"},{"link_name":"June 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_16"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"1771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1771"},{"link_name":"June 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_17"},{"link_name":"Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Michel_Letort_de_Lorville"},{"link_name":"1773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1773"},{"link_name":"June 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_18"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Desvaux_de_Saint-Maurice"},{"link_name":"1775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Philibert Duhesme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Philibert_Duhesme"},{"link_name":"1766","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1766"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(British_staff_officer)"},{"link_name":"1786","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1786"},{"link_name":"Claude-Étienne Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-%C3%89tienne_Michel"},{"link_name":"1772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772"},{"link_name":"Thomas Picton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Picton"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1758"},{"link_name":"William Ponsonby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ponsonby_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"1772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772"},{"link_name":"Jean Baptiste van Merlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_van_Merlen"},{"link_name":"1773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1773"},{"link_name":"June 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_26"},{"link_name":"William Howe De Lancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howe_De_Lancey"},{"link_name":"1778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1778"},{"link_name":"June 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_27"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Girard_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"1775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775"}],"sub_title":"January–June","text":"Emma, Lady HamiltonJosé de Córdoba y RamosWilliam Howe De LanceyJanuary 8 – Edward Pakenham, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1778)\nJanuary 16 – Emma, Lady Hamilton, politically active British courtesan, lover of Horatio Nelson (b. 1765)\nJanuary 24 – Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet, British East India Company official (b. 1752)\nFebruary 9 – Ellen Hutchins, Irish botanist (b. 1785)\nFebruary 22 – Smithson Tennant, English chemist, discovered the elements iridium and osmium (b. 1761)\nFebruary 24 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)\nFebruary 26 – Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Austrian general (b. 1737)\nMarch 4 – Frances Abington, English actress (b. 1737)\nMarch 5 – Franz Mesmer, German developer of animal magnetism (b. 1734)\nApril 3 – José de Córdoba y Ramos, Spanish explorer and naval commander (b. 1732)\nApril 21 – Joseph Winston, American patriot, Congressman from North Carolina (b. 1746)\nMay 11 – Aletta Haniel, German business person (b. 1742)\nMay 25 – Domenico Puccini, Italian composer (b. 1772)\nJune 1 – Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (b. 1753)\nJune 16 – Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noble, general (killed in battle) (b. 1771)\nJune 17 – Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville, French general (b. 1773)\nJune 18 (killed at the Battle of Waterloo):\nJean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general (b. 1775)\nGuillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (b. 1766)\nSir Alexander Gordon, British staff officer (b. 1786)\nClaude-Étienne Michel, French general (b. 1772)\nSir Thomas Picton, British general (b. 1758)\nSir William Ponsonby, British general (b. 1772)\nJean Baptiste van Merlen, Dutch-Belgian general (b. 1773)\nJune 26 – William Howe De Lancey, British quartermaster-general (mortally wounded at Waterloo) (b. 1778)\nJune 27 – Jean-Baptiste Girard, French general (mortally wounded at Ligny) (b. 1775)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Self-Portrait_1769_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Singleton Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley"},{"link_name":"July 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_3"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Reden"},{"link_name":"1752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1752"},{"link_name":"August 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Marie-Anne_Brune"},{"link_name":"1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1763"},{"link_name":"August 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_6"},{"link_name":"James A. Bayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(elder)"},{"link_name":"1767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1767"},{"link_name":"August 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_25"},{"link_name":"Stephen Badlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Badlam"},{"link_name":"1751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1751"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"September 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_9"},{"link_name":"John Singleton Copley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley"},{"link_name":"1738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1738"},{"link_name":"September 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_20"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Desmarest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarest"},{"link_name":"1725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1725"},{"link_name":"October 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_13"},{"link_name":"Joachim Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Murat"},{"link_name":"1767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1767"},{"link_name":"October 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_19"},{"link_name":"Paolo Mascagni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Mascagni"},{"link_name":"1755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755"},{"link_name":"October 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_22"},{"link_name":"Claude Lecourbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe"},{"link_name":"1759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1759"},{"link_name":"December 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3"},{"link_name":"John Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"1735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1735"},{"link_name":"December 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_7"},{"link_name":"Michel Ney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney"},{"link_name":"1769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1769"},{"link_name":"December 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_8"},{"link_name":"Mary Bosanquet Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bosanquet_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"December 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_22"},{"link_name":"José María Morelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos"},{"link_name":"Mexican War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"December 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_29"},{"link_name":"Saartjie Baartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saartjie_Baartman"},{"link_name":"sideshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideshow"}],"sub_title":"July–December","text":"John Singleton CopleyJuly 3 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden, German pioneer in mining and metallurgy (b. 1752)\nAugust 2 – Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, French marshal (murdered) (b. 1763)\nAugust 6 – James A. Bayard, U.S. Senator from Delaware (b. 1767)\nAugust 25 – Stephen Badlam, American artisan and military officer (b. 1751)[15]\nSeptember 9 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (b. 1738)\nSeptember 20 – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (b. 1725)\nOctober 13 – Joachim Murat, French marshal, King of Naples (executed) (b. 1767)\nOctober 19 – Paolo Mascagni, Italian anatomist (b. 1755)\nOctober 22 – Claude Lecourbe, French general (b. 1759)\nDecember 3 – John Carroll, first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b. 1735)\nDecember 7 – Michel Ney, French marshal (executed) (b. 1769)\nDecember 8 – Mary Bosanquet Fletcher, English Methodist preacher and philanthropist (b. 1739)\nDecember 22 – José María Morelos, leader of Mexican War of Independence, executed (b. 1765)[16]\nDecember 29 – Saartjie Baartman, South African sideshow performer","title":"Deaths"}]
|
[{"image_text":"February 26: Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg/220px-Beaume_-_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_quittant_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Elbe_-_1836.jpg"},{"image_text":"June 9: The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Congress_of_Vienna.PNG/220px-Congress_of_Vienna.PNG"},{"image_text":"Twelfth Night. Caricature of the Congress of Vienna by George Cruikshank.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Twelfth_night_or%2C-_What_you_will_now_performing_at_the_Theatre_Royal_Europe%2C_with_new_scenery_decorationscc.jpg/220px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Twelfth_night_or%2C-_What_you_will_now_performing_at_the_Theatre_Royal_Europe%2C_with_new_scenery_decorationscc.jpg"},{"image_text":"June 18: Battle of Waterloo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/220px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG"},{"image_text":"Edward Clark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Edward_clark.png/110px-Edward_clark.png"},{"image_text":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg/110px-Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ada Lovelace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg/110px-Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emma, Lady Hamilton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/George_Romney_-_Emma_Hart_in_a_Straw_Hat.jpg/110px-George_Romney_-_Emma_Hart_in_a_Straw_Hat.jpg"},{"image_text":"José de Córdoba y Ramos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdova_y_Ramos_%28Museo_Naval_de_Madrid%29.jpg/110px-Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdova_y_Ramos_%28Museo_Naval_de_Madrid%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Howe De Lancey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/William_Howe_DeLancey.jpg/110px-William_Howe_DeLancey.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Singleton Copley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Self-Portrait_1769_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/110px-Self-Portrait_1769_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Judith Bailey Slagle, ed. (1999). The Collected Letters of Joanna Baillie. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 734. ISBN 9780838638163.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838638163","url_text":"9780838638163"}]},{"reference":"Longford, Elizabeth (1986). \"194\". In Hastings, Max (ed.). The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes. Oxford University Press. pp. 230–234. ISBN 9780195205282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Pakenham,_Countess_of_Longford","url_text":"Longford, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_fwo9-URNEC&q=Marquise+D%E2%80%99Assche&pg=PA230","url_text":"\"194\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hastings","url_text":"Hastings, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195205282","url_text":"9780195205282"}]},{"reference":"Sutherland, John; Fender, Stephen (2011). \"15 June\". Love, Sex, Death & Words: surprising tales from a year in literature. London: Icon. pp. 228–9. ISBN 978-184831-247-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutherland_(author)","url_text":"Sutherland, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184831-247-0","url_text":"978-184831-247-0"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Charles Hansford (2005). The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. x.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820\". icons.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091016113407/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1800-1820","url_text":"\"Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820\""},{"url":"http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1800-1820","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 247–248. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2","url_text":"0-7126-5616-2"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, H. Earle (1986). \"Handel and Haydn Society\". In Hitchcock, H. Wiley; Sadie, Stanley (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Vol. II. London: Macmillan Press. p. 318. ISBN 0-943818-36-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0000unse/page/318","url_text":"\"Handel and Haydn Society\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0000unse/page/318","url_text":"318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943818-36-2","url_text":"0-943818-36-2"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. p. 284. ISBN 9781461659310.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Liberia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461659310","url_text":"9781461659310"}]},{"reference":"Garnett, Richard (1899). \"Trollope, Anthony\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 238–242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Trollope,_Anthony","url_text":"\"Trollope, Anthony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Charles Scribner's Sons [Simon & Schuster and Prentice Hall]. 1996. p. 340.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nash, Susan Higginson (January 26, 1958). \"Badlam Famed Dorchester Cabinet Maker\". Boston Herald. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/badlam-famed-dorchester-cabinet-maker/cbnqbgittqltpchprnzhkkgoliqgdrzg_ip-10-166-46-104_1700872831162","url_text":"\"Badlam Famed Dorchester Cabinet Maker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Biografía de José María Morelos\" (in Spanish). Historia del Nuevo Mundo. August 2, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historiadelnuevomundo.com/index.php/2018/08/biografia-jose-maria-morelos/","url_text":"\"Biografía de José María Morelos\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_fwo9-URNEC&q=Marquise+D%E2%80%99Assche&pg=PA230","external_links_name":"\"194\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091016113407/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1800-1820","external_links_name":"\"Icons, a portrait of England 1800-1820\""},{"Link":"http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1800-1820","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0000unse/page/318","external_links_name":"\"Handel and Haydn Society\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0000unse/page/318","external_links_name":"318"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Liberia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Trollope,_Anthony","external_links_name":"\"Trollope, Anthony\""},{"Link":"https://www.genealogybank.com/newspaper-clippings/badlam-famed-dorchester-cabinet-maker/cbnqbgittqltpchprnzhkkgoliqgdrzg_ip-10-166-46-104_1700872831162","external_links_name":"\"Badlam Famed Dorchester Cabinet Maker\""},{"Link":"https://www.historiadelnuevomundo.com/index.php/2018/08/biografia-jose-maria-morelos/","external_links_name":"\"Biografía de José María Morelos\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552087905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006002914","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertree_network
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Hypertree network
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["1 References"]
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Type of computer/communication network topology
A hypertree network is a network topology that shares some traits with the binary tree network. It is a variation of the fat tree architecture.
A hypertree of degree k depth d may be visualized as a 3-dimensional object whose front view is the top-down complete k-ary tree of depth d and the side view is the bottom-up complete binary tree of depth d.
Hypertrees were proposed in 1981 by James R. Goodman and Carlo Sequin.
Hypertrees are a choice for parallel computer architecture, used, e.g., in the connection machine CM-5.
References
^ a b Quinn, Michael Jay (2004). Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP. McGraw-Hill. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-07-282256-4.
^ a b Lin, M.; Tsang, R.; Du, D.H.C.; Klietz, A.E.; Saroff, S. (1993). "Performance evaluation of the CM-5 interconnection network". Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1993. pp. 189–198. doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1993.289662. ISBN 978-0-8186-3400-0. S2CID 10122972.
^ Goodman, J.R.; Sequin, C.H. (1981). "Hypertree: A Multiprocessor Interconnection Topology" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Computers. 20 (12): 923–933. doi:10.1109/TC.1981.1675731. S2CID 20537503.
^ Leiserson, Charles E.; Abuhamdeh, Zahi S.; Douglas, David C.; Feynman, Carl R.; Ganmukhi, Mahesh N.; Hill, Jeffrey V.; Daniel Hillis, W.; Kuszmaul, Bradley C.; St. Pierre, Margaret A.; Wells, David S.; Wong, Monica C.; Yang, Shaw-Wen; Zak, Robert (1992). "The Network Architecture of the Connection Machine CM-5". SPAA '92 Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures. ACM. pp. 272–285. doi:10.1145/140901.141883. ISBN 978-0-89791-483-3. S2CID 6307237.
vteNetwork topologiesArrangements of the data links and nodes of computer networks
Bus network
Grid network
Mesh network
Point-to-point
Ring network
Arbitrated loop
Star network
Switched fabric
Tree network
Fat tree
Hypertree
Topology of the World Wide Web
This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"network topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology"},{"link_name":"tree network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quinn-1"},{"link_name":"fat tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_tree"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eval-2"},{"link_name":"k-ary tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-ary_tree"},{"link_name":"complete binary tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_binary_tree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quinn-1"},{"link_name":"James R. Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Goodman"},{"link_name":"Carlo Sequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Sequin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism_(computing)"},{"link_name":"computer architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture"},{"link_name":"connection machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_machine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eval-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A hypertree network is a network topology that shares some traits with the binary tree network.[1] It is a variation of the fat tree architecture.[2]A hypertree of degree k depth d may be visualized as a 3-dimensional object whose front view is the top-down complete k-ary tree of depth d and the side view is the bottom-up complete binary tree of depth d.[1]Hypertrees were proposed in 1981 by James R. Goodman and Carlo Sequin.[3]Hypertrees are a choice for parallel computer architecture, used, e.g., in the connection machine CM-5.[2][4]","title":"Hypertree network"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Quinn, Michael Jay (2004). Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP. McGraw-Hill. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-07-282256-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parallelprogramm0000quin","url_text":"Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parallelprogramm0000quin/page/31","url_text":"31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-282256-4","url_text":"978-0-07-282256-4"}]},{"reference":"Lin, M.; Tsang, R.; Du, D.H.C.; Klietz, A.E.; Saroff, S. (1993). \"Performance evaluation of the CM-5 interconnection network\". Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1993. pp. 189–198. doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1993.289662. ISBN 978-0-8186-3400-0. S2CID 10122972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compcon&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCMPCON.1993.289662","url_text":"10.1109/CMPCON.1993.289662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8186-3400-0","url_text":"978-0-8186-3400-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10122972","url_text":"10122972"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, J.R.; Sequin, C.H. (1981). \"Hypertree: A Multiprocessor Interconnection Topology\" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Computers. 20 (12): 923–933. doi:10.1109/TC.1981.1675731. S2CID 20537503.","urls":[{"url":"https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/1793/58294/1/TR427.pdf","url_text":"\"Hypertree: A Multiprocessor Interconnection Topology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Computers","url_text":"IEEE Transactions on Computers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTC.1981.1675731","url_text":"10.1109/TC.1981.1675731"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20537503","url_text":"20537503"}]},{"reference":"Leiserson, Charles E.; Abuhamdeh, Zahi S.; Douglas, David C.; Feynman, Carl R.; Ganmukhi, Mahesh N.; Hill, Jeffrey V.; Daniel Hillis, W.; Kuszmaul, Bradley C.; St. Pierre, Margaret A.; Wells, David S.; Wong, Monica C.; Yang, Shaw-Wen; Zak, Robert (1992). \"The Network Architecture of the Connection Machine CM-5\". SPAA '92 Proceedings of the fourth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures. ACM. pp. 272–285. doi:10.1145/140901.141883. ISBN 978-0-89791-483-3. S2CID 6307237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F140901.141883","url_text":"10.1145/140901.141883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-483-3","url_text":"978-0-89791-483-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6307237","url_text":"6307237"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Ness_monster_surface
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Loch Ness monster surface
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
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Infinite manifold
An approximation to the Loch Ness monster surface. The monster should really be infinitely long with an infinite number of loops.
A plot of a part of a Loch Ness monster surface.
In mathematics, the Loch Ness monster is a surface with infinite genus but only one end. It appeared named this way already in a 1981 article by Sullivan & Phillips (1981). The surface can be constructed by starting with a plane (which can be thought of as the surface of Loch Ness) and adding an infinite number of handles (which can be thought of as loops of the Loch Ness monster).
See also
Cantor tree surface
Jacob's ladder surface
References
Sullivan, Dennis; Phillips, Anthony (1981), "Geometry of leaves", Topology, 20 (2): 209–218, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(81)90039-2, ISSN 0040-9383, MR 0605659
Ghys, Étienne (1995), "Topologie des feuilles génériques", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 141 (2): 387–422, doi:10.2307/2118526, ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 2118526, MR 1324140
Walczak, Paweł (2004), Dynamics of foliations, groups and pseudogroups, Instytut Matematyczny Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Monografie Matematyczne (New Series) , vol. 64, Birkhäuser Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7643-7091-6, MR 2056374
Arredondo, John A.; Ramírez-Maluendas, Camilo (2017), "On the Infinite Loch Ness monster", Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae, 58 (4): 465–479, arXiv:1701.07151, Bibcode:2017arXiv170107151A, doi:10.14712/1213-7243.2015.227, ISSN 0010-2628
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[{"image_text":"An approximation to the Loch Ness monster surface. The monster should really be infinitely long with an infinite number of loops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wazm3.JPG/220px-Wazm3.JPG"},{"image_text":"A plot of a part of a Loch Ness monster surface.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/38/Loch_ness_monster_surface.svg/220px-Loch_ness_monster_surface.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Cantor tree surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_tree_surface"},{"title":"Jacob's ladder surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder_surface"}]
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[{"reference":"Sullivan, Dennis; Phillips, Anthony (1981), \"Geometry of leaves\", Topology, 20 (2): 209–218, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(81)90039-2, ISSN 0040-9383, MR 0605659","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2881%2990039-2","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(81)90039-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-9383","url_text":"0040-9383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0605659","url_text":"0605659"}]},{"reference":"Ghys, Étienne (1995), \"Topologie des feuilles génériques\", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 141 (2): 387–422, doi:10.2307/2118526, ISSN 0003-486X, JSTOR 2118526, MR 1324140","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Ghys","url_text":"Ghys, Étienne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2118526","url_text":"10.2307/2118526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-486X","url_text":"0003-486X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118526","url_text":"2118526"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1324140","url_text":"1324140"}]},{"reference":"Walczak, Paweł (2004), Dynamics of foliations, groups and pseudogroups, Instytut Matematyczny Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Monografie Matematyczne (New Series) [Mathematics Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Monographs (New Series)], vol. 64, Birkhäuser Verlag, ISBN 978-3-7643-7091-6, MR 2056374","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl4WkcHzhIAC","url_text":"Dynamics of foliations, groups and pseudogroups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-7091-6","url_text":"978-3-7643-7091-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2056374","url_text":"2056374"}]},{"reference":"Arredondo, John A.; Ramírez-Maluendas, Camilo (2017), \"On the Infinite Loch Ness monster\", Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae, 58 (4): 465–479, arXiv:1701.07151, Bibcode:2017arXiv170107151A, doi:10.14712/1213-7243.2015.227, ISSN 0010-2628","urls":[{"url":"http://cmuc.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/cmuc1704/abs/arredo.htm","url_text":"\"On the Infinite Loch Ness monster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.07151","url_text":"1701.07151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170107151A","url_text":"2017arXiv170107151A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14712%2F1213-7243.2015.227","url_text":"10.14712/1213-7243.2015.227"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-2628","url_text":"0010-2628"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sins_of_Rachel_Cade
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The Sins of Rachel Cade
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Background","4 Notes","5 External links"]
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1961 film by Gordon Douglas
The Sins of Rachel CadeTheatrical release posterDirected byGordon DouglasWritten byEdward AnhaltBased onRachel Cade1956 novelby Charles MercerProduced byHenry BlankeStarringAngie DickinsonPeter FinchRoger MooreCinematographyJ. Peverell MarleyEdited byOwen MarksMusic byMax SteinerDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date
April 2, 1961 (1961-04-02)
Running time124 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Sins of Rachel Cade is a 1961 drama film directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Angie Dickinson in the title role, as well as Peter Finch and Roger Moore who compete for her love.
Plot
During World War II, Protestant medical missionary Rachel comes to the village of Dibela in the Belgian Congo. Widowed military administrator Colonel Derode is initially skeptical about her work, but eventually is romantically attracted to Rachel. One of her patients is Paul Wilton, an American doctor with the Royal Air Force (RAF). She makes love with Paul the night before he is to leave, and becomes pregnant.
Cast
Angie Dickinson as Rachel Cade
Peter Finch as Colonel Henry Derode
Roger Moore as Paul Wilton
Errol John as Kulu
Woody Strode as Muwango
Juano Hernández as Kalanumu
Frederick O'Neal as Buderga
Mary Wickes as Marie Grieux
Scatman Crothers as Musinga
Rafer Johnson as Kosongo
Charles Wood as Mzimba
Douglas Spencer as Doctor Bikel
Background
The film is loosely based on the 1956 novel by Charles Mercer, Rachel Cade, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Film rights were bought prior to publication by William Dozier who was head of production at RKO. In September 1956 he announced that Stanley Rubin would produce and the film would be made in Africa with John Wayne. It would be part of a five-picture slate from Rubin worth $12 million starting with The Girl Most Likely. Katharine Hepburn was announced as a possible star. Then Dozier offered the lead to Deborah Kerr. Stirling Silliphant signed to write the script. In October Dozier said the film would be one of fifteen RKO would make the following year, others including Stage Struck, Bangkok, Ten Days in August, Three Empty Rooms, Affair in Portifino, Sex and Miss McAdoo, Pakistan, Galveston, On My Honor, The Naked and the Dead, Cash MCad, Far Alert, Journey to the Center of the Earth and Curtain Going Up.
RKO wound up as a company – most of the fifteen films listed were not made. Film rights went to Warner Bros who in November 1958 announced they would make the film. In March 1959 Edward Anhalt was assigned to write the script and Henry Blanke was to produce. Blanke had also produced The Nun's Story (1959), starring Audrey Hepburn. The Sins of Rachel Cade had some familiarities to that story particularly with the lead character: a religious female working to help during wartime. Also, Peter Finch plays an atheistic authority figure in both films.
In June Warners announced that Carroll Baker would star and Gordon Douglas would direct. Peter Finch was announced as the male star. However Baker refused to make the movie and Warners gave the lead to Angie Dickinson, who had just made Rio Bravo and The Bramble Bush for the studio.
In August Peter Finch arrived in Hollywood for filming, which began August 27. He called his role "a good, rather cynical part with some excellent dialogue." Rafer Johnson signed in September. Roger Moore's casting was announced in October – he was then making The Alaskans for Warner Bros.
Notes
^ Variety film review; September 14, 1960, page 18.
^ Harrison's Reports film review; March 4, 1961, page 34.
^ Schallert, Edwin (Sep 13, 1956). "'Bravura' Programmed for Melchior in Europe; Bishop Story Optioned". Los Angeles Times. p. A11.
^ Schallert, Edwin (Sep 7, 1956). "New Cinderella 'Happy Warror' Star; Paget Brother Joins His Sister". Los Angeles Times. p. C9.
^ "Louella Parsons: The Congo Beckons Deborah Kerr". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. Sep 14, 1956. p. 32.
^ THOMAS M. PRYOR (Sep 22, 1956). "STUDIO REVAMPS '29 STREET SCENE: Universal Begins $50,000 Renovation Work on Its Standing Oriental Set". New York Times. p. 14.
^ "15 Major Pictures Billed for Production by RKO". Los Angeles Times. Oct 9, 1956. p. B30.
^ "FILMLAND EVENTS: Shelley Winters and Meeker Will Costar". Los Angeles Times. Nov 19, 1958. p. B11.
^ "ALAN LADD FILM NAMES DIRECTOR: Robert Webb Is Signed for 'Guns of Timberland' -- Columbia Adds Writers". The New York Times. Mar 24, 1959. p. 45.
^ Hopper, Hedda (4 June 1959). "Carroll Baker to Star in 'Rachel Cade'". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. c14.
^ Hopper, Hedda (1 July 1959). "Looking at Hollywood: Angie Dickinson Gets 'Rachel Cade' Role". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. d3.
^ "THE LOCAL FILM SCENE By HOWARD THOMPSON". New York Times. Aug 2, 1959. p. X5.
^ "Kaufman Seeking Patricia Owens". Los Angeles Times. Sep 5, 1959. p. A6.
^ "Margo Moore Gets 'Wake Me' Lead". Los Angeles Times. Oct 8, 1959. p. B10.
External links
The Sins of Rachel Cade at IMDb
The Sins of Rachel Cade at AllMovie
The Sins of Rachel Cade at the TCM Movie Database
The Sins of Rachel Cade at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
The Sins of Rachel Cade at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by Gordon Douglas1930s
General Spanky (1936)
Zenobia (1939)
1940s
Saps at Sea (1940)
Broadway Limited (1941)
The Great Gildersleeve (1942)
Gildersleeve's Bad Day (1943)
Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943)
A Night of Adventure (1944)
Gildersleeve's Ghost (1944)
Girl Rush (1944)
The Falcon in Hollywood (1944)
Zombies on Broadway (1945)
First Yank into Tokyo (1945)
Dick Tracy vs. Cueball (1946)
San Quentin (1946)
If You Knew Susie (1948)
Walk a Crooked Mile (1948)
The Doolins of Oklahoma (1949)
Mr. Soft Touch (1949)
1950s
The Nevadan (1950)
Fortunes of Captain Blood (1950)
Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950)
Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye (1950)
Between Midnight and Dawn (1950)
The Great Missouri Raid (1951)
Only the Valiant (1951)
I Was a Communist for the FBI (1951)
Come Fill the Cup (1951)
Mara Maru (1952)
The Iron Mistress (1952)
She's Back on Broadway (1953)
The Charge at Feather River (1953)
So This Is Love (1953)
Them! (1954)
Young at Heart (1955)
The McConnell Story (1955)
Sincerely Yours (1955)
Santiago (1956)
The Big Land (1957)
Bombers B-52 (1957)
Fort Dobbs (1958)
The Fiend Who Walked the West (1958)
Up Periscope (1959)
Yellowstone Kelly (1959)
1960s
The Sins of Rachel Cade (1961)
Gold of the Seven Saints (1961)
Claudelle Inglish (1961)
Follow That Dream (1962)
Call Me Bwana (1963)
Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964)
Rio Conchos (1964)
Sylvia (1965)
Harlow (1965)
Stagecoach (1966)
Way...Way Out (1966)
In Like Flint (1967)
Chuka (1967)
Tony Rome (1967)
The Detective (1968)
Lady in Cement (1968)
1970s
Skullduggery (1970)
They Call Me Mister Tibbs! (1970)
Barquero (1970)
Skin Game (1971, uncredited)
Slaughter's Big Rip-Off (1973)
Nevada Smith (1975)
Viva Knievel! (1977)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Douglas_(director)"},{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Peter Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Finch"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Sins of Rachel Cade is a 1961 drama film directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Angie Dickinson in the title role, as well as Peter Finch and Roger Moore who compete for her love.[1]","title":"The Sins of Rachel Cade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During World War II, Protestant medical missionary Rachel comes to the village of Dibela in the Belgian Congo. Widowed military administrator Colonel Derode is initially skeptical about her work, but eventually is romantically attracted to Rachel. One of her patients is Paul Wilton, an American doctor with the Royal Air Force (RAF). She makes love with Paul the night before he is to leave, and becomes pregnant.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angie Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Peter Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Finch"},{"link_name":"Roger Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Moore"},{"link_name":"Errol John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_John"},{"link_name":"Woody Strode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Strode"},{"link_name":"Juano Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juano_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Frederick O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Mary Wickes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wickes"},{"link_name":"Scatman Crothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatman_Crothers"},{"link_name":"Rafer Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafer_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Charles Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wood_(singer_and_actor)"}],"text":"Angie Dickinson as Rachel Cade\nPeter Finch as Colonel Henry Derode\nRoger Moore as Paul Wilton\nErrol John as Kulu\nWoody Strode as Muwango\nJuano Hernández as Kalanumu\nFrederick O'Neal as Buderga\nMary Wickes as Marie Grieux\nScatman Crothers as Musinga\nRafer Johnson as Kosongo\nCharles Wood as Mzimba\nDouglas Spencer as Doctor Bikel","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Mercer"},{"link_name":"William Dozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dozier"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Katharine Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Deborah Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stirling Silliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Silliphant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Nun's Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nun%27s_Story_(film)"},{"link_name":"Audrey Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"Carroll Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_Baker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The film is loosely based on the 1956 novel by Charles Mercer, Rachel Cade, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons.Film rights were bought prior to publication by William Dozier who was head of production at RKO. In September 1956 he announced that Stanley Rubin would produce and the film would be made in Africa with John Wayne. It would be part of a five-picture slate from Rubin worth $12 million starting with The Girl Most Likely.[3] Katharine Hepburn was announced as a possible star.[4] Then Dozier offered the lead to Deborah Kerr.[5] Stirling Silliphant signed to write the script.[6] In October Dozier said the film would be one of fifteen RKO would make the following year, others including Stage Struck, Bangkok, Ten Days in August, Three Empty Rooms, Affair in Portifino, Sex and Miss McAdoo, Pakistan, Galveston, On My Honor, The Naked and the Dead, Cash MCad, Far Alert, Journey to the Center of the Earth and Curtain Going Up.[7]RKO wound up as a company – most of the fifteen films listed were not made. Film rights went to Warner Bros who in November 1958 announced they would make the film.[8] In March 1959 Edward Anhalt was assigned to write the script and Henry Blanke was to produce.[9] Blanke had also produced The Nun's Story (1959), starring Audrey Hepburn. The Sins of Rachel Cade had some familiarities to that story particularly with the lead character: a religious female working to help during wartime. Also, Peter Finch plays an atheistic authority figure in both films.In June Warners announced that Carroll Baker would star and Gordon Douglas would direct.[10] Peter Finch was announced as the male star. However Baker refused to make the movie and Warners gave the lead to Angie Dickinson, who had just made Rio Bravo and The Bramble Bush for the studio.[11]In August Peter Finch arrived in Hollywood for filming, which began August 27. He called his role \"a good, rather cynical part with some excellent dialogue.\"[12] Rafer Johnson signed in September.[13] Roger Moore's casting was announced in October – he was then making The Alaskans for Warner Bros.[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_Film_Reviews"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Harrison's Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s_Reports_and_Film_Reviews"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ Variety film review; September 14, 1960, page 18.\n\n^ Harrison's Reports film review; March 4, 1961, page 34.\n\n^ Schallert, Edwin (Sep 13, 1956). \"'Bravura' Programmed for Melchior in Europe; Bishop Story Optioned\". Los Angeles Times. p. A11.\n\n^ Schallert, Edwin (Sep 7, 1956). \"New Cinderella 'Happy Warror' Star; Paget Brother Joins His Sister\". Los Angeles Times. p. C9.\n\n^ \"Louella Parsons: The Congo Beckons Deborah Kerr\". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. Sep 14, 1956. p. 32.\n\n^ THOMAS M. PRYOR (Sep 22, 1956). \"STUDIO REVAMPS '29 STREET SCENE: Universal Begins $50,000 Renovation Work on Its Standing Oriental Set\". New York Times. p. 14.\n\n^ \"15 Major Pictures Billed for Production by RKO\". Los Angeles Times. Oct 9, 1956. p. B30.\n\n^ \"FILMLAND EVENTS: Shelley Winters and Meeker Will Costar\". Los Angeles Times. Nov 19, 1958. p. B11.\n\n^ \"ALAN LADD FILM NAMES DIRECTOR: Robert Webb Is Signed for 'Guns of Timberland' -- Columbia Adds Writers\". The New York Times. Mar 24, 1959. p. 45.\n\n^ Hopper, Hedda (4 June 1959). \"Carroll Baker to Star in 'Rachel Cade'\". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. c14.\n\n^ Hopper, Hedda (1 July 1959). \"Looking at Hollywood: Angie Dickinson Gets 'Rachel Cade' Role\". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. d3.\n\n^ \"THE LOCAL FILM SCENE By HOWARD THOMPSON\". New York Times. Aug 2, 1959. p. X5.\n\n^ \"Kaufman Seeking Patricia Owens\". Los Angeles Times. Sep 5, 1959. p. A6.\n\n^ \"Margo Moore Gets 'Wake Me' Lead\". Los Angeles Times. Oct 8, 1959. p. B10.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Schallert, Edwin (Sep 13, 1956). \"'Bravura' Programmed for Melchior in Europe; Bishop Story Optioned\". Los Angeles Times. p. A11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schallert, Edwin (Sep 7, 1956). \"New Cinderella 'Happy Warror' Star; Paget Brother Joins His Sister\". Los Angeles Times. p. C9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Louella Parsons: The Congo Beckons Deborah Kerr\". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. Sep 14, 1956. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"THOMAS M. PRYOR (Sep 22, 1956). \"STUDIO REVAMPS '29 STREET SCENE: Universal Begins $50,000 Renovation Work on Its Standing Oriental Set\". New York Times. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"15 Major Pictures Billed for Production by RKO\". Los Angeles Times. Oct 9, 1956. p. B30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"FILMLAND EVENTS: Shelley Winters and Meeker Will Costar\". Los Angeles Times. Nov 19, 1958. p. B11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ALAN LADD FILM NAMES DIRECTOR: Robert Webb Is Signed for 'Guns of Timberland' -- Columbia Adds Writers\". The New York Times. Mar 24, 1959. p. 45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hopper, Hedda (4 June 1959). \"Carroll Baker to Star in 'Rachel Cade'\". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. c14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hopper, Hedda (1 July 1959). \"Looking at Hollywood: Angie Dickinson Gets 'Rachel Cade' Role\". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. d3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"THE LOCAL FILM SCENE By HOWARD THOMPSON\". New York Times. Aug 2, 1959. p. X5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kaufman Seeking Patricia Owens\". Los Angeles Times. Sep 5, 1959. p. A6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Margo Moore Gets 'Wake Me' Lead\". Los Angeles Times. Oct 8, 1959. p. B10.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055453/","external_links_name":"The Sins of Rachel Cade"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v1068890","external_links_name":"The Sins of Rachel Cade"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/90294/enwp","external_links_name":"The Sins of Rachel Cade"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/22412","external_links_name":"The Sins of Rachel Cade"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_sins_of_rachel_cade","external_links_name":"The Sins of Rachel Cade"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_Reform_Conference
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Ukraine Recovery Conference
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["1 History","2 2024","3 2023","4 2022","5 2021","6 2019","7 2018","8 2017","9 See also","10 References"]
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Ukraine Recovery ConferencePre-2022 conference logo.FrequencyAnnuallyInauguratedJuly 6, 2017; 6 years ago (2017-07-06)Most recentJune 21-22, 2023 (London, United Kingdom)Next eventJune 11-12, 2024 (Berlin, Germany)ParticipantsUkraine and its international partnersActivityWar recovery, Reforms, National security, Democracy, Economy of Ukraine
Ukraine Recovery Conference (formerly Ukraine Reform Conference) is an annual international event dedicated to discussions on the rebuilding and reconstruction priorities of Ukraine due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
History
Following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Ukraine began undertaking reforms to reinforce security and democratic accountability. In 2017, Ukrainian Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman initiated the first Ukraine Reform Conference as a tool for active engagement and collaboration with international organizations and foreign countries to support and implement reforms in Ukraine.
The Ukraine Reform Conference originally focused on progress with reforms in Ukraine. It began as a conference including Ukrainian and foreign officials, including members of the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), The Group of Seven (G7), civil society representatives, members of the private sector, and think tanks. The objectives of the conference were to present results of key reforms in Ukraine, set out the priority of the Government of Ukraine's objectives for the upcoming year, encourage investment in the Ukrainian economy, and engage the international community in Ukrainian reforms.
On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in an escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014. The 2022 conference was originally planned as the 5th Ukraine Reform Conference. However, the focus and name were changed due to invasion of Ukraine.
2024
Road closure as Zelenskyy visited Berlin on 11 June 2024
In September 2023, Germany announced it would host the next conference. It took place on June 11-12, 2024 in Berlin.
2023
Leaders and government officials at the 2023 conference.
The 2023 conference took place in London, United Kingdom from June 21-22, 2023.
The conference was again attended by high-level international representatives, organizations, and financial institutions. President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy again attended virtually via video-link.
During the conference, Prime Minister of Ukraine, Denys Shmyhal remarked that Ukraine was facing the largest reconstruction project in Europe since World War II and requested US$7 billion in aid.
President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, presented a proposal for a new Ukrainian facility that would provide up to EUR€50 billion over four years to support financial stability, recovery, and implementation of key reforms to assist in the Accession of Ukraine to the European Union between 2024 and 2027.
2022
Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal and President of Switzerland Ignazio Cassis during the 2022 conference
The fifth conference was the first conference after the Russian invasion of Ukraine which precipitated a change in name and focus of the conference from the Ukraine Reform Conference to the Ukraine Recovery Conference.
It was a two-day conference held on 4–5 July 2022 in Lugano, Switzerland designed to present the Ukrainian roadmap on post-war reconstruction, including plans to raise funds for the reconstruction of Ukraine. It has been called a “Marshall Plan” for Ukraine. The Prime Minister of Ukraine, Denys Shmyhal, revealed infrastructure losses in Ukraine to be more than US$100 billion. Which included more than 1,200 educational institutions, 200 hospitals, thousands of kilometres of gas pipelines, water and electricity infrastructure, roads, and railways which had been destroyed or damaged.
During the conference, a draft framework was presented for the post-war recovery of Ukraine. Using input from 2,000 experts, the framework was separated into three stages with an estimated reconstruction cost of US$750 billion.
The draft framework included the following steps for the reconstruction of Ukraine:
Emergency humanitarian help, including water supplies and bridges.
From 2023 to 2025, reconstruct schools, hospitals, and homes.
From 2026 to 2032, modernization to a green economy that leaves the Soviet era, and prepares Ukraine for EU membership.
The conference resulted in a "Lugano Declaration" which outlined the following:
Condemnation of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.Urging Russia to withdraw its troops from Ukrainian territory.Full support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders.Full commitment to supporting Ukraine throughout its path from early to long-term recovery.
It also outlined seven principles for Ukraine’s recovery process:
Partnership. Led by Ukraine in partnership with international partners.
Reform focus. Focus on reform efforts in line with Ukraine's European path.
Transparency, accountability, and rule of law.
Democratic participation.
Multi-stakeholder engagement.
Gender equality and inclusion.
Sustainability.
The declaration was signed by heads of state and government, ministers and high representatives of Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Estonia, Israel, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Turkey, Ukraine, Hungary, Finland, France, Croatia, Japan, as well as senior officials and high representatives of the Council of Europe, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Commission, the European Investment Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The United Kingdom also unveiled a large aid package for the rebuilding of Ukraine.
The conference was the first one that President Zelenskyy did not attend in person and instead joined via live video link from Kyiv.
During his speech, President Zelenskyy remarked on the invasion of Ukraine:
Russia's war against Ukraine is not only an attempt to seize our land and destroy state institutions, to break our independence. It is a worldview confrontation. The anti-democratic and anti-European system built in Russia is trying to prove that it is supposedly stronger than all of us: Ukraine, Europe, and the democratic world.
2021
Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy speaks at the fourth conference.
The fourth conference was originally scheduled to be held on July 7, 2020, in Vilnius, Lithuania. However, due to complications from the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was rescheduled for 2021.
Both President of Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky attended. Invitees included representatives from the following countries:
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Luxembourg
Malta
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
as well as representatives from the European Union, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Council of Europe, the International Monetary Fund, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, the European Union Advisory Mission Ukraine, and the European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine.
The conference focused on developments after the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election, the ongoing War in Donbass, and policy objectives for the future.
2019
Leaders and officials in Toronto.
Excerpt video from the conference.
The third conference was held on July 2–4, 2019 in Toronto, Canada.
There was more than 800 in attendance, including delegations from 37 countries and 10 international organizations. Among those in attendance included President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau, as well as representatives from the following countries:
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Canada(host)
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
as well as representatives from NATO, Council of Europe, International Monetary Fund, European Investment Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, OECD, Ukrainian World Congress, and the World Bank.
Key agenda items included:
Irreversibility of reforms in Ukraine
Decentralization reform, its opportunities, efficiency, and results
Ukraine on the path of integration into the Euro-Atlantic community
Innovations, opportunities and investing
2018
Prime Minister Groysman speaks during the second conference.
The second conference was held on June 27, 2018, in Copenhagen, Denmark.
The conference was attended by:
Country
Representative
Position
References
Ukraine
Volodymyr Groysman
Prime Minister of Ukraine
Denmark(host)
Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Prime Minister of Denmark
Canada
Chrystia Freeland
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Estonia
Sven Mikser
Minister of Foreign Affairs
European Union
Federica Mogherini
High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
Latvia
Edgars Rinkēvičs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Lithuania
Linas Antanas Linkevičius
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Norway
Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Sweden
Margot Wallström
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Turkey
Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
Minister of Foreign Affairs
United Kingdom
Boris Johnson
Foreign Secretary
As well as representatives from the United States, NATO, OECD, and other G7 and European countries.
The conference focused on affirming the international partnership with and support for a free and reformed Ukraine, and topics of good governance, economic development, and objectives for 2018–2019. Objectives included privatization of state owned enterprises, improved corporate governance, improving the business climate, land market reform, decentralization, anti-corruption, energy sector reform, infrastructure development, public administration reform and innovation and digital development.
Prime Minister Groysman indicated Ukraine will continue to implement policies further align and deepen cooperation with the European Union. The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area entered into force on 1 September 2017 and provided Ukraine with access to the European single market, which increased trade of Ukrainian foreign goods with EU members states to 41.3%. In 2017, Ukraine achieved more than +2% growth in gross domestic product(GDP) and was estimated to achieve +3% GDP in 2018, and >3% GDP by 2019.
Groysman outlined the following 6 key reform priories:
Reform priorities
Some areas of progress
Pensions
Since 2017, 10.2 million pensions were raised by an average of ₴561.17 (35.7% increase).
Education
Implementation of the "New Ukrainian School" system. Increased coverage for students with special needs. In 2017, teachers’ salaries increased by 50% and an additional 25% increase in 2018.
Healthcare
Multiple laws were passed, including legislation "On Improving the Availability of Medical Services in Rural Areas”, and legislation on medical care for foreigners and stateless persons. A basic implementation of an eHealth system, and an affordable medicine program. Began setting up the National Health Service of Ukraine as a designated national purchaser of medical services.
Public Administration
Online tools were implemented for monitoring government decisions and plans. Creation of a single open government data web-portal (data.gov.ua) for access to public information. Implementation of 35 new e-services. Since 2017, achieved +34 in the Global Competitiveness Index and +7 in the ICT Development Index.
Privatization and State-Owned Enterprises
New legislation passed. Separation of state-owned enterprises(SOEs) into more groups to help triage further reforms. Utilizing Prozorro.Sale, a joint-stock company, to pilot small scale privatization of SOEs in a transparent manner.
Agriculture sector
Several resolutions on land use monitoring and maintenance. New online services. Allocated ₴6.3 billion in the 2018 state budget for agricultural purposes.
2017
Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson meets with Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman during the first conference.
The first conference was held on July 6, 2017, in London, United Kingdom. The conference was attended by Prime Minister Groysman, United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, and more than 30 representatives from international security and financial organizations.
The themes of the conference were economic growth, good governance, human capital, rule of law, anti-corruption, and defence and security. The Government of Ukraine presented its Reform Action Plan 2017-2020, which laid out future reform plans.
Prime Minister Groysman emphasized enhancing Ukraine's defence capabilities in response to aggression from Russia. Groysman remarked that "improving the defense capability of our state is in the interest of the entire democratic world".
Groysman cited two additional areas needing reforms, which included privatization and corruption. For privatization, Groysman stated that new legislation had already been submitted to the Ukrainian parliament to develop a system of transparent and competitive privatization. As well as reforming the judicial system and adopting English law. For corruption, Groysman advocated decentralization and presented strategies for anti-corruption, including the new National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine and the creation of an anti-corruption court of justice.
See also
2014 Ukrainian revolution
Euromaidan
Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement
Ukraine–NATO relations
References
^ a b c "Ukraine Reform Conference from 4–5 July 2022 in Lugano (URC2022)". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ a b "Ukraine Recovery Conference – 4,5 July 2022 – Lugano, Switzerland". Ukraine Recovery Conference 2022. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
^ a b c d e f g "Ukraine Reform Conference July 2-4, 2019". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b c d "Ukraine Reform Conference". Government of Ukraine. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ "Zelenskyy appeals for help with Ukraine's energy network as recovery conference opens". AP News. 2024-06-11. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
^ Kappeler, Inke; Gretener, Jessie (September 20, 2023). "Germany will host next Ukraine recovery conference in June 2024, official says". CNN. Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ "UWC 2024 Calendar". Ukrainian World Congress. Archived from the original on March 9, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ a b "URC 2023 Information". Ukraine Recovery Conference 2023. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ "London conference unites international community on Ukraine's future and global security". Government of United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 3, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ "All sessions of the Ukraine Recovery Conference (URC 2023)". Ukraine Recovery Conference 2023. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ "Ukraine PM Shmyhal expects to secure almost $7 billion in aid". Reuters. London, UK. June 21, 2023. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ "Ukraine Recovery Conference: President von der Leyen and Executive Vice-President Dombrovskis showcase strong EU support with new €50 billion Ukraine Facility and €800 million in agreements to mobilise investment for Ukraine's recovery". European Commission. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ a b "Ukraine recovery conference opens in Lugano, Switzerland - KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice". KyivPost. 2022-07-04. Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
^ "'Colossal' work ahead, as Ukraine recovery meet to open in Lugano". France 24. 2022-07-04. Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
^ a b c d Wintour, Patrick (July 4, 2022). "Ukraine lays out $750bn 'recovery plan' for postwar future". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 11, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ a b "EU to set up a platform for Ukrainian reconstruction". DW News. July 4, 2022. Archived from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ a b "Outcome Document of the Ukraine Recovery Conference URC2022: 'Lugano Declaration' (Lugano, 4–5 July, 2022)". ReliefWeb. July 6, 2022. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ a b c "Outcome Document of the Ukraine Recovery Conference URC2022 'Lugano Declaration'" (PDF). Government of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ Kyiv Post (6 July 2022). "42 countries sign final declaration of Lugano Ukraine Recovery conference". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Lysychansk; Kyiv says Donbas battle not over". Washington Post. 2022-07-03. Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
^ "All sessions of the Ukraine Recovery Conference (URC 2022)". Ukraine Recovery Conference 2022. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
^ a b c "Ukraine Reform Conference 2020 Vilnius". Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ "The Fourth Conference on Reforms in Ukraine will be held in Lithuania next year, on July 7 - Volodymyr Zelenskyy". President of Ukraine Official Website. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ "Lithuanian and Canadian Foreign Ministers discuss preparations for Fourth Ukraine Reform Conference". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ "About Ukraine Reform Conference". UAReforms. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ "Toronto meeting was part of Ukraine pressure campaign by Trump team: U.S. diplomat". CBC. October 24, 2019. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b "Ukraine Reform Conference, Toronto, July 2019". Government of Ukraine. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b "Ukraine Reform Conference in Copenhagen". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n
"Ukraine Reform Conference in Copenhagen, June 2018". Government of Ukraine. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Communiqué –Ukraine Reform Conference" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b c
"Press Statement by Ukraine and the UK, Denmark and Canada". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Reforms in Ukrane: Progress and Priorities" (PDF). Government of Ukraine. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2020.
^ "About the Ukraine Reform Conference". United Kingdom Government. Archived from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b c "Ukraine Reform Conference, London, July 2017". Government of Ukraine. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
^ a b "Prime Minister in London: We created a good platform for reforms analysis". Government of Ukraine Official Website. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ "Volodymyr Groysman: Improving Ukraine's defense capability is in the interest of the entire world". Government of Ukraine Official Website. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ a b c "Volodymyr Groysman at the Conference in London: Initiated reforms are aimed at achieving significant results". Government of Ukraine Official Website. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ukraine Recovery Conference.
vteRussian invasion of UkrainePart of the Russo-Ukrainian WarOverviewGeneral
Outline
Timeline
Prelude
Feb – Apr 2022
Apr – Aug 2022
Aug – Nov 2022
Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
Jun – Aug 2023
Sep – Nov 2023
Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
Apr 2024 – present
Aerial warfare
Defense lines
Foreign fighters
Information war
Naval warfare
Legality
Map
Order of battle
Peace negotiations
Ukraine's Peace Formula
China peace proposal
June 2024 peace summit
Proposed no-fly zone
Red lines
Reparations
Territorial control
Women
Prelude
Reactions
Disinformation
Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
2021 Russia–United States summit
2021 Black Sea incident
Belarus–European Union border crisis
"On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
Crimea Platform
Zapad 2021
December 2021 ultimatum
2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
Zametil 2022
Union Resolve 2022
Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
"Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
"On conducting a special military operation"
Background
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
historical background
Annexation of Crimea
reactions
War in Donbas
2022 timeline
Minsk agreements
humanitarian situation
international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
Putinism
Foundations of Geopolitics
Novorossiya
Ruscism
Russian irredentism
Russian imperialism
Foreignrelations
Russia–Ukraine
Belarus–Ukraine
Belarus–Russia
Russia–United States
Ukraine–United States
Russia–NATO
Ukraine–NATO
enlargement of NATO
eastward expansion controversy in Russia
open door policy
Military engagementsSouthernUkraine
Snake Island campaign
Siege of Mariupol
Battle of Kherson
Battle of Melitopol
Battle of Mykolaiv
Battle of Enerhodar
Battle of Voznesensk
Battle of Huliaipole
Battle of Orikhiv
Battle of Davydiv Brid
Kherson counteroffensive
Liberation of Kherson
Dnieper campaign
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
EasternUkraine
Battle of Marinka
Battle of Volnovakha
Battle of Kharkiv
Battle of Izium
Battle of Rubizhne
Battle of Popasna
Battle of Donbas
Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
Battle of Sievierodonetsk
First battle of Lyman
Battle of Sviatohirsk
Battle of Lysychansk
Battle of Pisky
Battle of Bakhmut
Battle of Soledar
Battle of Vuhledar
Kharkiv counteroffensive
Battle of Kupiansk
Second battle of Lyman
Luhansk Oblast campaign
Battle of Avdiivka
NorthernUkraine
Battle of Antonov Airport
Capture of Chernobyl
Battle of Kyiv
Battle of Hostomel
Battle of Vasylkiv
Battle of Bucha
Battle of Irpin
Battle of Makariv
Russian Kyiv convoy
Battle of Moshchun
Battle of Brovary
Battle of Slavutych
Battle of Sumy
Siege of Chernihiv
Battle of Okhtyrka
Battle of Lebedyn
Northeastern border skirmishes
Airstrikes by city
Chernihiv strikes
Dnipro strikes
Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
Kharkiv strikes
Kherson strikes
Khmelnytskyi strikes
Kryvyi Rih strikes
Kyiv strikes
Lviv strikes
Mykolaiv strikes
Odesa strikes
Rivne strikes
Vinnytsia strikes
Zaporizhzhia strikes
Zhytomyr strikes
Airstrikes onmilitary targets
Chuhuiv air base attack
Millerovo air base attack
Chornobaivka attacks
7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
Yavoriv military base attack
18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
Berdiansk port attack
Sinking of the Moskva
Desna barracks airstrike
Attack on Nova Kakhovka
Crimea attacks
Novofedorivka explosions
Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
Makiivka military quarters shelling
Machulishchy air base attack
Zarichne barracks airstrike
ResistanceRussian-occupied Ukraine
Popular Resistance of Ukraine
Berdiansk Partisan Army
Yellow Ribbon
Atesh
Belarus and Russia
Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
Civic Council
Irpin Declaration
Killing of Darya Dugina
National Republican Army
Military commissariats arsons
Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
Black Bridge
Rail war in Russia
Stop the Wagons
Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
Rail war in Belarus
Busly liaciać
BYPOL
Community of Railway Workers
Cyber Partisans
Russianoccupations
Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine
Ongoing
Annexation referendums
Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
Donetsk Oblast
Kharkiv Oblast
Kherson Oblast
Luhansk Oblast
Mykolaiv Oblast
Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Previous
Chernihiv Oblast
Dnipropetrovsk and Poltava oblasts
Kyiv Oblast
Odesa Oblast
Sumy Oblast
Zhytomyr Oblast
Potentiallyrelated
Black Sea drone incident
Mystery fires in Russia
Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
Transnistria attacks
Zagreb Tu-141 crash
Other
2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
Violations of non-combatant airspaces
Missile explosion in Poland
Operation Synytsia
Attacks in Russia
Bryansk Oblast raid
Kremlin drone attack
Moscow drone strikes
2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
2024 western Russia incursion
2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
Wagner Group rebellion
War crimesGeneral
Accusations of genocide in Donbas
Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
child abductions
Attacks on hospitals
Cluster munitions
Incendiary weapons
Landmines
Russian filtration camps
Russian mobile crematoriums
Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
Russian torture chambers
Looting
Sexual violence
Mistreatment of prisoners of war
Attacks oncivilians
February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
Kharkiv government building airstrike
3 March Chernihiv bombing
Irpin refugee column shelling
Mariupol hospital airstrike
Stara Krasnianka care house attack
Mykolaiv cluster bombing
March 2022 Donetsk attack
2022 Borodianka airstrikes
Chernihiv breadline attack
Mariupol theatre airstrike
Mariupol art school bombing
Kyiv shopping centre bombing
Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
Mykolaiv government building missile strike
Bucha massacre
Kramatorsk railway station attack
April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
Bilohorivka school bombing
Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
Maisky Market attack
Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
Serhiivka missile strike
Chasiv Yar missile strike
Olenivka prison massacre
Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
Chaplyne railway station attack
Izium mass graves
September 2022 Donetsk attack
Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
Sloviansk airstrike
Uman missile strike
Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
Lyman cluster bombing
2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
Chernihiv missile strike
Kostiantynivka missile strike
Hroza missile attack
Volnovakha massacre
29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine
2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
2024 Donetsk attack
Lysychansk missile strike
6 March 2024 Odesa strike
22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine
April 2024 Chernihiv missile strike
25 May 2024 Kharkiv missile strikes
Crimes againstsoldiers
Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
Makiivka surrender incident
Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading
Legal cases
ICC investigation
Arrest warrants
ICJ court case
Task Force on Accountability
Universal jurisdiction
Crime of aggression
Criminal proceedings
Vadim Shishimarin
Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
Anton Cherednik
ReactionsStates andofficial entitiesGeneral
Sanctions
people and organizations
restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
Military aid
European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
People's Bayraktar
Signmyrocket.com
Humanitarian aid
Sanctioned yachts
Relations with Russia
Ukraine
Application to NATO
Be Brave Like Ukraine
Brave1
Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
Decolonization and derussification law
Delta
Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
Grain From Ukraine
Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
Hero City
I Want to Live
International Defence Industries Forum
International Legion and other foreign units
Belarusian Volunteer Corps
Terror Battalion
Black Maple Company
Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
Freedom of Russia Legion
German Volunteer Corps
Karelian National Battalion
Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
Norman Brigade
Pahonia Regiment
Polish Volunteer Corps
Romanian Battlegroup Getica
Russian Volunteer Corps
Separate Special Purpose Battalion
Sibir Battalion
Turan Battalion
International Sponsors of War
Forced confiscation law of Russian property
Look for Your Own
Martial law
Mobilization
Media Center Ukraine
National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War
National Multi-Subject Test
North Korea–Ukraine relations
Points of Invincibility
Recognition of Ichkeria
Rescuer City
Save Ukrainian Culture
Syria–Ukraine relations
Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
United24
United News
Russia
highways in the annexed territories
A290
A291 "Tavrida"
R260
R280 "Novorossiya"
2022 Moscow rally
2023 Moscow rally
2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
Blockade of Ukraine
Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
Censorship in Russia
Chechnya
Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation"
Conversations about Important Things
Krasovsky case
Legalization of parallel imports
Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
Martial law
Masha Moskalyova case
Metropolis of Crimea
Mikhail Simonov case
Mobilization
Recruitment of irregular forces
Operation Doppelgänger
Opinion polling
Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
Special Coordinating Council
Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
Unfriendly countries list
War censorship laws
We Are Together. Sports
"What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"
United States
2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
2022 State of the Union Address
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
Disinformation Governance Board
Executive Order 14071
Pentagon document leaks
Task Force KleptoCapture
Ukraine Defense Contact Group
Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative
Other countries
Belarus
Canada
Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
China
Chinese peace plan
Croatia
Denmark
Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations
France
Mission Aigle
Georgia
Germany
German Taurus leak
Zeitenwende speech
Hungary
India
Operation Ganga
Iran
Israel
Operation Israel Guarantees
Lithuania
Moldova
New Zealand
Russia Sanctions Act
Poland
border crisis with Ukraine
Syria
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Economic Crime Act
Homes for Ukraine
Operation Interflex
United Nations
Emergency special session
Resolution ES-11/1
Resolution ES-11/2
Resolution ES-11/3
Resolution ES-11/4
Resolution ES-11/5
Resolution ES-11/6
Security Council Resolution 2623
Resolution A/RES/77/229
Easter truce
Internationalorganizations
Accession of Moldova to the EU
Accession of Ukraine to the EU
Brussels summit
European Political Community
1st summit
2nd summit
3rd summit
Madrid summit
NATO virtual summit
Operation Oscar
Ramstein Air Base meeting
EU–Ukraine Summit
REPowerEU
Steadfast Defender 2024
SWIFT ban against Russian banks
Ukraine Recovery Conference
Versailles declaration
2023 Vilnius summit
15th BRICS summit
Other
Consecration of Russia
F-16 training coalition
Finland–NATO relations
Finland–Russia border barrier
Iron diplomacy
Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
Removal of monuments and memorials
Streets renamed
Ukraine Square, Oslo
Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
Sweden–NATO relations
Swedish anti-terrorism bill
PublicProtests
In Ukraine
in Russian-occupied Ukraine
demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
ArmWomenNow
Ukrainian Artistic Front
In Russia
Angry patriots
Club of Angry Patriots
Anti-War Committee
Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
Congress of People's Deputies
Council of Mothers and Wives
Feminist Anti-War Resistance
Flower protests
Marina Ovsyannikova
Russian Action Committee
North Caucasian protests
2022 Russian Far East protests
State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
White-blue-white flag
In Belarus
In China
Great Translation Movement
In Czech Republic
Czech Republic First!
Companies
Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
Boycott of Russia and Belarus
"Do not buy Russian goods!"
E.N.O.T. Corp.
Igor Mangushev
McDonald's in Russia
Vkusno i tochka
NashStore
People's Satellite
Starlink satellites
Stop Bloody Energy
Wagner Group
Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
Death of Nemes Tarimo
Yale CELI List of Companies
Technology
Anonymous and the invasion
alerts.in.ua
DDoS attacks on Romania
DeepStateMap.Live
IT Army of Ukraine
Killnet
Liveuamap
Open-source intelligence
peacenotwar
Russian Asset Tracker
Squad303
Ukraine Siren Alerts
Wikipedia
threat to block in Russia
detention of Mark Bernstein
Spies
Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
Other
Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
Black Sea Grain Initiative
Collaboration with Russia
We Are Together with Russia
Concert for Ukraine
Free Buryatia Foundation
Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
Game4Ukraine
Get Lost
Global Tour for Peace
Go by the Forest
Guide to the Free World
Mozart Group
Olena Zelenska Foundation
Open letter from Nobel laureates
Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
Rubikus.HelpUA
Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
Russia's War Crimes House
Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
Spain letter bomb attacks
Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
Pavel Filatyev
True Russia
Volos Declaration
Wimbledon ban
ImpactEffects
Aircraft losses
Casualties
Americans killed
Britons killed
Canadians killed
Colombians killed
Israelis killed
journalists killed
Russian generals killed
Economic impact
Inflation surge
Moldovan energy crisis
protests
Russia–EU gas dispute
2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
Russian debt default
2022 Russian oil price cap
2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
EU natural gas price cap
Education
End of the Whisky War
Environmental impact
Eurovision Song Contest 2022
Russia
Ukraine
Eurovision Song Contest 2023
Food crises
Impact on theatre
List of notable deaths
Nuclear power plants
Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
Nuclear risk
Religion
Russian emigration
The Ark
Ship losses
Ukrainian cultural heritage
art theft and looting
damaged cultural sites
Trauma
Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
Violations of non-combatant airspaces
Women
Human rights
Humanitarian impact
Ukrainian refugee crisis
Sobieskiego 100
UN Commission of Inquiry
UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission
Terms and phrases
"And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
"Anglo-Saxons"
"Bavovna"
"Grandpa in his bunker"
"Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
"Orc"
"Putin khuylo!"
"Khuy Voyne!"
"Russia is here forever "
"Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
"Slava Ukraini!"
"Special military operation"
"To bomb Voronezh"
"Strength is in truth"
"Westsplaining"
"Where have you been for eight years?"
"Without you"
Popular cultureSongs
12
Bakhmut Fortress
Bayraktar
Bilia topoli
City of Mary
Flowers of Minefields
Generation Cancellation
Generation Z
Oyda
Hey, Hey, Rise Up!
Mama ŠČ!
Oi u luzi chervona kalyna
Slava Ukraini!
Stefania
Ukraine
Films
20 Days in Mariupol
A Rising Fury
Follow Me
Turn in the Wound
Ukraine on Fire 2
Other
Babylon'13
Back to the Cold War
Borodianka cat
Ghost of Kyiv
Kherson watermelon
Královec Region
Madonna of Kyiv
North Atlantic Fella Organization
Newspeak in Russia
Patron
"Putler"
"Putinversteher"
Raccoon of Kherson
Saint Javelin
Saint Mariuburg
Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
Vladimir Putin's meeting table
Walk of the Brave
"Z" military symbol
Key peopleUkrainians
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
speeches during the invasion
visit to the United States
visit to the United Kingdom
visits to Europe
Andriy Biletsky
Denys Shmyhal
Denys Kireyev
Denys Monastyrsky
Denys Prokopenko
Iryna Venediktova
Kyrylo Budanov
Mykola Oleschuk
Oleksandr Pavlyuk
Oleksandr Syrskyi
Oleksii Reznikov
Oleksiy Danilov
Oleksiy Neizhpapa
Ruslan Khomchak
Rustem Umerov
Sergiy Kyslytsya
Serhiy Shaptala
Serhii Sternenko
Valerii Zaluzhnyi
Vitali Klitschko
Yevhen Moisiuk
Russians
Vladimir Putin
Aleksandr Dvornikov
Aleksandr Lapin
Aleksey Nagin
Alexander Bortnikov
Andrei Kolesnikov
Andrei Sychevoi
Andrey Belousov
Andrey Vorobyov
Dmitry Medvedev
Gennady Zhidko
Igor Kastyukevich
Ivan Popov
Mikhail Mishustin
Maria Lvova-Belova
Nikolai Patrushev
Oleg Salyukov
Oleg Tsokov
Ramzan Kadyrov
Roman Berdnikov
Rustam Muradov
Sergey Kobylash
Sergey Lavrov
Sergey Naryshkin
Sergei Shoigu
Sergey Surovikin
Timur Ivanov
Valery Gerasimov
Viktor Sokolov
Viktor Zolotov
Vitaly Gerasimov
Vyacheslav Gladkov
Vyacheslav Volodin
Yevgeny Prigozhin
Other
Alexander Lukashenko
Denis Pushilin
Leonid Pasechnik
Related
2023 North Korea–Russia summit
2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
Anti-Russian sentiment
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
Antonov An-225 Mriya
Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
Belgorod accidental bombing
Brovary helicopter crash
Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
Decolonization in Ukraine
Decommunization in Ukraine
Derussification in Ukraine
Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
Institute for the Study of War
Irkutsk military aircraft crash
Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
Kyivstar cyberattack
Lady R incident
Nord Stream 2
Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
Punisher
Russian nuclear weapons
Sarmat
Russian military presence in Transnistria
Ryazan military aircraft crash
Siberian wildfires
Sinhury mid-air collision
Soloti military training ground shooting
Soviet imagery
U-24 association
Ural Airlines Flight 1383
Voronezh military aircraft crash
"The Vladimir Putin Interview"
Yeysk military aircraft crash
Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
Wagner Group plane crash
Yaroslav Hunka scandal
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwissConf-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urc2022-2"}],"text":"Ukraine Recovery Conference (formerly Ukraine Reform Conference) is an annual international event dedicated to discussions on the rebuilding and reconstruction priorities of Ukraine due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[1][2]","title":"Ukraine Recovery Conference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Ukrainian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Groysman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Groysman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr-4"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"The Group of Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tanks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"},{"link_name":"Government of Ukraine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr-4"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwissConf-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urc2022-2"}],"text":"Following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Ukraine began undertaking reforms to reinforce security and democratic accountability.[3] In 2017, Ukrainian Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman initiated the first Ukraine Reform Conference as a tool for active engagement and collaboration with international organizations and foreign countries to support and implement reforms in Ukraine.[4][3]The Ukraine Reform Conference originally focused on progress with reforms in Ukraine.[4] It began as a conference including Ukrainian and foreign officials, including members of the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), The Group of Seven (G7), civil society representatives, members of the private sector, and think tanks.[4][3] The objectives of the conference were to present results of key reforms in Ukraine, set out the priority of the Government of Ukraine's objectives for the upcoming year, encourage investment in the Ukrainian economy, and engage the international community in Ukrainian reforms.[4]On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in an escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014. The 2022 conference was originally planned as the 5th Ukraine Reform Conference. However, the focus and name were changed due to invasion of Ukraine.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(20240611)_Road_closure_as_Zelenskyy_visits_Berlin_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Road closure as Zelenskyy visited Berlin on 11 June 2024In September 2023, Germany announced it would host the next conference. It took place on June 11-12, 2024 in Berlin.[5][6][7]","title":"2024"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_Recovery_Conference_in_London_UK,_22_June_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URC2023-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URC2023-8"},{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelenskyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Denys Shmyhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters2023-11"},{"link_name":"President of the European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission"},{"link_name":"Ursula von der Leyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen"},{"link_name":"EUR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"Accession of Ukraine to the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Leaders and government officials at the 2023 conference.The 2023 conference took place in London, United Kingdom from June 21-22, 2023.[8][9]The conference was again attended by high-level international representatives, organizations, and financial institutions.[8] President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy again attended virtually via video-link.[10]During the conference, Prime Minister of Ukraine, Denys Shmyhal remarked that Ukraine was facing the largest reconstruction project in Europe since World War II and requested US$7 billion in aid.[11]President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, presented a proposal for a new Ukrainian facility that would provide up to EUR€50 billion over four years to support financial stability, recovery, and implementation of key reforms to assist in the Accession of Ukraine to the European Union between 2024 and 2027.[12]","title":"2023"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Denys_Shmyhal_and_President_of_Switzerland_Ignazio_Cassis,_5_July_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwissConf-1"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugano"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyivPost1-13"},{"link_name":"Marshall Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KyivPost1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2022-15"},{"link_name":"gas pipelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2022-15"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2022-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW2022-16"},{"link_name":"green economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy"},{"link_name":"Soviet era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Soviet_transition_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"EU membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2022-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LunagoDeclar-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LunagoDeclar-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lugano2022-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lugano2022-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lugano2022-18"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DW2022-16"}],"text":"Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal and President of Switzerland Ignazio Cassis during the 2022 conferenceThe fifth conference was the first conference after the Russian invasion of Ukraine which precipitated a change in name and focus of the conference from the Ukraine Reform Conference to the Ukraine Recovery Conference.[1]It was a two-day conference held on 4–5 July 2022 in Lugano, Switzerland designed to present the Ukrainian roadmap on post-war reconstruction, including plans to raise funds for the reconstruction of Ukraine.[13] It has been called a “Marshall Plan” for Ukraine.[13][14] The Prime Minister of Ukraine, Denys Shmyhal, revealed infrastructure losses in Ukraine to be more than US$100 billion.[15] Which included more than 1,200 educational institutions, 200 hospitals, thousands of kilometres of gas pipelines, water and electricity infrastructure, roads, and railways which had been destroyed or damaged.[15]During the conference, a draft framework was presented for the post-war recovery of Ukraine. Using input from 2,000 experts, the framework was separated into three stages with an estimated reconstruction cost of US$750 billion.[15][16]The draft framework included the following steps for the reconstruction of Ukraine:Emergency humanitarian help, including water supplies and bridges.\nFrom 2023 to 2025, reconstruct schools, hospitals, and homes.\nFrom 2026 to 2032, modernization to a green economy that leaves the Soviet era, and prepares Ukraine for EU membership.[15]The conference resulted in a \"Lugano Declaration\"[17] which outlined the following:Condemnation of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine.Urging Russia to withdraw its troops from Ukrainian territory.Full support for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders.Full commitment to supporting Ukraine throughout its path from early to long-term recovery.[17][18]It also outlined seven principles for Ukraine’s recovery process:[18]Partnership. Led by Ukraine in partnership with international partners.\nReform focus. Focus on reform efforts in line with Ukraine's European path.\nTransparency, accountability, and rule of law.\nDemocratic participation.\nMulti-stakeholder engagement.\nGender equality and inclusion.\nSustainability.[18]The declaration was signed by heads of state and government, ministers and high representatives of Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Estonia, Israel, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Turkey, Ukraine, Hungary, Finland, France, Croatia, Japan, as well as senior officials and high representatives of the Council of Europe, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European Commission, the European Investment Bank, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.[19] The United Kingdom also unveiled a large aid package for the rebuilding of Ukraine.[20]The conference was the first one that President Zelenskyy did not attend in person and instead joined via live video link from Kyiv.[21]During his speech, President Zelenskyy remarked on the invasion of Ukraine:Russia's war against Ukraine is not only an attempt to seize our land and destroy state institutions, to break our independence. It is a worldview confrontation. The anti-democratic and anti-European system built in Russia is trying to prove that it is supposedly stronger than all of us: Ukraine, Europe, and the democratic world.[16]","title":"2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_speaks_at_the_fourth_Ukraine_Reform_Conference_in_Vilnius,_Lithuania,_6_July_2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LithConf-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PresofUkr-23"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MinsofForLith-24"},{"link_name":"Gitanas Nausėda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"European Union Advisory Mission Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Advisory_Mission_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Anti-Corruption_Initiative_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LithConf-22"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"War in Donbass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LithConf-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UAReforms-25"}],"text":"Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy speaks at the fourth conference.The fourth conference was originally scheduled to be held on July 7, 2020, in Vilnius, Lithuania.[22][23] However, due to complications from the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference was rescheduled for 2021.[24]Both President of Lithuania Gitanas Nausėda and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky attended. Invitees included representatives from the following countries:Albania\n Austria\n Belgium\n Bulgaria\n Canada\n Croatia\n Cyprus\n Czech Republic\n Denmark\n Estonia\n Finland\n France\n Germany\n Greece\n Hungary\n Iceland\n Ireland\n Israel\n Italy\n Japan\n Latvia\n Luxembourg\n Malta\n Montenegro\n Netherlands\n Norway\n Poland\n Portugal\n Romania\n Slovakia\n Slovenia\n South Korea\n Spain\n Sweden\n Switzerland\n Turkey\n Ukraine\n United Kingdom\n United Statesas well as representatives from the European Union, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Council of Europe, the International Monetary Fund, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, the European Union Advisory Mission Ukraine, and the European Union Anti-Corruption Initiative in Ukraine.[22]The conference focused on developments after the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election, the ongoing War in Donbass, and policy objectives for the future.[22][25]","title":"2021"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_Reform_Conference_in_Toronto,_Canada,_4_July_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-26"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovak Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian World Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_World_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr4-27"},{"link_name":"Decentralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr4-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofcan-3"}],"text":"Leaders and officials in Toronto.Excerpt video from the conference.The third conference was held on July 2–4, 2019 in Toronto, Canada.[3]There was more than 800 in attendance, including delegations from 37 countries and 10 international organizations.[3] Among those in attendance included President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau,[26] as well as representatives from the following countries:Albania\n Austria\n Belgium\n Canada(host)\n Croatia\n Cyprus\n Czech Republic\n Denmark\n Estonia\n Finland\n France\n Germany\n Greece\n Hungary\n Iceland\n Ireland\n Israel\n Italy\n Japan\n Latvia\n Lithuania\n Luxembourg\n Malta\n Netherlands\n Norway\n Poland\n Portugal\n Romania\n Slovak Republic\n Slovenia\n Spain\n Sweden\n Switzerland\n Turkey\n Ukraine\n United Kingdom\n United Statesas well as representatives from NATO, Council of Europe, International Monetary Fund, European Investment Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, OECD, Ukrainian World Congress, and the World Bank.[3][27]Key agenda items included:Irreversibility of reforms in Ukraine\nDecentralization reform, its opportunities, efficiency, and results\nUkraine on the path of integration into the Euro-Atlantic community\nInnovations, opportunities and investing[27][3]","title":"2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Groysman_speaks_at_the_2nd_Ukraine_Reform_Conference,_27_June_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofden-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr3-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofden-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr3-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofden3-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofukr3-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofden4-31"},{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofden4-31"},{"link_name":"Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area"},{"link_name":"European single market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_single_market"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018pdf-32"},{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":">","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater-than_sign"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018pdf-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018pdf-32"}],"text":"Prime Minister Groysman speaks during the second conference.The second conference was held on June 27, 2018, in Copenhagen, Denmark.[28][29]The conference was attended by:As well as representatives from the United States, NATO, OECD, and other G7 and European countries.[28][29][30]The conference focused on affirming the international partnership with and support for a free and reformed Ukraine, and topics of good governance, economic development, and objectives for 2018–2019.[29][31] Objectives included privatization of state owned enterprises, improved corporate governance, improving the business climate, land market reform, decentralization, anti-corruption, energy sector reform, infrastructure development, public administration reform and innovation and digital development.[31]Prime Minister Groysman indicated Ukraine will continue to implement policies further align and deepen cooperation with the European Union. The Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area entered into force on 1 September 2017 and provided Ukraine with access to the European single market, which increased trade of Ukrainian foreign goods with EU members states to 41.3%.[32] In 2017, Ukraine achieved more than +2% growth in gross domestic product(GDP) and was estimated to achieve +3% GDP in 2018, and >3% GDP by 2019.[32]Groysman outlined the following 6 key reform priories:[32]","title":"2018"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foreign_Secretary_Boris_Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Groysman,_6_July_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofuk-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovtofUkr2-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovtofUkr2-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMU2017-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GovtofUkr2-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govtofden4-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMU2017-35"},{"link_name":"aggression from Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMU2017-2-37"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMU2017-2-37"},{"link_name":"decentralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KMU2017-2-37"}],"text":"Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson meets with Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman during the first conference.The first conference was held on July 6, 2017, in London, United Kingdom.[33][34] The conference was attended by Prime Minister Groysman, United Kingdom Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, and more than 30 representatives from international security and financial organizations.[34][35]The themes of the conference were economic growth, good governance, human capital, rule of law, anti-corruption, and defence and security.[34] The Government of Ukraine presented its Reform Action Plan 2017-2020, which laid out future reform plans.[31][35]Prime Minister Groysman emphasized enhancing Ukraine's defence capabilities in response to aggression from Russia. Groysman remarked that \"improving the defense capability of our state is in the interest of the entire democratic world\".[36]Groysman cited two additional areas needing reforms, which included privatization and corruption.[37] For privatization, Groysman stated that new legislation had already been submitted to the Ukrainian parliament to develop a system of transparent and competitive privatization.[37] As well as reforming the judicial system and adopting English law. For corruption, Groysman advocated decentralization and presented strategies for anti-corruption, including the new National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine and the creation of an anti-corruption court of justice.[37]","title":"2017"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Road closure as Zelenskyy visited Berlin on 11 June 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%2820240611%29_Road_closure_as_Zelenskyy_visits_Berlin_04.jpg/220px-%2820240611%29_Road_closure_as_Zelenskyy_visits_Berlin_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaders and government officials at the 2023 conference.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ukraine_Recovery_Conference_in_London_UK%2C_22_June_2023.jpg/220px-Ukraine_Recovery_Conference_in_London_UK%2C_22_June_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal and President of Switzerland Ignazio Cassis during the 2022 conference","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Denys_Shmyhal_and_President_of_Switzerland_Ignazio_Cassis%2C_5_July_2022.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Denys_Shmyhal_and_President_of_Switzerland_Ignazio_Cassis%2C_5_July_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy speaks at the fourth conference.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_speaks_at_the_fourth_Ukraine_Reform_Conference_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_6_July_2021.jpg/220px-President_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_speaks_at_the_fourth_Ukraine_Reform_Conference_in_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania%2C_6_July_2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leaders and officials in Toronto.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ukraine_Reform_Conference_in_Toronto%2C_Canada%2C_4_July_2019.jpg/220px-Ukraine_Reform_Conference_in_Toronto%2C_Canada%2C_4_July_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Excerpt video from the conference."},{"image_text":"Prime Minister Groysman speaks during the second conference.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Groysman_speaks_at_the_2nd_Ukraine_Reform_Conference%2C_27_June_2018.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Groysman_speaks_at_the_2nd_Ukraine_Reform_Conference%2C_27_June_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson meets with Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman during the first conference.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Foreign_Secretary_Boris_Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Groysman%2C_6_July_2017.jpg/220px-Foreign_Secretary_Boris_Johnson_meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine_Volodymyr_Groysman%2C_6_July_2017.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"2014 Ukrainian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_revolution"},{"title":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"title":"Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement"},{"title":"Ukraine–NATO relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_N%C4%81m%C4%81k%C4%93h%C4%81
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Bennett Nāmākēhā
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["1 Life","2 References","3 Bibliography"]
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Hawaiian high chief (c. 1799–1860)
Bennett NāmākēhāBornc. 1799DiedDecember 27, 1860 (aged 61)Pauoa Valley, Honolulu, OahuBurialDecember 31, 1860Pohukaina TombOctober 30, 1865Mauna ʻAla Royal MausoleumSpouseHalauwaiLydia PiʻiaKapiʻolaniIssueHinauKahaekalaunuNamesBennett NāmākēhāokalaniFatherKamaunuMotherKukaeleiki
Bennett Nāmākēhā-o-kalani (c. 1799–1860) was a Hawaiian high chief, uncle of Queen Emma of Hawaii, and first husband of Queen Kapiolani. His first name is often given as Benjamin, Beneli, or Beniki.
Life
He and his brother George Naea were sons of High Chief Kamaunu and High Chiefess Kukaeleiki, the daughter of Kalauawa from the royal line of Kauaian chiefs. Kukaeleiki was also cousin of Queen Keōpūolani.
His name was the same as the high chief who rebelled against Kamehameha I during the end of his military career in 1796. His brother Naʻea was the father of Queen Emma.
He was a member of the House of Nobles from about 1848 through 1855. By 1851 the House of Nobles consisted only of petty chiefs called Kaukaualiʻi. Nāmākēhā was inferior to the aliʻi nui (High Chiefs). Kaukaualiʻi were only descended from famous fathers while aliʻi nui claim parentage of mother of the highest rank.
Prior to 1852, he was married to Halauwai and later Lydia Piʻia, daughter of Kekaikuihala, the daughter of Nuhi and Kaohelelani. With Halauwai, he had a son Hinau who married Kamakaaiau, an attendant of Queen Emma. With Piʻia, he had another son named Kahaekalaunu, who died in infancy.
On March 8, 1852 he married Kapiʻolani, daughter of Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole and Kinoiki Kekaulike. His second wife was only eighteen years old while he was more than thirty years her senior. Through that marriage she became Queen Emma's aunt and nurse to her son Prince Albert Edward Kauikeaouli. Nāmākēhā and Kapiʻolani had no children. For his health the couple voyaged for months on The Morning Star, a missionary vessel, among the Gilbert Islands, but in vain, for Nāmākēhā died on December 27, 1860, at Honolulu. His widow later remarried to Kalākaua and became the Queen consort of Hawaii in 1874.
Nāmākēhā's granddaughter Stella Keomailani
Initially buried in the Pohukaina Tomb, located on grounds of ʻIolani Palace, his remains were later transported along with those of other royals in a midnight torchlight procession on October 30, 1865, to the newly constructed Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla in the Nuʻuanu Valley. In 1904, after the Mausoleum building became too crowded, the coffins belonging to Robert Crichton Wyllie and the relatives of Queen Emma including Nāmākēhā's were moved to the newly built Wylie Tomb. The name "Bennet Namakeha" was inscribed on the ʻewa (west) side of the monument above his final resting place.
His line died out with his granddaughter Stella Keomailani (1866–1927), daughter of Hinau and Kamakaaiau, who was married to James Dawson Cockett and later to Edwin K. Kea.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bennett Nāmakehā.
^ a b "Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. January 3, 1861.
^ "Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha". The Polynesian. December 1860.
^ Kanahele 1999, p. 4.
^ McKinzie 1983, p. 73.
^ Bingham 1855, p. 611.
^ Osorio 2002, p. 80.
^ McKinzie 1986, p. 138.
^ Kanahele 1999, pp. 130–131.
^ Alexander 1894, pp. 159–161.
^ Judd 1975, p. 157.
^ "Royal Mausoleum". The Hawaiian Gazette. March 10, 1899. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Thrum 1904, p. 180.
^ Parker 2008, pp. 13, 41, 46.
^ Kaeo & Queen Emma 1976, p. 41.
Bibliography
Alexander, William DeWitt (1894). "The "Hale o Keawe" at Honaunau, Hawaii". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 3. London: E. A. Petherick: 159–161.
Bingham, Hiram (1855) . A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). Canadaigua, NY: H. D. Goodwin.
Hawaii (1918). Lydecker, Robert Colfax (ed.). Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841-1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company.
Judd, Walter F. (1975). Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books. ISBN 0870152165.
Kaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5.
Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2240-4.
McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-28-5.
McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1986). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-37-4.
Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7.
Parker, David Paul (2008). "Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty". Tales of Our Hawaiʻi (PDF). Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-11.
Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1904). Kamehameha Tomb. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 180. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
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His first name is often given as Benjamin, Beneli, or Beniki.","title":"Bennett Nāmākēhā"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Naea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Naea"},{"link_name":"Keōpūolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%8Dp%C5%ABolani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanahele19994-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinzie198373-4"},{"link_name":"high chief who rebelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81m%C4%81k%C4%93h%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"House of Nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBingham1855611-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio200280-6"},{"link_name":"Kaohelelani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohelelani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinzie1986138-7"},{"link_name":"Kapiʻolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi%CA%BBolani"},{"link_name":"Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Kalaniana%CA%BBole"},{"link_name":"Kinoiki Kekaulike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoiki_Kekaulike"},{"link_name":"Albert Edward Kauikeaouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Kalākaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanahele1999130%E2%80%93131-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stella_Keomailani_Cockett.jpg"},{"link_name":"ʻIolani Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIolani_Palace"},{"link_name":"Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum_(Mauna_%CA%BBAla)"},{"link_name":"Nuʻuanu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%CA%BBuanu_Pali"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1894159%E2%80%93161-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudd1975157-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawaiian_Gazette-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Crichton Wyllie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crichton_Wyllie"},{"link_name":"ʻewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CA%BBEwa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrum1904180-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker200813,_41,_46-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaeoQueen_Emma197641-14"}],"text":"He and his brother George Naea were sons of High Chief Kamaunu and High Chiefess Kukaeleiki, the daughter of Kalauawa from the royal line of Kauaian chiefs. Kukaeleiki was also cousin of Queen Keōpūolani.[3][4]\nHis name was the same as the high chief who rebelled against Kamehameha I during the end of his military career in 1796. His brother Naʻea was the father of Queen Emma.He was a member of the House of Nobles from about 1848 through 1855. By 1851 the House of Nobles consisted only of petty chiefs called Kaukaualiʻi. Nāmākēhā was inferior to the aliʻi nui (High Chiefs). Kaukaualiʻi were only descended from famous fathers while aliʻi nui claim parentage of mother of the highest rank.[5][6]Prior to 1852, he was married to Halauwai and later Lydia Piʻia, daughter of Kekaikuihala, the daughter of Nuhi and Kaohelelani. With Halauwai, he had a son Hinau who married Kamakaaiau, an attendant of Queen Emma. With Piʻia, he had another son named Kahaekalaunu, who died in infancy.[7]\nOn March 8, 1852 he married Kapiʻolani, daughter of Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole and Kinoiki Kekaulike. His second wife was only eighteen years old while he was more than thirty years her senior. Through that marriage she became Queen Emma's aunt and nurse to her son Prince Albert Edward Kauikeaouli. Nāmākēhā and Kapiʻolani had no children. For his health the couple voyaged for months on The Morning Star, a missionary vessel, among the Gilbert Islands, but in vain, for Nāmākēhā died on December 27, 1860, at Honolulu. His widow later remarried to Kalākaua and became the Queen consort of Hawaii in 1874.[8]Nāmākēhā's granddaughter Stella KeomailaniInitially buried in the Pohukaina Tomb, located on grounds of ʻIolani Palace, his remains were later transported along with those of other royals in a midnight torchlight procession on October 30, 1865, to the newly constructed Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla in the Nuʻuanu Valley.[9][10][11] In 1904, after the Mausoleum building became too crowded, the coffins belonging to Robert Crichton Wyllie and the relatives of Queen Emma including Nāmākēhā's were moved to the newly built Wylie Tomb. The name \"Bennet Namakeha\" was inscribed on the ʻewa (west) side of the monument above his final resting place.[12][13]His line died out with his granddaughter Stella Keomailani (1866–1927), daughter of Hinau and Kamakaaiau, who was married to James Dawson Cockett and later to Edwin K. Kea.[14]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander, William DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeWitt_Alexander"},{"link_name":"\"The \"Hale o Keawe\" at Honaunau, Hawaii\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=u6EcAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Bingham, Hiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_I"},{"link_name":"A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_T1VFAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841-1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich"},{"link_name":"Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HXYgAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0870152165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870152165"},{"link_name":"Kaeo, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kaeo"},{"link_name":"Queen Emma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=x2QhAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-0399-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0399-5"},{"link_name":"Kanahele, George S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kanahele"},{"link_name":"Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8248-2240-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2240-4"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-YPNBdfvmDUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-939154-28-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939154-28-5"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QB92bdJ8igwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-939154-37-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939154-37-4"},{"link_name":"Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8248-2549-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2549-7"},{"link_name":"Tales of Our Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf"},{"link_name":"Thrum, Thomas G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Thrum"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=s-sKAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"}],"text":"Alexander, William DeWitt (1894). \"The \"Hale o Keawe\" at Honaunau, Hawaii\". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 3. London: E. A. Petherick: 159–161.\nBingham, Hiram (1855) [1848]. A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). Canadaigua, NY: H. D. Goodwin.\nHawaii (1918). Lydecker, Robert Colfax (ed.). Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841-1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company.\nJudd, Walter F. (1975). Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books. ISBN 0870152165.\nKaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5.\nKanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2240-4.\nMcKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-28-5.\nMcKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1986). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-37-4.\nOsorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7.\nParker, David Paul (2008). \"Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty\". Tales of Our Hawaiʻi (PDF). Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-11.\nThrum, Thomas G., ed. (1904). Kamehameha Tomb. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 180. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Nāmākēhā's granddaughter Stella Keomailani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Stella_Keomailani_Cockett.jpg/110px-Stella_Keomailani_Cockett.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha\". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. January 3, 1861.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1861-01-03/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha\". The Polynesian. December 1860.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1860-12-29/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polynesian","url_text":"The Polynesian"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Mausoleum\". The Hawaiian Gazette. March 10, 1899. Retrieved June 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1899-03-10/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Royal+ROYAL+royal+Mausoleum+mausoleum+MAUSOLEUM","url_text":"\"Royal Mausoleum\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, William DeWitt (1894). \"The \"Hale o Keawe\" at Honaunau, Hawaii\". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 3. London: E. A. Petherick: 159–161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_DeWitt_Alexander","url_text":"Alexander, William DeWitt"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u6EcAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"The \"Hale o Keawe\" at Honaunau, Hawaii\""}]},{"reference":"Bingham, Hiram (1855) [1848]. A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). Canadaigua, NY: H. D. Goodwin.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_I","url_text":"Bingham, Hiram"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T1VFAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands"}]},{"reference":"Hawaii (1918). Lydecker, Robert Colfax (ed.). Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841-1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich","url_text":"Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841-1918"}]},{"reference":"Judd, Walter F. (1975). Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books. ISBN 0870152165.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HXYgAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870152165","url_text":"0870152165"}]},{"reference":"Kaeo, Peter; Queen Emma (1976). Korn, Alfons L. (ed.). News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0399-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kaeo","url_text":"Kaeo, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii","url_text":"Queen Emma"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x2QhAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0399-5","url_text":"978-0-8248-0399-5"}]},{"reference":"Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2240-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kanahele","url_text":"Kanahele, George S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C","url_text":"Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2240-4","url_text":"0-8248-2240-4"}]},{"reference":"McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-28-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-YPNBdfvmDUC","url_text":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939154-28-5","url_text":"0-939154-28-5"}]},{"reference":"McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1986). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-37-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QB92bdJ8igwC","url_text":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939154-37-4","url_text":"0-939154-37-4"}]},{"reference":"Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC","url_text":"Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2549-7","url_text":"0-8248-2549-7"}]},{"reference":"Parker, David Paul (2008). \"Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty\". Tales of Our Hawaiʻi (PDF). Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf","url_text":"Tales of Our Hawaiʻi"},{"url":"http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1904). Kamehameha Tomb. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Thrum","url_text":"Thrum, Thomas G."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s-sKAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Kamehameha Tomb"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1861-01-03/ed-1/seq-2/","external_links_name":"\"Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha\""},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1860-12-29/ed-1/seq-3/","external_links_name":"\"Death of the Hon. B. Namakeha\""},{"Link":"http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1899-03-10/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Royal+ROYAL+royal+Mausoleum+mausoleum+MAUSOLEUM","external_links_name":"\"Royal Mausoleum\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u6EcAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The \"Hale o Keawe\" at Honaunau, Hawaii\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T1VFAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich","external_links_name":"Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841-1918"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HXYgAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Palaces and Forts of the Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x2QhAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"News from Molokai, Letters Between Peter Kaeo & Queen Emma, 1873–1876"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C","external_links_name":"Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-YPNBdfvmDUC","external_links_name":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QB92bdJ8igwC","external_links_name":"Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC","external_links_name":"Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf","external_links_name":"Tales of Our Hawaiʻi"},{"Link":"http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s-sKAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Kamehameha Tomb"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Santiago_de_Veraguas
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas
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["1 Current bishop","1.1 Appointment","1.2 Biography","2 Ordinaries","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 8°05′50″N 80°59′00″W / 8.0972°N 80.9834°W / 8.0972; -80.9834Roman Catholic diocese in Panama
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017)
Diocese of Santiago de VeraguasDioecesis Sancti Iacobi VeraguensisCatedral Santiago ApóstolLocationCountryPanamaEcclesiastical provinceProvince of PanamáMetropolitanJose Domingo Ulloa Mendieta, O.S.A.StatisticsArea11,239 km2 (4,339 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2004)214,525181,900 (84.8%)Parishes14InformationDenominationRoman CatholicRiteRoman RiteEstablished13 July 1963 (60 years ago)CathedralCathedral of St. James the ApostleCurrent leadershipPopeFrancisBishopOscar Mario Brown JiménezMap
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas (erected 13 July 1963) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Panamá. Appointed in April 2013, the current bishop is Audilio Aguilar Aguilar.
Current bishop
Appointment
On Tuesday, April 30, 2013, Pope Francis accepted the resignation from the pastoral care of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas submitted by the fourth bishop of the diocese, Bishop Oscar Brown Mario Jiménez, in accordance with Canon 401.1 of the Western-rite 1983 Code of Canon Law. Pope Francis appointed Bishop Audilio Aguilar Aguilar, who until then had been serving as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón-Kuna Yala, Panama, to serve as the fifth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas.
Biography
Bishop Audilio Aguilar Aguilar was born on August 4, 1963, in Cañazas, Panama, located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas. He completed his philosophical and theological studies in the major seminaries of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guayaquil in Ecuador and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San José in Costa Rica. He earned a Licentiate of Canon Law at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, Italy. He was ordained a priest on August 4, 1990, and incardinated in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas.
During his priestly ministry, he was spiritual director of the Diocesan Minor Seminary San Liborio, pastor of the Parish of San Francisco Javier in Cañazas, trainer and professor at the Major Seminary San Jose, Panama, assistant secretary of the Episcopal Conference of Panama, judge of the Ecclesiastical Court of Panama, pastor of the Parish of San Isidro Labrador in Sona, Panama, and parish priest of the Parish of San Miguel Arcangel (Saint Michael the Archangel) in Atalaya, Panama. On June 18, 2005, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón - Kuna Yala by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, and on August 6, 2005, he was ordained a bishop. Since 2010, he has been serving as the vice president of the Episcopal Conference of Panama.
Ordinaries
Marcos Gregorio McGrath, C.S.C. (1964–1969), appointed Archbishop of Panamá
Martin Legarra Tellechea, O.A.R. (1969–1975)
José Dimas Cedeño Delgado (1975–1994), appointed Archbishop of Panamá
Oscar Brown Mario Jiménez (1994–2013)
Audilio Aguilar Aguilar (2013–present); previously, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón-Kuna Yala, Panama
References
^ "RINUNCE E NOMINE: RINUNCIA DEL VESCOVO DI SANTIAGO DE VERAGUAS (PANAMÁ) E NOMINA DEL SUCCESSORE". 2013-04-30. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02.
External links
"Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
8°05′50″N 80°59′00″W / 8.0972°N 80.9834°W / 8.0972; -80.9834
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Panamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Panam%C3%A1"}],"text":"Roman Catholic diocese in PanamaThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas (erected 13 July 1963) is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Panamá. Appointed in April 2013, the current bishop is Audilio Aguilar Aguilar.","title":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current bishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Oscar Brown Mario Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Brown_Mario_Jim%C3%A9nez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983 Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón-Kuna Yala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Col%C3%B3n-Kuna_Yala"}],"sub_title":"Appointment","text":"On Tuesday, April 30, 2013, Pope Francis accepted the resignation from the pastoral care of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas submitted by the fourth bishop of the diocese, Bishop Oscar Brown Mario Jiménez, in accordance with Canon 401.1 of the Western-rite 1983 Code of Canon Law. Pope Francis appointed Bishop Audilio Aguilar Aguilar, who until then had been serving as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón-Kuna Yala, Panama, to serve as the fifth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas.","title":"Current bishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cañazas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1azas"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Licentiate of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Lateran University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University"},{"link_name":"Rome, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Court"},{"link_name":"Sona, Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Saint Michael the Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel"},{"link_name":"Atalaya, Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalaya,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Conference of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Biography","text":"Bishop Audilio Aguilar Aguilar was born on August 4, 1963, in Cañazas, Panama, located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas. He completed his philosophical and theological studies in the major seminaries of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guayaquil in Ecuador and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San José in Costa Rica. He earned a Licentiate of Canon Law at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, Italy. He was ordained a priest on August 4, 1990, and incardinated in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas.During his priestly ministry, he was spiritual director of the Diocesan Minor Seminary San Liborio, pastor of the Parish of San Francisco Javier in Cañazas, trainer and professor at the Major Seminary San Jose, Panama, assistant secretary of the Episcopal Conference of Panama, judge of the Ecclesiastical Court of Panama, pastor of the Parish of San Isidro Labrador in Sona, Panama, and parish priest of the Parish of San Miguel Arcangel (Saint Michael the Archangel) in Atalaya, Panama. On June 18, 2005, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón - Kuna Yala by Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, and on August 6, 2005, he was ordained a bishop. Since 2010, he has been serving as the vice president of the Episcopal Conference of Panama.[1]","title":"Current bishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcos Gregorio McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_G._McGrath"},{"link_name":"Martin Legarra Tellechea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Legarra_Tellechea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Dimas Cedeño Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dimas_Cede%C3%B1o_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Oscar Brown Mario Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Brown_Mario_Jim%C3%A9nez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Audilio Aguilar Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audilio_Aguilar_Aguilar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón-Kuna Yala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Col%C3%B3n-Kuna_Yala"}],"text":"Marcos Gregorio McGrath, C.S.C. (1964–1969), appointed Archbishop of Panamá\nMartin Legarra Tellechea, O.A.R. (1969–1975)\nJosé Dimas Cedeño Delgado (1975–1994), appointed Archbishop of Panamá\nOscar Brown Mario Jiménez (1994–2013)\nAudilio Aguilar Aguilar (2013–present); previously, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Colón-Kuna Yala, Panama","title":"Ordinaries"}]
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[{"reference":"\"RINUNCE E NOMINE: RINUNCIA DEL VESCOVO DI SANTIAGO DE VERAGUAS (PANAMÁ) E NOMINA DEL SUCCESSORE\". 2013-04-30. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130502234143/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/04/30/news/30899.html","url_text":"\"RINUNCE E NOMINE: RINUNCIA DEL VESCOVO DI SANTIAGO DE VERAGUAS (PANAMÁ) E NOMINA DEL SUCCESSORE\""},{"url":"http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/04/30/news/30899.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas\". Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 2007-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsnve.html","url_text":"\"Diocese of Santiago de Veraguas\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Need_Love_(disambiguation)
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I Need Love (disambiguation)
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[]
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"I Need Love" is a song by LL Cool J.
I Need Love may also refer to:
"I Need Love", single by Rhinoceros (band)
"I Need Love", by Deep Purple from Come Taste the Band
"I Need Love", by Golden Earring from Contraband
"I Need Love", by Laura Pausini from From the Inside
"I Need Love", by 'N Sync from *NSYNC
"I Need Love", by Olivia Newton-John from Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971–1992
"I Need Love", by Robin Thicke from The Evolution of Robin Thicke
"I Need Love", by Sam Phillips from Martinis and Bikinis
"I Need Love", by Sandra from Close to Seven
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title I Need Love.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhinoceros (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_(band)"},{"link_name":"Come Taste the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Taste_the_Band"},{"link_name":"Contraband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband_(Golden_Earring_album)"},{"link_name":"From the Inside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Inside_(Laura_Pausini_album)"},{"link_name":"*NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/*NSYNC_(album)"},{"link_name":"Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971–1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_Basics:_The_Essential_Collection_1971%E2%80%931992"},{"link_name":"The Evolution of Robin Thicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Robin_Thicke"},{"link_name":"Martinis and Bikinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinis_and_Bikinis"},{"link_name":"Close to Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_to_Seven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/I_Need_Love_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"I Need Love may also refer to:\"I Need Love\", single by Rhinoceros (band)\n\"I Need Love\", by Deep Purple from Come Taste the Band\n\"I Need Love\", by Golden Earring from Contraband\n\"I Need Love\", by Laura Pausini from From the Inside\n\"I Need Love\", by 'N Sync from *NSYNC\n\"I Need Love\", by Olivia Newton-John from Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971–1992\n\"I Need Love\", by Robin Thicke from The Evolution of Robin Thicke\n\"I Need Love\", by Sam Phillips from Martinis and Bikinis\n\"I Need Love\", by Sandra from Close to SevenTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title I Need Love.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"I Need Love (disambiguation)"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/I_Need_Love_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti6Al4V
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Ti-6Al-4V
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["1 Chemistry","2 Physical and mechanical properties","3 Heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V","4 Applications","5 Specifications","6 References"]
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Titanium alloy
Ti-6Al-4V (UNS designation R56400), also sometimes called TC4, Ti64, or ASTM Grade 5, is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with a high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. It is one of the most commonly used titanium alloys and is applied in a wide range of applications where low density and excellent corrosion resistance are necessary such as e.g. aerospace industry and biomechanical applications (implants and prostheses).
Studies of titanium alloys used in armors began in the 1950s at the Watertown Arsenal, which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory.
A 1948 graduate of MIT, Stanley Abkowitz (1927-2017) was a pioneer in the titanium industry and is credited for the invention of the Ti-6Al-4V during his time at the US Army’s Watertown Arsenal Laboratory in the early 1950s.
Titanium/Aluminum/Vanadium alloy was hailed as a major breakthrough with strategic military significance. It is the most commercially successful titanium alloy and is still in use today, having shaped numerous industrial and commercial applications.
Increased use of titanium alloys as biomaterials is occurring due to their lower modulus, superior biocompatibility and enhanced corrosion resistance when compared to more conventional stainless steels and cobalt-based alloys. These attractive properties were a driving force for the early introduction of α (cpTi) and α+β (Ti—6Al—4V) alloys as well as for the more recent development of new Ti-alloy compositions and orthopaedic metastable b titanium alloys. The latter possess enhanced biocompatibility, reduced elastic modulus, and superior strain-controlled and notch fatigue resistance. However, the poor shear strength and wear resistance of titanium alloys have nevertheless limited their biomedical use. Although the wear resistance of b-Ti alloys has shown some improvement when compared to a#b alloys, the ultimate utility of orthopaedic titanium alloys as wear components will require a more complete fundamental understanding of the wear mechanisms involved.
Chemistry
(in wt. %)
V
Al
Fe
O
C
N
H
Y
Ti
Remainder Each
Remainder Total
Min
3.5
5.5
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Max
4.5
6.75
.3
.2
.08
.05
.015
.005
Balance
.1
.3
Physical and mechanical properties
One possible microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with equiaxed alpha grains and discontinuous beta phase
Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy commonly exists in alpha, with hcp crystal structure, (SG : P63/mmc) and beta, with bcc crystal structure, (SG : Im-3m) phases. While mechanical properties are a function of the heat treatment condition of the alloy and can vary based upon properties, typical property ranges for well-processed Ti-6Al-4V are shown below. Aluminum stabilizes the alpha phase, while vanadium stabilizes the beta phase.
Density
Young's Modulus
Shear Modulus
Bulk Modulus
Poisson's Ratio
Tensile Yield Stress
Tensile Ultimate Stress
Hardness
Uniform Elongation
Min
4.429 g/cm3 (0.160 lb/cu in)
104 GPa (15.1×10^6 psi)
40 GPa (5.8×10^6 psi)
96.8 GPa (14.0×10^6 psi)
0.31
880 MPa (128,000 psi)
900 MPa (130,000 psi)
36 Rockwell C (Typical)
5%
Max
4.512 g/cm3 (0.163 lb/cu in)
113 GPa (16.4×10^6 psi)
45 GPa (6.5×10^6 psi)
153 GPa (22.2×10^6 psi)
0.37
920 MPa (133,000 psi)
950 MPa (138,000 psi)
--
18%
Ti-6Al-4V has a very low thermal conductivity at room temperature of 6.7 to 7.5 W/m·K, which contributes to its relatively poor machinability.
The alloy is vulnerable to cold dwell fatigue.
Heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V
Mill anneal, duplex anneal, and solution treatment and aging heat treatment processes for Ti-6Al-4V. Exact times and temperatures will vary by manufacturer.
Ti-6Al-4V is heat treated to vary the amounts of and microstructure of
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
and
β
{\displaystyle \beta }
phases in the alloy. The microstructure will vary significantly depending on the exact heat treatment and method of processing. Three common heat treatment processes are mill annealing, duplex annealing, and solution treating and aging.
Applications
Aerospace structures. The Boeing 787 is 15% titanium by weight, and the Airbus A350 is 14%.
Biomedical implants and prostheses
High-performance race cars
High-end bicycles
Additive manufacturing
Apple iPhone 15 Pro (Max) case
Specifications
UNS: R56400
AMS Standard: 4928
ASTM Standard: F1472
ASTM Standard: B265 Grade 5
References
^ Paul K. Chu; XinPei Lu (15 July 2013). Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications. CRC Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-1-4665-0991-7.
^ "Founding of ARL". www.arl. army.mil. Army Research Laboratory. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ Gooch, William A. "The Design and Application of Titanium Alloys to U.S. Army Platforms -2010" (PDF). U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
^ "Stan Abkowitz, '48 – MIT Technology Review". 18 October 2016.
^ "Stanley Abkowitz, 90; Titanium Industry Pioneer - International Titanium Association".
^ Long, M.; Rack, H.J. (1998). "Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective". Biomaterials. 18 (19): 1621–1639. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00146-4. PMID 9839998.
^ Gutmanas, E.Y.; Gotman, I. (2004). "PIRAC Ti nitride coated Ti–6Al–4V head against UHMWPE acetabular cup–hip wear simulator study". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 15 (4): 327–330. doi:10.1023/B:JMSM.0000021096.77850.c5. PMID 15332594. S2CID 45437647.
^ Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56400)
^ "Titanium Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5), Annealed". asm.matweb.com. ASM Aerospace Specification Metals, Inc. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ "Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-4V Technical Data Sheet". cartech.com. Carpenter Technology Corporation. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ "AZoM Become a Member Search... Search Menu Properties This article has property data, click to view Titanium Alloys - Ti6Al4V Grade 5". www.azom.com. AZO Materials. 30 July 2002. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ Wanhill, Russell; Barter, Simon (2012), "Metallurgy and Microstructure", Fatigue of Beta Processed and Beta Heat-treated Titanium Alloys, Springer Netherlands, pp. 5–10, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2524-9_2, ISBN 9789400725232
^ Donachie, Matthew J. (2000). Titanium : a technical guide (2nd ed.). Materials Park, OH: ASM International. pp. 13–15. ISBN 9781615030620. OCLC 713840154.
^ "ASM Material Data Sheet". asm.matweb.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
^ a b Yang, Xiaoping; Liu, C. Richard (1999-01-01). "Machining Titanium and Its Alloys". Machining Science and Technology. 3 (1): 107–139. doi:10.1080/10940349908945686. ISSN 1091-0344.
^ BEA (September 2020). "AF066 crash investigation results" (PDF).
^ Pilchak, Adam L.; Hutson, Alisha; Porter, W. John; Buchanan, Dennis; John, Reji (2016). "On the Cyclic Fatigue and Dwell Fatigue Crack Growth Response of Ti-6Al-4V". Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium. pp. 993–998. doi:10.1002/9781119296126.ch169. ISBN 9781119296126.
^ ASM Committee (2000). "The Metallurgy of Titanium". Titanium: A Technical Guide. ASM International. pp. 22–23.
^ Hawk, Jeff (May 25, 2005). The Boeing 787 Dreamliner: More Than an Airplane (PDF). AIAA/AAAF Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
^ Guy Hellard (2008). "Composites in Airbus - A Long Story of Innovations and Experiences" (PDF). Global Investor Forum. Airbus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
^ "Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy" (PDF). Arcam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
^ "Ti64 Titanium Alloy Powder". Tekna.
^ SAE AMS4928W, Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes 6Al - 4V Annealed, Warrendale, PA: SAE International, retrieved 28 September 2022
^ "§1.1.5", ASTM B265-20a, Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2020, doi:10.1520/B0265-20A, retrieved 13 August 2020
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChuLu2013-1"},{"link_name":"titanium alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_alloy"},{"link_name":"specific strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_strength"},{"link_name":"corrosion resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"aerospace industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"prostheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis"},{"link_name":"Watertown Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertown_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Army Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gutmanas-7"}],"text":"Ti-6Al-4V (UNS designation R56400), also sometimes called TC4, Ti64,[1] or ASTM Grade 5, is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with a high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. It is one of the most commonly used titanium alloys and is applied in a wide range of applications where low density and excellent corrosion resistance are necessary such as e.g. aerospace industry and biomechanical applications (implants and prostheses).Studies of titanium alloys used in armors began in the 1950s at the Watertown Arsenal, which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory.[2][3]A 1948 graduate of MIT, Stanley Abkowitz (1927-2017) was a pioneer in the titanium industry and is credited for the invention of the Ti-6Al-4V during his time at the US Army’s Watertown Arsenal Laboratory in the early 1950s.[4]Titanium/Aluminum/Vanadium alloy was hailed as a major breakthrough with strategic military significance. It is the most commercially successful titanium alloy and is still in use today, having shaped numerous industrial and commercial applications.[5]Increased use of titanium alloys as biomaterials is occurring due to their lower modulus, superior biocompatibility and enhanced corrosion resistance when compared to more conventional stainless steels and cobalt-based alloys.[6] These attractive properties were a driving force for the early introduction of α (cpTi) and α+β (Ti—6Al—4V) alloys as well as for the more recent development of new Ti-alloy compositions and orthopaedic metastable b titanium alloys. The latter possess enhanced biocompatibility, reduced elastic modulus, and superior strain-controlled and notch fatigue resistance.[7] However, the poor shear strength and wear resistance of titanium alloys have nevertheless limited their biomedical use. Although the wear resistance of b-Ti alloys has shown some improvement when compared to a#b alloys, the ultimate utility of orthopaedic titanium alloys as wear components will require a more complete fundamental understanding of the wear mechanisms involved.","title":"Ti-6Al-4V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"(in wt. %)[8]","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ti64_20s_rub_krolls_rod_crossection.png"},{"link_name":"hcp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hcp_lattice"},{"link_name":"bcc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_centered_cubic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"vanadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"thermal conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang-15"},{"link_name":"cold dwell fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_dwell_fatigue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"One possible microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with equiaxed alpha grains and discontinuous beta phaseTi-6Al-4V titanium alloy commonly exists in alpha, with hcp crystal structure, (SG : P63/mmc) and beta, with bcc crystal structure, (SG : Im-3m) phases. While mechanical properties are a function of the heat treatment condition of the alloy and can vary based upon properties, typical property ranges for well-processed Ti-6Al-4V are shown below.[9][10][11] Aluminum stabilizes the alpha phase, while vanadium stabilizes the beta phase.[12][13]Ti-6Al-4V has a very low thermal conductivity at room temperature of 6.7 to 7.5 W/m·K,[14][15] which contributes to its relatively poor machinability.[15]The alloy is vulnerable to cold dwell fatigue.[16][17]","title":"Physical and mechanical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Ti-6Al-4V_Heat_Treatment_Processes.svg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Mill anneal, duplex anneal, and solution treatment and aging heat treatment processes for Ti-6Al-4V. Exact times and temperatures will vary by manufacturer.Ti-6Al-4V is heat treated to vary the amounts of and microstructure of \n \n \n \n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n \n and \n \n \n \n β\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta }\n \n phases in the alloy. The microstructure will vary significantly depending on the exact heat treatment and method of processing. Three common heat treatment processes are mill annealing, duplex annealing, and solution treating and aging.[18]","title":"Heat treatment of Ti-6Al-4V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boeing_AIAA_May_2005-19"},{"link_name":"Airbus A350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A350"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"iPhone 15 Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_15_Pro"}],"text":"Aerospace structures. The Boeing 787 is 15% titanium by weight,[19] and the Airbus A350 is 14%.[20]\nBiomedical implants and prostheses[21]\nHigh-performance race cars\nHigh-end bicycles\nAdditive manufacturing[22]\nApple iPhone 15 Pro (Max) case","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"UNS: R56400\nAMS Standard: 4928[23]\nASTM Standard: F1472\nASTM Standard: B265 Grade 5[24]","title":"Specifications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"One possible microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with equiaxed alpha grains and discontinuous beta phase","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ti64_20s_rub_krolls_rod_crossection.png/220px-Ti64_20s_rub_krolls_rod_crossection.png"},{"image_text":"Mill anneal, duplex anneal, and solution treatment and aging heat treatment processes for Ti-6Al-4V. Exact times and temperatures will vary by manufacturer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Common_Ti-6Al-4V_Heat_Treatment_Processes.svg/500px-Common_Ti-6Al-4V_Heat_Treatment_Processes.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Paul K. Chu; XinPei Lu (15 July 2013). Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications. CRC Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-1-4665-0991-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nzrSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA455","url_text":"Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-0991-7","url_text":"978-1-4665-0991-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Founding of ARL\". www.arl. army.mil. Army Research Laboratory. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arl.army.mil/www/default.cfm?page=488","url_text":"\"Founding of ARL\""}]},{"reference":"Gooch, William A. \"The Design and Application of Titanium Alloys to U.S. Army Platforms -2010\" (PDF). U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Retrieved 6 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.titanium.org/resource/resmgr/2010_2014_papers/GoochWilliam_2010_MilitaryGr.pdf","url_text":"\"The Design and Application of Titanium Alloys to U.S. Army Platforms -2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stan Abkowitz, '48 – MIT Technology Review\". 18 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/10/18/156862/stan-abkowitz-48/amp/","url_text":"\"Stan Abkowitz, '48 – MIT Technology Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stanley Abkowitz, 90; Titanium Industry Pioneer - International Titanium Association\".","urls":[{"url":"https://titanium.org/news/373100/Stanley-Abkowitz-90-Titanium-Industry-Pioneer.htm","url_text":"\"Stanley Abkowitz, 90; Titanium Industry Pioneer - International Titanium Association\""}]},{"reference":"Long, M.; Rack, H.J. (1998). \"Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective\". Biomaterials. 18 (19): 1621–1639. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00146-4. PMID 9839998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0142-9612%2897%2900146-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00146-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9839998","url_text":"9839998"}]},{"reference":"Gutmanas, E.Y.; Gotman, I. (2004). \"PIRAC Ti nitride coated Ti–6Al–4V head against UHMWPE acetabular cup–hip wear simulator study\". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 15 (4): 327–330. doi:10.1023/B:JMSM.0000021096.77850.c5. PMID 15332594. S2CID 45437647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJMSM.0000021096.77850.c5","url_text":"10.1023/B:JMSM.0000021096.77850.c5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15332594","url_text":"15332594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45437647","url_text":"45437647"}]},{"reference":"\"Titanium Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5), Annealed\". asm.matweb.com. ASM Aerospace Specification Metals, Inc. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MTP641","url_text":"\"Titanium Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5), Annealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-4V Technical Data Sheet\". cartech.com. Carpenter Technology Corporation. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://cartech.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?i=101&E=269","url_text":"\"Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-4V Technical Data Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"AZoM Become a Member Search... Search Menu Properties This article has property data, click to view Titanium Alloys - Ti6Al4V Grade 5\". www.azom.com. AZO Materials. 30 July 2002. Retrieved 14 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1547","url_text":"\"AZoM Become a Member Search... Search Menu Properties This article has property data, click to view Titanium Alloys - Ti6Al4V Grade 5\""}]},{"reference":"Wanhill, Russell; Barter, Simon (2012), \"Metallurgy and Microstructure\", Fatigue of Beta Processed and Beta Heat-treated Titanium Alloys, Springer Netherlands, pp. 5–10, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2524-9_2, ISBN 9789400725232","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2524-9_2","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-007-2524-9_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400725232","url_text":"9789400725232"}]},{"reference":"Donachie, Matthew J. (2000). Titanium : a technical guide (2nd ed.). Materials Park, OH: ASM International. pp. 13–15. ISBN 9781615030620. OCLC 713840154.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/titaniumtechnica00dona","url_text":"Titanium : a technical guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/titaniumtechnica00dona/page/n21","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615030620","url_text":"9781615030620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/713840154","url_text":"713840154"}]},{"reference":"\"ASM Material Data Sheet\". asm.matweb.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MTP641","url_text":"\"ASM Material Data Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Yang, Xiaoping; Liu, C. Richard (1999-01-01). \"Machining Titanium and Its Alloys\". Machining Science and Technology. 3 (1): 107–139. doi:10.1080/10940349908945686. ISSN 1091-0344.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10940349908945686","url_text":"\"Machining Titanium and Its Alloys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10940349908945686","url_text":"10.1080/10940349908945686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-0344","url_text":"1091-0344"}]},{"reference":"BEA (September 2020). \"AF066 crash investigation results\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bea.aero/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/BEA2017-0568.en.pdf","url_text":"\"AF066 crash investigation results\""}]},{"reference":"Pilchak, Adam L.; Hutson, Alisha; Porter, W. John; Buchanan, Dennis; John, Reji (2016). \"On the Cyclic Fatigue and Dwell Fatigue Crack Growth Response of Ti-6Al-4V\". Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium. pp. 993–998. doi:10.1002/9781119296126.ch169. ISBN 9781119296126.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119296126.ch169","url_text":"\"On the Cyclic Fatigue and Dwell Fatigue Crack Growth Response of Ti-6Al-4V\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119296126.ch169","url_text":"10.1002/9781119296126.ch169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119296126","url_text":"9781119296126"}]},{"reference":"ASM Committee (2000). \"The Metallurgy of Titanium\". Titanium: A Technical Guide. ASM International. pp. 22–23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hawk, Jeff (May 25, 2005). The Boeing 787 Dreamliner: More Than an Airplane (PDF). AIAA/AAAF Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070808001501/http://www.aiaa.org/events/aners/Presentations/ANERS-Hawk.pdf","url_text":"The Boeing 787 Dreamliner: More Than an Airplane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics","url_text":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"},{"url":"http://www.aiaa.org/events/aners/Presentations/ANERS-Hawk.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guy Hellard (2008). \"Composites in Airbus - A Long Story of Innovations and Experiences\" (PDF). Global Investor Forum. Airbus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161004204641/https://www.airbusgroup.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2008/presentations/GIF2008/gif2008_workshop_composites_hellard.pdf","url_text":"\"Composites in Airbus - A Long Story of Innovations and Experiences\""},{"url":"https://www.airbusgroup.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2008/presentations/GIF2008/gif2008_workshop_composites_hellard.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy\" (PDF). Arcam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2015-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215075815/http://www.arcam.com/wp-content/uploads/Arcam-Ti6Al4V-Titanium-Alloy.pdf","url_text":"\"Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy\""},{"url":"http://www.arcam.com/wp-content/uploads/Arcam-Ti6Al4V-Titanium-Alloy.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ti64 Titanium Alloy Powder\". Tekna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tekna.com/spherical-powders/ti64-titanium-alloy","url_text":"\"Ti64 Titanium Alloy Powder\""}]},{"reference":"SAE AMS4928W, Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes 6Al - 4V Annealed, Warrendale, PA: SAE International, retrieved 28 September 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sae.org/standards/content/ams4928w/","url_text":"SAE AMS4928W, Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes 6Al - 4V Annealed"}]},{"reference":"\"§1.1.5\", ASTM B265-20a, Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2020, doi:10.1520/B0265-20A, retrieved 13 August 2020","urls":[{"url":"http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/resolver.cgi?B265-20a","url_text":"ASTM B265-20a, Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1520%2FB0265-20A","url_text":"10.1520/B0265-20A"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nzrSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA455","external_links_name":"Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications"},{"Link":"https://www.arl.army.mil/www/default.cfm?page=488","external_links_name":"\"Founding of ARL\""},{"Link":"https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.titanium.org/resource/resmgr/2010_2014_papers/GoochWilliam_2010_MilitaryGr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Design and Application of Titanium Alloys to U.S. Army Platforms -2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2016/10/18/156862/stan-abkowitz-48/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Stan Abkowitz, '48 – MIT Technology Review\""},{"Link":"https://titanium.org/news/373100/Stanley-Abkowitz-90-Titanium-Industry-Pioneer.htm","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Abkowitz, 90; Titanium Industry Pioneer - International Titanium Association\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0142-9612%2897%2900146-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00146-4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9839998","external_links_name":"9839998"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJMSM.0000021096.77850.c5","external_links_name":"10.1023/B:JMSM.0000021096.77850.c5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15332594","external_links_name":"15332594"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45437647","external_links_name":"45437647"},{"Link":"http://bqw.csstgc.com.cn/userfiles/04d50d7598c54325a4f12f868710a407/files/teckSolution/2019/11/Standard%20Specification%20for%20Wrought%20Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium%20Alloy%20for%20Surgical%20Implant%20Applications.pdf","external_links_name":"Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R56400)"},{"Link":"http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MTP641","external_links_name":"\"Titanium Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5), Annealed\""},{"Link":"https://cartech.ides.com/datasheet.aspx?i=101&E=269","external_links_name":"\"Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-4V Technical Data Sheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1547","external_links_name":"\"AZoM Become a Member Search... 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge_Park
|
Lethbridge Park, New South Wales
|
["1 History","2 Education","3 Notable residents","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 33°44′00″S 150°47′40″E / 33.73333°S 150.79444°E / -33.73333; 150.79444
Suburb of Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaLethbridge ParkGreater Western Sydney, New South WalesLethbridge ParkCoordinates33°44′00″S 150°47′40″E / 33.73333°S 150.79444°E / -33.73333; 150.79444Population4,655 (2011 census)Postcode(s)2770Elevation46 m (151 ft)Location47 km (29 mi) west of Sydney CBDLGA(s)City of BlacktownState electorate(s) Mount Druitt LondonderryFederal division(s)Chifley
Suburbs around Lethbridge Park:
Ropes Crossing
Willmot
Shalvey
North St Marys
Lethbridge Park
Blackett
Tregear
Whalan
Emerton
Lethbridge Park is a suburb of Greater Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 47 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.
History
Lethbridge Park takes its name from the Lethbridge family. Robert Copeland Lethbridge settled at Werrington on a land grant made on 1 January 1806, while his sister Harriet settled on the Dunheved estate. The district's two pioneering families were united by marriage. Harriet Lethbridge was married to Captain Phillip Parker King (1791-1856), son of Governor Philip Gidley King and Anna Josepha King. Robert Copeland Lethbridge married King's sister, Mary.
Education
Lethbridge Park Primary School is a public school covering Kindergarten to Grade 6.
Notable residents
Roy Courlander, British Fascist and later member of the British Free Corps SS Unit
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Lethbridge Park (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
^ Penrith City History - Town Foundation: Early Town Plans and Subsequent Speculative Subdivision Archived 5 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
vteSuburbs within Blacktown City Council, Greater Western Sydney
Acacia Gardens
Angus
Arndell Park
Bidwill
Blackett
Blacktown
Bungarribee
Colebee
Dean Park
Dharruk
Doonside
Eastern Creek
Emerton
Glendenning
Glenwood
Grantham Farm
Hassall Grove
Hebersham
Huntingwood
Kellyville Ridge
Kings Langley
Kings Park
Lalor Park
Lethbridge Park
Marayong
Marsden Park
Melonba
Minchinbury
Mount Druitt
Nirimba Fields
Oakhurst
Parklea
Plumpton
Prospect
Quakers Hill
Richards
Riverstone
Rooty Hill
Ropes Crossing
Rouse Hill
Schofields
Seven Hills
Shalvey
Shanes Park
Stanhope Gardens
Tallawong
Toongabbie
The Ponds
Tregear
Vineyard
Whalan
Willmot
Woodcroft
List of Sydney suburbs
This article related to the geography of Sydney is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). \"Lethbridge Park (State Suburb)\". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 25 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/SSC11356","url_text":"\"Lethbridge Park (State Suburb)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalopus_aquaticus
|
Eastern mole
|
["1 Subspecies","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Species of mammal
Eastern mole
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Eulipotyphla
Family:
Talpidae
Genus:
ScalopusÉ. Geoffroy, 1803
Species:
S. aquaticus
Binomial name
Scalopus aquaticus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Eastern mole range
Synonyms
Sorex aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758
Skeleton of an Eastern mole
Molehill
The eastern mole or common mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is a medium-sized North American mole. It is the only species in the genus Scalopus. It is found in forested and open areas with moist sandy soils in northern Mexico, the eastern United States and the southwestern corner of Ontario in Canada.
The eastern mole has grey-brown fur with silver-grey underparts, a pointed nose and a short tail. It is about 16 centimetres (6.3 in) in length including a 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long tail and weighs about 75 grams (2.6 oz). Its front paws are broad and spade-shaped, specialized for digging. It has 36 teeth. Its eyes are covered by fur and its ears are not visible.
The eastern mole spends most of its time underground, foraging in shallow burrows for earthworms, grubs, beetles, insect larvae and some plant matter. It is active year-round. It is mainly solitary except during mating in early spring. The female has a litter of two to five young in a deep burrow.
Subspecies
A majority of the moles throughout their range are Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus. All the other subspecies exist in small pocket ranges.
Subspecies of Scalopus aquaticus
Subspecies
Name
Range
S. a. aquaticus
Eastern mole
Throughout the mainland United States and Canada
S. a. anastasae
Anastasia Island mole
Anastasia Island, a small close-to-shore island off of St. Augustine, Florida.
S. a. bassi
Englewood mole
The area within and surrounding Englewood, Florida.
S. a. texanus
Presidia mole
The Rio Grande near and between the Cibolo and Alamito Creeks.
See also
Rockport virus
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Mole (animal) for more general information on moles
References
^ Hutterer, R. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Matson, J.; Woodman, N.; Castro-Arellano, I.; de Grammont, P.C. (2017) . "Scalopus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41471A115188304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ "Explore the Taxonomic Tree".
^ "Anastasia Island Mole (Scalopus aquaticus anastasae) mEAMOa_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog".
^ "Mammalogy 39436: Scalopus aquaticus bassi".
^ "Presidio Mole (Scalopus aquaticus texanus) mEAMOt_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog".
External links
Media related to Scalopus aquaticus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Scalopus aquaticus at Wikispecies
vteExtant species of Eulipotyphla
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Erinaceinae
Atelerix
Four-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris)
North African hedgehog (A. algirus)
Southern African hedgehog (A. frontalis)
Somali hedgehog (A. sclateri)
Erinaceus
Amur hedgehog (E. amurensis)
Southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor)
West European hedgehog (E. europaeus)
Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)
Hemiechinus
Long-eared hedgehog (H. auritus)
Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)
Mesechinus
Daurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus)
Hugh's hedgehog (M. hughi)
Gaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi)
Small-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon)
Eastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)
Paraechinus
Desert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus)
Brandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas)
Indian hedgehog (P. micropus)
Bare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Galericinae
Echinosorex
Moonrat (E. gymnura)
Hylomys
Dwarf gymnure (H. parvus)
Javan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus)
Bornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis)
Max's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi)
Dalat gymnure (H. macarong)
Northern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis)
Leuser gymnure (H. vorax)
Neohylomys
Hainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)
Neotetracus
Shrew gymnure (N. sinensis)
Otohylomys
Long-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)
Podogymnura
Dinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula)
Mindanao gymnure (P. truei)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae
Crocidura(White-toothedshrews)
Cyrenaica shrew (C. aleksandrisi)
East African highland shrew (C. allex)
Andaman shrew (C. andamanensis)
C. annamitensis
Ansell's shrew (C. ansellorum)
Arabian shrew (C. arabica)
Jackass shrew (C. arispa)
Armenian shrew (C. armenica)
Asian gray shrew (C. attenuata)
Hun shrew (C. attila)
Bailey's shrew (C. baileyi)
Kinabalu shrew (C. baluensis)
Batak shrew (C. batakorum)
Mindanao shrew (C. beatus)
Beccari's shrew (C. beccarii)
Bottego's shrew (C. bottegi)
Bale shrew (C. bottegoides)
Thick-tailed shrew (C. brunnea)
Buettikofer's shrew (C. buettikoferi)
African dusky shrew (C. caliginea)
Canarian shrew (C. canariensis)
Caspian shrew (C. caspica)
Cinderella shrew (C. cinderella)
Congo white-toothed shrew (C. congobelgica)
C. cranbrooki
Long-footed shrew (C. crenata)
Crosse's shrew (C. crossei)
Reddish-gray musk shrew (C. cyanea)
Dent's shrew (C. denti)
Desperate shrew (C. desperata)
Dhofar shrew (C. dhofarensis)
Long-tailed musk shrew (C. dolichura)
Doucet's musk shrew (C. douceti)
Dsinezumi shrew (C. dsinezumi)
Eisentraut's shrew (C. eisentrauti)
Elgon shrew (C. elgonius)
Elongated shrew (C. elongata)
Heather shrew (C. erica)
Fischer's shrew (C. fischeri)
Greater red musk shrew (C. flavescens)
Flower's shrew (C. floweri)
Bornean shrew (C. foetida)
Fox's shrew (C. foxi)
Southeast Asian shrew (C. fuliginosa)
Savanna shrew (C. fulvastra)
Smoky white-toothed shrew (C. fumosa)
Bicolored musk shrew (C. fuscomurina)
Glass's shrew (C. glassi)
Gmelin's white-toothed shrew (C. gmelini)
Goliath shrew (C. goliath)
Peters's musk shrew (C. gracilipes)
Large-headed shrew (C. grandiceps)
Greater Mindanao shrew (C. grandis)
Grasse's shrew (C. grassei)
Luzon shrew (C. grayi)
Greenwood's shrew (C. greenwoodi)
C. guy
Harenna shrew (C. harenna)
C. hikmiya
Hildegarde's shrew (C. hildegardeae)
Hill's shrew (C. hilliana)
Lesser red musk shrew (C. hirta)
Andaman spiny shrew (C. hispida)
Horsfield's shrew (C. horsfieldii)
Hutan shrew (C. hutanis)
North African white-toothed shrew (C. ichnusae)
Indochinese shrew (C. indochinensis)
Jackson's shrew (C. jacksoni)
Jenkins's shrew (C. jenkinsi)
Jouvenet's shrew (C. jouvenetae)
Katinka's shrew (C. katinka)
Ke Go shrew (C. kegoensis)
Kivu shrew (C. kivuana)
Lamotte's shrew (C. lamottei)
Kivu long-haired shrew (C. lanosa)
Ussuri white-toothed shrew (C. lasiura)
Latona's shrew (C. latona)
Sulawesi shrew (C. lea)
Sumatran giant shrew (C. lepidura)
Bicolored shrew (C. leucodon)
Sulawesi tiny shrew (C. levicula)
Butiaba naked-tailed shrew (C. littoralis)
Savanna swamp shrew (C. longipes)
Lucina's shrew (C. lucina)
Ludia's shrew (C. ludia)
Moonshine shrew (C. luna)
Mauritanian shrew (C. lusitania)
MacArthur's shrew (C. macarthuri)
MacMillan's shrew (C. macmillani)
Nyiro shrew (C. macowi)
Malayan shrew (C. malayana)
Manenguba shrew (C. manengubae)
Makwassie musk shrew (C. maquassiensis)
Swamp musk shrew (C. mariquensis)
Gracile naked-tailed shrew (C. maurisca)
Javanese shrew (C. maxi)
Mindoro shrew (C. mindorus)
Sri Lankan long-tailed shrew (C. miya)
Kilimanjaro shrew (C. monax)
Sunda shrew (C. monticola)
Montane white-toothed shrew (C. montis)
West African long-tailed shrew (C. muricauda)
Mossy forest shrew (C. musseri)
Ugandan musk shrew (C. mutesae)
Somali dwarf shrew (C. nana)
Savanna dwarf shrew (C. nanilla)
Peninsular shrew (C. negligens)
Negros shrew (C. negrina)
Nicobar shrew (C. nicobarica)
Nigerian shrew (C. nigeriae)
Blackish white-toothed shrew (C. nigricans)
Black-footed shrew (C. nigripes)
African black shrew (C. nigrofusca)
Nimba shrew (C. nimbae)
Niobe's shrew (C. niobe)
West African pygmy shrew (C. obscurior)
African giant shrew (C. olivieri)
Oriental shrew (C. orientalis)
Ryukyu shrew (C. orii)
Palawan shrew (C. palawanensis)
Panay shrew (C. panayensis)
Sumatran long-tailed shrew (C. paradoxura)
Small-footed shrew (C. parvipes)
Sahelian tiny shrew (C. pasha)
Pale gray shrew (C. pergrisea)
Guramba shrew (C. phaeura)
C. phanluongi
Phu Hoc shrew (C. phuquocensis)
Cameroonian shrew (C. picea)
Pitman's shrew (C. pitmani)
Flat-headed shrew (C. planiceps)
Fraser's musk shrew (C. poensis)
Polia's shrew (C. polia)
Kashmir white-toothed shrew (C. pullata)
Rainey's shrew (C. raineyi)
Negev shrew (C. ramona)
Chinese white-toothed shrew (C. rapax)
Egyptian pygmy shrew (C. religiosa)
Sulawesi white-handed shrew (C. rhoditis)
Roosevelt's shrew (C. roosevelti)
Greater white-toothed shrew (C. russula)
Ugandan lowland shrew (C. selina)
Lesser rock shrew (C. serezkyensis)
Asian lesser white-toothed shrew (C. shantungensis)
Siberian shrew (C. sibirica)
Sicilian shrew (C. sicula)
Lesser gray-brown musk shrew (C. silacea)
Desert musk shrew (C. smithii)
Sokolov's shrew (C. sokolovi)
Somali shrew (C. somalica)
Kahuzi swamp shrew (C. stenocephala)
Lesser white-toothed shrew (C. suaveolens)
Iranian shrew (C. susiana)
Tanzanian shrew (C. tansaniana)
Tarella shrew (C. tarella)
Saharan shrew (C. tarfayensis)
Telford's shrew (C. telfordi)
Timor shrew (C. tenuis)
Thalia's shrew (C. thalia)
Therese's shrew (C. theresae)
São Tomé shrew (C. thomensis)
Christmas Island shrew (C. trichura)
Turbo shrew (C. turba)
Ultimate shrew (C. ultima)
Usambara shrew (C. usambarae)
Savanna path shrew (C. viaria)
Mamfe shrew (C. virgata)
Voi shrew (C. voi)
Voracious shrew (C. vorax)
Banka shrew (C. vosmaeri)
Lesser Ryukyu shrew (C. watasei)
Whitaker's shrew (C. whitakeri)
Wimmer's shrew (C. wimmeri)
Hainan Island shrew (C. wuchihensis)
Xanthippe's shrew (C. xantippe)
Yankari shrew (C. yankariensis)
Mikhail Zaitsev's shrew (C. zaitsevi )
Zaphir's shrew (C. zaphiri)
Zarudny's rock shrew (C. zarudnyi)
Upemba shrew (C. zimmeri)
Cretan shrew (C. zimmermanni)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae (continued)
Diplomesodon
Piebald shrew (D. pulchellus)
Feroculus
Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (F. feroculus)
Palawanosorex
Palawan moss shrew (P. muscorum)
Paracrocidura(Large-headedshrews)
Grauer's large-headed shrew (P. graueri)
Greater large-headed shrew (P. maxima)
Lesser large-headed shrew (P. schoutedeni)
Ruwenzorisorex
Ruwenzori shrew (R. suncoides)
Scutisorex
Hero shrew (S. somereni)
Thor's hero shrew (S. thori)
Solisorex
Pearson's long-clawed shrew (S. pearsoni)
Suncus
Taita shrew (S. aequatorius)
Black shrew (S. ater)
Day's shrew (S. dayi)
Etruscan shrew (S. etruscus)
Sri Lankan shrew (S. fellowesgordoni)
Bornean pygmy shrew (S. hosei)
Least dwarf shrew (S. infinitesimus)
Greater dwarf shrew (S. lixus)
Madagascan pygmy shrew (S. madagascariensis)
Malayan pygmy shrew (S. malayanus)
Climbing shrew (S. megalura)
Flores shrew (S. mertensi)
Asian highland shrew (S. montanus)
Asian house shrew (S. murinus)
Remy's pygmy shrew (S. remyi)
Anderson's shrew (S. stoliczkanus)
Lesser dwarf shrew (S. varilla)
Jungle shrew (S. zeylanicus)
Sylvisorex(Forest shrews)
Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew (S. akaibei)
Cameroonian forest shrew (S. cameruniensis)
Corbet's forest shrew (S. corbeti)
Grant's forest shrew (S. granti)
Howell's forest shrew (S. howelli)
Bioko forest shrew (S. isabellae)
Johnston's forest shrew (S. johnstoni)
Kongana shrew (S. konganensis)
Moon forest shrew (S. lunaris)
Mount Cameroon forest shrew (S. morio)
Greater forest shrew (S. ollula)
Lesser forest shrew (S. oriundus)
Rain forest shrew (S. pluvialis)
Volcano shrew (S. vulcanorum)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae
AnourosoriciniAnourosorex(Asian mole shrews)
Assam mole shrew (A. assamensis)
Giant mole shrew (A. schmidi)
Chinese mole shrew (A. squamipes)
Taiwanese mole shrew (A. yamashinai)
BlarinelliniBlarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)
Asiatic short-tailed shrew (B. quadraticauda)
Burmese short-tailed shrew (B. wardi)
Parablarinella(some Asiatic short-tailedshrews)
Indochinese short-tailed shrew (P. griselda)
Anhui short-tailed shrew (P. latimaxillata)
BlarininiBlarina(American short-tailedshrews)
Northern short-tailed shrew (B. brevicauda)
Southern short-tailed shrew (B. carolinensis)
Elliot's short-tailed shrew (B. hylophaga)
Everglades short-tailed shrew (B. peninsulae)
Sherman's short-tailed shrew (B. shermani)
Cryptotis(Small-earedshrews)
C. mexicana group
Mexican small-eared shrew (C. mexicana)
Nelson's small-eared shrew (C. nelsoni)
Grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (C. obscura)
Phillips' small-eared shrew (C. phillipsii)
C. goldmani set
Central Mexican broad-clawed shrew (C. alticola)
Goldman's broad-clawed shrew (C. goldmani)
Goodwin's broad-clawed shrew (C. goodwini)
Guatemalan broad-clawed shrew (C. griseoventris)
C. lacertosus
C. mam
Oaxacan broad-clawed shrew (C. peregrina)
C. nigrescens group
Eastern Cordillera small-footed shrew (C. brachyonyx)
Colombian small-eared shrew (C. colombiana)
Honduran small-eared shrew (C. hondurensis)
Yucatan small-eared shrew (C. mayensis)
Darién small-eared shrew (C. mera)
Merriam's small-eared shrew (C. merriami)
Blackish small-eared shrew (C. nigrescens)
C. thomasi group
Southern Colombian small-eared shrew (C. andinus)
Ecuadorian small-eared shrew (C. equatoris)
Rainer's small-eared shrew (C. huttereri)
Medellín small-eared shrew (C. medellinia)
Merida small-eared shrew (C. meridensis)
Wandering small-eared shrew (C. montivaga)
Peruvian small-eared shrew (C. peruviensis)
Scaly-footed small-eared shrew (C. squaipes)
Tamá small-eared shrew (C. tamensis)
Thomas's small-eared shrew (C. thomasi)
C. parva group
Central American least shrew (C. orophila)
North American least shrew (C. parva)
Tropical small-eared shrew (C. tropicalis)
Ungrouped / relict
Enders's small-eared shrew (C. endersi)
Talamancan small-eared shrew (C. gracilis)
Big Mexican small-eared shrew (C. magna)
NectogaliniChimarrogale(Asiatic watershrews)
Malayan water shrew (C. hantu)
Himalayan water shrew (C. himalayica)
Bornean water shrew (C. phaeura)
Japanese water shrew (C. platycephalus)
Chinese water shrew (C. styani)
Sumatran water shrew (C. sumatrana)
Chodsigoa
Van Sung's shrew (C. caovansunga)
De Winton's shrew (C. hypsibia)
Lamulate shrew (C. lamula)
Lowe's shrew (C. parca)
Pygmy brown-toothed shrew (C. parva)
Salenski's shrew (C. salenskii)
Smith's shrew (C. smithii)
Lesser Taiwanese shrew (C. sodalis)
Episoriculus
Hodgsons's brown-toothed shrew (E. caudatus)
Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew (E. fumidus)
Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (E. leucops)
Long-tailed mountain shrew (E. macrurus)
Nectogale
Elegant water shrew (N. elegans)
Neomys
Mediterranean water shrew (N. anomalus)
Eurasian water shrew (N. fodiens)
Transcaucasian water shrew (N. teres)
Soriculus
Himalayan shrew (S. nigrescens)
NotiosoriciniMegasorex
Mexican shrew (M. gigas)
Notiosorex
Cockrum's gray shrew (N. cockrumi)
Crawford's gray shrew (N. crawfordi)
Large-eared gray shrew (N. evotis)
Villa's gray shrew (N. villai)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae (tribe: Soricini)
Sorex(Long-tailedshrews)SubgenusOtisorex
Long-tailed shrew (S. dispar)
Smoky shrew (S. fumeus)
American pygmy shrew (S. hoyi)
Large-toothed shrew (S. macrodon)
Carmen mountain shrew (S. milleri)
Dwarf shrew (S. nanus)
Mexican long-tailed shrew (S. oreopolus)
Orizaba long-tailed shrew (S. orizabae)
Ornate shrew (S. ornatus)
Inyo shrew (S. tenellus)
Verapaz shrew (S. veraepacis)
S. vagrans complex
Glacier Bay water shrew (S. alaskanus)
Baird's shrew (S. bairdii)
Marsh shrew (S. bendirii)
Montane shrew (S. monticolus)
New Mexico shrew (S. neomexicanus)
Pacific shrew (S. pacificus)
American water shrew (S. palustris)
Fog shrew (S. sonomae)
Vagrant shrew (S. vagrans)
S. cinereus group
Kamchatka shrew (S. camtschatica)
Cinereus shrew (S. cinereus)
Prairie shrew (S. haydeni)
Saint Lawrence Island shrew (S. jacksoni)
Paramushir shrew (S. leucogaster)
Southeastern shrew (S. longirostris)
Mount Lyell shrew (S. lyelli)
Portenko's shrew (S. portenkoi)
Preble's shrew (S. preblei)
Pribilof Island shrew (S. pribilofensis)
Olympic shrew (S. rohweri)
Barren ground shrew (S. ugyunak)
SubgenusSorex
Dneper common shrew (S. averini)
Lesser striped shrew (S. bedfordiae)
Greater stripe-backed shrew (S. cylindricauda)
Chinese highland shrew (S. excelsus)
Azumi shrew (S. hosonoi)
Chinese shrew (S. sinalis)
Alaska tiny shrew (S. yukonicus)
S. alpinus group
Alpine shrew (S. alpinus)
Ussuri shrew (S. mirabilis)
S. araneus group
Valais shrew (S. antinorii)
Common shrew (S. araneus)
Udine shrew (S. arunchi)
Crowned shrew (S. coronatus)
Siberian large-toothed shrew (S. daphaenodon)
Iberian shrew (S. granarius)
Caucasian shrew (S. satunini)
S. arcticus group
Arctic shrew (S. arcticus)
Maritime shrew (S. maritimensis)
S. tundrensis group
Tien Shan shrew (S. asper)
Gansu shrew (S. cansulus)
Tundra shrew (S. tundrensis)
S. minutus group
Buchara shrew (S. buchariensis)
Kozlov's shrew (S. kozlovi)
Caucasian pygmy shrew (S. volnuchini)
S. caecutiens group
Laxmann's shrew (S. caecutiens)
Taiga shrew (S. isodon)
Eurasian least shrew (S. minutissimus)
Eurasian pygmy shrew (S. minutus)
Flat-skulled shrew (S. roboratus)
Shinto shrew (S. shinto)
Long-clawed shrew (S. unguiculatus)
S. gracillimus group
Slender shrew (S. gracillimus)
S. raddei group
Radde's shrew (S. raddei)
S. samniticus group
Apennine shrew (S. samniticus)
incertae sedis
Arizona shrew (S. arizonae)
Zacatecas shrew (S. emarginatus)
Merriam's shrew (S. merriami)
Kashmir pygmy shrew (S. planiceps)
Saussure's shrew (S. saussurei)
Sclater's shrew (S. sclateri)
San Cristobal shrew (S. stizodon)
Tibetan shrew (S. thibetanus)
Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii)
Chestnut-bellied shrew (S. ventralis)
Veracruz shrew (S. veraecrucis)
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Myosoricinae
Congosorex(Congo shrews)
Phillips's shrew (C. phillipsorum)
Greater Congo shrew (C. polli)
Lesser Congo shrew (C. verheyeni)
Myosorex(Mouse shrews)
Babault's mouse shrew (M. babaulti)
Montane mouse shrew (M. blarina)
Bururi forest shrew (M. bururiensis)
Dark-footed mouse shrew (M. cafer)
Eisentraut's mouse shrew (M. eisentrauti)
Geata mouse shrew (M. geata)
Nyika mouse shrew (M. gnoskei)
Kihaule's mouse shrew (M. kihaulei)
Long-tailed forest shrew (M. longicaudatus)
Oku mouse shrew (M. okuensis)
Rumpi mouse shrew (M. rumpii)
Schaller's mouse shrew (M. schalleri)
Sclater's mouse shrew (M. sclateri)
Thin mouse shrew (M. tenuis)
Forest shrew (M. varius)
Kilimanjaro mouse shrew (M. zinki)
Surdisorex(African moleshrews)
Aberdare mole shrew (S. norae)
Mount Kenya mole shrew (S. polulus)
Family: Talpidae
Scalopinae(New World molesand relatives)Condylura
Star-nosed mole (C. cristata)
Parascalops
Hairy-tailed mole (P. breweri)
Scalopus
Eastern mole (S. aquaticus)
Scapanulus
Gansu mole (S. oweni)
Scapanus(Western NorthAmerican moles)
Broad-footed mole (S. latimanus)
Coast mole (S. orarius)
Townsend's mole (S. townsendii)
Talpinae(Old World molesand relatives)Desmana
Russian desman (D. moschata)
Dymecodon
True's shrew mole (D. pilirostris)
Euroscaptor
Greater Chinese mole (E. grandis)
Kloss's mole (E. klossi)
Long-nosed mole (E. longirostris)
Himalayan mole (E. micrura)
Small-toothed mole (E. parvidens)
Vietnamese mole (E. subanura)
Galemys
Pyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)
Mogera
Echigo mole (M. etigo)
Insular mole (M. insularis)
Kano mole (M. kanoana)
Kobe mole (M. kobeae)
Small Japanese mole (M. imaizumii)
Large mole (M. robusta)
Sado mole (M. tokudae)
Japanese mole (M. wogura)
Senkaku mole (M. uchidai)
Neurotrichus
American shrew mole (N. gibbsii)
Oreoscaptor
Japanese mountain mole (O. mizura)
Parascaptor
White-tailed mole (P. leucura)
Scaptochirus
Short-faced mole (S. moschatus)
Scaptonyx
Long-tailed mole (S. fusicaudus)
Talpa
Altai mole (T. altaica)
Aquitanian mole (T. aquitania)
Blind mole (T. caeca)
Caucasian mole (T. caucasica)
European mole (T. europaea)
Père David's mole (T. davidiana)
Levant mole (T. levantis)
Martino's mole (T. martinorum)
Spanish mole (T. occidentalis)
Ognev's mole (T. ognevi)
Roman mole (T. romana)
Balkan mole (T. stankovici)
Talysch mole (T. talyschensis)
Urotrichus
Japanese shrew mole (U. talpoides)
Uropsilinae(Chinese shrew-likemoles)Uropsilus
Equivalent-teeth shrew mole (U. aequodonenia)
Anderson's shrew mole (U. andersoni)
Black-backed shrew mole (U. atronates)
Dabie Mountains shrew mole (U. dabieshanensis)
Gracile shrew mole (U. gracilis)
Inquisitive shrew mole (U. investigator)
Snow Mountain shrew mole (U. nivatus)
Chinese shrew mole (U. soricipes)
Family: Solenodontidae
Atopogale
Cuban solenodon (A. cubana)
Solenodon
Hispaniolan solenodon (S. paradoxus)
Taxon identifiersScalopus aquaticus
Wikidata: Q1353759
Wikispecies: Scalopus aquaticus
ADW: Scalopus_aquaticus
CoL: 6Y459
EoL: 327375
EPPO: SKALAQ
GBIF: 2436230
iNaturalist: 47014
IRMNG: 11027392
ITIS: 179979
IUCN: 41471
MDD: 1004302
MSW: 13700636
NatureServe: 2.106146
NCBI: 71119
Observation.org: 87451
ODNR: eastern-mole
Open Tree of Life: 1088414
Paleobiology Database: 51409
uBio: 107160
Sorex aquaticus
Wikidata: Q122174840
GBIF: 8737566
ZooBank: 1BD9A09E-9EEE-46E0-A5D5-8842E43F448D
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_mole_(Scalopus_aquaticus)_skeleton_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taupini%C3%A8re_-_mole-hill.JPG"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(animal)"},{"link_name":"only species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic_taxon"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"soils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"foraging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging"},{"link_name":"burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow"},{"link_name":"earthworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"}],"text":"Skeleton of an Eastern moleMolehillThe eastern mole or common mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is a medium-sized North American mole. It is the only species in the genus Scalopus. It is found in forested and open areas with moist sandy soils in northern Mexico, the eastern United States and the southwestern corner of Ontario in Canada.The eastern mole has grey-brown fur with silver-grey underparts, a pointed nose and a short tail. It is about 16 centimetres (6.3 in) in length including a 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long tail and weighs about 75 grams (2.6 oz). Its front paws are broad and spade-shaped, specialized for digging. It has 36 teeth. Its eyes are covered by fur and its ears are not visible.The eastern mole spends most of its time underground, foraging in shallow burrows for earthworms, grubs, beetles, insect larvae and some plant matter. It is active year-round. It is mainly solitary except during mating in early spring. The female has a litter of two to five young in a deep burrow.","title":"Eastern mole"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A majority of the moles throughout their range are Scalopus aquaticus aquaticus. All the other subspecies exist in small pocket ranges.","title":"Subspecies"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Skeleton of an Eastern mole","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eastern_mole_%28Scalopus_aquaticus%29_skeleton_2.jpg/220px-Eastern_mole_%28Scalopus_aquaticus%29_skeleton_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Molehill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Taupini%C3%A8re_-_mole-hill.JPG/220px-Taupini%C3%A8re_-_mole-hill.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Rockport virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport_virus"},{"title":"Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome"},{"title":"Mole (animal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(animal)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Hutterer, R. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Matson, J.; Woodman, N.; Castro-Arellano, I.; de Grammont, P.C. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. \"Scalopus aquaticus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41471A115188304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en. Retrieved 11 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41471/115188304","url_text":"\"Scalopus aquaticus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore the Taxonomic Tree\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fws.gov/taxonomic-tree/31626?rank_name=%5B%22Subspecies%22%5D","url_text":"\"Explore the Taxonomic Tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anastasia Island Mole (Scalopus aquaticus anastasae) mEAMOa_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa669de4b0b7ea54525834","url_text":"\"Anastasia Island Mole (Scalopus aquaticus anastasae) mEAMOa_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mammalogy 39436: Scalopus aquaticus bassi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Mamm:39436","url_text":"\"Mammalogy 39436: Scalopus aquaticus bassi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidio Mole (Scalopus aquaticus texanus) mEAMOt_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa66b2e4b0b7ea54525837","url_text":"\"Presidio Mole (Scalopus aquaticus texanus) mEAMOt_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41471/115188304","external_links_name":"\"Scalopus aquaticus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en"},{"Link":"https://www.fws.gov/taxonomic-tree/31626?rank_name=%5B%22Subspecies%22%5D","external_links_name":"\"Explore the Taxonomic Tree\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa669de4b0b7ea54525834","external_links_name":"\"Anastasia Island Mole (Scalopus aquaticus anastasae) mEAMOa_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog\""},{"Link":"https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Mamm:39436","external_links_name":"\"Mammalogy 39436: Scalopus aquaticus bassi\""},{"Link":"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/58fa66b2e4b0b7ea54525837","external_links_name":"\"Presidio Mole (Scalopus aquaticus texanus) mEAMOt_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scalopus_aquaticus/","external_links_name":"Scalopus_aquaticus"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6Y459","external_links_name":"6Y459"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/327375","external_links_name":"327375"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SKALAQ","external_links_name":"SKALAQ"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2436230","external_links_name":"2436230"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47014","external_links_name":"47014"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11027392","external_links_name":"11027392"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179979","external_links_name":"179979"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41471","external_links_name":"41471"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1004302","external_links_name":"1004302"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13700636","external_links_name":"13700636"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106146/","external_links_name":"2.106146"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=71119","external_links_name":"71119"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/87451/","external_links_name":"87451"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/mammals/eastern-mole","external_links_name":"eastern-mole"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1088414","external_links_name":"1088414"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=51409","external_links_name":"51409"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=107160","external_links_name":"107160"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8737566","external_links_name":"8737566"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/1BD9A09E-9EEE-46E0-A5D5-8842E43F448D","external_links_name":"1BD9A09E-9EEE-46E0-A5D5-8842E43F448D"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567855705171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism
|
Accidentalism and catastrophism
|
["1 References","2 Sources"]
|
For other uses of "accidentalism", see Accidentalism.
Accidentalism and catastrophism were two differing ideologies in Spain in the inter-war period. They were particularly noticeable among opponents of Spain's Second Republic (1931–1939) – most significantly of the liberal and socialist governments of 1931–1933 and 1936 until the start of the Spanish Civil War. The opposition press and groups tended to fall into one of the categories, which would both hold sway during the period of the Republic.
Accidentalists believed that the faults of the Republic (and other types of government, like the preceding monarchy) were not based in the institution itself, but rather in the way it was being run. There was no fundamental flaw, and so means to improve Spain could be taken within the framework of the current system. The acts of a particular government were the only important thing. It was associated with legalism.
Catastrophists believed that the problems with the Republic ran deep. This led them to conclude it should be overthrown, and replaced with another system – exactly what depended on the nature of the catastrophist group. Ultimately, the Spanish coup of July 1936 would represent a catastrophist insurrection, and would start the civil war. There were three main groups of catastrophists: the Carlists, the Alfonsine monarchists and the Spanish version of fascists: the Falange. The Carlists were the monarchist supporters of the claim of Infante Carlos and his descendants, with a militia called the Requeté. The Alfonsine monarchists, who gathered around Renovación Española, wanted a return to the military government of General Primo de Rivera and the monarchy, and ran the journal Acción Española. The fascists, were embodied from 1933 by the Falange. Of the three groups, the Alfonsine monarchists were the best financed and most influential; the fascists created the most disorder.
The Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right's (CEDA) victory in the elections of 1933 was seen as a triumph for democratic means, and accidentalist opposition to the previous government. Catastrophic opposition was eclipsed temporarily, but continued to wait in the wings. In contrast, the elections in 1936, when the political right was beaten by the Popular Front, represented the futility of the accidentalist approach, and heralded the start of a period where opposition was mostly catastrophic in nature. After the election José Calvo Sotelo became the leading speaker of the anti-revolutionary right in the Parliament, preparing the mood of the right wing masses for a coup d'état. The culmination of the 1936 coup resulted in the start of the civil war, which would be considered a success of catastrophism.
References
^ Preston (2006), p. 43.
^ a b c Preston (2006). p. 44.
^ a b Meneses 2001, pp. 17–18.
^ a b Preston (2006), p. 45.
^ Preston (2006), p. 69.
^ Preston (2006), p. 83.
^ González Calleja 2016.
^ Preston (2006), p. 321.
Sources
González Calleja, Eduardo (2016). "Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del "golpe de Estado comunista"". El Argonauta Español. 13. ISSN 1765-2901.
Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro de (2001). Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23925-7.
Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution and revenge (3 ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-723207-1.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accidentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidentalism_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"ideologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideologies"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Second_Republic"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish coup of July 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston44-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeneses200117%E2%80%9318-3"},{"link_name":"Carlists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist"},{"link_name":"Infante Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Requeté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requet%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alfonsine monarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsism"},{"link_name":"Renovación Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeneses200117%E2%80%9318-3"},{"link_name":"Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Acción Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston44-2"},{"link_name":"fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist"},{"link_name":"Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston45-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston44-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston45-4"},{"link_name":"Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_the_Autonomous_Right"},{"link_name":"elections of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1933"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"elections in 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_1936"},{"link_name":"Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"José Calvo Sotelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonz%C3%A1lez_Calleja2016-7"},{"link_name":"1936 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For other uses of \"accidentalism\", see Accidentalism.Accidentalism and catastrophism were two differing ideologies in Spain in the inter-war period. They were particularly noticeable among opponents of Spain's Second Republic (1931–1939) – most significantly of the liberal and socialist governments of 1931–1933 and 1936 until the start of the Spanish Civil War. The opposition press and groups tended to fall into one of the categories, which would both hold sway during the period of the Republic.Accidentalists believed that the faults of the Republic (and other types of government, like the preceding monarchy) were not based in the institution itself, but rather in the way it was being run. There was no fundamental flaw, and so means to improve Spain could be taken within the framework of the current system. The acts of a particular government were the only important thing. It was associated with legalism.[1]Catastrophists believed that the problems with the Republic ran deep. This led them to conclude it should be overthrown, and replaced with another system – exactly what depended on the nature of the catastrophist group. Ultimately, the Spanish coup of July 1936 would represent a catastrophist insurrection, and would start the civil war.[2] There were three main groups of catastrophists: the Carlists, the Alfonsine monarchists and the Spanish version of fascists: the Falange.[3] The Carlists were the monarchist supporters of the claim of Infante Carlos and his descendants, with a militia called the Requeté. The Alfonsine monarchists, who gathered around Renovación Española,[3] wanted a return to the military government of General Primo de Rivera and the monarchy, and ran the journal Acción Española.[2] The fascists, were embodied from 1933 by the Falange.[4] Of the three groups, the Alfonsine monarchists were the best financed and most influential;[2] the fascists created the most disorder.[4]The Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right's (CEDA) victory in the elections of 1933 was seen as a triumph for democratic means, and accidentalist opposition to the previous government. Catastrophic opposition was eclipsed temporarily, but continued to wait in the wings.[5] In contrast, the elections in 1936, when the political right was beaten by the Popular Front, represented the futility of the accidentalist approach, and heralded the start of a period where opposition was mostly catastrophic in nature.[6] After the election José Calvo Sotelo became the leading speaker of the anti-revolutionary right in the Parliament, preparing the mood of the right wing masses for a coup d'état.[7] The culmination of the 1936 coup resulted in the start of the civil war, which would be considered a success of catastrophism.[8]","title":"Accidentalism and catastrophism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"González Calleja, Eduardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Calleja"},{"link_name":"\"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del \"golpe de Estado comunista\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//argonauta.revues.org/2412"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1765-2901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1765-2901"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-23925-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23925-7"},{"link_name":"Preston, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Preston"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-00-723207-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-723207-1"}],"text":"González Calleja, Eduardo (2016). \"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del \"golpe de Estado comunista\"\". El Argonauta Español. 13. ISSN 1765-2901.\nMeneses, Filipe Ribeiro de (2001). Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23925-7.\nPreston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution and revenge (3 ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-723207-1.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"González Calleja, Eduardo (2016). \"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del \"golpe de Estado comunista\"\". El Argonauta Español. 13. ISSN 1765-2901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Calleja","url_text":"González Calleja, Eduardo"},{"url":"http://argonauta.revues.org/2412","url_text":"\"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del \"golpe de Estado comunista\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1765-2901","url_text":"1765-2901"}]},{"reference":"Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro de (2001). Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23925-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23925-7","url_text":"0-415-23925-7"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution and revenge (3 ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-723207-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Preston","url_text":"Preston, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-723207-1","url_text":"0-00-723207-1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://argonauta.revues.org/2412","external_links_name":"\"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del \"golpe de Estado comunista\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1765-2901","external_links_name":"1765-2901"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoudiyah_Canal
|
Mahmudiyya Canal
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["1 History","1.1 Prior to 1817","1.2 The digging process","1.3 After 1820","2 Map from the time of construction","3 Crime in the Mahmudiyya","4 See also","5 References"]
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The Mahmoudiyah Canal in 1893
Maḥmūdiyya Canal (Greek: Ἀγαθὸς Δαίμων Agathos Daimon or Greek: Μέγας ποταμός Megas potamos) is a 45-mile-long (72 km) sub-canal from the Nile River which starts at the Nile-port of Mahmoudia and goes through Alexandria to the Mediterranean Sea. It was built to supply Alexandria with food and fresh water from the Nile.
History
Prior to 1817
The first freshwater canal from the Nile to Alexandria was built under the rule of Ptolemy I.
Ibn Batuta (1304–1369), the Moroccan traveller, in his "Rihla: My Travels", discusses passing through Alexandria in 1326 and references a canal from Alexandria to The Nile that was finished a few years before his arrival. This might contradict with Wali Muhammad Ali building it almost four centuries later. However, regarding the geographic location and the fact that this part of the land, which has been reclaimed not a long time ago, was plain desert then, the canal might have been covered in sand sometime before it was re-established, not necessarily following the same route, by Muhammed Ali of Egypt.
The digging process
On 8 May 1817, Viceroy Mohamed Ali ordered a canal to be dug from the Nile River close to Alatf village to deliver the water of the Nile to Alexandria through Beheira and to be a path for cargo ships. He ordered to group workers and tools necessary to start the digging work. During the digging process, some old houses covered in sand were found which had ancient boxes inside; some of them were opened and some others were sent to Mohamed Ali without their content being known. In April 1819 the work stopped due to plague. In January 1820, the canal was completed and named after Sultan Mahmud II, the Sultan of Istanbul, as Egypt was an Ottoman province at that time.
After 1820
Within twenty years after the canal was dug, it filled with sand and became almost impassable, and it was only after Muhammad Sa'id Pasha came to power that it was cleared and made navigable again.
Postcard showing the Mahmoudiyah Canal
A contract between the Prussian Baron de Pentz and the Pasha to use the canal for the provisioning of Alexandria in the first half of the nineteenth century came to an end due to a disagreement over the hoisting of a Prussian flag. In the 1850s, a new steam-tug company was formed with approval from the pasha to use the canal. Its board of directors included Jules Pastré, Alexander G. Cassavetti, Ange Adolphe Levi, Alexander Tod, and Moise Valensin. The pasha ordered the new company to replace the old locks with newer, bigger gates and to provide for the cleaning and upkeep of the canal.
Map from the time of construction
In the French Carte Topographique de l'Egypte, investigated while the canal was built, and published in 1818, the canal is called Canal of Alexandria (الإسكندرية ﺧﻠﻴﺞ — Khalīg al-Iskandariyya). In that map the bifurcation from the Nile is 20 upstream of the modern bifurcation and yet there are no totally straight sections.
Crime in the Mahmudiyya
Due to its vastness and proximity to the city center of Alexandria, the Mahmudiyya Canal became a popular place for murderers to dispose of bodies. In 1904, it was reported in the Egyptian Gazette that an Egyptian woman had been brutally murdered by a butcher and shoemaker, who disposed of her body in the canal. Two years later in 1906, it was reported that the remains of a young Egyptian girl were discovered in a large canvas bag, by a fisherman, along the canal.
See also
Suez Canal
Ibrahimiya Canal
References
^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
^ Facts and Detals: Hellenistic period and the Ptolemies Archived 2013-02-16 at archive.today
^ a b William Harrison Ainsworth, The New Monthly Magazine, London: Chapman and Hall, 1853, pp. 3-4
^ Nile delta in early 19th century, compilation of 18 from the 45 leaves of Carte topographique de l'Egypte (French), 1818
^ "Egyptian Gazette". Egyptian Gazette. April 6, 1904. p. 3.
^ "Egyptian Gazette". Egyptian Gazette. September 27, 1906. p. 3.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoudiyah_Canal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nile River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River"},{"link_name":"Mahmoudia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoudiyah,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"The Mahmoudiyah Canal in 1893Maḥmūdiyya Canal (Greek: Ἀγαθὸς Δαίμων Agathos Daimon or Greek: Μέγας ποταμός Megas potamos)[1] is a 45-mile-long (72 km) sub-canal from the Nile River which starts at the Nile-port of Mahmoudia and goes through Alexandria to the Mediterranean Sea. It was built to supply Alexandria with food and fresh water from the Nile.","title":"Mahmudiyya Canal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptolemy I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ibn Batuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Batuta"},{"link_name":"Rihla: My Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihla"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"The Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nile"},{"link_name":"Wali Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muhammed Ali of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_of_Egypt"}],"sub_title":"Prior to 1817","text":"The first freshwater canal from the Nile to Alexandria was built under the rule of Ptolemy I.[2]\nIbn Batuta (1304–1369), the Moroccan traveller, in his \"Rihla: My Travels\", discusses passing through Alexandria in 1326 and references a canal from Alexandria to The Nile that was finished a few years before his arrival. This might contradict with Wali Muhammad Ali building it almost four centuries later. However, regarding the geographic location and the fact that this part of the land, which has been reclaimed not a long time ago, was plain desert then, the canal might have been covered in sand sometime before it was re-established, not necessarily following the same route, by Muhammed Ali of Egypt.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viceroy Mohamed Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nile River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River"},{"link_name":"Alatf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alatf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Beheira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira"},{"link_name":"Sultan Mahmud II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"sub_title":"The digging process","text":"On 8 May 1817, Viceroy Mohamed Ali ordered a canal to be dug from the Nile River close to Alatf village to deliver the water of the Nile to Alexandria through Beheira and to be a path for cargo ships. He ordered to group workers and tools necessary to start the digging work. During the digging process, some old houses covered in sand were found which had ancient boxes inside; some of them were opened and some others were sent to Mohamed Ali without their content being known. In April 1819 the work stopped due to plague. In January 1820, the canal was completed and named after Sultan Mahmud II, the Sultan of Istanbul, as Egypt was an Ottoman province at that time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad Sa'id Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoudieh_Canal,_Near_Alexandria.png"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Baron de Pentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_de_Pentz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenewmonthly-3"},{"link_name":"Jules Pastré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Pastr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Alexander G. Cassavetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_G._Cassavetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ange Adolphe Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ange_Adolphe_Levi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Tod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Tod"},{"link_name":"Moise Valensin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moise_Valensin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thenewmonthly-3"}],"sub_title":"After 1820","text":"Within twenty years after the canal was dug, it filled with sand and became almost impassable, and it was only after Muhammad Sa'id Pasha came to power that it was cleared and made navigable again.Postcard showing the Mahmoudiyah CanalA contract between the Prussian Baron de Pentz and the Pasha to use the canal for the provisioning of Alexandria in the first half of the nineteenth century came to an end due to a disagreement over the hoisting of a Prussian flag.[3] In the 1850s, a new steam-tug company was formed with approval from the pasha to use the canal. Its board of directors included Jules Pastré, Alexander G. Cassavetti, Ange Adolphe Levi, Alexander Tod, and Moise Valensin. The pasha ordered the new company to replace the old locks with newer, bigger gates and to provide for the cleaning and upkeep of the canal.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Canal of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal_of_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"In the French Carte Topographique de l'Egypte,[4] investigated while the canal was built, and published in 1818, the canal is called Canal of Alexandria (الإسكندرية ﺧﻠﻴﺞ — Khalīg al-Iskandariyya). In that map the bifurcation from the Nile is 20[clarification needed] upstream of the modern bifurcation and yet there are no totally straight sections.","title":"Map from the time of construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Egyptian_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Due to its vastness and proximity to the city center of Alexandria, the Mahmudiyya Canal became a popular place for murderers to dispose of bodies. In 1904, it was reported in the Egyptian Gazette that an Egyptian woman had been brutally murdered by a butcher and shoemaker, who disposed of her body in the canal.[5] Two years later in 1906, it was reported that the remains of a young Egyptian girl were discovered in a large canvas bag, by a fisherman, along the canal.[6]","title":"Crime in the Mahmudiyya"}]
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[{"title":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"title":"Ibrahimiya Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahimiya_Canal"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Slavs
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Polabian Slavs
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["1 Tribes","2 History","3 Society","3.1 Princes","3.2 Towns","3.3 Peasantry","3.4 Military","3.5 Religion","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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Collective term applied to a number of West Slavic tribes
"Polabians" redirects here. For the tribe, see Polabians (tribe).
Map of West-Central Europe from 919 to 1125, by William R. Shepherd. The territory of the Polabian Slavs is outlined in purple near the top, with the Obotrite and Veleti groups in white and the Sorb groups colored purple.
Polabian Slavs, also known as Elbe Slavs and more broadly as Wends, is a collective term applied to a number of Lechitic (West Slavic) tribes who lived scattered along the Elbe river in what is today eastern Germany. The approximate territory stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north, the Saale and the Limes Saxoniae in the west, the Ore Mountains and the Western Sudetes in the south, and Poland in the east.
The Polabian Slavs were largely conquered by Saxons and Danes since the 9th century and were subsequently included and gradually assimilated within the Holy Roman Empire. The tribes were gradually Germanized and assimilated in the following centuries; the Sorbs are the only descendants of the Polabian Slavs to have retained their identity and culture.
The Polabian language is now extinct. However, the two Sorbian languages are spoken by approximately 22,000–30,000 inhabitants of the region and the languages are regarded by the government of Germany as official languages of the region.
Tribes
Polabian Slavic Tribes, green is uninhabited forested area
The Bavarian Geographer, an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830, contains a list of the tribes in Central Europe to the east of the Elbe. Among other tribes it lists the Uuilci (Veleti) with 95 civitates, the Nortabtrezi (Obotrites) with 53 civitates, the Surbi (Sorbs) with 50 civitates, the Milzane (Milceni) with 30 civitates, the Hehfeldi (Hevelli) with 14 civitates and so on. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia classifies the Polabian Slavs in three main tribes, the Obotrites, the Veleti, and the Lusatian Sorbs.
The main tribes of the Obotritic confederation were the Obotrites proper (Wismar Bay to the Schweriner See); the Wagrians (eastern Holstein); the Warnabi (Warnower) (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz); and the Polabians proper (between the Trave and the Elbe). Other tribes associated with the confederation include the Linones (Linonen) near Lenzen, the Travnjane near the Trave, and the Drevani in the Hanoverian Wendland and the northern Altmark.
The Veleti, also known as the Liutizians or Wilzians, included the Kessinians (Kessiner, Chyzzini) along the lower Warnow and Rostock; the Circipani (Zirzipanen) between the Recknitz, Trebel, and Peene Rivers; the Tollenser east and south of the Peene along the Tollense River; and the Redarier south and east of the Tollensesee on the upper Havel. The Redarier were the most important of the Veleti tribes. The Rani of Rügen, not to be confused with the older Germanic Rugians, are sometimes considered to be part of the Veleti. South of the Rani were the Ucri (Ukranen) along the Ucker and the Morici (Morizani, Müritzer) along the Müritz; the former gave their name to the Uckermark. Smaller tribes included the Došane along the Dosse, the Zamzizi in the Ruppin Land, and the Rěčanen on the upper Havel. Along the lower Havel and near the confluence of the Elbe and the Havel lived the Nelětici, the Liezizi, the Zemzizi, the Smeldingi (Smeldinger), and the Bethenici. The middle Havel region and the Havelland were settled by the Hevelli, a tribe loosely connected to the Veleti. East of the Hevelli lived the Sprevane of the lower Dahme and Spree rivers. Small tribes on the middle Elbe included the Morizani and the Zerwisti.
The Sorbs confederation in the Elbe-Saale region included Citici, Serimunt, Colodici, Siusler, Nizici, Glomaci (Daleminzier) and Nisanen who lived along the upper Elbe, while the Chutici, Plisni, Gera, Puonzowa, Tucharin, Weta, and groups of Nelětici lived near the Saale. Joachim Herrmann considered that the core Sorbian tribes surely were Colodici, Siusler and Glomaci, and that they also settled and influenced around Magdeburg, Havelland, Thuringia and northeast Bavaria. To the East possibly later included the Lusici of Lower Lusatia and the Milceni of Upper Lusatia, while to the East of them were the Selpoli and the Besunzanen, and on the middle Oder the Leubuzzi who were associated with medieval Poland.
Small groups of West Slavs lived on the Main and the Regnitz near Bamberg, in northeastern Bavaria.
History
Main articles: Chronica Slavorum, Sorbs, Sorbian March, Obotrites, Veleti, and Hevelli
Primary source about history of Polabian Slavs - Chronica Slavorum of Helmold from the 12th century translated to Polish language by Jan Papłoński in 1862.
The Polabian Slavs partly replaced the Germanic tribes who had emigrated by the 6th century during the migration period. According to radiocarbon dating, the first Slavs reached Southwestern Hungary, Suchohrad in Western Slovakia and Prague in Czechia in the first-third of the 6th century, and Regensburg of Northeast Bavaria in 568. The earliest dating of Prague-type pottery and sites between Elbe and Saale and Sukow-type in Northeastern Germany was found to be from 590s. However, palynology and other evidence show that the land in Germany became forested and not well resettled by the Slavs, with most material and sites dating since the 8th century.
Slavic settlement area was largely stable by the 8th century. Charlemagne enlisted the Obotrites as allies in his campaign against the rebellious Saxons of Holstein. Many of the Slavic tribes became dependencies of the Carolingian Empire and the Franks created the Sorbian March to defend against the Sorbs. Einhard in Vita Karoli Magni describes an expedition into Slavic territory led by Charlemagne himself, in 798. The Veleti noted as Wilzi (referred to themselves as Welatabians) were invaded by the Franks because of their continuous expeditions into Obodrite lands, with the Obodrites being allies of the Franks against the Saxons.
German campaigns against the Slavs began in earnest during the Ottonian dynasty. Henry the Fowler attacked the Slavs in several campaigns with his cavalry. During the reigns of Henry and his son Otto I, several marches were established to guard the eastern acquisitions, such as the Billung March to the north and the Marca Geronis to the south. After Gero's death in 965, the Marca Geronis was divided into the Northern March, the March of Lusatia, and the Thuringian March, the latter being divided into the marches of Zeitz, Merseburg, and Meissen. Bishoprics such as Magdeburg, Brandenburg, and Havelberg were founded to support the conversion of the Slavs to Christianity.
After the defeat of Otto II at the Battle of Stilo in 982, the pagan Slavs rebelled against the Germans the following year; the Hevelli and Liutizi destroyed the Bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg, and Obotrites (Mstivoj) destroyed Hamburg. Some Slavs advanced across the Elbe into Saxon territory, but retreated when the Christian Duke of Poland, Mieszko I, attacked them from the east. The Holy Roman Empire retained only nominal control over the Slavic territories between the Elbe and the Oder. Despite the efforts of Christian missionaries, most Polabian Slavs saw Jesus as a "German god" and remained pagan.
The Obotrite prince Udo and his son Gottschalk expanded their realm by unifying the Obotrite tribes and conquering some Liutizi tribes in the 11th century. They encouraged the establishments of bishoprics to support Christian missionary activity. However, a revolt in 1066 led to the murder of Gottschalk and his replacement by the pagan Kruto of Wagria. Gottschalk's son Henry eventually killed Kruto in 1093.
Danish Bishop Absalon destroys the idol of Slavic god Svantevit at Arkona in a painting by Laurits Tuxen.
Reconstruction of Slavic gord near Neubrandenburg
Reconstruction of Slavic gord at the Burgwallinsel (Gord Island)
From 1140 to 1143 Holsatian nobles advanced into Wagria to permanently settle in the lands of the pagan Wagri. Count Adolf II of Holstein and Henry of Badewide took control of Polabian settlements at Liubice and Racisburg. Impressed with the success of the First Crusade, Saxons began calling for a crusade against their Slav neighbors. The Wendish Crusade of 1147, concurrent to the Second Crusade, was largely unsuccessful, resulting in devastation to the Liutizi lands and forced baptisms. The campaign did secure Saxon control of Wagria and Polabia, however. The Obotrites were largely at peace with the Saxons during the following decade, although Slavic pirates raided Denmark.
Beginning in the late 1150s, King Valdemar the Great of Denmark enlisted the aid of Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony against the Slavs; their cooperation led to the death of the Obotrite prince, Niklot, in 1160. The two Christian lords distributed much of the conquered territory among their vassals. When Niklot's exiled son, Pribislav, engineered an Obotrite rebellion, the pair retaliated by occupying Demmin and warding off Pribislav's Liutizian allies.
After conquering Wagria and Polabia during the 1140s, Saxon nobles attempted to expel the "native" Slavs and replace them with Saxon and Flemish settlers. The 1164 Obotrite revolt led by Niklot's son Pribislav convinced Henry the Lion that keeping the Slavs as allies would be less troublesome. The duke returned the Christian Pribislav to power as Prince of Mecklenburg, Kessin, and Rostock, and a vassal of the Saxons.
Tactics and weaponry were decisive in Denmark's campaigns against the eastern Polabian Slavs. The Danes utilized quick coastal and river raids, tactics similar to those of the Vikings. Although they lacked siege experience, the Danes were able to cripple Slavic regions by burning crops and unwalled suburbs. Slav counterattacks were repulsed by crossbows and Norwegian longbows. The Danes occupied Rugia in 1168, conquering the Rani stronghold of Arkona. Similar to Henry's reinstatement of Pribislav as a Saxon vassal, Valdemar allowed the Rani prince Jaromar to rule as a Christian Danish vassal. After Valdemar refused to share Rugia with Henry, the Saxon duke enlisted the aid of the Obotrite confederacy and the Liutizi against the Danes; Valdemar ended the conflict by paying Henry in 1171.
Alarmed at the expansion of Henry the Lion's power, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa deposed the Saxon duke and redistributed his lands in 1180/81. The withdrawal of Saxon support left the Liutizi and their Pomeranian supporters vulnerable to the Danish fleet. A Slavic fleet attempting to reclaim Rugia was crushed at the Bay of Greifswald on 19 May 1184. Danish monks engaged in missionary activity in Pomeranian abbeys, and Prince Bogislaw I surrendered to King Canute VI in 1185 to become the Danish king's vassal.
Pribislav, a Christian prince of the Hevelli, bequeathed his lands to the Saxon Albert the Bear upon his death, thereby leading to the establishment of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
The Lusatian Sorbs remained independent to a large extent. They were temporarily subdued by Charlemagne, but upon his death the links with the Franks were broken. In a series of bloody wars between 929 and 963 their lands were conquered by King Henry the Fowler and his son Otto the Great and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Germany. By the 14th century, the majority of Slavs living there had been Germanized and assimilated. However, the Sorbs, the descendants of the Milceni and the Lusici, have retained their identity within Lusatia, a region divided between the German states of Brandenburg and Saxony.
The Slavic language was spoken by the descendants of the Drevani in the area of the lower Elbe until the early 18th century.
Society
Reconstruction of Slavic gord in Groß Raden, Mecklenburg
Reconstruction of Slavic gord in Lusatia - Raddusch, Vetschau
The Limes Saxoniae border between the Saxons and the Lechites Obotrites, established about 810 in present-day Schleswig-Holstein
Princes
A Polabian prince was known as a knez. His power was relatively greater in Slavic society than those of Danish or Swedish kings in their kingdoms, although it was not absolute. He was the general leader of his tribe and was foremost among its nobles, holding much of the forested hinterland and expecting reverence from his warriors. However, his authority largely extended only to the territory controlled by his governor, or voivod. Each voivod governed small territories based around fortifications.
Princely power often differed between tribes. The Obodrite prince Henryk was able to maintain a sizable army ca. 1100 at the expense of the towns, and the importance of knez within the Obodrites only increased after his death. The prince of the Rani, on the other hand, was limited by the local senate, which was led by the high priest at Cape Arkona; the Rani knez was essentially first among the tribe's landowners.
Towns
The power of the prince and his governors was often restricted by the river towns, known to chroniclers as civitates, especially within the territory of the Veleti. Polabian towns were centered on small earthworks arranged in circles or ovals. The gord was situated at the highest altitude of the town and held a barracks, citadel, and princely residence. It was often protected by a moat, walls, and wooden towers. Below the gord, but still within the town walls, was the urbs or suburbium, which held the residences for the nobility and merchants. The towns often held wooden temples for Slavic gods within the urbs. Outside of the walls were homes for the peasantry. With the exception of Arkona on Rügen, few Polabian towns on the Baltic coast were built near the shore, out of concern for pirates and raiders. While not highly populated compared to Flanders or Italy, the Polabian towns were relatively large for the Baltic region, such as in comparison to those of Scandinavia.
Peasantry
The majority of Polabian Slavs were peasants in small villages who engaged in agriculture (rich in grains, flax) and animal husbandry (poultry, cattle). Some villagers were fishermen, beekeepers, or trappers. Farmland was divided into a unit called a kuritz (Latin: uncus), for which peasants paid grain taxes to the voivot.
Military
Polabian society developed during the 9th and 10th centuries under pressure from the Holy Roman Empire and the Vikings of Scandinavia. They were often forced to pay tribute to the kings of Denmark, Catholic bishops, and imperial margraves. Polabian society became militarized and its leaders began organizing armed forces and defenses. Many Polabian magnates lived in forest fortresses, while towns were inhabited by warriors and burghers.
The magnates often raided Germanic territories or engaged in piracy. In times of large-scale war, the knes took overall command. The prince's voivot ensured military service from the warriors and taxes from the peasantry. While the countryside provided land forces, the towns were known for their longships, which were lighter and lower than those used by the Danes and Swedes.
From a distance, Polabian fleets resembled those of the Scandinavians, although targets would recognize the Slavs' closely cropped hair and shrieking battle cries when they grew close. Polabian cavalry used small horses which were effective in quick raiding campaigns, but less effective against the Saxon and Danish heavy cavalry.
Religion
Main article: Slavic mythology
Religion was an important aspect of Polabian society. Much of their territory was dotted with holy places in nature to which the Slavs could pray and make offerings to Slavic gods. The priesthood was an important class which developed images and objects of worship. Polabian towns often included elaborate temples often visited for offerings and pilgrimages. In contrast, priests in the countryside often lived meagerly.
See also
Leipzig group
Tornow group
Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps
Notes
^
Lower Sorbian: Połobske Słowjany, pronounced ;
German: Elbslawen;
Polish: Słowianie połabscy, Połabianie;
Czech: Polabští Slované;
Latin: Slavi Polabicae
References
^ De Vere, 353
^ Christiansen, 18
^ Heinz Kannenberg. "Peinliches Hickhack". moz.de.
^ Herrmann, 7
^ a b c d e f Herrmann, 8
^ a b Christiansen, 27
^ a b c Herrmann, 9
^ Herrmann, 26–27, 32
^ a b Brather, Sebastian (2004). "The beginnings of Slavic settlement east of the river Elbe". Antiquity, Volume 78, Issue 300. pp. 314–329
^ a b c d Michel Kazanski (2020). "Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations". Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online. BRILL, pp. 13–16.
^ a b "Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Full Latin text Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine at the Latin Library
^ Barkowski, 152–155
^ a b c d Christiansen, 28
^ a b Christiansen, 32
^ a b Christiansen, 33
^ Christiansen, 29
^ "p. 85" (PDF). Utlib.ee. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
^ Christiansen, 15
^ Christiansen, 34
^ Christiansen, 35
Bibliography
Barkowski, Robert F. (2015). Słowianie połabscy. Dzieje zagłady (in Polish). Warszawa: Bellona. ISBN 978-83-11-13741-7.
Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3890-X.
Herrmann, Joachim (1970). Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neisse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH.
De Vere, Maximilian Schele (1853). Outlines of comparative philology, with a sketch of the languages of Europe. New York: University of Virginia.
Zeuß, Kaspar (1837). Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme (in German). Munich: Ignaz Joseph Lentner.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Geographus Bavarus
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Polabs".
Map of the lands inhabited by Polabian Slavs (in Polish)
vteEarly Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)East Slavs
Carpathian Croats
Radimichs
Severians
Tivertsi
Ulichs
Vyatichi
Don Slavs
Zeriuani1
Bolokhovians1
Dulebes
Buzhans
Volhynians
Drevlians
Polans
Dregoviches
Narevyans
Northern tribal union
Krivichs
Polochans
Pskov's
Tver's
Smolensk's
Slovenes
Merya2
Muroma2
West SlavsPolish tribes
Goplans
Lendians
Lubuszans
Masovians
Polans
Sieradzans
Vistulans
Kujawians
Wiercans
Thafnezi
Pomeranians
Kashubians
Prissani
Wolinians
Slovincians
Silesian tribes3
Bezunzans
Bobrzans
Silesian Croats
Dadosesani
Golensizi
Opolans
Selpoli
Silesians
Polabian tribesVeleti and Lutici
Brizans
Circipania
Kessinians
Tollensians
Doxani
Morzyczans
Neletyches
Rujani
Redariers
Rechans
Sprevane
Hevelli
Ukrani
Zamcici
Zemcici
Obotrites
Bethenici
Drevani
Linons
Reregs
Smeldingi
Wagri
Warnabi
Polabians
Lusatians
Khutices
Glomatians
Koledices
Lusatians
Milceni
Suslowi
Zhirmunts
Zhitices
Neletiches
Nizhices
Nishans
Sorbs (White Serbs)
Czech tribes
Bohemian Croats
Czechs
Dechans
Bohemian Dulebes
Lemuzi
Litomerici
Luchans
Moravians
Merehani
Pshovans
Sedlichans
Zlicans
Hbans
Domazhlici
Lupiglians
Znetalici
Slovak tribes
Nitrians 5
Slovaks
South SlavsBulgarian tribes
Union of the Seven Slavic tribes
Southern Severians
Smolyani
Strymonites
Moratsi
Milcovci
in Greece and Macedonia
Drougoubitai
Ezeritai
Melingoi
Sagudates
Baiounitai
Belegezites
Berziti
Rhynchinoi
Alpine Slavs (Carantanians)
Asia Minor Slavs
Pannonian Slavs (Pannonian Dulebes)
Croats
Guduscani
Narentines
Zachlumians
Travunians
Kanalites
Diokletlians
Serbs
Moravens
Timochans
Branichevci
Praedenecenti
Notes (ethnicity is undefined): 1 = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes
2 = supposedly Finno-Ugric tribes
3 = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example Silings
5 = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks
Authority control databases: National
Israel
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polabians (tribe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Europe,_919-1125.jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"William R. 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For the tribe, see Polabians (tribe).Map of West-Central Europe from 919 to 1125, by William R. Shepherd. The territory of the Polabian Slavs is outlined in purple near the top, with the Obotrite and Veleti groups in white and the Sorb groups colored purple.Polabian Slavs, also known as Elbe Slavs[a] and more broadly as Wends, is a collective term applied to a number of Lechitic (West Slavic) tribes who lived scattered along the Elbe river in what is today eastern Germany. The approximate territory stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north, the Saale[1] and the Limes Saxoniae[2] in the west, the Ore Mountains and the Western Sudetes in the south, and Poland in the east.The Polabian Slavs were largely conquered by Saxons and Danes since the 9th century and were subsequently included and gradually assimilated within the Holy Roman Empire. The tribes were gradually Germanized and assimilated in the following centuries; the Sorbs are the only descendants of the Polabian Slavs to have retained their identity and culture.The Polabian language is now extinct. However, the two Sorbian languages are spoken by approximately 22,000–30,000 inhabitants[3] of the region and the languages are regarded by the government of Germany as official languages of the region.","title":"Polabian Slavs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polabian_Slavs.png"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Veleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"civitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Milceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milceni"},{"link_name":"Hevelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelli"},{"link_name":"Great Soviet Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Veleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Wismar Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismar_Bay"},{"link_name":"Schweriner See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweriner_See"},{"link_name":"Wagrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagrians"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Warnabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnabi"},{"link_name":"Warnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnow"},{"link_name":"Mildenitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildenitz"},{"link_name":"Polabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Trave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trave"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Linonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linonen"},{"link_name":"Lenzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzen"},{"link_name":"Trave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trave"},{"link_name":"Drevani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drevani"},{"link_name":"Hanoverian Wendland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCchow-Dannenberg"},{"link_name":"Altmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H8-6"},{"link_name":"Veleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleti"},{"link_name":"Kessinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessinians"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"Circipani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circipani"},{"link_name":"Recknitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recknitz"},{"link_name":"Trebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebel"},{"link_name":"Peene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peene"},{"link_name":"Tollense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollense"},{"link_name":"Tollensesee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollensesee"},{"link_name":"Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H8-6"},{"link_name":"Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Rugians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugians"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C27-7"},{"link_name":"Ucri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucri"},{"link_name":"Ucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucker"},{"link_name":"Müritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCritz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H8-6"},{"link_name":"Uckermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uckermark"},{"link_name":"Dosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosse_(river)"},{"link_name":"Ruppin Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruppin_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H8-6"},{"link_name":"Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havel"},{"link_name":"Havelland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelland"},{"link_name":"Hevelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelli"},{"link_name":"Sprevane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprevane"},{"link_name":"Dahme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahme_(river)"},{"link_name":"Spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spree_(river)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H8-6"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H9-8"},{"link_name":"Joachim Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lusici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Lower Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Milceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milceni"},{"link_name":"Upper Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H8-6"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H9-8"},{"link_name":"Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_(river)"},{"link_name":"Regnitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnitz"},{"link_name":"Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H9-8"}],"text":"Polabian Slavic Tribes, green is uninhabited forested areaThe Bavarian Geographer, an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830, contains a list of the tribes in Central Europe to the east of the Elbe. Among other tribes it lists the Uuilci (Veleti) with 95 civitates, the Nortabtrezi (Obotrites) with 53 civitates, the Surbi (Sorbs) with 50 civitates, the Milzane (Milceni) with 30 civitates, the Hehfeldi (Hevelli) with 14 civitates and so on. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia classifies the Polabian Slavs in three main tribes, the Obotrites, the Veleti, and the Lusatian Sorbs.The main tribes[4] of the Obotritic confederation were the Obotrites proper (Wismar Bay to the Schweriner See); the Wagrians (eastern Holstein); the Warnabi (Warnower) (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz); and the Polabians proper (between the Trave and the Elbe). Other tribes associated with the confederation include the Linones (Linonen) near Lenzen, the Travnjane near the Trave, and the Drevani in the Hanoverian Wendland and the northern Altmark.[5]The Veleti, also known as the Liutizians or Wilzians, included the Kessinians (Kessiner, Chyzzini) along the lower Warnow and Rostock; the Circipani (Zirzipanen) between the Recknitz, Trebel, and Peene Rivers; the Tollenser east and south of the Peene along the Tollense River; and the Redarier south and east of the Tollensesee on the upper Havel. The Redarier were the most important of the Veleti tribes.[5] The Rani of Rügen, not to be confused with the older Germanic Rugians, are sometimes considered to be part of the Veleti.[6] South of the Rani were the Ucri (Ukranen) along the Ucker and the Morici (Morizani, Müritzer) along the Müritz;[5] the former gave their name to the Uckermark. Smaller tribes included the Došane along the Dosse, the Zamzizi in the Ruppin Land, and the Rěčanen on the upper Havel. Along the lower Havel and near the confluence of the Elbe and the Havel lived the Nelětici, the Liezizi, the Zemzizi, the Smeldingi (Smeldinger), and the Bethenici.[5] The middle Havel region and the Havelland were settled by the Hevelli, a tribe loosely connected to the Veleti. East of the Hevelli lived the Sprevane of the lower Dahme and Spree rivers.[5] Small tribes on the middle Elbe included the Morizani and the Zerwisti.The Sorbs confederation in the Elbe-Saale region included Citici, Serimunt, Colodici, Siusler, Nizici, Glomaci (Daleminzier) and Nisanen who lived along the upper Elbe, while the Chutici, Plisni, Gera, Puonzowa, Tucharin, Weta, and groups of Nelětici lived near the Saale.[7] Joachim Herrmann considered that the core Sorbian tribes surely were Colodici, Siusler and Glomaci, and that they also settled and influenced around Magdeburg, Havelland, Thuringia and northeast Bavaria.[8] To the East possibly later included the Lusici of Lower Lusatia and the Milceni of Upper Lusatia,[5] while to the East of them were the Selpoli and the Besunzanen, and on the middle Oder the Leubuzzi who were associated with medieval Poland.[7]Small groups of West Slavs lived on the Main and the Regnitz near Bamberg, in northeastern Bavaria.[7]","title":"Tribes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pap%C5%82o%C5%84ski_Helmolda_Kronika_S%C5%82owia%C5%84ska.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Chronica Slavorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_Slavorum"},{"link_name":"Helmold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmold"},{"link_name":"Polish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Germanic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_tribes"},{"link_name":"migration period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brather2004-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazanski-11"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"Suchohrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchohrad"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazanski-11"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture"},{"link_name":"Sukow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukow-Dziedzice_group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazanski-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brather2004-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazanski-11"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Sorbian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_March"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Einhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard"},{"link_name":"Vita Karoli Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life_of-12"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Obodrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodrite"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-life_of-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ottonian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Henry the Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Billung March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billung_March"},{"link_name":"Marca Geronis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_Geronis"},{"link_name":"Gero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero"},{"link_name":"Northern March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_March"},{"link_name":"March of Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Thuringian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringian_March"},{"link_name":"Zeitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Zeitz"},{"link_name":"Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Meissen"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Havelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Havelberg"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stilo"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Hevelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelli"},{"link_name":"Liutizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutizi"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mieszko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"German god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Udo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_(Obotrite_prince)"},{"link_name":"Gottschalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalk_(Obotrite_prince)"},{"link_name":"Kruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruto"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(Obotrite_prince)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishop_Absalon_topples_the_god_Svantevit_at_Arkona.PNG"},{"link_name":"Danish Bishop Absalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absalon"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Svantevit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svantevit"},{"link_name":"Arkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arkona"},{"link_name":"Laurits Tuxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurits_Tuxen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burgwall_Ravensburgneu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neubrandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubrandenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BurgwallinselTeterow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burgwallinsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teterower_See"},{"link_name":"Holsatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Wagria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagria"},{"link_name":"Adolf II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_II,_Count_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Henry of Badewide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Badewide"},{"link_name":"Polabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Liubice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubice"},{"link_name":"Racisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racisburg"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Wendish Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"baptisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Wagria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagria"},{"link_name":"Polabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Valdemar the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Henry the Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Niklot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklot"},{"link_name":"Pribislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribislav_of_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Demmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demmin"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Kessin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessin"},{"link_name":"Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"crossbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow"},{"link_name":"longbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longbow"},{"link_name":"occupied Rugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Arkona"},{"link_name":"Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Arkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arkona"},{"link_name":"Jaromar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaromar_I,_Prince_of_R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Bay of Greifswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Greifswald"},{"link_name":"Bogislaw I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Canute VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Pribislav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribislav_(Hevelli_prince)"},{"link_name":"Hevelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevelli"},{"link_name":"Albert the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Lusatian Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Henry the Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Otto the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Germanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanization"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Milceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milceni"},{"link_name":"Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"}],"text":"Primary source about history of Polabian Slavs - Chronica Slavorum of Helmold from the 12th century translated to Polish language by Jan Papłoński in 1862.The Polabian Slavs partly replaced the Germanic tribes who had emigrated by the 6th century during the migration period.[9][10] According to radiocarbon dating, the first Slavs reached Southwestern Hungary, Suchohrad in Western Slovakia and Prague in Czechia in the first-third of the 6th century, and Regensburg of Northeast Bavaria in 568.[10] The earliest dating of Prague-type pottery and sites between Elbe and Saale and Sukow-type in Northeastern Germany was found to be from 590s.[10] However, palynology and other evidence show that the land in Germany became forested and not well resettled by the Slavs, with most material and sites dating since the 8th century.[9][10]Slavic settlement area was largely stable by the 8th century. Charlemagne enlisted the Obotrites as allies in his campaign against the rebellious Saxons of Holstein. Many of the Slavic tribes became dependencies of the Carolingian Empire and the Franks created the Sorbian March to defend against the Sorbs. Einhard in Vita Karoli Magni describes an expedition into Slavic territory led by Charlemagne himself, in 798. The Veleti noted as Wilzi (referred to themselves as Welatabians)[11] were invaded by the Franks because of their continuous expeditions into Obodrite lands, with the Obodrites being allies of the Franks against the Saxons.[11][12]German campaigns against the Slavs began in earnest during the Ottonian dynasty. Henry the Fowler attacked the Slavs in several campaigns with his cavalry. During the reigns of Henry and his son Otto I, several marches were established to guard the eastern acquisitions, such as the Billung March to the north and the Marca Geronis to the south. After Gero's death in 965, the Marca Geronis was divided into the Northern March, the March of Lusatia, and the Thuringian March, the latter being divided into the marches of Zeitz, Merseburg, and Meissen. Bishoprics such as Magdeburg, Brandenburg, and Havelberg were founded to support the conversion of the Slavs to Christianity.After the defeat of Otto II at the Battle of Stilo in 982, the pagan Slavs rebelled against the Germans the following year; the Hevelli and Liutizi destroyed the Bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg, and Obotrites (Mstivoj) destroyed Hamburg.[13] Some Slavs advanced across the Elbe into Saxon territory, but retreated when the Christian Duke of Poland, Mieszko I, attacked them from the east. The Holy Roman Empire retained only nominal control over the Slavic territories between the Elbe and the Oder. Despite the efforts of Christian missionaries, most Polabian Slavs saw Jesus as a \"German god\" and remained pagan.The Obotrite prince Udo and his son Gottschalk expanded their realm by unifying the Obotrite tribes and conquering some Liutizi tribes in the 11th century. They encouraged the establishments of bishoprics to support Christian missionary activity. However, a revolt in 1066 led to the murder of Gottschalk and his replacement by the pagan Kruto of Wagria. Gottschalk's son Henry eventually killed Kruto in 1093.Danish Bishop Absalon destroys the idol of Slavic god Svantevit at Arkona in a painting by Laurits Tuxen.Reconstruction of Slavic gord near NeubrandenburgReconstruction of Slavic gord at the Burgwallinsel (Gord Island)From 1140 to 1143 Holsatian nobles advanced into Wagria to permanently settle in the lands of the pagan Wagri. Count Adolf II of Holstein and Henry of Badewide took control of Polabian settlements at Liubice and Racisburg. Impressed with the success of the First Crusade, Saxons began calling for a crusade against their Slav neighbors. The Wendish Crusade of 1147, concurrent to the Second Crusade, was largely unsuccessful, resulting in devastation to the Liutizi lands and forced baptisms. The campaign did secure Saxon control of Wagria and Polabia, however. The Obotrites were largely at peace with the Saxons during the following decade, although Slavic pirates raided Denmark.Beginning in the late 1150s, King Valdemar the Great of Denmark enlisted the aid of Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony against the Slavs; their cooperation led to the death of the Obotrite prince, Niklot, in 1160. The two Christian lords distributed much of the conquered territory among their vassals. When Niklot's exiled son, Pribislav, engineered an Obotrite rebellion, the pair retaliated by occupying Demmin and warding off Pribislav's Liutizian allies.After conquering Wagria and Polabia during the 1140s, Saxon nobles attempted to expel the \"native\" Slavs and replace them with Saxon and Flemish settlers. The 1164 Obotrite revolt led by Niklot's son Pribislav convinced Henry the Lion that keeping the Slavs as allies would be less troublesome. The duke returned the Christian Pribislav to power as Prince of Mecklenburg, Kessin, and Rostock, and a vassal of the Saxons.Tactics and weaponry were decisive in Denmark's campaigns against the eastern Polabian Slavs. The Danes utilized quick coastal and river raids, tactics similar to those of the Vikings. Although they lacked siege experience, the Danes were able to cripple Slavic regions by burning crops and unwalled suburbs. Slav counterattacks were repulsed by crossbows and Norwegian longbows. The Danes occupied Rugia in 1168, conquering the Rani stronghold of Arkona. Similar to Henry's reinstatement of Pribislav as a Saxon vassal, Valdemar allowed the Rani prince Jaromar to rule as a Christian Danish vassal. After Valdemar refused to share Rugia with Henry, the Saxon duke enlisted the aid of the Obotrite confederacy and the Liutizi against the Danes; Valdemar ended the conflict by paying Henry in 1171.Alarmed at the expansion of Henry the Lion's power, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa deposed the Saxon duke and redistributed his lands in 1180/81. The withdrawal of Saxon support left the Liutizi and their Pomeranian supporters vulnerable to the Danish fleet. A Slavic fleet attempting to reclaim Rugia was crushed at the Bay of Greifswald on 19 May 1184. Danish monks engaged in missionary activity in Pomeranian abbeys, and Prince Bogislaw I surrendered to King Canute VI in 1185 to become the Danish king's vassal.Pribislav, a Christian prince of the Hevelli, bequeathed his lands to the Saxon Albert the Bear upon his death, thereby leading to the establishment of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.The Lusatian Sorbs remained independent to a large extent. They were temporarily subdued by Charlemagne, but upon his death the links with the Franks were broken. In a series of bloody wars between 929 and 963 their lands were conquered by King Henry the Fowler and his son Otto the Great and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Germany. By the 14th century, the majority of Slavs living there had been Germanized and assimilated. However, the Sorbs, the descendants of the Milceni and the Lusici, have retained their identity within Lusatia, a region divided between the German states of Brandenburg and Saxony.The Slavic language was spoken by the descendants of the Drevani in the area of the lower Elbe until the early 18th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg"},{"link_name":"gord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_(Slavic_settlement)"},{"link_name":"Groß Raden, Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Raden_Archaeological_Open_Air_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slawenburg_Raddusch_(Radu%C5%A1)_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Vetschau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetschau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png"},{"link_name":"Limes Saxoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Lechites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechites"},{"link_name":"Obotrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"}],"text":"Reconstruction of Slavic gord in Groß Raden, MecklenburgReconstruction of Slavic gord in Lusatia - Raddusch, VetschauThe Limes Saxoniae border between the Saxons and the Lechites Obotrites, established about 810 in present-day Schleswig-Holstein","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hinterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C28-15"},{"link_name":"voivod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode"},{"link_name":"Henryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(Obotrite_prince)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C32-16"},{"link_name":"Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate"},{"link_name":"high priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_hat"},{"link_name":"Cape Arkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arkona"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C33-17"}],"sub_title":"Princes","text":"A Polabian prince was known as a knez. His power was relatively greater in Slavic society than those of Danish or Swedish kings in their kingdoms,[citation needed] although it was not absolute. He was the general leader of his tribe and was foremost among its nobles, holding much of the forested hinterland and expecting reverence from his warriors.[14] However, his authority largely extended only to the territory controlled by his governor, or voivod. Each voivod governed small territories based around fortifications.Princely power often differed between tribes. The Obodrite prince Henryk was able to maintain a sizable army ca. 1100 at the expense of the towns, and the importance of knez within the Obodrites only increased after his death.[15] The prince of the Rani, on the other hand, was limited by the local senate, which was led by the high priest at Cape Arkona; the Rani knez was essentially first among the tribe's landowners.[16]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chroniclers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"civitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C28-15"},{"link_name":"gord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_(Slavic_settlement)"},{"link_name":"Slavic gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_mythology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C29-18"},{"link_name":"Arkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arkona"},{"link_name":"Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Baltic coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C32-16"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"The power of the prince and his governors was often restricted by the river towns, known to chroniclers as civitates, especially within the territory of the Veleti. Polabian towns were centered on small earthworks arranged in circles or ovals.[14] The gord was situated at the highest altitude of the town and held a barracks, citadel, and princely residence. It was often protected by a moat, walls, and wooden towers. Below the gord, but still within the town walls, was the urbs or suburbium, which held the residences for the nobility and merchants. The towns often held wooden temples for Slavic gods within the urbs. Outside of the walls were homes for the peasantry.[17] With the exception of Arkona on Rügen, few Polabian towns on the Baltic coast were built near the shore, out of concern for pirates and raiders. While not highly populated compared to Flanders or Italy, the Polabian towns were relatively large for the Baltic region, such as in comparison to those of Scandinavia.[15]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C27-7"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C28-15"}],"sub_title":"Peasantry","text":"The majority of Polabian Slavs were peasants in small villages who engaged in agriculture[18] (rich in grains, flax) and animal husbandry (poultry, cattle).[6] Some villagers were fishermen, beekeepers, or trappers. Farmland was divided into a unit called a kuritz (Latin: uncus), for which peasants paid grain taxes to the voivot.[14]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"margraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnate"},{"link_name":"burghers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C28-15"},{"link_name":"voivot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivot"},{"link_name":"longships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longship"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people"},{"link_name":"Swedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_people"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C15-20"},{"link_name":"battle cries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_cry"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C34-21"},{"link_name":"small horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"heavy cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cavalry"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C35-22"}],"sub_title":"Military","text":"Polabian society developed during the 9th and 10th centuries under pressure from the Holy Roman Empire and the Vikings of Scandinavia. They were often forced to pay tribute to the kings of Denmark, Catholic bishops, and imperial margraves. Polabian society became militarized and its leaders began organizing armed forces and defenses. Many Polabian magnates lived in forest fortresses, while towns were inhabited by warriors and burghers.[14]The magnates often raided Germanic territories or engaged in piracy. In times of large-scale war, the knes took overall command. The prince's voivot ensured military service from the warriors and taxes from the peasantry. While the countryside provided land forces, the towns were known for their longships, which were lighter and lower than those used by the Danes and Swedes.[19]From a distance, Polabian fleets resembled those of the Scandinavians, although targets would recognize the Slavs' closely cropped hair and shrieking battle cries when they grew close.[20] Polabian cavalry used small horses which were effective in quick raiding campaigns, but less effective against the Saxon and Danish heavy cavalry.[21]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C33-17"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion was an important aspect of Polabian society. Much of their territory was dotted with holy places in nature to which the Slavs could pray and make offerings to Slavic gods. The priesthood was an important class which developed images and objects of worship. Polabian towns often included elaborate temples often visited for offerings and pilgrimages. In contrast, priests in the countryside often lived meagerly.[16]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Lower Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈpɔwɔpskɛ ˈswɔwʲanɨ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"}],"text":"^ \nLower Sorbian: Połobske Słowjany, pronounced [ˈpɔwɔpskɛ ˈswɔwʲanɨ];\nGerman: Elbslawen;\nPolish: Słowianie połabscy, Połabianie;\nCzech: Polabští Slované;\nLatin: Slavi Polabicae","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barkowski, Robert F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Barkowski"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-11-13741-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-13741-7"},{"link_name":"The Northern Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287"},{"link_name":"287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-026653-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-3890-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3890-X"},{"link_name":"Herrmann, Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"Zeuß, Kaspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Zeuss"}],"text":"Barkowski, Robert F. (2015). Słowianie połabscy. Dzieje zagłady (in Polish). Warszawa: Bellona. ISBN 978-83-11-13741-7.\nChristiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.\nGoldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3890-X.\nHerrmann, Joachim (1970). Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neisse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH.\nDe Vere, Maximilian Schele (1853). Outlines of comparative philology, with a sketch of the languages of Europe. New York: University of Virginia.\nZeuß, Kaspar (1837). Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme (in German). Munich: Ignaz Joseph Lentner.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of West-Central Europe from 919 to 1125, by William R. Shepherd. The territory of the Polabian Slavs is outlined in purple near the top, with the Obotrite and Veleti groups in white and the Sorb groups colored purple.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Central_Europe%2C_919-1125.jpg/350px-Central_Europe%2C_919-1125.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polabian Slavic Tribes, green is uninhabited forested area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Polabian_Slavs.png/250px-Polabian_Slavs.png"},{"image_text":"Primary source about history of Polabian Slavs - Chronica Slavorum of Helmold from the 12th century translated to Polish language by Jan Papłoński in 1862.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pap%C5%82o%C5%84ski_Helmolda_Kronika_S%C5%82owia%C5%84ska.jpeg/180px-Pap%C5%82o%C5%84ski_Helmolda_Kronika_S%C5%82owia%C5%84ska.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Danish Bishop Absalon destroys the idol of Slavic god Svantevit at Arkona in a painting by Laurits Tuxen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bishop_Absalon_topples_the_god_Svantevit_at_Arkona.PNG/250px-Bishop_Absalon_topples_the_god_Svantevit_at_Arkona.PNG"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of Slavic gord near Neubrandenburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Burgwall_Ravensburgneu.jpg/220px-Burgwall_Ravensburgneu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of Slavic gord at the Burgwallinsel (Gord Island)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BurgwallinselTeterow.jpg/220px-BurgwallinselTeterow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of Slavic gord in Groß Raden, Mecklenburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg/250px-Gro%C3%9F_Raden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of Slavic gord in Lusatia - Raddusch, Vetschau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Slawenburg_Raddusch_%28Radu%C5%A1%29_01.JPG/250px-Slawenburg_Raddusch_%28Radu%C5%A1%29_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Limes Saxoniae border between the Saxons and the Lechites Obotrites, established about 810 in present-day Schleswig-Holstein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/250px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Leipzig group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_group"},{"title":"Tornow group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornow_group"},{"title":"Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps"}]
|
[{"reference":"Heinz Kannenberg. \"Peinliches Hickhack\". moz.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moz.de/nachrichten/kommentare/peinliches-hickhack-49761654.html","url_text":"\"Peinliches Hickhack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne\". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009084715/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp","url_text":"\"Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne\""},{"url":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"p. 85\" (PDF). Utlib.ee. Retrieved 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utlib.ee/ekollekt/diss/mag/2005/b17445875/kaljundi.pdf","url_text":"\"p. 85\""}]},{"reference":"Barkowski, Robert F. (2015). Słowianie połabscy. Dzieje zagłady (in Polish). Warszawa: Bellona. ISBN 978-83-11-13741-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Barkowski","url_text":"Barkowski, Robert F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-13741-7","url_text":"978-83-11-13741-7"}]},{"reference":"Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","url_text":"The Northern Crusades"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","url_text":"287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4","url_text":"0-14-026653-4"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3890-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3890-X","url_text":"0-8014-3890-X"}]},{"reference":"Herrmann, Joachim (1970). Die Slawen in Deutschland: Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neisse vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Herrmann_(archaeologist)","url_text":"Herrmann, Joachim"}]},{"reference":"De Vere, Maximilian Schele (1853). Outlines of comparative philology, with a sketch of the languages of Europe. New York: University of Virginia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zeuß, Kaspar (1837). Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme (in German). Munich: Ignaz Joseph Lentner.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Zeuss","url_text":"Zeuß, Kaspar"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.moz.de/nachrichten/kommentare/peinliches-hickhack-49761654.html","external_links_name":"\"Peinliches Hickhack\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00112980","external_links_name":"The beginnings of Slavic settlement east of the river Elbe"},{"Link":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02902087/file/Kazanski_Archaeology-Slavic%20Migrations_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141009084715/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp","external_links_name":"\"Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne\""},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ein.html","external_links_name":"Full Latin text"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412022011/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ein.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.utlib.ee/ekollekt/diss/mag/2005/b17445875/kaljundi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"p. 85\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","external_links_name":"The Northern Crusades"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","external_links_name":"287"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030923021031if_/http://www.police.info.pl:80/polabianie/images/mapka444.jpg","external_links_name":"Map of the lands inhabited by Polabian Slavs"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560749505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph382377&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Da-som
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Kim Da-som
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["1 Career","1.1 Pre-debut","1.2 Sistar","1.3 Acting career","2 Other ventures","2.1 Endorsements","3 Discography","3.1 Collaborative singles","3.2 Soundtrack appearances","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television series","4.3 Television show","4.4 Music video appearances","5 Awards and nominations","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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South Korean singer and actress (born 1993)
In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
Kim Da-som김다솜Dasom in 2016BornKim Da-som (1993-05-06) May 6, 1993 (age 31)Gwangju, Gyeonggi, South KoreaEducationKonkuk University – Department of FilmOccupationsSingeractressYears active2010–presentAgentStory J CompanyMusical careerGenresK-popInstrument(s)VocalsLabelsStarshipFormerly ofSistar
Korean nameHangul김다솜Revised RomanizationGim Da-somMcCune–ReischauerKim Tasom
Musical artist
Kim Da-som (born May 6, 1993), better known mononymously as Dasom, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known as a former member of South Korean girl group Sistar and formerly under Starship Entertainment. She has acted in films and television dramas, including Family (2012–2013), Melody of Love (2013–2014), The Virtual Bride (2015), Sister is Alive (2017) and He Is Psychometric (2019).
Career
Pre-debut
Before debuting as a singer, Dasom had entered and won various poem and songwriting contests.
Sistar
Main article: Sistar
In June 2010 Dasom made her debut as a member of Sistar on KBS Music Bank with their debut single, "Push Push".
Acting career
In July 2012 Dasom made her acting debut in KBS' daily sitcom Family, playing as a high school punk.
Dasom also appeared in the music video for boy band VIXX's song "Rock Ur Body" which was released on August 13, 2012; and K.Will's music video for the song "Please Don't..." which was released on October 10, 2012.
In January 2013 Dasom co-hosted the Golden Disc Awards, held in Malaysia. In April, she featured in K.Will's music video for his single, "Love Blossom". The same year, Dasom starred as the female lead in the family drama, Melody of Love.
In June 2015 it was revealed that Dasom will join the MBC variety show My Little Television as a regular guest. In July, Dasom joined the cast of SBS variety show Law of the Jungle.
Dasom then starred in the KBS drama The Eccentric Daughter-in-Law as the lead, which premiered in August 2015. In December, Dasom made her big screen debut in the film Like a French Film.
In January 2017 Dasom collaborated with 40 and released a remake of duo Acoustic Collabo's "You and I, Heart Fluttering". The same year, Dasom starred in television series Band of Sisters, playing an antagonist role.
In 2018 Dasom was cast in the KBS Drama Special Ms. Kim's Mystery, as well as the tvN drama He Is Psychometric.
In June 2021 Dasom chose not to renew her contract with King Kong by Starship.
On August 2 Content Lab VIVO announced that Dasom and Hyolyn have collaborated as the artist of the month for the "How To Spend 2021 Well" project. The project's goal is to help the public that has been through a terrible time as a result of the pandemic by donating the music profits to the socioeconomic classes. On August 6 Dasom signed with her new agency, Story J Company.
Other ventures
Endorsements
In September 2022, Juvis Diet announced Kim Da-som as their new advertising model for their campaign titled "Change, from why to the after." They unveiled their initial commercial film for the campaign within the same month, amplifying the essential message of the importance of a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. In October 2022, Juvis Diet launched a subsequent commercial that expanded the scope of their campaign, aiming to resonate with life events that individuals in their 20s and 30s often encounter. This ad followed on the heels of their previous campaign focus, which primarily targeted people in their 40s and 50s.
Discography
Main article: Sistar discography
Collaborative singles
Title
Year
Peak position
Sales (DL)
Album
KOR
KORHot.
USWorld
"You & I" with (40)
2017
100
—
—
KOR: 18,492+
Vintage Box Vol. 4
"Summer or Summer" (둘 중에 골라) (with Hyolyn)
2021
94
97
24
N/A
How To Spend 2021 Well
Soundtrack appearances
Title
Year
Peak position
Album
KOR
"Yayaya" (with Kim Tae-hyung)
2014
—
Melody of Love OST
"You're Mine"
2015
—
The Virtual Bride OST
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2015
Like a French Film
Gi Hong
2016
Strange Living Together
Han Geun-hye
2017
Real
Rehabilitation therapist
Cameo
2022
Reverse
Choi Hee-soo
Television series
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2012–2013
Family
Woo Da-yoon
2013–2014
Melody of Love
Gong Deul-im
2015
The Virtual Bride
Oh In-young
2017
Band of Sisters
Yang Dal-hee / Sera Park
2018
Drama Special
Ms. Kim
Episode: "Ms. Kim's Mystery"
2019
The Last Empress
Yang Dal-hee
Cameo (episodes 28, 31)
He Is Psychometric
Eun Ji-soo
Beautiful Love, Wonderful Life
Kim Da-som
Cameo (episode 3)
2020
Was It Love?
Joo Ah-rin
2021
Dramaworld
Detective
Cameo
2023
Kokdu: Season of Deity
Tae Jeong-won
2024
Is It Fate?
Kim Hye-ji
Television show
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2012
Strong Heart
Ep. 146–147 with Leeteuk and Eunhyuk
2015
My Little Television
Ep. 9–10 with Kim Gu-ra and Baek Jong-won
Law of the Jungle
Cast member
in Yap Islands
2017
Battle Trip
Contestant
Ep. 42–45 with Soyou
2020
Law of the Jungle
Cast member
in Pohnpei
Music video appearances
Year
Song title
Artist
Ref.
2012
Please Don't
K.Will
2013
Love Blossom
2014
Some
Soyou x Junggigo
Awards and nominations
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kim Da-som" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
See also: List of awards and nominations received by Sistar
Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
Award ceremony
Year
Category
Nominee(s)/work(s)
Result
Ref.
APAN Star Awards
2014
Best New Actress
Melody of Love
Nominated
Asian Pop Music Awards
2021
Best Collaboration (Overseas)
"Summer or Summer" (with Hyolyn)
Nominated
Baeksang Arts Awards
2018
Best New Actress – Television
Band of Sisters
Nominated
KBS Drama Awards
2013
Best New Actress
Melody of Love
Nominated
Best Couple Award
Melody of Love (with Baek Sung-hyun)
Nominated
2015
The Virtual Bride (with Ryu Soo-young)
Nominated
Korea Drama Awards
2014
Best New Actress
Melody of Love
Nominated
Mnet Asian Music Awards
2021
Best Collaboration
"Summer or Summer" (with Hyolyn)
Nominated
SBS Drama Awards
2017
Best New Actress
Band of Sisters
Won
Character of the Year
Nominated
Seoul International Youth Film Festival
2014
Best Young Actress
Melody of Love
Nominated
Notes
^ Hosted by the Hong Kong Asia Pacific International Group and Sunway Records, the Asian Pop Music Awards bases its winners on "Asian Pop Music Chart" which opened on September 2019.
References
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^ Jeong, Han-byeon (April 30, 2021). "다솜→송진우, '드라마월드' 깜짝 등장" . Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Kim, Hyun-rok (October 12, 2022). "김다솜, '꼭두의 계절' 출연 확정…김정현‧임수향과 호흡" ] (in Korean). Sports TV News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved October 12, 2022 – via Naver.
^ Lee, Min-ji (November 28, 2022). "김다솜, 김소현 절친 된다…'우연일까' 캐스팅 " ]. Newsen (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022 – via Naver.
^ Kang, Seon-ae (September 18, 2012). "강예솔-다솜 "이특이 새벽에 문자 보내"" . Naver News (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Kang, Gil-hong (June 28, 2015). "씨스타 다솜, '상남자' 등극···쩍벌다리로 입증" Sistar's Dasom rises to 'Boy in Luv'... Proves with wide legs]. newsway.co.kr (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Kim, Ji-won (July 18, 2015). "'정글의 법칙' 다솜, 완벽 비키니몸매 공개 '남태평양 인어공주'" . wowtv.co.kr (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Kim, Seung-jin (April 1, 2017). "'배틀트립' 씨스타 소유·다솜, 라스베이거스에서도 몸매 관리는 계속된다" . Maeil Broadcasting Network (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ An, Ha-na (February 8, 2020). "'정글의 법칙' 다솜, 신들린 칼질...'김장금' 등극" . Maeil Broadcasting Network (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Lee, Soo-ah (October 9, 2012). "다솜 웨딩드레스 여신 등극, 케이윌 '이러지마 제발' MV 열연" . TV Report (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ "케이윌 러브 블러썸 MV…다솜-엘 연인 호흡 깜짝" . Sports Donga (in Korean). April 4, 2013. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Jeong, Hee-seo (February 9, 2014). "다솜, 소유-정기고 응원 "썸~ 파이팅" 훈훈" . Xsports News (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ "2020亚洲流行音乐大奖结果出炉 林俊杰获5奖成最大赢家" . VCT News (in Chinese). December 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^ 【APMA 2021】亚洲流行音乐大奖2021年度入围名单 . Sina Weibo (in Chinese). November 30, 2021. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
^ "제54회 백상예술대상, TV·영화 각 부문별 수상 후보자 공개". JTBC (in Korean). April 6, 2018. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ "2021 MAMA Announces This Year's Nominees". November 3, 2021. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2021 – via soompi.
^ " 양세종·김다솜, 남녀 신인연기상 "솔직한 사람 되겠다" Yang Se-jong and Kim Da-som, Male and Female Rookie of the Year Award "I will become an honest person"]. Korea Daily (in Korean). December 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Da-som.
Kim Da-som at Story J Company
Da-som Kim at IMDb
Kim Da-som at HanCinema
vteSBS Drama Awards for Best New Actress1990s
Lee Young-ae (1993)
Jung Seon-kyung and Hwang Soo-jung (1995)
Im Sang-a (1996)
Lee Tae-ran and Kim Hyun-joo (1998)
Kang Sung-yeon and Jun Ji-hyun (1999)
2000s
Hwang In-young, Kim Min-hee and Kim Yoo-mi (2000)
Gong Hyo-jin, Lee Yoo-jin and Lee Ji-hyun (2001)
Han Eun-jung, Kim Jung-hwa, Kim Min-jung, Lee Yo-won, Park Sol-mi and Sung Yu-ri (2002)
Choi Jung-won, Kim Tae-hee, Park Han-byul, Shin Min-a, So Yi-hyun and Yoo Min (2003)
Eugene, Jeong Da-bin and Jo An (2004)
Yoon Se-ah, Yoon Jung-hee, Lee Bo-young and Hyun Young (2005)
Go Ara, Lee Ha-na, Claudia Kim, Yoon Ji-min and Park Si-yeon (2006)
Choi Yeo-jin, Koo Hye-sun, Lee Ji-hyun, Lee Young-eun and Wang Bit-na (2007)
Cha Ye-ryun, Chae Young-in, Han Hyo-joo, Im Jung-eun, Moon Chae-won and Yoon So-yi (2008)
Park Shin-hye, Son Dam-bi, Lee Min-jung, Lee So-yeon and Lee Tae-im (2009)
2010s
Hahm Eun-jung, Han Chae-ah, Hwang Jung-eum and Nam Gyu-ri (2010)
Goo Hara, Im Soo-hyang, Jin Se-yeon, Jeong Yu-mi, Seo Hyo-rim, Shin Hyun-been and Wang Ji-hye (2011)
Go Joon-hee, Kwon Yu-ri, Park Hyo-joo, Park Se-young , Sulli and Yoon Jin-yi (2012)
Jeong Eun-ji, Kang So-ra, Kim Ji-won, Kim So-hyun, Kim Yoo-ri and Lee Da-hee (2013)
Han Sun-hwa, Han Groo, Lee Yu-bi, Nam Bo-ra and Kim Yoo-jung (2014)
Gong Seung-yeon, Go Ah-sung, Lee Yul-eum, Lee Elijah and Lim Ji-yeon (2015)
Lee Hye-ri, Bang Min-ah, Moon Ji-in and Yang Jin-sung (2016)
Kim Da-som (2017)
Lee Yoo-young (2018)
Go Min-si and Keum Sae-rok (2019)
2020s
So Joo-yeon (2020)
Choi Ye-bin, Han Ji-hyun and Roh Jeong-eui (2021)
Jang Gyu-ri, Lee Eun-saem and Gong Sung-ha (2022)
Kwon Ah-reum, Yang Hye-ji, Jung Soo-bin (2023)
From 2001 to 2016, it was the New Star Award.
vteSistar
Bora
Hyolyn
Soyou
Dasom
Subgroup
Sistar19
Studio albums
So Cool
Give It to Me
EPs
Alone
Loving U
Touch & Move
Sweet & Sour
Shake It
Insane Love
Singles
"Lonely"
Sistar19
"Ma Boy"
"Gone Not Around Any Longer"
Reality shows
Hello Baby
Related topics
Starship Entertainment
Category
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"Sistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistar"},{"link_name":"Starship Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Melody of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_of_Love_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Virtual Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virtual_Bride"},{"link_name":"He Is Psychometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Is_Psychometric"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.Kim Da-som (born May 6, 1993), better known mononymously as Dasom, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known as a former member of South Korean girl group Sistar and formerly under Starship Entertainment. She has acted in films and television dramas, including Family (2012–2013), Melody of Love (2013–2014), The Virtual Bride (2015), Sister is Alive (2017) and He Is Psychometric (2019).","title":"Kim Da-som"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Pre-debut","text":"Before debuting as a singer, Dasom had entered and won various poem and songwriting contests.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Push Push","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Push_(Sistar_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Sistar","text":"In June 2010 Dasom made her debut as a member of Sistar on KBS Music Bank with their debut single, \"Push Push\".[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"VIXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIXX"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"K.Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.Will"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Golden Disc Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Disc_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"K.Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.Will"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"My Little Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Television"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Law of the Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Jungle_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Eccentric Daughter-in-Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eccentric_Daughter-in-Law"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Band of Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Sisters_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"He Is Psychometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Is_Psychometric"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hyolyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyolyn"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Acting career","text":"In July 2012 Dasom made her acting debut in KBS' daily sitcom Family, playing as a high school punk.[3]\nDasom also appeared in the music video for boy band VIXX's song \"Rock Ur Body\" which was released on August 13, 2012;[4] and K.Will's music video for the song \"Please Don't...\" which was released on October 10, 2012.[5]In January 2013 Dasom co-hosted the Golden Disc Awards, held in Malaysia.[6] In April, she featured in K.Will's music video for his single, \"Love Blossom\".[7] The same year, Dasom starred as the female lead in the family drama, Melody of Love.[8]In June 2015 it was revealed that Dasom will join the MBC variety show My Little Television as a regular guest.[9] In July, Dasom joined the cast of SBS variety show Law of the Jungle.[10] \nDasom then starred in the KBS drama The Eccentric Daughter-in-Law as the lead, which premiered in August 2015.[11] In December, Dasom made her big screen debut in the film Like a French Film.[12]In January 2017 Dasom collaborated with 40 and released a remake of duo Acoustic Collabo's \"You and I, Heart Fluttering\".[13] The same year, Dasom starred in television series Band of Sisters, playing an antagonist role.[14]In 2018 Dasom was cast in the KBS Drama Special Ms. Kim's Mystery,[15] as well as the tvN drama He Is Psychometric.[16]In June 2021 Dasom chose not to renew her contract with King Kong by Starship.[17]On August 2 Content Lab VIVO announced that Dasom and Hyolyn have collaborated as the artist of the month for the \"How To Spend 2021 Well\" project. The project's goal is to help the public that has been through a terrible time as a result of the pandemic by donating the music profits to the socioeconomic classes.[18] On August 6 Dasom signed with her new agency, Story J Company.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Endorsements","text":"In September 2022, Juvis Diet announced Kim Da-som as their new advertising model for their campaign titled \"Change, from why to the after.\" They unveiled their initial commercial film for the campaign within the same month, amplifying the essential message of the importance of a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. In October 2022, Juvis Diet launched a subsequent commercial that expanded the scope of their campaign, aiming to resonate with life events that individuals in their 20s and 30s often encounter. This ad followed on the heels of their previous campaign focus, which primarily targeted people in their 40s and 50s.[20][21]","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collaborative singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soundtrack appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television show","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music video appearances","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of awards and nominations received by Sistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Sistar"}],"text":"See also: List of awards and nominations received by Sistar","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"^ Hosted by the Hong Kong Asia Pacific International Group and Sunway Records, the Asian Pop Music Awards bases its winners on \"Asian Pop Music Chart\" which opened on September 2019.[50]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2PM 준수, 학창시절 글짓기 수상만 8개...우월한 과거 大공개\". Newsen News (in Korean). Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200912091408381001","url_text":"\"2PM 준수, 학창시절 글짓기 수상만 8개...우월한 과거 大공개\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630115427/http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200912091408381001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[INTERVIEW] Girl group SISTAR – Part 2\". Asiae. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010101919035885219","url_text":"\"[INTERVIEW] Girl group SISTAR – Part 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144040/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010101919035885219","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SISTAR's Dasom may make acting debut in upcoming KBS sitcom\". Asiae. June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012061114134238236","url_text":"\"SISTAR's Dasom may make acting debut in upcoming KBS sitcom\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144027/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012061114134238236","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VIXX Reveals \"Rock Ur Body\" MV Featuring SISTAR's Dasom!\". Soompi. August 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soompi.com/2012/08/14/vixx-reveals-rock-ur-body-mv-featuring-sistars-dasom/","url_text":"\"VIXX Reveals \"Rock Ur Body\" MV Featuring SISTAR's Dasom!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soompi","url_text":"Soompi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822094051/https://www.soompi.com/2012/08/14/vixx-reveals-rock-ur-body-mv-featuring-sistars-dasom/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"K.will's Music Video \"Please Don't\" Is Out\". Soompi. October 11, 2012. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soompi.com/2012/10/11/k-wills-music-video-please-dont-is-out/","url_text":"\"K.will's Music Video \"Please Don't\" Is Out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soompi","url_text":"Soompi"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731072243/https://www.soompi.com/2012/10/11/k-wills-music-video-please-dont-is-out/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dasom MCs ′Golden Disk Awards′\". Yahoo. Mwave. November 21, 2012. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dasom-mcs-golden-disk-awards-073507763.html","url_text":"\"Dasom MCs ′Golden Disk Awards′\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091539/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dasom-mcs-golden-disk-awards-073507763.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SISTAR Dasom shows off new hairstyle in K.Will's 'Love Blossom' MV\". Asia Today. April 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=788689","url_text":"\"SISTAR Dasom shows off new hairstyle in K.Will's 'Love Blossom' MV\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144018/http://en.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=788689","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Hyung-jun, SISTAR Dasom to Join New TV Series\". 10Asia. September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422113208/http://en.tenasia.com/archives/73698","url_text":"\"Kim Hyung-jun, SISTAR Dasom to Join New TV Series\""},{"url":"http://en.tenasia.com/archives/73698","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dasom to go on 'Television'\". Korea JoongAng Daily. June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3005356","url_text":"\"Dasom to go on 'Television'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091611/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3005356","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jinwoon and Dasom show off their toned figures on \"Laws of the Jungle\"\". Asia Today. July 18, 2015. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20150718000905476","url_text":"\"Jinwoon and Dasom show off their toned figures on \"Laws of the Jungle\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144042/http://en.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20150718000905476","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New TV drama puts comic twist on family conflict\". Kpop Herald. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201508181433478365984_2&ACE_SEARCH=1","url_text":"\"New TV drama puts comic twist on family conflict\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpop_Herald","url_text":"Kpop Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144004/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201508181433478365984_2&ACE_SEARCH=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Singer Dasom stars in new film out in Jan\". Korea JoongAng Daily. December 10, 2015. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3012572","url_text":"\"Singer Dasom stars in new film out in Jan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091627/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3012572","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Seohyun, Suzy and Dasom to release solo work\". Kpop Herald. January 16, 2017. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201701161554112022944_2&ACE_SEARCH=1","url_text":"\"Seohyun, Suzy and Dasom to release solo work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpop_Herald","url_text":"Kpop Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216143951/http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201701161554112022944_2&ACE_SEARCH=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Da-som Shines in 'Wicked Woman' Role in Latest TV Drama\". The Chosun Ilbo. October 21, 2017. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Carney
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Matthew Carney
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["1 References"]
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Australian journalist
Matthew CarneyNationalityAustralianOccupationJournalistEmployerAustralian Broadcasting Corporation
Matthew Carney is an Australian journalist and television producer for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He is the executive producer of Four Corners.
Carney joined the ABC in 1995. He worked as a reporter on Four Corners and later as the chief of the ABC's North Asia and China bureaus, holding the latter role between 2016 and 2018.
He became the executive producer of Foreign Correspondent in 2018. He was appointed as the executive producer of Four Corners in May 2022.
References
^ Carney, Matthew (21 September 2020). "'You will be put into detention': Former ABC bureau chief tells story of fleeing China for first time". ABC News. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
^ "ABC appoints Matthew Carney, Morag Ramsay and Joel Tozer as executive producers of Four Corners, Foreign Correspondent and 7.30". ABC News. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
This Australian journalist biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Foreign Correspondent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Correspondent_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Matthew Carney is an Australian journalist and television producer for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He is the executive producer of Four Corners.Carney joined the ABC in 1995. He worked as a reporter on Four Corners and later as the chief of the ABC's North Asia and China bureaus, holding the latter role between 2016 and 2018.[1]He became the executive producer of Foreign Correspondent in 2018. He was appointed as the executive producer of Four Corners in May 2022.[2]","title":"Matthew Carney"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Carney, Matthew (21 September 2020). \"'You will be put into detention': Former ABC bureau chief tells story of fleeing China for first time\". ABC News. Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-21/matthew-carney-foreign-journalist-china-intimidation-birtles/12678610","url_text":"\"'You will be put into detention': Former ABC bureau chief tells story of fleeing China for first time\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC appoints Matthew Carney, Morag Ramsay and Joel Tozer as executive producers of Four Corners, Foreign Correspondent and 7.30\". ABC News. 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-30/new-executive-producers-four-corners-foreign-correspondent-730/101109756","url_text":"\"ABC appoints Matthew Carney, Morag Ramsay and Joel Tozer as executive producers of Four Corners, Foreign Correspondent and 7.30\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-21/matthew-carney-foreign-journalist-china-intimidation-birtles/12678610","external_links_name":"\"'You will be put into detention': Former ABC bureau chief tells story of fleeing China for first time\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-30/new-executive-producers-four-corners-foreign-correspondent-730/101109756","external_links_name":"\"ABC appoints Matthew Carney, Morag Ramsay and Joel Tozer as executive producers of Four Corners, Foreign Correspondent and 7.30\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Carney&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglim_Trimble_Gallery
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Anglim Trimble Gallery
|
["1 Movements","2 Artists","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°45′15″N 122°23′22″W / 37.7543°N 122.3894°W / 37.7543; -122.3894Anglim Trimble GalleryLocation of Minnesota Street ProjectLocation1275 Minnesota Street, San Francisco, California 94107, U.S.Coordinates37°45′15″N 122°23′22″W / 37.7543°N 122.3894°W / 37.7543; -122.3894DirectorShannon TrimbleWebsitewww.anglimtrimble.com
Anglim Trimble Gallery, formerly Gallery Paule Anglim, and Anglim Gilbert Gallery, is a contemporary commercial art gallery which is located at Minnesota Street Project, 1275 Minnesota Street, San Francisco, California The gallery was founded by Paule Anglim (1923 –2015) in the early 1970s.
The gallery specializes in exhibiting works from West Coast art movements. Following Anglim's passing in the spring of 2015, the gallery was re-opened under the lead of her long-term director, Ed Gilbert, and renamed Anglim Gilbert Gallery. After the death of Gilbert in 2020, it was subsequently renamed Anglim Trimble Gallery under the directorship of Shannon Trimble. The gallery has been located at the Minnesota Street Project since spring of 2016.
Movements
California Beat artists
Bay Area Conceptualists
Experimental California art movements
Artists
Terry Allen
Anne Appleby
Robert Bechtle
John Beech
Nayland Blake
Louise Bourgeois
Joan Brown
John Buck
Bull.Miletic
Deborah Butterfield
Dean Byington
Jerome Caja
Carter
James Castle
Enrique Chagoya
Anne Chu
Travis Collinson
Bruce Conner
Jean Conner
Eleanor Coppola
Nathaniel Dorsky
Ala Ebtekar
Bruno Fazzolari
Vincent Fecteau
Louise Fishman
Terry Fox
Ann Hamilton
David Hannah
Lynn Hershman Leeson
Mildred Howard
David Ireland
Colter Jacobsen
Jess
Paul Kos
Tony Labat
Judith Linhares
Tom Marioni
Andrew Masullo
Barry McGee
Jim Melchert
Ruby Neri
Tony Oursler
Gay Outlaw
Hung-Chih Peng
J. John Priola
Rigo 23
Clare Rojas
Annabeth Rosen
John Roloff
Richard Shaw
Katherine Sherwood
Dean Smith
M. Louise Stanley
Frances Stark
Oriane Stender
Christine Streuli
Robert Stone
Canan Tolon
William Tucker
Catherine Wagner
Carrie Mae Weems
Pamela Helena Wilson
Xiaoze Xie
John Zurier
References
^ Artslant profile
^ ArtNet
^ Artfinder
^ "Wiki Collecting, June 8, 2011". Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ Anglim Gilbert Gallery
^ Bravo, Tony (October 21, 2019). "Minnesota Street Project announces new nonprofit Minnesota Street Foundation". Datebook, San Francisco Chronicle. ISSN 1932-8672. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
^ "Damp northern light in Rosen works / Painter living in Newfoundland". 4 August 2001.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota Street Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Street_Project"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paule Anglim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Anglim"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Anglim Trimble Gallery, formerly Gallery Paule Anglim, and Anglim Gilbert Gallery, is a contemporary commercial art gallery which is located at Minnesota Street Project, 1275 Minnesota Street, San Francisco, California[1][2][3] The gallery was founded by Paule Anglim (1923 –2015) in the early 1970s.The gallery specializes in exhibiting works from West Coast art movements.[4] Following Anglim's passing in the spring of 2015, the gallery was re-opened under the lead of her long-term director, Ed Gilbert, and renamed Anglim Gilbert Gallery. After the death of Gilbert in 2020, it was subsequently renamed Anglim Trimble Gallery under the directorship of Shannon Trimble.[5] The gallery has been located at the Minnesota Street Project since spring of 2016.[6]","title":"Anglim Trimble Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"Conceptualists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"}],"text":"California Beat artists\nBay Area Conceptualists\nExperimental California art movements","title":"Movements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Allen_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Anne Appleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Appleby"},{"link_name":"Robert Bechtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bechtle"},{"link_name":"Nayland Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayland_Blake"},{"link_name":"Louise Bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"Joan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Brown"},{"link_name":"John Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Buck"},{"link_name":"Bull.Miletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull.Miletic"},{"link_name":"Deborah Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"Dean Byington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Byington"},{"link_name":"Jerome Caja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Caja"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_(artist)"},{"link_name":"James Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_Castle"},{"link_name":"Enrique Chagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Chagoya"},{"link_name":"Anne Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Chu"},{"link_name":"Travis Collinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Collinson"},{"link_name":"Bruce Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Conner"},{"link_name":"Jean Conner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Conner"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Coppola"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Dorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Dorsky"},{"link_name":"Ala Ebtekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Ebtekar"},{"link_name":"Vincent Fecteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Fecteau"},{"link_name":"Louise Fishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Fishman"},{"link_name":"Terry Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Fox_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Ann Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hamilton_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Lynn Hershman Leeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Hershman_Leeson"},{"link_name":"Mildred Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Howard"},{"link_name":"David Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ireland_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Colter Jacobsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colter_Jacobsen"},{"link_name":"Jess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Collins"},{"link_name":"Paul Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kos"},{"link_name":"Tony Labat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Labat"},{"link_name":"Judith Linhares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Linhares"},{"link_name":"Tom Marioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Marioni"},{"link_name":"Barry McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_McGee"},{"link_name":"Jim Melchert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Melchert"},{"link_name":"Ruby Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Neri"},{"link_name":"Tony Oursler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Oursler"},{"link_name":"J. John Priola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._John_Priola"},{"link_name":"Rigo 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigo_23"},{"link_name":"Clare Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Rojas"},{"link_name":"Annabeth Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabeth_Rosen"},{"link_name":"John Roloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roloff"},{"link_name":"Richard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shaw_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Katherine Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"M. Louise Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Louise_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Frances Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Stark"},{"link_name":"Oriane Stender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriane_Stender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christine Streuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Streuli"},{"link_name":"Canan Tolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canan_Tolon"},{"link_name":"Catherine Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Wagner_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Carrie Mae Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Mae_Weems"},{"link_name":"Pamela Helena Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Helena_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Xiaoze Xie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaoze_Xie"},{"link_name":"John Zurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zurier"}],"text":"Terry Allen\nAnne Appleby\nRobert Bechtle\nJohn Beech\nNayland Blake\nLouise Bourgeois\nJoan Brown\nJohn Buck\nBull.Miletic\nDeborah Butterfield\nDean Byington\nJerome Caja\nCarter\nJames Castle\nEnrique Chagoya\nAnne Chu\nTravis Collinson\nBruce Conner\nJean Conner\nEleanor Coppola\nNathaniel Dorsky\nAla Ebtekar\nBruno Fazzolari\nVincent Fecteau\nLouise Fishman\nTerry Fox\nAnn Hamilton\nDavid Hannah\nLynn Hershman Leeson\nMildred Howard\nDavid Ireland\nColter Jacobsen\nJess\nPaul Kos\nTony Labat\nJudith Linhares\nTom Marioni\nAndrew Masullo\nBarry McGee\nJim Melchert\nRuby Neri\nTony Oursler\nGay Outlaw\nHung-Chih Peng\nJ. John Priola\nRigo 23\nClare Rojas\nAnnabeth Rosen\nJohn Roloff\nRichard Shaw\nKatherine Sherwood\nDean Smith\nM. Louise Stanley\nFrances Stark\nOriane Stender[7]\nChristine Streuli\nRobert Stone\nCanan Tolon\nWilliam Tucker\nCatherine Wagner\nCarrie Mae Weems\nPamela Helena Wilson\nXiaoze Xie\nJohn Zurier","title":"Artists"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Wiki Collecting, June 8, 2011\". Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727202002/http://en.wikicollecting.org/gallery-paule-anglim-art-gallery-and-dealer-california","url_text":"\"Wiki Collecting, June 8, 2011\""},{"url":"http://en.wikicollecting.org/gallery-paule-anglim-art-gallery-and-dealer-california","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bravo, Tony (October 21, 2019). \"Minnesota Street Project announces new nonprofit Minnesota Street Foundation\". Datebook, San Francisco Chronicle. ISSN 1932-8672. Retrieved 2022-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/minnesota-street-project-announces-new-nonprofit-minnesota-street-foundation","url_text":"\"Minnesota Street Project announces new nonprofit Minnesota Street Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8672","url_text":"1932-8672"}]},{"reference":"\"Damp northern light in Rosen works / Painter living in Newfoundland\". 4 August 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Damp-northern-light-in-Rosen-works-Painter-2892049.php","url_text":"\"Damp northern light in Rosen works / Painter living in Newfoundland\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anglim_Trimble_Gallery¶ms=37.7543_N_122.3894_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°45′15″N 122°23′22″W / 37.7543°N 122.3894°W / 37.7543; -122.3894"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anglim_Trimble_Gallery¶ms=37.7543_N_122.3894_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°45′15″N 122°23′22″W / 37.7543°N 122.3894°W / 37.7543; -122.3894"},{"Link":"https://www.anglimtrimble.com/","external_links_name":"www.anglimtrimble.com"},{"Link":"http://www.artslant.com/sf/venues/show/1082-gallery-paule-anglim","external_links_name":"Artslant profile"},{"Link":"http://www.artnet.com/galleries/about.asp?gid=51","external_links_name":"ArtNet"},{"Link":"http://www.artfinder.com/gallery/gallery-paule-anglim/","external_links_name":"Artfinder"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140727202002/http://en.wikicollecting.org/gallery-paule-anglim-art-gallery-and-dealer-california","external_links_name":"\"Wiki Collecting, June 8, 2011\""},{"Link":"http://en.wikicollecting.org/gallery-paule-anglim-art-gallery-and-dealer-california","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://anglimgilbertgallery.com/about/","external_links_name":"Anglim Gilbert Gallery"},{"Link":"https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/art-exhibits/minnesota-street-project-announces-new-nonprofit-minnesota-street-foundation","external_links_name":"\"Minnesota Street Project announces new nonprofit Minnesota Street Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8672","external_links_name":"1932-8672"},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Damp-northern-light-in-Rosen-works-Painter-2892049.php","external_links_name":"\"Damp northern light in Rosen works / Painter living in Newfoundland\""},{"Link":"https://www.anglimtrimble.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122895704","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134730466","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92074603","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/095214828","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry_Storm
|
BlackBerry Storm
|
["1 Availability","2 Hardware","2.1 Screen and input","2.2 Connectivity","3 Supported media formats","4 Software updates","5 SIM lock","6 Sales and replacement","7 Critical reception","8 References","9 External links"]
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Defunct touchscreen smartphone
BlackBerry StormManufacturerResearch In Motion LtdSloganPress and be ImpressedAvailability by regionNovember 14, 2008 (UK)November 21, 2008 (U.S.)December 4, 2008 (Australia)December 11, 2008 (Canada)SuccessorBlackBerry Storm 2Form factorCandybar smartphoneDimensions112.5 mm (4.43 in) (h)62.2 mm (2.45 in) (w)13.95 mm (0.549 in) (d)Mass155 g (5.5 oz)Operating systemBlackBerry OS 5.0.0.419CPU528 MHz Qualcomm processorStorageFlash memory:
128 MB application memory
1 GB device memory
microSDHC slot: supports up to 32 GBBattery3.7 V 1400 mAhInternal rechargeable removable lithium-ion batteryTalk time: 330 minStandby time: 360 hoursDisplay360 x 480 px, 3.25 in (83 mm), HVGA, 65,536 color LCDRear camera3.2 megapixel with video at 480 x 352 px, flash, and autofocusConnectivityBluetooth 2.0+EDR, Micro-USB, A-GPS, Quad band GSM 850 900 1800 1900 MHz GPRS/EDGE and Uni band UMTS/HSDPA 2100 MHzCDMA version (9530) adds: Dual band CDMA2000/EV-DO Rev. A 800 1900 MHzData inputsMulti-touch touchscreen display with haptic feedback, volume controls, proximity and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometerHearing aid compatibilityM3
The BlackBerry Storm is a touchscreen smartphone developed by Research In Motion. A part of the BlackBerry 9500 series of phones, it was RIM's first touchscreen device, and its first without a physical keyboard. It featured a touchscreen that responded like a button via SurePress, Research In Motion's haptic feedback technology. Its competitors included Apple's iPhone, the Palm Pre, the T-Mobile G1 by HTC and the HTC Touch family.
In a 2015 book, Losing the Signal: The Untold Story Behind the Extraordinary Rise and Spectacular Fall of BlackBerry, the authors argued that the Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history.
Availability
The BlackBerry Storm was available through Vodafone in the UK, Germany, France (SFR), Italy, Ireland, Australia, South Africa (Vodacom), The Netherlands and India; Verizon Wireless in the United States; Telus, Bell, and SaskTel in Canada, on Iusacell in Mexico, and on lime and Digicel in parts the Caribbean.
The BlackBerry Storm 9530 was an international and worldwide electronic communicating device, featuring CDMA with EV-DO Rev. A data, UMTS with HSDPA, and quad-band GSM with EDGE data access speed. The BlackBerry Storm 9500 does not include the CDMA module and is destined for use outside North America. However, the BlackBerry Storm only has European, Oceania, Asia and Brazil UMTS and HSDPA frequency bands. Therefore, if the BlackBerry Storm is used with GSM wireless carriers in North America, the BlackBerry Storm will only be able to access wireless internet at EDGE data speed maximum. This is because GSM carriers in North America, namely AT&T, T-Mobile, Rogers and Fido, do not operate on the same frequency bands for 3G as the rest of the world. If BlackBerry Storm is used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania or Brazil, HSDPA wireless data speed can be achieved, provided that the local GSM network supports it. The phone will use the primary network technology of its intended carrier (Verizon) when traveling domestically in the US, and rely upon the GSM/UMTS/HSDPA networks of Vodafone mainly when traveling abroad. There are currently no unlocked and unbranded versions available for the GSM Blackberry Storm however unlocking the phone will allow it to be used with any GSM service provider.
Hardware
The Storm utilizes the MSM7600 from Qualcomm, a dual core CPU with ARM11 400 MHz and ARM9 274 MHz. The device features 1 GB of onboard memory, 128 MB of NVRAM and an expandable memory slot support for a microSD card of up to an additional 32 GB. Verizon Wireless, Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility include a preinstalled 8 GB microSD card on board.
Screen and input
The Storm featured a 3.25 in (8.3 cm) TFT-LCD capacitive touchscreen with 360x480 pixel resolution, able to display 65,536 colours. The screen also incorporated technology developed by RIM known as SurePress, which allows the screen to press down like a button to provide physical feedback.
By default, the Storm uses a virtual keyboard implementing the SureType predictive text system used by other Blackberry phones when held vertically, switching to a QWERTY keyboard when held horizontally. Newer versions of the Blackberry OS for the Storm allow the use of the QWERTY keyboard when held vertically. Firmware package 4.7.0.203 (Verizon Wireless) removes the predictive text feature from the multi-tap keyboard configuration; the feature was reinstated in later updates. There have been reviews on reports of screen difficulties such as freezing and wrong buttons loading.
The device features a built-in 3.2 megapixel camera located on back which features a flash, autofocus, and has video recording capabilities with a maximum resolution of 480 x 352 pixels.
Connectivity
The Storm supports CDMA with EV-DO Rev. A data, UMTS with HSDPA, and quad-band GSM with EDGE data access speed. The BlackBerry Storm 9500 has a firmware-disabled CDMA module and is destined for use outside North America. However, the BlackBerry Storm only has European, Oceania, Asia and Brazil UMTS and HSDPA frequency bands. Therefore, if the BlackBerry Storm is used with GSM wireless carriers in North America, the BlackBerry Storm will only be able to access wireless internet at EDGE data speed maximum. This is because GSM carriers in North America, namely AT&T, T-Mobile, Rogers and Fido do not operate on the same frequency bands for 3G as the rest of the world. If BlackBerry Storm is used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania or Brazil, HSDPA wireless data speed can be achieved, provided that the local GSM network supports it. The phone will use the primary network technology of its intended carrier (Verizon) when traveling domestically in the US, and rely upon the GSM/UMTS/HSDPA networks of Vodafone mainly when traveling abroad. There are currently no unlocked and unbranded versions available for the GSM Blackberry Storm; however unlocking the phone will allow it to be used with any GSM service provider. The device also supports Bluetooth v2.0, Bluetooth Stereo Audio via A2DP and AVRCP.
Supported media formats
File Format / Extension
Component
Codec
Notes
RTSP Streaming
MP4
M4A
3GP
3GP2
Video
H.264
Baseline Profile, 480x360 pixels, up to 2 Mbit/s, 30 frames per second
Supported
MPEG4
Simple Profile Level 3, 480x360 pixels, up to 2 Mbit/s, 30 frames per second
Supported
H.263
Profile 0 and 3, Level 30
Supported
Audio
AAC-LC, AAC+, eAAC+
Supported
AMR-NB
Supported
QCELP EVRC
AVI
Video
MPEG4
Simple Profile Level 3, 480x360 pixels, up to 2 Mbit/s, 30 frames per second
Supported
Audio
MP3
ASF
WMV
WMA
Video
Windows Media Video 9
WMV3, Simple Profile, 480x360 pixels, 30 frames per second
Audio
Windows Media Audio 9
Supported
Windows Media 10 Standard/Professional
Supported
MP3
Audio
MP3
Software updates
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Firmware updates were released after December 2008 that addressed most of the critic's issues; updates can be downloaded online or over-the-air, and can be installed by the user. The current software is:
Device
Carrier
Package Version
Applications
Software Platform
BlackBerry Storm 9530
MTS Mobility
5.0.0.808
5.0.0.419
4.2.0.179
BlackBerry Storm 9530
Verizon Wireless
5.0.0.328
5.0.0.328
4.2.0.128
BlackBerry Storm 9530
Telus Mobility
5.0.0.419
5.0.0.419
4.2.0.179
BlackBerry Storm 9530
Bell Mobility
5.0.0.419
5.0.0.419
4.2.0.179
BlackBerry Storm 9530
Iusacell
4.7.0.208
4.7.0.151
4.0.0.186
BlackBerry Storm 9500
Vodafone Australia
5.0.0.742
5.0.0.451
4.2.0.198
SIM lock
The BlackBerry Storm by default is SIM locked, and can be subsequently unlocked on both the 9500 & 9530 Storm editions to use on any GSM network if the code is obtained from the respective provider. The 9530 is not compatible with AT&T Mobility's 3G UMTS/HSDPA network because its UMTS transceiver only works at 2.1 GHz which is a frequency not used in the United States for UMTS, but the BlackBerry Storm will still work over the slower EDGE network in the United States and respective EDGE network from Rogers Communications in Canada.
Sales and replacement
The Blackberry Storm sold 500,000 units in its first month and 1 million units by January 2009. However, Verizon had to replace almost all of the one million Storm smartphones sold in 2008 due to issues with the SurePress touch screen and claimed $500 million in losses.
Critical reception
The Storm was met with generally mixed reviews, some focusing on serious usability problems in particular. Many gadget reviewers, including Bonnie Cha of CNET, Joshua Topolsky of Engadget and Sascha Segan from PC Magazine, noted the Storm's much-improved web browser and impressive call quality, while also deeming the SurePress touchscreen difficult to learn and a hindrance to fast typing. Several reviews also noted that the web browser was still unable to handle complex webpages correctly, saying that the iPhone's Safari is a better mobile browser. A number of reviewers also ran into multiple software glitches during their testing, such as lockups, sluggish performance and refusal to switch orientation. The lack of Wi-Fi support also irked a few reviewers, but as noted by Jeff Rauschert of MLive, Verizon's wireless network somewhat makes up for this. David Haskin of the Reseller News noted that BlackBerry's major business features, such as enterprise e-mail integration and Microsoft Office document editing capabilities, were on par with BlackBerry's previous offerings, noting that these features would likely make the Storm more popular with the business crowd. David Pogue of the New York Times bashed the BlackBerry Storm calling it the BlackBerry Dud and said it was "head-bangingly frustrating", particularly for lacking Wi-Fi and being prone to too many glitches. Stephen Fry called the Storm "the Edsel of smartphones, an absolute smeller from top to bottom."
References
^ Cheng, Roger (2008-11-13). "Verizon Wireless To Sell Blackberry Storm On Nov 21". CNN Money. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
^ a b "BlackBerry Storm". Phonewreck. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
^ Multi-touch support Archived January 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e f Research In Motion. "BlackBerry Storm Specs". Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
^ "Official Specification of Blackberry Storm (VZW)". Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ The Boy Genius (2008-08-08). "BlackBerry Thunder gets 9530 model designation on Verizon, October 13th release date?". The Boy Genius Report. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
^ Hamilton, Anita (2008-10-07). "BlackBerry's Storm Aims to Blow the iPhone Away". Time. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
^ a b Why the BlackBerry Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ Vodafone Australia. "BlackBerry Storm Pre-register Vodafone Australia". Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
^ The Boy Genius (2008-05-13). "BlackBerry Thunder, the touchscreen BlackBerry we've all been waiting for". The Boy Genius Report. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
^ Deborah Hoyte (2009-05-01). "Research In Motion introduces the Blackberry Storm to Barbados". Barbados Advocate. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^ a b Arar, Yardena (2008-10-13). "BlackBerry Storm: RIM's Un-iPhone". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
^ a b "BlackBerry Storm Info". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
^ Research In Motion. "Media types supported on the BlackBerry smartphone". Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ "BlackBerry Storm Doing Better Than We Thought". 27 January 2009.
^ "Why the BlackBerry Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history". 25 May 2015.
^ "RIM BlackBerry Storm (Verizon Wireless) Smartphone reviews - CNET Reviews". Retrieved 2008-11-22.
^ "BlackBerry Storm reviews - Engadget". Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^ Segan, Sascha. "T-Mobile's G1 vs. the Smartphone Heavyweights - RIM BlackBerry Storm 9530 - At A Glance - Reviews by PC Magazine". Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^ "BlackBerry Storm Review (Verdict: Not Quite a Perfect Storm)". 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
^ "BlackBerry Storm review: Inelegant touch screen doesn't live up to the hype - The Flint Journal Online News - Michigan Newspaper - MLive.com". 21 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^ "BlackBerry Storm: not just an iPhone wannabe". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
^ Pogue, David (2008-11-27). "No Keyboard? And You Call This a BlackBerry?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
^ Gee One Bold Storm Coming Up. December 11, 2008.
External links
BlackBerry Storm website (Official site)
BlackBerry Storm specifications
vteBlackBerry LimitedExecutive team
John S. Chen (CEO and Executive Chair)
DevicesAndroid
Priv
DTEK
KeyOne
Aurora
Motion
Key2
Evolve
BlackBerry 10
Z series
Z30
Z10
Z3
Q series
Q10
Q5
P'9982
Passport
Classic
Leap
BlackBerry Tablet OS
PlayBook
Classic BlackBerry OS
pagers
900
950
Quark series
Charm
Electron series
Pearl series
Curve series
8520
Bold series
9700
Storm
Tour
Storm 2
Torch series
9800
Style
P'9981
Services
BlackBerry Messenger (BBM)
BBM Enterprise
BlackBerry World
BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES)
Documents To Go
Telephones portal
Category
Commons
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BlackBerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"Research In Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGR_8-08-6"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"Research In Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motion"},{"link_name":"haptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"Palm Pre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Pre"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_G1"},{"link_name":"HTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-7"},{"link_name":"HTC Touch family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Touch_family"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"}],"text":"The BlackBerry Storm is a touchscreen smartphone developed by Research In Motion. A part of the BlackBerry 9500 series of phones,[6] it was RIM's first touchscreen device, and its first without a physical keyboard. It featured a touchscreen that responded like a button via SurePress, Research In Motion's haptic feedback technology. Its competitors included Apple's iPhone, the Palm Pre, the T-Mobile G1 by HTC[7] and the HTC Touch family.In a 2015 book, Losing the Signal: The Untold Story Behind the Extraordinary Rise and Spectacular Fall of BlackBerry, the authors argued that the Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history.[8]","title":"BlackBerry Storm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"SFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR"},{"link_name":"Vodacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodacom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vodafone-9"},{"link_name":"Verizon Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless"},{"link_name":"Telus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus"},{"link_name":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canada"},{"link_name":"SaskTel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaskTel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGR_5-13-10"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lime_(middleware)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Digicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digicel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackberry_B'dos_launch-11"},{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA"},{"link_name":"EV-DO Rev. A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._A"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"quad-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-band"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"EDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"Fido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido_Solutions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arar-12"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackberry_Storm_Info-13"}],"text":"The BlackBerry Storm was available through Vodafone in the UK, Germany, France (SFR), Italy, Ireland, Australia, South Africa (Vodacom), The Netherlands and India;[9] Verizon Wireless in the United States; Telus, Bell, and SaskTel in Canada, on Iusacell in Mexico,[10] and on lime and Digicel in parts the Caribbean.[11]The BlackBerry Storm 9530 was an international and worldwide electronic communicating device, featuring CDMA with EV-DO Rev. A data, UMTS with HSDPA, and quad-band GSM with EDGE data access speed. The BlackBerry Storm 9500 does not include the CDMA module and is destined for use outside North America. However, the BlackBerry Storm only has European, Oceania, Asia and Brazil UMTS and HSDPA frequency bands. Therefore, if the BlackBerry Storm is used with GSM wireless carriers in North America, the BlackBerry Storm will only be able to access wireless internet at EDGE data speed maximum. This is because GSM carriers in North America, namely AT&T, T-Mobile, Rogers and Fido, do not operate on the same frequency bands for 3G as the rest of the world. If BlackBerry Storm is used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania or Brazil, HSDPA wireless data speed can be achieved, provided that the local GSM network supports it.[12] The phone will use the primary network technology of its intended carrier (Verizon) when traveling domestically in the US, and rely upon the GSM/UMTS/HSDPA networks of Vodafone mainly when traveling abroad. There are currently no unlocked and unbranded versions available for the GSM Blackberry Storm however unlocking the phone will allow it to be used with any GSM service provider.[13]","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phonewreck.com-2"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte"},{"link_name":"MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte"},{"link_name":"NVRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVRAM"},{"link_name":"microSD card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD"}],"text":"The Storm utilizes the MSM7600 from Qualcomm,[2] a dual core CPU with ARM11 400 MHz and ARM9 274 MHz. The device features 1 GB of onboard memory, 128 MB of NVRAM and an expandable memory slot support for a microSD card of up to an additional 32 GB. Verizon Wireless, Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility include a preinstalled 8 GB microSD card on board.","title":"Hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Film_Transistor"},{"link_name":"LCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystal_Display"},{"link_name":"capacitive touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_touchscreen"},{"link_name":"virtual keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_keyboard"},{"link_name":"QWERTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWERTY"},{"link_name":"megapixel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixel"},{"link_name":"camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera"},{"link_name":"flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)"},{"link_name":"autofocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"}],"sub_title":"Screen and input","text":"The Storm featured a 3.25 in (8.3 cm) TFT-LCD capacitive touchscreen with 360x480 pixel resolution, able to display 65,536 colours. The screen also incorporated technology developed by RIM known as SurePress, which allows the screen to press down like a button to provide physical feedback.By default, the Storm uses a virtual keyboard implementing the SureType predictive text system used by other Blackberry phones when held vertically, switching to a QWERTY keyboard when held horizontally. Newer versions of the Blackberry OS for the Storm allow the use of the QWERTY keyboard when held vertically. Firmware package 4.7.0.203 (Verizon Wireless) removes the predictive text feature from the multi-tap keyboard configuration; the feature was reinstated in later updates. There have been reviews on reports of screen difficulties such as freezing and wrong buttons loading.The device features a built-in 3.2 megapixel camera located on back which features a flash, autofocus, and has video recording capabilities with a maximum resolution of 480 x 352 pixels.","title":"Hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA"},{"link_name":"EV-DO Rev. A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._A"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"quad-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-band"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"EDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"Fido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fido_Solutions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arar-12"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackberry_Storm_Info-13"}],"sub_title":"Connectivity","text":"The Storm supports CDMA with EV-DO Rev. A data, UMTS with HSDPA, and quad-band GSM with EDGE data access speed. The BlackBerry Storm 9500 has a firmware-disabled CDMA module and is destined for use outside North America. However, the BlackBerry Storm only has European, Oceania, Asia and Brazil UMTS and HSDPA frequency bands. Therefore, if the BlackBerry Storm is used with GSM wireless carriers in North America, the BlackBerry Storm will only be able to access wireless internet at EDGE data speed maximum. This is because GSM carriers in North America, namely AT&T, T-Mobile, Rogers and Fido do not operate on the same frequency bands for 3G as the rest of the world. If BlackBerry Storm is used in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania or Brazil, HSDPA wireless data speed can be achieved, provided that the local GSM network supports it.[12] The phone will use the primary network technology of its intended carrier (Verizon) when traveling domestically in the US, and rely upon the GSM/UMTS/HSDPA networks of Vodafone mainly when traveling abroad. There are currently no unlocked and unbranded versions available for the GSM Blackberry Storm; however unlocking the phone will allow it to be used with any GSM service provider.[13] The device also supports Bluetooth v2.0, Bluetooth Stereo Audio via A2DP and AVRCP.","title":"Hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIM_Doc_ID=KB05482_(detail)-14"}],"text":"[14]","title":"Supported media formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"over-the-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Firmware updates were released after December 2008 that addressed most of the critic's issues; updates can be downloaded online or over-the-air, and can be installed by the user. The current[when?] software is:","title":"Software updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SIM locked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lock"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"AT&T Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"Rogers Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Communications"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The BlackBerry Storm by default is SIM locked, and can be subsequently unlocked on both the 9500 & 9530 Storm editions to use on any GSM network if the code is obtained from the respective provider. The 9530 is not compatible with AT&T Mobility's 3G UMTS/HSDPA network because its UMTS transceiver only works at 2.1 GHz which is a frequency not used in the United States for UMTS, but the BlackBerry Storm will still work over the slower EDGE network in the United States and respective EDGE network from Rogers Communications in Canada. [citation needed]","title":"SIM lock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"}],"text":"The Blackberry Storm sold 500,000 units in its first month and 1 million units by January 2009.[15] However, Verizon had to replace almost all of the one million Storm smartphones sold in 2008 due to issues with the SurePress touch screen [16] and claimed $500 million in losses.[8]","title":"Sales and replacement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"usability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability"},{"link_name":"CNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNET_review-17"},{"link_name":"Engadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget_review-18"},{"link_name":"PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCMag_review-19"},{"link_name":"web browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser"},{"link_name":"Safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"mobile browser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_browser"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gizmodo_review-20"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLive_review-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reseller_review-22"},{"link_name":"David Pogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pogue"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Edsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The Storm was met with generally mixed reviews, some focusing on serious usability problems in particular. Many gadget reviewers, including Bonnie Cha of CNET,[17] Joshua Topolsky of Engadget[18] and Sascha Segan from PC Magazine,[19] noted the Storm's much-improved web browser and impressive call quality, while also deeming the SurePress touchscreen difficult to learn and a hindrance to fast typing. Several reviews also noted that the web browser was still unable to handle complex webpages correctly, saying that the iPhone's Safari is a better mobile browser. A number of reviewers also ran into multiple software glitches during their testing, such as lockups, sluggish performance and refusal to switch orientation.[20] The lack of Wi-Fi support also irked a few reviewers, but as noted by Jeff Rauschert of MLive, Verizon's wireless network somewhat makes up for this.[21] David Haskin of the Reseller News noted that BlackBerry's major business features, such as enterprise e-mail integration and Microsoft Office document editing capabilities, were on par with BlackBerry's previous offerings, noting that these features would likely make the Storm more popular with the business crowd.[22] David Pogue of the New York Times bashed the BlackBerry Storm calling it the BlackBerry Dud and said it was \"head-bangingly frustrating\", particularly for lacking Wi-Fi and being prone to too many glitches.[23] Stephen Fry called the Storm \"the Edsel of smartphones, an absolute smeller from top to bottom.\"[24]","title":"Critical reception"}]
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[{"reference":"Cheng, Roger (2008-11-13). \"Verizon Wireless To Sell Blackberry Storm On Nov 21\". CNN Money. Retrieved 2008-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200811130316DOWJONESDJONLINE000378_FORTUNE5.htm","url_text":"\"Verizon Wireless To Sell Blackberry Storm On Nov 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money","url_text":"CNN Money"}]},{"reference":"\"BlackBerry Storm\". Phonewreck. Retrieved 2009-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=BlackBerry_Storm","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm\""}]},{"reference":"Research In Motion. \"BlackBerry Storm Specs\". Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004934/http://www.blackberry.com/blackberrystorm/specifications.shtml","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm Specs\""},{"url":"http://www.blackberry.com/blackberrystorm/specifications.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Specification of Blackberry Storm (VZW)\". Archived from the original on 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2009-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231135736/http://www.iphonekiller.com/official-specification-of-blackberry-storm-vzw/","url_text":"\"Official Specification of Blackberry Storm (VZW)\""},{"url":"http://www.iphonekiller.com/official-specification-of-blackberry-storm-vzw/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Boy Genius (2008-08-08). \"BlackBerry Thunder gets 9530 model designation on Verizon, October 13th release date?\". The Boy Genius Report. Retrieved 2008-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/08/08/blackberry-thunder-gets-9530-model-designation-on-verizon/","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Thunder gets 9530 model designation on Verizon, October 13th release date?\""}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Anita (2008-10-07). \"BlackBerry's Storm Aims to Blow the iPhone Away\". Time. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007214257/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1847791,00.html","url_text":"\"BlackBerry's Storm Aims to Blow the iPhone Away\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1847791,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vodafone Australia. \"BlackBerry Storm Pre-register Vodafone Australia\". Archived from the original on October 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014104915/http://www.vodafone.com.au/personal/blackberrystorm/index.htm?pid=vca%3Ahome%3A1-4","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm Pre-register Vodafone Australia\""},{"url":"http://www.vodafone.com.au/personal/blackberrystorm/index.htm?pid=vca:home:1-4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Boy Genius (2008-05-13). \"BlackBerry Thunder, the touchscreen BlackBerry we've all been waiting for\". The Boy Genius Report. Retrieved 2008-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/05/13/blackberry-thunder-the-touchscreen-blackberry-weve-all-been-waiting-for/","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Thunder, the touchscreen BlackBerry we've all been waiting for\""}]},{"reference":"Deborah Hoyte (2009-05-01). \"Research In Motion introduces the Blackberry Storm to Barbados\". Barbados Advocate. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719210341/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=business&NewsID=3368","url_text":"\"Research In Motion introduces the Blackberry Storm to Barbados\""},{"url":"http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=business&NewsID=3368","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arar, Yardena (2008-10-13). \"BlackBerry Storm: RIM's Un-iPhone\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/08/AR2008100800105.html","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm: RIM's Un-iPhone\""}]},{"reference":"\"BlackBerry Storm Info\". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218182115/http://www.blackberry9500.us/","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm Info\""},{"url":"http://www.blackberry9500.us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Research In Motion. \"Media types supported on the BlackBerry smartphone\". Retrieved 2009-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackberry.com/btsc/viewContent.do?externalId=KB05482","url_text":"\"Media types supported on the BlackBerry smartphone\""}]},{"reference":"\"BlackBerry Storm Doing Better Than We Thought\". 27 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rimarkable.com/blackberry-storm-doing-better-than-we-thought","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm Doing Better Than We Thought\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why the BlackBerry Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history\". 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bgr.com/2015/05/25/worst-smartphone-ever-blackberry-storm/","url_text":"\"Why the BlackBerry Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIM BlackBerry Storm (Verizon Wireless) Smartphone reviews - CNET Reviews\". Retrieved 2008-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://reviews.cnet.com/smartphones/rim-blackberry-storm-verizon/4505-6452_7-33311850.html","url_text":"\"RIM BlackBerry Storm (Verizon Wireless) Smartphone reviews - CNET Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"BlackBerry Storm reviews - Engadget\". Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved 2008-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122093035/http://www.engadget.com/2008/11/19/blackberry-storm-review/l","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm reviews - Engadget\""},{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2008/11/19/blackberry-storm-review/l","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Segan, Sascha. \"T-Mobile's G1 vs. the Smartphone Heavyweights - RIM BlackBerry Storm 9530 - At A Glance - Reviews by PC Magazine\". 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Retrieved 2008-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mlive.com/flintjournal/business/index.ssf/2008/11/blackberry_storm.html","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm review: Inelegant touch screen doesn't live up to the hype - The Flint Journal Online News - Michigan Newspaper - MLive.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"BlackBerry Storm: not just an iPhone wannabe\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2008-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125201511/http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/review/7F78D2F9888806D4CC25750A006EE311","url_text":"\"BlackBerry Storm: not just an iPhone wannabe\""},{"url":"http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/review/7F78D2F9888806D4CC25750A006EE311","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pogue, David (2008-11-27). \"No Keyboard? And You Call This a BlackBerry?\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/technology/personaltech/27pogue.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&em","url_text":"\"No Keyboard? And You Call This a BlackBerry?\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200811130316DOWJONESDJONLINE000378_FORTUNE5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Verizon Wireless To Sell Blackberry Storm On Nov 21\""},{"Link":"http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=BlackBerry_Storm","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm\""},{"Link":"http://www.gearlog.com/2008/10/blackberry_storm_now_claims_mu.php","external_links_name":"Multi-touch support"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100111154959/http://www.gearlog.com/2008/10/blackberry_storm_now_claims_mu.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081011004934/http://www.blackberry.com/blackberrystorm/specifications.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm Specs\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackberry.com/blackberrystorm/specifications.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231135736/http://www.iphonekiller.com/official-specification-of-blackberry-storm-vzw/","external_links_name":"\"Official Specification of Blackberry Storm (VZW)\""},{"Link":"http://www.iphonekiller.com/official-specification-of-blackberry-storm-vzw/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/08/08/blackberry-thunder-gets-9530-model-designation-on-verizon/","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Thunder gets 9530 model designation on Verizon, October 13th release date?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081007214257/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1847791,00.html","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry's Storm Aims to Blow the iPhone Away\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1847791,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bgr.com/2015/05/25/worst-smartphone-ever-blackberry-storm/","external_links_name":"Why the BlackBerry Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014104915/http://www.vodafone.com.au/personal/blackberrystorm/index.htm?pid=vca%3Ahome%3A1-4","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm Pre-register Vodafone Australia\""},{"Link":"http://www.vodafone.com.au/personal/blackberrystorm/index.htm?pid=vca:home:1-4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boygeniusreport.com/2008/05/13/blackberry-thunder-the-touchscreen-blackberry-weve-all-been-waiting-for/","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Thunder, the touchscreen BlackBerry we've all been waiting for\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719210341/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=business&NewsID=3368","external_links_name":"\"Research In Motion introduces the Blackberry Storm to Barbados\""},{"Link":"http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=business&NewsID=3368","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/08/AR2008100800105.html","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm: RIM's Un-iPhone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081218182115/http://www.blackberry9500.us/","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm Info\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackberry9500.us/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blackberry.com/btsc/viewContent.do?externalId=KB05482","external_links_name":"\"Media types supported on the BlackBerry smartphone\""},{"Link":"http://www.rimarkable.com/blackberry-storm-doing-better-than-we-thought","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm Doing Better Than We Thought\""},{"Link":"http://bgr.com/2015/05/25/worst-smartphone-ever-blackberry-storm/","external_links_name":"\"Why the BlackBerry Storm was the single biggest disaster in smartphone history\""},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/smartphones/rim-blackberry-storm-verizon/4505-6452_7-33311850.html","external_links_name":"\"RIM BlackBerry Storm (Verizon Wireless) Smartphone reviews - CNET Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122093035/http://www.engadget.com/2008/11/19/blackberry-storm-review/l","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm reviews - Engadget\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2008/11/19/blackberry-storm-review/l","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2331977,00.asp","external_links_name":"\"T-Mobile's G1 vs. the Smartphone Heavyweights - RIM BlackBerry Storm 9530 - At A Glance - Reviews by PC Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/5093715/blackberry-storm-review-verdict-not-quite-a-perfect-storm","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm Review (Verdict: Not Quite a Perfect Storm)\""},{"Link":"http://www.mlive.com/flintjournal/business/index.ssf/2008/11/blackberry_storm.html","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm review: Inelegant touch screen doesn't live up to the hype - The Flint Journal Online News - Michigan Newspaper - MLive.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125201511/http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/review/7F78D2F9888806D4CC25750A006EE311","external_links_name":"\"BlackBerry Storm: not just an iPhone wannabe\""},{"Link":"http://reseller.co.nz/reseller.nsf/review/7F78D2F9888806D4CC25750A006EE311","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/technology/personaltech/27pogue.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&em","external_links_name":"\"No Keyboard? And You Call This a BlackBerry?\""},{"Link":"http://www.stephenfry.com/2008/12/11/gee-one-bold-storm-coming-up/","external_links_name":"Gee One Bold Storm Coming Up"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090116111036/http://www.blackberry.com/blackberrystorm/","external_links_name":"BlackBerry Storm website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110124224549/http://us.blackberry.com/smartphones/blackberrystorm/#!phone-specifications","external_links_name":"BlackBerry Storm specifications"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007572541405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010007355","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1gner_Benazzi
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Vágner Benazzi
|
["1 Club career","2 Coaching career","3 Death","4 Honours","4.1 Player","4.2 Coach","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Brazilian footballer (1954–2023)
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Benazzi and the second or paternal family name is de Andrade.
Vágner Benazzi
Benazzi in 2010Personal informationFull name
Vágner Benazzi de AndradeDate of birth
(1954-07-17)17 July 1954Place of birth
Osasco, São Paulo, BrazilDate of death
22 May 2023(2023-05-22) (aged 68)Place of death
Osasco, São Paulo, BrazilHeight
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
Right-backYouth career1967–1969
Nacional (SP)1970–1971
PortuguesaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1972
Operário (MS)
1973
Portuguesa
1974
Sampaio Corrêa
1975–1977
Juventude
1978
XV de Jaú
1979–1980
Comercial
1981–1982
Palmeiras
1983
São José
1984
Paulista
1985
Botafogo-PB
1985
Taquaritinga
1986
Independente de Limeira
1988
Lençoense
1989
Sãocarlense
Managerial career1989–1990
Sãocarlense1990
Lençoense1990
União Barbarense1990
Comercial1991
Sãocarlense1991
Lemense1991
Taquaritinga1992–1993
Sãocarlense1994
Comercial1994
Portuguesa Santista1995
União Barbarense1996
Bragantino1996
Paulista1996
Paraguaçuense1997
União Barbarense1998
Gama1998–1999
Paulista1999–2000
São José (SP)2000
Santo André2001
Atlético Sorocaba2001
Santo André2001
Figueirense2002
Santo André2002
Náutico2003
Figueirense2003
Brasiliense2004
Criciúma2004
Paysandu2005
Fortaleza2005
Joinville2006
Avaí2006–2008
Portuguesa2008
Ponte Preta2009
Vila Nova2009–2010
Portuguesa2010–2011
Avaí2011
Bahia2011
Vitória2012
Botafogo (SP)2013
Bragantino2013
Atlético Sorocaba2013
Bragantino2014
Paysandu2014
Comercial2014
Guarani2014
Portuguesa2015
Bragantino2016
Nacional de Manaus
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Vágner Benazzi de Andrade (17 July 1954 – 22 May 2023) was a Brazilian professional football coach and former player who played as a right-back. During his tenure as a coach, he gained recognition as the "Rei do Acesso" (King of Promotions) due to his remarkable achievements in leading lower division clubs to higher tiers. Throughout his career, Benazzi guided a total of six different clubs to promotion, encompassing both the Campeonato Brasileiro and the Campeonato Paulista. He was also known for his ability to successfully steer teams clear of relegation.
As a player, he enjoyed a professional career spanning 16 years, during which he represented teams such as Comercial, Juventude, and Palmeiras.
Club career
Benazzi's early footballing journey involved playing for the youth teams of Nacional-SP and Portuguesa. Subsequently, in 1972, he embarked on his professional career as a right-back with Operário de Campo Grande. In 1973, Benazzi made his return to Lusa, where he joined the squad that went on to clinch the Campeonato Paulista title that year. Following a one-year stint with Sampaio Corrêa, he played for Juventude from 1975 to 1978.
In 1978, Benazzi briefly played for XV de Jaú before making a move to Comercial de Ribeirão Preto the following year. It was during his time at Comercial that he truly made his mark, delivering standout performances in the 1979 and 1980 editions of the Campeonato Paulista. Benazzi's exceptional performances caught the attention of Palmeiras, leading to his signing with the club for a two-season stint. However, his time with Verdão did not yield significant success.
Following his departure from Palmeiras, Benazzi spent a year with São José before joining Paulista, where he was part of the squad that finished second in the 1984 Campeonato Paulista second division. In 1985, he played for Botafogo-PB in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A and for Taquaritinga in the Paulistão second tier. In the final years of his career, Benazzi went on to represent Independente de Limeira, Lençoense, and Grêmio Sãocarlense, concluding his professional journey with the latter in 1989.
Coaching career
In 1989, Benazzi took up his first major coaching role as he led his former team, Grêmio Sãocarlense, to the Campeonato Paulista Third Division title, beating Sertãozinho in the finals. Benazzi replicated his success the following year by guiding União Barbarense to promotion to the second division. In 1991, he took on his first coaching role in the second tier of state football, where he led Lemense to a second-place finish. The subsequent year, he achieved further triumph by securing the title with Taquaritinga.
Following a second stint with Sãocarlense and a brief spell with Comercial, Benazzi took Portuguesa Santista to the second division in 1994. In the 1990s, he also worked in Bragantino, Paraguaçuense and União Barbarense. He took the latter to their first-ever promotion to the top flight of the Campeonato Paulista, in 1998.
Benazzi joined Avaí in 2006, helping the club to achieve a place in 2007 Copa do Brasil. He subsequently moved to Portuguesa, being promoted with the club and also winning the Campeonato Paulista Série A2.
On 10 October 2010, after managing Ponte Preta, Vila Nova and Portuguesa, Benazzi returned to Avaí, with the club narrowly avoiding relegation in the year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. On 14 February of the following year, however, he was relieved of his duties.
Benazzi also managed Bahia, and after being dismissed joined fierce rivals Vitória, leaving the latter in December 2011. He was later in charge of Botafogo-SP, Bragantino (two stints), Atlético Sorocaba, Paysandu, Comercial-SP and Guarani. He rescinded with the latter on 14 September, joining Portuguesa a day after.
Death
Benazzi died in Osasco on 22 May 2023, at the age of 68.
Honours
Player
Portuguesa
Campeonato Paulista: 1973
Juventude
Copa Governador do Estado: 1975, 1976
Coach
Grêmio Sãocarlense
Campeonato Paulista Third Division: 1989
Taquaritinga
Campeonato Paulista Second Division: 1992
União Barbarense
Campeonato Paulista Série A2: 1998
Gama
Campeonato Brasiliense: 1998, 2000
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 1998
Figueirense
Campeonato Catarinense: 2001, 2003
Fortaleza
Campeonato Cearense: 2005
References
^ Alberti, Carolina (22 May 2023). "Como Vagner Benazzi conquistou o apelido de 'Rei dos Acessos'". UOL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Conhecido como ' Rei do Acesso', Vagner Benazzi morre aos 68 anos". Gazeta de S.Paulo. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ a b "Vágner Benazzi, ex-lateral do Palmeiras e técnico especialista em acessos e fugas de rebaixamento, morre aos 68 anos". ESPN.com (in Portuguese). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ Pescarini, Fábio (22 May 2023). "Vagner Benazzi de Andrade (1954 - 2023) - Mortes: 'Rei do Acesso', fez história como jogador e técnico". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ a b "Benazzi volta à Lusa. Treinador tem a missão de evitar o rebaixamento". Lance (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Esporte Clube Juventude - Site Oficial - Notícias". www.juventude.com.br. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Identificação com Comercial e marcante no Botafogo-SP: clubes lamentam morte de Vagner Benazzi". ge (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Vágner Benazzi - Que fim levou?". Terceiro Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ Nascimbene, Luana (22 May 2023). "Morre Vagner Benazzi, vice-campeão pelo Galo, aos 68 anos". Sampi Campinas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Benazzi". futebol80.com.br. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "LUTO: Ex-técnico do MAC morre em Osasco aos 68 anos". Jornal da Manhã de Marília. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ a b c "Luto! Morre Vagner Benazzi, um dos principais treinadores do estado de São Paulo". Futebol Interior. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Morre Vagner Benazzi, ex-técnico que conquistou acesso do Grêmio São-carlense em 89". A Cidade. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Morre aos 68 anos o ex-técnico do União Barbarense, Vagner Benazzi". SBNotícias. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Morre Vágner Benazzi, técnico que fez história no União Barbarense". O Liberal. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ Benazzi é o novo técnico (Benazzi is the new manager); Avaí's official website, 10 October 2010 (in Portuguese)
^ Benazzi deixa comando técnico (Benazzi leaves manager post); Avaí's official website, 14 February 2011 (in Portuguese)
^ Lori Sandri pede demissão, e Botafogo-SP contrata Vagner Benazzi (Lori Sandri resigns, and Botafogo-SP signs Vagner Benazzi); Terra, 10 February 2012 (in Portuguese)
^ Vagner Benazzi é o novo técnico do Bragantino (Vagner Benazzi is the new manager of Bragantino); Globo Esporte, 29 August 2012 (in Portuguese)
^ Após demitir Mazola, Bragantino anuncia a volta de Vágner Benazzi (After dismissing Mazola, Bragantino announces the return of Vágner Benazzi); IG Esporte, 31 May 2013 (in Portuguese)
^ Paysandu confirma novo técnico para sequência da Série B (Paysandu confirms new manager for the rest of Série B); Futebol Interior, 19 September 2013 (in Portuguese)
^ Mal no Campeonato Paulista, Comercial anuncia Vágner Benazzi (Badly in Campeonato Paulista, Comercial announces Vágner Benazzi); O Estado de S. Paulo, 7 February 2014 (in Portuguese)
^ Ameaçado de nova queda, Guarani anuncia Vágner Benazzi como técnico (Threatened by a new relegation, Guarani announces Vágner Benazzi); Esporte Interativo, 25 August 2014 (in Portuguese)
^ Vagner Benazzi se desliga do Guarani (Vagner Benazzi rescinds with Guarani); Guarani's official website, 14 September 2014 (in Portuguese)
^ Vagner Benazzi é o novo técnico da Portuguesa (Vagner Benazzi is the new manager of Portuguesa); Portuguesa's official website, 15 September 2014 (in Portuguese)
^ Morre ex-treinador importante da dupla Avaí e Figueirense (in Portuguese)
^ "Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
External links
Ogol profile (in Portuguese)
Official website (in Portuguese)
Vágner Benazzi – managerial positions
vteBragantino – managers
Bianchini (1986)
Luxemburgo (1988–90)
Parreira (1991)
Candinho (1992)
Ênio (1992)
Givanildo (1993)
Drašković (1994)
Cilinho (1994)
Ramirez (1994)
Leal (1995)
João Carlos (1995)
Benazzi (1996)
Riul (1996)
J. Pereira (1996)
Picerni (1996)
J. Teixeira (1997)
Cassiá (1997)
Cosme (1998)
Heron (1998)
C. Teixeira (1999)
J. Pereira (1999)
Picerni (1999)
Eli (1999–2000)
Nei (2001)
J. Pereira (2001)
Nei (2002)
E. Paulo (2002–03)
Rabello (2003)
Salles (2004)
M. Fernandes (2004)
M. Veiga (2004–07)
Roberval (2007)
M. Veiga (2007–12)
Cavalo (2012)
Benazzi (2012)
Mazola Jr. (2013)
Benazzi (2013)
M. Veiga (2013–14)
Gaspar c (2014)
Mazola Jr. (2014)
Gaspar c (2014)
PC Gusmão (2014)
Gaspar c (2014)
M. Aurélio (2015)
M. Araújo (2015)
A. Félix c (2015)
Benazzi (2015)
Loss (2015)
W. Lopes (2015)
Condé (2016)
T. Cecílio (2016)
M. Veiga (2016)
Estevam (2016)
A. Félix (2017)
R. Fonseca (2017)
M. Veiga (2017–19)
Zago (2019)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePaulista – managers
Alfredinho (1968)
O. Abreu (1969)
Alfredinho (1969)
Macedo (1971)
Núñez (1971)
Wilson (1971)
Alfredinho (1974)
Adésio (1975)
Cilinho (1975)
A. Válter (1976)
Belangero (1977)
Pepe (1978)
N. Alves (1979)
Nicanor (1984–85)
Dudu (1985)
S. Lopes (1986)
Paiva (1986)
Mota (1986)
Andreotti (1990–93)
Buzetto (1993–94)
Davino (1995)
Benazzi (1996)
Giba (1996–97)
Benazzi (1998–99)
L.C. Ferreira (2000)
Giba (2001–02)
Zé Teodoro (2002)
E. Gaúcho (2003)
Zetti (2003–04)
Mancini (2004–07)
Veiga (2007)
Waldemar (2007)
M. Vinícius (2008)
Giba (2008)
Moacir Jr. (2008)
L.C. Ferreira (2009)
A. Alves (2009–10)
W. Lopes (2010)
Diniz (2010)
W. Lopes (2011)
Baresi (2012)
Martins (2012)
Dedimar (2013)
Giba (2013–14)
Bittencourt (2014)
Davino (2015)
Robin (2015)
Beto (2015)
Fernandes (2016)
Beto c (2016)
Candinho (2016)
Stélio (2016)
Carlinhos (2017)
I. Canela c (2017)
S. Caetano (2017–18)
Edson Fio (2019–20)
P. Paulo c (2020)
J. Oliveira (2020)
Baiano (2021)
R. Chuva (2021)
Davino (2022)
A. Alves (2023)
Davino (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteGama – managers
Francisco (1979–80)
Nogueira (1981)
Orlando (1990–91)
Renio (1991)
Jota (1994)
Santos (1994)
J. Martins (1994)
Leal Neto (1995)
J. Martins (1995–96)
Bira (1997)
Queiroz (1997)
Holanda (1997)
Santos (1998)
Comelli (1998)
Fantato (1998)
Orlando (1998)
Benazzi (1998)
Zé Teodoro (1999)
S. Alexandre (1999)
C. Duarte (1999)
J.Espinosa (1999)
Otacílio (1999)
Picerni (1999)
Ferreira (2000)
Benazzi (2000)
Fernandes (2000)
Picerni (2000)
Paiva (2001)
Simionatto (2001)
S. Alexandre (2001)
Lopes (2001)
C. Duarte (2001)
Giba (2001–02)
S. Alexandre (2002)
Cuca (2002)
Porto (2003)
Baggio (2003)
Davino (2003)
E. Soares (2003)
Cavalo (2004)
Teixeira (2004)
Fernandes (2004–05)
Caio Jr. (2005)
Heriberto (2005)
Porto (2006)
Vitor Hugo (2006)
Heriberto (2006)
Kleina (2006)
Cavalo (2007)
Vitor Hugo (2007)
Kleina (2007)
W. Araújo (2007)
Cavalo (2008)
Ademir (2008)
Gelson (2008)
F. Barros (2008)
Vitor Hugo (2008)
Barbieri (2009)
Pedrinho Rocha (2009)
G. Vieira (2010)
E. Vieira (2010)
Heriberto (2010–11)
Adelson (2011)
Augusto (2012)
Vitor Hugo (2012–13)
Allax (2014)
Granzotto (2015)
Mangone (2016)
A. Bernardes (2016)
Gueldini (2017)
Glauber c (2017)
Dias (2018)
Antônio (2018)
Tadei (2019)
Tadei (2020)
V. Santana (2020–21)
Colbachini (2021)
Adaílton (2021)
Caranhato (2021)
Veloso (2022)
Tadei (2023)
Cícero Jr. (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSanto André – managers
Manga (1967)
Lula (1971)
Pirillo (1979)
Dalmo (1981)
Picerni (1983–84)
Cassiá (1987)
Coutinho (1988)
Serrão (1988–89)
Formiga (1989–90)
Julinho (1991)
Picerni (1991–92)
Carabina (1992)
H. dos Anjos (1993)
Tata (1997)
Tadei (1998–99)
Zé Teodoro (2002)
Benazzi (2002)
Vica (2002)
Martins (2003)
Ferreira (2004)
P. Chamusca (2004)
S. Soares (2004)
Ferreira (2005)
S. Soares (2005)
Cavalo (2006)
Fernandes (2006)
Scarpino (2006–07)
Ferreira (2007)
Campos (2007)
Roberval (2007)
S. Soares (2007)
Fahel Jr. (2007–08)
S. Soares (2008)
S. Guedes (2008–09)
Gallo (2009)
S. Soares (2009–10)
Picerni (2010)
Pintado (2011)
Sandro Gaúcho (2011)
Rotta (2011–12)
Scarpino (2012)
Peixoto (2012)
Itamar (2012)
Ademir (2013)
Dotti c (2013)
Lira (2013)
Dedimar (2013)
P.R. Santos (2013)
R. Fonseca (2014)
Dedimar (2014)
Tadei (2014)
Izzo (2014–15)
Tadei (2015)
Baroninho (2015)
L. Dias (2016)
T. Cecílio (2016–17)
S. Soares (2017–18)
Palhavan (2018)
Marchiori (2019)
Palhavan (2019)
P.R. Santos (2020–21)
Dotti c (2021)
M. Fernandes (2021)
Wilson Jr. (2021)
Carpini (2022)
Palhavan (2022)
Peixe (2022)
Bergantin (2023)
M. Costa (2023)
M. Griggio (2023)
Marchiori (2024)
M. Fernandes (2024)
Leston Jr. (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFigueirense – managers
Magno (1944)
Saul (1960)
Nizeta (1962–63)
Antoninho (1973)
Búrigo (1974–76)
S. Lopes (1976)
Ocimar (1976)
Búrigo (1976)
Áureo (1976–77)
Décio (1977)
Antônio J.C. (1977–78)
Passos (1978)
J. Ferreira (1979–80)
Búrigo (1980)
Otacílio (1981)
Vieira (1981)
Gainete (1981)
S. Lopes (1982)
Danilo (1983)
Damasceno (1983)
Balduíno (1983)
Zé Mário (1983)
Damasceno (1984)
Zé Mário (1984)
Búrigo (1984)
Lameiro (1985)
J. Ferreira (1986)
Cavalheiro (1987)
J. Espinosa (1987–88)
Búrigo (1988–89)
Damasceno (1989)
Daltro (1989)
Ademir (1990)
S. Lopes (1990)
Louruz (1991)
S. Lopes (1991)
Ademir (1991)
Nazareno (1991–92)
S. Lopes (1992)
Búrigo (1992–93)
Paiva (1993)
Nazareno (1993)
L.C. Cruz (1994)
Paiva (1995)
Nazareno (1995–96)
Teixeira (1996)
Búrigo (1996–97)
S. Lopes (1997)
Milioli (1998)
Youssef (1998)
Cassiá (1998–99)
Ribeiro (2000)
Louruz (2000–01)
Knevitz (2001)
Benazzi (2001)
Neto (2001)
Davino (2001)
Ribeiro (2002)
Cabralzinho (2002)
Muricy (2002)
Heron (2003)
Benazzi (2003)
Amaral c (2003)
Neto (2003)
L.C. Ferreira (2003)
Dorival Jr. (2003–04)
Comelli (2004–05)
Schülle c (2005)
M. Aurélio (2005)
Zé Mário (2005)
Adilson (2005–06)
W. Lemos (2006)
Heriberto (2006–07)
Micale c (2007)
M. Sérgio (2007)
Coutinho c (2007)
Gallo (2007–08)
Macuglia (2008)
PC Gusmão (2008)
M. Sérgio (2008)
Pintado (2008–09)
Abelha c (2009)
R. Fernandes (2009)
M. Araújo (2009)
Weber (2010)
Goiano (2010–11)
Jorginho (2011)
Branco (2011–12)
Argel (2012)
A. Ribeiro c (2012)
H. dos Anjos (2012)
A. Ribeiro c (2012)
Goiano (2012)
F. Gil c (2012)
Adilson (2013)
Eutrópio (2013–14)
Guto F. (2014)
Argel (2014–15)
Coutinho c (2015)
Simões (2015)
Coutinho (2015–16)
Eutrópio (2016)
Argel (2016)
Tuca c (2016)
Santos (2016–17)
Coelho c (2017)
Goiano (2017)
Cabo (2017)
Coelho c (2017)
Cruz (2017–18)
Micale (2018)
Maria (2019)
Coelho c (2019)
Eutrópio (2019)
Coelho c (2019)
Pintado (2019)
Coelho (2020)
Elano (2020)
Jorginho C. (2020–21)
Jr. Rocha (2022)
Cristóvão (2023)
Bazolli c (2023)
R. Fonseca (2023)
Baier (2023)
Burse (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteNáutico – managers
H. Cabelli (1930)
J. Loureiro (1934–35)
H. Cabelli (1935)
J. Loureiro (1936)
Eládio (1938)
H. Cabelli (1938–40)
Tito (1940–41)
Eládio c (1941)
Brotherhood (1941)
Eládio c (1941)
H. Cabelli (1941)
C. Viola (1941–42)
Eládio (1942)
J. Fernandes (1942–43)
Vani (1944)
Lázaro (1944–45)
Munt (1945–47)
Álvaro B. (1947–49)
H. Cabelli (1949)
Palmeira (1950–54)
Ivanildo (1954–55)
Pirilllo (1954–55)
Fiorotti (1955–56)
Ivanildo (1956)
Otto (1956)
G. Carvalho (1956–57)
Diéz (1957–58)
J. Costa (1958)
Ferraz (1958)
Ivanildo (1958)
Palmeira (1958–59)
Diéz (1959–60)
Schiller (1960)
Sávio (1960)
Magalhães (1960)
G. Cardoso (1960–61)
Andrade (1961)
González (1961)
Duque (1962–64)
Mituca (1964)
Duque (1964)
Mituca (1965)
Antoninho (1965)
Mituca (1966)
Dante (1966)
Duque (1966)
Miraglia (1967)
Duque (1967–68)
Manuelzinho (1969)
Paulinho (1969)
Manuelzinho (1969)
Gradim (1969–70)
Pirilllo (1970)
Cido (1970)
Edmur (1971)
Antoninho (1971)
Palmeira (1971)
Lucena (1971)
Gradim (1972)
J. Avelino (1973)
Marão (1973)
Schiller (1973)
Gradim (1973)
Fantoni (1974–75)
Carabina (1976–77)
Jálber (1977)
Duque (1977–78)
Danilo (1978)
Juan Pérez (1979)
Cidinho (1979)
Pinheiro (1979–80)
Cidinho (1980)
P. Emilio (1981)
R. Brida (1981)
Chaves (1981)
Fantoni (1982)
Pepe (1982)
L. Veloso (1983)
Andrade (1984)
Givanildo (1985)
M. Juliato (1985)
L. Veloso (1985)
Carpegiani (1986)
Carlesso (1986)
Borba F. (1987)
Nogueira (1987)
Barbatana (1987)
C.A. Torres (1987–88)
Louruz (1988)
L. Sabino (1988)
Muniz (1989)
Carpegiani (1989)
R. Oliveira (1989)
Otacílio (1990)
Muniz (1991)
Nunes (1991)
Zé Mário (1992)
Muniz (1992)
M. Juliato (1992)
H. dos Anjos (1993)
L. Veloso (1993)
Nunes (1994)
Ozires (1994)
M. Juliato (1994)
M. Fernandes (1995)
Ribeiro (1995)
Givanildo (1996)
Cavalheiro (1997)
M. Fernandes (1997)
Benjamim (1997–98)
Bianchini (1998)
Neto (1998–99)
M. Fernandes (2000)
L.C. Cruz (2000–01)
J. Espinosa (2001)
Muricy (2001)
Estevam (2001)
Muricy (2002)
Benazzi (2002)
Givanildo (2002–03)
Édson c (2003)
Heriberto (2003)
E. Gaúcho (2003)
Édson (2003)
Zé Teodoro (2004)
Heron (2005)
Didi Duarte c (2005)
Galvão (2005)
Cavalo (2005)
Didi Duarte (2006)
Cavalo (2006)
Campos (2006)
H. dos Anjos (2006–07)
Zé do Carmo c (2007)
PC Gusmão (2007)
R. Fernandes (2007–08)
Sangaletti c (2008)
Leandro (2008)
L. Gomes c (2008)
Pintado (2008)
R. Fernandes (2008–09)
China c (2009)
Waldemar (2009)
Bittencourt (2009)
Geninho (2009)
Macuglia (2010)
Édson c (2010)
Gallo (2010)
R. Fernandes (2010–11)
Waldemar (2011–12)
Gallo (2012–13)
L. Gomes c (2013)
Mancini (2013)
L. Gomes c (2013)
Silas (2013)
L. Gomes c (2013)
Zé Teodoro (2013)
Jorginho (2013)
L. Gomes (2013)
Martelotte (2013)
Lisca (2014)
China c (2014)
Sidney (2014)
L. Gomes c (2014)
Dado (2014)
Moacir Jr. (2015)
L. Gomes c (2015)
Lisca (2015)
Dal Pozzo (2015–16)
Gallo (2016)
Givanildo (2016)
Dado (2017)
L. Gomes c (2017)
M. Cruz (2017)
Waldemar (2017)
L. Gomes c (2017)
Campos (2017)
R. Fernandes (2017–18)
Capixaba c (2018)
M. Goiano (2018–19)
Dal Pozzo (2019–20)
Capixaba c (2020)
Kleina (2020)
H. dos Anjos (2020–21)
Chamusca (2021)
H. dos Anjos (2021–22)
M. Rocha c (2022)
Conceição (2022)
Capixaba c (2022)
R. Fernandes (2022)
Capixaba c (2022)
Elano (2022)
Cavalcanti (2022–23)
O. Augusto c (2023)
Marchiori (2023)
Pivetti (2023)
Allan Aal (2024)
Mazola Jr. (2024)
Pivetti (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBrasiliense – managers
Luisinho (2001)
Porto (2002)
Chamusca (2002)
Andreotti (2002–03)
Benazzi (2003)
M. Fernandes (2004)
Edinho (2004)
Espinosa (2005)
Santana (2005)
Bittencourt (2005)
Pereira (2006)
Picerni (2006)
R. Fernandes (2007)
Givanildo (2007)
Ferreira (2007)
Andreotti (2007–08)
Vitor Hugo (2008)
Alfinete (2008)
Prates (2008)
Gueldini (2008)
Heriberto (2009)
Davino (2009)
M. Fernandes (2009–10)
R. Fernandes (2010)
Soares (2010)
Adelson (2010)
Davino (2010)
Wortmann (2010)
Andrade (2010)
Soares (2011)
Argel (2011)
Gaúcho (2011–12)
Barbieri (2012)
Matta (2012)
Márcio (2012–13)
Fonseca (2013)
Gueldini (2013–14)
Cavalo (2014)
Soares (2014–15)
Jonhes (2015)
Everton (2016)
Souza (2016–17)
Toledo (2017–18)
Ailton (2018)
Adelson (2019)
Ricardo (2019)
M. Fernandes (2020)
Márcio (2020)
E. Souza (2020)
Tadei (2020–21)
Luan Carlos (2021)
Gueldini (2022)
Teixeira (2022)
Luan Carlos (2022–23)
Cavalo (2023)
Reis (2023–24)
Tadei (2024)
P.R. Santos (2024)
Oliva c (2024)
Winck (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteCriciúma – managers
Daltro (1978)
Miro (1978)
Flores (1978)
Casnok (1978)
Búrigo (1979)
Vieira (1979)
I. Navarro (1980)
Chiquinho (1980)
Fumanchú c (1980)
Espinosa (1980)
Ferreira (1981)
E. Madureira (1981)
Dória (1981)
Sandri (1981–82)
Furtado c (1982)
Barone (1982)
Varlei (1982–83)
Schmidt (1983)
Vicente (1983)
Búrigo (1983)
Coutinho c (1984)
P. Emílio (1984)
Coutinho c (1984)
Velha (1984–85)
Coutinho c (1985)
Itamar (1985)
Coutinho c (1985)
Cardoso (1985)
Coutinho c (1985)
Zé Carlos (1986–87)
Sandri (1987)
Poletto (1988)
Edu (1988)
Guimarães (1988)
Milioli c (1988)
Zé Carlos (1988)
Ernesto (1988)
Levir (1989)
S. Lopes (1989)
Levir (1990)
Milioli c (1990)
J. Francisco (1990)
Milioli (1990–91)
Felipão (1991)
Carbone (1991)
Milioli c (1991)
Sandri (1991)
Culpi (1992)
Airton c (1992)
Wortmann (1992)
Ramirez (1993)
Milioli (1993)
Neto (1994)
Milioli (1994)
Sandri (1994)
Cassiá (1995)
Milioli (1995–96)
Sarandi c (1996)
Lula (1996)
Sarandi c (1996)
Duarte (1996)
Cosme (1996)
Milioli c (1996)
Givanildo (1997)
Sarandi c (1997)
Graniti (1997)
Cosme (1997)
Pepe (1997)
Graniti (1998)
Vacaria (1998)
Piccinin (1998)
Ramirez (1998–99)
Vacaria (1999)
Teixeira (2000)
Lira (2000)
Milioli (2000–01)
Báez (2001)
Cuca (2001–02)
Patrício c (2002)
E. Gaúcho (2002)
Ribeiro (2003)
Patrício c (2003)
E. Gaúcho (2003)
Kleina (2003)
Sandri (2003)
Kleina (2003–04)
Airton c (2004)
Benazzi (2004)
Sandri (2004)
Barbieri (2005)
Plein (2005)
Dorival Jr. (2005)
Barbieri (2005)
E. Gaúcho (2005)
Pandóssio c (2005)
P. Criciúma (2006)
E. Gaúcho (2006)
Milioli (2006)
Macuglia (2006)
Silva (2007)
Weber (2007)
Milioli c (2007)
Cavalo (2007)
Milioli c (2007)
Leandro (2008)
Silva (2008)
E. Gaúcho (2008)
Milioli c (2008)
Campos (2008)
Milioli c (2008)
Leandro (2009)
Fonseca (2009)
Schülle (2009–10)
Wilsão (2010)
Milioli c (2010)
Argel (2010)
Macuglia (2011)
E. Gaúcho (2011)
Guto (2011)
Fernandes (2011)
Goiano (2011–12)
Criciúma c (2012)
Comelli (2012–13)
Criciúma c (2013)
Vadão (2013)
Criciúma (2013)
Argel (2013)
Drubscky (2014)
Vieira c (2014)
Caio Jr. (2014)
Lopes (2014)
Wilsão c (2014)
Dal Pozzo (2014)
T. Cecílio (2014)
Vieira (2014–15)
Moacir Jr. (2015)
Duca c (2015)
Petković (2015)
Vieira c (2015)
Cavalo (2015–16)
Deivid (2017)
Winck (2017)
Campos (2017)
Grizzo c (2017)
Lisca (2018)
Grizzo c (2018)
Argel (2018)
Mazola Jr. (2018)
Doriva (2019)
Wilsão c (2019)
Kleina (2019)
Wilsão c (2019)
Waguinho (2019)
Cavalo (2019–20)
Schülle (2020)
Hemerson (2021)
Wilsão c (2021)
Baier (2021)
Tencati (2021–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePaysandu – managers
G. Cardoso (1961–63)
J. Álvarez (1965–66)
G. Cardoso (1968)
C. Castilho (1969)
J. Álvarez (1976)
Marão (1977)
Pirilllo (1977)
P. Emilio (1979)
J. Avelino (1981)
J. Pereira (1982)
Portella (1986)
Givanildo (1987–88)
J. Francisco (1990)
Paulinho (1992)
Picerni (1993)
Tata (1993)
Bira (1994)
Fantato (1994)
Tata (1994–95)
Serrão (1995)
L. Pereira (1995–96)
Louruz (1997)
Tata (1997)
Givanildo (2000)
Ramirez (2001)
Givanildo (2001–02)
H. dos Anjos (2002)
Pereyra (2003)
Givanildo (2003)
Wortmann (2003)
Benazzi (2004)
Adilson (2004)
C.A. Torres (2004)
Neto (2004)
Cavalo (2005)
Kleina (2005)
Campos (2005)
Neto (2005)
C.A. Torres (2005)
P.R. Santos (2006)
Peres (2006)
A. Fonseca (2006)
C. César (2006)
Zaluar (2007–08)
Lourenço (2008)
Gaúcho (2009)
Nazareno (2009)
Barbieri (2009)
Guerreiro (2010)
Barbieri (2010)
Naves (2010)
Cosme (2011)
R. Fernandes (2011)
Gaúcho (2011)
Andrade (2011)
Davino (2012)
Lecheva (2012–2013)
Givanildo (2013)
Arturzinho (2013)
Benazzi (2013)
Gameleira c (2013)
Mazola Jr. (2014)
Gameleira c (2014)
Vica (2014)
Mazola Jr. (2014)
Sidney (2015)
Cavalcanti (2015–16)
Dal Pozzo (2016)
Cavalcanti (2016)
Chamusca (2017)
Gameleira c (2017)
M. Santos (2017–18)
Cavalcanti (2018)
Guilherme (2018)
A. Costa c (2018)
Brigatti (2018–19)
Condé (2019)
Niehues c (2019)
H. dos Anjos (2019–20)
Niehues c (2020)
M. Costa (2020)
Niehues c (2020)
Brigatti (2020–21)
A. Costa c (2021)
Schülle (2021)
Bezerra c (2021)
Eutrópio (2021)
R. Fonseca (2021)
Bezerra c (2021)
M. Fernandes (2022–23)
Bezerra c (2023)
M. Santos (2023)
H. dos Anjos (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFortaleza – managers
Caiçara (1973)
Moésio (1974)
Urubatão (1974)
Laerte (1975–76)
Urubatão (1976)
Moésio (1977)
A. Meneses (1978)
Jalber (1981)
Moésio (1982)
P. Emílio (1982–83)
Didi (1985)
Pepe (1985)
Newton (1986)
P. Emílio (1988)
Gil Alves (1990)
Dé (1990)
S. Lopes (1991)
Bianchini (1992)
Geninho (1994)
C. Morais (1995)
D. Augusto (1995)
Newton (1996)
Lira (1997)
Argeu (1997)
Vilar (1998)
Lira (1999)
F. Araújo (1999)
Galli (1999)
R. Oliveira (1999)
F. Araújo (2000)
Aderbal (2000)
Ferdinando (2000)
Zaluar (2001)
Ferdinando (2001–02)
L.C. Cruz (2002)
Ferdinando (2003)
L.C. Cruz (2003)
M. Araújo (2003)
Givanildo (2004)
Hélio (2004)
M. Fernandes (2004)
Zetti (2004)
Dorival Jr. (2005)
Benazzi (2005)
Hélio (2005)
Espinosa (2005)
J. Pereira (2005)
Picerni (2006)
Cecílio c (2006)
Bittencourt (2006)
Hélio (2006)
Roberval (2006)
Frasson c (2006–07)
Bonamigo (2007)
Marco Aurélio (2007)
Knevitz (2007)
Veras c (2006–07)
Zetti (2007)
Silas (2007–08)
Heriberto (2008)
Irineu c (2008)
L.C. Barbieri (2008)
Veras c (2008)
Heriberto (2008)
Mior (2009)
Mirandinha (2009)
Vladimir c (2009)
Giba (2009)
M. Fernandes (2009)
R. Fernandes (2009)
Müller (2010)
Zé Teodoro (2010)
Vladimir c (2010)
F. Araújo (2011)
Ferdinando (2011)
Bernardes (2011)
Marcinho c (2010)
Ademir (2011)
J. Araújo (2011)
Nedo (2011–12)
Vica (2012–13)
Gavião c (2013)
Hélio (2013)
Martins (2013)
M. Chamusca (2014–15)
Nedo (2015)
M. Chamusca (2015)
F. Araújo (2016)
Marquinhos (2016)
Hemerson (2016–17)
Marquinhos (2017)
Bonamigo (2017)
Zago (2017)
Ceni (2018–19)
Montenegro c (2019)
Zé Ricardo (2019)
Ceni (2019–20)
Montenegro c (2020)
M. Chamusca (2020–21)
Enderson (2021)
Porto c (2021)
Vojvoda (2021–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteJoinville – managers
Poletto (1977)
Peçanha (1979)
Diede (1980–81)
Búrigo (1983)
Paiva (1984)
Diede (1984)
Mota (1985)
J. Francisco (1985)
N. Lopes (1986)
H. dos Anjos c (1986)
Edu (1987)
H. dos Anjos (1988–89)
Borba (1990)
Arenari (1990)
Búrigo (1991)
Ademir (1991)
Bianchini (1992)
H. dos Anjos (1992)
Galli (1993)
L. Campos c (1993)
Dé (1995)
Paulinho (1995)
Galli (1997–98)
W. Oliveira (1998)
Bianchini (1998)
Bonamigo (1998–00)
Neto (2000)
Cavalo (2001)
Paiva (2001)
H. Ramos (2002)
Lira (2003)
Carbone (2003)
R. Gaúcho (2003)
Ademir (2003)
Gaúcho (2004)
L.C. Cruz (2004)
Galli (2004)
Ademir (2004)
Benazzi (2005)
Neto (2006)
Ramirez (2006)
W. Oliveira (2006)
Macuglia (2007)
Schülle (2007)
Barbieri (2007)
Ramirez (2007)
W. Oliveira (2007)
W. Lemos (2008)
Piccinin (2008)
L. Campos (2009)
Gelson (2009)
Ramirez (2009)
Edinho (2010)
Leandro (2010)
Ramirez (2010)
Giba (2011)
Arturzinho (2011)
Ovelha (2011)
Argel (2012)
L. Campos (2012)
M. Serrano (2012)
Neto (2012)
Arturzinho (2013)
Drubscky (2013)
Ramirez (2013)
H. Maria (2014–15)
Adilson (2015)
PC Gusmão (2015–16)
H. Maria (2016)
Fabinho c (2016)
Lisca (2016)
Ramon (2016)
Fabinho (2017)
Pingo (2017)
Zimmermann (2018)
Costa (2018)
M. Fernandes (2018)
P. Maradona c (2018)
Zé Teodoro (2019)
Surian (2019)
Danilo (2019)
P. Maradona (2019)
Fabinho (2020)
Eutrópio (2021)
Elizeu c (2021)
L. Zago (2021)
Elizeu c (2021)
Massaro (2022)
Dal Pozzo (2022)
Testoni (2022)
Júlio César (2023)
Martelotte (2023)
Fabinho (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAvaí – managers
Pires (1924)
Martinelli (1925)
Magno (1943–44)
Nizeta (1960–61)
Amorim (1962–66)
Saul (1966)
Amorim (1967–69)
Dirceu (1969)
Saul (1969)
Amorim (1969)
Jardim (1970)
Amorim (1971)
Nelinho (1971)
José Ferreira (1972)
Miraglia (1972–73)
Jorge Ferreira (1973–74)
José Ferreira (1974–75)
Áureo (1975–76)
Castro (1976–77)
Emílson (1977)
Dacica c (1978)
Tião (1978)
Dacica c (1978)
Áureo (1978)
Goulart (1978)
N. Ferreira (1979)
Luiz Alberto (1979)
Acácio (1979)
Áureo (1979)
Miro (1979)
Dacica c (1979)
Perrone (1980)
Áureo (1980)
S. Lopes (1981)
Caldeira (1981)
Áureo (1981)
P. Leão (1982)
C. Wagner (1982)
Félix (1982)
Ladinho (1982–83)
Emílson (1984)
Sérgio M. (1984)
Dacica (1984)
Zé Carlos (1985)
Búrigo (1985–86)
Vicente (1986)
C. Duarte (1986)
Vacaria (1987)
Zanata (1987)
Áureo (1987)
R. Guimarães (1987–88)
Cavalheiro (1988)
S. Lopes (1988)
Lico (1989)
Djalma (1989)
Lico (1989)
H. dos Anjos (1989–90)
Gil Alves (1990)
S. Lopes (1990)
Mello (1990)
Ladinho (1990–91)
S. Lopes (1991)
L.C. Cruz (1992)
S. Lopes (1992)
Balduíno (1993)
Búrigo (1993)
Adilson F. (1993)
Nazareno (1993)
Joceli (1994)
Búrigo (1994–95)
R. Guimarães (1995–96)
Joubert (1996)
Joceli (1996)
Graniti (1997)
Emílson c (1997)
Milioli (1997)
Ribeiro (1997)
Salomão (1998)
Graniti (1998)
Evandro G. c (1998)
Cavalo (1998–99)
Milioli (1999)
Cuca (1999–2000)
Cavalo (2000–01)
H. Ramos (2001)
Cavalo (2001)
Flamarion (2002)
J. Espinosa (2002)
Adilson (2002–03)
Itá c (2003)
L. Pereira (2003)
Play F. c (2003)
J. Pereira (2003)
Ribeiro (2003–04)
Toni c (2004)
Paquetá (2004)
Cavalo (2004)
Galli (2005)
Belmonte c (2005)
M. Araújo (2005)
Joceli c (2005)
Casemiro (2006)
Benazzi (2006)
Dorival Jr. (2006)
E. Gaúcho (2006)
Joceli c (2006)
Josué (2007)
Ramirez (2007)
Zé Teodoro (2007)
Sampaio (2007)
Ramirez (2007–08)
Neguinho c (2008)
Silas (2008–09)
P. Chamusca (2010)
A. Lopes (2010)
Neguinho c (2010)
Benazzi (2010–11)
Silas (2011)
Neguinho c (2011)
Gallo (2011)
Neguinho c (2011)
T. Cecílio (2011)
Neguinho c (2011)
Ovelha (2012)
Hemerson (2012)
Argel (2012)
S. Soares (2013)
E. Nunes c (2013)
Ricardinho (2013)
Hemerson (2013)
E. Nunes (2014)
Cabral c (2014)
P. Turra (2014)
Pingo (2014)
Cabral c (2014)
Geninho (2014–15)
Cabral c (2015)
Kleina (2015)
Cabral (2015–16)
Silas (2016)
Evando c (2016)
Claudinei (2016–18)
Geninho (2018–19)
Valentim (2019)
Evando (2019)
Inácio (2020)
Evando c (2020)
Santana (2020)
Geninho (2020)
Claudinei (2020–22)
Fabrício c (2022)
Barroca (2022)
Lisca (2022)
Fabrício c (2022)
Alex (2023)
Fabrício c (2023)
Morínigo (2023)
Barroca (2023–24)
Marquinhos c (2024)
Dal Pozzo (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePortuguesa – managers
J.A. Brandão (1934)
Barbuy (1938)
Loureiro (1938–39)
Ross (1940–41)
Paschoalino (1942)
C. Cardoso (1943)
A. Trajano (1943–44)
Ross (1945)
T. de Freitas (1946)
López (1946–47)
Ross (1947–48)
Quintas (1949)
de Domenico (1949)
Silveira (1950)
O. Brandão (1951–52)
López (1952–53)
Aymoré (1953)
Picabea (1954)
Délio (1954–56)
M. Cardoso (1956)
O. Brandão (1957)
F. Costa (1957–58)
Nena (1958)
O. Vieira (1959)
F. Costa (1960)
Nena (1961)
Ipojucan (1962)
O. Glória (1962)
Paulo Emilio (1962)
Aymoré (1962–63)
O. Glória (1963)
Aymoré (1964–66)
López (1966)
Wilson (1966–67)
Brandãozinho (1967)
Núñez (1968)
Lula (1968–69)
Aymoré (1969–70)
J. Avelino (1970–71)
Minelli (1971–72)
Wilson (1972)
Cilinho (1972)
O. Glória (1973–77)
Urubatão (1977–78)
O. Brandão (1978–79)
J. Avelino (1979)
Travaglini (1980–81)
Poy (1982)
J. Vieira (1982)
Zé Duarte (1982)
Candinho (1983)
Poy (1984)
Pedrinho (1984)
Nenê (1984)
N. Lopes (1985)
Picerni (1985–86)
Simões (1986–87)
Tangioni (1987)
P. Emílio (1987)
Poy (1987–88)
Zecão (1988)
Formiga (1988)
P. Rocha (1988)
Picerni (1988–89)
A. Lopes (1989)
Simões (1989)
Leão (1990–91)
Pasca (1991)
Otacílio (1991)
Galli (1991)
Geninho (1991)
Galli (1992)
Poy (1992)
Pepe (1993)
A. Lopes (1993)
Cassiá (1994)
Fito (1994)
Poy (1994–95)
Cabralzinho (1995)
Levir (1995)
Teixeira (1996)
Espinosa (1996)
Edinho (1997)
Candinho (1997–99)
Juninho (1999)
Zagallo (1999)
Nelsinho (2000)
Lula (2000–01)
Candinho (2001–02)
Marangon (2002)
G. Nunes (2002)
Martins (2002–03)
F. Lopes (2003)
Heriberto (2003)
Comelli (2004)
D. Pereyra (2004)
Zé Teodoro (2005)
Gallo (2005)
Giba (2005–06)
Edinho (2006)
Candinho (2006)
Barbieri (2006)
Benazzi (2006–08)
Espinosa (2008)
Estevam (2008–09)
Mário Sérgio (2009)
Bonamigo (2009)
Simões (2009)
Benazzi (2009–10)
Vadão (2010)
S. Guedes (2010)
Jorginho (2011–12)
Geninho (2012)
P. Chamusca (2013)
Pimenta (2013)
Guto (2013–14)
Argel (2014)
G. Sodré c (2014)
M. Veiga (2014)
Silas (2014)
Zé Augusto c (2014)
Benazzi (2014)
Zé Augusto c (2014)
Ailton Silva (2015)
Zé Augusto c (2015)
G. Sodré c (2015)
Jr. Lopes (2015)
Estevam (2015–16)
Lucena c (2016)
Ricardinho (2016)
Anderson (2016)
Jorginho (2016)
Márcio Ribeiro (2016)
Tuca (2017)
Estevam (2017)
Mauro Fernandes (2017)
Zanardi c (2017)
PC Gusmão (2017)
Guilherme (2018)
G. Sodré c (2018)
Allan Aal (2018)
Martins (2019)
Dotti c (2019)
Vica (2019)
Zé Maria (2019)
Moacir Jr. (2020)
Marchiori (2020–21)
Alex Alves (2021)
Soares (2022)
Mazola Jr. (2023)
Kleina (2023)
L. Zago (2023)
Cavalcanti (2024)
Pintado (2024)
Dotti (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePonte Preta – managers
López (1958)
J. Avelino (1960)
Leal Neto (1968)
Zé Duarte (1969)
Cilinho (1974)
Renganeschi (1976)
Zé Duarte (1976–77)
P. Leão (1978)
Cilinho (1979)
Zé Duarte (1979–80)
Picerni (1980)
J. Pereira (1981)
Dino Sani (1982)
Zé Duarte (1984)
Carbone (1984–85)
Nelsinho (1985)
Picerni (1986–87)
Cilinho (1987)
Nelsinho (1987)
Guarnelli (1992)
Galli (1992)
Luxemburgo (1992–93)
Givanildo (1993)
Paiva (1993)
Guarnelli (1994)
Geninho (1995)
J.R. Fernandes (1996)
Flamarion (1996)
Teixeira (1997)
Pepe (1997)
Cassiá (1998)
Rocha (1998)
M. Aurélio (1998–99)
Estevam (2000)
Nelsinho (2000–01)
Vadão (2001–02)
M. Aurélio (2002)
Ladeira (2002)
Abel (2003)
Estevam (2004)
Ronaldão c (2004)
M. Aurélio (2004)
Santana (2004–05)
Vadão (2005)
Santana c (2005)
Zetti (2005)
Santana c (2005)
Estevam (2005)
Santana c (2005)
Vadão (2005–06)
M. Aurélio (2006)
Paiva (2006–07)
Nelsinho (2007)
Comelli (2007)
S. Guedes (2008)
Bonamigo (2008)
Benazzi (2008)
Soares (2009)
M. Aurélio (2009)
Pintado (2009)
Bittencourt (2009)
Paiva c (2009)
S. Guedes (2010)
C. Gallo c (2010)
Jorginho C. (2010)
Flamarion c (2010)
Givanildo (2010)
Kleina (2011–12)
Zé Sérgio c (2012)
Guto (2012–13)
Zé Sérgio c (2013)
Carpegiani (2013)
Jorginho (2013)
Sidney (2014)
Vadão (2014)
Dado (2014)
Parraga c (2014)
Guto (2014–15)
Doriva (2015)
F. Moreira c (2015)
Eutrópio (2016)
F. Moreira c (2016)
Gallo (2016)
E. Baptista (2016)
F. Moreira (2016–17)
Brigatti c (2017)
Kleina (2017)
E. Baptista (2017–18)
Brigatti c (2018)
Doriva (2018)
Brigatti c (2018)
M. Chamusca (2018)
Kleina (2018)
Mazola Jr. (2019)
JP Sanches c (2019)
Jorginho (2019)
F. Moreira c (2019)
Kleina (2019–20)
Moreno c (2020)
Brigatti (2020)
Moreno c (2020)
M. Oliveira (2020)
Moreno (2020–21)
Forner c (2021)
Kleina (2021–22)
Santana c (2022)
H. dos Anjos (2022–23)
F. Moreira (2023)
Pintado (2023)
Brigatti (2023–24)
Nelsinho (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteVila Nova – managers
Ayrton (1972)
Gérson (1973)
Gérson (1974)
J. Francisco (1977)
Gérson (1977)
Paulinho I (1978)
Vitório (1979–80)
Vail (1980)
Vitório (1981)
Laerte (1981)
Benê (1982)
Vail (1982–1983)
Borba Filho (1983)
Natanael (1984)
Vail (1984)
Gérson (1985)
R. Oliveira (1985)
Brandão (1986)
R. Oliveira (1986)
Luiz Dário (1987)
Vail (1987)
Paulinho II (1988)
R. Oliveira (1989)
Sílvio (1990)
R. Oliveira (1990)
Soares (1991)
Toninho (1991)
Vail (1991)
Davino (1993)
Portella (1994)
Davino (1994)
Paulinho II (1995)
Guarnelli (1996)
Paulinho II (1996)
Walter (1996)
Davino (1996)
J. Francisco (1997)
Davino (1997)
Mauro Fernandes (1997)
Orlando (1997)
Paiva (1998)
Davino (1998)
Comelli (1998)
Tata (1999)
Paiva (1999–2000)
Paulinho II (2000)
Ramírez (2000)
R. Oliveira (2000)
Arturzinho (2001)
Louruz (2001–02)
Rossini (2002)
Cenci (2003)
R. Oliveira (2003)
Marangon (2004)
Evair (2004)
H. Ramos (2004)
Gaúcho (2005)
Galvão (2005)
R. Oliveira (2005)
R. Fernandes (2005–06)
P. Campos (2006)
R. Fernandes (2006)
R. Alves c (2006)
Martins (2006)
M. Simões (2006)
S. Cosme (2007)
Weber (2007–08)
Givanildo (2008–09)
Benazzi (2009)
Arturzinho (2009)
Kleina (2009)
Cavalo (2010)
Comelli (2010)
Ademir (2010)
Gaúcho (2010–11)
H. dos Anjos (2011)
Gaúcho (2011)
Antônio Carlos (2011)
Heron (2011)
Neto (2011)
Cavalo (2011–12)
Da Matta (2012)
Saran (2012)
R. Oliveira (2012)
M. Bittencourt (2013)
Pereyra (2013)
Hermógenes (2013)
Heriberto (2013–14)
Zé Teodoro (2014)
Sidney (2014)
Waldemar (2014)
Lauria c (2014)
Goiano (2014)
Lauria (2014)
W. Araújo (2015)
Márcio Fernandes (2015–16)
Mancini c (2016)
Niehues (2016)
Mancini (2016)
L. Cuca c (2016)
Guilherme (2016)
Mazola Jr. (2017)
H. Maria (2017–18)
Louzer (2019)
E. Baptista (2019)
Cabo (2019)
Toledo c (2019)
Schülle (2019)
Mamede (2020)
Bolívar (2020)
Márcio Fernandes (2020–21)
Higo c (2021)
Lopes (2021)
Higo c (2021)
H. Maria (2021)
Higo (2021–22)
Cavalcanti (2022)
Allan Aal (2022)
Claudinei (2023)
M. Santos (2023)
Lisca (2023)
Higo (2023–24)
Márcio Fernandes (2024)
L. Lopes (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBahia – managers
Bianchi (1947–50)
Diéz (1954)
Bianchi (1955–56)
Ephigênio (1959)
Volante (1959–61)
Tatray (1967)
Amaral (1967–68)
Ely (1968)
Marinho (1969)
Herrera (1969)
Lobosco c (1969)
Fleitas Solich (1970–71)
Evaristo (1971)
Vieira (1971)
Pirillo (1972)
Evaristo (1973)
Pinguela (1973–74)
Tapioca c (1974)
Paulo Emilio (1974)
Alencar (1975)
Rebouças (1975)
Fantoni (1976–77)
Froner (1977–78)
Z. Moreira (1978–79)
Renganeschi (1979)
Z. Moreira (1980)
Duque (1980)
Aymoré Moreira (1981–82)
Nelsival (1982)
Froner (1982–83)
Florisvaldo (1983–84)
Sapatão c (1984)
Zé Duarte (1984)
Osni (1984)
Paulinho (1985)
Fantoni (1986–87)
Paulinho (1987)
Evaristo (1988–89)
Queiróz c (1989)
Simões (1989)
Evaristo (1989)
Carbone (1990)
Candinho (1990)
Gainete (1991)
Candinho (1991)
Luiz Antônio (1991–92)
Procópio (1992)
Queiroz (1992)
Nunes (1992)
Leone (1992–93)
J. Francisco (1993)
Bernardes (1994)
Santana (1994)
Evaristo (1995)
JC Leal (1995)
Givanildo (1995)
Osni (1995)
Otacílio (1995)
J. Francisco (1996)
Fito Neves (1996)
Pondé c (1996)
Procópio (1996–97)
Geninho (1997)
J.Pereira (1997)
Evaristo (1998)
Abel (1998)
Santana (1999)
Evaristo (2000–01)
Bobô c (2002)
Candinho (2002–03)
Gil c (2003)
Bobô (2003)
Gil c (2003)
Evaristo (2003)
M. Chamusca c (2003)
Pereira (2003)
Edinho (2003)
Vadão (2004)
H. dos Anjos (2004–05)
Zetti (2005)
Picerni (2005)
Amadeu c (2005)
Procópio (2005)
Cruz (2005–06)
Fabian c (2006)
M.Fernandes (2006)
Pereira (2006)
Fabian (2006)
Lula (2006)
Arturzinho (2007)
Comelli (2007–08)
Arturzinho (2008)
Cavalo (2008)
Teixeira (2008)
Gallo (2008–09)
Comelli (2009)
Guedes (2009)
Bonamigo (2009)
Renato (2009–10)
M. Araújo (2010)
Lourenço (2010–11)
Barroca c (2011)
Benazzi (2011)
Chiquinho c (2011)
Simões (2011)
Barroca c (2011)
Santana (2011–12)
Barroca c (2012)
Falcão (2012)
Barroca c (2012)
Caio Jr (2012)
Barroca c (2012)
J. Cantinflas (2012–13)
Barroca c (2013)
Santana (2013)
Barroca c (2013)
Fontes c (2013)
Borges (2013)
Santos (2014)
Fabian c (2014)
Kleina (2014)
Fabian c (2014–15)
Soares (2015)
Fabian (2015)
Ar. Moreira c (2015)
Doriva (2016)
Ar. Moreira c (2016)
Guto (2016–17)
Jorginho (2017)
Preto (2017)
Carpegiani (2017)
Guto (2018)
Prates c (2018)
Enderson (2018–19)
Roger (2019–20)
Prates c (2020)
Mano (2020)
Cavalcanti (2020–21)
Lopes c (2021)
Dabove (2021)
Guto (2021–22)
Enderson (2022)
Barroca (2022)
Paiva (2023)
Ceni (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteVitória – managers
C. Viola (1927)
G. Carvalho (1940)
Mesquita (1941)
Tolentino (1941)
Vani (1942–44)
Barradas (1945)
Barbosa (1946)
Rui Carneiro (1947)
Letona (1948)
Dante (1949)
Luiz Viana (1950)
Paulo Dantas (1950–51)
Sobrinho (1951)
Tintas (1951)
Bengalinha (1952)
Ramiro (1953)
O. Costa (1953)
Jombrega (1953)
H. Viana c (1953)
Volante (1953–55)
Ramiro (1955–56)
Bengalinha (1956)
Volante (1956)
Paulo Dantas (1956)
Bengalinha (1957)
Pedro Rodrigues (1957–58)
Bengalinha (1958)
Ramiro (1958)
Fer Lopes (1959)
Eloy c (1959)
Bengalinha (1959–60)
Tenete Melo c (1960–61)
Pinguela (1961)
Sotero (1961–62)
R. Magalhães (1962)
Nelinho c (1962)
Bengalinha (1962–63)
R. Magalhães (1963)
J. Freitas (1963)
Nelinho c (1963)
Bengalinha (1963)
Sotero (1963)
da Mota (1964)
Bengalinha (1964)
R. Magalhães (1964)
P. Emilio (1965–67)
Fontoura c (1967)
Ouri (1967)
Fontoura (1967)
Palmeira (1967)
Carlão c (1967)
Otonei Veloso (1967–68)
Palmeira (1968)
da Mota (1968–69)
Bengalinha (1969)
Amaro (1969)
Pinguela (1969–70)
Mundinho c (1970)
Velha (1970)
Mundinho c (1970)
Betancourt (1970)
Mundinho c (1970)
Palmeira (1970)
Velha (1971)
Tapioca (1971)
Nelinho c (1971)
R. Magalhães (1971)
Nelinho c (1971)
Jair (1971–72)
Bengalinha (1972)
Djalma Santos (1972)
Vieira (1972)
Paulinho (1972)
Melquizedeque (1973)
Castilho (1973–74)
Bengalinha (1975)
Paulinho (1975)
Bengalinha (1975)
Tim (1975)
Melquizedeque c (1975)
Tim (1976)
Custódio (1976–77)
Sérgio M. (1977)
Melquizedeque (1977)
González (1977–78)
Pinguela (1978)
Barata c (1978)
A. Moreira (1978–79)
Peçanha (1980)
João Vieira (1980)
Nílton Santos (1980)
Belisco c (1980)
Froner (1980)
Pinguela (1980)
Lanzoninho (1981)
Belisco (1981)
Mont'alegre c (1981)
Belisco (1981)
M. Juliato (1981)
Rabelo c (1981)
Daltro (1981)
Belisco (1981)
Froner (1981)
Daltro (1982)
Belisco c (1982)
Eliseu (1982)
Pinguela (1982)
Caiçara (1983)
Raimundo c (1983)
Djalma (1983)
Raimundo (1983)
A. Moreira (1984)
Belisco c (1984)
Wilson Lago (1984)
Luciano (1985)
Gainete (1985–86)
Fito (1986)
Abel (1986–87)
Travaglini (1987)
Louruz (1987)
M. Sérgio (1988)
Raimundo c (1988)
Fantoni (1988)
Louruz (1988)
Catimba (1989)
J. Francisco (1989)
Catimba (1989–90)
Gainete (1990)
Enaldo (1991)
P. Pires (1991)
Catimba (1991)
H. dos Anjos (1991–92)
J. Francisco (1992–93)
Cidinho (1993)
T. Baiano c (1993)
Fito (1993)
J. Francisco (1994)
Ramirez (1994)
Fito (1994)
Geninho (1994)
P. Chamusca (1994–95)
Geninho (1995)
H. dos Anjos (1996)
Edinho (1996)
Arturzinho (1997)
Candinho (1997)
Evaristo (1997)
H. dos Anjos (1998)
Roth (1998)
Geninho (1998)
R. Gomes (1999)
Cerezo (1999)
M. Aurélio (2000)
Arturzinho (2000)
R. Gomes (2000)
M. Sérgio (2001)
P. Chamusca (2001)
Arturzinho (2001)
Espinosa (2001)
Joel (2002–03)
Edinho (2003)
Góes c (2003)
Sandri (2003)
Góes c (2003)
Agnaldo Liz (2004)
Oswaldo (2004)
H. dos Anjos (2004)
Evaristo (2004)
Simões (2005)
Arturzinho (2005–06)
Fito (2006)
Ferreira (2006)
M. Fernandes (2006–07)
Prates c (2007)
Givanildo (2007)
Prates c (2007)
M. Aurélio (2007)
Vadão (2007–08)
Tanajura c (2008)
Mancini (2008–09)
M. Fernandes (2009)
R. Silva c (2009)
Carpegiani (2009)
R. Silva c (2009)
Mancini (2009)
R. Silva (2010)
T. Cecílio (2010)
R. Silva (2010)
A. Lopes (2010–11)
R. Silva c (2011)
Geninho (2011)
R. Silva c (2011)
Benazzi (2011)
Cerezo (2012)
R. Silva c (2012)
Carpegiani (2012)
R. Silva c (2012)
PC Gusmão (2012)
Caio Jr. (2012–13)
Ney Franco (2013–14)
C. Amadeu c (2014)
Jorginho (2014)
Bastos c (2014)
Ney Franco (2014)
Drubscky (2015)
C. Amadeu c (2015)
Claudinei (2015)
W. Carvalho c (2015)
Mancini (2015–16)
Argel (2016–17)
W. Carvalho c (2017)
Petković (2017)
Gallo (2017)
Tanajura c (2017)
Mancini (2017–18)
Burse c (2018)
Carpegiani (2018)
Burse c (2018)
M. Chamusca (2019)
Tencati (2019)
Loss (2019)
C. Amadeu (2019)
Geninho (2019–20)
Pivetti (2020)
Barroca (2020)
R. Chagas c (2020)
Mazola Jr. (2020)
R. Chagas (2020–21)
Ramon (2021)
R. Amadeu c (2021)
W. Lopes (2021)
Cavalcanti (2022)
Geninho (2022)
R. Amadeu c (2022)
Fabiano (2022)
Burse (2022–23)
R. Amadeu c (2023)
Condé (2023–24)
Carpini (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteBotafogo de Ribeirão Preto – managers
Tim (1947–50)
O. Vieira (1957)
Agnelli (1960)
Garro (1961)
Agnelli (1962)
Procópio (1962)
Julião (1963)
O. Brandão (1964)
O. Vieira (1965)
Minelli (1966)
Bauer (1966)
Renganeschi (1967)
Garro (1968)
Alfredinho (1968)
D. dos Santos (1969–70)
Agnelli (1971)
Leão (1972)
Alfredinho (1972)
Mota (1973)
Tiri (1973)
Alfredinho (1973–74)
J. Vieira (1977)
Antoninho (1978–81)
Garcia (1981–82)
Sandri (1982)
Lameiro (1983)
Alfredinho (1983)
Tiri (1984–85)
Rocha (1985)
Zé Duarte (1986)
Geninho (1986)
Rocha (1987)
Picerni (1988)
Travaglini (1989)
Galli (1990)
Geninho (1991)
Galli (1991)
Afrânio (1992)
Geninho (1993)
Galli (1993–94)
Sócrates (1994)
Duarte (1994)
Davino (1995)
Riul (1996)
J. Vieira (1996)
Zé Mário (1996)
Zaluar (1997)
Serginho (1997)
Crispim (1997)
M. Antônio (1997–98)
Muricy (1999)
Antoninho (1999–2000)
Neto (2000)
L. Pereira (2000)
Zé Mário (2001)
Paulo (2001)
Sandri (2001)
Porto (2002)
Nicanor (2002)
Galli (2002)
Carbone (2002–03)
Basílio (2003)
Varlei (2004)
É. Mariano (2004)
Zé Mário (2004)
Pinho (2005)
Galli (2005–06)
Edison Só (2006)
Catanoce (2007)
Santos (2007)
Copertino c (2007)
M. Ribeiro (2007)
Rossi (2008)
Luciano (2008)
Colombini (2008)
Fahel Jr. (2008)
Galli (2009)
R. Fonseca (2010–11)
Argel (2011)
Diniz (2011)
Galli (2011)
Angeli (2011)
L. Vieira (2011)
Paião c (2011)
Sandri (2012)
Benazzi (2012)
M. Veiga (2012–13)
Baitello (2013)
Paião (2013)
W. Lopes (2014)
A. Ferreira (2014–15)
Mazola Jr. (2015)
Angeli c (2015)
M. Veiga (2015–16)
M. Fernandes (2016)
Moacir Jr. (2017)
Rodrigo (2017)
Vica (2017)
Condé (2018–19)
Cavalo (2019)
Hemerson (2019)
W. Lopes (2020)
Claudinei (2020)
Moacir Jr. (2020–21)
S. Dias c (2021)
Gallo (2021)
Argel (2021)
S. Dias c (2021)
L. Zago (2022)
Baier (2022–23)
José Leão c (2023)
Adilson (2023)
Chamusca (2023)
José Leão c (2023)
Gomes (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteGuarani – managers
Begliomini (1959)
Brocchi c (1959)
Godê c (1959)
Avelino (1959)
Godê c (1959–60)
Renganeschi (1960–61)
Godê c (1961)
Tim (1961–63)
Godê (1963)
Renganeschi (1963–64)
Dorival (1965)
Godê (1965)
González (1966)
Godê (1966)
Zakia (1966)
Dorival (1966)
Aparecido (1967)
Godê c (1967)
Alfredinho (1967)
Wilson (1968)
Dorival (1968)
Minelli (1969)
Godê (1969)
Renganeschi (1969–71)
Zé Duarte c (1971)
Daltro (1972)
Zé Duarte (1972–75)
Pires de Toledo c (1975)
Tim (1975)
Pires de Toledo c (1975)
Lameiro (1975–76)
Dorival (1976)
P. Emilio (1977)
Dorival c (1977)
P. Amaral (1977)
Adaílton c (1977)
Buzetto (1977)
C.A. Silva (1978–79)
Garcia (1980)
Adaílton c (1980)
Castilho (1980)
Zé Duarte (1980–82)
Queiroz c (1982)
J. Teixeira (1982)
Queiroz (1982)
C. Duarte (1983)
Gimenez c (1983)
Andrade (1983)
Gimenez (1983)
C.A. Silva (1984)
Sandri (1985)
Candinho (1985)
Maffia c (1985)
Sandri (1985–86)
P. Leão (1986)
Gainete (1986–87)
Pires de Toledo c (1987)
Lazaroni (1987)
Zé Duarte (1987)
P. Leão c (1987)
Rocha (1987)
Carbone (1988)
Eli Carlos (1988)
Lino c (1989)
Dimas c (1989)
Evaristo (1989)
Dimas c (1989)
Peres (1989)
Dimas c (1989)
Cilinho (1989–90)
Dimas c (1990)
Eli Carlos (1990)
Dimas c (1990)
Zé Duarte (1990)
Pepe (1991)
E. Leão (1991)
Milton c (1991)
Zanatta (1991)
Milton c (1991)
Luxemburgo (1991)
Milton (1991)
Fito (1992)
Nelsinho (1992)
Flamarion (1992–93)
Milton c (1993)
Capitão c (1993)
Carlinhos (1993)
Oscar (1994)
Candinho (1994)
Milton c (1994)
Culpi (1994)
C.A. Silva (1994)
Vadão (1995)
Givanildo (1995)
Celinho c (1995)
Pepe (1995)
Gersinho c (1995)
Nicanor (1995)
Ramírez (1996)
Gersinho c (1996)
Fito (1996)
Cabralzinho (1996)
Carlinhos (1996)
Colegiado (1996)
Leal (1996)
Piza (1996)
Carbone (1996)
C.A. Silva (1996)
Geninho (1997)
Abel (1997)
Muricy (1997)
L. Pereira (1997)
Vadão (1997–98)
E. Soares (1998–99)
C.A. Silva (1999)
Gomes (2000)
Carbone (2000)
Pereyra (2000)
C.A. Silva (2000–01)
H. dos Anjos (2001)
L.C. Ferreira (2001)
Zé Mário (2001–02)
Picerni (2002)
Giba (2003)
Neto c (2003)
Pepe (2003)
L.C. Barbieri (2003–04)
Santana (2004)
Lino c (2003)
Zetti (2004)
Sandri (2004)
Agnaldo (2004)
Renato c (2004)
Picerni (2004–05)
Flamarion (2005)
Serrão (2005)
L.C. Ferreira (2005–06)
Renato c (2006)
Cerezo (2006)
Waguinho (2006)
Gainete (2006)
L.C. Barbieri (2006)
Waguinho (2006–07)
Carbone (2007)
Davino (2008)
Cidinho c (2008)
Picerni (2008)
Luciano (2008–09)
Cidinho c (2009)
Macuglia (2009)
Cidinho (2009)
Vadão (2009–10)
Waguinho c (2010)
Mancini (2010)
Argel (2010–11)
Tadei (2011)
Giba (2011)
Vadão (2011–12)
Tadei (2012)
Zé Teodoro (2012–13)
Branco (2013)
P. Pereira c (2013)
Carlinhos c (2013)
Pugliese (2013)
M. Fernandes (2014)
Carlinhos c (2014)
Piza (2014)
Benazzi (2014)
Veiga (2014–15)
Ademir (2015)
Santos (2015)
Pintado (2015–16)
Chamusca (2016)
da Matta (2017)
M. Barbieri (2017)
Vadão (2017)
Cabo (2017)
Lisca (2017)
Louzer (2018)
Marco Antônio c (2018)
Loss (2019)
Marco Antônio c (2019)
Eutrópio (2019)
R. Fonseca (2019)
Carpini (2019–20)
Ben-Hur c (2020)
Catalá (2020)
Conceição (2020–21)
Allan Aal (2021)
D. Paulista (2021–22)
Ben-Hur c (2022)
Chamusca (2022)
Ben-Hur c (2022)
Mozart (2022–23)
M. Moura c (2023)
Pivetti (2023)
Ben-Hur c (2023)
Louzer (2023–24)
Leitão c (2024)
Claudinei (2024)
Jr. Rocha (2024)
Cordeiro c (2024)
Pintado (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"right-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_back"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Comercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercial_Futebol_Clube_(Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto)"},{"link_name":"Juventude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude"},{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Benazzi and the second or paternal family name is de Andrade.Vágner Benazzi de Andrade (17 July 1954 – 22 May 2023) was a Brazilian professional football coach and former player who played as a right-back. During his tenure as a coach, he gained recognition as the \"Rei do Acesso\" (King of Promotions) due to his remarkable achievements in leading lower division clubs to higher tiers. Throughout his career, Benazzi guided a total of six different clubs to promotion, encompassing both the Campeonato Brasileiro and the Campeonato Paulista.[1][2] He was also known for his ability to successfully steer teams clear of relegation.[3][4]As a player, he enjoyed a professional career spanning 16 years, during which he represented teams such as Comercial, Juventude, and Palmeiras.[3]","title":"Vágner Benazzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacional-SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional_Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube_(SP)"},{"link_name":"Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portuguesa_de_Desportos"},{"link_name":"Operário de Campo Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1rio_Futebol_Clube_(MS)"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista title that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Sampaio Corrêa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampaio_Corr%C3%AAa_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Juventude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"XV de Jaú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_XV_de_Novembro_(Ja%C3%BA)"},{"link_name":"Comercial de Ribeirão Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercial_Futebol_Clube_(Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto)"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"São José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_Esporte_Clube"},{"link_name":"Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulista_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Botafogo-PB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botafogo_Futebol_Clube_(PB)"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Taquaritinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Taquaritinga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Independente de Limeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independente_de_Limeira"},{"link_name":"Lençoense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Len%C3%A7oense/Bariri"},{"link_name":"Grêmio Sãocarlense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Esportivo_S%C3%A3ocarlense"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Benazzi's early footballing journey involved playing for the youth teams of Nacional-SP and Portuguesa. Subsequently, in 1972, he embarked on his professional career as a right-back with Operário de Campo Grande. In 1973, Benazzi made his return to Lusa, where he joined the squad that went on to clinch the Campeonato Paulista title that year.[5] Following a one-year stint with Sampaio Corrêa, he played for Juventude from 1975 to 1978.[6]In 1978, Benazzi briefly played for XV de Jaú before making a move to Comercial de Ribeirão Preto the following year. It was during his time at Comercial that he truly made his mark, delivering standout performances in the 1979 and 1980 editions of the Campeonato Paulista.[7] Benazzi's exceptional performances caught the attention of Palmeiras, leading to his signing with the club for a two-season stint. However, his time with Verdão did not yield significant success.[8]Following his departure from Palmeiras, Benazzi spent a year with São José before joining Paulista, where he was part of the squad that finished second in the 1984 Campeonato Paulista second division.[9] In 1985, he played for Botafogo-PB in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A and for Taquaritinga in the Paulistão second tier.[10] In the final years of his career, Benazzi went on to represent Independente de Limeira, Lençoense, and Grêmio Sãocarlense, concluding his professional journey with the latter in 1989.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grêmio Sãocarlense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_S%C3%A3ocarlense"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A3"},{"link_name":"Sertãozinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sert%C3%A3ozinho_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"União Barbarense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Agr%C3%ADcola_Barbarense_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"second tier of state football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A2"},{"link_name":"Lemense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Lemense"},{"link_name":"Taquaritinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Taquaritinga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Portuguesa Santista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Portuguesa_(Santos)"},{"link_name":"Bragantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Bragantino"},{"link_name":"Paraguaçuense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Paragua%C3%A7uense"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Avaí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava%C3%AD_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"2007 Copa do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Portuguesa_de_Desportos"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Série A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A2"},{"link_name":"Ponte Preta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A9tica_Ponte_Preta"},{"link_name":"Vila Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Vitória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Vit%C3%B3ria"},{"link_name":"Botafogo-SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botafogo_Futebol_Clube_(SP)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bragantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Bragantino"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Atlético Sorocaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_Atl%C3%A9tico_Sorocaba"},{"link_name":"Paysandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysandu_Sport_Club"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Comercial-SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercial_Futebol_Clube_(Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Guarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 1989, Benazzi took up his first major coaching role as he led his former team, Grêmio Sãocarlense, to the Campeonato Paulista Third Division title, beating Sertãozinho in the finals.[12][13] Benazzi replicated his success the following year by guiding União Barbarense to promotion to the second division. In 1991, he took on his first coaching role in the second tier of state football, where he led Lemense to a second-place finish. The subsequent year, he achieved further triumph by securing the title with Taquaritinga.[14]Following a second stint with Sãocarlense and a brief spell with Comercial, Benazzi took Portuguesa Santista to the second division in 1994. In the 1990s, he also worked in Bragantino, Paraguaçuense and União Barbarense. He took the latter to their first-ever promotion to the top flight of the Campeonato Paulista, in 1998.[15]Benazzi joined Avaí in 2006, helping the club to achieve a place in 2007 Copa do Brasil. He subsequently moved to Portuguesa, being promoted with the club and also winning the Campeonato Paulista Série A2.On 10 October 2010, after managing Ponte Preta, Vila Nova and Portuguesa, Benazzi returned to Avaí,[16] with the club narrowly avoiding relegation in the year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. On 14 February of the following year, however, he was relieved of his duties.[17]Benazzi also managed Bahia, and after being dismissed joined fierce rivals Vitória, leaving the latter in December 2011. He was later in charge of Botafogo-SP,[18] Bragantino (two stints),[19][20] Atlético Sorocaba, Paysandu,[21] Comercial-SP[22] and Guarani.[23] He rescinded with the latter on 14 September,[24] joining Portuguesa a day after.[25]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Benazzi died in Osasco on 22 May 2023, at the age of 68.[26]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"PortuguesaCampeonato Paulista: 1973[5]JuventudeCopa Governador do Estado: 1975,[27] 1976[28]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasiliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasiliense"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Catarinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Catarinense"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Cearense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Cearense"}],"sub_title":"Coach","text":"Grêmio SãocarlenseCampeonato Paulista Third Division: 1989[12]TaquaritingaCampeonato Paulista Second Division: 1992[12]União BarbarenseCampeonato Paulista Série A2: 1998GamaCampeonato Brasiliense: 1998, 2000\nCampeonato Brasileiro Série B: 1998FigueirenseCampeonato Catarinense: 2001, 2003FortalezaCampeonato Cearense: 2005","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Alberti, Carolina (22 May 2023). \"Como Vagner Benazzi conquistou o apelido de 'Rei dos Acessos'\". UOL (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2023/05/22/vagner-benazzi-rei-acesso.htm","url_text":"\"Como Vagner Benazzi conquistou o apelido de 'Rei dos Acessos'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conhecido como ' Rei do Acesso', Vagner Benazzi morre aos 68 anos\". Gazeta de S.Paulo. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazetasp.com.br/esportes/conhecido-como-rei-do-acesso-vagner-benazzi-falece-aos-68-anos/1124296/","url_text":"\"Conhecido como ' Rei do Acesso', Vagner Benazzi morre aos 68 anos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vágner Benazzi, ex-lateral do Palmeiras e técnico especialista em acessos e fugas de rebaixamento, morre aos 68 anos\". ESPN.com (in Portuguese). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/12089608/vagner-benazzi-ex-lateral-do-palmeiras-e-tecnico-especialista-em-acessos-e-fugas-de-rebaixamento-morre-aos-68-anos","url_text":"\"Vágner Benazzi, ex-lateral do Palmeiras e técnico especialista em acessos e fugas de rebaixamento, morre aos 68 anos\""}]},{"reference":"Pescarini, Fábio (22 May 2023). \"Vagner Benazzi de Andrade (1954 - 2023) - Mortes: 'Rei do Acesso', fez história como jogador e técnico\". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2023/05/mortes-rei-do-acesso-fez-historia-como-jogador-e-tecnico.shtml","url_text":"\"Vagner Benazzi de Andrade (1954 - 2023) - Mortes: 'Rei do Acesso', fez história como jogador e técnico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benazzi volta à Lusa. Treinador tem a missão de evitar o rebaixamento\". Lance (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lance.com.br/todos-esportes/benazzi-volta-lusa-treinador-tem-missao-evitar-rebaixamento.html","url_text":"\"Benazzi volta à Lusa. Treinador tem a missão de evitar o rebaixamento\""}]},{"reference":"\"Esporte Clube Juventude - Site Oficial - Notícias\". www.juventude.com.br. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juventude.com.br/noticias/juventude-lamenta-o-falecimento-de-vagner-benazzi","url_text":"\"Esporte Clube Juventude - Site Oficial - Notícias\""}]},{"reference":"\"Identificação com Comercial e marcante no Botafogo-SP: clubes lamentam morte de Vagner Benazzi\". ge (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ge.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-e-regiao/futebol/times/comercial-sp/noticia/2023/05/22/identificacao-com-comercial-e-marcante-no-botafogo-sp-clubes-lamentam-morte-de-vagner-benazzi.ghtml","url_text":"\"Identificação com Comercial e marcante no Botafogo-SP: clubes lamentam morte de Vagner Benazzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vágner Benazzi - Que fim levou?\". Terceiro Tempo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://terceirotempo.uol.com.br/que-fim-levou/vagner-benazzi-738","url_text":"\"Vágner Benazzi - Que fim levou?\""}]},{"reference":"Nascimbene, Luana (22 May 2023). \"Morre Vagner Benazzi, vice-campeão pelo Galo, aos 68 anos\". Sampi Campinas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sampi.net.br/campinas/noticias/2762805/esporte/2023/05/morre-vagner-benazzi-vicecampeao-pelo-galo-aos-68-anos","url_text":"\"Morre Vagner Benazzi, vice-campeão pelo Galo, aos 68 anos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benazzi\". futebol80.com.br. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://futebol80.com.br/links/artilheiros/benazzi.htm","url_text":"\"Benazzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"LUTO: Ex-técnico do MAC morre em Osasco aos 68 anos\". Jornal da Manhã de Marília. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jornaldamanhamarilia.com.br/esportes/noticia/98869/2023/05/22/luto-ex-tecnico-do-mac-morre-em-osasco-aos-68-anos","url_text":"\"LUTO: Ex-técnico do MAC morre em Osasco aos 68 anos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luto! Morre Vagner Benazzi, um dos principais treinadores do estado de São Paulo\". Futebol Interior. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/luto-morre-vagner-benazzi-um-dos-principais-treinadores-do-estado-de-sao-paulo/","url_text":"\"Luto! Morre Vagner Benazzi, um dos principais treinadores do estado de São Paulo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morre Vagner Benazzi, ex-técnico que conquistou acesso do Grêmio São-carlense em 89\". A Cidade. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acidadeon.com/saocarlos/esportes/Morre-Vagner-Benazzi-ex-tecnico-que-conquistou-acesso-do-Gremio-Sao-carlense-em-89-20230522-0007.html","url_text":"\"Morre Vagner Benazzi, ex-técnico que conquistou acesso do Grêmio São-carlense em 89\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morre aos 68 anos o ex-técnico do União Barbarense, Vagner Benazzi\". SBNotícias. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbnoticias.com.br/noticia/Morre-aos-68-anos-o-ex-tecnico-do-Uniao-Barbarense-Vagner-Benazzi/204331","url_text":"\"Morre aos 68 anos o ex-técnico do União Barbarense, Vagner Benazzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morre Vágner Benazzi, técnico que fez história no União Barbarense\". O Liberal. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://liberal.com.br/esporte/esportes-da-regiao/morre-vagner-benazzi-tecnico-que-fez-historia-no-uniao-barbarense-1959631/","url_text":"\"Morre Vágner Benazzi, técnico que fez história no União Barbarense\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975\". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsssfbrasil.com/tablesae/crs1975.htm","url_text":"\"Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975\". rsssfbrasil.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsssfbrasil.com/tablesae/crs1975.htm","url_text":"\"Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2023/05/22/vagner-benazzi-rei-acesso.htm","external_links_name":"\"Como Vagner Benazzi conquistou o apelido de 'Rei dos Acessos'\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazetasp.com.br/esportes/conhecido-como-rei-do-acesso-vagner-benazzi-falece-aos-68-anos/1124296/","external_links_name":"\"Conhecido como ' Rei do Acesso', Vagner Benazzi morre aos 68 anos\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/12089608/vagner-benazzi-ex-lateral-do-palmeiras-e-tecnico-especialista-em-acessos-e-fugas-de-rebaixamento-morre-aos-68-anos","external_links_name":"\"Vágner Benazzi, ex-lateral do Palmeiras e técnico especialista em acessos e fugas de rebaixamento, morre aos 68 anos\""},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2023/05/mortes-rei-do-acesso-fez-historia-como-jogador-e-tecnico.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Vagner Benazzi de Andrade (1954 - 2023) - Mortes: 'Rei do Acesso', fez história como jogador e técnico\""},{"Link":"https://www.lance.com.br/todos-esportes/benazzi-volta-lusa-treinador-tem-missao-evitar-rebaixamento.html","external_links_name":"\"Benazzi volta à Lusa. Treinador tem a missão de evitar o rebaixamento\""},{"Link":"https://www.juventude.com.br/noticias/juventude-lamenta-o-falecimento-de-vagner-benazzi","external_links_name":"\"Esporte Clube Juventude - Site Oficial - Notícias\""},{"Link":"https://ge.globo.com/sp/ribeirao-preto-e-regiao/futebol/times/comercial-sp/noticia/2023/05/22/identificacao-com-comercial-e-marcante-no-botafogo-sp-clubes-lamentam-morte-de-vagner-benazzi.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Identificação com Comercial e marcante no Botafogo-SP: clubes lamentam morte de Vagner Benazzi\""},{"Link":"https://terceirotempo.uol.com.br/que-fim-levou/vagner-benazzi-738","external_links_name":"\"Vágner Benazzi - Que fim levou?\""},{"Link":"https://sampi.net.br/campinas/noticias/2762805/esporte/2023/05/morre-vagner-benazzi-vicecampeao-pelo-galo-aos-68-anos","external_links_name":"\"Morre Vagner Benazzi, vice-campeão pelo Galo, aos 68 anos\""},{"Link":"https://futebol80.com.br/links/artilheiros/benazzi.htm","external_links_name":"\"Benazzi\""},{"Link":"https://jornaldamanhamarilia.com.br/esportes/noticia/98869/2023/05/22/luto-ex-tecnico-do-mac-morre-em-osasco-aos-68-anos","external_links_name":"\"LUTO: Ex-técnico do MAC morre em Osasco aos 68 anos\""},{"Link":"https://www.futebolinterior.com.br/luto-morre-vagner-benazzi-um-dos-principais-treinadores-do-estado-de-sao-paulo/","external_links_name":"\"Luto! Morre Vagner Benazzi, um dos principais treinadores do estado de São Paulo\""},{"Link":"https://www.acidadeon.com/saocarlos/esportes/Morre-Vagner-Benazzi-ex-tecnico-que-conquistou-acesso-do-Gremio-Sao-carlense-em-89-20230522-0007.html","external_links_name":"\"Morre Vagner Benazzi, ex-técnico que conquistou acesso do Grêmio São-carlense em 89\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbnoticias.com.br/noticia/Morre-aos-68-anos-o-ex-tecnico-do-Uniao-Barbarense-Vagner-Benazzi/204331","external_links_name":"\"Morre aos 68 anos o ex-técnico do União Barbarense, Vagner Benazzi\""},{"Link":"https://liberal.com.br/esporte/esportes-da-regiao/morre-vagner-benazzi-tecnico-que-fez-historia-no-uniao-barbarense-1959631/","external_links_name":"\"Morre Vágner Benazzi, técnico que fez história no União Barbarense\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151316/http://www.avai.com.br/avainews/novidades/noticias/interna/311650-Benazzi_e_o_novo_tecnico.html","external_links_name":"Benazzi é o novo técnico (Benazzi is the new manager)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151320/http://www.avai.com.br/avainews/novidades/noticias/interna/312079-Benazzi_deixa_comando_tecnico.html","external_links_name":"Benazzi deixa comando técnico (Benazzi leaves manager post)"},{"Link":"http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/estaduais/campeonato-paulista/lori-sandri-pede-demissao-e-botafogo-sp-contrata-vagner-benazzi,53080e0b259da310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html","external_links_name":"Lori Sandri pede demissão, e Botafogo-SP contrata Vagner Benazzi (Lori Sandri resigns, and Botafogo-SP signs Vagner Benazzi)"},{"Link":"http://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/bragantino/noticia/2012/08/vagner-benazzi-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-bragantino.html","external_links_name":"Vagner Benazzi é o novo técnico do Bragantino (Vagner Benazzi is the new manager of Bragantino)"},{"Link":"http://esporte.ig.com.br/futebol/2013-05-31/apos-demitir-mazola-bragantino-anuncia-a-volta-de-vagner-benazzi.html","external_links_name":"Após demitir Mazola, Bragantino anuncia a volta de Vágner Benazzi (After dismissing Mazola, Bragantino announces the return of Vágner Benazzi)"},{"Link":"http://www.futebolinterior.com.br/futebol/Brasileiro/Serie-B/2013/noticias/2013-09/Paysandu-confirma-novo-tecnico-para-sequencia-da-Serie-B","external_links_name":"Paysandu confirma novo técnico para sequência da Série B (Paysandu confirms new manager for the rest of Série B)"},{"Link":"http://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,mal-no-campeonato-paulista-comercial-anuncia-vagner-benazzi,1127810","external_links_name":"Mal no Campeonato Paulista, Comercial anuncia Vágner Benazzi (Badly in Campeonato Paulista, Comercial announces Vágner Benazzi)"},{"Link":"https://br.esporteinterativo.yahoo.com/noticias/amea%C3%A7ado-novo-rebaixamento-guarani-anuncia-220127080--sow.html","external_links_name":"Ameaçado de nova queda, Guarani anuncia Vágner Benazzi como técnico (Threatened by a new relegation, Guarani announces Vágner Benazzi)"},{"Link":"http://guaranifc.com.br/site/vagner-benazzi-se-desliga-do-guarani/","external_links_name":"Vagner Benazzi se desliga do Guarani (Vagner Benazzi rescinds with Guarani)"},{"Link":"http://www.portuguesa.com.br/novo/home/pagina/noticia-detalhe/vagner-benazzi-e-o-novo-tecnico-da-portuguesa","external_links_name":"Vagner Benazzi é o novo técnico da Portuguesa (Vagner Benazzi is the new manager of Portuguesa)"},{"Link":"https://ndmais.com.br/futebol/morre-ex-treinador-importante-da-dupla-avai-e-figueirense/","external_links_name":"Morre ex-treinador importante da dupla Avaí e Figueirense"},{"Link":"https://rsssfbrasil.com/tablesae/crs1975.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975\""},{"Link":"https://rsssfbrasil.com/tablesae/crs1975.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rio Grande do Sul Cup (Copa Governador do Estado) 1975\""},{"Link":"http://www.ogol.com.br/treinador.php?id=962&search=1","external_links_name":"Ogol profile"},{"Link":"http://www.vagnerbenazzi.com.br/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Group
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Absa Group
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["1 History","1.1 Formation of ABSA and Barclays Africa Group Limited (1991–2017)","1.2 Snakes incident","1.3 Bank charges (2005-2012)","1.4 Absa Group Limited (2018-present)","2 Overview and structure","2.1 Major shareholders","2.2 Subsidiaries","3 Legal matters","3.1 ABSA v. Sweet","3.2 Mortgage loans misconduct","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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South African banking conglomerate
This article is about the banking conglomerate primarily operating within certain African countries. For its flagship South African bank from which its name originated, see Absa Bank Limited. For other uses, see ABSA (disambiguation).
Absa GroupLogo used since 2018FormerlyAmalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA) (1991–2005)Barclays Africa Group Limited (2005–2018)Company typePublicTraded asJSE: ABGIndustryBankingFinancial servicesInvestment servicesInsurance servicesFounded1986; 38 years ago (1986)HeadquartersJohannesburg, South AfricaArea servedBotswanaGhanaKenyaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigeriaSeychellesSouth AfricaTanzaniaUgandaZambiaKey peopleSello Moloko (group chairman)Arrie Rautenbach(group CEO)ProductsCommercial bankingFinancial servicesRetail bankingCredit cardsPrivate equityInvestment managementInvestment bankingRevenue R 80.12 billion (2019)Operating income R21.75 billion (2019)Net income R14.53 billion (2019)Total assets R1.399 trillion (2019)Total equity R128.7 billion (2019)Number of employees35,000+ (2022)SubsidiariesList of subsidiariesWebsitewww.absa.africa
Absa Group Limited, commonly known simply as Absa and formerly the Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA) until 2005 and Barclays Africa Group Limited until 2018, is a multinational banking and financial services conglomerate based in Johannesburg, South Africa and listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It offers personal and business banking, credit cards, corporate and investment banking, wealth and investment management and bank assurances.
Operating in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries including in-house South Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, the conglomerate maintains representative offices in Namibia and Nigeria and internationals offices in London and New York City, as well as a technology support office in the Czech Republic.
Absa had assets of US$97 billion as of 2022.
History
Map of Area served by Absa Group Limited
Formation of ABSA and Barclays Africa Group Limited (1991–2017)
Absa Group began with the incorporation Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA) Limited in 1986 from a merger of the United Building Society Holdings South Africa, Allied Bank South Africa, Volkskas Bank Group and certain interests of the Sage Group. In 1992, ABSA acquired the entire shareholding prowess of the Bankorp Group (which included TrustBank, Senbank and Bankfin). In 1997, ABSA changed name of the holding company was changed to ABSA Group Limited and adopted a new corporate identity. It consisted of three main operating divisions, whose brands; "United", "Volkskas", "Allied" and "TrustBank" brands were retired the following year in favor of the ABSA brand.
In May 2005, Barclays of the United Kingdom purchased 56.4 percent stake in Absa, which was criticized by the then-governor of the South African Reserve Bank, Tito Mboweni, who said he "had yet to see the benefits of Barclays' management of Absa". With the acquisition, Absa Group Limited was rebranded as Barclays Africa Group Limited.
Snakes incident
In 2004 a disgruntled Absa client released five puff adders into the bank's head office in Johannesburg following a six-year dispute with the bank over the repossession of his car. One person was injured in the incident when their finger was bitten and the client was later convicted under the offense of aggravated assault.
Bank charges (2005-2012)
Absa Group in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2018
Finweek Bank Charges Reports from 2008 through 2010 found Barclays Africa Group Holdings Limited to be the most expensive bank in South Africa. Pay-as-you-transact (PAYT) fees increased 82 percent from 2005 to 2010. The 2012, Finweek Bank Charges Report ranked Absa's Gold Value Bundle as the cheapest package option amongst the four banks that were compared. The report has also shown Absa's PAYT pricing structure to have reduced by 25 percent by 2013, leaving it third cheapest in the overall ranking at that time.
In 2013, the group acquired the entire issued share capital of Barclays Africa Limited and issued 129,540,636 Consideration Shares to Barclays Africa Group Holdings Limited (a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays) thus increasing the shareholding of Barclays plc to 62.3 percent. The Consideration Shares were listed on the JSE from the commencement of trading on 31 July 2013. The name change from "Absa Group Limited" to "Barclays Africa Group Limited" was completed in August 2013.
In 2017, the South African Public Protector, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, found that the bailout of R1.125 billion that Absa's predecessor Bankorp Group had received between 1985 and 1992 from the Reserve Bank was illegal, and recommended that Absa be forced to pay back R2.25 billion, the current equivalent of the amount. The report was set aside by the Pretoria High Court, finding that "The public protector did not conduct herself in a manner which would be expected from a person occupying the office of the public protector." The court assessed some costs of the case personally against Mkhwebane due to her conduct, an order upheld by the Constitutional Court of South Africa in July 2019.
Absa Group Limited (2018-present)
Barclays Bank Plc in 2018 owned 14.9 percent of Absa Group Limited. In March 2018, Barclays Africa announced the group's name would revert to Absa Group Limited, effective 30 May 2018. The company underwent rebranding in 2018, inclusive of a new logo and slogans.
Absa opened an international office in London in September 2018, then in 2019, opened another international office in New York City. As of October 2019, according to Club of Mozambique, Absa Group Limited had total assets in excess of US$91 billion. ABGL in 2020 was the majority shareholder of 11 banks located in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania (two entities), Uganda and Zambia. In March 2022, Sello Moloko was appointed Group Chairman and Arrie Rautenbach was appointed CEO, and its fourth CEO in three years. The company had been without a CEO for eleven months after the abrupt resignation of Daniel Mminele. In August 2022, Barclays Plc sold its remaining stake in Absa, which it had acquired in 2005, selling 7.4 percent of Absa's issued capital for $620 million.
Overview and structure
ABSA Centre in Cape Town
Absa Group Limited's shares are listed on the JSE Limited stock exchange. In 2020, Absa Bank Kenya and Absa Bank Botswana continue to be listed on their respective stock exchanges.
Major shareholders
Below is the Absa Group's 10 largest shareholders as at June 2023:
Current Majority shareholders
June 2023 (%)
Public Investment Corporation (SA)
5.15
BlackRock, Inc. (US, UK)
4.98
M&G (US, UK)
4.96
Ninety One (SA)
4.68
Old Mutual (SA)
4.40
Citigroup Global Markets
4.02
The Vanguard Group (US, AU)
3.94
Investec Securities (SA)
3.89
Sanlam Investment Management (SA)
3.32
Others
60.66
Geographical holding (by owner)
June 2023 (%)
United Kingdom
7.52
South Africa
61.66
United States and Canada
19.32
Other countries
11
Subsidiaries
Absa Bank Limited (100%)
Absa Financial Services Limited (100%)
Absa Bank Botswana (67.8%)
Absa Bank Ghana (100%)
Absa Bank Kenya (68.5%)
Absa Bank Mauritius (100%)
Absa Bank Mozambique (98.1%)
Absa Bank Seychelles (99.8%)
Absa Bank Uganda (100%)
Absa Bank Zambia (100%)
National Bank of Commerce Limited (55%)
Absa Bank Tanzania (100%)
Legal matters
ABSA v. Sweet
Main article: ABSA v Sweet
Mortgage loans misconduct
In South Africa, banks have to secure consent from the borrower if the bank wishes to securitise the loan, allowing the bank to bundle in the loan with other loans and sell it to new owners.
In 2014, South African courts made a number of rulings against Absa's mortgage loan division in a number of previous summary judgements against clients who had taken out loans with the bank and who the bank had accused of defaulting on their loans. In August 2014, Absa brought a case against James Grobbelaar and Kevin Jenzen for allegedly defaulting on their home loans. However, Absa was unable to provide proof of the loan agreements, claiming that they had been destroyed in a fire in 2009 and instead presented an unsigned blank loan agreement.
In November 2014, Absa withdrew a similar case it had brought in the North Gauteng High Court against Emmarentia and Monica Liebenberg for allegedly defaulting on loans taken out in 2007, with the bank being unable to provide a copy of the signed documents that the bank claimed to be the loan agreement they were enforcing. The Liebenberg's accused the bank of trying to bully them "into submission, by threatening legal costs and expenses and by pursuing a wrongful summary judgement application knowing full well the massive disputes involved". The Liebenbergs also stated in their affidavit that the bank had inflated the interest rate of the loan and charged additional fees that had never been agreed to and would have been illegal even if they had been written into a signed agreement.
See also
Companies portalBanks portal
List of companies traded on the JSE
List of companies of South Africa
List of banks
List of banks in South Africa
Economy of South Africa
References
^ "Absa Group Limited". JSE Limited. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
^ a b c "ABSA Group". Barclays Group Archives. Barclays PLC. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ "Contact Us". Absa Group Limited. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ a b "Absa Bank appoints Arrie Rautenbach as new CEO, ending leadership vacuum". Business Live. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ a b c d e "Financial results for the reporting period ended 31 December 2019" (PDF). Absa Group Limited. 20 March 2020. pp. 125–127. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
^ a b c d "Country operations". Absa Group Limited. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ a b "Absa opens UK office, hopes to profit from post-Brexit trade in Africa". News24. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
^ a b Rumney, Emma; Richardson, Alex (11 November 2019). "South Africa's Absa to open New York office by end of the year". Reuters. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
^ "Absa Technology Prague s.r.o · Milevská 2095/5, 140 00 Praha 4-Krč, Czechia". Absa Technology Prague s.r.o · Milevská 2095/5, 140 00 Praha 4-Krč, Czechia. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
^ "Absa Group: total assets 2017-2022". Statista. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
^ a b Adrian Frey (23 October 2019). "Barclays in Mozambique rebranding as Absa Bank". Maputo: Club of Mozambique. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
^ Wright, Chris (1 November 2013). "Better late than never for Barclays-Absa merger". Euromoney. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
^ "ABSA Group 2005 Annual Report" (PDF). ABSA Group Limited. 31 March 2005. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ "Mboweni fires confounding salvo at Barclays". Business Report. 30 March 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
^ "Charges altered against Absa snake man". The Mail & Guardian. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ "Absa told: 10 snakes still there". News24. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ Molwedi, Phomello (19 May 2005). "Snake man is guilty - and it's not over yet". IOL.
^ David McKay. "SA's most expensive bank: Absa". Fin24.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
^ Fin24.com reporter. "SA outraged by bank 'fleecing'". Fin24.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b Fin24.com reporter (27 September 2010). "SA's most expensive bank". Fin24.com. Retrieved 9 February 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Afriforum: Standard Bank and Absa is South Africa's most expensive banks". Afriforum. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ "Finweek reports on bank charges. 2012" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
^ a b "Why Barclays Africa is rebranding back to Absa "with an African identity"". African Business. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
^ Wet, Athandiwe Saba, Phillip de. "Absa may have to pay back apartheid-era bailout billions". The M&G Online. Retrieved 18 January 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Don't Let The Politics Get In the Way Of Understanding This Explosive Detail In Mkhwebane's Absa Report". Huffington Post South Africa. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ Groenewald, Yolandi (16 February 2018). "Public Protector's ABSA bailout report set aside". Mail & Guardian. Johannesburg, South Africa. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018.
^ Feltham, Luke; Kekana, Mashadi (13 June 2018). "The case against Mkhwebane". Mail & Guardian. Johannesburg, South Africa.
^ Bateman, Barry (28 March 2018). "Mkhwebane loses appeal on costs order in Absa-Bankorp matter". Eye Witness News (EWN). Archived from the original on 28 March 2018.
^ Maughan, Karyn (9 July 2018). "Busisiwe Mkhwebane still fighting R900'000 legal bill". Times Live. Johannesburg, South Africa: Tiso Blackstar Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018.
^ Niselow, Tehillah (22 July 2019). "ConCourt upholds cost order against Mkhwebane, rules she was 'not honest' in Absa investigation". News24.
^ "Public protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane must pay up in Reserve Bank/Absa matter". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ Wyk, Pauli Van (22 July 2019). "MKHWEBANE JUDGMENT: Bad faith, dishonest, biased, reprehensible behaviour, not up to standard, falsehoods — the storm that broke over Mkhwebane". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ a b Nancy Mwape (17 July 2018). "Absa Assures Barclays Customers of Smooth Transition". Zambia Daily Mail. Lusaka. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
^ "Proposed Change of Name" (PDF). Barclays Africa Group Limited. 1 March 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
^ "Here is Absa's brand new look". BusinessTech. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
^ "Barclays Exits Absa Group in Latest Retreat from Africa". 31 August 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2023 – via www.bloomberg.com.
^ Kenneth Mosekiemang (18 February 2020). "Absa Resumes Trading on BSE". Weekend Post Botswana. Gaborone. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ "Shareholders". Absa Group | Welcome to Absa Group Limited. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ Adrian Frey (23 October 2019). "Barclays in Mozambique rebranding as Absa Bank". Maputo: Club of Mozambique. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
^ a b "Smack down for Absa in Joburg High Court". ACTS. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ a b c "Absa gets snot-klapped in Pretoria High Court by women's army". ACTS. 30 November 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ "Securitisation: a conspiracy of silence" (PDF). New Economic Rights Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Absa Group.
Official website
vteAbsa GroupSubsidiaries and investmentsBanking businesses
Absa Bank Botswana (67.8%)
Absa Bank Ghana
Absa Bank Kenya (68.5%)
Absa Bank Mauritius
Absa Bank Moçambique
Absa Bank Seychelles
Absa Bank South Africa
Absa Bank Tanzania
Absa Bank Uganda
Absa Bank Zambia
NBC Tanzania (55%)
African Bank (5%)
Other investments
Absa Capital Securities
Absa Life Limited
Absa Manx Insurance Company (Isle of Man)
Barclays Life Botswana
Barclays Life Zambia
BankservAfrica (23.125%)
First Assurance Kenya (63.3%)
Woolworths Financial Services (50%)
Historical componentsand acquisitions
Allied Bank (South Africa)
Bankorp Group
United Bank (South Africa)
Volkskas Bank Group
Management
Wendy Lucas-Bull (Group Chairman)
Daniel Mminele (Group Chief Executive)
Jason Quinn (Group Finance Director)
Other
Absa Tower (Johannesburg)
Absa Centre (Cape Town)
Absa Building (Pretoria)
Category
vteBarclaysDivision and subsidiaries
Barclays Canada
Barclaycard
Barclays Wealth
Historical componentsand acquisitions
Absa Group
Backhouse's Bank
Crossroads Group
FirstCaribbean International Bank
Gurney's Bank
Juniper Bank
Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
Lehman Brothers
Lock, Hulme & Co.
London Provincial & South Western Bank
Martins Bank
The Woolwich
Management
C. S. Venkatakrishnan (Group Chief Executive)
Other
One Churchill Place
Barclays Center (Brooklyn)
Enfield
Category
Commons
vteBanks of South Africa Central bank
South African Reserve Bank
Big fourcommercial banks
Absa
First National Bank
Nedbank
Standard Bank
Other
African Bank
Bidvest Bank
Capitec Bank
Development Bank of Southern Africa
FirstRand
Grindrod Bank
Imperial Bank South Africa
Investec
Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa
Postbank
Sasfin Bank
Ubank
Defunct
20Twenty
African Banking Corporation
Allied Bank
Colesberg Bank
NBS
Permanent Bank
Saambou
Trustbank
United Bank
VBS Mutual Bank
Volkskas
vteCompanies based in Greater JohannesburgDiversifiedconglomerates
Aveng
Barloworld
Bidvest
Chancellor House
Famous Brands
Airlines
Aerolift
Airlink
Cargo
CemAir
Egoli Air
Federal Air
Global Aviation
National Airways
Norse Air
Phoebus Apollo Aviation
SAA
Safair
FlySafair
Solenta Aviation
Defunct
1time
African International Airways
AirQuarius Aviation
Avia
Comair
Command Airways
Executive Aerospace
Fly Blue Crane
Imperial Air Cargo
Interair South Africa
Interlink Airlines
kulula.com
Mango
Nationwide Airlines
Rossair Executive Air Charter
Rovos Air
Skywise
South African Express
Constructionand engineering
Concor
Murray & Roberts
Energy
DLO Energy Resources
Total South Africa
Financial
Absa Group
ACM Gold & Forex
Alexforbes
Discovery
Evolution Group
Hollard Group
Investec
Liberty Holdings
Livestock Wealth
MiWay Insurance
Lesaka Technologies
Old Mutual
Riovic Capital Group
RMB Holdings
RMI Holdings
STANLIB
Venmyn Rand
Banks
Absa Bank
Access Bank South Africa
African Alliance Investment Bank
African Bank
Bank Zero
Bidvest Bank
DBSA
First National Bank
FirstRand Bank
Imperial Bank South Africa
Mercantile Bank
Nedbank
Rand Merchant Bank
Sasfin Bank
Stanchart South Africa
Standard Bank
TymeBank
Ubank
Wizzit
Defunct
VBS Mutual Bank
Hospitality
Southern Sun Hotels
Sun International
Tsogo Sun
ICT
Afrihost
BCX
Cell C
Cybatar
Datatec
Dimension Data
EOH Holdings
iVeri Payment Technologies
MTN
Neotel
OTEL Telecoms
Rain
Sybrin
Teraco Data Environments
Vodacom
Defunct
Internet Solutions
Luma Arcade
Vision Software
Legal
Bowman Gilfillan
ENSafrica
Webber Wentzel
Werksmans
Defunct
Deneys Reitz
Mandela and Tambo
Manufacturing
Adcock Ingram
AECI
African Explosives
All Joy Foods
Bakers
Clover Industries
FEW
IWC
Isuzu Trucks South Africa
Land Systems OMC
Nampak
Paramount Group
PPC
Premier FMCG
Rand Refinery
Rembrandt Group
Sappi
Simba
SkyReach Aircraft
Sling Aircraft
South African Breweries
Tiger Brands
Truvelo Armoury
Union Carriage & Wagon
Defunct
Basil Green Motors
New PowerChutes
Media
Arena Holdings
Caxton and CTP Publishers and Printers
MultiChoice
Nu Metro Cinemas
Primedia
SABC
StarSat
Ster-Kinekor
Mining
Alexkor
Asa Resources
African Rainbow Minerals
AngloGold Ashanti
DRDGOLD
ERPM
Gold Fields
Harmony Gold
Impala Platinum
JCI
Metorex
Northam Platinum
Sibanye-Stillwater
Defunct
Simmer and Jack
Retail andmarketing
AutoTrader
Bidorbuy
Cadac
CNA
The Creative Counsel
Dis-Chem
Exclusive Books
Hyundai South Africa
Incredible Connection
Massmart
Wantitall
Defunct
Edcon
OK Bazaars
Restaurantfranchises
Chicken Licken
Debonairs Pizza
Mugg & Bean
Nando's
Roman's Pizza
Steers
Wimpy
Services
Netcare
SA Waste Holdings
Defunct
Bosasa
Transport
Avis Southern Africa
Comazar
PUTCO
Surtees Rail Group
State-ownedenterprises
Airports Company South Africa
Denel Aeronautics
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Eskom
Rand Water
South African Broadcasting Corporation
Sasol
Sentech
South African Airways
Transnet
Freightdynamics
Defunct
Lema
Companies based in Ekurhuleni
Companies based in Johannesburg
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Absa Bank Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Limited"},{"link_name":"ABSA (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABSA_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"financial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSE_Limited"},{"link_name":"banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6R-6"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6R-6"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6R-6"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_Reff6-7"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Reff7-8"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-11"}],"text":"This article is about the banking conglomerate primarily operating within certain African countries. For its flagship South African bank from which its name originated, see Absa Bank Limited. For other uses, see ABSA (disambiguation).Absa Group Limited, commonly known simply as Absa and formerly the Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA) until 2005 and Barclays Africa Group Limited until 2018, is a multinational banking and financial services conglomerate based in Johannesburg, South Africa and listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It offers personal and business banking, credit cards, corporate and investment banking, wealth and investment management and bank assurances.[6]Operating in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries including in-house South Africa, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia,[6] the conglomerate maintains representative offices in Namibia and Nigeria[6] and internationals offices in London[7] and New York City,[8] as well as a technology support office in the Czech Republic.[9]Absa had assets of US$97 billion as of 2022.[10][11]","title":"Absa Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barclays_Africa_Group_Map.svg"}],"text":"Map of Area served by Absa Group Limited","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Building Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Building_Society"},{"link_name":"Volkskas Bank Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSAStart-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABSAStart-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"South African Reserve Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Reserve_Bank"},{"link_name":"Tito Mboweni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Mboweni"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Formation of ABSA and Barclays Africa Group Limited (1991–2017)","text":"Absa Group began with the incorporation Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA) Limited in 1986 from a merger of the United Building Society Holdings South Africa, Allied Bank South Africa, Volkskas Bank Group and certain interests of the Sage Group.[2] In 1992, ABSA acquired the entire shareholding prowess of the Bankorp Group (which included TrustBank, Senbank and Bankfin).[2] In 1997, ABSA changed name of the holding company was changed to ABSA Group Limited and adopted a new corporate identity. It consisted of three main operating divisions, whose brands; \"United\", \"Volkskas\", \"Allied\" and \"TrustBank\" brands were retired the following year in favor of the ABSA brand.[12]In May 2005, Barclays of the United Kingdom purchased 56.4 percent stake in Absa,[13] which was criticized by the then-governor of the South African Reserve Bank, Tito Mboweni, who said he \"had yet to see the benefits of Barclays' management of Absa\".[14] With the acquisition, Absa Group Limited was rebranded as Barclays Africa Group Limited.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"puff adders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puff_adder"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Snakes incident","text":"In 2004 a disgruntled Absa client released five[15] puff adders into the bank's head office in Johannesburg following a six-year dispute with the bank over the repossession of his car.[16] One person was injured in the incident when their finger was bitten and the client was later convicted under the offense of aggravated assault.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absa_Group_logo_on_exterior_of_head_office_building_in_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg, South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN-20080819-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN-20090904-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN-20100827-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afriforum-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIN-20100827-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_Reff8-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_Reff8-23"},{"link_name":"Public Protector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Protector"},{"link_name":"Busisiwe Mkhwebane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busisiwe_Mkhwebane"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pretoria High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauteng_Division"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Court of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Bank charges (2005-2012)","text":"Absa Group in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2018Finweek Bank Charges Reports from 2008 through 2010[18] found Barclays Africa Group Holdings Limited to be the most expensive bank in South Africa.[19][20][21] Pay-as-you-transact (PAYT) fees increased 82 percent from 2005 to 2010.[20] The 2012, Finweek Bank Charges Report ranked Absa's Gold Value Bundle as the cheapest package option amongst the four banks that were compared. The report has also shown Absa's PAYT pricing structure to have reduced by 25 percent by 2013, leaving it third cheapest in the overall ranking at that time.[22]In 2013, the group acquired the entire issued share capital of Barclays Africa Limited and issued 129,540,636 Consideration Shares to Barclays Africa Group Holdings Limited (a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays) thus increasing the shareholding of Barclays plc to 62.3 percent.[23] The Consideration Shares were listed on the JSE from the commencement of trading on 31 July 2013. The name change from \"Absa Group Limited\" to \"Barclays Africa Group Limited\" was completed in August 2013.[23]In 2017, the South African Public Protector, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, found that the bailout of R1.125 billion that Absa's predecessor Bankorp Group had received between 1985 and 1992 from the Reserve Bank was illegal, and recommended that Absa be forced to pay back R2.25 billion, the current equivalent of the amount.[24][25] The report was set aside by the Pretoria High Court,[26] finding that \"The public protector did not conduct herself in a manner which would be expected from a person occupying the office of the public protector.\"[27] The court assessed some costs of the case personally against Mkhwebane due to her conduct,[28][29] an order upheld by the Constitutional Court of South Africa in July 2019.[30][31][32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Reff3-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_Reff6-7"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Reff7-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R-11"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6R-6"},{"link_name":"Sello Moloko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sello_Moloko"},{"link_name":"Arrie Rautenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrie_Rautenbach"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mminele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mminele"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022_Reff1-4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Absa Group Limited (2018-present)","text":"Barclays Bank Plc in 2018 owned 14.9 percent of Absa Group Limited.[33] In March 2018, Barclays Africa announced the group's name would revert to Absa Group Limited, effective 30 May 2018.[34] The company underwent rebranding in 2018, inclusive of a new logo and slogans.[35]Absa opened an international office in London in September 2018,[7] then in 2019, opened another international office in New York City.[8] As of October 2019, according to Club of Mozambique, Absa Group Limited had total assets in excess of US$91 billion.[11] ABGL in 2020 was the majority shareholder of 11 banks located in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania (two entities), Uganda and Zambia.[6] In March 2022, Sello Moloko was appointed Group Chairman and Arrie Rautenbach was appointed CEO, and its fourth CEO in three years. The company had been without a CEO for eleven months after the abrupt resignation of Daniel Mminele.[4] In August 2022, Barclays Plc sold its remaining stake in Absa, which it had acquired in 2005, selling 7.4 percent of Absa's issued capital for $620 million.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absa_Centre_Cape_Town,_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"JSE Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSE_Limited"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019_Reff3-33"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Botswana"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"ABSA Centre in Cape TownAbsa Group Limited's shares are listed on the JSE Limited stock exchange.[33] In 2020, Absa Bank Kenya and Absa Bank Botswana continue to be listed on their respective stock exchanges.[37]","title":"Overview and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Major shareholders","text":"Below is the Absa Group's 10 largest shareholders as at June 2023:[38]","title":"Overview and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Absa Bank Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Limited"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1R2-39"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Seychelles_Limited"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Uganda_Limited"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Zambia"},{"link_name":"National Bank of Commerce Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Commerce_(Tanzania)"},{"link_name":"Absa Bank Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absa_Bank_Tanzania"}],"sub_title":"Subsidiaries","text":"Absa Bank Limited (100%)\nAbsa Financial Services Limited (100%)\nAbsa Bank Botswana (67.8%)\nAbsa Bank Ghana (100%)\nAbsa Bank Kenya (68.5%)\nAbsa Bank Mauritius (100%)\nAbsa Bank Mozambique (98.1%)[39]\nAbsa Bank Seychelles (99.8%)\nAbsa Bank Uganda (100%)\nAbsa Bank Zambia (100%)\nNational Bank of Commerce Limited (55%)\nAbsa Bank Tanzania (100%)","title":"Overview and structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal matters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"ABSA v. Sweet","title":"Legal matters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"securitise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acts1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acts2-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newera-42"},{"link_name":"mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acts1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acts2-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acts2-41"}],"sub_title":"Mortgage loans misconduct","text":"In South Africa, banks have to secure consent from the borrower if the bank wishes to securitise the loan, allowing the bank to bundle in the loan with other loans and sell it to new owners.[40][41][42]In 2014, South African courts made a number of rulings against Absa's mortgage loan division in a number of previous summary judgements against clients who had taken out loans with the bank and who the bank had accused of defaulting on their loans. In August 2014, Absa brought a case against James Grobbelaar and Kevin Jenzen for allegedly defaulting on their home loans. However, Absa was unable to provide proof of the loan agreements, claiming that they had been destroyed in a fire in 2009 and instead presented an unsigned blank loan agreement.[40]In November 2014, Absa withdrew a similar case it had brought in the North Gauteng High Court against Emmarentia and Monica Liebenberg for allegedly defaulting on loans taken out in 2007, with the bank being unable to provide a copy of the signed documents that the bank claimed to be the loan agreement they were enforcing.[41] The Liebenberg's accused the bank of trying to bully them \"into submission, by threatening legal costs and expenses and by pursuing a wrongful summary judgement application knowing full well the massive disputes involved\". The Liebenbergs also stated in their affidavit that the bank had inflated the interest rate of the loan and charged additional fees that had never been agreed to and would have been illegal even if they had been written into a signed agreement.[41]","title":"Legal matters"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Area served by Absa Group Limited","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Barclays_Africa_Group_Map.svg/220px-Barclays_Africa_Group_Map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Absa Group in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Absa_Group_logo_on_exterior_of_head_office_building_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%281%29.jpg/220px-Absa_Group_logo_on_exterior_of_head_office_building_in_Johannesburg%2C_South_Africa_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"ABSA Centre in Cape Town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Absa_Centre_Cape_Town%2C_2023.jpg/249px-Absa_Centre_Cape_Town%2C_2023.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"List of companies traded on the JSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_traded_on_the_JSE"},{"title":"List of companies of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"List of banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks"},{"title":"List of banks in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_South_Africa"},{"title":"Economy of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Absa Group Limited\". JSE Limited. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jse.co.za/jse/instruments/5016","url_text":"\"Absa Group Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSE_Limited","url_text":"JSE Limited"}]},{"reference":"\"ABSA Group\". Barclays Group Archives. Barclays PLC. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105171517/https://www.archive.barclays.com/items/show/5402","url_text":"\"ABSA Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays","url_text":"Barclays PLC"},{"url":"https://www.archive.barclays.com/items/show/5402","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". Absa Group Limited. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.absa.africa/contact-us/","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Absa Bank appoints Arrie Rautenbach as new CEO, ending leadership vacuum\". Business Live. 29 March 2022. 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banks\""},{"Link":"http://fromtheold.com/news/south-africa/afriforum-standard-bank-absa-south-africas-most-expensive-banks-20672","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130830174806/http://finweek.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Finweek-report-on-bank-charges_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Finweek reports on bank charges. 2012\""},{"Link":"http://finweek.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Finweek-report-on-bank-charges_2012.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://african.business/2018/03/economy/barclays-africa-rebranding-back-absa-african-identity/","external_links_name":"\"Why Barclays Africa is rebranding back to Absa \"with an African identity\"\""},{"Link":"http://mg.co.za/article/2017-01-13-00-absa-may-have-to-pay-back-apartheid-era-bailout-billions","external_links_name":"\"Absa may have to pay back apartheid-era bailout billions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118181639/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/01/16/dont-let-the-politics-get-in-the-way-of-understanding-this-expl/","external_links_name":"\"Don't Let The Politics Get In the Way Of Understanding This Explosive Detail In Mkhwebane's Absa Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/01/16/dont-let-the-politics-get-in-the-way-of-understanding-this-expl/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-16-public-protectors-absa-bailout-report-set-aside","external_links_name":"\"Public Protector's ABSA bailout report set aside\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613170459/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-16-public-protectors-absa-bailout-report-set-aside","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-13-the-case-against-mkhwebane","external_links_name":"\"The case against Mkhwebane\""},{"Link":"http://ewn.co.za/2018/03/28/mkhwebane-loses-appeal-on-costs-order-in-absa-bankorp-matter","external_links_name":"\"Mkhwebane loses appeal on costs order in Absa-Bankorp matter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180328144621/http://ewn.co.za/2018/03/28/mkhwebane-loses-appeal-on-costs-order-in-absa-bankorp-matter","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-07-09-busisiwe-mkhwebane-still-fighting-r900000-legal-bill/","external_links_name":"\"Busisiwe Mkhwebane still fighting R900'000 legal bill\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180709074313/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-07-09-busisiwe-mkhwebane-still-fighting-r900000-legal-bill/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.fin24.com/Economy/breaking-concourt-uhpholds-cost-order-against-mkhwebane-rules-she-was-not-honest-in-absa-investigation-20190722","external_links_name":"\"ConCourt upholds cost order against Mkhwebane, rules she was 'not honest' in Absa investigation\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-07-22-public-protector-busisiwe-mkhwebane-must-pay-after-falsehoods-over-bankorp/","external_links_name":"\"Public protector Busisiwe Mkhwebane must pay up in Reserve Bank/Absa matter\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-07-23-bad-faith-dishonest-biased-reprehensible-behaviour-not-up-to-standard-falsehoods-the-storm-that-broke-over-mkhwebane/","external_links_name":"\"MKHWEBANE JUDGMENT: Bad faith, dishonest, biased, reprehensible behaviour, not up to standard, falsehoods — the storm that broke over Mkhwebane\""},{"Link":"http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/absa-assures-barclays-customers-of-smooth-transition/","external_links_name":"\"Absa Assures Barclays Customers of Smooth Transition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180508054126/https://www.barclaysafrica.com/content/dam/barclays-africa/bagl/pdf/sens/2018/jan-jun/barclays-africa-group-name-change.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Change of Name\""},{"Link":"https://www.barclaysafrica.com/content/dam/barclays-africa/bagl/pdf/sens/2018/jan-jun/barclays-africa-group-name-change.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://businesstech.co.za/news/banking/257755/here-is-absas-brand-new-look/","external_links_name":"\"Here is Absa's brand new look\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-31/barclays-to-exit-absa-group-in-latest-retreat-from-africa","external_links_name":"\"Barclays Exits Absa Group in Latest Retreat from Africa\""},{"Link":"http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=7292","external_links_name":"\"Absa Resumes Trading on BSE\""},{"Link":"https://www.absa.africa/investor-relations/shareholders/","external_links_name":"\"Shareholders\""},{"Link":"https://clubofmozambique.com/news/barclays-in-mozambique-rebranding-as-absa-bank-145292/","external_links_name":"\"Barclays in Mozambique rebranding as Absa Bank\""},{"Link":"http://news.acts.co.za/blog/2014/08/smack-down-for-absa-in-joburg-high-court","external_links_name":"\"Smack down for Absa in Joburg High Court\""},{"Link":"http://news.acts.co.za/blog/2014/11/absa-gets-snotklapped-in-pretoria-high-court-by-womens-army","external_links_name":"\"Absa gets snot-klapped in Pretoria High Court by women's army\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140921073132/http://www.newera.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Securitisation-A-Conspiracy-of-Silence.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Securitisation: a conspiracy of silence\""},{"Link":"http://www.newera.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Securitisation-A-Conspiracy-of-Silence.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.absa.africa/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000406482696","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124515447","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98046605","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I-AA
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NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision
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["1 History","2 Championships","3 Conferences","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Second-highest level of college football in the US
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NCAA Division I Football Championship SubdivisionCurrent season, competition or edition: 2023 NCAA Division I FCS football seasonSportAmerican footballFounded1978No. of teams129CountryUnited StatesOfficial websitewww.ncaa.com/sports/football/fcs
The NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly known as Division I-AA, is the second-highest level of college football in the United States, after the Football Bowl Subdivision. Sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the FCS level comprises 129 teams in 13 conferences as of the 2024 season. The FCS designation is only tied to football with the non-football sports programs of each school competing in NCAA Division I.
History
See also: NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision alignment history
From 1906 to 1955, the NCAA had no divisional structure for member schools. Prior to the 1956 college football season, NCAA schools were organized into an upper University Division and lower College Division. In the summer of 1973, the University Division became Division I, but by 1976, there was a desire to further separate the major football programs from those that were less financially successful, while allowing their other sports to compete at the top level.
Division I-AA was created in January 1978, when Division I was subdivided into Division I-A and Division I-AA for football only. The initial criteria for a program's admittance to I-A included (1) scheduling 60% of its games against other I-A teams, and either (2) having a 30,000-seat stadium and an average attendance of 17,000 for one year in the last four, or (3) drawing an average of 17,000 over the last four years. Division I football schools satisfying #1 and either #2 or #3 also had to maintain eight sports overall. Schools failing to meet either #2 or #3 could still qualify for I-A if they maintained twelve sports overall. (NOTE: the NCAA, at the time, governed male sports only; women's teams did not count toward these totals). Of 144 schools participating in Division I football in the 1977 season, 79 were expected to qualify for I-A, with the remaining 65 relegated to I-AA.
But because the NCAA allowed four years for criteria #2 and #3 to be met, just eight schools (seven from the Southwestern Athletic Conference, a league of HBCUs that had just moved to Division I in 1977) opted for Division I-AA for the 1978 season. Meanwhile, another 35 reclassified from Division II to Division I-AA, including four entire conferences. Thus, at least initially, the creation of Division I-AA appeared to backfire; rather than serve as a home for the smaller or less competitive football programs of Division I, it created a pathway for football-playing Division II schools to join Division I without the burden of funding a major football program. Division I-AA still had just 50 members when the four-year deadline set in January 1978 expired, forcing 41 schools that did not meet I-A criteria to reclassify to I-AA. Some successfully appealed the decision, including eight members of the Mid-American Conference along with Cincinnati, a football independent at the time. Thus I-AA membership hit an early peak of 91 in 1982, before settling down into the 80-90 range for the next several years.
The next big increase in Division I-AA membership came after the January 1991 NCAA convention voted to require an athletic program to maintain all of its sports at the same divisional level by the 1993 season. In order to comply, 28 Division I schools with football programs at the Division II and Division III levels were forced to upgrade their teams to the Division I level, and all of them (at least initially) chose Division I-AA as their new football home. At the same time, the number of football scholarships allowed in I-AA was reduced from the original 70 to 63, effective in 1994; it has remained at that number ever since. With the new additions, membership in I-AA hit a new high of 118 in 1993.
The subdivision stabilized thereafter, maintaining at least 120 members from 1997 onward. Membership peaked at 130 in 2022 before settling at the current 129.
NCAA Division I-A and NCAA Division I-AA were renamed as NCAA Division I FBS and NCAA Division I FCS prior to the 2006 season.
Championships
Main article: NCAA Division I Football Championship
The FCS has held a post-season playoff to award an NCAA-sanctioned national championship since its inception in 1978. The size of the playoff bracket has increased from 4 teams in 1978 to 24 teams in the 2020 season. This makes the FCS the highest level of college football with an NCAA-sanctioned national championship.
Conferences
As of the 2024 football season, there are 13 Division I FCS football conferences:
Big Sky Conference
Big South–OVC Football Association
Started play in 2023 as an alliance between the Big South Conference and Ohio Valley Conference that shares a single automatic FCS playoff berth. Technically treated by the NCAA as an alliance instead of a full conference.
CAA Football – While administered by the multi-sports Coastal Athletic Association, it is a separate legal entity—although the NCAA considers both sides of the CAA to be a single conference.
Ivy League
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
Missouri Valley Football Conference
Northeast Conference
Patriot League
Pioneer Football League
Southern Conference
Southland Conference
Southwestern Athletic Conference
United Athletic Conference
Formed in December 2022 by a football-only merger of the Atlantic Sun Conference (then ASUN Conference) and Western Athletic Conference. In the 2021 and 2022 seasons, those two all-sports conferences had been partners in a football alliance that shared a single berth in the FCS playoffs. The NCAA technically considers the UAC to be a continuation of this alliance instead of a fully formed conference.
See also
List of NCAA Division I FCS football programs
List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums
List of NCAA Division I FCS playoff appearances by team
List of NCAA Division I-AA/FCS football seasons
NCAA Division I FBS
References
^ "NCAA may drop 100 Division 1 schools". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Associated Press. November 16, 1976. p. B11.
^ "Big schools win battle". St. Petersburg Independent. (Florida). Associated Press. January 13, 1978. p. 5C.
^ a b Underwood, John (January 23, 1978). "The NCAA splits its decision". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ "The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on August 28, 1982 · 32".
^ "The Cincinnati Enquirer from Cincinnati, Ohio on August 27, 1982 · Page 19".
^ "Northridge Likely To Alter Its Game Plan". Los Angeles Times. January 11, 1991.
External links
Official website
vteNCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision conferencesCurrent conferences
Big Sky
Big South–OVC
CAA
Ivy
MEAC
MVFC
NEC
Patriot
Pioneer
SoCon
Southland
SWAC
UAC
Previous conferences
American West (defunct 1996)
ASUN (alliance with WAC as UAC 2023)
Atlantic 10 (alliance with CAA 2007)
Big South (alliance with OVC 2023)
Great West (non-football 2012; defunct 2013)
Gulf Star (defunct 1987)
MAAC (non-football 2008)
Mid-Continent (non-football 1987)
OVC (alliance with Big South 2023)
WAC (alliance with ASUN as UAC 2023)
Yankee (became A10 1997, alliance with CAA 2007)
Independents
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vteCollege footballNCAACompetitionsDivision IFBS
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List
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Championship Series
Records
Rivalries
Most-played
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Championship
Playoff appearances
Division II
Championship
Division III
Championship
Other
Black college championship
Seasons
Division I-A (FBS)
Division I-AA (FCS)
Division II
Division III
Programs
Div I (FBS)
Div I (FCS)
Div II
Div III
Conferences 1
Big South–OVC
CAA
Eastern
Missouri Valley
Pioneer
The United
Stadiums
FBS
FCS
Records
Overview
Teams by wins
Win-loss records (FBS)
Win-loss records (FCS)
Related
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Related articles
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1 Note: Football-only conferences are listed
Category
Commons
|
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Schools failing to meet either #2 or #3 could still qualify for I-A if they maintained twelve sports overall.[3] (NOTE: the NCAA, at the time, governed male sports only; women's teams did not count toward these totals). Of 144 schools participating in Division I football in the 1977 season, 79 were expected to qualify for I-A, with the remaining 65 relegated to I-AA.[3]But because the NCAA allowed four years for criteria #2 and #3 to be met, just eight schools (seven from the Southwestern Athletic Conference, a league of HBCUs that had just moved to Division I in 1977) opted for Division I-AA for the 1978 season. Meanwhile, another 35 reclassified from Division II to Division I-AA, including four entire conferences. 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Division I-AA still had just 50 members when the four-year deadline set in January 1978 expired, forcing 41 schools that did not meet I-A criteria to reclassify to I-AA.[4] Some successfully appealed the decision, including eight members of the Mid-American Conference along with Cincinnati, a football independent at the time.[5] Thus I-AA membership hit an early peak of 91 in 1982, before settling down into the 80-90 range for the next several years.The next big increase in Division I-AA membership came after the January 1991 NCAA convention voted to require an athletic program to maintain all of its sports at the same divisional level by the 1993 season.[6] In order to comply, 28 Division I schools with football programs at the Division II and Division III levels were forced to upgrade their teams to the Division I level, and all of them (at least initially) chose Division I-AA as their new football home. At the same time, the number of football scholarships allowed in I-AA was reduced from the original 70 to 63, effective in 1994; it has remained at that number ever since. With the new additions, membership in I-AA hit a new high of 118 in 1993.The subdivision stabilized thereafter, maintaining at least 120 members from 1997 onward. Membership peaked at 130 in 2022 before settling at the current 129.NCAA Division I-A and NCAA Division I-AA were renamed as NCAA Division I FBS and NCAA Division I FCS prior to the 2006 season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship"}],"text":"The FCS has held a post-season playoff to award an NCAA-sanctioned national championship since its inception in 1978. The size of the playoff bracket has increased from 4 teams in 1978 to 24 teams in the 2020 season. This makes the FCS the highest level of college football with an NCAA-sanctioned national championship.","title":"Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Sky Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big South–OVC Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South%E2%80%93OVC_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Big South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Conference"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAA Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Coastal Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Missouri Valley Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Northeast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Patriot League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_League"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southland Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"United Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Sun Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"}],"text":"As of the 2024 football season, there are 13 Division I FCS football conferences:Big Sky Conference\nBig South–OVC Football Association\nStarted play in 2023 as an alliance between the Big South Conference and Ohio Valley Conference that shares a single automatic FCS playoff berth. Technically treated by the NCAA as an alliance instead of a full conference.\nCAA Football – While administered by the multi-sports Coastal Athletic Association, it is a separate legal entity—although the NCAA considers both sides of the CAA to be a single conference.\nIvy League\nMid-Eastern Athletic Conference\nMissouri Valley Football Conference\nNortheast Conference\nPatriot League\nPioneer Football League\nSouthern Conference\nSouthland Conference\nSouthwestern Athletic Conference\nUnited Athletic Conference\nFormed in December 2022 by a football-only merger of the Atlantic Sun Conference (then ASUN Conference) and Western Athletic Conference. In the 2021 and 2022 seasons, those two all-sports conferences had been partners in a football alliance that shared a single berth in the FCS playoffs. The NCAA technically considers the UAC to be a continuation of this alliance instead of a fully formed conference.","title":"Conferences"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of NCAA Division I FCS football programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_programs"},{"title":"List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_football_stadiums"},{"title":"List of NCAA Division I FCS playoff appearances by team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FCS_playoff_appearances_by_team"},{"title":"List of NCAA Division I-AA/FCS football seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I-AA/FCS_football_seasons"},{"title":"NCAA Division I FBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"NCAA may drop 100 Division 1 schools\". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Associated Press. November 16, 1976. p. B11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P1IOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KH8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6976%2C149361","url_text":"\"NCAA may drop 100 Division 1 schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big schools win battle\". St. Petersburg Independent. (Florida). Associated Press. January 13, 1978. p. 5C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GGFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j1gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5884,2458519","url_text":"\"Big schools win battle\""}]},{"reference":"Underwood, John (January 23, 1978). \"The NCAA splits its decision\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1978/01/23/the-ncaa-splits-its-decision","url_text":"\"The NCAA splits its decision\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on August 28, 1982 · 32\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/437232551/","url_text":"\"The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on August 28, 1982 · 32\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cincinnati Enquirer from Cincinnati, Ohio on August 27, 1982 · Page 19\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/101713298/","url_text":"\"The Cincinnati Enquirer from Cincinnati, Ohio on August 27, 1982 · Page 19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northridge Likely To Alter Its Game Plan\". Los Angeles Times. January 11, 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/139127672/","url_text":"\"Northridge Likely To Alter Its Game Plan\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22NCAA+Division+I+Football+Championship+Subdivision%22","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22NCAA+Division+I+Football+Championship+Subdivision%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22NCAA+Division+I+Football+Championship+Subdivision%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22NCAA+Division+I+Football+Championship+Subdivision%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22NCAA+Division+I+Football+Championship+Subdivision%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22NCAA+Division+I+Football+Championship+Subdivision%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ncaa.com/sports/football/fcs","external_links_name":"www.ncaa.com/sports/football/fcs"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P1IOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KH8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6976%2C149361","external_links_name":"\"NCAA may drop 100 Division 1 schools\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GGFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j1gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5884,2458519","external_links_name":"\"Big schools win battle\""},{"Link":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1978/01/23/the-ncaa-splits-its-decision","external_links_name":"\"The NCAA splits its decision\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/437232551/","external_links_name":"\"The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on August 28, 1982 · 32\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/101713298/","external_links_name":"\"The Cincinnati Enquirer from Cincinnati, Ohio on August 27, 1982 · Page 19\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/139127672/","external_links_name":"\"Northridge Likely To Alter Its Game Plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncaa.org/d1","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Moulton
|
Tom Moulton
|
["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American record producer (born 1940)
Thomas Jerome Moulton (/ˈmoʊltən/, MOHL-tən; born November 29, 1940) is an American record producer. He experimented with remix in disco music and this led to its wide adoption as a standard practice in the industry. He also invented the breakdown section, and the twelve-inch single vinyl format in the process.
Life and career
Moulton was born in Schenectady, New York, United States, as the oldest of five children to parents who both were jazz musicians. He worked as a model at the Bookings and Ford agencies before beginning his production career. Before that, he had worked in the music industry, first as kid working part-time in record shops, then holding a sales and promotion job at King Records (from 1959 to 1961), and similar positions at RCA and United Artists. He eventually left due to his disgust at the industry's dishonesty. His music career restarted in the late 1960s, with a self-made tape of overlapping songs created for the Fire Island bar and restaurant The Sandpiper.
He was responsible for the first continuous-mix album side, on Gloria Gaynor's disco album Never Can Say Goodbye, earning him the title of "father of the disco mix." Among some of his other successes in mixing songs are The Three Degrees' "Dirty Ol' Man", MFSB featuring The Three Degrees' "Love Is the Message", B.T. Express' "Do It ('Til You're Satisfied)", Tamiko Jones's "Let It Flow", Sarah Dash's "Sinner Man", Michele's (Chantal Curtis) "Disco Dance", The Trammps' "Disco Inferno", the People's Choice's "Do It Any Way You Wanna", Andrea True's "More, More, More", plus First Choice's "Doctor Love" as well as "Armed and Extremely Dangerous" and Claudja Barry's album, The Girl Most Likely.
Between 1977 and 1979, he produced Grace Jones's first three albums, including one of the singer's biggest hits, her rendition of Édith Piaf's "La Vie en rose".
Moulton's innovative work was honored at the 2004 Dance Music Hall of Fame ceremony in New York City, when he was inducted for his achievements as a remixer. He is the official archivist of the Bethlehem Jazz and Salsoul music catalogues and has overseen all of the digital remastering. In late 2006, Moulton remixed the Brand New Heavies (featuring N'Dea Davenport)'s single "I Don't Know (Why I Love You)".
In 2006, a compilation of mixes titled A Tom Moulton Mix of Moulton's remixes on Soul Jazz Records. The British label Harmless Records has released albums of Moulton's work of remixed tracks, originally issued on Philadelphia International and other Philly soul labels, mainly during the 1970s.
References
^ a b c d Andy Kellman. "Tom Moulton". Allmusic. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
^ Tom Moulton Lecture (New York 2013. Red Bull Music Academy. 2018-04-14. Retrieved 2019-01-25 – via YouTube.
^ Shapiro, Peter. Turn the Beat Around: the Secret History of Disco. New York: Faber and Faber, Inc., 2005., p.40
^ Shapiro, Peter. Turn the Beat Around: the Secret History of Disco. New York: Faber and Faber, Inc., 2005., p.42
^ "Meco Monardo and the Disco Sound of the 1970s". DiscoMusic.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
^ "Tom Moulton - A Tom Moulton Mix - Review - Stylus Magazine". 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
External links
Tom Moulton interview at Disco-Disco
Tom Moulton discography at Discogs
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈmoʊltən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"MOHL-tən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remixing"},{"link_name":"disco music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_music"},{"link_name":"breakdown section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_(music)"},{"link_name":"twelve-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-inch_single"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"}],"text":"Thomas Jerome Moulton (/ˈmoʊltən/, MOHL-tən; born November 29, 1940)[1] is an American record producer. He experimented with remix in disco music and this led to its wide adoption as a standard practice in the industry. He also invented the breakdown section, and the twelve-inch single vinyl format in the process.","title":"Tom Moulton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Models"},{"link_name":"music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"King Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Records_(USA)"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beat2-3"},{"link_name":"Fire Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beat-4"},{"link_name":"Gloria Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"Never Can Say Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye_(Gloria_Gaynor_album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Three Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Degrees"},{"link_name":"MFSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFSB"},{"link_name":"B.T. Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.T._Express"},{"link_name":"Do It ('Til You're Satisfied)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_(%27Til_You%27re_Satisfied)"},{"link_name":"Tamiko Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiko_Jones"},{"link_name":"Sarah Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Dash"},{"link_name":"Chantal Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Curtis"},{"link_name":"The Trammps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trammps"},{"link_name":"Disco Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_Inferno"},{"link_name":"the People's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People%27s_Choice_(band)"},{"link_name":"Do It Any Way You Wanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_It_Any_Way_You_Wanna"},{"link_name":"Andrea True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_True"},{"link_name":"More, More, More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More,_More,_More"},{"link_name":"First Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Choice_(band)"},{"link_name":"Claudja Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudja_Barry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Édith Piaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf"},{"link_name":"La Vie en rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vie_en_rose"},{"link_name":"Dance Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"remixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remixer"},{"link_name":"Salsoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsoul_Records"},{"link_name":"Brand New Heavies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Heavies"},{"link_name":"N'Dea Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Dea_Davenport"},{"link_name":"compilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"A Tom Moulton Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tom_Moulton_Mix"},{"link_name":"Soul Jazz Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Jazz_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"}],"text":"Moulton was born in Schenectady, New York, United States,[1] as the oldest of five children to parents who both were jazz musicians.[2] He worked as a model at the Bookings and Ford agencies before beginning his production career. Before that, he had worked in the music industry, first as kid working part-time in record shops, then holding a sales and promotion job at King Records (from 1959 to 1961), and similar positions at RCA and United Artists. He eventually left due to his disgust at the industry's dishonesty.[3] His music career restarted in the late 1960s, with a self-made tape of overlapping songs created for the Fire Island bar and restaurant The Sandpiper.[4]He was responsible for the first continuous-mix album side, on Gloria Gaynor's disco album Never Can Say Goodbye, earning him the title of \"father of the disco mix.\"[5] Among some of his other successes in mixing songs are The Three Degrees' \"Dirty Ol' Man\", MFSB featuring The Three Degrees' \"Love Is the Message\", B.T. Express' \"Do It ('Til You're Satisfied)\", Tamiko Jones's \"Let It Flow\", Sarah Dash's \"Sinner Man\", Michele's (Chantal Curtis) \"Disco Dance\", The Trammps' \"Disco Inferno\", the People's Choice's \"Do It Any Way You Wanna\", Andrea True's \"More, More, More\", plus First Choice's \"Doctor Love\" as well as \"Armed and Extremely Dangerous\" and Claudja Barry's album, The Girl Most Likely.[1]Between 1977 and 1979, he produced Grace Jones's first three albums, including one of the singer's biggest hits, her rendition of Édith Piaf's \"La Vie en rose\".Moulton's innovative work was honored at the 2004 Dance Music Hall of Fame ceremony in New York City, when he was inducted for his achievements as a remixer. He is the official archivist of the Bethlehem Jazz and Salsoul music catalogues and has overseen all of the digital remastering. In late 2006, Moulton remixed the Brand New Heavies (featuring N'Dea Davenport)'s single \"I Don't Know (Why I Love You)\".In 2006, a compilation of mixes titled A Tom Moulton Mix of Moulton's remixes on Soul Jazz Records.[6][1] The British label Harmless Records has released albums of Moulton's work of remixed tracks, originally issued on Philadelphia International and other Philly soul labels, mainly during the 1970s.","title":"Life and career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Andy Kellman. \"Tom Moulton\". Allmusic. Retrieved November 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p107949/biography","url_text":"\"Tom Moulton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Tom Moulton Lecture (New York 2013. Red Bull Music Academy. 2018-04-14. Retrieved 2019-01-25 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/CaXKAaE7qSM","url_text":"Tom Moulton Lecture (New York 2013"}]},{"reference":"\"Meco Monardo and the Disco Sound of the 1970s\". DiscoMusic.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2007-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120728175916/http://www.discomusic.com/people-more/39_0_11_0_C","url_text":"\"Meco Monardo and the Disco Sound of the 1970s\""},{"url":"http://www.discomusic.com/people-more/39_0_11_0_C","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Moulton - A Tom Moulton Mix - Review - Stylus Magazine\". 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140331044556/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/tom-moulton/a-tom-moulton-mix.htm","url_text":"\"Tom Moulton - A Tom Moulton Mix - Review - Stylus Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/tom-moulton/a-tom-moulton-mix.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p107949/biography","external_links_name":"\"Tom Moulton\""},{"Link":"https://youtube.com/CaXKAaE7qSM","external_links_name":"Tom Moulton Lecture (New York 2013"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120728175916/http://www.discomusic.com/people-more/39_0_11_0_C","external_links_name":"\"Meco Monardo and the Disco Sound of the 1970s\""},{"Link":"http://www.discomusic.com/people-more/39_0_11_0_C","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140331044556/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/tom-moulton/a-tom-moulton-mix.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tom Moulton - A Tom Moulton Mix - Review - Stylus Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/tom-moulton/a-tom-moulton-mix.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.disco-disco.com/tributes/tom.shtml","external_links_name":"Tom Moulton"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/3481","external_links_name":"Tom Moulton"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000056600487","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/83647335","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxbpHtYgVjKyGjK9J7HC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14209182p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14209182p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009047774","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/27ed65e4-2166-4aa7-b26c-decc4a0c92f6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Schleck%E2%80%93CP_NVST%E2%80%93Immo_Losch
|
Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch
|
["1 Team roster","2 Major results","3 National champions","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Luxembourg cycling team
Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo LoschTeam informationUCI codeASC (2019–)RegisteredLuxembourgFounded2018 (2018)Discipline(s)RoadStatusNational (2019–2020)UCI Women's Continental Team (2021–)Key personnelTeam manager(s)Tjarco CuppensTeam name history20182019–20202021–Andy Schleck CyclesAndy Schleck Cycles–Immo LoschAndy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch
Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch is a Luxembourg-based road cycling team, that was formed in 2018 for riders under the age of 18. The following year, the team moved up to a national level, before registering with the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) as a Women's Continental Team for the 2021 season.
Team roster
As of 17 January 2021.
Rider
Date of birth
Michelle Andres (SUI)
(1997-05-26) 26 May 1997 (age 27)
Maïté Barthels (LUX)
(2001-11-23) 23 November 2001 (age 22)
Mia Berg (LUX)
(1997-08-04) 4 August 1997 (age 26)
Nina Berton (LUX)
(2001-08-03) 3 August 2001 (age 22)
Fabienne Buri (SUI)
(1999-03-17) 17 March 1999 (age 25)
Georgia Danford (NZL)
(1999-04-03) 3 April 1999 (age 25)
Désirée Ehrler (SUI)
(1991-08-20) 20 August 1991 (age 32)
Claire Faber (LUX)
(1998-06-21) 21 June 1998 (age 25)
Line Marie Gulliksen (NOR)
(1990-07-04) 4 July 1990 (age 33)
Mae Lang (EST)
(1996-02-04) 4 February 1996 (age 28)
Rider
Date of birth
Annika Luthje (LUX)
(1989-07-07) 7 July 1989 (age 34)
Rylee McMullen (NZL)
(1995-07-19) 19 July 1995 (age 28)
Léna Mettraux (SUI)
(1998-09-08) 8 September 1998 (age 25)
Lisa Müllenberg (NED)
(1996-08-21) 21 August 1996 (age 27)
Lauren Murphy (GBR)
(1999-03-26) 26 March 1999 (age 25)
Mie Bjørndal Ottestad (NOR)
(1997-07-17) 17 July 1997 (age 26)
Carolin Schiff (GER)
(1986-01-03) 3 January 1986 (age 38)
Zsófia Szabó (HUN)
(1997-01-03) 3 January 1997 (age 27)
Sandra Weiss (SUI)
(1991-02-27) 27 February 1991 (age 33)
Major results
2021
Asker Cyclo-cross, Mie Ottestad
National champions
2021
New Zealand Track (Team pursuit), Rylee McMullen
Switzerland Track (Elimination race), Fabienne Buri
Norwegian Cyclo-cross, Mie Ottestad
2022
Switzerland Track (Elimination race), Fabienne Buri
Switzerland Track (Omnium), Léna Mettraux
Switzerland Track (Points race), Léna Mettraux
South Africa Track (Elimination race), Kerry Jonker
Luxembourg U23 Time Trial, Nina Berton
Luxembourg U23 Road Race, Nina Berton
References
^ Barthelemy, Hugo (28 April 2018). "Andy Schleck soutient le cyclisme féminin au Luxembourg" . Directvelo (in French). Association Le Peloton. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ "CQ Ranking - Andy Schleck Cycles - Immo Losch - 2019".
^ "CQ Ranking - Andy Schleck Cycles - Immo Losch - 2020".
^ "L'équipe féminine Andy Schleck Cycles - Immo Losch a obtenu sa licence UCI" . Mental! Magazine (in French). Mental Média SARLS. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ "Andy Schleck - CP NVST - Immo Losch". UCI.org. Union Cycliste Internationale. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
External links
Official website
vteRiders on Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch
Michelle Andres
Maïté Barthels
Mia Berg
Nina Berton
Fabienne Buri
Georgia Danford
Désirée Ehrler
Claire Faber
Line Marie Gulliksen
Mae Lang
Annika Luthje
Rylee McMullen
Léna Mettraux
Lisa Müllenberg
Lauren Murphy
Mie Bjørndal Ottestad
Carolin Schiff
Zsófia Szabó
Sandra Weiss
Manager: Tjarco Cuppens
This cycling team article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunder_Mifflin
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Dunder Mifflin
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["1 Overview","1.1 Depiction of corporate culture","2 Locations and sets used","3 Presence in real world","4 Other appearances","5 References","6 External links"]
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Fictional paper company from U.S. TV series The Office
Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc.SeriesThe OfficeFounder
Robert Dunder
Robert Mifflin
Founded1949LocationHeadquarters:New York CityRegional branches:AkronAlbany Binghamton Buffalo Camden NashuaPittsfield RochesterScranton (location of show)Stamford SyracuseUticaYonkers OwnerPublicly traded on New York's Stock Exchange (seasons 1–6)Sabre (seasons 6–8)David Wallace (season 9)Key peopleRobert Dunder (co-founder)Robert Mifflin (co-founder)Alan Brand (CEO)David Wallace(CFO / Chairman & CEO / owner)EmployeesMichael Scott (Regional Manager) Kevin Malone (Accountant) Angela Martin (Accountant) Oscar Martinez (Accountant) Dwight Schrute (Salesman) Jim Halpert (Salesman) Pamela Beesly (Receptionist/Salesman) Stanley Hudson (Salesman) Phyllis Lapin (Salesman) Meredith Palmer (Supplier Relations) Creed Braton (Quality Assurance) Kelly Kapoor (Customer Service) Ryan Howard (Temp) Toby Flenderson (Human Resources) Darryl Philbin (Warehouse Foreman) Andy Bernard (Salesman) Erin Hannon (Receptionist)ProductsPaperOffice suppliesSloganLimitless Paper in a Paperless World OR "The People Person's Paper People"CompetitorsStaples Inc.Office DepotPrince Family Paper (closed)Michael Scott Paper Company (bought)Big Red Paper CompanyOsprey Paper
Dunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc. is a fictional paper and office supplies wholesale company featured in the American television series The Office. It is analogous to Wernham Hogg in the British original of the series, and Papiers Jennings and Cogirep in the French Canadian and French adaptations, respectively. Originally, the company was completely fictitious, but eventually, the brand was used to sell products at Staples and other office supply outlets.
Two websites were created to support the fictional company, one with the image of a public website, and one meant to look like the corporation's intranet. NBC sold branded merchandise at its NBC Universal Store website. Its logo was prominently displayed in several locations in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the show is set. Scranton has been associated internationally with Dunder Mifflin due to the show's international reach. In a 2008 St. Patrick's Day speech in the suburb of Dickson City, then-Taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland, Bertie Ahern, referred to the city's fictional branch office.
The name is also at the center of a trademark infringement lawsuit filed by NBCUniversal against Jay Kennette Media Group; when NBC tried to obtain a trademark for the name in 2020, they were denied because Jay Kennette had already registered the trademark in 2017, and was selling merchandise well before NBC.
Overview
A fourth-season episode, "Dunder Mifflin Infinity", said the company was founded in 1949 by Robert Dunder (John Ingle) and Robert Mifflin, initially to sell brackets for use in construction. The fifth-season episode "Company Picnic" said that the co-founders met on a tour of Dartmouth College. U.S. News & World Report likens it to many actual companies in its size range: "It is facing an increasingly competitive marketplace. Like many smaller players, it just can't compete with the low prices charged by big-box rivals like Staples, OfficeMax and Office Depot, and it seems to be constantly bleeding corporate customers that are focused on cutting costs themselves." The show's creators share this assessment—"It's basically a Staples, just not as big", says co-producer Kent Zbornak—as do some of those companies. "Since Dunder Mifflin could be considered among our competitors", says Chuck Rubin, an Office Depot executive, "I think Michael Scott is actually the perfect person to run their Scranton office."
Dunder Mifflin logo displayed in Scranton's Mall at Steamtown, frequently mentioned on the show
The company was depicted as based in New York City, with branches in smaller Northeastern cities. Episodes are set in the Scranton branch, but other branches have been mentioned and seen. The now-closed Stamford, Connecticut branch was seen when Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) transferred there during the first half of the third season. Another episode, "Branch Wars", gave viewers a brief glimpse of the Utica branch, one of several purportedly in upstate New York. Zbornak says that the city was on the shortlist for where to base the show, with some of its writers having ties to Central New York, and that they always intended for at least a branch office to be located there, for reasons of phonetics. "Utica was just such a different-sounding name than Scranton", Zbornak says. But also, "we had done a little research and thought our kind of business could survive in Utica."
A Buffalo branch has been mentioned in several episodes, and a Rochester office was also mentioned in the episode titled "Lecture Circuit". The Dunder Mifflin website also lists a Yonkers branch. Albany is yet another mentioned New York location, which in a deleted scene in "Stress Relief" is revealed to have closed. It is also said that there are branches in other states, including: Akron, Ohio; Camden, New Jersey; and Nashua, New Hampshire. In "Company Picnic", it is announced that the Camden and Yonkers branches have closed and that the Buffalo branch is about to close. In "Boys and Girls", a Pittsfield, Massachusetts branch was mentioned by Jan as having been shut down when their warehouse workers unionized. The episode "Turf War" focuses on the closing of the Binghamton branch and how reps from the Syracuse branch are competing with Scranton employees for Binghamton's old clients.
Business writer Megan Barnett has pointed out parallels between Dunder Mifflin and the real-life W.B. Mason paper company based near Boston, in Brockton, Massachusetts. It is similarly regional in focus, serving corporate and institutional customers in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. Like Dunder Mifflin, its original product line (rubber stamps) was something other than paper, and it faced stiff competition from national and international chains. It, too, has a branch office in Stamford, but Mason's has remained open. In 2009, it had an accounting scandal that resulted in a $545,000 payment to corporate customers, much as Dunder Mifflin had to deal with the arrest of Ryan Howard for fraud the year before.
Depiction of corporate culture
The company's "clearly dysfunctional" top-down management style is a major source of tension on the show, notes Chicago-based writer Ramsin Canon. Corporate headquarters rejects the television commercial Michael created, as he, in turn, insisted on his ideas for the commercial. Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who began as a temp, becomes Michael's new boss because he has an M.B.A. despite never having sold any paper or paper products. The show's depiction of a dysfunctional corporate culture has led some commentators to liken Dunder Mifflin to the software maker Initech in Mike Judge's cult comedy Office Space and the nameless company in which the Dilbert comic strip is set.
The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company tower, seen in The Office's opening credits.
Dunder Mifflin is also depicted as needing help to accommodate the demands of a diverse workforce. Episodes have focused on sensitivity training sessions and other informal efforts. Sexual harassment has occurred often enough, however, that it has lent its name to an episode. Employment lawyer Julie Elgar started a blog analyzing each episode for plot developments likely to be actionable if they occurred in real life and estimating the legal bill and possible verdict the company would incur should a suit be filed—as Michael's former supervisor, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) did in one episode, alleging wrongful termination. Greg Daniels, the show's creator, said many episode plotlines are based on anecdotes recounted during the sensitivity training he and the other members of the show's cast and crew are required to take annually as employees of NBC, a Comcast subsidiary. The episode "Boys and Girls" showed that the company strongly resisted unionization efforts by its employees, to the point of closing down a branch, as many real companies do or threaten to do in the same situation.
Locations and sets used
The office and warehouse of the Scranton branch office were sets on the production company's office in Van Nuys, California, although a real office was used in the show's first season. For episodes in season two and beyond, scenes set in the parking lot used the exterior of the production company's office building. Since the stage set had no windows, writer Jennifer Celotta's office was dressed to look like Michael Scott's when the script called for him or someone else to look out the window into the parking lot. In the second and subsequent seasons, the office interiors and exteriors are at a different location in Van Nuys.
Annual reports and paper on seats of "uncommon stockholders" at 2007 The Office convention.
Some viewers have presumed that the Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company's tower, a downtown Scranton landmark that appears in video footage shot by cast member John Krasinski for the show's opening credits, is the Dunder Mifflin office. The real company, which also sells paper and office supplies, has welcomed the exposure (and increase in business) and has a ground-floor showroom where it sells both its products and T-shirts with the tower. In 2008 it announced it would add a Dunder Mifflin logo to the circular insets near the top of the tower. As of December 2021, this logo can be seen through Google's Street View at the corner of Vine Street and Penn Avenue. Mifflin Avenue ends adjacent to the Penn Paper & Supply building.
Presence in real world
The show's success has led to selling actual products with the Dunder Mifflin logo as souvenirs. NBC sells branded T-shirts, mugs, calendars, and other items at its website, as well as in the NBC store located in New York City. In 2006, the website 80stees.com ranked Dunder Mifflin second only to Duff Beer from The Simpsons as the best fictional brand.
At the first annual The Office convention in Scranton in 2007, fans who had paid for reserved seating at an "uncommon stockholders meeting" in the Mall at Steamtown received an annual report and complimentary ream of paper. A nearby elevator shaft is also decorated with the company logo. While the Scranton branch's address, 1725 Slough Avenue, does not exist (the street name was invented as a tribute to the original British version of the show, set in Slough, near London), the company logo can be seen two places in the city's downtown section outside the mall: on one of the pedestrian overpasses along Lackawanna Avenue, and a lamppost banner in front of City Hall.
In November 2011, Staples Inc. announced that they would be selling their product of manufactured paper under the "Dunder Mifflin" name, under license from NBC's parent company, Comcast. The Dunder Mifflin products were produced and sold by Quill.com, a wholly owned subsidiary of Staples. The brand expanded its paper product line beyond manufactured paper in November 2012.
In August 2022, the production held a convention at the Meadowlands in New Jersey. Dubbed "Dundercon", the event allowed fans to meet up with cast members from the show.
Other appearances
In the NBC series Las Vegas episode "The Story of Owe", Dunder Mifflin is mentioned to have booked a convention.
In Randal's Monday, a Dunder Mifflin Warehouse 42 sign is visible in a city scene.
References
^ Luckerson, Victor (May 16, 2013). "After The Office, Dunder Mifflin Will Live On in Every Office". Time. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ "Dunder Mifflin Paper". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
^ "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
^ a b "NBC's The Office: DVDs, T-shirts, books, mugs, and caps". NBC Universal. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
^ Falchek, David (March 17, 2008). "Prime minister of Ireland attends Lackawanna event". Republican & Herald. Times-Shamrock Communications. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2008. He identified Scranton as the birthplace of senators Robert Casey Jr. and Joseph Biden and the branch office of Dunder Mifflin, a reference to the NBC sitcom based in the city.
^ "DUNDER MIFFLIN Trademark of Jay Kennette Media Group LLC Serial Number: 87076381". Trademark.trademarkia.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
^ "The Office's Dunder Mifflin At Center Of NBCUniversal Trademark-Infringement Lawsuit". Deadline Hollywood. July 6, 2022.
^ "NBC Sues 'Trademark Squatter' Over Rights to The Office's Dunder Mifflin". Primetimer.com. July 6, 2022.
^ Palmer, Kimberly (March 13, 2008). "Career Lessons From NBC's The Office". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
^ a b Cooper, Elizabeth (October 3, 2007). "'The Office' in a Utica state of mind". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
^ a b c Jones, Del (September 26, 2007). "Taking 'Office' lessons from the world's greatest (inept) boss". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
^ Ryan, Maureen (November 14, 2006). "'The Office' merger goes as badly as possible, in a good way". The Watcher. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2008. A crushed Jim took a job at the Stamford branch of Dunder Mifflin, and fans of "The Office", most of whom appear to have spent their summer composing YouTube tributes to the would-be couple, have had to wait patiently for the two to be reunited, even as work buddies ... Thanks to cost-cutting, Dunder Mifflin's Stamford and Scranton branches are merged in Thursday's episode, with comically disastrous results.
^ Valenzuela, Dave (November 9, 2007). "Dunder Mifflin: Buffalo Branch!". The Buffalo News. Berkshire Hathaway. Archived from the original on November 19, 2007. Retrieved May 14, 2008. So during the opening minutes of last night's episode of "The Office" on NBC we had confirmed that Dunder Mifflin has a BUFFALO branch. How cool is that?
^ "About Us". Dunder Mifflin. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
^ Barnett, Megan (October 20, 2009). "As Seen On TV: Dunder Mifflin / WB Mason". Minyanville. MSN. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
^ The Office: See Spot Not Run Entertainment Weekly, retrieved July 16, 2008
^ "Local Ad", Season 4, Episode 9
^ Canon, Ramsin (April 21, 2008). "Marx & Michael Scott". Gapers Block. Retrieved May 10, 2008. The power relationship is much more emotionally involving. Consider the episode ("Local Ad") where Michael tries to produce an advertisement for Dunder-Mifflin using all the talents of his branch, only to be coldly ignored, to such an extent that we do not even see his effort get rejected. The ad they produce is pretty good— stupid, obviously, because the guy never realizes what he's saying — but the concept is good. If "Corporate" had supported their efforts, they could, in fact, have created something effective and earned the goodwill of employees who had cooperated. But power is the only commodity that matters in the corporate hierarchy, more so even than profit. First, these little guys in Scranton start thinking for themselves, then what? So you do not get the wrong idea, though, the writers go a step further — Michael suppresses his employees' creativity, imposing his (naturally moronic) ideas on them. Bosses are bosses ... It is not coincidental that the man who imposes all this on Scott is former temp Ryan Howard, who gets his MBA and leapfrogs everybody to become his boss's boss, despite having never sold a single sheet of paper.
^ Humphrey, Mark (November 27, 2006). "Dunder-Mifflin provides my ideal 'Office' setting". Daily Bruin. ASUCLA Student Media. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. Sure, I loved Office Space, but that was different. In that movie, Initech didn't look like a fun place to work. Far from it. Who would want to work for Bill Lumbergh? It had been fun to mess with him, I guess, but his responses are so one-note and monotone that it'd get old after a few weeks. No, the difference is that I would love working at Dunder-Mifflin, simply because every single person in the office would provide me with hours of entertainment.
^ Bolonik, Kera (February 9, 2006). "Defending NBC's The Office: A British Import The Network Didn't Mangle". Slate. Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 14, 2008. Michael shares his British mate's arrogance, self-absorption, and cluelessness, but he possesses his own brand of vanity, as well as a wonderful tendency to be sinister toward his colleagues. The latter is apparent as early as the second episode, "Diversity Day", in which Dunder-Mifflin employees are subjected to two excruciating cultural awareness seminars after Michael performs a Chris Rock routine on '"the two different kinds of black people". The second of the two seminars is an impromptu forum run by the clueless perp himself.
^ Elgar, Julie; Troy Foster. "That's What She Said". HR Hero. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ "Unionbusting at "The Office"?". American Rights At Work. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
^ McAuliffe, Josh (April 5, 2007). "A day at 'The Office'". The Times-Tribune. Times-Shamrock Communications. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2008. On the second floor of the building adjacent to the set is the writers' room. Below it is the Dunder-Mifflin warehouse. In one of the writer's offices, the show shoots any scene in which Michael looks out his office window down at the Dunder-Mifflin parking lot
^ "The Dundies" , The Office Season Two (US/NBC Version) , 2006, Los Angeles, CA: Universal.
^ Marchese, John (October 21, 2007). "Scranton Embraces the 'Office' Infamy". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
^ Wildermuth, Renate (October 7, 2007). "'Office' Visit". Times-Union. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008. The paper company in Scranton most viewers associate with the show would be Pennsylvania Paper and Supply. Its 225,000-square-foot (20,900 m2) headquarters with landmark tower is featured in the opening credits.
^ Sagers, Aaron (October 27, 2007). "Pennsylvania city relishes attention from hit TV series". The Morning Call. Tribune Company. Retrieved April 7, 2008. The tower looks exactly the same as it does on TV, although company President Douglas Fink says there are plans to add a Dunder Mifflin logo to one of the tower's black circular insets ... Fink adds that the attention from the show has led to a greater awareness of his business.
^ Walker, Rob (November 18, 2007). "False Endorsement". The New York Times Magazine. The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 2, 2008. Fictional-brand fandom has real precedence. Last year the online store 80sTees.com named Duff beer, from 'The Simpsons,' the No. 1 fake brand — beating out T-shirts for Dunder Mifflin, the paper company on 'The Office.'
^ "Loyal Customers? Dunder Mifflin's Got 'Em". portfolio.com. Condé Nast. October 31, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
^ "Partnership with NBCUniversal brings "The Office" to Workplaces Nationwide" (Press release). Quill Corporation. November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
^ "Expanding Line of Dunder Mifflin Products Shows Success in Reverse Product Placement". The New York Times. November 23, 2012.
^ "Fans of 'The Office' Meet Cast Members at Dunder Con in NJ". August 8, 2022.
^ "MEDIA | Randal's Monday". Randalsmonday.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
External links
Archived version of official website
vteThe Office (American TV series)EpisodesSeasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CharactersMain
Michael Scott
Dwight Schrute
Jim Halpert
Pam Beesly
Ryan Howard
Andy Bernard
Robert California
Starring
Kevin Malone
Angela Martin
Oscar Martinez
Jan Levinson
Kelly Kapoor
Erin Hannon
Holly Flax
Nellie Bertram
Supporting
David Wallace
Other
Dunder Mifflin
Awards
Office Ladies
The Paper
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"office supplies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_supplies"},{"link_name":"The Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"analogous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy"},{"link_name":"British original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"French Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Job"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Inc."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-company_websites-2"},{"link_name":"intranet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-company_websites-2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_store-4"},{"link_name":"Scranton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Dickson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson_City,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"Bertie Ahern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Ahern"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahern_speech-5"},{"link_name":"trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deadline-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primetimer-8"}],"text":"Fictional paper company from U.S. TV series The OfficeDunder Mifflin Paper Company, Inc. is a fictional paper and office supplies wholesale company featured in the American television series The Office. It is analogous to Wernham Hogg in the British original of the series, and Papiers Jennings and Cogirep in the French Canadian and French adaptations, respectively. Originally, the company was completely fictitious, but eventually, the brand was used to sell products at Staples and other office supply outlets.[1]Two websites were created to support the fictional company,[2] one with the image of a public website, and one meant to look like the corporation's intranet.[3] NBC sold branded merchandise at its NBC Universal Store website.[4] Its logo was prominently displayed in several locations in downtown Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the show is set. Scranton has been associated internationally with Dunder Mifflin due to the show's international reach. In a 2008 St. Patrick's Day speech in the suburb of Dickson City, then-Taoiseach (prime minister) of Ireland, Bertie Ahern, referred to the city's fictional branch office.[5]The name is also at the center of a trademark infringement lawsuit filed by NBCUniversal against Jay Kennette Media Group; when NBC tried to obtain a trademark for the name in 2020, they were denied because Jay Kennette had already registered the trademark in 2017,[6] and was selling merchandise well before NBC.[7][8]","title":"Dunder Mifflin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunder Mifflin Infinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunder_Mifflin_Infinity"},{"link_name":"John Ingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ingle"},{"link_name":"brackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Company Picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Picnic"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"big-box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-box_store"},{"link_name":"Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Inc."},{"link_name":"OfficeMax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfficeMax"},{"link_name":"Office Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Depot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USnews-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Utica-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Scranton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mall_at_Steamtown_Dunder_Mifflin_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mall at Steamtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_at_Steamtown"},{"link_name":"Northeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Jim Halpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Halpert"},{"link_name":"John Krasinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Krasinski"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maureen_Ryan-12"},{"link_name":"Branch Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Wars"},{"link_name":"Utica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"upstate New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York"},{"link_name":"Central New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_York"},{"link_name":"phonetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Utica-10"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buffalo-13"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lecture Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Yonkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Stress Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_Relief_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Camden, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Nashua, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about_us-14"},{"link_name":"Company Picnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Picnic"},{"link_name":"Boys and Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_and_Girls_(The_Office_episode)"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Jan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Turf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turf_War_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"W.B. Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.B._Mason"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Brockton, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states"},{"link_name":"rubber stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_stamp"},{"link_name":"Ryan Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Howard_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W.B._Mason-15"}],"text":"A fourth-season episode, \"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\", said the company was founded in 1949 by Robert Dunder (John Ingle) and Robert Mifflin, initially to sell brackets for use in construction. The fifth-season episode \"Company Picnic\" said that the co-founders met on a tour of Dartmouth College. U.S. News & World Report likens it to many actual companies in its size range: \"It is facing an increasingly competitive marketplace. Like many smaller players, it just can't compete with the low prices charged by big-box rivals like Staples, OfficeMax and Office Depot, and it seems to be constantly bleeding corporate customers that are focused on cutting costs themselves.\"[9] The show's creators share this assessment—\"It's basically a Staples, just not as big\", says co-producer Kent Zbornak[10]—as do some of those companies. \"Since Dunder Mifflin could be considered among our competitors\", says Chuck Rubin, an Office Depot executive, \"I think Michael Scott is actually the perfect person to run their Scranton office.\"[11]Dunder Mifflin logo displayed in Scranton's Mall at Steamtown, frequently mentioned on the showThe company was depicted as based in New York City, with branches in smaller Northeastern cities. Episodes are set in the Scranton branch, but other branches have been mentioned and seen. The now-closed Stamford, Connecticut branch was seen when Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) transferred there during the first half of the third season.[12] Another episode, \"Branch Wars\", gave viewers a brief glimpse of the Utica branch, one of several purportedly in upstate New York. Zbornak says that the city was on the shortlist for where to base the show, with some of its writers having ties to Central New York, and that they always intended for at least a branch office to be located there, for reasons of phonetics. \"Utica was just such a different-sounding name than Scranton\", Zbornak says. But also, \"we had done a little research and thought our kind of business could survive in Utica.\"[10]A Buffalo branch has been mentioned in several episodes,[13] and a Rochester office was also mentioned in the episode titled \"Lecture Circuit\". The Dunder Mifflin website also lists a Yonkers branch. Albany is yet another mentioned New York location, which in a deleted scene in \"Stress Relief\" is revealed to have closed. It is also said that there are branches in other states, including: Akron, Ohio; Camden, New Jersey; and Nashua, New Hampshire.[14] In \"Company Picnic\", it is announced that the Camden and Yonkers branches have closed and that the Buffalo branch is about to close. In \"Boys and Girls\", a Pittsfield, Massachusetts branch was mentioned by Jan as having been shut down when their warehouse workers unionized. The episode \"Turf War\" focuses on the closing of the Binghamton branch and how reps from the Syracuse branch are competing with Scranton employees for Binghamton's old clients.Business writer Megan Barnett has pointed out parallels between Dunder Mifflin and the real-life W.B. Mason paper company based near Boston, in Brockton, Massachusetts. It is similarly regional in focus, serving corporate and institutional customers in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. Like Dunder Mifflin, its original product line (rubber stamps) was something other than paper, and it faced stiff competition from national and international chains. It, too, has a branch office in Stamford, but Mason's has remained open. In 2009, it had an accounting scandal that resulted in a $545,000 payment to corporate customers, much as Dunder Mifflin had to deal with the arrest of Ryan Howard for fraud the year before.[15]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ryan Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Howard_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"B. J. Novak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Novak"},{"link_name":"temp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_work"},{"link_name":"M.B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramsin_Canon-18"},{"link_name":"Mike Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Judge"},{"link_name":"Office Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Space"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Initech_comparison-19"},{"link_name":"Dilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbert"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Office_-_Penn_Paper_-_Landscape_(48472737706).jpg"},{"link_name":"diverse workforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_(business)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slate-20"},{"link_name":"Sexual harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"an episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Harassment_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"Employment lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_law"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"actionable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation"},{"link_name":"verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdict"},{"link_name":"Jan Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Melora Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melora_Hardin"},{"link_name":"wrongful termination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_termination"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elgar_blog-21"},{"link_name":"Greg Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Daniels"},{"link_name":"sensitivity training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_training"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-11"},{"link_name":"Boys and Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_and_Girls_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"unionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"closing down a branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_busting"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-union-busting-22"}],"sub_title":"Depiction of corporate culture","text":"The company's \"clearly dysfunctional\" top-down management style is a major source of tension on the show, notes Chicago-based writer Ramsin Canon. Corporate headquarters rejects the television commercial Michael created, as he, in turn, insisted on his ideas for the commercial.[16][17] Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who began as a temp, becomes Michael's new boss because he has an M.B.A. despite never having sold any paper or paper products.[18] The show's depiction of a dysfunctional corporate culture has led some commentators to liken Dunder Mifflin to the software maker Initech in Mike Judge's cult comedy Office Space[19] and the nameless company in which the Dilbert comic strip is set.[11]The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company tower, seen in The Office's opening credits.Dunder Mifflin is also depicted as needing help to accommodate the demands of a diverse workforce. Episodes have focused on sensitivity training sessions and other informal efforts.[20] Sexual harassment has occurred often enough, however, that it has lent its name to an episode. Employment lawyer Julie Elgar started a blog analyzing each episode for plot developments likely to be actionable if they occurred in real life and estimating the legal bill and possible verdict the company would incur should a suit be filed—as Michael's former supervisor, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) did in one episode, alleging wrongful termination.[21] Greg Daniels, the show's creator, said many episode plotlines are based on anecdotes recounted during the sensitivity training he and the other members of the show's cast and crew are required to take annually as employees of NBC, a Comcast subsidiary.[11] The episode \"Boys and Girls\" showed that the company strongly resisted unionization efforts by its employees, to the point of closing down a branch, as many real companies do or threaten to do in the same situation.[22]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the production company's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveille_Productions"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_California"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Celotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Celotta"},{"link_name":"Michael Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-real_set-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheDundiesCommentary-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunder_Mifflin_uncommon_stockholders%27_meeting_chairs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Paper_and_Supply_Company"},{"link_name":"John Krasinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Krasinski"},{"link_name":"opening credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_credits"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scranton_NYT_story-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-Union_story-26"},{"link_name":"showroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showroom"},{"link_name":"T-shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PA_Paper_and_Supply-27"}],"text":"The office and warehouse of the Scranton branch office were sets on the production company's office in Van Nuys, California, although a real office was used in the show's first season. For episodes in season two and beyond, scenes set in the parking lot used the exterior of the production company's office building. Since the stage set had no windows, writer Jennifer Celotta's office was dressed to look like Michael Scott's when the script called for him or someone else to look out the window into the parking lot.[23] In the second and subsequent seasons, the office interiors and exteriors are at a different location in Van Nuys.[24]Annual reports and paper on seats of \"uncommon stockholders\" at 2007 The Office convention.Some viewers have presumed that the Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company's tower, a downtown Scranton landmark that appears in video footage shot by cast member John Krasinski for the show's opening credits,[25] is the Dunder Mifflin office.[26] The real company, which also sells paper and office supplies, has welcomed the exposure (and increase in business) and has a ground-floor showroom where it sells both its products and T-shirts with the tower. In 2008 it announced it would add a Dunder Mifflin logo to the circular insets near the top of the tower.[27] As of December 2021, this logo can be seen through Google's Street View at the corner of Vine Street and Penn Avenue. Mifflin Avenue ends adjacent to the Penn Paper & Supply building.","title":"Locations and sets used"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"souvenirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souvenir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBC_store-4"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Duff Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_Beer"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_magazine-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-portfolio.com-29"},{"link_name":"Mall at Steamtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_at_Steamtown"},{"link_name":"annual report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_report"},{"link_name":"ream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity#Ream"},{"link_name":"original British version of the show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Staples Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Inc."},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Quill.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Meadowlands"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The show's success has led to selling actual products with the Dunder Mifflin logo as souvenirs. NBC sells branded T-shirts, mugs, calendars, and other items at its website,[4] as well as in the NBC store located in New York City. In 2006, the website 80stees.com ranked Dunder Mifflin second only to Duff Beer from The Simpsons as the best fictional brand.[28]At the first annual The Office convention in Scranton in 2007, fans who had paid for reserved seating at an \"uncommon stockholders meeting\"[29] in the Mall at Steamtown received an annual report and complimentary ream of paper. A nearby elevator shaft is also decorated with the company logo. While the Scranton branch's address, 1725 Slough Avenue, does not exist (the street name was invented as a tribute to the original British version of the show, set in Slough, near London), the company logo can be seen two places in the city's downtown section outside the mall: on one of the pedestrian overpasses along Lackawanna Avenue, and a lamppost banner in front of City Hall.In November 2011, Staples Inc. announced that they would be selling their product of manufactured paper under the \"Dunder Mifflin\" name, under license from NBC's parent company, Comcast.[30] The Dunder Mifflin products were produced and sold by Quill.com, a wholly owned subsidiary of Staples. The brand expanded its paper product line beyond manufactured paper in November 2012.[31]In August 2022, the production held a convention at the Meadowlands in New Jersey. Dubbed \"Dundercon\", the event allowed fans to meet up with cast members from the show. [32]","title":"Presence in real world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Randal's Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal%27s_Monday"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In the NBC series Las Vegas episode \"The Story of Owe\", Dunder Mifflin is mentioned to have booked a convention.\nIn Randal's Monday, a Dunder Mifflin Warehouse 42 sign is visible in a city scene.[33]","title":"Other appearances"}]
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[{"image_text":"Dunder Mifflin logo displayed in Scranton's Mall at Steamtown, frequently mentioned on the show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mall_at_Steamtown_Dunder_Mifflin_sign.jpg/220px-Mall_at_Steamtown_Dunder_Mifflin_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company tower, seen in The Office's opening credits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Office_-_Penn_Paper_-_Landscape_%2848472737706%29.jpg/220px-The_Office_-_Penn_Paper_-_Landscape_%2848472737706%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Annual reports and paper on seats of \"uncommon stockholders\" at 2007 The Office convention.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dunder_Mifflin_uncommon_stockholders%27_meeting_chairs.jpg/220px-Dunder_Mifflin_uncommon_stockholders%27_meeting_chairs.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Luckerson, Victor (May 16, 2013). \"After The Office, Dunder Mifflin Will Live On in Every Office\". Time. Retrieved March 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://business.time.com/2013/05/16/after-the-office-dunder-mifflin-will-live-on-in-every-office/","url_text":"\"After The Office, Dunder Mifflin Will Live On in Every Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Dunder Mifflin Paper\". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820094213/http://www.dundermifflinpaper.biz/","url_text":"\"Dunder Mifflin Paper\""},{"url":"http://www.dundermifflinpaper.biz/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070921033717/http://www.dundermifflininfinity.com/","url_text":"\"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\""},{"url":"http://www.dundermifflininfinity.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC's The Office: DVDs, T-shirts, books, mugs, and caps\". NBC Universal. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213073919/http://www.nbcuniversalstore.com/index.php?v=nbunbcnowoff","url_text":"\"NBC's The Office: DVDs, T-shirts, books, mugs, and caps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal","url_text":"NBC Universal"},{"url":"http://www.nbcuniversalstore.com/index.php?v=nbunbcnowoff","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Falchek, David (March 17, 2008). \"Prime minister of Ireland attends Lackawanna event\". Republican & Herald. Times-Shamrock Communications. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2008. He identified Scranton as the birthplace of senators Robert Casey Jr. and Joseph Biden and the branch office of Dunder Mifflin, a reference to the NBC sitcom based in the city.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116201400/https://www.republicanherald.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=19398154&BRD=2626&PAG=461&dept_id=532624&rfi=6","url_text":"\"Prime minister of Ireland attends Lackawanna event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_%26_Herald","url_text":"Republican & Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-Shamrock_Communications","url_text":"Times-Shamrock Communications"},{"url":"http://www.republicanherald.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=19398154&BRD=2626&PAG=461&dept_id=532624&rfi=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DUNDER MIFFLIN Trademark of Jay Kennette Media Group LLC Serial Number: 87076381\". Trademark.trademarkia.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://trademark.trademarkia.com/dunder-mifflin-87076381.html","url_text":"\"DUNDER MIFFLIN Trademark of Jay Kennette Media Group LLC Serial Number: 87076381\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Office's Dunder Mifflin At Center Of NBCUniversal Trademark-Infringement Lawsuit\". Deadline Hollywood. July 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/07/the-office-lawsuit-dunder-mifflin-trademark-infringement-lawsuit-nbcuniversal-1235058437/","url_text":"\"The Office's Dunder Mifflin At Center Of NBCUniversal Trademark-Infringement Lawsuit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC Sues 'Trademark Squatter' Over Rights to The Office's Dunder Mifflin\". Primetimer.com. July 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primetimer.com/news/nbc-sues-trademark-squatter-the-office-dunder-mifflin","url_text":"\"NBC Sues 'Trademark Squatter' Over Rights to The Office's Dunder Mifflin\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Kimberly (March 13, 2008). \"Career Lessons From NBC's The Office\". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080405054651/http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/careers/2008/03/13/career-lessons-from-nbcs-the-office.html","url_text":"\"Career Lessons From NBC's The Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"},{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/articles/business/careers/2008/03/13/career-lessons-from-nbcs-the-office.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Elizabeth (October 3, 2007). \"'The Office' in a Utica state of mind\". Observer-Dispatch. GateHouse Media. Retrieved May 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uticaod.com/viewpoints/x680961757","url_text":"\"'The Office' in a Utica state of mind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-Dispatch","url_text":"Observer-Dispatch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateHouse_Media","url_text":"GateHouse Media"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Del (September 26, 2007). \"Taking 'Office' lessons from the world's greatest (inept) boss\". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved May 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2007-09-26-the-office_N.htm","url_text":"\"Taking 'Office' lessons from the world's greatest (inept) boss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett","url_text":"Gannett"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Maureen (November 14, 2006). \"'The Office' merger goes as badly as possible, in a good way\". The Watcher. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2008. A crushed Jim took a job at the Stamford branch of Dunder Mifflin, and fans of \"The Office\", most of whom appear to have spent their summer composing YouTube tributes to the would-be couple, have had to wait patiently for the two to be reunited, even as work buddies ... Thanks to cost-cutting, Dunder Mifflin's Stamford and Scranton branches are merged in Thursday's episode, with comically disastrous results.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628165943/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2006/11/the_office_merg.html","url_text":"\"'The Office' merger goes as badly as possible, in a good way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2006/11/the_office_merg.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Valenzuela, Dave (November 9, 2007). \"Dunder Mifflin: Buffalo Branch!\". The Buffalo News. Berkshire Hathaway. Archived from the original on November 19, 2007. Retrieved May 14, 2008. So during the opening minutes of last night's episode of \"The Office\" on NBC we had confirmed that Dunder Mifflin has a BUFFALO branch. How cool is that?","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071119075206/http://buffalonews.typepad.com/popstand/2007/11/dunder-mifflin-.html","url_text":"\"Dunder Mifflin: Buffalo Branch!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News","url_text":"The Buffalo News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway","url_text":"Berkshire Hathaway"},{"url":"http://buffalonews.typepad.com/popstand/2007/11/dunder-mifflin-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Dunder Mifflin. Retrieved April 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dundermifflinpaper.biz/about/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Barnett, Megan (October 20, 2009). \"As Seen On TV: Dunder Mifflin / WB Mason\". Minyanville. MSN. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100124081422/http://www.minyanville.com/articles/dunder-mifflin-wbmason/index/a/23769/from/msn","url_text":"\"As Seen On TV: Dunder Mifflin / WB Mason\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyanville","url_text":"Minyanville"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN","url_text":"MSN"},{"url":"http://www.minyanville.com/articles/dunder-mifflin-wbmason/index/a/23769/from/msn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Canon, Ramsin (April 21, 2008). \"Marx & Michael Scott\". Gapers Block. Retrieved May 10, 2008. The power relationship is much more emotionally involving. Consider the episode (\"Local Ad\") where Michael tries to produce an advertisement for Dunder-Mifflin using all the talents of his branch, only to be coldly ignored, to such an extent that we do not even see his effort get rejected. The ad they produce is pretty good— stupid, obviously, because the guy never realizes what he's saying — but the concept is good. If \"Corporate\" had supported their efforts, they could, in fact, have created something effective and earned the goodwill of employees who had cooperated. But power is the only commodity that matters in the corporate hierarchy, more so even than profit. First, these little guys in Scranton start thinking for themselves, then what? So you do not get the wrong idea, though, the writers go a step further — Michael suppresses his employees' creativity, imposing his (naturally moronic) ideas on them. Bosses are bosses ... It is not coincidental that the man who imposes all this on Scott is former temp Ryan Howard, who gets his MBA and leapfrogs everybody to become his boss's boss, despite having never sold a single sheet of paper.","urls":[{"url":"http://gapersblock.com/detour/marx_michael_scott/","url_text":"\"Marx & Michael Scott\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Ad","url_text":"Local Ad"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, Mark (November 27, 2006). \"Dunder-Mifflin provides my ideal 'Office' setting\". Daily Bruin. ASUCLA Student Media. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. Sure, I loved Office Space, but that was different. In that movie, Initech didn't look like a fun place to work. Far from it. Who would want to work for Bill Lumbergh? It had been fun to mess with him, I guess, but his responses are so one-note and monotone that it'd get old after a few weeks. No, the difference is that I would love working at Dunder-Mifflin, simply because every single person in the office would provide me with hours of entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509125831/http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/archives/id/39171/","url_text":"\"Dunder-Mifflin provides my ideal 'Office' setting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Bruin","url_text":"Daily Bruin"},{"url":"http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/archives/id/39171/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bolonik, Kera (February 9, 2006). \"Defending NBC's The Office: A British Import The Network Didn't Mangle\". Slate. Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 14, 2008. Michael shares his British mate's arrogance, self-absorption, and cluelessness, but he possesses his own brand of vanity, as well as a wonderful tendency to be sinister toward his colleagues. The latter is apparent as early as the second episode, \"Diversity Day\", in which Dunder-Mifflin employees are subjected to two excruciating cultural awareness seminars after Michael performs a Chris Rock routine on '\"the two different kinds of black people\". The second of the two seminars is an impromptu forum run by the clueless perp himself.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/id/2135824/","url_text":"\"Defending NBC's The Office: A British Import The Network Didn't Mangle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post_Company","url_text":"Washington Post Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Day_(The_Office)","url_text":"Diversity Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rock","url_text":"Chris Rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niggas_vs._Black_People","url_text":"the two different kinds of black people"}]},{"reference":"Elgar, Julie; Troy Foster. \"That's What She Said\". HR Hero. Retrieved February 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.hrhero.com/thatswhatshesaid/","url_text":"\"That's What She Said\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unionbusting at \"The Office\"?\". American Rights At Work. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071213133354/http://www.americanrightsatwork.org/the-anti-union-network/for-profit-union-busters/unionbusting-at-the-office.html","url_text":"\"Unionbusting at \"The Office\"?\""},{"url":"http://www.americanrightsatwork.org/the-anti-union-network/for-profit-union-busters/unionbusting-at-the-office.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McAuliffe, Josh (April 5, 2007). \"A day at 'The Office'\". The Times-Tribune. Times-Shamrock Communications. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2008. On the second floor of the building adjacent to the set is the writers' room. Below it is the Dunder-Mifflin warehouse. In one of the writer's offices, the show shoots any scene in which Michael looks out his office window down at the Dunder-Mifflin parking lot","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090201141710/http://www.thetimes-tribune.com/articles/2007/04/05/lifestyles/18171566.txt","url_text":"\"A day at 'The Office'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times-Tribune_(Scranton)","url_text":"The Times-Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-Shamrock_Communications","url_text":"Times-Shamrock Communications"},{"url":"http://www.thetimes-tribune.com/articles/2007/04/05/lifestyles/18171566.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marchese, John (October 21, 2007). \"Scranton Embraces the 'Office' Infamy\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/arts/television/21marc.html","url_text":"\"Scranton Embraces the 'Office' Infamy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Wildermuth, Renate (October 7, 2007). \"'Office' Visit\". Times-Union. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008. The paper company in Scranton most viewers associate with the show would be Pennsylvania Paper and Supply. Its 225,000-square-foot (20,900 m2) headquarters with landmark tower is featured in the opening credits.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080411100833/http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=627600","url_text":"\"'Office' Visit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)","url_text":"Times-Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Corporation","url_text":"Hearst Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=627600","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sagers, Aaron (October 27, 2007). \"Pennsylvania city relishes attention from hit TV series\". The Morning Call. Tribune Company. Retrieved April 7, 2008. The tower looks exactly the same as it does on TV, although company President Douglas Fink says there are plans to add a Dunder Mifflin logo to one of the tower's black circular insets ... Fink adds that the attention from the show has led to a greater awareness of his business.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/news/article/50236/pennsylvania-city-relishes-attention-from-hit-tv-series/","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania city relishes attention from hit TV series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Company","url_text":"Tribune Company"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Rob (November 18, 2007). \"False Endorsement\". The New York Times Magazine. The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 2, 2008. Fictional-brand fandom has real precedence. Last year the online store 80sTees.com named Duff beer, from 'The Simpsons,' the No. 1 fake brand — beating out T-shirts for Dunder Mifflin, the paper company on 'The Office.'","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/magazine/18wwln-consumed-t.html","url_text":"\"False Endorsement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine","url_text":"The New York Times Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company","url_text":"The New York Times Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Loyal Customers? Dunder Mifflin's Got 'Em\". portfolio.com. Condé Nast. October 31, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102073513/http://www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/daily-brief/2007/10/31/loyal-customers-dunder-mifflins-got-em","url_text":"\"Loyal Customers? Dunder Mifflin's Got 'Em\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publications","url_text":"Condé Nast"},{"url":"http://www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/daily-brief/2007/10/31/loyal-customers-dunder-mifflins-got-em","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Partnership with NBCUniversal brings \"The Office\" to Workplaces Nationwide\" (Press release). Quill Corporation. November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quill.com/content/iw/site/PressReleases/dunder.aspx","url_text":"\"Partnership with NBCUniversal brings \"The Office\" to Workplaces Nationwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_Corporation","url_text":"Quill Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Expanding Line of Dunder Mifflin Products Shows Success in Reverse Product Placement\". The New York Times. November 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/23/expanding-line-of-dunder-mifflin-products-shows-success-in-reverse-product-placement/","url_text":"\"Expanding Line of Dunder Mifflin Products Shows Success in Reverse Product Placement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Fans of 'The Office' Meet Cast Members at Dunder Con in NJ\". August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/entertainment/fans-of-the-office-meet-cast-members-at-dunder-con-in-new-jersey/3813964","url_text":"\"Fans of 'The Office' Meet Cast Members at Dunder Con in NJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"MEDIA | Randal's Monday\". Randalsmonday.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.randalsmonday.com/media/","url_text":"\"MEDIA | Randal's Monday\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_immunoglobulin_protein
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Binding immunoglobulin protein
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["1 Structure","2 Mechanism","3 Function","3.1 Protein folding and holding","3.2 ER translocation","3.3 ER-associated degradation (ERAD)","3.4 UPR pathway","4 Interactions","5 Conservation of BiP cysteines","6 Clinical significance","6.1 Autoimmune disease","6.2 Cardiovascular disease","6.3 Neurodegenerative disease","6.4 Metabolic disease","6.5 Infectious disease","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
HSPA5Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes3IUC, 3LDL, 3LDN, 3LDO, 3LDP, 5E84, 5E86, 5E85, 5F1X, 5EX5, 5EVZ, 5F2R, 5F0X, 5EY4, 5EXWIdentifiersAliasesHSPA5, BIP, GRP78, HEL-S-89n, MIF2, Binding immunoglobulin protein, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5, GRP78/BipExternal IDsOMIM: 138120; MGI: 95835; HomoloGene: 3908; GeneCards: HSPA5; OMA:HSPA5 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 9 (human)Band9q33.3Start125,234,853 bpEnd125,241,382 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 2 (mouse)Band2 B|2 22.94 cMStart34,661,982 bpEnd34,667,559 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed invena cavabeta cellolfactory bulbpericardiumcorpus epididymismucosa of sigmoid colonpyloruslower lobe of lungtracheacaput epididymisTop expressed investibular sensory epitheliumvestibular membrane of cochlear ductmandibular prominencemaxillary prominenceprimitive streakendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselseminal vesiculavas deferenssuperior cervical ganglionlacrimal glandMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
nucleotide binding
calcium ion binding
chaperone binding
protein domain specific binding
ribosome binding
misfolded protein binding
ATPase activity
protein binding
enzyme binding
ATP binding
ubiquitin protein ligase binding
unfolded protein binding
cadherin binding
hydrolase activity
heat shock protein binding
protein folding chaperone activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum lumen
endoplasmic reticulum membrane
membrane
focal adhesion
melanosome
myelin sheath
plasma membrane
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complex
cell surface
integral component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane
midbody
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
COP9 signalosome
extracellular exosome
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
extracellular matrix
cytosol
protein-containing complex
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Biological process
cellular response to interleukin-4
regulation of ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response
cellular response to glucose starvation
regulation of protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum
substantia nigra development
positive regulation of cell migration
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
negative regulation of apoptotic process
protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
toxin transport
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
PERK-mediated unfolded protein response
cerebellum structural organization
ER overload response
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response
IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response
cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development
regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response
ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway
cellular response to antibiotic
negative regulation of protein homodimerization activity
proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process
cellular response to manganese ion
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination
regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response
response to radiation
positive regulation of neuron projection development
neuron differentiation
response to cocaine
neuron apoptotic process
cellular response to calcium ion
cellular response to cAMP
stress response to metal ion
response to methamphetamine hydrochloride
cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus
cellular response to gamma radiation
luteolysis
response to unfolded protein
cellular response to heat
Unfolded Protein Response
protein refolding
chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding
negative regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response
posttranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez330914828EnsemblENSG00000044574ENSMUSG00000026864UniProtP11021P20029RefSeq (mRNA)NM_005347NM_001163434NM_022310RefSeq (protein)NP_005338NP_001156906NP_071705Location (UCSC)Chr 9: 125.23 – 125.24 MbChr 2: 34.66 – 34.67 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiPS) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA5 gene.
BiP is a HSP70 molecular chaperone located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that binds newly synthesized proteins as they are translocated into the ER, and maintains them in a state competent for subsequent folding and oligomerization. BiP is also an essential component of the translocation machinery and plays a role in retrograde transport across the ER membrane of aberrant proteins destined for degradation by the proteasome. BiP is an abundant protein under all growth conditions, but its synthesis is markedly induced under conditions that lead to the accumulation of unfolded polypeptides in the ER.
Structure
BiP contains two functional domains: a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The NBD binds and hydrolyzes ATP, and the SBD binds polypeptides.
The NBD consists of two large globular subdomains (I and II), each further divided into two small subdomains (A and B). The subdomains are separated by a cleft where the nucleotide, one Mg2+, and two K+ ions bind and connect all four domains (IA, IB, IIA, IIB). The SBD is divided into two subdomains: SBDβ and SBDα. SBDβ serves as a binding pocket for client proteins or peptide and SBDα serves as a helical lid to cover the binding pocket. An inter-domain linker connects NBD and SBD, favoring the formation of an NBD–SBD interface.
Mechanism
The activity of BiP is regulated by its allosteric ATPase cycle: when ATP is bound to the NBD, the SBDα lid is open, which leads to the conformation of SBD with low affinity to substrate. Upon ATP hydrolysis, ADP is bound to the NBD and the lid closes on the bound substrate. This creates a low off rate for high-affinity substrate binding and protects the bound substrate from premature folding or aggregation. Exchange of ADP for ATP results in the opening of the SBDα lid and subsequent release of the substrate, which then is free to fold. The ATPase cycle can be synergistically enhanced by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and its cochaperones.
Function
When K12 cells are starved of glucose, the synthesis of several proteins, called glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs), is markedly increased. GRP78 (HSPA5), also referred to as 'immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein' (BiP), is a member of the heat-shock protein-70 (HSP70) family and involved in the folding and assembly of proteins in the ER. The level of BiP is strongly correlated with the amount of secretory proteins (e.g. IgG) within the ER.
Substrate release and binding by BiP facilitates diverse functions in the ER such as folding and assembly of newly synthesized proteins, binding to misfolded proteins to prevent protein aggregation, translocation of secretory proteins, and initiation of the UPR.
Protein folding and holding
BiP can actively fold its substrates (acting as a foldase) or simply bind and restrict a substrate from folding or aggregating (acting as a holdase). Intact ATPase activity and peptide binding activity are required to act as a foldase: temperature-sensitive mutants of BiP with defective ATPase activity (called class I mutations) and mutants of BiP with defective peptide binding activity (called class II mutations) both fail to fold carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) at non-permissive temperature.
ER translocation
As an ER molecular chaperone, BiP is also required to import polypeptide into the ER lumen or ER membrane in an ATP-dependent manner. ATPase mutants of BiP were found to cause a block in translocation of a number of proteins (invertase, carboxypeptidase Y, a-factor) into the lumen of the ER.
ER-associated degradation (ERAD)
BiP also plays a role in ERAD. The most studied ERAD substrate is CPY*, a constitutively misfolded CPY completely imported into the ER and modified by glycosylation. BiP is the first chaperone that contacts CPY* and is required for CPY* degradation. ATPase mutants (including allosteric mutants) of BiP have been shown to significantly slow down the degradation rate of CPY*.
UPR pathway
BiP is both a target of the ER stress response, or UPR, and an essential regulator of the UPR pathway. During ER stress, BiP dissociates from the three transducers (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6), effectively activating their respective UPR pathways. As a UPR target gene product, BiP is upregulated when UPR transcription factors associate with the UPR element in BiP's DNA promoter region.
Interactions
BiP's ATPase cycle is facilitated by its co-chaperones, both nucleotide binding factors (NEFs), which facilitate ATP binding upon ADP release, and J proteins, which promote ATP hydrolysis. BiP is also a validated substrate of HYPE (Huntingtin Yeast Interacting Partner E), which can adenylate BiP at multiple residues.
Conservation of BiP cysteines
BiP is highly conserved among eukaryotes, including mammals (Table 1). It is also widely expressed among all tissue types in human. In the human BiP, there are two highly conserved cysteines. These cysteines have been shown to undergo post-translational modifications in both yeast and mammalian cells. In yeast cells, the N-terminus cysteine has been shown to be sulfenylated and glutathionylated upon oxidative stress. Both modifications enhance BiP's ability to prevent protein aggregation. In mice cells, the conserved cysteine pair forms a disulfide bond upon activation of GPx7 (NPGPx). The disulfide bond enhances BiP's binding to denatured proteins.
Table 1. Conservation of BiP in mammalian cells
Species common name
Species scientific name
Conservation of BiP
Conservation of BiP's cysteine
Cysteine number
Primates
Human
Homo sapiens
Yes
Yes
2
Macaque
Macaca fuscata
Yes
Yes
2
Vervet
Chlorocebus sabaeus
Predicted*
Yes
2
Marmoset
Callithrix jacchus
Yes
Yes
2
Rodents
Mouse
Mus musculus
Yes
Yes
2
Rat
Rattus norvegicus
Yes
Yes
3
Guinea pig
Cavia porcellus
Predicted
Yes
3
Naked mole rat
Heterocephalus glaber
Yes
Yes
3
Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Predicted
Yes
2
Tree shrew
Tupaia chinensis
Yes
Yes
2
Ungulates
Cow
Bos taurus
Yes
Yes
2
Minke whale
Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni
Yes
Yes
2
Pig
Sus scrofa
Predicted
Yes
2
Carnivores
Dog
Canis familiaris
Predicted
Yes
2
Cat
Felis silvestris
Yes
Yes
3
Ferret
Mustela putorius furo
Predicted
Yes
2
Marsupials
Opossum
Monodelphis domestica
Predicted
Yes
2
Tasmanian Devil
Sarcophilus harrisii
Predicted
Yes
2
*Predicted: Predicted sequence according to NCBI protein
Clinical significance
Autoimmune disease
Like many stress and heat shock proteins, BiP has potent immunological activity when released from the internal environment of the cell into the extracellular space. Specifically, it feeds anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutory signals into immune networks, thus helping to resolve inflammation. The mechanisms underlying BiP's immunological activity are incompletely understood. Nonetheless, it has been shown to induce anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion by binding to a receptor on the surface of monocytes, downregulate critical molecules involved in T-lymphocyte activation, and modulate the differentiation pathway of monocytes into dendritic cells.
The potent immunomodulatory activities of BiP/GRP78 have also been demonstrated in animal models of autoimmune disease including collagen-induced arthritis, a murine disease that resembles human rheumatoid arthritis. Prophylactic or therapeutic parenteral delivery of BiP has been shown to ameliorate clinical and histological signs of inflammatory arthritis.
Cardiovascular disease
Upregulation of BiP has been associated with ER stress-induced cardiac dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy. BiP also has been proposed to suppress the development of atherosclerosis through alleviating homocysteine-induced ER stress, preventing apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells, inhibiting the activation of genes responsible for cholesterol/triglyceride biosynthesis, and suppressing tissue factor procoagulant activity, all of which can contribute to the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques.
Some anticancer drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, have been associated with heart failure complications. In rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, overexpression of BiP attenuates cardiomyocyte death induced by proteasome inhibition.
Neurodegenerative disease
As an ER chaperone protein, BiP prevents neuronal cell death induced by ER stress by correcting misfolded proteins. Moreover, a chemical inducer of BiP, named BIX, reduced cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemic mice. Conversely, enhanced BiP chaperone function has been strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
Metabolic disease
BiP heterozygosity is proposed to protect against high fat diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and pancreatitis by upregulating protective ER stress pathways. BiP is also necessary for adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in adipose tissues.
Infectious disease
Prokaryotic BiP orthologs were found to interact with key proteins such as RecA, which is vital to bacterial DNA replication. As a result, these bacterial Hsp70 chaperones represent a promising set of targets for antibiotic development. Notably, the anticancer drug OSU-03012 re-sensitized superbug strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to several standard-of-care antibiotics. Meanwhile, a virulent strain of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli undermines host cell survival by producing AB5 toxin to inhibit host BiP. In contrast, viruses rely on host BiP to successfully replicate, largely by infecting cells through cell-surface BiP, stimulating BiP expression to chaperone viral proteins, and suppressing the ER stress death response.
Notes
The 2016 version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. The corresponding academic peer reviewed article was published in Gene and can be cited as:Jie Wang, Jessica Lee, David Liem, Peipei Ping (June 2017). "HSPA5 Gene encoding Hsp70 chaperone BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum". Gene. 618 (30): 14–23. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.005. PMC 5632570. PMID 28286085.
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^ Scheuner D, Vander Mierde D, Song B, Flamez D, Creemers JW, Tsukamoto K, et al. (July 2005). "Control of mRNA translation preserves endoplasmic reticulum function in beta cells and maintains glucose homeostasis". Nature Medicine. 11 (7): 757–64. doi:10.1038/nm1259. PMID 15980866. S2CID 2785104.
^ Rathore AP, Ng ML, Vasudevan SG (28 January 2013). "Differential unfolded protein response during Chikungunya and Sindbis virus infection: CHIKV nsP4 suppresses eIF2α phosphorylation". Virology Journal. 10: 36. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-10-36. PMC 3605262. PMID 23356742.
External links
HSPA5+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Human HSPA5 genome location and HSPA5 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP
vtePosttranslational modificationChaperones/protein foldingHeat shock proteins/Chaperonins
Hsp10/GroES
Hsp27
Hsp47
HSP60/GroEL
Hsp40/DnaJ
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B11
B4
B6
B9
C1
C3
C5
C6
C7
C10
C11
C13
C14
C19
Hsp70
1A
1B
1L
2
4
4L
5
6
7
8
9
12A
14
Hsp90
α1
α2
β
ER
TRAP1
Other
Alpha crystallin
Clusterin
Survival of motor neuron
SMN1
SMN2
Protein targeting
Signal peptide
Mitochondrial targeting signal
Ubiquitin(ubiquitylation)
E1 Ubiquitin-activating enzyme
UBA1
UBA2
UBA3
UBA5
UBA6
UBA7
ATG7
NAE1
SAE1
E2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
A
B
C
D1
D2
D3
E1
E2
E3
G1
G2
H
I
J1
J2
K
L1
L2
L3
L4
L6
M
N
O
Q1
Q2
R1 (CDC34)
R2
S
V1
V2
Z
E3 Ubiquitin ligase
VHL
Cullin
CBL
MDM2
FANCL
UBR1
Deubiquitinating enzyme: Ataxin 3
USP6
CYLD
ATG3
BIRC6
UFC1
Ubiquitin-like proteins(UBL)SUMO protein(SUMOylation)
E1 SUMO-activating enzyme
SAE1
SAE2
E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme
UBC9
E3 SUMO ligase
PIAS1
PIAS2
PIAS3
PIAS4
Other
ISG15
URM1
UFM1
NEDD8 (neddylation)
FAT10
ATG8
ATG12
FUB1
MUB
UBL5
Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2840249-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8020977-6"},{"link_name":"HSP70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp70"},{"link_name":"chaperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(protein)"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"translocated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting"},{"link_name":"folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding"},{"link_name":"oligomerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligomer"},{"link_name":"translocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting"},{"link_name":"proteasome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome"}],"text":"Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiensBinding immunoglobulin protein (BiPS) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPA5 gene.[5][6]BiP is a HSP70 molecular chaperone located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that binds newly synthesized proteins as they are translocated into the ER, and maintains them in a state competent for subsequent folding and oligomerization. BiP is also an essential component of the translocation machinery and plays a role in retrograde transport across the ER membrane of aberrant proteins destined for degradation by the proteasome. BiP is an abundant protein under all growth conditions, but its synthesis is markedly induced under conditions that lead to the accumulation of unfolded polypeptides in the ER.","title":"Binding immunoglobulin protein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"polypeptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptides"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang_2015-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayer_2005-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yang_2015-7"}],"text":"BiP contains two functional domains: a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a substrate-binding domain (SBD). The NBD binds and hydrolyzes ATP, and the SBD binds polypeptides.[7]The NBD consists of two large globular subdomains (I and II), each further divided into two small subdomains (A and B). The subdomains are separated by a cleft where the nucleotide, one Mg2+, and two K+ ions bind and connect all four domains (IA, IB, IIA, IIB).[8][9][10] The SBD is divided into two subdomains: SBDβ and SBDα. SBDβ serves as a binding pocket for client proteins or peptide and SBDα serves as a helical lid to cover the binding pocket.[11][12][13] An inter-domain linker connects NBD and SBD, favoring the formation of an NBD–SBD interface.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allosteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_enzyme"},{"link_name":"ATPase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_aggregation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8310296-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"PDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_disulfide_isomerase"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10893409-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behnke_2015-18"}],"text":"The activity of BiP is regulated by its allosteric ATPase cycle: when ATP is bound to the NBD, the SBDα lid is open, which leads to the conformation of SBD with low affinity to substrate. Upon ATP hydrolysis, ADP is bound to the NBD and the lid closes on the bound substrate. This creates a low off rate for high-affinity substrate binding and protects the bound substrate from premature folding or aggregation. Exchange of ADP for ATP results in the opening of the SBDα lid and subsequent release of the substrate, which then is free to fold.[14][15][16] The ATPase cycle can be synergistically enhanced by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI),[17] and its cochaperones.[18]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"glucose-regulated proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-regulated_protein"},{"link_name":"HSP70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP70"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8020977-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22510960-19"},{"link_name":"aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_aggregation"},{"link_name":"translocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting"},{"link_name":"secretory proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretory_protein"},{"link_name":"UPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayer_2005-9"}],"text":"When K12 cells are starved of glucose, the synthesis of several proteins, called glucose-regulated proteins (GRPs), is markedly increased. GRP78 (HSPA5), also referred to as 'immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein' (BiP), is a member of the heat-shock protein-70 (HSP70) family and involved in the folding and assembly of proteins in the ER.[6] The level of BiP is strongly correlated with the amount of secretory proteins (e.g. IgG) within the ER.[19]Substrate release and binding by BiP facilitates diverse functions in the ER such as folding and assembly of newly synthesized proteins, binding to misfolded proteins to prevent protein aggregation, translocation of secretory proteins, and initiation of the UPR.[9]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foldase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foldase"},{"link_name":"aggregating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_aggregation"},{"link_name":"holdase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdase"},{"link_name":"temperature-sensitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_temperature"},{"link_name":"non-permissive temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_temperature"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Protein folding and holding","text":"BiP can actively fold its substrates (acting as a foldase) or simply bind and restrict a substrate from folding or aggregating (acting as a holdase). Intact ATPase activity and peptide binding activity are required to act as a foldase: temperature-sensitive mutants of BiP with defective ATPase activity (called class I mutations) and mutants of BiP with defective peptide binding activity (called class II mutations) both fail to fold carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) at non-permissive temperature.[20]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invertase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertase"},{"link_name":"a-factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_factor"},{"link_name":"lumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"ER translocation","text":"As an ER molecular chaperone, BiP is also required to import polypeptide into the ER lumen or ER membrane in an ATP-dependent manner. ATPase mutants of BiP were found to cause a block in translocation of a number of proteins (invertase, carboxypeptidase Y, a-factor) into the lumen of the ER.[21][22][23]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ERAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERAD"},{"link_name":"glycosylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"ER-associated degradation (ERAD)","text":"BiP also plays a role in ERAD. The most studied ERAD substrate is CPY*, a constitutively misfolded CPY completely imported into the ER and modified by glycosylation. BiP is the first chaperone that contacts CPY* and is required for CPY* degradation.[24] ATPase mutants (including allosteric mutants) of BiP have been shown to significantly slow down the degradation rate of CPY*.[25][26]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"IRE1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERN1"},{"link_name":"PERK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF2AK3"},{"link_name":"ATF6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATF6"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"UPR pathway","text":"BiP is both a target of the ER stress response, or UPR, and an essential regulator of the UPR pathway.[27][28] During ER stress, BiP dissociates from the three transducers (IRE1, PERK, and ATF6), effectively activating their respective UPR pathways.[29] As a UPR target gene product, BiP is upregulated when UPR transcription factors associate with the UPR element in BiP's DNA promoter region.[30]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"co-chaperones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-chaperone"},{"link_name":"nucleotide binding factors (NEFs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_exchange_factor"},{"link_name":"J proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp40"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Behnke_2015-18"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"BiP's ATPase cycle is facilitated by its co-chaperones, both nucleotide binding factors (NEFs), which facilitate ATP binding upon ADP release, and J proteins, which promote ATP hydrolysis.[18] BiP is also a validated substrate of HYPE (Huntingtin Yeast Interacting Partner E), which can adenylate BiP at multiple residues.[31]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brocchieri_2008-32"},{"link_name":"post-translational modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2014-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2016-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"sulfenylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfenic_acid"},{"link_name":"glutathionylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2014-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang_2016-34"},{"link_name":"disulfide bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide_bond"},{"link_name":"GPx7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPX7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"BiP is highly conserved among eukaryotes, including mammals (Table 1). It is also widely expressed among all tissue types in human.[32] In the human BiP, there are two highly conserved cysteines. These cysteines have been shown to undergo post-translational modifications in both yeast and mammalian cells.[33][34][35] In yeast cells, the N-terminus cysteine has been shown to be sulfenylated and glutathionylated upon oxidative stress. Both modifications enhance BiP's ability to prevent protein aggregation.[33][34] In mice cells, the conserved cysteine pair forms a disulfide bond upon activation of GPx7 (NPGPx). The disulfide bond enhances BiP's binding to denatured proteins.[36]","title":"Conservation of BiP cysteines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15245751-37"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21671907-38"},{"link_name":"monocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte"},{"link_name":"T-lymphocyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-lymphocyte"},{"link_name":"dendritic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15077298-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19740378-40"},{"link_name":"collagen-induced arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen-induced_arthritis"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11160188-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16508967-42"}],"sub_title":"Autoimmune disease","text":"Like many stress and heat shock proteins, BiP has potent immunological activity when released from the internal environment of the cell into the extracellular space.[37] Specifically, it feeds anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutory signals into immune networks, thus helping to resolve inflammation.[38] The mechanisms underlying BiP's immunological activity are incompletely understood. Nonetheless, it has been shown to induce anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion by binding to a receptor on the surface of monocytes, downregulate critical molecules involved in T-lymphocyte activation, and modulate the differentiation pathway of monocytes into dendritic cells.[39][40]The potent immunomodulatory activities of BiP/GRP78 have also been demonstrated in animal models of autoimmune disease including collagen-induced arthritis,[41] a murine disease that resembles human rheumatoid arthritis. Prophylactic or therapeutic parenteral delivery of BiP has been shown to ameliorate clinical and histological signs of inflammatory arthritis.[42]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dilated cardiomyopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"homocysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine"},{"link_name":"vascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular"},{"link_name":"endothelial cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"triglyceride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride"},{"link_name":"procoagulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procoagulant"},{"link_name":"atherosclerotic plaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerotic_plaques"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17481612-45"},{"link_name":"anticancer drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticancer_drug"},{"link_name":"proteasome inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasome_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"neonatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Cardiovascular disease","text":"Upregulation of BiP has been associated with ER stress-induced cardiac dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy.[43][44] BiP also has been proposed to suppress the development of atherosclerosis through alleviating homocysteine-induced ER stress, preventing apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells, inhibiting the activation of genes responsible for cholesterol/triglyceride biosynthesis, and suppressing tissue factor procoagulant activity, all of which can contribute to the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques.[45]Some anticancer drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, have been associated with heart failure complications. In rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, overexpression of BiP attenuates cardiomyocyte death induced by proteasome inhibition.[46]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuronal cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuronal_cell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"ischemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18049481-49"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17481612-45"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25546329-50"}],"sub_title":"Neurodegenerative disease","text":"As an ER chaperone protein, BiP prevents neuronal cell death induced by ER stress by correcting misfolded proteins.[47][48] Moreover, a chemical inducer of BiP, named BIX, reduced cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemic mice.[49] Conversely, enhanced BiP chaperone function has been strongly implicated in Alzheimer's disease.[45][50]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heterozygosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygosity"},{"link_name":"obesity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity"},{"link_name":"type 2 diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"adipogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipogenesis"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"adipose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Metabolic disease","text":"BiP heterozygosity is proposed to protect against high fat diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and pancreatitis by upregulating protective ER stress pathways. BiP is also necessary for adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in adipose tissues.[51]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prokaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic"},{"link_name":"orthologs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthologs"},{"link_name":"RecA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA"},{"link_name":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"link_name":"superbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_bug_(bacteria)"},{"link_name":"strains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25546329-50"},{"link_name":"virulent strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulent_strain"},{"link_name":"Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"AB5 toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB5_toxin"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17481612-45"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25546329-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Infectious disease","text":"Prokaryotic BiP orthologs were found to interact with key proteins such as RecA, which is vital to bacterial DNA replication. As a result, these bacterial Hsp70 chaperones represent a promising set of targets for antibiotic development. Notably, the anticancer drug OSU-03012 re-sensitized superbug strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to several standard-of-care antibiotics.[50] Meanwhile, a virulent strain of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli undermines host cell survival by producing AB5 toxin to inhibit host BiP.[45] In contrast, viruses rely on host BiP to successfully replicate, largely by infecting cells through cell-surface BiP, stimulating BiP expression to chaperone viral proteins, and suppressing the ER stress death response.[50][52]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=3309","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=14828","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Ting J, Lee AS (May 1988). \"Human gene encoding the 78,000-dalton glucose-regulated protein and its pseudogene: structure, conservation, and regulation\". DNA. 7 (4): 275–86. doi:10.1089/dna.1988.7.275. PMID 2840249.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fdna.1988.7.275","url_text":"10.1089/dna.1988.7.275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2840249","url_text":"2840249"}]},{"reference":"Hendershot LM, Valentine VA, Lee AS, Morris SW, Shapiro DN (Mar 1994). \"Localization of the gene encoding human BiP/GRP78, the endoplasmic reticulum cognate of the HSP70 family, to chromosome 9q34\". Genomics. 20 (2): 281–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1166. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Villa_of_Sendim
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Roman villa of Sendim
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["1 References"]
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The Roman villa of Sendim is located in Lugar do Agrelo, a village in Sendim , in the municipality of Felgueiras, in the district of Porto, Portugal. It was built in the fourth century, located on a platform overlooking a small valley, near the Vizela River basin.
Villa Romana de Sendim is a villa rustica. The dwellings have opus signinum floors and polychrome (tessellas yellow, black, red and white) mosaics with geometric motifs. The archaeological material from excavations is very varied, consisting of thousands of common use ceramic fragments for the kitchen and table, luxurious ceramics, glass, metals and bronze coins.
In December 1994, it was classified as a Property of Public Interest.
Hypocaust
Finds
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Villa romana de Sendim.
Arqueologia Patrimoniocultural Portugal
VV. AA. (1991) Archaeological heritage of Felgueiras. In Plano Municipal Director of the City Hall of Felgueiras. Felgueiras: Felgueiras Town Hall.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Medved
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Shawn Medved
|
["1 Youth","2 Professional career","3 Post retirement career","4 References","5 External links"]
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American soccer player and coach
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Shawn Medved" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Shawn MedvedPersonal informationDate of birth
(1967-06-16) June 16, 1967 (age 57)Place of birth
Issaquah, Washington, United StatesHeight
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Position(s)
ForwardCollege careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)1985–1990
Evergreen State Geoducks
Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1990
Portland Timbers
?
(10)1990–1992
Tacoma Stars (indoor)
81
(30)1992–1994
Cleveland Crunch (indoor)
80
(68)1991–1992
Colorado Foxes
21
(20)1993
Fort Lauderdale Strikers
16
(0)1994–1995
Seattle Sounders
?
(7)1995–1996
Cincinnati Silverbacks (indoor)
40
(61)1996–1997
D.C. United
32
(4)1997–1999
San Jose Clash
50
(4)2000
Bay Area Seals
10
(2)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Shawn Medved is a retired American soccer forward and midfielder. Currently, he coaches youth soccer.
Youth
Medved was born and grew up in Issaquah, Washington. His father, Ron Medved, was a noted American football player for the University of Washington and Philadelphia Eagles. Despite his father's success at football, Shawn chose to pursue a soccer career. He attended Issaquah High School from 1981 to 1985. After graduating from high school Medved attended The Evergreen State College, a small liberal arts college located in Olympia, Washington. The school has a men's soccer which plays in the NAIA. When he finished his career at Evergreen, Medved was the school's all-time scorer, a record since broken by Joey Gjertsen. He was the 1990 NAIA Player of the Year and in 1988 and 1989, Medved was selected as First Team All District. NAIA teams played in districts until 1995, when they moved to a conference structure.
Professional career
After leaving Evergreen, Medved was drafted in the fourth round of the 1990 American Indoor Soccer Association amateur draft by the Atlanta Attack. Medved chose not to pursue a career with the Attack and instead played a single season with the Portland Timbers of the American Professional Soccer League (APSL). Medved led the team in scoring, as a rookie, with ten goals and two assists. This placed him seventh on the league's points list. While Medved had passed on the Atlanta Attack, he decided to sign with the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League in 1990. After the completion of the APSL season, he joined the Stars, for whom he played two seasons, leaving the team in 1992 for the Cleveland Crunch of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). Medved won his second professional championship when the Crunch defeated the St. Louis Ambush to win the 1993–1994 NPSL crown. That year, Medved scored 38 goals and assisted on 19 others for the Crunch.
Medved's first professional championship came with the outdoor Colorado Foxes of the APSL. Medved joined the Foxes halfway through the 1991 season, scoring 5 goals and assisted on 3 others. In 1992, he played the entire season with the Foxes, scoring 15 goals, assisting on 8 others, while the team ran to an 11–5 regular season record and ultimately defeated the Tampa Bay Rowdies in the championship game. The Foxes also defeated the Rowdies in the APSL Professional Cup.
At the end of the 1992 season, Medved moved to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1993 season. While he was captain of the team, his scoring pace declined dramatically. He played 16 games, scoring no goals, as the Strikers ended the season 9–15. At the end of the 1993 season, Medved moved, this time to the newly re-established Seattle Sounders. Medved remained with the Sounders until drafted by D.C. United in 1996. While Medved did not regain his scoring touch with the Sounders, he did move into the midfield and quickly became a major play maker. In 1994, he led the league with assists. Furthermore, his 11 assists and 1 goal placed him 11th on the APSL points list and led to his selection as a First Team All Star. Despite being in its first year of existence, the Sounders won the APSL regular season, losing to Colorado, Medved's old team, in the post-season semifinals. In 1995, Medved again won a championship ring when the Sounders defeated the Atlanta Ruckus in the APSL championship game. That year, he was part of a potent Sounders strike force consisting of Peter Hattrup and Chance Fry. While Hattrup led the team and league in scoring, Medved, his scoring pace returning, scored 6 goals and 1 assist. That winter saw a return for Medved to the indoor game when he played for the Cincinnati Silverbacks of the NPSL. He finished the 1995–1996 season 5th on the points list, having led his team with 61 goals in 40 games.
On February 6, 1996, D.C. United of the Major League Soccer selected Medved in the second round (20th overall) of the League's Inaugural Draft. That year, Medved played 27 games (starting 13), and scored 3 goals and assisted on one other. However, his greatest moment came in the championship game. D.C. United found themselves down 2–0 to the Los Angeles Galaxy in the first MLS championship game. D.C. coach sent in second-half substitutes Tony Sanneh and Medved. Sanneh scored in the 73rd minute and Medved tied the game in the 82nd minute before Eddie Pope put away the game winner overtime to give D.C. its first championship and Medved his fourth major championship victory. Medved also won the U.S. Open Cup in October 1996 with D.C. United. D.C. United traded Medved to the San Jose Clash during the off season. Medved went on to play two seasons for the Clash, in 1997 and 1998.
In 1998, the Clash waived Medved and on November 2, 1998, the New England Revolution selected him in the 1998 Waiver Draft, but released him on March 10, 1999. No MLS teams selected him. In 2000, he played for the Bay Area Seals in the USL A-League.
Post retirement career
After his retirement, Medved and his family settled in the San Francisco Bay area and founded the Williams Aquatic Center; he coaches youth soccer and plays for Portola VSC of the semi-pro San Francisco Soccer Football League's (SFSFL) Premier Division (YSP). He also works for the Westside Mortgage Group.
References
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2009-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Goff, Steven (October 21, 1996). "Pope Puts United at Head of the Class". The Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
^ 2000 Bay Area Seals Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Shawn Medved at Major League Soccer
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"}],"text":"Shawn Medved is a retired American soccer forward and midfielder. Currently, he coaches youth soccer.","title":"Shawn Medved"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Issaquah, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issaquah,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Issaquah High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issaquah_High_School"},{"link_name":"The Evergreen State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evergreen_State_College"},{"link_name":"Olympia, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Washington"},{"link_name":"NAIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Joey Gjertsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Gjertsen"}],"text":"Medved was born and grew up in Issaquah, Washington. His father, Ron Medved, was a noted American football player for the University of Washington and Philadelphia Eagles. Despite his father's success at football, Shawn chose to pursue a soccer career. He attended Issaquah High School from 1981 to 1985. After graduating from high school Medved attended The Evergreen State College, a small liberal arts college located in Olympia, Washington. The school has a men's soccer which plays in the NAIA. When he finished his career at Evergreen, Medved was the school's all-time scorer, a record since broken by Joey Gjertsen. He was the 1990 NAIA Player of the Year and in 1988 and 1989, Medved was selected as First Team All District. NAIA teams played in districts until 1995, when they moved to a conference structure.","title":"Youth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Indoor Soccer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indoor_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Attack"},{"link_name":"Portland Timbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Portland"},{"link_name":"American Professional Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Professional_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Stars_(MISL)"},{"link_name":"Major Indoor Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Crunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Crunch"},{"link_name":"National Professional Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_II"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Ambush_(NPSL)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Foxes"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rowdies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rowdies_(1975%E2%80%9393)"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale Strikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_Strikers_(1988%E2%80%9394)"},{"link_name":"Seattle Sounders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_(1994%E2%80%932008)"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Ruckus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Ruckus"},{"link_name":"Peter Hattrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hattrup"},{"link_name":"Chance Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Fry"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Silverbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Silverbacks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"D.C. United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._United"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"League's Inaugural Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_MLS_Inaugural_Player_Draft"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Tony Sanneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sanneh"},{"link_name":"Eddie Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Pope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"San Jose Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Clash"},{"link_name":"New England Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Bay Area Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Seals"},{"link_name":"USL A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_A-League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After leaving Evergreen, Medved was drafted in the fourth round of the 1990 American Indoor Soccer Association amateur draft by the Atlanta Attack. Medved chose not to pursue a career with the Attack and instead played a single season with the Portland Timbers of the American Professional Soccer League (APSL). Medved led the team in scoring, as a rookie, with ten goals and two assists. This placed him seventh on the league's points list. While Medved had passed on the Atlanta Attack, he decided to sign with the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League in 1990. After the completion of the APSL season, he joined the Stars, for whom he played two seasons, leaving the team in 1992 for the Cleveland Crunch of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). Medved won his second professional championship when the Crunch defeated the St. Louis Ambush to win the 1993–1994 NPSL crown. That year, Medved scored 38 goals and assisted on 19 others for the Crunch.Medved's first professional championship came with the outdoor Colorado Foxes of the APSL. Medved joined the Foxes halfway through the 1991 season, scoring 5 goals and assisted on 3 others. In 1992, he played the entire season with the Foxes, scoring 15 goals, assisting on 8 others, while the team ran to an 11–5 regular season record and ultimately defeated the Tampa Bay Rowdies in the championship game. The Foxes also defeated the Rowdies in the APSL Professional Cup.At the end of the 1992 season, Medved moved to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the 1993 season. While he was captain of the team, his scoring pace declined dramatically. He played 16 games, scoring no goals, as the Strikers ended the season 9–15. At the end of the 1993 season, Medved moved, this time to the newly re-established Seattle Sounders. Medved remained with the Sounders until drafted by D.C. United in 1996. While Medved did not regain his scoring touch with the Sounders, he did move into the midfield and quickly became a major play maker. In 1994, he led the league with assists. Furthermore, his 11 assists and 1 goal placed him 11th on the APSL points list and led to his selection as a First Team All Star. Despite being in its first year of existence, the Sounders won the APSL regular season, losing to Colorado, Medved's old team, in the post-season semifinals. In 1995, Medved again won a championship ring when the Sounders defeated the Atlanta Ruckus in the APSL championship game. That year, he was part of a potent Sounders strike force consisting of Peter Hattrup and Chance Fry. While Hattrup led the team and league in scoring, Medved, his scoring pace returning, scored 6 goals and 1 assist. That winter saw a return for Medved to the indoor game when he played for the Cincinnati Silverbacks of the NPSL. He finished the 1995–1996 season 5th on the points list, having led his team with 61 goals in 40 games.[1]On February 6, 1996, D.C. United of the Major League Soccer selected Medved in the second round (20th overall) of the League's Inaugural Draft. That year, Medved played 27 games (starting 13), and scored 3 goals and assisted on one other. However, his greatest moment came in the championship game. D.C. United found themselves down 2–0 to the Los Angeles Galaxy in the first MLS championship game. D.C. coach sent in second-half substitutes Tony Sanneh and Medved. Sanneh scored in the 73rd minute and Medved tied the game in the 82nd minute before Eddie Pope put away the game winner overtime to give D.C. its first championship and Medved his fourth major championship victory.[2] Medved also won the U.S. Open Cup in October 1996 with D.C. United. D.C. United traded Medved to the San Jose Clash during the off season. Medved went on to play two seasons for the Clash, in 1997 and 1998.In 1998, the Clash waived Medved and on November 2, 1998, the New England Revolution selected him in the 1998 Waiver Draft, but released him on March 10, 1999. No MLS teams selected him. In 2000, he played for the Bay Area Seals in the USL A-League.[3]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After his retirement, Medved and his family settled in the San Francisco Bay area and founded the Williams Aquatic Center; he coaches youth soccer and plays for Portola VSC of the semi-pro San Francisco Soccer Football League's (SFSFL) Premier Division (YSP). He also works for the Westside Mortgage Group.","title":"Post retirement career"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2009-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231247/http://www.howesportsdata.com/howesportsdata/stats/soccer/misl/misl96.txt","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.howesportsdata.com/howesportsdata/stats/soccer/misl/misl96.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goff, Steven (October 21, 1996). \"Pope Puts United at Head of the Class\". The Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved 2022-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/dcunited/mlscup/launch/united21.htm","url_text":"\"Pope Puts United at Head of the Class\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shawn+Medved%22","external_links_name":"\"Shawn Medved\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shawn+Medved%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shawn+Medved%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shawn+Medved%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shawn+Medved%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shawn+Medved%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231247/http://www.howesportsdata.com/howesportsdata/stats/soccer/misl/misl96.txt","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.howesportsdata.com/howesportsdata/stats/soccer/misl/misl96.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/dcunited/mlscup/launch/united21.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pope Puts United at Head of the Class\""},{"Link":"http://quicktime.cnnsi.com/soccer/aleague/stats/2000/stats.baystax.html","external_links_name":"2000 Bay Area Seals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216133550/http://quicktime.cnnsi.com/soccer/aleague/stats/2000/stats.baystax.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/shawn-medved","external_links_name":"Shawn Medved"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_basement_kidnapping_event
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Philadelphia basement kidnapping
|
["1 Principal defendant history","2 Aftermath","3 References","4 See also"]
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2011 crime in Pennsylvania, United States
Philadelphia basement kidnapping, also known as the Basement of Horrors, describes the discovery of four people, being held against their will, in conditions of deprivation on October 17, 2011, in the basement of an apartment building in the Tacony neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The owner of the building discovered the captives' presence after investigating suspicious activity in the basement area. Three people were arrested as initial suspects in the case: Linda Weston, Gregory Thomas and Eddie Wright. A fourth person, Jean McIntosh, the daughter of Weston, was arrested on October 19. Ten people, including six children, were taken into custody on October 18 in connection with the discovery. A niece of Weston's, Beatrice Weston (19), was among them, and was found to be malnourished and suffering from multiple wounds. She had been reported missing in 2009. A Police investigator stated he had never seen such signs of abuse on a living person.
An investigation by the FBI and the Philadelphia Police Department is currently underway to determine if the suspects were part of a larger multi-state kidnapping scheme, as identifying papers of at least 50 other people were found in the initial search. Evidence so far suggests that people had been held for collection of their Social Security Disability benefits, as the four people initially found were mentally disabled.
Principal defendant history
Weston had previously been sentenced to eight years in prison for starving a man to death after he refused to support Weston's sister's unborn child. She served four years of her sentence. She had been given a diagnosis of schizophrenia at the time. Records show a person living with Weston in 2008 died that year, from what was at the time listed as natural causes. The person's family has asked that her death be reexamined. As of December 2011, more charges had been filed in the case against Weston, involving events dating to 2002.
Aftermath
The kidnapping received national and international attention, and raised awareness of the issue of the potential abuse of mentally disabled people for their benefits through the representative payee process.
In January 2013, the four original defendants, and a fifth, Nicklaus Woodard, of West Palm Beach, Florida, were charged by a federal grand jury with a total of 196 criminal counts, including hate crime charges. All five were charged with four counts of a hate crime, conspiracy, racketeering, and kidnapping. Weston, Mcintosh, and Thomas were charged with involuntary servitude. Weston was charged with two counts of murder, with confinement and abuse allegedly causing the deaths of two victims. She was sentenced in September 2015 to life plus 80 years, admitting to all 196 federal counts against her, including murder, kidnapping, sex trafficking, hate crimes, forced labor, and benefits fraud.
Jean McIntosh pleaded guilty in December 2014 to charges including conspiracy to commit racketeering, hate crimes against disabled people, and kidnapping resulting in death.
References
^ Levitt, Ross; Candiotti, Susan (23 October 2011). "Lawyer: Police contacted in 2003 about chief suspect in Philly captives case". CNN.
^ http://www.salon.com/2011/12/19/more_charges_added_in_pa_basement_captivity_case_2/
^ "10 people, including 6 children, taken into custody as Philadelphia basement captives case widens". CBS News. 19 October 2011.
^ "'It makes no sense': 10 children rescued in basement horror kidnap case". The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 October 2011.
^ Marlowe, Lara (20 October 2011). "Four charged with kidnap and conspiracy in US". The Irish Times.
^ Dolak, Kevin (23 January 2013). "Hate Crime Charges in Imprisonment Case". ABC News.
^ Roebuck, Jeremy (10 September 2015). "Life deal for woman who enslaved disabled adults in Tacony basement". Philly.com.
^ Hanson, Tony (23 December 2014). "Guilty Plea From 1 Defendant in Phila. 'Basement of Horrors' Case". CBS Philly.
See also
Adult Protective Services
Disability fraud
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tacony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacony,_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Social Security Disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Disability"}],"text":"Philadelphia basement kidnapping, also known as the Basement of Horrors, describes the discovery of four people, being held against their will, in conditions of deprivation on October 17, 2011, in the basement of an apartment building in the Tacony neighborhood of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.The owner of the building discovered the captives' presence after investigating suspicious activity in the basement area. Three people were arrested as initial suspects in the case: Linda Weston, Gregory Thomas and Eddie Wright. A fourth person, Jean McIntosh, the daughter of Weston, was arrested on October 19. Ten people, including six children, were taken into custody on October 18 in connection with the discovery. A niece of Weston's, Beatrice Weston (19), was among them, and was found to be malnourished and suffering from multiple wounds. She had been reported missing in 2009. A Police investigator stated he had never seen such signs of abuse on a living person.An investigation by the FBI and the Philadelphia Police Department is currently[when?] underway to determine if the suspects were part of a larger multi-state kidnapping scheme, as identifying papers of at least 50 other people were found in the initial search. Evidence so far suggests that people had been held for collection of their Social Security Disability benefits, as the four people initially found were mentally disabled.","title":"Philadelphia basement kidnapping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Weston had previously been sentenced to eight years in prison for starving a man to death after he refused to support Weston's sister's unborn child. She served four years of her sentence.[1] She had been given a diagnosis of schizophrenia at the time. Records show a person living with Weston in 2008 died that year, from what was at the time listed as natural causes. The person's family has asked that her death be reexamined. As of December 2011, more charges had been filed in the case against Weston, involving events dating to 2002.[2]","title":"Principal defendant history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"representative payee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_payee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"hate crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The kidnapping received national and international attention, and raised awareness of the issue of the potential abuse of mentally disabled people for their benefits through the representative payee process.[3][4][5]In January 2013, the four original defendants, and a fifth, Nicklaus Woodard, of West Palm Beach, Florida, were charged by a federal grand jury with a total of 196 criminal counts, including hate crime charges. All five were charged with four counts of a hate crime, conspiracy, racketeering, and kidnapping. Weston, Mcintosh, and Thomas were charged with involuntary servitude. Weston was charged with two counts of murder, with confinement and abuse allegedly causing the deaths of two victims.[6] She was sentenced in September 2015 to life plus 80 years, admitting to all 196 federal counts against her, including murder, kidnapping, sex trafficking, hate crimes, forced labor, and benefits fraud.[7]Jean McIntosh pleaded guilty in December 2014 to charges including conspiracy to commit racketeering, hate crimes against disabled people, and kidnapping resulting in death.[8]","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Adult Protective Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Protective_Services"},{"title":"Disability fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_fraud"}]
|
[{"reference":"Levitt, Ross; Candiotti, Susan (23 October 2011). \"Lawyer: Police contacted in 2003 about chief suspect in Philly captives case\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/23/justice/pennsylvania-captives-suspect/","url_text":"\"Lawyer: Police contacted in 2003 about chief suspect in Philly captives case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"10 people, including 6 children, taken into custody as Philadelphia basement captives case widens\". CBS News. 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/10-people-including-6-children-taken-into-custody-as-philadelphia-basement-captives-case-widens/","url_text":"\"10 people, including 6 children, taken into custody as Philadelphia basement captives case widens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"\"'It makes no sense': 10 children rescued in basement horror kidnap case\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/world/it-makes-no-sense-10-children-rescued-in-basement-horror-kidnap-case-20111020-1m8u0.html","url_text":"\"'It makes no sense': 10 children rescued in basement horror kidnap case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Marlowe, Lara (20 October 2011). \"Four charged with kidnap and conspiracy in US\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/1020/1224306123824.html","url_text":"\"Four charged with kidnap and conspiracy in US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"Dolak, Kevin (23 January 2013). \"Hate Crime Charges in Imprisonment Case\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/hate-crime-charges-allegedly-stealing-mentally-disabled/story?id=18294194","url_text":"\"Hate Crime Charges in Imprisonment Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Roebuck, Jeremy (10 September 2015). \"Life deal for woman who enslaved disabled adults in Tacony basement\". Philly.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20150910_Life_deal_for_woman_who_enslaved_disabled_adults_in_Tacony_basement.html","url_text":"\"Life deal for woman who enslaved disabled adults in Tacony basement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philly.com","url_text":"Philly.com"}]},{"reference":"Hanson, Tony (23 December 2014). \"Guilty Plea From 1 Defendant in Phila. 'Basement of Horrors' Case\". CBS Philly.","urls":[{"url":"http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2014/12/23/guilty-plea-from-1-defendant-in-phila-basement-of-horrors-case/","url_text":"\"Guilty Plea From 1 Defendant in Phila. 'Basement of Horrors' Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW-TV","url_text":"CBS Philly"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/23/justice/pennsylvania-captives-suspect/","external_links_name":"\"Lawyer: Police contacted in 2003 about chief suspect in Philly captives case\""},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/2011/12/19/more_charges_added_in_pa_basement_captivity_case_2/","external_links_name":"http://www.salon.com/2011/12/19/more_charges_added_in_pa_basement_captivity_case_2/"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/10-people-including-6-children-taken-into-custody-as-philadelphia-basement-captives-case-widens/","external_links_name":"\"10 people, including 6 children, taken into custody as Philadelphia basement captives case widens\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/world/it-makes-no-sense-10-children-rescued-in-basement-horror-kidnap-case-20111020-1m8u0.html","external_links_name":"\"'It makes no sense': 10 children rescued in basement horror kidnap case\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/1020/1224306123824.html","external_links_name":"\"Four charged with kidnap and conspiracy in US\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/hate-crime-charges-allegedly-stealing-mentally-disabled/story?id=18294194","external_links_name":"\"Hate Crime Charges in Imprisonment Case\""},{"Link":"http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20150910_Life_deal_for_woman_who_enslaved_disabled_adults_in_Tacony_basement.html","external_links_name":"\"Life deal for woman who enslaved disabled adults in Tacony basement\""},{"Link":"http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2014/12/23/guilty-plea-from-1-defendant-in-phila-basement-of-horrors-case/","external_links_name":"\"Guilty Plea From 1 Defendant in Phila. 'Basement of Horrors' Case\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyakarika
|
Samkhyakarika
|
["1 Authorship and chronology","2 Structure","2.1 Number of verses","2.2 Meter","3 Contents","3.1 Goal of the text: verses 1 to 3","3.2 Means of knowledge: verses 4 to 8","3.3 The theory of causation and the doctrine of Gunas: verses 9 to 14","3.4 Nature of Prakrti: verses 15 to 16","3.5 Nature of Purusha: verses 17 to 19","3.6 The connection between Prakriti and Purusha: verses 20 to 21","3.7 The theory of emergence of principles: verses 22 to 38","3.8 The theory of reality: verses 39 to 59","3.9 The theory of understanding and freedom: verses 60 to 69","3.10 Transmission of Samkhya tradition: verses 70 to 72","4 Commentaries","4.1 Atheism in Samkhyakarika","4.2 Liberation and freedom from suffering","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
|
Text of the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy
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The Samkhyakarika (Sanskrit: सांख्यकारिका, Sāṁkhyakārikā) is the earliest surviving text of the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy. The text's original composition date is unknown, but its terminus ad quem (completed before) date has been established through its Chinese translation that became available by 569 CE. It is attributed to Ishvara Krishna (Iśvarakṛṣṇa, 350 CE).
In the text, the author described himself as a successor of the disciples from the great sage Kapila, through Āsuri and Pañcaśikha. His Sāṁkhya Kārikā consists of 72 ślokas written in the Ārya metre, with the last verse asserting that the original Samkhya Karika had only 70 verses.
The earliest important commentary on his Kārikā was written by Gaudapada. Yuktidipika, whose medieval era manuscript editions were discovered and published about mid 20th-century, is among the most significant extant review and commentary on Samkhyakarika.
The Sāṁkhya Kārikā was translated into Chinese in the 6th-century CE. In 1832, Christian Lassen translated the text in Latin. H.T. Colebrooke first translated this text into English. Windischmann and Lorinser translated it into German, and Pautier and St. Hilaire translated it into French.
Authorship and chronology
Samkhya is an important pillar of Indian philosophical tradition, called shad-darshana, however, of the standard works of Samkhya only three are available at present. These are: Samkhya Sutras attributed to the founder of Samkhya, Kapila; Tattva Samasa, which some authors (Max Muller) consider prior to Samkhya Sutras, and Samkhya Karika authored by Ishvara Krishna. Ishvara Krishna follows several earlier teachers of Samkhya and is said to come from Kausika family. He taught before Vasubandhu and is placed following Kapila, Asuri, Panca Shikha, Vindhyavasa, Varsaganya, Jaigisavia, Vodhu, Devala and Sanaka.
The significance
Besides the Vedanta school, the Samkhya school is the one which exerted the greatest influence upon the history of Indian thought, and a blending and synthesis of the thought of the two schools can often be found in important works of thought in India. The Samkhyakarika is the classical text book of the Samkhya school.
—Hajime Nakamura
Samkhya karika was probably composed sometime in the Gupta Empire period, between 320-540 CE. The translation of Paramartha into Chinese together with a commentary was composed over 557-569 CE, has survived in China, and it constitutes the oldest surviving version of Samkhya karika. Several manuscripts, with slightly variant verses are known, but these do not challenge the basic thesis or the overall meaning of the text.
While the Samkhya ideas developed in second half of 1st millennium BCE through the Gupta period, the analysis of evidence shows, states Gerald Larson, that Samkhya is rooted in the speculations of the Vedic era Brahmanas and the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism on the nature of man, and that it is generally agreed that Samkhya's formulation took place at the earliest after the oldest Upanishads had been composed (~800 BCE).
In terms of comparative textual chronology, states Larson, the final redaction of Yogasutra and the writing of Samkhya-karika were probably contemporaneous. The Samkhya literature grew with later developments such as through Bhashya on Samkhya karika in the 9th-century Samkhya Tattva Kaumudi of Vacaspati Mishra.
Structure
Number of verses
The Karika, wrote ancient Hindu scholars Gaudapada and Vacaspati Misra, contains seventy two verses. However, Gaudapada commented on the first sixty nine, leading 19th-century colonial era scholars to suggest that the last three may have been added later. With the discovery of 6th-century manuscripts of translations of the Indian text into Chinese language, it became clear that by the 6th-century, the Karika had seventy two verses. The Chinese version includes commentary on the Karika, but for unknown reasons, skips or misses the commentary on verse sixty three.
In mid 20th-century, the first manuscript of Yuktidipika was discovered in India, which is a review and commentary on the Karika. Yuktidipika, for unknown reasons, skipped commenting on verses sixty through sixty three, verse sixty five and sixty six, but reviews and analyzes the remaining 66 of 72 verses.
The medieval era Matharavrtti text states that the Karika has seventy three verses. In contrast, verse seventy two of the surviving 6th-century CE Karika declares that its original had just seventy verses, implying that a more ancient version of Samkhya-karika once existed. Scholars have attempted to produce a critical edition, by identifying the most ancient original set of seventy verses, but this effort has not produced a consensus among scholars. In terms of content, importance and meaning, the text is essentially the same regardless of which version of the manuscript is referred to.
Meter
Each verse of the philosophical Samkhya-karika text is composed in a precise mathematical meter, that repeats in a musical rhythm of an Arya meter (also called the Gatha, or song, meter). Every verse is set in two half stanza with the following rule: both halves have exactly repeating total instants and repeating sub-total pattern in the manner of many ancient Sanskrit compositions. The stanza is divided into feet, each feet has four instants, with its short syllable counting as one instant (matra), while the long syllable prosodically counts are two instants.
Each verse of Karika are presented in four quarters (two quarters making one half), the first quarter has exactly three feet (12 beats), the second quarter four and half feet (18 beats), the third quarter of every verse has three feet (12 beats again), while the fourth quarter has three and a half plus an extra short syllable at its end (15 beats). Thus, metrically, the first half stanza of every verse of this philosophical text has thirty instants, the second has twenty seven.
Contents
Samkhya emerged in the Vedic tradition, states Gerald Larson, and the Karika is an important text that was the fruit of those efforts.
Goal of the text: verses 1 to 3
The Samkhya karika opens by stating that the pursuit of happiness is a basic need of all human beings. Yet, one is afflicted by three forms of suffering, a truth that motivates this text to study means of counteracting suffering:
दुःखत्रयाभिघाताज्जिज्ञासा तदभिघातके हेतौ ।
दृष्टे सापार्था चेन्नैकान्तात्यन्ततोऽभावात् ॥ १ ॥
Because of the torment of the three-fold suffering, arises this inquiry to know the means of counteracting it. If it is said that such inquiry is useless because perceptible means of removal exist, we say no because these means are neither lasting nor effective. (1)
— Samkhya karika, Verse 1
The three causes of unhappiness (or the problem of suffering, evil in life) are adhyatmika that is caused by self; adhibhautika that is caused by others and external influences; and, adhidaivika that is caused by nature and supernatural agencies. The suffering are two types, of body and of mind. The perceptible means of treatment include physicians, remedies, magic, incantations, expert knowledge of moral and political science, while avoidance through residence in safe places are also perceptible means available. These obvious means, state scholars, are considered by Samkhya karika, as temporary as they do not provide absolute or final removal of suffering.
Verse 2 asserts that scriptures too are visible means available, yet they too are ultimately ineffective in relieving sorrow and giving spiritual contentment, because scriptures deal with impurity, decay and inequality. The verse then posits its thesis, states Larson, that "a superior method different from both" exists, and this is the path of knowledge and understanding. More specifically, liberation from suffering comes from discriminative knowledge of Vyakta (evolving, manifest world), Avyakta (unevolving, unmanifest empirical world, Prakrti), and Jna (knower, self, Purusha). Verse 3 adds that primordial nature is uncreated, seven starting with Mahat (intellect) is both created and creative, sixteen are created and evolve (but not creative), while Purusha is neither created nor creative nor evolves (and simply exists).
Means of knowledge: verses 4 to 8
Verse 4 introduces the epistemology of Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, and states that there are three pramana, that is reliable paths to reliable knowledge: perception, inference and the testimony of reliable person. All other paths to knowing anything is derived from these three, states the Karika. It then adds that these three paths can enable one to know twenty five Tattvas that exist. Verse 5 of Samkhya-karika defines perception as the immediate knowledge one gains by the interaction of sense organ with anything; inference, it defines as the knowledge one gains based on meditation on one's perception; and testimony as that knowledge one gains from the efforts of those one considers as a reliable source; it then succinctly asserts that there are three types of inferences for the epistemic quest of man, without explaining what these three types of inferences are.
Verse 6 asserts that objects can be known either through sensory organs or through super-sense (inner derivation from observations). Verse 7 of the Karika states that perception alone is not sufficient means to know objects and principles behind observed reality, certain existent things are not perceived and are derived. The text in verse 8 asserts that the existence of Prakriti (empirical nature, substances) is proven by perception but its subtle principles are non-perceptible. Human mind, among others emerge from Prakriti, states the text, but are not directly perceptible, rather inferred and self derived. The reality of mind and such differ and resemble Prakriti in different aspects.
The theory of causation and the doctrine of Gunas: verses 9 to 14
Samkhya karika, in verse 9 introduces its theory of Satkaryavada (causation), asserting that "the effect is pre-existent in the cause". That which exists, states Karika, has a cause; that which exists not, lacks a cause; and when there exists a cause, in it is the seed and longing for the effect; that, a potent cause produces that which it is capable of. Hence, it is nature of existence that "perceptible principles exist in nature", and effects are manifestation of the perceptible principles. The Samkhya theory of causation, Satkāryavāda, is also referred to as the theory of existent effect.
Verse 10 asserts that there are two kinds of principles operating in the universe: discrete, un-discrete. The discrete is inconstant, isolated and unpervading, mutable, supporting, mergent, conjunct and with an agent. The un-discrete is constant, field-like, pervasive, immutable, non-supporting, non-mergent, separable and independent of an agent. Both discrete and un-discrete, describes Karika in verse 11, are simultaneously imbued with three qualities, and these qualities (Guṇa) are objective, common, prolific, do not discriminate and are innate. It is in these respects, asserts Karika, that they are the reverse of the nature of Soul (Self, Atman) because Soul is devoid of these qualities.
The text in verse 12 states that the three Guṇa (qualities), that is sattva, tamas and rajas, respectively correspond to pleasure, pain and dulness, mutually domineer, produce each other, rest on each other, always reciprocally present and work together. This Samkhya theory of qualities have been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena.
Verses 13-14 state that Sattva is good, enlightening and illuminating, Rajas is urgent, motion and restless, while Tamas is darkness, obscuring and distressing; these work together in observed nature just like oil, wick and fire together in a lamp. Nature merely undergoes modification, transformation, or change in appearance, but this is innate effect that already was in the cause, because asserts Karika, nothing cannot produce something.
Nature of Prakrti: verses 15 to 16
The Karika defines Prakriti as "that nature which evolves", and asserts to be the material cause of the empirically observed world. Prakriti, according to the text, both physical and psychical, is that which is manifested as the matrix of all modifications. Prakriti is not primal matter, nor the metaphysical universal, rather it is the basis of all objective existence, matter, life and mind.
Prakriti has two dimensions, that which is Vyakta (manifest), and that which is Avyakta (unmanifest). Both have the three Guṇa that, states the text, is in continual tension with one another, and it is their mutual interaction on Prakriti that causes the emergence of the world as we know it. When the Sattva-Rajas-Tamas are in equilibrium, no modification occurs; when one of three innate qualities is more active, the process of evolution is in action, change emerges (Gunaparinama). These two verses are significant, states Larson, in aphoristically presenting Samkhya's doctrines of causation, relationship between vyakta and avyakta, and its doctrine of what drives evolution.
Nature of Purusha: verses 17 to 19
Samkhya-karika asserts, states Larson, that apart from the Prakriti and emergent creation, of equilibrium and evolution, exists the Purusha (or self, soul). The Purusha is pure consciousness, is itself inactive yet whose presence disrupts the equilibrium of the three Guṇas in their unmanifest condition. The disruption triggers the emergence of the manifested condition of empirical reality we experience, states the text.
More specifically, verse 17 offers a proof that soul exists, as follows:
सङ्घातपरार्थत्वात् त्रिगुणादिविपर्ययादधिष्ठानात् ।
पुरुषोऽस्ति भोक्तृभावात्कैवल्यार्थं प्रवृत्तेश्च ॥ १७ ॥
Because the assemblage of empirically observed objects is for another's use (I-principle); because the converse of that which has the three qualities with other properties must exist (from regressus ad infinitum principle); because there must be superintendence (supervising conscious agent or chariot principle); because there must be one to enjoy; because there is a tendency to abstraction; therefore soul exists.
— Samkhya-karika 17,
Verse 18 of the Karika asserts that many souls must exist because numerous living beings are born, die and exist; because qualities (Gunas) are operating and affect everyone differently; and because everyone is endowed with instruments of cognition and action. Verse 19 states that the soul is the conscious "witness, separate, neutral, seer and inactive".
The connection between Prakriti and Purusha: verses 20 to 21
A living being is a union of Prakriti and Purusha, posits Samkhya-karika in verses 20-21. The Prakriti as the insentient evolute, joins with Purusha which is sentient consciousness.
The Karika states that the purpose of this union of Prakriti and Purusha, creating the reality of the observed universe, is to actualize a two-fold symbiosis. One, it empowers the individual to enjoy and contemplate on Prakriti and Purusha through self-awareness; and second, the conjunction of Prakriti and Purusha empowers the path of Kaivalya and Moksha (liberation, freedom).
The verse 21 aphoristically mention the example of "the blind and the lame", referring to the Indian legend of a blind and a lame person left in the forest, who find each other, inspire mutual trust and confidence, agree to share the duties with the blind doing the walking and the lame doing the seeing, the lame sits on blind's shoulder, and thus explore and travel through the forest. Soul (Purusha), in this allegory, is similarly symbiotically joined with body and nature (Prakriti) in the journey of life. Soul desires freedom, meaning and liberation, and this it can achieve through contemplation and abstraction.
These verses present a peculiar form of dualism, states Gerald Larson, because they assert unconscious primordial "stuff" on one hand, and pure consciousness on the other. This contrasts with dualism presented in other schools of Hindu philosophy where dualism focuses on the nature of individual soul and Brahman (universal reality).
The theory of emergence of principles: verses 22 to 38
These verses, states Larson, provide a detailed discussion of the theory of emergence, that is what emerges, how and the functioning of the different emergents. The discussion includes the emergence of buddhi (intelligence), the ahamkara (ego), the manas (mind), the five buddhindriyas (sensory organs), the five karmendriyas (action organs), the five tanmantras (subtle elements), the five mahabhutas (gross elements), and thereafter the text proceeds to detailing its theory of knowledge process.
The Karika's verse 22 asserts that Mahat (the Great Principle, intellect) is the first evolute of nature (Prakriti, human body), from it emerges ego (Ahamkara, I-principle), from which interface the "set of sixteen" (discussed in later verses). Verses 23-25 describes Sattva, as the quality of seeking goodness, wisdom, virtue, non-attachment. The reverse of Sattva, asserts Karika is Tamasa. Sattva is the characteristic of intellect, states the text.
The Karika lists the sensory organs to be the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin, while action organs as those of voice, hands, feet, excretory organs and that of procreation. Mind, states the text, is both a sensory organ in some aspects, and an organ of action in other aspects. Mind ponders, it is cognate, it integrates information and then interacts with the organs of action, it is also modified by the three innate qualities and diverse manifestations of it, asserts the text. Ego (Ahamkara), states the text, is self-assertion. Sattva influenced sensory organs and action organs create the Vaikrita form of Ahamkara, while Tamasa influence creates the Bhutadi Ahamkara or the Tanmatras.
Verses 29-30 of the text assert that all the organs depend on prana (breath or life), and that it is prana that connects them to the unseen one, the soul. The three internal emergent faculties (Trayasya), states Karika in verse 29, are mind, ego and the ability to reason. The sensory and action organs perform their respective function, by cooperating with each other, fueled by the life-force, while the soul is the independent observer. The organs manifest the object and the purpose of one's soul, not the purpose of anything outside of oneself, states verse 31 of the text. Verses 32 through 35 of Karika present its theory how the various sensory organs operate and cooperate to gain information, how action organs apprehend and manifest driven by mind, ego and three innate qualities (Gunas). Verses 36 and 37 assert that all sensory organs cooperate to present information to the mind, and it is the mind that presents knowledge and feelings to one's soul (Purusha within).
The theory of reality: verses 39 to 59
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The Samkhya-karika in these verses, states Larson, discusses its theory of reality and how one experiences it. The text includes the discussion of impulses and bhavas (dispositions, desires) that produce human experience and determine subjective reality. The Karika asserts that there is twofold emergence of reality, one which is objective, elemental and external; another which is subjective, formulating in mind and internal. It interfaces these with its epistemic theory of knowledge, that is perception, inference and the testimony of reliable person, then presenting its theory of error, theory of complacency, theory of virtue and necessary conditions for suffering, happiness and release.
The theory of understanding and freedom: verses 60 to 69
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The verses 60-69 begin by stating the duality theory of the Samkhya school, which asserts that Prakriti (nature) and Purusha (soul) are absolutely separate.
No soul (Purusha) therefore is bound, no one released, likewise no one transmigrates.;
Only nature (Prakriti) in its various forms transmigrates, is bound and is released.
— Samkhya-karika 62,
The state of freedom
By that pure single knowledge,
the soul beholds nature
like a spectator seated at a play beholds an actress.
—Gaudapada's bhashya on Samkhya-karika 65
The Karika, in verse 63, asserts that human nature variously binds itself by a combination of seven means: weakness, vice, ignorance, power, passion, dispassion and virtue. That same nature, once aware of soul's object, liberates by one means: knowledge. Verse 64 of the text states that this knowledge is obtained from the study of principles, that there is a difference between inert nature and conscious soul, nature is not consciousness, consciousness is not enslaved to nature and that consciousness is "complete, free from error, pure and kevala (solitary)". Man's deepest selfhood in these verses of Karika, states Larson, is not his empirical ego or his intelligence, rather it is his consciousness, and "this knowledge of the absolute otherness of consciousness frees man from the illusion of bondage and brings man's deepest selfhood into absolute freedom (kaivalya)".
Transmission of Samkhya tradition: verses 70 to 72
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Commentaries
The well known and widely studied medieval era reviews and commentaries on Samkhya-karika include the Gaudapada Samkhya Karika Bhasya (unclear date, certainly before 8th-century), the Paramartha's Chinese translation (6th-century), the Matharavrtti, the Samkhya tattva kaumudi (9th-century), the Jayamangala (likely before 9th-century), and the more recently discovered Yuktidipika.
Vacaspati Mishra's Sāṁkhyatattvakaumudī is well studied commentary, in addition to his well-known commentary to Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
Atheism in Samkhyakarika
The Karika is silent about God, states Johannes Bronkhorst, neither denying nor affirming the existence of God. The text discusses existence and consciousness, how the world came into existence and what is the relationship between nature and soul. The numerous Sanskrit commentaries on Samkhya-karika from 1st millennium CE through the 2nd millennium, states Bronkhorst, extensively use the Karika to discuss the question whether or not God is the cause of the world.
Vācaspati Mishra’s Tattvakaumudi , for example, states that the creation could not have been supervised by God, since God is without activity and has no need for activity. Further, citing Karika's verses 56-57 and others, that another reason why God cannot be considered the creator of the world, is that God has no desires and no purpose is served for God by creating the universe. The text asserts that there is suffering and evil experienced by living beings, but God who is considered to be free from the three Gunas (qualities) could not be creating Guna in living beings and the vicissitudes of living beings, therefore God is neither the cause of suffering and evil nor the cause of the world.
The commentary that was translated into Chinese in 6th-century CE by Paramārtha, states in its review and analysis of Samkhya-karika:
You say that God is the cause. This is not correct. Why so? Since He is without genetic constituents (Guna). God does not possess the three genetic constituents, whereas the world does possess the three genetic constituents. The cause and the effect would not resemble each other; therefore God is not the cause.
— Paramārtha translation of Samkhya-karika 61 commentary, Translated from Chinese by Johannes Bronkhorst
The 11th-century Buddhist commentator Jnanasribhadra, frequently cites various Hindu schools of philosophies in his Arya-Lankavatara Vritti, of which Samkhya school and Samkhya-karika is the most common. Jnanasribhadra states, citing Samkhya-karika, that Samkhyans believe in the existence of the soul and the world, in contrast to teachings in the Buddhist text Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, adding that many Samkhyans are atheistic.
Samkhya is an atheistic philosophy according to Paul Deussen and other scholars.
Liberation and freedom from suffering
Jnanasribhadra, the 11th-century Buddhist scholar, quotes Samkhya-karika, Gaudapada-bhasya, and Mathara-Vritti on the Karika, to summarize Samkhya school's position on the path to liberation:
It is said (in Samkhya) that by the extinction of the evil desires, by understanding the distinction between Prakriti and Purusha, one could attain liberation.
— Jnanasribhadra, Arya-lankavatara-vrtti 15a-b
See also
Samkhya
References
^ a b c Gerald James Larson (1998), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarasidass, ISBN 81-208-0503-8, pages 146-153
^ Mircea Eliade, Willard Ropes Trask and David Gordon White (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691142036, page 367
^ Gerald James Larson (1998), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarasidass, ISBN 81-208-0503-8, page 4
^ Feuerstein, Georg (2008). Yoga Tradition. Prescott, Arizona: Hohm Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-890772-18-5.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 146-147
^ a b c d Albrecht Wezler and Shujun Motegi (1998), Yuktidipika - The Most Significant Commentary on the Såmkhyakårikå, Critically Edited, Vol. I. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06132-0
^ 佛子天空藏經閣T54 No. 2137《金七十論》
^ The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Friedrich Max Müller, p.296, 2013, ASIN: B00F1M1B1Y
^ a b Swami, Virupakshananada, (1995), vi
^ Hajime Nakamura (1989), A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120806511, page 334
^ Larson, Gerald J. (1979). Classical Samkhya. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 252–3. ISBN 0-915520-27-3.
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 42
^ a b Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 149
^ Larson, 1979, p. 253
^ Mikel Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415648875, page 163
^ a b c d e Arthur Basham (Original 1954, Reprint 2014), The Wonder That Was India, Picador, ISBN 978-0330439091, pages 511-512
^ a b Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 147
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 7, 15-21
^ Krishna, Ishvara; (translated by: Swami, Virupakshananada) (1995). Samkhya Karika. Sri Vacaspati Misra. Mylapore, Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Matt. pp. iv. ISBN 81-7120-711-1.
^ a b c d S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 426-427
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 7
^ Original Sanskrit: Samkhya karika Compiled and indexed by Ferenc Ruzsa (2015), Sanskrit Documents Archives;Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press
^ a b The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: BD Basu, pages 1-2 (90 of Sutram)
^ a b S Radhakrishnan and CA Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 427-428 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: दृष्टवदानुश्रविकः स ह्यविशुद्धिक्षयातिशययुक्तः । तद्विपरीतः श्रेयान् व्यक्ताव्यक्तज्ञविज्ञानात् ॥ २ ॥ Source
^ a b c Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 7-8
^ S Radhakrishnan and CA Moore list these 16 as five sense organs, five organs of action, the human mind, and five gross elements
^ a b c d Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 9-10, also see Chapter 3
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 427-429 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: दृष्टमनुमानमाप्तवचनञ्च सर्वप्रमाणसिद्धत्वात् । त्रिविधं प्रमाणमिष्टं प्रमेयसिद्धिः प्रमाणाद्धि ॥ ४ ॥ Source
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 428-429 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: प्रतिविषयाध्यवसायो दृष्टं त्रिविधमनुमानमाख्यातम् । तल्लिङ्गलिङ्गिपूर्वकमाप्तश्रुतिराप्तवचनन्तु ॥ ५ ॥ Source
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 21-25
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 428-429 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: सामान्यतस्तु दृष्टादतीन्द्रियाणां प्रतीतिरनुमानात् । तस्मादपि चासिद्धं परोक्षमाप्तागमात्सिद्धम् ॥ ६ ॥ Source
^ a b c The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: B.D. Basu, pages 6-8
^ a b Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 27-32
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 428-429 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: सौक्ष्म्यात्तदनुपलब्धिर्नाभावात्कार्यतस्तदुपलब्धिः । महदादि तच्च कार्यं प्रकृतिविरूपं सरूपञ्च ॥ ८ ॥ Source
^ a b c d e f g h Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 255-277
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 10
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 33-39
^ S Radhakrishnan and CA Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 428-429 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: असदकरणादुपादानग्रहणात्सर्वसम्भवाभावात् । शक्तस्य शक्यग्रहणात् कारणभावाच्च सत्कार्यम् ॥ ९ ॥ Source
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 164-165
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 33-34
^ Amita Chatterjee, Naturalism in Classical Indian Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University (2012)
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 39-44
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 45-48
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 428-429 with footnotes;Original Sanskrit: त्रिगुणमविवेकि विषयः सामान्यमचेतनं प्रसवधर्मि । व्यक्तं तथा प्रधानं तद्विपरीतस्तथा च पुमान् ॥ ११ ॥ Source
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 49-53
^ Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237
^ Karl H. Potter (2011), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803091, page 112
^ Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darśana, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0791438169, pages 109-110
^ a b The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: BD Basu, pages 13-14
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 429-430 with footnotes
^ a b c Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 10-11
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 60-65
^ a b c d Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 11-12
^ a b Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 65-73
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 65
^ a b c S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 431-432
^ a b c d S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 433-434
^ a b c d e Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 12-13
^ a b c d Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 76-83
^ Arvind Sharma (2007), Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120820272, pages 19-40, 53-58, 79-86
^ a b c d e Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 13-14
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 83-94
^ a b c d Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 95-108
^ S. Radhakrishnan and C.A. Moore (1967), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691019581, pages 435-436
^ The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: BD Basu, pages 23-24
^ The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: BD Basu, page 27
^ The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: BD Basu, pages 23-31
^ The Samkhya Karika Nandalal Sinha, Bhuvaneswari Ashrama, Editor: B.D. Basu, pages 31-32
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 116-119
^ a b Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, pages 172-173, 274 with footnote 32a
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 175-177
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 181
^ Samkhya karika by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 178-179
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 13
^ Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120805033, page 148
^ a b c d e Johannes Bronkhorst (1983), God in Samkhya, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens , Volume 27, pages 149-164
^ a b c Koichi Furusaka (1998), Criticism on Samkhya in the Arya-lankavatara-vrtti, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, pages 493-499
^ Mikel Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415648875, page 39
^ Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120832329, pages 38-39
^ David Burke (1988), Transcendence in Classical Sāmkhya, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 38, No. 1, pages 19-29
Further reading
Mikel Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415648875 (Appendix A: Translation of Samkhyakarika)
Digambarji, Sahai and Gharote (1989), Glossary of Sankhyakarika, Kaivalyadhama Samiti, ISBN 978-8189485108
Daniel P. Sheridan, Īshvarakrishna, in Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, Ian McGreal, ed., New York: Harper Collins, 1995, pp. 194–197.
Jens Lauschke (2023). SAMKHYA YOGA: An Interpretation of Iswara Krishna's Samkhya Karika. Taxila Publications ISBN 978-3948459604
External links
Texts
Samkhyakarika of Iswara Krishna Henry Colebrook (Translator), Oxford University Press, Oxford
Samkhyakarika of Iswara Krishna John Davis (Translator), Trubner, London, University of Toronto Archives
Samkhya Karika with Gaudapada's commentary (html format), trans. by Dr. Har Dutt Sharma (1933)
Samkhya Karika (E.A. Welden translation) at the Internet Archive
Samkhya Karika in PDF
Samkhya karika with Gaudapada Bhasya, Sanskrit Original
Yuktidipika - a medieval era text that reviews and comments on Samkhyakarika, Sanskrit Original (one of two editions published)
Papers
Knut Jacobsen (2006), What similes in Samkhya do: a comparison of the similes in the Samkhya texts in the Mahabharata, the 'Samkhyakarika and the Samkhyasutra, Journal of Indian philosophy, 34(6), pages 587-605
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"Indian philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ishvara Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isvarakrsna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"Ārya metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_metre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"Gaudapada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudapada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larson-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-larson-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wezler-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Christian Lassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lassen"},{"link_name":"H.T. Colebrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke"}],"text":"The Samkhyakarika (Sanskrit: सांख्यकारिका, Sāṁkhyakārikā) is the earliest surviving text of the Samkhya school of Indian philosophy.[1][2] The text's original composition date is unknown, but its terminus ad quem (completed before) date has been established through its Chinese translation that became available by 569 CE.[3] It is attributed to Ishvara Krishna (Iśvarakṛṣṇa, 350 CE).[4]In the text, the author described himself as a successor of the disciples from the great sage Kapila, through Āsuri and Pañcaśikha. His Sāṁkhya Kārikā consists of 72 ślokas written in the Ārya metre, with the last verse asserting that the original Samkhya Karika had only 70 verses.[5]The earliest important commentary on his Kārikā was written by Gaudapada.[1] Yuktidipika, whose medieval era manuscript editions were discovered and published about mid 20th-century, is among the most significant extant review and commentary on Samkhyakarika.[1][6]The Sāṁkhya Kārikā was translated into Chinese in the 6th-century CE.[7] In 1832, Christian Lassen translated the text in Latin. H.T. Colebrooke first translated this text into English. Windischmann and Lorinser translated it into German, and Pautier and St. Hilaire translated it into French.","title":"Samkhyakarika"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swami,_Virupakshananada_1995-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swami,_Virupakshananada_1995-9"},{"link_name":"Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gupta Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"Brahmanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Yogasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogasutra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerald_James_Larson_2011-13"},{"link_name":"Bhashya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhashya"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Samkhya is an important pillar of Indian philosophical tradition, called shad-darshana, however, of the standard works of Samkhya only three are available at present. These are: Samkhya Sutras attributed to the founder of Samkhya, Kapila; Tattva Samasa, which some authors (Max Muller) consider prior to Samkhya Sutras,[8] and Samkhya Karika authored by Ishvara Krishna. Ishvara Krishna follows several earlier teachers of Samkhya and is said to come from Kausika family.[9] He taught before Vasubandhu and is placed following Kapila, Asuri, Panca Shikha, Vindhyavasa, Varsaganya, Jaigisavia, Vodhu, Devala and Sanaka.[9]The significance\nBesides the Vedanta school, the Samkhya school is the one which exerted the greatest influence upon the history of Indian thought, and a blending and synthesis of the thought of the two schools can often be found in important works of thought in India. The Samkhyakarika is the classical text book of the Samkhya school.\n\n\n—Hajime Nakamura[10]Samkhya karika was probably composed sometime in the Gupta Empire period, between 320-540 CE.[5] The translation of Paramartha into Chinese together with a commentary[11] was composed over 557-569 CE, has survived in China, and it constitutes the oldest surviving version of Samkhya karika.[5] Several manuscripts, with slightly variant verses are known, but these do not challenge the basic thesis or the overall meaning of the text.[5]While the Samkhya ideas developed in second half of 1st millennium BCE through the Gupta period, the analysis of evidence shows, states Gerald Larson, that Samkhya is rooted in the speculations of the Vedic era Brahmanas and the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism on the nature of man, and that it is generally agreed that Samkhya's formulation took place at the earliest after the oldest Upanishads had been composed (~800 BCE).[12]In terms of comparative textual chronology, states Larson, the final redaction of Yogasutra and the writing of Samkhya-karika were probably contemporaneous.[13] The Samkhya literature grew with later developments such as through Bhashya on Samkhya karika in the 9th-century Samkhya Tattva Kaumudi of Vacaspati Mishra.[14]","title":"Authorship and chronology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wezler-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wezler-6"},{"link_name":"critical edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_edition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs146-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wezler-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Number of verses","text":"The Karika, wrote ancient Hindu scholars Gaudapada and Vacaspati Misra, contains seventy two verses.[5] However, Gaudapada commented on the first sixty nine, leading 19th-century colonial era scholars to suggest that the last three may have been added later. With the discovery of 6th-century manuscripts of translations of the Indian text into Chinese language, it became clear that by the 6th-century, the Karika had seventy two verses. The Chinese version includes commentary on the Karika, but for unknown reasons, skips or misses the commentary on verse sixty three.[5]In mid 20th-century, the first manuscript of Yuktidipika was discovered in India, which is a review and commentary on the Karika.[6] Yuktidipika, for unknown reasons, skipped commenting on verses sixty through sixty three, verse sixty five and sixty six, but reviews and analyzes the remaining 66 of 72 verses.[5]The medieval era Matharavrtti text states that the Karika has seventy three verses.[5] In contrast, verse seventy two of the surviving 6th-century CE Karika declares that its original had just seventy verses, implying that a more ancient version of Samkhya-karika once existed.[5][6] Scholars have attempted to produce a critical edition, by identifying the most ancient original set of seventy verses, but this effort has not produced a consensus among scholars.[5] In terms of content, importance and meaning, the text is essentially the same regardless of which version of the manuscript is referred to.[5][6][15]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bashamtw511-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bashamtw511-16"},{"link_name":"matra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matra_(music)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bashamtw511-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs147-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bashamtw511-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bashamtw511-16"}],"sub_title":"Meter","text":"Each verse of the philosophical Samkhya-karika text is composed in a precise mathematical meter, that repeats in a musical rhythm of an Arya meter (also called the Gatha, or song, meter).[16] Every verse is set in two half stanza with the following rule: both halves have exactly repeating total instants and repeating sub-total pattern in the manner of many ancient Sanskrit compositions.[16] The stanza is divided into feet, each feet has four instants, with its short syllable counting as one instant (matra), while the long syllable prosodically counts are two instants.[16][17]Each verse of Karika are presented in four quarters (two quarters making one half), the first quarter has exactly three feet (12 beats), the second quarter four and half feet (18 beats), the third quarter of every verse has three feet (12 beats again), while the fourth quarter has three and a half plus an extra short syllable at its end (15 beats).[16] Thus, metrically, the first half stanza of every verse of this philosophical text has thirty instants, the second has twenty seven.[16]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Samkhya emerged in the Vedic tradition, states Gerald Larson, and the Karika is an important text that was the fruit of those efforts.[18]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhakrishnanmoore426-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesktrans-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhakrishnanmoore426-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha1-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhakrishnanmoore426-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhakrishnanmoore426-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha1-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhakrishnanmoore427-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson7-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson7-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhakrishnanmoore427-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson7-25"}],"sub_title":"Goal of the text: verses 1 to 3","text":"The Samkhya karika opens by stating that the pursuit of happiness is a basic need of all human beings.[19] Yet, one is afflicted by three forms of suffering, a truth that motivates this text to study means of counteracting suffering:[20]दुःखत्रयाभिघाताज्जिज्ञासा तदभिघातके हेतौ ।\nदृष्टे सापार्था चेन्नैकान्तात्यन्ततोऽभावात् ॥ १ ॥\n\nBecause of the torment of the three-fold suffering, arises this inquiry to know the means of counteracting it. If it is said that such inquiry is useless because perceptible means of removal exist, we say no because these means are neither lasting nor effective. (1)\n\n\n— Samkhya karika, Verse 1[21][22]The three causes of unhappiness (or the problem of suffering, evil in life) are adhyatmika that is caused by self; adhibhautika that is caused by others and external influences; and, adhidaivika that is caused by nature and supernatural agencies.[20][23] The suffering are two types, of body and of mind. The perceptible means of treatment include physicians, remedies, magic, incantations, expert knowledge of moral and political science, while avoidance through residence in safe places are also perceptible means available.[20] These obvious means, state scholars, are considered by Samkhya karika, as temporary as they do not provide absolute or final removal of suffering.[20][23]Verse 2 asserts that scriptures too are visible means available, yet they too are ultimately ineffective in relieving sorrow and giving spiritual contentment, because scriptures deal with impurity, decay and inequality.[24][25] The verse then posits its thesis, states Larson, that \"a superior method different from both\" exists, and this is the path of knowledge and understanding. More specifically, liberation from suffering comes from discriminative knowledge of Vyakta (evolving, manifest world), Avyakta (unevolving, unmanifest empirical world, Prakrti), and Jna (knower, self, Purusha).[25] Verse 3 adds that primordial nature is uncreated, seven starting with Mahat (intellect) is both created and creative, sixteen[26] are created and evolve (but not creative), while Purusha is neither created nor creative nor evolves (and simply exists).[24][25]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"},{"link_name":"pramana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramana"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson9-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson9-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha6-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha6-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk27-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha6-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk27-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"}],"sub_title":"Means of knowledge: verses 4 to 8","text":"Verse 4 introduces the epistemology of Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, and states that there are three pramana, that is reliable paths to reliable knowledge: perception, inference and the testimony of reliable person.[27] All other paths to knowing anything is derived from these three, states the Karika. It then adds that these three paths can enable one to know twenty five Tattvas that exist.[28] Verse 5 of Samkhya-karika defines perception as the immediate knowledge one gains by the interaction of sense organ with anything; inference, it defines as the knowledge one gains based on meditation on one's perception; and testimony as that knowledge one gains from the efforts of those one considers as a reliable source; it then succinctly asserts that there are three types of inferences for the epistemic quest of man, without explaining what these three types of inferences are.[27][29][30]Verse 6 asserts that objects can be known either through sensory organs or through super-sense (inner derivation from observations).[31][32] Verse 7 of the Karika states that perception alone is not sufficient means to know objects and principles behind observed reality, certain existent things are not perceived and are derived.[32][33] The text in verse 8 asserts that the existence of Prakriti (empirical nature, substances) is proven by perception but its subtle principles are non-perceptible.[32] Human mind, among others emerge from Prakriti, states the text, but are not directly perceptible, rather inferred and self derived. The reality of mind and such differ and resemble Prakriti in different aspects.[33][34][35]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk33-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk39-42"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"Guṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a"},{"link_name":"Atman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk45-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"sattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattva"},{"link_name":"tamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"rajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajas"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk49-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aw-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khp-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson9-27"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha13-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson9-27"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nandalalsinha13-49"}],"sub_title":"The theory of causation and the doctrine of Gunas: verses 9 to 14","text":"Samkhya karika, in verse 9 introduces its theory of Satkaryavada (causation), asserting that \"the effect is pre-existent in the cause\".[36] That which exists, states Karika, has a cause; that which exists not, lacks a cause; and when there exists a cause, in it is the seed and longing for the effect; that, a potent cause produces that which it is capable of.[37][38][39] Hence, it is nature of existence that \"perceptible principles exist in nature\", and effects are manifestation of the perceptible principles.[40] The Samkhya theory of causation, Satkāryavāda, is also referred to as the theory of existent effect.[41]Verse 10 asserts that there are two kinds of principles operating in the universe: discrete, un-discrete. The discrete is inconstant, isolated and unpervading, mutable, supporting, mergent, conjunct and with an agent. The un-discrete is constant, field-like, pervasive, immutable, non-supporting, non-mergent, separable and independent of an agent.[42][35] Both discrete and un-discrete, describes Karika in verse 11, are simultaneously imbued with three qualities, and these qualities (Guṇa) are objective, common, prolific, do not discriminate and are innate. It is in these respects, asserts Karika, that they are the reverse of the nature of Soul (Self, Atman) because Soul is devoid of these qualities.[43][44]The text in verse 12 states that the three Guṇa (qualities), that is sattva, tamas and rajas, respectively correspond to pleasure, pain and dulness, mutually domineer, produce each other, rest on each other, always reciprocally present and work together.[35][45] This Samkhya theory of qualities have been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena.[46][47][48]Verses 13-14 state that Sattva is good, enlightening and illuminating, Rajas is urgent, motion and restless, while Tamas is darkness, obscuring and distressing;[27] these work together in observed nature just like oil, wick and fire together in a lamp.[49][50] Nature merely undergoes modification, transformation, or change in appearance, but this is innate effect that already was in the cause, because asserts Karika, nothing cannot produce something.[27][49]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karika"},{"link_name":"Prakriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti"},{"link_name":"Prakriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"Avyakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avyakta"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson10-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson10-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk60-52"},{"link_name":"avyakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avyakta"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson10-51"}],"sub_title":"Nature of Prakrti: verses 15 to 16","text":"The Karika defines Prakriti as \"that nature which evolves\", and asserts to be the material cause of the empirically observed world. Prakriti, according to the text, both physical and psychical, is that which is manifested as the matrix of all modifications. Prakriti is not primal matter, nor the metaphysical universal, rather it is the basis of all objective existence, matter, life and mind.[35]Prakriti has two dimensions, that which is Vyakta (manifest), and that which is Avyakta (unmanifest). Both have the three Guṇa that, states the text, is in continual tension with one another, and it is their mutual interaction on Prakriti that causes the emergence of the world as we know it.[51] When the Sattva-Rajas-Tamas are in equilibrium, no modification occurs; when one of three innate qualities is more active, the process of evolution is in action, change emerges (Gunaparinama).[51][52] These two verses are significant, states Larson, in aphoristically presenting Samkhya's doctrines of causation, relationship between vyakta and avyakta, and its doctrine of what drives evolution.[51]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purusha"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson11-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson11-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson11-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk65-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore432-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk65-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore432-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson11-53"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore432-56"}],"sub_title":"Nature of Purusha: verses 17 to 19","text":"Samkhya-karika asserts, states Larson, that apart from the Prakriti and emergent creation, of equilibrium and evolution, exists the Purusha (or self, soul).[53] The Purusha is pure consciousness, is itself inactive yet whose presence disrupts the equilibrium of the three Guṇas in their unmanifest condition.[53] The disruption triggers the emergence of the manifested condition of empirical reality we experience, states the text.[53][54]More specifically, verse 17 offers a proof that soul exists, as follows:सङ्घातपरार्थत्वात् त्रिगुणादिविपर्ययादधिष्ठानात् ।\nपुरुषोऽस्ति भोक्तृभावात्कैवल्यार्थं प्रवृत्तेश्च ॥ १७ ॥\n\nBecause the assemblage of empirically observed objects is for another's use (I-principle); because the converse of that which has the three qualities with other properties must exist (from regressus ad infinitum principle); because there must be superintendence (supervising conscious agent or chariot principle); because there must be one to enjoy; because there is a tendency to abstraction; therefore soul exists.\n\n\n— Samkhya-karika 17, [55][56]Verse 18 of the Karika asserts that many souls must exist because numerous living beings are born, die and exist; because qualities (Gunas) are operating and affect everyone differently; and because everyone is endowed with instruments of cognition and action.[54][56] Verse 19 states that the soul is the conscious \"witness, separate, neutral, seer and inactive\".[53][56]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore433-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore433-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson12-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson12-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk76-59"},{"link_name":"Moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk76-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore433-57"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk76-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk76-59"},{"link_name":"Gerald Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_James_Larson"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson12-58"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson12-58"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"The connection between Prakriti and Purusha: verses 20 to 21","text":"A living being is a union of Prakriti and Purusha, posits Samkhya-karika in verses 20-21.[57] The Prakriti as the insentient evolute, joins with Purusha which is sentient consciousness.[57][58]The Karika states that the purpose of this union of Prakriti and Purusha, creating the reality of the observed universe, is to actualize a two-fold symbiosis.[58][59] One, it empowers the individual to enjoy and contemplate on Prakriti and Purusha through self-awareness; and second, the conjunction of Prakriti and Purusha empowers the path of Kaivalya and Moksha (liberation, freedom).[59]The verse 21 aphoristically mention the example of \"the blind and the lame\", referring to the Indian legend of a blind and a lame person left in the forest, who find each other, inspire mutual trust and confidence, agree to share the duties with the blind doing the walking and the lame doing the seeing, the lame sits on blind's shoulder, and thus explore and travel through the forest.[57][59] Soul (Purusha), in this allegory, is similarly symbiotically joined with body and nature (Prakriti) in the journey of life. Soul desires freedom, meaning and liberation, and this it can achieve through contemplation and abstraction.[59]These verses present a peculiar form of dualism, states Gerald Larson, because they assert unconscious primordial \"stuff\" on one hand, and pure consciousness on the other.[58] This contrasts with dualism presented in other schools of Hindu philosophy where dualism focuses on the nature of individual soul and Brahman (universal reality).[58][60]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson13-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson13-61"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson12-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore433-57"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk83-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk95-63"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radhamoore435-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk95-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk95-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colebrookesk95-63"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"The theory of emergence of principles: verses 22 to 38","text":"These verses, states Larson, provide a detailed discussion of the theory of emergence, that is what emerges, how and the functioning of the different emergents.[61] The discussion includes the emergence of buddhi (intelligence), the ahamkara (ego), the manas (mind), the five buddhindriyas (sensory organs), the five karmendriyas (action organs), the five tanmantras (subtle elements), the five mahabhutas (gross elements), and thereafter the text proceeds to detailing its theory of knowledge process.[61]The Karika's verse 22 asserts that Mahat (the Great Principle, intellect) is the first evolute of nature (Prakriti, human body), from it emerges ego (Ahamkara, I-principle), from which interface the \"set of sixteen\" (discussed in later verses).[58][57] Verses 23-25 describes Sattva, as the quality of seeking goodness, wisdom, virtue, non-attachment. The reverse of Sattva, asserts Karika is Tamasa. Sattva is the characteristic of intellect, states the text.[62]The Karika lists the sensory organs to be the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin, while action organs as those of voice, hands, feet, excretory organs and that of procreation.[63] Mind, states the text, is both a sensory organ in some aspects, and an organ of action in other aspects. Mind ponders, it is cognate, it integrates information and then interacts with the organs of action, it is also modified by the three innate qualities and diverse manifestations of it, asserts the text.[35][64] Ego (Ahamkara), states the text, is self-assertion. Sattva influenced sensory organs and action organs create the Vaikrita form of Ahamkara, while Tamasa influence creates the Bhutadi Ahamkara or the Tanmatras.[65]Verses 29-30 of the text assert that all the organs depend on prana (breath or life), and that it is prana that connects them to the unseen one, the soul.[63] The three internal emergent faculties (Trayasya), states Karika in verse 29, are mind, ego and the ability to reason.[63][66] The sensory and action organs perform their respective function, by cooperating with each other, fueled by the life-force, while the soul is the independent observer. The organs manifest the object and the purpose of one's soul, not the purpose of anything outside of oneself, states verse 31 of the text.[35][63] Verses 32 through 35 of Karika present its theory how the various sensory organs operate and cooperate to gain information, how action organs apprehend and manifest driven by mind, ego and three innate qualities (Gunas).[35][67] Verses 36 and 37 assert that all sensory organs cooperate to present information to the mind, and it is the mind that presents knowledge and feelings to one's soul (Purusha within).[68][69]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson13-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson13-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson13-61"}],"sub_title":"The theory of reality: verses 39 to 59","text":"The Samkhya-karika in these verses, states Larson, discusses its theory of reality and how one experiences it.[61] The text includes the discussion of impulses and bhavas (dispositions, desires) that produce human experience and determine subjective reality.[61] The Karika asserts that there is twofold emergence of reality, one which is objective, elemental and external; another which is subjective, formulating in mind and internal.[61] It interfaces these with its epistemic theory of knowledge, that is perception, inference and the testimony of reliable person, then presenting its theory of error, theory of complacency, theory of virtue and necessary conditions for suffering, happiness and release.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson172-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarson172-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"bhashya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhashya"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsonskfull-35"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"The theory of understanding and freedom: verses 60 to 69","text":"The verses 60-69 begin by stating the duality theory of the Samkhya school, which asserts that Prakriti (nature) and Purusha (soul) are absolutely separate.[70]No soul (Purusha) therefore is bound, no one released, likewise no one transmigrates.;\nOnly nature (Prakriti) in its various forms transmigrates, is bound and is released.\n\n\n— Samkhya-karika 62, [70][71]The state of freedom\nBy that pure single knowledge,\nthe soul beholds nature\nlike a spectator seated at a play beholds an actress.\n\n\n—Gaudapada's bhashya on Samkhya-karika 65[72]The Karika, in verse 63, asserts that human nature variously binds itself by a combination of seven means: weakness, vice, ignorance, power, passion, dispassion and virtue. That same nature, once aware of soul's object, liberates by one means: knowledge.[73][35] Verse 64 of the text states that this knowledge is obtained from the study of principles, that there is a difference between inert nature and conscious soul, nature is not consciousness, consciousness is not enslaved to nature and that consciousness is \"complete, free from error, pure and kevala (solitary)\". Man's deepest selfhood in these verses of Karika, states Larson, is not his empirical ego or his intelligence, rather it is his consciousness, and \"this knowledge of the absolute otherness of consciousness frees man from the illusion of bondage and brings man's deepest selfhood into absolute freedom (kaivalya)\".[74]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Transmission of Samkhya tradition: verses 70 to 72","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gjlarsoncs147-17"},{"link_name":"Vacaspati Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacaspati_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Yoga Sutras of Patanjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerald_James_Larson_2011-13"}],"text":"The well known and widely studied medieval era reviews and commentaries on Samkhya-karika include the Gaudapada Samkhya Karika Bhasya (unclear date, certainly before 8th-century),[75] the Paramartha's Chinese translation (6th-century), the Matharavrtti, the Samkhya tattva kaumudi (9th-century), the Jayamangala (likely before 9th-century), and the more recently discovered Yuktidipika.[17]Vacaspati Mishra's Sāṁkhyatattvakaumudī is well studied commentary, in addition to his well-known commentary to Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.[13]","title":"Commentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Bronkhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannes149-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannes149-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannes149-76"},{"link_name":"Gunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannes149-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johannes149-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kfurusaka-77"},{"link_name":"Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kfurusaka-77"},{"link_name":"Paul Deussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deussen"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpfl-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Atheism in Samkhyakarika","text":"The Karika is silent about God, states Johannes Bronkhorst, neither denying nor affirming the existence of God.[76] The text discusses existence and consciousness, how the world came into existence and what is the relationship between nature and soul. The numerous Sanskrit commentaries on Samkhya-karika from 1st millennium CE through the 2nd millennium, states Bronkhorst, extensively use the Karika to discuss the question whether or not God is the cause of the world.[76]Vācaspati Mishra’s Tattvakaumudi , for example, states that the creation could not have been supervised by God, since God is without activity and has no need for activity. Further, citing Karika's verses 56-57 and others, that another reason why God cannot be considered the creator of the world, is that God has no desires and no purpose is served for God by creating the universe.[76] The text asserts that there is suffering and evil experienced by living beings, but God who is considered to be free from the three Gunas (qualities) could not be creating Guna in living beings and the vicissitudes of living beings, therefore God is neither the cause of suffering and evil nor the cause of the world.[76]The commentary that was translated into Chinese in 6th-century CE by Paramārtha, states in its review and analysis of Samkhya-karika:You say that God is the cause. This is not correct. Why so? Since He is without genetic constituents (Guna). God does not possess the three genetic constituents, whereas the world does possess the three genetic constituents. The cause and the effect would not resemble each other; therefore God is not the cause.\n\n— Paramārtha translation of Samkhya-karika 61 commentary, Translated from Chinese by Johannes Bronkhorst[76]The 11th-century Buddhist commentator Jnanasribhadra, frequently cites various Hindu schools of philosophies in his Arya-Lankavatara Vritti, of which Samkhya school and Samkhya-karika is the most common.[77] Jnanasribhadra states, citing Samkhya-karika, that Samkhyans believe in the existence of the soul and the world, in contrast to teachings in the Buddhist text Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, adding that many Samkhyans are atheistic.[77]Samkhya is an atheistic philosophy according to Paul Deussen and other scholars.[78][79][80]","title":"Commentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kfurusaka-77"}],"sub_title":"Liberation and freedom from suffering","text":"Jnanasribhadra, the 11th-century Buddhist scholar, quotes Samkhya-karika, Gaudapada-bhasya, and Mathara-Vritti on the Karika, to summarize Samkhya school's position on the path to liberation:It is said (in Samkhya) that by the extinction of the evil desires, by understanding the distinction between Prakriti and Purusha, one could attain liberation.\n\n— Jnanasribhadra, Arya-lankavatara-vrtti 15a-b[77]","title":"Commentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mikel Burley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Burley"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415648875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415648875"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8189485108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8189485108"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3948459604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3948459604"}],"text":"Mikel Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415648875 (Appendix A: Translation of Samkhyakarika)\nDigambarji, Sahai and Gharote (1989), Glossary of Sankhyakarika, Kaivalyadhama Samiti, ISBN 978-8189485108\nDaniel P. Sheridan, Īshvarakrishna, in Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, Ian McGreal, ed., New York: Harper Collins, 1995, pp. 194–197.\nJens Lauschke (2023). SAMKHYA YOGA: An Interpretation of Iswara Krishna's Samkhya Karika. Taxila Publications ISBN 978-3948459604","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Samkhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya"}]
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[{"reference":"Feuerstein, Georg (2008). Yoga Tradition. Prescott, Arizona: Hohm Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-890772-18-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890772-18-5","url_text":"978-1-890772-18-5"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Gerald J. (1979). Classical Samkhya. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 252–3. ISBN 0-915520-27-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915520-27-3","url_text":"0-915520-27-3"}]},{"reference":"Krishna, Ishvara; (translated by: Swami, Virupakshananada) (1995). Samkhya Karika. Sri Vacaspati Misra. Mylapore, Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Matt. pp. iv. ISBN 81-7120-711-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7120-711-1","url_text":"81-7120-711-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketts_Lock
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Picketts Lock
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["1 History","1.1 National Athletics Stadium","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°37′34″N 0°01′57″W / 51.626033°N 0.032471°W / 51.626033; -0.032471
Human settlement in EnglandPicketts LockPicketts LockLocation within Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ362937London boroughEnfieldCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtN9Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon
UK ParliamentEdmontonLondon AssemblyEnfield and Haringey
List of places
UK
England
London
51°37′34″N 0°01′57″W / 51.626033°N 0.032471°W / 51.626033; -0.032471
Picketts Lock or Pickett's Lock is an area of Edmonton, in the London Borough of Enfield. It is bordered by River Lee Navigation to the east, Pickett's Lock Lane to the south, Meridian Way A1055 to the west and the Ponders End industrial area to the north. The area takes its name from Pickett's Lock, a lock on the nearby River Lee Navigation.
History
Lee Valley Athletics Centre
Historically the land was marshland and the hamlet here was known as Marshside. During the twentieth century the land was used for sand and gravel extraction which helped to form the waters known as the Blue Lakes.
Pickett's Lock
Cinema at the Lee Valley Leisure Complex
The stone is inscribed with the following words. This stone commemorates the opening of the Picketts Lock Centre by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh on 13th June 1973 – This block of granite was formerly a keystone of the London Bridge which spanned the River Thames from 1831–1968
The area was used by local people for outdoor pursuits such as shooting, angling, and ferreting, and is described in Terry Webb's book An Edmonton Boy: "My playground, the River Lea has now been changed into part of the Lee Valley Regional Park; it's been changed into an official playground but it's not the same with things being done for you."
After World War II the lakes were used for landfill. The former gravel workings were a key site for investigation of Pleistocene interglacial deposits.
During the late 1960s the area was acquired by the Lee Valley Regional Park Authority (LVRPA) to form part of the Lee Valley Park. The Pickett's Lock Sports Centre designed by the Williamson Partnership with J.M.V Bishop of the (LVRPA) It was described in the Buildings of England as being "three large white functional boxes arranged around a central swimming pool, linked by generous circulation areas. Made a little less bleak by additions of 1993-4: restaurant, cafe and cinema, and an entrance block by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners". Also included were a nine-hole golf course and outdoor sports facilities and was completed by 1973 as the largest centre of its kind in Europe. One of the earliest International Events held at the centre was the first World Age Group Trampoline Championships which were organised by Ted Blake. In later years, land including a disused sewage farm to the north of the centre was used to extend the golf course, and includes a man-made water known as Ponders End lake 51°38′07″N 0°02′00″W / 51.6352°N 0.0333°W / 51.6352; -0.0333.
National Athletics Stadium
It was announced on 24 March 2000 that the site known then as the Lee Valley Leisure Centre was to be the location of the National Athletics Stadium. Shortly afterwards, on 3 April 2000, it was also announced that the site would be the venue of the 2005 World Athletics Championships. The proposed stadium had a capacity of 43,000 and an original cost of £87m and included new training facilities for athletes as part of the design for the High Performance Centre. The project was completely abandoned by the Government in October 2001 on the grounds of increased costs and inadequate transportation links. Ultimately, the UK had to forfeit the right to host the 2005 World Athletics Championships. However, the LVRPA, Sport England and UK Athletics went ahead with plans to create the most modern athletics training venue in the south of England on the site to be known as the Lee Valley Athletics Centre which was formally opened in 2007 and forms part of the Lee Valley Leisure Complex. The original 1973 Pickett Lock Sports Centre closed in 2002 and was demolished in 2004.
In popular culture
The now demolished Picketts Lock Sports Centre is featured in the BBC comedy Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, with Michael Crawford roller-skating in and around the centre.
References
^ "Edmonton: Economic history". A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 161-172. 1976. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
^ Curtis, A and Speakman, F. A Poacher's Tale p52 ISBN 0-7135-0969-4 George Bell & Sons 1960 Retrieved 6 March 2008
^ Webb, T. An Edmonton Boy ISBN 1-903981-00-X Chapter2 Published by Biograph in 2000 Retrieved 6 March 2008
^ Ellison R.A. et al. 2004, Geology of London: Special Memoir for 1:50,000 Geological sheets 256 (North London), 257 (Romford), 270 (South London) and 271 (Dartford) (England and Wales), British Geological Survey, Keyworth, ISBN 0-85272-478-0
^ Gibbard, Philip Pleistocene History of the Thames Valley p109 ISBN 0-521-40209-3 Retrieved 14 March 2008
^ British History online (fn85) Retrieved 5 March 2008
^ Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). London 4: North. The Buildings of England. p. 426. ISBN 0-14-071049-3.
^ a b UK running track directory Retrieved 7 March 2008
^ Some Mothers Do 'Av 'Em video Retrieved 16 April 2008
External links
London High Performance Centre
House of Commons, National Athletic Stadium Summary
Picketts Lock bid Scrapped
MPs Attack Picketts Lock Fiasco
UK National Athletics Stadium
Picketts Lock information
vteLondon Borough of EnfieldDistricts
Arnos Grove
Botany Bay
Bowes Park
Brimsdown
Bulls Cross
Bullsmoor
Bush Hill Park
Chase Side
Clay Hill
Cockfosters
Crews Hill
Edmonton
Enfield
Enfield Chase
Enfield Highway
Enfield Island Village
Enfield Lock
Enfield Town
Enfield Wash
Forty Hill
Freezywater
Gordon Hill
Grange Park
Hadley Wood
New Southgate
Oakwood
Palmers Green
Picketts Lock
Ponders End
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_London"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield"},{"link_name":"River Lee Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lee_Navigation"},{"link_name":"A1055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1055_road"},{"link_name":"Ponders End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponders_End"},{"link_name":"Pickett's Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%27s_Lock_(lock)"},{"link_name":"lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandPicketts Lock or Pickett's Lock is an area of Edmonton, in the London Borough of Enfield. It is bordered by River Lee Navigation to the east, Pickett's Lock Lane to the south, Meridian Way A1055 to the west and the Ponders End industrial area to the north. The area takes its name from Pickett's Lock, a lock on the nearby River Lee Navigation.","title":"Picketts Lock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Valley_Athletics_Centre_DSC00558.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Athletics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Athletics_Centre"},{"link_name":"marshland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshland"},{"link_name":"gravel extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_extraction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picketts_Lock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pickett's Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%27s_Lock_(lock)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Valley_Cinema.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Leisure Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Leisure_Complex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picketts_Lock_Centre.jpg"},{"link_name":"HRH The Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"ferreting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreting"},{"link_name":"River Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"landfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"interglacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interglacial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellison-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Regional Park Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Regional_Park_Authority"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy Robinson & Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Robinson_%26_Partners"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trampoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampolining"},{"link_name":"Ted Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Blake"},{"link_name":"sewage farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_farm"},{"link_name":"51°38′07″N 0°02′00″W / 51.6352°N 0.0333°W / 51.6352; -0.0333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Picketts_Lock¶ms=51.6352_N_0.0333_W_"}],"text":"Lee Valley Athletics CentreHistorically the land was marshland and the hamlet here was known as Marshside. During the twentieth century the land was used for sand and gravel extraction[1] which helped to form the waters known as the Blue Lakes.Pickett's LockCinema at the Lee Valley Leisure ComplexThe stone is inscribed with the following words. This stone commemorates the opening of the Picketts Lock Centre by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh on 13th June 1973 – This block of granite was formerly a keystone of the London Bridge which spanned the River Thames from 1831–1968The area was used by local people for outdoor pursuits such as shooting,[2] angling, and ferreting, and is described in Terry Webb's book An Edmonton Boy: \"My playground, the River Lea has now been changed into part of the Lee Valley Regional Park; it's been changed into an official playground but it's not the same with things being done for you.\"[3]After World War II the lakes were used for landfill. The former gravel workings were a key site for investigation of Pleistocene interglacial deposits.[4][5]During the late 1960s the area was acquired by the Lee Valley Regional Park Authority (LVRPA) to form part of the Lee Valley Park.[6] The Pickett's Lock Sports Centre designed by the Williamson Partnership with J.M.V Bishop of the (LVRPA) It was described in the Buildings of England as being \"three large white functional boxes arranged around a central swimming pool, linked by generous circulation areas. Made a little less bleak by additions of 1993-4: restaurant, cafe and cinema, and an entrance block by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners\".[7] Also included were a nine-hole golf course and outdoor sports facilities and was completed by 1973 as the largest centre of its kind in Europe. One of the earliest International Events held at the centre was the first World Age Group Trampoline Championships which were organised by Ted Blake. In later years, land including a disused sewage farm to the north of the centre was used to extend the golf course, and includes a man-made water known as Ponders End lake 51°38′07″N 0°02′00″W / 51.6352°N 0.0333°W / 51.6352; -0.0333.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-8"},{"link_name":"2005 World Athletics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-run-8"},{"link_name":"Sport England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_England"},{"link_name":"UK Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Athletics Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Athletics_Centre"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Leisure Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Leisure_Complex"}],"sub_title":"National Athletics Stadium","text":"It was announced on 24 March 2000[8] that the site known then as the Lee Valley Leisure Centre was to be the location of the National Athletics Stadium. Shortly afterwards, on 3 April 2000, it was also announced that the site would be the venue of the 2005 World Athletics Championships. The proposed stadium had a capacity of 43,000 and an original cost of £87m and included new training facilities for athletes as part of the design for the High Performance Centre. The project was completely abandoned by the Government in October 2001 on the grounds of increased costs and inadequate transportation links.[8] Ultimately, the UK had to forfeit the right to host the 2005 World Athletics Championships. However, the LVRPA, Sport England and UK Athletics went ahead with plans to create the most modern athletics training venue in the south of England on the site to be known as the Lee Valley Athletics Centre which was formally opened in 2007 and forms part of the Lee Valley Leisure Complex. The original 1973 Pickett Lock Sports Centre closed in 2002 and was demolished in 2004.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Mothers_Do_%27Ave_%27Em"},{"link_name":"Michael Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crawford"},{"link_name":"roller-skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_skating"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The now demolished Picketts Lock Sports Centre is featured in the BBC comedy Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, with Michael Crawford roller-skating in and around the centre.[9]","title":"In popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lee Valley Athletics Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lee_Valley_Athletics_Centre_DSC00558.jpg/220px-Lee_Valley_Athletics_Centre_DSC00558.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pickett's Lock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Picketts_Lock.jpg/220px-Picketts_Lock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cinema at the Lee Valley Leisure Complex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lee_Valley_Cinema.jpg/100px-Lee_Valley_Cinema.jpg"},{"image_text":"The stone is inscribed with the following words. This stone commemorates the opening of the Picketts Lock Centre by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh on 13th June 1973 – This block of granite was formerly a keystone of the London Bridge which spanned the River Thames from 1831–1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Picketts_Lock_Centre.jpg/220px-Picketts_Lock_Centre.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Edmonton: Economic history\". A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 161-172. 1976. Retrieved 25 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=26937","url_text":"\"Edmonton: Economic history\""}]},{"reference":"Cherry, Bridget; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). London 4: North. The Buildings of England. p. 426. ISBN 0-14-071049-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071049-3","url_text":"0-14-071049-3"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Picketts_Lock¶ms=51.626033_N_0.032471_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°37′34″N 0°01′57″W / 51.626033°N 0.032471°W / 51.626033; -0.032471"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Picketts_Lock¶ms=51.625630_N_0.033775_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Picketts+Lock","external_links_name":"TQ362937"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Picketts_Lock¶ms=51.626033_N_0.032471_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°37′34″N 0°01′57″W / 51.626033°N 0.032471°W / 51.626033; -0.032471"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Picketts_Lock¶ms=51.6352_N_0.0333_W_","external_links_name":"51°38′07″N 0°02′00″W / 51.6352°N 0.0333°W / 51.6352; -0.0333"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=26937","external_links_name":"\"Edmonton: Economic history\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=26940","external_links_name":"British History online (fn85)"},{"Link":"http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=london(pl)&country=uk","external_links_name":"UK running track directory"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFLpwRMS00g","external_links_name":"Some Mothers Do 'Av 'Em video"},{"Link":"http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=london(pl)&country=uk","external_links_name":"London High Performance Centre"},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmcumeds/264/264ap23.htm/","external_links_name":"House of Commons, National Athletic Stadium Summary"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/1577797.stm/","external_links_name":"Picketts Lock bid Scrapped"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/1666205.stm/","external_links_name":"MPs Attack Picketts Lock Fiasco"},{"Link":"http://www.sportsvenue-technology.com/projects/picketts/","external_links_name":"UK National Athletics Stadium"},{"Link":"http://anidea.co.uk/lower-edmonton/local/pickettslock.html","external_links_name":"Picketts Lock information"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsiniaceae
|
Corsiniaceae
|
["1 Genera in the family Corsiniaceae","2 References"]
|
Family of liverworts (primitive plants)
Corsiniaceae
Corsinia coriandrina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Marchantiophyta
Class:
Marchantiopsida
Order:
Marchantiales
Family:
CorsiniaceaeEngl., 1892
Genera
CorsiniaCronisia
Corsiniaceae is a family of liverworts in the order Marchantiales.
Genera in the family Corsiniaceae
Corsinia
Cronisia
References
^ Schuster, Rudolf M. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN 0-914868-21-7.
Taxon identifiersCorsiniaceae
Wikidata: Q5173177
Wikispecies: Corsiniaceae
APNI: 226979
BOLD: 414079
CoL: 8L2
EoL: 4140
EPPO: 1QRSF
FloraBase: 22950
FNA: 10221
GBIF: 6113
iNaturalist: 157167
IRMNG: 113158
ITIS: 15600
NCBI: 74540
Open Tree of Life: 440065
Tropicos: 35002629
WFO: wfo-7000000153
This bryophyte-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"liverworts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiophyta"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Marchantiales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Corsiniaceae is a family of liverworts in the order Marchantiales.[1]","title":"Corsiniaceae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corsinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corsinia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cronisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cronisia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Corsinia\nCronisia","title":"Genera in the family Corsiniaceae"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/226979","external_links_name":"226979"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=414079","external_links_name":"414079"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8L2","external_links_name":"8L2"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/4140","external_links_name":"4140"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1QRSF","external_links_name":"1QRSF"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22950","external_links_name":"22950"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10221","external_links_name":"10221"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6113","external_links_name":"6113"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/157167","external_links_name":"157167"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=113158","external_links_name":"113158"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=15600","external_links_name":"15600"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=74540","external_links_name":"74540"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=440065","external_links_name":"440065"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/35002629","external_links_name":"35002629"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000153","external_links_name":"wfo-7000000153"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corsiniaceae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotino_Tall_Tower_Observation_Facility
|
Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 60°47′54″N 89°21′13″E / 60.79839°N 89.35353°E / 60.79839; 89.35353Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility
The Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility (ZOTTO) is a climatic research station in the Siberian taiga in the proximity of Zotino, Russia, established and operated by the Max Planck Society and the Sukachev Institute of Forest, it serves as a long-term observing platform to be operated for at least 30 years.
Far from human influences, researchers aim to determine how the concentration of greenhouse gases, aerosols, and the rising temperatures of the terrestrial atmosphere affect each other mutually.
The heart of the station is a 304-metre-high (997 ft) tower on which precision instruments measure the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. The measurement data are processed directly in the station at the foot of the tower and then transferred to the Institute of Forest, in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, as well as to the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany.
The station has been operational since September 2006. It extended the project Terrestrial Carbon Observing System and was funded by the 5th framework programme of the European Union, uniting 8 European and 4 Russian partners. A main conclusion of the project is that Siberian forests constitute a substantially smaller carbon sink than so far assumed.
See also
Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), a similar tower in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest
References
^ "Обзор климата с высоты таежной мачты. Фоторепортаж из международной обсерватории ZOTTO, предназначенной для мониторинга парниковых газов в приземных слоях атмосферы сибирских лесов".
^ "Отвесный пост". Коммерсантъ.
^ Winderlich, Jan (2010). "ZOTTOproject.org". Central Siberia: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
^ "Europa". Central Siberia: Europa. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
External links
ZOTTO Tower at Structurae
Tower of Siberia: can this 302 metre skyscraper save our planet?
"The tower in the Taiga". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 2013-04-08.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae
60°47′54″N 89°21′13″E / 60.79839°N 89.35353°E / 60.79839; 89.35353
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZottoTower.jpg"},{"link_name":"climatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatic"},{"link_name":"research station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station"},{"link_name":"Siberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"Zotino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society"},{"link_name":"Sukachev Institute of Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukachev_Institute_of_Forest"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"rising temperatures of the terrestrial atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"Krasnoyarsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnoyarsk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biogeochemistry"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"carbon sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sink"}],"text":"Zotino Tall Tower Observation FacilityThe Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility (ZOTTO) is a climatic research station in the Siberian taiga in the proximity of Zotino, Russia, established and operated by the Max Planck Society and the Sukachev Institute of Forest, it serves as a long-term observing platform to be operated for at least 30 years.Far from human influences, researchers aim to determine how the concentration of greenhouse gases, aerosols, and the rising temperatures of the terrestrial atmosphere affect each other mutually.The heart of the station is a 304-metre-high (997 ft)[1][2] tower on which precision instruments measure the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. The measurement data are processed directly in the station at the foot of the tower and then transferred to the Institute of Forest, in Krasnoyarsk, Russia, as well as to the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany.[3]The station has been operational since September 2006. It extended the project Terrestrial Carbon Observing System[4] and was funded by the 5th framework programme of the European Union, uniting 8 European and 4 Russian partners. A main conclusion of the project is that Siberian forests constitute a substantially smaller carbon sink than so far assumed.","title":"Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Zotino Tall Tower Observation Facility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ZottoTower.jpg/220px-ZottoTower.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Amazon Tall Tower Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Tall_Tower_Observatory"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Обзор климата с высоты таежной мачты. Фоторепортаж из международной обсерватории ZOTTO, предназначенной для мониторинга парниковых газов в приземных слоях атмосферы сибирских лесов\".","urls":[{"url":"https://chrdk.ru/sci/obzor_klimata_s_vysoty_machty_v_taige","url_text":"\"Обзор климата с высоты таежной мачты. Фоторепортаж из международной обсерватории ZOTTO, предназначенной для мониторинга парниковых газов в приземных слоях атмосферы сибирских лесов\""}]},{"reference":"\"Отвесный пост\". Коммерсантъ.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2588909","url_text":"\"Отвесный пост\""}]},{"reference":"Winderlich, Jan (2010). \"ZOTTOproject.org\". Central Siberia: Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry. Retrieved 2010-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zottoproject.org/","url_text":"\"ZOTTOproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Europa\". Central Siberia: Europa. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php/public_area/Research_projects_2009","url_text":"\"Europa\""}]},{"reference":"\"The tower in the Taiga\". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 2013-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mpg.de/7084567/zotto_taiga","url_text":"\"The tower in the Taiga\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zotino_Tall_Tower_Observation_Facility¶ms=60.79839_N_89.35353_E_source:dewiki_region:RU_scale:500_type:landmark","external_links_name":"60°47′54″N 89°21′13″E / 60.79839°N 89.35353°E / 60.79839; 89.35353"},{"Link":"https://chrdk.ru/sci/obzor_klimata_s_vysoty_machty_v_taige","external_links_name":"\"Обзор климата с высоты таежной мачты. Фоторепортаж из международной обсерватории ZOTTO, предназначенной для мониторинга парниковых газов в приземных слоях атмосферы сибирских лесов\""},{"Link":"http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2588909","external_links_name":"\"Отвесный пост\""},{"Link":"http://www.zottoproject.org/","external_links_name":"\"ZOTTOproject.org\""},{"Link":"http://afoludata.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php/public_area/Research_projects_2009","external_links_name":"\"Europa\""},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20027776","external_links_name":"ZOTTO Tower"},{"Link":"http://siberiantimes.com/science/casestudy/features/f0165-tower-of-siberia-can-this-302-metre-skyscraper-save-our-planet/","external_links_name":"Tower of Siberia: can this 302 metre skyscraper save our planet?"},{"Link":"https://www.mpg.de/7084567/zotto_taiga","external_links_name":"\"The tower in the Taiga\""},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20027776","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zotino_Tall_Tower_Observation_Facility¶ms=60.79839_N_89.35353_E_source:dewiki_region:RU_scale:500_type:landmark","external_links_name":"60°47′54″N 89°21′13″E / 60.79839°N 89.35353°E / 60.79839; 89.35353"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajsije_II
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Pajsije II
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["1 References","2 Sources","3 External links"]
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Pajsije IIArchbishop of Peć and Serbian PatriarchChurchSerbian Patriarchate of PećSeePatriarchal Monastery of PećInstalled1758Term ended1758PredecessorVikentije ISuccessorGavrilo IVPersonal detailsNationalityRum Millet (Greek)DenominationEastern Orthodox ChurchOccupationPrimate of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Pajsije II (Serbian Cyrillic: Пајсије II, Greek: Παΐσιος Β΄) was Archbishop of Peć and Serbian Patriarch for a short time during 1758. He was an ethnic Greek.
Before he became Serbian Patriarch, he was Metropolitan of Užice and Valjevo, under Vikentije I. In 1758, when patriarch Vikentije went to Constantinople, metropolitan Pajsije traveled with him. While staying in Constantinople, Serbian Patriarch was struck with sudden illness and died. Metropolitan Pajsije took the opportunity and succeeded in becoming new Serbian Patriarch as "Pajsije II". His tenure was very short since in that time Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was in constant internal turmoil. His main rival was another Greek, metropolitan Gavrilo, who succeeded in overthrowing Pajsije II and becoming new Serbian Patriarch as Gavrilo IV.
References
^ a b Вуковић 1996, p. 392.
^ Ćirković 2004, p. 177.
Sources
Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
Fotić, Aleksandar (2008). "Serbian Orthodox Church". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 519–520. ISBN 9781438110257.
Kašić, Dušan, ed. (1965). Serbian Orthodox Church: Its past and present. Vol. 1. Belgrade: Serbian Orthodox Church.
Pavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books. ISBN 9780969133124.
Слијепчевић, Ђоко М. (1962). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 1. Минхен: Искра.
Вуковић, Сава (1996). Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century). Београд: Евро.
External links
Official site of the Serbian Orthodox Church: Serbian Archbishops and Patriarchs
Eastern Orthodox Church titles
Preceded byVikentije I
Serbian Patriarch 1758
Succeeded byGavrilo IV
vtePrimates of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchList of heads of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchArchbishops1219–1346
Sava (St.)
Arsenije Sremac (St.)
Sava II (St.)
Danilo I (St.)
Joanikije I (St.)
Jevstatije I (St.)
Jakov (St.)
Jevstatije II (St.)
Sava III (St.)
Nikodim I (St.)
Danilo II (St.)
Joanikije II (St.)
Patriarchs (since 1346)1346–1463
Joanikije II (St.)
Sava IV
Jefrem (St.)
Spiridon (St.)
Danilo III
Sava V
Danilo IV
Kirilo I (St.)
Nikon I (St.)
Teofan I
Nikodim II
Arsenije II
1557–1766
Makarije I (St.)
Antonije I
Gerasim I
Savatije I
Nikanor I
Jerotej I
Filip I
Jovan II
Pajsije I
Gavrilo I (St.)
Maksim I
Arsenije III
Kalinik I
Atanasije I
Mojsije I
Arsenije IV
Joanikije III
Atanasije II
Gavrilo II
Gavrilo III
Vikentije I
Pajsije II
Gavrilo IV
Kirilo II
Vasilije
Kalinik II
since 1920
Dimitrije
Varnava
Gavrilo V
Vikentije II
German
Pavle
Irinej
Porfirije
Heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Habsburg monarchy (1690–1920)Metropolitans of Karlovci 1690–1848
Arsenije III Čarnojević
Isaija Đaković
Sofronije Podgoričanin
Vikentije Popović-Hadžilavić
of Belgrade and Karlovci:
Mojsije Petrović
Vikentije Jovanović
Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta
Isaija Antonović
Pavle Nenadović
Jovan Georgijević
Vićentije Jovanović Vidak
Mojsije Putnik
Stefan Stratimirović
Stefan Stanković
Josif Rajačić
Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Karlovci 1848–1920
Josif Rajačić
Samuilo Maširević
Prokopije Ivačković
German Anđelić
Georgije Branković
Lukijan Bogdanović
Metropolitans of Belgrade1831–1920
Melentije Pavlović
Petar Jovanović
Mihailo Jovanović
Teodosije Mraović
Inokentije Pavlović
Dimitrije Pavlović
Metropolitans of Montenegro1766–1920
Sava Petrović
Arsenije Plamenac
Petar I
Petar II
Danilo II
Nikanor Ivanović
Ilarion Roganović
Visarion Ljubiša
Mitrofan Ban
Christianity portal Serbia portal
This Serbian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Guildhall
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Trinity College London
|
["1 History","2 Performing arts examinations","2.1 Music","2.2 Drama and performance","2.3 Arts Award","3 English language examinations","4 References","5 External links"]
|
British exam board
This article is about the examinations board. For the former Trinity College of Music based in London, see Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance.
Trinity College LondonEstablished1872PresidentThe Lord GeddesAddressBlue Fin Building, 110 Southwark Street, London, SE1 0TA, London, UKWebsitetrinitycollege.com
Trinity College London (TCL) is an examination board based in London, United Kingdom which offers graded and diploma qualifications across a range of disciplines in the performing arts and English language learning and teaching. Trinity College London has examined over 850,000 candidates in more than 60 countries worldwide. It is a registered charity in England, Wales and Scotland, and its Patron is HRH The Duke of Kent.
History
Trinity College London was founded as the external examinations board of Trinity College of Music (which today is part of the Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance) in 1872, and began offering exams in music to external students in 1877. In common with its chief competitor, the ABRSM (est. 1889), Trinity College offers a range of graded examinations in music from Grades 1-8, followed by Associate, Licentiate and Fellowship diplomas. Over time, Trinity College has expanded to offer exams in other areas of the performing arts and in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).
Performing arts examinations
In 2004, Trinity College London's performing arts examinations division merged with the external examinations department of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama to form the Trinity Guildhall examinations board. The name Trinity Guildhall was dropped in 2012, and the board's performing arts examinations are now offered under the Trinity College London brand.
Music
Trinity College London offers graded musical qualifications for musical theory and for performance in a range of string instruments, singing, piano, electronic keyboards, brass, woodwind instruments and percussions, starting with the Initial Grade, then numbered from Grade 1 to Grade 8 with increasing difficulty. Candidates are rated under three categories – the performance of musical pieces, technical work such as scales, and supporting tests such as sight reading and improvisation. Candidates are graded on a scale from 1 to 100, with 60 being the pass mark. Candidates have flexibility in the choices of pieces and tests prepared for each of these sections.
In addition to graded examinations, TCL also offers foundation, intermediate and advanced certificates in music.
TCL also offers diplomas in music at three levels:
Associate: ATCL (Performer and Teacher diplomas) and AMusTCL (Composition and Musicology), which are equivalent to the standard of work required for a UK Certificate of Higher Education
Licentiate: LTCL (Performer and Teacher diplomas) and LMusTCL (Composition and Musicology), which are equivalent to the standard of work required for a UK Bachelor's degree
Fellowship: FTCL, which is equivalent to the standard of work required for a UK Master's degree
In 2012, the exam board introduced Rock & Pop graded examinations for bass, drums, guitar, keyboard and vocals.
Drama and performance
Trinity College London offers qualifications in speech and drama, individual acting skills, group performance, Shakespeare, choral speaking, communication skills, musical theatre, and performance arts.
As is the case with music, diplomas in drama, performance and communication subjects are also offered at three levels, and TCL is the awarding body for the series of professional performing arts courses that are funded in part by the Dance and Drama Awards scheme. In 2020, Trinity College London started offering digital examinations to allow its operations to continue during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Arts Award
Within the United Kingdom, Trinity College London manages Arts Award in association with Arts Council England.
English language examinations
Trinity offers English language qualifications including English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) and Secure English Language Tests (SELTs).
References
^ Trinity College London. Education World Forum
^ Charity number – England and Wales: 1014792 (Regulated by the Charity Commission). Charity number – Scotland: SC049143 (Regulated by the Scottish Charity Regulator OSCR)
^ ‘’ The Duke of Kent’’. Office Website.
^ Trinity College of Music Archive. Jisc Archives Hub.
^ ABRSM VS TRINITY: EXAM BOARD SYLLABUS REVIEW 2021. Chichester and Aruan School of Piano.
^ "Trinity timeline | Trinity College London". www.trinitycollege.com. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
^ "Timeline of Laban". Trinity Laban. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
^ a b Exam Structure, Trinity College London
^ Dance and Drama Awards: funding for students. gov.uk
^ COVID-19 Special Arrangements for music exams. Trinity College London.
^ "Arts Award". artsaward.org.uk. 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
External links
Trinity College London
Trinity Secure English Language Tests (SELTs)
Trinity English language
Trinity Teaching English
Trinity Music
Trinity Drama
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
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For the former Trinity College of Music based in London, see Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance.Trinity College London (TCL) is an examination board based in London, United Kingdom which offers graded and diploma qualifications across a range of disciplines in the performing arts and English language learning and teaching. Trinity College London has examined over 850,000 candidates in more than 60 countries worldwide.[1] It is a registered charity in England, Wales and Scotland,[2] and its Patron is HRH The Duke of Kent.[3]","title":"Trinity College London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ABRSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABRSM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"English for Speakers of Other Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Trinity College London was founded as the external examinations board of Trinity College of Music (which today is part of the Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance) in 1872, and began offering exams in music to external students in 1877.[4] In common with its chief competitor, the ABRSM (est. 1889), Trinity College offers a range of graded examinations in music from Grades 1-8, followed by Associate, Licentiate and Fellowship diplomas.[5] Over time, Trinity College has expanded to offer exams in other areas of the performing arts and in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"}],"text":"In 2004, Trinity College London's performing arts examinations division merged with the external examinations department of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama to form the Trinity Guildhall examinations board. The name Trinity Guildhall was dropped in 2012, and the board's performing arts examinations are now offered under the Trinity College London brand.","title":"Performing arts examinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"string instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instruments"},{"link_name":"singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"electronic keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboards"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"woodwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind"},{"link_name":"percussions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussions"},{"link_name":"musical pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition"},{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(music)"},{"link_name":"sight reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_reading"},{"link_name":"improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_improvisation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinmarks-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trinmarks-8"},{"link_name":"Certificate of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(guitar)"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboard"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Trinity College London offers graded musical qualifications for musical theory and for performance in a range of string instruments, singing, piano, electronic keyboards, brass, woodwind instruments and percussions, starting with the Initial Grade, then numbered from Grade 1 to Grade 8 with increasing difficulty. Candidates are rated under three categories – the performance of musical pieces, technical work such as scales, and supporting tests such as sight reading and improvisation.[8] Candidates are graded on a scale from 1 to 100, with 60 being the pass mark.[8] Candidates have flexibility in the choices of pieces and tests prepared for each of these sections.In addition to graded examinations, TCL also offers foundation, intermediate and advanced certificates in music.\nTCL also offers diplomas in music at three levels:Associate: ATCL (Performer and Teacher diplomas) and AMusTCL (Composition and Musicology), which are equivalent to the standard of work required for a UK Certificate of Higher Education\nLicentiate: LTCL (Performer and Teacher diplomas) and LMusTCL (Composition and Musicology), which are equivalent to the standard of work required for a UK Bachelor's degree\nFellowship: FTCL, which is equivalent to the standard of work required for a UK Master's degreeIn 2012, the exam board introduced Rock & Pop graded examinations for bass, drums, guitar, keyboard and vocals.","title":"Performing arts examinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Dance and Drama Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_and_Drama_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Drama and performance","text":"Trinity College London offers qualifications in speech and drama, individual acting skills, group performance, Shakespeare, choral speaking, communication skills, musical theatre, and performance arts.As is the case with music, diplomas in drama, performance and communication subjects are also offered at three levels, and TCL is the awarding body for the series of professional performing arts courses that are funded in part by the Dance and Drama Awards scheme.[9] In 2020, Trinity College London started offering digital examinations to allow its operations to continue during the COVID-19 pandemic.[10]","title":"Performing arts examinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Arts Council England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Arts Award","text":"Within the United Kingdom, Trinity College London manages Arts Award in association with Arts Council England.[11]","title":"Performing arts examinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_for_Speakers_of_Other_Languages"},{"link_name":"Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language"}],"text":"Trinity offers English language qualifications including English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), Teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) and Secure English Language Tests (SELTs).","title":"English language examinations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Trinity timeline | Trinity College London\". www.trinitycollege.com. Retrieved 2022-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trinitycollege.com/about-us/timeline","url_text":"\"Trinity timeline | Trinity College London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timeline of Laban\". Trinity Laban. Retrieved 2022-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trinitylaban.ac.uk/about-us/history/timeline-laban/","url_text":"\"Timeline of Laban\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arts Award\". artsaward.org.uk. 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artsaward.org.uk/site/?id=64%20Arts%20Award","url_text":"\"Arts Award\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_in_Heaven_(video_game)
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The War in Heaven (video game)
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["1 Development","2 Reception","2.1 Sales","3 References"]
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1999 video gameThe War in HeavenDeveloper(s)Eternal WarriorsPublisher(s)ValuSoftPlatform(s)WindowsReleaseOctober 1999
The War in Heaven is a 1999 Christian-themed action game that was published by Valusoft and distributed by GT Interactive. The game is described as "Doom-meets-the-Bible" and is intended for Christian males 15 and older.
Development
The game was developed by Eternal Warriors, a company founded in 1996.
Reception
Mike Musgrove from The Washington Post stated in his review of the game that "there's more activity in Sunday school than in this game".
Sales
The game sold 4,000 copies by March 2000 and later 10,000 copies by October 2000.
References
^ a b c d Lohr, Steve (October 18, 1999). "It's Demons vs. Angels in PC Game With Religious Theme". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
^ "KARE 11 News Transcript". eternalwarriors.com. August 9, 1999. Archived from the original on October 26, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
^ a b "Games". The Wichita Eagle. October 14, 2000. p. 44. Retrieved November 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Musgrove, Mike (November 19, 1999). "Video game wages an all-out war in heaven". The Washington Post. p. 48. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Crowe, Greg (July 28, 1999). "Eternal Questions". eternalwarriors.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
^ Dooley, Tara (March 20, 2000). "Game". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 17. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89taples_Military_Cemetery
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Étaples Military Cemetery
|
["1 History","2 The cemetery","3 Notable burials","4 2003 vandalism","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°32′07″N 1°37′21″E / 50.53528°N 1.62250°E / 50.53528; 1.62250Cemetery located in Pas-de-Calais, in France
Étaples Military CemeteryCommonwealth War Graves CommissionUsed for those deceased 1914-18, 1940Location50°32′07″N 1°37′21″E / 50.53528°N 1.62250°E / 50.53528; 1.62250near Étaples, Pas-de-CalaisDesigned bySir Edwin LutyensTotal burialsOver 11,500Unknowns73Burials by nation
UK – 8819
Canada – 1145
Australia – 464
New Zealand – 260
South Africa – 68
India – 17
Germany – 658
Burials by warFirst World War – 10773Second World War – 119
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameFunerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)TypeCulturalCriteriai, ii, viDesignated2023 (45th session)Reference no.1567-PC13
Statistics source:
Étaples Military Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Étaples, near Boulogne on the north-west coast of France. The cemetery holds over 11,500 dead from both World War I and World War II.
History
Étaples was the scene of much Allied activity during World War I due to its safety from attack by enemy land forces and the existence of railway connections with both the northern and southern battlefields. The town was home to 16 hospitals and a convalescent depot, in addition to a number of reinforcement camps for Commonwealth soldiers and general barracks for the French Army. Of more than 11,500 soldiers interred in Étaples Military Cemetery, over 10,000 of these men were casualties of World War I who died in Étaples or the surrounding area.
The abundance of military infrastructure in Étaples gave the town a capacity of around 100,000 troops in World War I and made the area a serious target for German aerial bombing raids, from which the town suffered heavily. The combination of withstanding these attacks and giving over their homes to the war effort led to Étaples being awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1920.
The Second World War once again saw Allied hospitals stationed in Étaples, and with them the reopening of the cemetery to cope with the casualties of another war. 119 men were buried in Étaples Military Cemetery in World War II, this low number attributable to the fact that the hospitals were only in place from January 1940 until the British withdrawal from the Continent in May of the same year.
The cemetery
Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, Étaples Military Cemetery is the largest CWGC cemetery in France, and contains the remains of soldiers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and Germany. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has only published the number of Commonwealth and German dead buried in Étaples, although its records for the cemetery note that it contains 'a few war graves of other nationalities'.
In total, the cemetery contains 10,792 Commonwealth burials of which only 73 are unidentified. There are also 658 German burials in the cemetery.
German burials
Commonwealth burials
Stone of Remembrance and shelter
The Cross of Sacrifice
Etaples cemetery, May 2016
Notable burials
Notable burials or memorials include:
Captain Edward Vivian Birchall, whose philanthropy helped create the National Council for Voluntary Organisations
Private Jim Bonella, Australian Machine Gun Corps (former Aussie Rules footballer)
Private Elijah Carey, New Zealand Infantry (former NZ trade unionist)
Brigadier Edgar William Cox, DSO, FRGS, General Staff.
Lieutenant Colonel William Robert Aufrere Dawson DSO***, Royal West Kent Regiment
Captain Noel Forbes Humphreys, Tank Corps, Welsh rugby union footballer
Private Hugh Kerr, London Scottish, professional soccer player notably for Manchester United
Nursing Sister Katherine Maud MacDonald, the first Canadian woman to meet her death at the hands of enemy activity. She was killed during a German air raid on the No. 1 Canadian General Hospital at Étaples in May 1918.
Major Douglas Reynolds, VC, Royal Field Artillery.
Sergeant Dick Wynn, Labour Corps, professional soccer player notably for Middlesbrough and Everton
2003 vandalism
In March 2003, vandals protesting against the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq daubed anti-British and anti-American slogans in red paint across parts of the Étaples Military Cemetery. The actions drew widespread condemnation from the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia and from within France itself. The French National Assembly described the vandalism as 'barbaric, monstrous and utterly despicable', while French President Jacques Chirac wrote to the Queen to express his 'sincere regrets'.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Cemetery Details: Etaples Military Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ a b c Whittam, Brent; Heard, Terry (2013). "Etaples Military Cemetery, Etaples, Pas de Calais, France". World War One Cemeteries. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Baudelicque, Pierre (2015). "L'histoire de la Cité des Pêcheurs". Etaples-tourisme.com (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ "Macdonald, Katherine Maude Mary | Canadian War Museum".
^ "Nursing Sisters who died in service during the First World War, Part 2". 27 June 2018.
^ "British war memorial vandalised". The Guardian. 2 April 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Bremner, Charles; Hamilton, Alan (4 April 2003). "Chirac apologises to Queen for attack". The Times. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
^ "Chirac apologises for graves graffiti". BBC News. 3 April 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
External links
Cemetery details. Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Etaples Military Cemetery on the website "Remembrance Trails of the Great War in Northern France"
French Embassy to the UK's communique expressing their regret and shock at vandalism
Picture from The Guardian of 2003 vandalism
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Étaples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89taples"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"}],"text":"Cemetery located in Pas-de-Calais, in FranceÉtaples Military Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in Étaples, near Boulogne on the north-west coast of France. The cemetery holds over 11,500 dead from both World War I and World War II.[1]","title":"Étaples Military Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"northern and southern battlefields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-3"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"British withdrawal from the Continent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"}],"text":"Étaples was the scene of much Allied activity during World War I due to its safety from attack by enemy land forces and the existence of railway connections with both the northern and southern battlefields.[1] The town was home to 16 hospitals and a convalescent depot, in addition to a number of reinforcement camps for Commonwealth soldiers and general barracks for the French Army.[1] Of more than 11,500 soldiers interred in Étaples Military Cemetery, over 10,000 of these men were casualties of World War I who died in Étaples or the surrounding area.[1]The abundance of military infrastructure in Étaples gave the town a capacity of around 100,000 troops in World War I and made the area a serious target for German aerial bombing raids, from which the town suffered heavily. The combination of withstanding these attacks and giving over their homes to the war effort led to Étaples being awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1920.[3]The Second World War once again saw Allied hospitals stationed in Étaples, and with them the reopening of the cemetery to cope with the casualties of another war. 119 men were buried in Étaples Military Cemetery in World War II, this low number attributable to the fact that the hospitals were only in place from January 1940 until the British withdrawal from the Continent in May of the same year.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin Lutyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww1c-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CWGC-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSIMG_5265tonemapped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSIMG_5266tonemapped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_of_Remembrance_and_shelter_at_Etaples_Military_Cemetery.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stone of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_of_Sacrifice_at_Etaples_Military_Cemetery.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cross of Sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etaples_cemetery_May_2016.jpg"}],"text":"Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, Étaples Military Cemetery is the largest CWGC cemetery in France,[1] and contains the remains of soldiers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India and Germany.[2] The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has only published the number of Commonwealth and German dead buried in Étaples, although its records for the cemetery note that it contains 'a few war graves of other nationalities'.[1]In total, the cemetery contains 10,792 Commonwealth burials of which only 73 are unidentified. There are also 658 German burials in the cemetery.German burials\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommonwealth burials\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStone of Remembrance and shelter\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Cross of SacrificeEtaples cemetery, May 2016","title":"The cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Vivian Birchall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vivian_Birchall"},{"link_name":"National Council for Voluntary Organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Voluntary_Organisations"},{"link_name":"Jim Bonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bonella"},{"link_name":"Elijah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Edgar William Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_William_Cox"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"FRGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"William Robert Aufrere Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Aufrere_Dawson"},{"link_name":"DSO***","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order_and_three_Bars"},{"link_name":"Royal West Kent Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_West_Kent_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Noel Forbes Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Forbes_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Tank Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Hugh Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Kerr_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"London Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Scottish_(regiment)"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Douglas Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww1c-2"},{"link_name":"Dick Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Labour Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Pioneer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."}],"text":"Notable burials or memorials include:Captain Edward Vivian Birchall, whose philanthropy helped create the National Council for Voluntary Organisations\nPrivate Jim Bonella, Australian Machine Gun Corps (former Aussie Rules footballer)\nPrivate Elijah Carey, New Zealand Infantry (former NZ trade unionist)\nBrigadier Edgar William Cox, DSO, FRGS, General Staff.\nLieutenant Colonel William Robert Aufrere Dawson DSO***, Royal West Kent Regiment\nCaptain Noel Forbes Humphreys, Tank Corps, Welsh rugby union footballer\nPrivate Hugh Kerr, London Scottish, professional soccer player notably for Manchester United\nNursing Sister Katherine Maud MacDonald, the first Canadian woman to meet her death at the hands of enemy activity. She was killed during a German air raid on the No. 1 Canadian General Hospital at Étaples in May 1918.[4][5]\nMajor Douglas Reynolds, VC, Royal Field Artillery.[2]\nSergeant Dick Wynn, Labour Corps, professional soccer player notably for Middlesbrough and Everton","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In March 2003, vandals protesting against the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq daubed anti-British and anti-American slogans in red paint across parts of the Étaples Military Cemetery.[6] The actions drew widespread condemnation from the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia and from within France itself. The French National Assembly described the vandalism as 'barbaric, monstrous and utterly despicable', while French President Jacques Chirac wrote to the Queen to express his 'sincere regrets'.[7][8]","title":"2003 vandalism"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Etaples cemetery, May 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Etaples_cemetery_May_2016.jpg/220px-Etaples_cemetery_May_2016.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cemetery Details: Etaples Military Cemetery\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/56500/ETAPLES%20MILITARY%20CEMETERY","url_text":"\"Cemetery Details: Etaples Military Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"Whittam, Brent; Heard, Terry (2013). \"Etaples Military Cemetery, Etaples, Pas de Calais, France\". World War One Cemeteries. Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww1cemeteries.com/ww1frenchcemeteries/etaples.htm","url_text":"\"Etaples Military Cemetery, Etaples, Pas de Calais, France\""}]},{"reference":"Baudelicque, Pierre (2015). \"L'histoire de la Cité des Pêcheurs\". Etaples-tourisme.com (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etaples-tourisme.com/www/fr/accueil/a_voir/histoire.aspx","url_text":"\"L'histoire de la Cité des Pêcheurs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macdonald, Katherine Maude Mary | Canadian War Museum\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warmuseum.ca/tilston-medals-collection/recipients/63357/","url_text":"\"Macdonald, Katherine Maude Mary | Canadian War Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nursing Sisters who died in service during the First World War, Part 2\". 27 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediscoverblog.com/2018/06/27/nursing-sisters-who-died-in-service-during-the-first-world-war-part-2/","url_text":"\"Nursing Sisters who died in service during the First World War, Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"British war memorial vandalised\". The Guardian. 2 April 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/02/iraq6","url_text":"\"British war memorial vandalised\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Bremner, Charles; Hamilton, Alan (4 April 2003). \"Chirac apologises to Queen for attack\". The Times. Retrieved 24 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1126601.ece","url_text":"\"Chirac apologises to Queen for attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Chirac apologises for graves graffiti\". BBC News. 3 April 2003. Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2915245.stm","url_text":"\"Chirac apologises for graves graffiti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89taples_Military_Cemetery¶ms=50_32_07_N_1_37_21_E_","external_links_name":"50°32′07″N 1°37′21″E / 50.53528°N 1.62250°E / 50.53528; 1.62250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89taples_Military_Cemetery¶ms=50_32_07_N_1_37_21_E_","external_links_name":"50°32′07″N 1°37′21″E / 50.53528°N 1.62250°E / 50.53528; 1.62250"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1567","external_links_name":"1567-PC13"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/56500/ETAPLES%20MILITARY%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"\"Cemetery Details: Etaples Military Cemetery\""},{"Link":"http://ww1cemeteries.com/ww1frenchcemeteries/etaples.htm","external_links_name":"\"Etaples Military Cemetery, Etaples, Pas de Calais, France\""},{"Link":"http://www.etaples-tourisme.com/www/fr/accueil/a_voir/histoire.aspx","external_links_name":"\"L'histoire de la Cité des Pêcheurs\""},{"Link":"https://www.warmuseum.ca/tilston-medals-collection/recipients/63357/","external_links_name":"\"Macdonald, Katherine Maude Mary | Canadian War Museum\""},{"Link":"https://thediscoverblog.com/2018/06/27/nursing-sisters-who-died-in-service-during-the-first-world-war-part-2/","external_links_name":"\"Nursing Sisters who died in service during the First World War, Part 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/02/iraq6","external_links_name":"\"British war memorial vandalised\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1126601.ece","external_links_name":"\"Chirac apologises to Queen for attack\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2915245.stm","external_links_name":"\"Chirac apologises for graves graffiti\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/56500","external_links_name":"Cemetery details"},{"Link":"http://www.remembrancetrails-northernfrance.com/visit-the-sites/the-allies-logisitics-base-on-the-channel-coast/etaples-military-cemetery.html","external_links_name":"Etaples Military Cemetery on the website \"Remembrance Trails of the Great War in Northern France\""},{"Link":"http://ambafrance-uk.org/Etaples-cemetery-Communique-issued,4901.html?var_recherche=calais","external_links_name":"French Embassy to the UK's communique expressing their regret and shock at vandalism"},{"Link":"http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2003/04/02/sloganBig.jpg","external_links_name":"Picture from The Guardian of 2003 vandalism"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Hae-yeon
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Gil Hae-yeon
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television series","4.3 Web series","5 Theater","6 Awards and nominations","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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South Korean actress (born 1964)
In this Korean name, the family name is Gil.
Gil Hae-yeonGil Hae-yeon in March 2022Born (1964-04-11) April 11, 1964 (age 60)South KoreaEducationDongduk Women's University – Korean Language and LiteratureOccupationActressYears active1985–presentAgentJust EntertainmentKorean nameHangul길해연Hanja吉海蓮Revised RomanizationGil Hae-yeonMcCune–ReischauerKil Haeyŏn
Gil Hae-yeon (Korean: 길해연) is a South Korean actress. She is best known to North American audiences for her performance in the film In Her Place, for which she garnered a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards in 2015 and won the Wildflower Film Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 3rd Wildflower Film Awards in 2016.
In South Korea, her roles have included the television series Goodbye Mr. Black, Working Mom Parenting Daddy, Possessed, Something in the Rain, One Spring Night and Woman of 9.9 Billion. She is most active as a supporting actress, playing role of main characters' mothers.
Gil also writes children's plays and children's books. She has written over 10 children's books and children's play scripts. She also wrote 'Intensive for Children' based on her experience teaching children in a children's theater class.
In 2020, Gil took office as third Chairman of The Korea Theater Welfare Foundation which was established in 2005 to support theater practitioners so that they do not give up theater even in difficult circumstances and are guaranteed basic treatment. The first Chairman Park Jeong-ja and the second Chairman Yoon Seok-hwa.
Early life and education
Gil Hae-yeon was born in Paju, Gyeonggi Province on April 11, 1964 and raised in Seoul. She showed her writing talent from a young age and won many awards in elementary school. She attended Pungmoon Girls' High School, where she took literature class because of her dream of becoming a writer. During high school, she watched Jean-Paul Sartre's play The Dead without burial , that elevated her awareness of the charm of theatre. Still, She never dreamed of acting.
In 1983, She enrolled in the Korean Literature Department at Dongduk Women's University. When she was a freshman, she chose bowling for her physical education class. She also joined a theater club. Her senior in the theater class asked her to come.
Career
In 1986, during her fourth year of college, she co-founded the theater company 'Little Shinhwa' with friends from around ten university drama clubs, including Sogang University, Chung-Ang University, and Kookmin University. It marked the beginning of her career in theater. They created a theater company with the idea of just doing it for 10 years.
The theater company's motto is "With the Heart of Sprinkling a Lantern of Water in the Desert!". Gil serves as the vice president of 'Little Shinhwa.' One notable work by 'Little Shinhwa' is the play 'New Year's Day,' which premiered at the Dongsung Arts Center in 2001. 'New Year's Day' achieved significant recognition, winning the 10th Daesan Literary Award in the play category upon its premiere. It was also selected as one of the BEST3 plays by the Korea Theater Critics Association in 2001 and received the Best Picture, Best Directing (Choi Yong-hoon), and Acting Award (Hong Seong-kyung) at the 2002 Donga Theater Awards.
After graduating, she also became an acting lecturer. Since the early 1990s, she has been working with children through children's theater classes.
She made her film debut in 2003 with the film If You Were Me.
She was featured as DongA Theatre Princess of the Month in December 2010. The 47th Donga Theater Awards took place on January 24, 2011, at the Grand Theater of Daehakro Arts Theater in Daehakro, Seoul. Actress Gil Hae-yeon, known for her role in "Here Comes Love" (written by Bae Bong-gi and directed by Shim Jae-chan), received the acting award at the ceremony.
In 2011, Gil Hae-yeon was honored with the 'Theater of the Year Award' at the '16th Hiseo Theater Awards'. The awards ceremony took place on December 30 on the 3rd floor of Arko Arts Theater. This year, Gil Hae-yeon appeared in encore such as "Here Comes Love", 'Dream within a Dream', and 'New Year's Day', and was praised for creating a deeper character than when she first performed.
She made her TV debut in 2012 through director Ahn Pan-seok's series How Long I've Kissed. In the series, she portrayed the character Ha Seom-jin, a Korean-Chinese domestic helper. Her realistic acting in the role received praise, as she convincingly portrayed a native Yanbian. After that, her collaboration with Director Ahn continued. In the following years, she worked on one drama each year, including "The End of the World," "Secret Affair," and "Heard It Through the Grapevine.
In 2013, She joins forces with Lee Ho-jae and Kim Young-pil (Theater Company Alleyway) in the Strindberg's play Creditors. which commences on the 10th at the small theater of Arko Arts Theater in Daehakro. The Creditors is a poignant work reflecting the writer's personal experience of an unhappy marriage and his misogynistic beliefs. This tragicomedy follows Gustav (portrayed by Lee Ho-jae), a scholarly ex-husband who seeks revenge against his unfaithful wife, Thekla, and her new husband, the painter Adolf (played by Kim Young-pil), employing his cunning wit and eloquence. The play has been translated by Seong Su-jeong and embellished by Dong Lee-hyang.
Gil made her mark in 2015 when she appeared in director Ahn Pan-seok's drama Heard It Through the Grapevine. Her role as Yang Jae-hwa, the secretary to Han Jeong-ho (played by Yoo Jun-sang), resonated with viewers and left a lasting impression.
She left a deep impression by portraying the roles of Son Ye-jin and Han Ji-min's mother in director Ahn Pan-seok's dramas "Something in the Rain" and "Spring Night," respectively. In "Something in the Rain," she portrayed a snobbish and obnoxious villain, while in "Spring Night," she exhibited respect for her daughters' decisions, showcasing a contrasting character portrayal.
In 2023, Gil was cast in director Bae Doo-ri's independent film "Dolphin" alongside Kwon Yuri. Since its premiere at the Jeonju International Film Festival, the film has garnered attention as it was invited to prominent domestic and international film festivals, including the Seoul Independent Film Festival, the Muju Mountain Film Festival, and the Vancouver Asian Film Festival in Canada.
Personal life
Gil married Cho Won-ho, a fellow founding member of the theater group Little Shinhwa, and they had a son. Unfortunately, Gil's husband suddenly passed away in 2007 due to a myocardial infarction. She became a single mother to her son, who was still in middle school and dealing with an illness. She remained busy with five or six theater appearances, working as a college lecturer, and conducting acting lessons every year. As a result, she earned the nickname "Guillery," a portmanteau of her surname and "Hillary." This nickname reflected the perception that she was even busier than Hillary Clinton.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003
If You Were Me
Jeong-hyeon
2005
Mapado
woman from Jeju
Flowering Day
Hee-jung
(short film)
Friendly and Harmonious
(educational film)
The Intimate
art factory manager
2006
Art of Fighting
Yeong-ae's mother
2007
Mapado 2
woman from Jeju
The Elephant on the Bike
Dong-gyu's mother
Seven Days
hospital director
I Need Some Sleep
mother
2008
Living Together, Happy Together
Gyeong-mi
Baby and I
Ki-seok's mother
2009
Breathless
Yeon-hee's mother
The Pot
Missionary Jang
Fortune Salon
Seung-won's sister-in-law
2011
Late Blossom
Kun-bong's daughter-in-law
Re-encounter
Han-soo's mother
Meet the In-Laws
housekeeper
(special appearance)
2012
Choked
Hee-soo
Don't Cry Mommy
nun
2013
Pluto
Joon's mother
If You Were Me 6
mother
Ingtoogi: The Battle of Internet Trolls
Tae-Sik's mother
2014
Cart
Real customer
(special appearance)
Our Older Sister
Bolero
(special appearance)
In Her Place
mother
2015
Granny’s Got Talent
housemaid
(special appearance)
2016
Insane
Kang Soo-ah's mother
Missing
Ji-sun's mother-in-law
2017
The Mimic
Kim Moo-nyeo
Memoir of a Murderer
Maria
The First Lap
Soo-hyun's mother
2019
Mate
Geum-hee
Inseparable Bros
Jung-soon
Long Live The King
Choon-taek's mother
(special appearance)
House of Hummingbird
Young-ji's mother
2021
Midnight
Kyung-mi's mother
2023
Unlocked
Je-yeon
2024
Dolphin
Jeong-ok
Television series
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012
How Long I've Kissed
Ha Sum-jin
2013
The End of the World
Jung Sang-sook
2014
Secret Affair
Ms. Baek
Doctor Stranger
Kim Eun-hee (Oh Soo-hyun's mother)
2015
Miss Mamma Mia
Ma Hae-yeon
Heard It Through the Grapevine
Yang Jae-hwa
Assembly
Chun No-shim
Cheer Up!
Director Lee
Riders: Catch Tomorrow
Bae Mi-Sun
2016
Puck!
Gyeong-pil's mother
Moorim School: Saga of the Brave
Gye Mi-sook
(special appearance)
Yeah, That's How It Is
So-hyang
Babysitter
Yoo Sang-won's mother
Goodbye Mr. Black
Hong In-ja
Working Mom Parenting Daddy
Lee Hae-soon
My Fair Lady
Kim Young-ji
2017
Naked Fireman
Jeong-soon
Queen of Mystery
murderer
(special appearance)
Hospital Ship
Hwang In-kyung's mother
(special appearance)
The Most Beautiful Goodbye
Dr. Yoon
Two Cops
nun
2018
Something in the Rain
Kim Mi-yeon (Jin-ah's mother)
What's Wrong with Secretary Kim
woman at parking
(special appearance)
The Ghost Detective
Hwang Young-hee
Too Bright for Romance
Pil-yong's mother
KBS Drama Special (special appearance)
Matrimonial Chaos
Jin Yoo-young's mother
(special appearance)
Encounter
Teacher Lee (Tea house)
2019
Possessed
Shin Geum-jo (Seo-jung's mother)
My Fellow Citizens!
Kim Kyung-ae (Sang-jin's mother)
One Spring Night
Shin Hyeong-seon (Jeong-in's mother)
Melting Me Softly
Yoo Hyang-ja (Mi-ran's mother)
Woman of 9.9 Billion
Jang Geum-ja
2020
Find Me in Your Memory
Seo Mi-hyun
Do You Like Brahms?
Song Jeong-hee
2021
Beyond Evil
Do Hae-won
Law School
Oh Jung-Hee
Voice
Gam Jong-suk
Season 4
Drama Special – Scenery of Pain
old woman
2022
Cleaning Up
Bo-ran
If You Wish Upon Me
Choi Deok-ja
Mental Coach Jegal
Shim Bok-ja
2023
Strangers Again
Hong Yeo-rae
Web series
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2021
You Me Up
Do Yong-shik's mother
Cameo
The Silent Sea
Director Choi
2023
One Day Off
Koo Young-sook
Cameo
Theater
Theater plays performances
Year
Title
Role
Theater
Date
Ref.
English
Korean
1994
Nostalgic Antoine
그리운 앙뜨완느
theater in Hyehwa-dong 1, Daehak-ro
September 1–6
1995
Magic Eye. Scream!
매직 아이.스크림!
Batangol Small Theater
April 14–May 28
2001
New Year's Day
돐날
Jeong-suk
Small theater at Daehak-ro Arts Center, Seoul
April 12–25
2002
Onion
양파
Mother
Daehak-ro Batanggol Small Theater
April 4–28
The Kingdom of Things
사물의 왕국
National Theater’s Daoreum Theater
June 6–9
Ahjumma in Room 405
405호 아줌마는
Ahjumma
Dongsung Arts Center Small Theater in Daehakro
September 13
2003
Oxygen
산소
Mrs Priestley /Rosenbiysk
Small Theater of the Arts Theater of the Arts Promotion Agency
April 3–20
New Year's Day
돐날
Jeong-suk
Batanggol Theater in Seoul
May 8–June 1
Wart
사마귀
U Theater in Cheongdam-dong
July 8 to August 3
Mom Discovered the Sea When She Was Fifty
엄마는 오십에 바다를 발견했다
Daughter
Sanullim Small Theater
Sep 25–Nov 23
Cactus
선인장
Female
Cultural Arts Foundation’s Hakjeon Blue Stage
December 22–30
2004
Equus
에쿠우스
Dora Strang
Dongsung Art Centre Dongsung Hall
January 29–February 1
February 2–March 7
2005
Equus
에쿠우스
Dora Strang
Hakjeon Blue Small Theater
September 9–October 30
2005
Getting Out
게팅 아웃
Hakjeon Blue Theater
May 4–22
2006
Macbeth, The Show
맥베드, The Show
Lady Macbeth
Seoul Arts Center's Towol Theater
May 28–June 7
2007
Fish Festival
물고기 축제
mother
Arungu Small Theater in Daehakro
May 24–June 17
2008
I Live Because of You
너 때문에 산다
Gok-nyeo
Semo Theater at Daehakro Sado Art Center
January 3 to 20
Dream Within a Dream
꿈속의 꿈
Bo-hee
Arko Arts Theatre Small Theatre
April 30–May 2
Aloes Wood
침향
Ae-sook
Arko Arts Theatre Grand Theatre
June 11–29
The Remains of the House
남은 집
Pilgrimage
Guerrilla Theater
August 14–September 14
Tenant
임차인
Jeongbo Small Theater
October 17 to November 9
Human Time
인간의 시간
Park Tae-hyeong
Arko Arts Theater Grand Theater
December 19–27
2009
Dear Yelena Sergeyevna
존경하는 엘레나 선생님
Yelena Sergeyevna
Arko Arts Theater Small Theater in Daehakro
March 12–29
Oxygen
산소
Mrs Priestley /Rosenbiysk
Doosan Art Center Space 111
May 5–10
Sisters
언니들
Sister
Dongsung Arts Center Small Theater
December 2–13
2010
Even If They Betray You
그대를 속일지라도
Arko Arts Theater Grand Theater
June 18–27
33 Variations
33개의 변주곡
Gertrude
Dongsung Hall of Dongsung Art Center in Daehakro
October 15
Love is Coming
사랑이 온다
wife
Sogang University Mary Hall Grand Theater
December 1–5
2011
New Year's Day
돐날
Gyeongju
Daehakro Art One Theater Hall 2
June 3–July 10
2012
I Miss Your Parents' Faces
니 부모 얼굴이 보고 싶다
Nam Yoon-jung's mom
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts M Theater
June 24–July 29
2013
Creditors
채권자들
Tekla
Arko Arts Theater Small Theater
May 10–26
2013
The Women Who Stole a Battlefield
전쟁터를 훔친 여인들
Madge
National Theater Company, Baek Baek-hee Jang Min-ho Theater
November 27–December 8
2014
Spring Days Gone
봄날은 간다
Daehakro Art Space Seoul
July 16–20
Shadow Child
그림자 아이
mother
National Theatre Baek Sung-hee Jang Min-ho Theatre
October 24–November 2
Great Legacy
위대한 유산
Habisham
Myeongdong Arts Theatre
December 3 to 28
2015
Monroe Mom
먼로, 엄마
Mi-jin
Daehakro Petitchel Theater
January 22–February 8
2018
Misery
미저리
Annie Wilkes
Doosan Art Center Yeongang Hall
February 9–April 15
2019
Misery
미저리
Annie Wilkes
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts M Theater
July 13–September 15
Contemporary Art Museum Main Performance Hall, Ulsan
October 4–5
Dream Theater, Busan
October 11–13
Guri Art Hall Cosmos Grand Theater
November 8–9
2022
Hamlet
햄릿
Actor 2
National Theater Haeoreum Theater
July 13–August 13
2022–2023
Misery
미저리
Annie Wilkes
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts M Theater
December 24–February 5
Awards and nominations
List of Award(s) and Nomination(s)
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee / Work
Result
Ref.
2002
Seoul Performing Arts Festival
Best Actress
Gil Ha-yeonChangpa Theater Company
Won
2008
29th Seoul Theater Festival
Best Actress
Dream Within a Dream
Won
2008
Korea Theater Awards
Best Actress
Gil Ha-yeon
Won
2010
47th Donga Theater Awards
Best Acting Award
Love is Coming
Won
2011
16th Hiseo Theater Awards
Actor of the Year
Gil Ha-yeon
Won
2011
Shenzhen Film Festival
Best Actress
Gil Ha-yeon
Won
2015
APAN Star Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Heard It Through the Grapevine
Won
2015
25th Lee Hae-rang Theater Award
Best Actress
Gil Ha-yeon
Won
2016
3rd Wildflower Film Awards
Best Supporting Actress
In Her Place
Won
Notes
^ The Dong-A Theater Awards (동아연극상) established in 1964 to expand and develop the base of Korean theater, have contributed to the revitalization of Korean theater by selecting and awarding performers, theater troupes and organizations that have performed outstandingly every year.
^ The Hi-seo Theater Awards (히서연극상) was established in 1996 by theatre critic Gu Hee-seo (구히서) (1939 to 2019). In 1996, the first year started with the Theatre of the Year Award. Since 1997, two winners were selected, one each for The Theater Man of the Year and The Theatre Award. Winners were given plaques and prizes funded from The Metaa wine party auction that takes place a month before the awards ceremony. The last award ceremony was in 2015.
^ The Lee Hae-rang Theater Award was established by the Lee Hae-rang Theater Foundation to commemorate the Lee Hae-rang , a pioneer in the Korean theater industry.
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^ Go, Seung-hee (2022-08-09). "'햄릿' 박건형·박지연 "굳은살 도려내고 배우로의 시간 돌아보는 날들"" . 헤럴드경제 (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ Kim Hyun-jung (May 17, 2022). "권성덕·전무송·손숙·유인촌→박지연·김수현, '햄릿' 세대 초월" (in Korean). xportsnews. Retrieved May 17, 2022 – via Naver.
^ Kim Hyun-jung (December 27, 2022). "영화 못지 않아"…'미저리' 김상중·길해연·이일화·서지석의 자신감 " ] (in Korean). X-port News. Retrieved December 27, 2022 – via Naver.
^ "2002 서울공연예술제 대상에 아지드현대무용단" . entertain.naver.com (in Korean). 2002-06-10. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "5월 30일 문화단신". 5월 30일 문화단신 (in Korean). 2008-05-29. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "서울연극제 대상에 '꿈 속의 꿈'". Seoul Shinmun (in Korean). 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "동아연극상" . The Dong-a Ilbo. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "'칼로 막베스' '1동 28번지 차숙이네' 작품상". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 2010-12-31. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "히서연극상" . metaa.net. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
^ "히서연극상". Hi-seo Theatre Award. Archived from the original on 2022-07-30. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
^ "'히서연극상' 최용훈·서이숙씨" . Munhwa Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
^ " 이경영·길해연·채정안, 男女연기상 수상" Lee Kyung-young, Gil Hae-yeon, and Chae Jung-an won the Men's and Women's Performance Award]. 스포츠동아 (in Korean). 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
^ "'힐링캠프' 길해연, 연극계 아카데미 '이해랑 연극상' 수상" . 이투데이 (in Korean). 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
External links
Gil Hae-yeon at IMDb
Gil Hae-yeon at HanCinema
vteAPAN Star Awards for Best Supporting Actress2010s
Kim Jung-nan (2012)
Kim Sung-ryung (2013)
Kim Hye-eun (2014)
Chae Jung-an and Gil Hae-yeon (2015)
Kim Ji-won and Ye Ji-won (2016)
Kim Min-jung and Jang So-yeon (2018)
2020s
Kim Sun-young (2020)
Kim Shin-rok and Baek Ji-won (2022)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Korea
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"In Her Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Her_Place"},{"link_name":"Canadian Screen Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Screen Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Screen_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wildflower Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildflower_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"3rd Wildflower Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Wildflower_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Mr. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Mr._Black"},{"link_name":"Working Mom Parenting Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Mom_Parenting_Daddy"},{"link_name":"Possessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessed_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Something in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"One Spring Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Spring_Night"},{"link_name":"Woman of 9.9 Billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_of_9.9_Billion"},{"link_name":"supporting actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporting_actress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Gil.Gil Hae-yeon (Korean: 길해연) is a South Korean actress. She is best known to North American audiences for her performance in the film In Her Place, for which she garnered a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards in 2015[1] and won the Wildflower Film Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 3rd Wildflower Film Awards in 2016.[2]In South Korea, her roles have included the television series Goodbye Mr. Black, Working Mom Parenting Daddy, Possessed, Something in the Rain, One Spring Night and Woman of 9.9 Billion. She is most active as a supporting actress, playing role of main characters' mothers.Gil also writes children's plays and children's books.[3] She has written over 10 children's books and children's play scripts. She also wrote 'Intensive for Children' based on her experience teaching children in a children's theater class.[4]In 2020, Gil took office as third Chairman of The Korea Theater Welfare Foundation which was established in 2005 to support theater practitioners so that they do not give up theater even in difficult circumstances and are guaranteed basic treatment. The first Chairman Park Jeong-ja and the second Chairman Yoon Seok-hwa.[5]","title":"Gil Hae-yeon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paju"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre"},{"link_name":"The Dead without burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dead_without_burial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morts_sans_s%C3%A9pulture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"Dongduk Women's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongduk_Women%27s_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"}],"text":"Gil Hae-yeon was born in Paju, Gyeonggi Province on April 11, 1964 and raised in Seoul.[6] She showed her writing talent from a young age and won many awards in elementary school. She attended Pungmoon Girls' High School, where she took literature class because of her dream of becoming a writer.[7] During high school, she watched Jean-Paul Sartre's play The Dead without burial [fr], that elevated her awareness of the charm of theatre. Still, She never dreamed of acting.[8][9]In 1983, She enrolled in the Korean Literature Department at Dongduk Women's University. When she was a freshman, she chose bowling for her physical education class. She also joined a theater club.[8] Her senior in the theater class asked her to come.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sogang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogang_University"},{"link_name":"Chung-Ang University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung-Ang_University"},{"link_name":"Kookmin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookmin_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"If You Were Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Were_Me"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ahn Pan-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahn_Pan-seok"},{"link_name":"How Long I've Kissed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Long_I%27ve_Kissed"},{"link_name":"Yanbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ahn Pan-seok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahn_Pan-seok"},{"link_name":"Heard It Through the Grapevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1986, during her fourth year of college, she co-founded the theater company 'Little Shinhwa' with friends from around ten university drama clubs, including Sogang University, Chung-Ang University, and Kookmin University.[6][10] It marked the beginning of her career in theater.[11] They created a theater company with the idea of just doing it for 10 years.[9][12]The theater company's motto is \"With the Heart of Sprinkling a Lantern of Water in the Desert!\".[5] Gil serves as the vice president of 'Little Shinhwa.'[8][13] One notable work by 'Little Shinhwa' is the play 'New Year's Day,' which premiered at the Dongsung Arts Center in 2001. 'New Year's Day' achieved significant recognition, winning the 10th Daesan Literary Award in the play category upon its premiere. It was also selected as one of the BEST3 plays by the Korea Theater Critics Association in 2001 and received the Best Picture, Best Directing (Choi Yong-hoon), and Acting Award (Hong Seong-kyung) at the 2002 Donga Theater Awards.[14]After graduating, she also became an acting lecturer. Since the early 1990s, she has been working with children through children's theater classes.[6]She made her film debut in 2003 with the film If You Were Me.[15]She was featured as DongA Theatre Princess of the Month in December 2010.[16] The 47th Donga Theater Awards took place on January 24, 2011, at the Grand Theater of Daehakro Arts Theater in Daehakro, Seoul. Actress Gil Hae-yeon, known for her role in \"Here Comes Love\" (written by Bae Bong-gi and directed by Shim Jae-chan), received the acting award at the ceremony.[17]In 2011, Gil Hae-yeon was honored with the 'Theater of the Year Award' at the '16th Hiseo Theater Awards'. The awards ceremony took place on December 30 on the 3rd floor of Arko Arts Theater.[18] This year, Gil Hae-yeon appeared in encore such as \"Here Comes Love\", 'Dream within a Dream', and 'New Year's Day', and was praised for creating a deeper character than when she first performed.[19]She made her TV debut in 2012 through director Ahn Pan-seok's series How Long I've Kissed. In the series, she portrayed the character Ha Seom-jin, a Korean-Chinese domestic helper. Her realistic acting in the role received praise, as she convincingly portrayed a native Yanbian. After that, her collaboration with Director Ahn continued. In the following years, she worked on one drama each year, including \"The End of the World,\" \"Secret Affair,\" and \"Heard It Through the Grapevine.[6]In 2013, She joins forces with Lee Ho-jae and Kim Young-pil (Theater Company Alleyway) in the Strindberg's play Creditors. which commences on the 10th at the small theater of Arko Arts Theater in Daehakro. The Creditors is a poignant work reflecting the writer's personal experience of an unhappy marriage and his misogynistic beliefs. This tragicomedy follows Gustav (portrayed by Lee Ho-jae), a scholarly ex-husband who seeks revenge against his unfaithful wife, Thekla, and her new husband, the painter Adolf (played by Kim Young-pil), employing his cunning wit and eloquence. The play has been translated by Seong Su-jeong and embellished by Dong Lee-hyang.[20]Gil made her mark in 2015 when she appeared in director Ahn Pan-seok's drama Heard It Through the Grapevine. Her role as Yang Jae-hwa, the secretary to Han Jeong-ho (played by Yoo Jun-sang), resonated with viewers and left a lasting impression.[6]She left a deep impression by portraying the roles of Son Ye-jin and Han Ji-min's mother in director Ahn Pan-seok's dramas \"Something in the Rain\" and \"Spring Night,\" respectively. In \"Something in the Rain,\" she portrayed a snobbish and obnoxious villain, while in \"Spring Night,\" she exhibited respect for her daughters' decisions, showcasing a contrasting character portrayal.[21]In 2023, Gil was cast in director Bae Doo-ri's independent film \"Dolphin\" alongside Kwon Yuri. Since its premiere at the Jeonju International Film Festival, the film has garnered attention as it was invited to prominent domestic and international film festivals, including the Seoul Independent Film Festival, the Muju Mountain Film Festival, and the Vancouver Asian Film Festival in Canada.[22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"myocardial infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"Gil married Cho Won-ho, a fellow founding member of the theater group Little Shinhwa, and they had a son. Unfortunately, Gil's husband suddenly passed away in 2007 due to a myocardial infarction.[23][24] She became a single mother to her son, who was still in middle school and dealing with an illness. She remained busy with five or six theater appearances, working as a college lecturer, and conducting acting lessons every year. As a result, she earned the nickname \"Guillery,\" a portmanteau of her surname and \"Hillary.\" This nickname reflected the perception that she was even busier than Hillary Clinton.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theater"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"Dong-A Theater Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dong-A_Theater_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EA%B7%B9%EC%83%81"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"Lee Hae-rang Theater Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Hae-rang_Theater_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4%EB%9E%91%EC%97%B0%EA%B7%B9%EC%83%81"},{"link_name":"Lee Hae-rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Hae-rang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4%EB%9E%91"}],"text":"^ The Dong-A Theater Awards [ko] (동아연극상) established in 1964 to expand and develop the base of Korean theater, have contributed to the revitalization of Korean theater by selecting and awarding performers, theater troupes and organizations that have performed outstandingly every year.\n\n^ The Hi-seo Theater Awards (히서연극상) was established in 1996 by theatre critic Gu Hee-seo (구히서) (1939 to 2019). In 1996, the first year started with the Theatre of the Year Award. Since 1997, two winners were selected, one each for The Theater Man of the Year and The Theatre Award. Winners were given plaques and prizes funded from The Metaa wine party auction that takes place a month before the awards ceremony. The last award ceremony was in 2015.[96]\n\n^ The Lee Hae-rang Theater Award [ko] was established by the Lee Hae-rang Theater Foundation to commemorate the Lee Hae-rang [ko], a pioneer in the Korean theater industry.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Nadilo, Sebastien. \"Alive Wins Grand Prize Award at The 3rd Korean Wildflowers Film Awards Korea – Winners 2016\". Asianmoviepulse.com. Retrieved 2016-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://asianmoviepulse.com/2016/04/alive-wins-grand-prize-award-3rd-korean-wildflowers-film-awards-korea-winners-2016/","url_text":"\"Alive Wins Grand Prize Award at The 3rd Korean Wildflowers Film Awards Korea – Winners 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Jeong, Sang-young (2013-05-09). \"\"섹시하지 않은데, 팜파탈이라니\" 호호\" [She’s not sexy, but she’s a femme fatale]. “섹시하지 않은데, 팜파탈이라니” 호호 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/music/586725.html","url_text":"\"\"섹시하지 않은데, 팜파탈이라니\" 호호\""}]},{"reference":"\"[당신의 리스트] 배우 길해연의 아이와 함께 읽을 만한 어린이책 5\" [[Your List] 5 Children's Books to Read recommended by Actress Gil Hae-yeon]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 2020-07-22. Retrieved 2024-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2017/01/06/2017010602735.html","url_text":"\"[당신의 리스트] 배우 길해연의 아이와 함께 읽을 만한 어린이책 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo","url_text":"The Chosun Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"\"길해연 한국연극인복지재단 이사장 인터뷰 - 서울지방변호사회 회보\" [Interview with Gil Hae-yeon, Chairman of the Korea Theatre Welfare Foundation - Seoul Regional Bar Association]. news.seoulbar.or.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.seoulbar.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=2285","url_text":"\"길해연 한국연극인복지재단 이사장 인터뷰 - 서울지방변호사회 회보\""}]},{"reference":"Won, Jun-hee; No, Jung-yeon (2015-12-01). \"지금, 우리 곁에 길해연\" [Now, Gil Hae-yeon by our side]. Lady Kyunghyang (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://lady.khan.co.kr/entertainment/article/201512021700001","url_text":"\"지금, 우리 곁에 길해연\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Kyunghyang","url_text":"Lady Kyunghyang"}]},{"reference":"\"[제25회 이해랑 연극상] '배우 노릇 계속하라'는 자격증 받은 것 같아요\" [[The 25th Lee Hae-rang Theatre Award] I think I got a certificate of 'Continue to be an actor'.]. art.chosun.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://art.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/04/09/2015040900407.html","url_text":"\"[제25회 이해랑 연극상] '배우 노릇 계속하라'는 자격증 받은 것 같아요\""}]},{"reference":"\"[인터뷰] '미저리' 길해연, '연기 연금술사'의 뜨거웠던 여름\" [[Interview] 'Mizuri' Gil Hae-yeon, the hot summer of 'Acting Alchemist']. 싱글리스트 (in Korean). 2019-08-24. 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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissus_verticillata
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Cissus verticillata
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Folk medicine","3 History and naming","4 References"]
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Species of plant
Cissus verticillata
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Vitales
Family:
Vitaceae
Genus:
Cissus
Species:
C. verticillata
Binomial name
Cissus verticillata(L.) Nicolson & C.E.Jarvis
Synonyms
see text
Cissus verticillata, the princess vine or seasonvine, is an evergreen perennial vine in the grapevine family Vitaceae.
Taxonomy
A large number of names have been synonymized to this species; currently 72 synonyms are recognized.
Folk medicine
Historical folk medicine recommendations include "weakness of the stomach", fevers and antiepileptic action. The root bark was also chewed "to strengthen teeth".
History and naming
Cissus verticillata (= C. sicyoides) was discovered in 1571 in Mexico (probably in what is today the state of Michoacán) and first described in 1574 by Nicolás Monardes who named in Spanish Carlo Sancto. In Europe the plant was compared to hop (Humulus lupulus L.) so it was named by Caspar Bauhin Lupulus Mechiocanus (which means "hop of Michoacán"). The roots of Cissus verticillata were exported to Europe as a medicinal stock. The last certain reports that this medicinal stock was present in European market originate from the decline of the 18th century
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cissus verticillata.
^ Bárrios, S.; Copeland, A. (2021). "Cissus verticillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T170649642A192151185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T170649642A192151185.en. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ "Cissus verticillata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Cissus verticillata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
^ "Cissus verticillata subsp. verticillata". Plants of the World Online.
^ a b Drobnik, J.; de Oliveira, A. B. (2015). "Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis (Vitaceae): its identification and usage in the sources from 16th to 19th century". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 171: 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.003. PMID 26074377.
Taxon identifiersCissus verticillata
Wikidata: Q2714097
Wikispecies: Cissus verticillata
AoFP: 2791
BOLD: 294504
CoL: VL5J
EoL: 488313
EPPO: CIBSI
FNA: 242434442
GBIF: 3039173
GRIN: 310369
iNaturalist: 160646
IPNI: 274684-2
IRMNG: 11427484
ITIS: 501557
IUCN: 170649642
NatureServe: 2.150685
NCBI: 289665
Observation.org: 198616
Open Tree of Life: 578906
Plant List: kew-2723104
PLANTS: CIVE3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:980361-1
Tropicos: 34000931
WFO: wfo-0000607033
Viscum verticillatum
Wikidata: Q21877738
GBIF: 4068812
GRIN: 435211
iNaturalist: 286636
IPNI: 286965-2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286965-2
Tropicos: 19101654
WFO: wfo-0000424434
This Vitaceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Starr_060810-8539_Cissus_verticillata.jpg/220px-Starr_060810-8539_Cissus_verticillata.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bárrios, S.; Copeland, A. (2021). \"Cissus verticillata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T170649642A192151185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T170649642A192151185.en. Retrieved 13 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170649642/192151185","url_text":"\"Cissus verticillata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T170649642A192151185.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T170649642A192151185.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Cissus verticillata\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310369","url_text":"\"Cissus verticillata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Cissus verticillata\". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CIVE3","url_text":"\"Cissus verticillata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cissus verticillata subsp. verticillata\". Plants of the World Online.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77228002-1","url_text":"\"Cissus verticillata subsp. verticillata\""}]},{"reference":"Drobnik, J.; de Oliveira, A. B. (2015). \"Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis (Vitaceae): its identification and usage in the sources from 16th to 19th century\". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 171: 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.003. PMID 26074377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2015.06.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074377","url_text":"26074377"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/170649642/192151185","external_links_name":"\"Cissus verticillata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T170649642A192151185.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T170649642A192151185.en"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310369","external_links_name":"\"Cissus verticillata\""},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CIVE3","external_links_name":"\"Cissus verticillata\""},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77228002-1","external_links_name":"\"Cissus verticillata subsp. verticillata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2015.06.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.003"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074377","external_links_name":"26074377"},{"Link":"https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2791","external_links_name":"2791"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=294504","external_links_name":"294504"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/VL5J","external_links_name":"VL5J"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/488313","external_links_name":"488313"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CIBSI","external_links_name":"CIBSI"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242434442","external_links_name":"242434442"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3039173","external_links_name":"3039173"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310369","external_links_name":"310369"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/160646","external_links_name":"160646"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/274684-2","external_links_name":"274684-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11427484","external_links_name":"11427484"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=501557","external_links_name":"501557"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/170649642","external_links_name":"170649642"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.150685/","external_links_name":"2.150685"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=289665","external_links_name":"289665"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/198616/","external_links_name":"198616"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=578906","external_links_name":"578906"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2723104","external_links_name":"kew-2723104"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CIVE3","external_links_name":"CIVE3"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A980361-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:980361-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/34000931","external_links_name":"34000931"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000607033","external_links_name":"wfo-0000607033"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4068812","external_links_name":"4068812"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=435211","external_links_name":"435211"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/286636","external_links_name":"286636"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/286965-2","external_links_name":"286965-2"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A286965-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286965-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/19101654","external_links_name":"19101654"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000424434","external_links_name":"wfo-0000424434"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cissus_verticillata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_forrestii
|
Carex forrestii
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Species of sedge
Carex forrestii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Cyperaceae
Genus:
Carex
Species:
C. forrestii
Binomial name
Carex forrestiiKük., 1913
Carex forrestii is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Asia.
See also
List of Carex species
References
^ "Carex forrestii Kük". Kew Science – Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
Taxon identifiersCarex forrestii
Wikidata: Q10898522
CoL: R9B6
EoL: 1124421
FNA: 250095494
FoC: 250095494
GBIF: 2729102
iNaturalist: 637001
IPNI: 299810-1
NCBI: 2753266
Open Tree of Life: 3958158
Plant List: kew-226712
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:299810-1
Tropicos: 9910573
WFO: wfo-0000346799
This Cyperaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tussock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunch_grass"},{"link_name":"Cyperaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kew-1"}],"text":"Carex forrestii is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Asia.[1]","title":"Carex forrestii"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Carex species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Carex_species"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Carex forrestii Kük\". Kew Science – Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:299810-1","url_text":"\"Carex forrestii Kük\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:299810-1","external_links_name":"\"Carex forrestii Kük\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/R9B6","external_links_name":"R9B6"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1124421","external_links_name":"1124421"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250095494","external_links_name":"250095494"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250095494","external_links_name":"250095494"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2729102","external_links_name":"2729102"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/637001","external_links_name":"637001"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/299810-1","external_links_name":"299810-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2753266","external_links_name":"2753266"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3958158","external_links_name":"3958158"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-226712","external_links_name":"kew-226712"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A299810-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:299810-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/9910573","external_links_name":"9910573"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000346799","external_links_name":"wfo-0000346799"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carex_forrestii&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendelsham
|
Rendelsham, South Australia
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°32′59″S 140°13′28″E / 37.54973°S 140.22443°E / -37.54973; 140.22443
Town in South AustraliaRendelshamSouth AustraliaHouse at RendelshamRendelshamCoordinates37°32′59″S 140°13′28″E / 37.54973°S 140.22443°E / -37.54973; 140.22443Population229 (SAL 2021)Established22 January 1880 (town)23 February 1995 (locality)Postcode(s)5280Elevation16 m (52 ft)(railway station)Time zoneACST (UTC+9:30) • Summer (DST)ACST (UTC+10:30)Location 392 km (244 mi) SE of Adelaide 63 km (39 mi) NW of Mount Gambier 13 km (8 mi) NW of Millicent LGA(s)Wattle Range CouncilRegionLimestone CoastCountyGreyState electorate(s)MacKillopFederal division(s)Barker
Localities around Rendelsham:
BeachportMagarey
Thornlea
Hatherleigh
Southend
Rendelsham
Canunda
Millicent
FootnotesAdjoining localities
Rendelsham is a town in the south-east of South Australia, 392 kilometres (244 mi) south east of the state capital, Adelaide. It is on the Southern Ports Highway between Beachport and Millicent.
Rendelsham was also on the narrow-gauge railway between Beachport and Mount Gambier from its opening in 1878 until 1957. When part of the line was converted to broad gauge, the part between Millicent and Beachport was decommissioned instead of converted, removing railway service from Rendelsham.
Rendelsham is located within the federal division of Barker, the state Electoral district of MacKillop and the local government area of the Wattle Range Council.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Search results for 'Rendelsham, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Land Development Plan Zone Categories' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Rendelsham (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ "Search results for 'Rendelsham Railway Station' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns' and 'Gazetteer'". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ a b "District of MacKillop Background Profile". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ a b "Federal electoral division of Barker" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rendelsham, South Australia.
vteTowns and localities of the Wattle Range Council
Beachport
Bool Lagoon
Bray (part)
Burrungule
Canunda
Clay Wells (part)
Comaum
Coonawarra
Furner
German Flat
Glencoe
Glenroy
Hatherleigh
Kalangadoo
Kangaroo Inn (part)
Koorine
Krongart
Maaoupe
Magarey
Millicent
Moerlong
Mount Burr
Mount McIntyre
Monbulla
Nora Creina (part)
Nangwarry
Penola
Rendelsham
Rocky Camp
Sebastopol
Short
Southend
Tantanoola (part)
Thornlea
Wattle Range
Wattle Range East
Wepar
Former localities
Trihi
vteLimestone Coast, South AustraliaCities
Mount Gambier
Towns and localities
Allendale East
Beachport
Bordertown
Cape Jaffa
Carpenter Rocks
Coonawarra
Donovans
Furner
Glencoe
Greenways
Kalangadoo
Kingston SE
Keith
Kongorong
Lucindale
Millicent
Moorak
Mount Benson
Mount Burr
Mundulla
Nangwarry
Naracoorte
OB Flat
Padthaway
Penola
Port MacDonnell
Rendelsham
Robe
Southend
Tantanoola
Tarpeena
Wandilo
Wolseley
Wrattonbully
Yahl
GovernanceFederal division
Division of Barker
State electoral districts
Electoral district of MacKillop
Electoral district of Mount Gambier
Local Government
City of Mount Gambier
District Council of Grant
District Council of Robe
Kingston District Council
Naracoorte Lucindale Council
Tatiara District Council
Wattle Range Council
Hills, mountains and volcanoes
Mount Benson
Mount Gambier
Mount Schank
Caves, sinkholes and freshwater lakes
Blanche Cave
Blue Lake
Cave Gardens
Engelbrecht
Ewens Ponds
Fossil Cave
Lake Bonney SE
Little Blue Lake
Piccaninnie Ponds
Valley Lake
Islands
Baudin Rocks
Penguin
Coastal features
Cape Banks
Cape Jaffa
Cape Northumberland
Discovery Bay (part only)
Guichen Bay
Lacepede Bay
Margaret Brock Reef
Rivoli Bay
Protected areasNational parks
Canunda
Coorong (southern end only)
Naracoorte Caves
Conservation parks
Aberdour
Baudin Rocks
Bangham
Beachport
Belt Hill
Big Heath
Butchers Gap
Calectasia
Carpenter Rocks
Christmas Rocks
Custon
Desert Camp
Dingley Dell
Douglas Point
Ewens Ponds
Fairview
Furner
Geegeela
Glen Roy
Gower
Grass Tree
Guichen Bay
Gum Lagoon
Hacks Lagoon
Hanson Scrub
Jip Jip
Kungari
Lake Frome
Lake Hawdon South
Lake St Clair
Little Dip
Lower Glenelg River
Mary Seymour
Mount Monster
Mount Scott
Mullinger Swamp
Nene Valley
Ngarkat
Padthaway
Paranki Lagoon
Penambol
Penguin Island
Penola
Piccaninnie Ponds
Pine Hill Soak
Reedy Creek
Talapar
Tantanoola Caves
Telford Scrub
Tilley Swamp
Vivigani Ardune
Woakwine
Wolseley Common
Game reserves
Bool Lagoon
Bucks Lake
Lake Robe
Poocher Swamp
Conservation reserves
Desert Camp
Bernouilli
Hardings Springs
Marine parks
Upper South East
Lower South East
Related and uncategorised
Limestone Coast zone
Coonawarra
Mount Benson
Mount Gambier
Robe
Padthaway
Wrattonbully
This South Australia geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Rendelsham, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Land Development Plan Zone Categories' and 'Gazetteer'\". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Rendelsham, LOCB' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions', 'Land Development Plan Zone Categories' and 'Gazetteer'\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Rendelsham (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL41247","url_text":"\"Rendelsham (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Rendelsham Railway Station' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns' and 'Gazetteer'\". Location SA Map Viewer. Government of South Australia. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Rendelsham Railway Station' with the following datasets being selected – 'Suburbs and Localities', 'Government Towns' and 'Gazetteer'\""}]},{"reference":"\"District of MacKillop Background Profile\". Electoral Commission SA. Retrieved 29 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=564&Itemid=0","url_text":"\"District of MacKillop Background Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal electoral division of Barker\" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-barker.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal electoral division of Barker\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhar_Menon
|
Sekhar Menon
|
["1 Personal life","2 Acting career","3 DJ","4 Filmography","4.1 As actor","5 Discography","6 References"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sekhar Menon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sekhar MenonBornChandrasekhar R16 June 1983 (1983-06-16) (age 40)Kochi, Kerala, IndiaNationalityIndianOther namesDJ Sekhar Menon,CitizenshipIndiaOccupation(s)actor, Music Composer, Disc JockeyYears active2009;2012 - presentSpouseMayaChildrenKaamaakhya, MaathangiParent(s)C Radhakrishnan, Ambika Devi
Sekhar Menon (born 16 June 1983) is an Indian musical artist and actor primarily working in Malayalam cinema. He is a well known disc jockey, having deejayed at over 500 stages, mainly in Kerala .
Personal life
Sekhar has a degree in Sound Engineering from Chennai. He married Maya on 16 January 2008 and have a daughter named Kaamaakhya born in March 2013.
He also has another daughter named Maathangi born in Aug 2017. He currently resides in Eroor, Tripunitura with his mother, wife & children.
Acting career
Sekhar made his debut in acting in 2012, in the Aashiq Abu movie, Da Thadiya, as the lead. He was the main antagonist in 2014 movie Gangster. He also appeared in notable roles in few other movies.
DJ
Sekhar started off Deejaying in a small pub called Formula 1 in 2001, which was his first full-time job as a DJ. But since 1998, Sekhar had been an ardent fan of funk, hip-hop, house, soul and R&B, genres that weren't very popular commercially. He also watched the top guys in the business with keen interest. "I used to attend all the gigs of veterans Johnson, Vishnu, Suraj and Jakes," Sekhar says. It was not easy to get music, yet Sekhar did his homework. Hours of research in net cafes, listening to different kinds of stuff being played, calling up friends abroad who helped him keep international trends kept him updated. He has played at all the clubs in the city and is currently at Ava Lounge (Dream Hotel). He has never considered migrating to bigger cities which have wilder parties. For the "Kochi boy" loves his hometown, cherishes his visits to the temple and dreams of setting up a sound studio, where he can immerse himself in music production and teach deejaying.
Sekhar has previously worked with Aashiq Abu in his offbeat blockbuster ‘Salt N' Pepper', for which he did the official remix of rock band Avial's track ‘Aanakallan'.
Filmography
As actor
Year
Film
Role
Notes
2009
Ritu
DJ
Debut film,Cameo
2012
Da Thadiya
Luke John Prakash
Debut in Lead role
2013
Kadal Kadannoru Mathukkutty
Solomon
2013
Camel Safari
James Kalarikkal
2013
Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal
Vivek
2013
Bicycle Thieves
Himself
Cameo
2014
Gangster
Anto Pandhare
2014
Beware of Dogs
Omanakkuttan
2015
100 Days of Love
Ummar
2019
Ittymaani: Made in China
Achayan
Cameo
Prathi Poovankozhi
Happymon
Rosamma's fiancée
Discography
Year
Film/Album
Notes
2017
Parava
Background Score(Co-composed with Rex Vijayan, Yakzan Gary Pereira and Neha Nair)
2017
Mayaanadhi
Synths & Co-producer for song Uyirin Nadhiye with Rex Vijayan
2018
Break Journey
Background Score
2019
Nine
Background Score
2020
Kozhi Punk
Music Director
2022
Naaradan
Music Director
03:00 AM
Music Director
Chattambi
Music director
References
^ a b "DJ Sekhar Menon in Aashiq Abu's next - Times of India". articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
^ https://www.facebook.com/chandrasekhar.sekharmenon/info
^ Article title
^ "People have not made fun of me because I'm fat: Sekhar Menon - Times of India". articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ George, Vijay (20 September 2012). "Big on romance". The Hindu.
^ "03:00 AM | Salim Kumar | Lukman Avaran | Sekhar Menon | Muhsin Parari". YouTube.
This article about an Indian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside_Church_(Sacramento_region)
|
Bayside Church (Sacramento region)
|
["1 History","2 Programs","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 38°44′51″N 121°13′30″W / 38.7476°N 121.225°W / 38.7476; -121.225Family of churches in Granite Bay, California and nearby Sacramento metropolitan area cities
Bayside Church, formally known as Bayside Covenant Church, is a family of churches and venues centered on its primary campus in Granite Bay, California, United States, which is referred to as the Granite Bay campus. The church is led by Senior Pastor Ray Johnston, Teaching Pastor Curt Harlow and Andrew McCourt. John Jackson, the former executive pastor at Bayside, became the president of William Jessup University on March 23, 2011. Bayside is one of the largest churches in the Sacramento metropolitan area. It is affiliated with the Evangelical Covenant Church.
History
Bayside traces its informal beginnings to 1994, following the suicides of a few local teenagers. Worried that the community didn’t have resources available to serve troubled youth, a group of parents joined together to pray for help. The group soon increased to 164 people and moved to the Granite Bay Tennis Club. An elementary school and high school also housed parishioners before Bayside Church built a permanent facility on 34.6 acres of land on Sierra College Boulevard in 2004.
Sherwood Carthen, founding pastor of Bayside of South Sacramento (January 1, 2005) and chaplain of the Sacramento Kings, died suddenly on September 25, 2013.
In an event called CPR Saturday, American Red Cross volunteers gave cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) lessons for free at Bayside, where completion of the program granted an American Red Cross CPR year-long certification. Nearly 500 people were expected to attend.
Between April and May 2010, the church hosted an exhibit including portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls that were obtained by Azusa Pacific University in 2009, as well as historical Bibles and other Christian works.
Bayside hosted over one thousand worship leaders, musicians, songwriters, pastors, technicians, and artists at the Thriving Musician Summit in mid-September 2010. The church featured artists Matt Redman, Paul Baloche, Lincoln Brewster, and Phil Keaggy.
Bayside rented the Power Balance Pavilion during the Easter of 2011, attracting a crowd of 17,000 people.
Bayside collaborated with local businesses, to raise money for the relief effort involved with alleviating the devastation caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
Programs
Bayside has a ministry that caters to special-needs children.
Every year, Bayside hosts a several week-long festival for children called Breakaway. The day camp's activities, which include water games and arts and crafts, attracts around 4,000 children annually.
Bayside's High School Ministry is called Unleashed at the Granite Bay campus, which meets on Wednesday nights. Bayside's Outreach organizes trip to impoverished areas of the Mexicali region of Baja California every year during Spring Break on a mission trip. On the 2014 trip, 1,200 teenagers and adults were involved. The team recorded a YouTube video of the trip called "Mexico 2014 (We're Going Down)".
Every month, Bayside sends twenty volunteers to have a picnic at the Serna Village, an apartment complex that supports dozens of otherwise-homeless families.
References
^ a b
Toby Lewis (2011). "Bayside Church to hold services at Power Balance Pavilion". The Press Tribune. Gold Country Media. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Laurel Rosenhall (11 March 2011). "Jessup University names pastor as new president". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Jennifer Garza (21 February 2005). "New boss at BOSS". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
^ "Bayside Church celebrates its 15th anniversary". Press Tribune. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
^ "Bayside Pastor Sherwood Carthen Dies". Covenant Companion Magazine. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
^
Linda Beymer (14 February 2011). "'CPR Saturday' to draw as many as 500". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Chris Macias (11 April 2010). "DEAD SEA SCROLLS - Religious history comes to vibrant life at Granite Bay exhibit - LEGENDARY JEWISH TEXTS, HISTORICAL BIBLES DRAW CROWDS TO BAYSIDE CHURCH". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Queenie Wong (16 September 2011). "Christian music summit in Roseville". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
"Mikuni's And Roseville Church Unite To Raise Money For Japan". Local News. KCRA-TV. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Jennifer Garza (11 May 2010). "With open arms - Churches step up services for special-needs families". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Jennifer Garza (26 May 2010). "Donations will pay the way for special-needs campers". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
"Students – Senior High – Bayside Church". Bayside Student Ministries. Bayside Church at Granite Bay. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Cynthia Hubert (17 March 2010). "BORDER CRIME - Safety worries over Mexico travel - REPORTS OF VIOLENCE PUT CHARITY GROUPS, VACATIONERS ON GUARD". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^
Stuart Leavenworth (2 December 2007). "Rising from the streets - Serna Village offers successful piece to Sacramento's homeless puzzle". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
External links
Bayside Online
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Granite Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_Bay,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EasterAtArco-1"},{"link_name":"William Jessup University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jessup_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SacBeeJessup-2"},{"link_name":"Sacramento metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOSSinTown-3"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Covenant Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Covenant_Church"}],"text":"Family of churches in Granite Bay, California and nearby Sacramento metropolitan area citiesBayside Church, formally known as Bayside Covenant Church, is a family of churches and venues centered on its primary campus in Granite Bay, California, United States, which is referred to as the Granite Bay campus. The church is led by Senior Pastor Ray Johnston, Teaching Pastor Curt Harlow and Andrew McCourt.[1] John Jackson, the former executive pastor at Bayside, became the president of William Jessup University on March 23, 2011.[2] Bayside is one of the largest churches in the Sacramento metropolitan area.[3] It is affiliated with the Evangelical Covenant Church.","title":"Bayside Church (Sacramento region)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Kings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"cardiopulmonary resuscitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPRSaturday-6"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Azusa Pacific University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa_Pacific_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSS-7"},{"link_name":"Matt Redman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Redman"},{"link_name":"Paul Baloche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baloche"},{"link_name":"Phil Keaggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Keaggy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMS-8"},{"link_name":"Power Balance Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Balance_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EasterAtArco-1"},{"link_name":"2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mikunis-9"}],"text":"Bayside traces its informal beginnings to 1994, following the suicides of a few local teenagers. Worried that the community didn’t have resources available to serve troubled youth, a group of parents joined together to pray for help. The group soon increased to 164 people and moved to the Granite Bay Tennis Club. An elementary school and high school also housed parishioners before Bayside Church built a permanent facility on 34.6 acres of land on Sierra College Boulevard in 2004.[4]Sherwood Carthen, founding pastor of Bayside of South Sacramento (January 1, 2005) and chaplain of the Sacramento Kings, died suddenly on September 25, 2013.[5]In an event called CPR Saturday, American Red Cross volunteers gave cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) lessons for free at Bayside, where completion of the program granted an American Red Cross CPR year-long certification. Nearly 500 people were expected to attend.[6]Between April and May 2010, the church hosted an exhibit including portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls that were obtained by Azusa Pacific University in 2009, as well as historical Bibles and other Christian works.[7]Bayside hosted over one thousand worship leaders, musicians, songwriters, pastors, technicians, and artists at the Thriving Musician Summit in mid-September 2010. The church featured artists Matt Redman, Paul Baloche, Lincoln Brewster, and Phil Keaggy.[8]Bayside rented the Power Balance Pavilion during the Easter of 2011, attracting a crowd of 17,000 people.[1]Bayside collaborated with local businesses, to raise money for the relief effort involved with alleviating the devastation caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SpecialNeeds-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNCampers-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheBridge-12"},{"link_name":"Mexicali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"mission trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_mission"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flexicali-13"},{"link_name":"Serna Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serna_Village&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serna-14"}],"text":"Bayside has a ministry that caters to special-needs children.[10]Every year, Bayside hosts a several week-long festival for children called Breakaway. The day camp's activities, which include water games and arts and crafts, attracts around 4,000 children annually.[11]Bayside's High School Ministry is called Unleashed at the Granite Bay campus, which meets on Wednesday nights.[12] Bayside's Outreach organizes trip to impoverished areas of the Mexicali region of Baja California every year during Spring Break on a mission trip. On the 2014 trip, 1,200 teenagers and adults were involved. The team recorded a YouTube video of the trip called \"Mexico 2014 (We're Going Down)\".[13]Every month, Bayside sends twenty volunteers to have a picnic at the Serna Village, an apartment complex that supports dozens of otherwise-homeless families.[14]","title":"Programs"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 19 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1083E34BF1EBF196&p_docnum=97&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"New boss at BOSS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"Bayside Church celebrates its 15th anniversary\". Press Tribune. Retrieved 2015-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepresstribune.com/article/bayside-church-celebrates-its-15th-anniversary","url_text":"\"Bayside Church celebrates its 15th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bayside Pastor Sherwood Carthen Dies\". Covenant Companion Magazine. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2015-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://covenantcompanion.com/2013/09/25/bayside-pastor-sherwood-carthen-dies/","url_text":"\"Bayside Pastor Sherwood Carthen Dies\""}]},{"reference":"Linda Beymer (14 February 2011). \"'CPR Saturday' to draw as many as 500\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11ED483B31926A18&p_docnum=45&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"'CPR Saturday' to draw as many as 500\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"Chris Macias (11 April 2010). \"DEAD SEA SCROLLS - Religious history comes to vibrant life at Granite Bay exhibit - LEGENDARY JEWISH TEXTS, HISTORICAL BIBLES DRAW CROWDS TO BAYSIDE CHURCH\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=12F0C04A09972F58&p_docnum=15&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"DEAD SEA SCROLLS - Religious history comes to vibrant life at Granite Bay exhibit - LEGENDARY JEWISH TEXTS, HISTORICAL BIBLES DRAW CROWDS TO BAYSIDE CHURCH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"Queenie Wong (16 September 2011). \"Christian music summit in Roseville\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1324B523E8102638&p_docnum=6&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"Christian music summit in Roseville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"Mikuni's And Roseville Church Unite To Raise Money For Japan\". Local News. KCRA-TV. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320063709/http://www.kcra.com/news/27370402/detail.html","url_text":"\"Mikuni's And Roseville Church Unite To Raise Money For Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCRA-TV","url_text":"KCRA-TV"},{"url":"http://www.kcra.com/news/27370402/detail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Garza (11 May 2010). \"With open arms - Churches step up services for special-needs families\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=13011D1E48579308&p_docnum=11&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"With open arms - Churches step up services for special-needs families\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"Jennifer Garza (26 May 2010). \"Donations will pay the way for special-needs campers\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=12FF78A0B16E9250&p_docnum=1&p_queryname=2","url_text":"\"Donations will pay the way for special-needs campers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"Students – Senior High – Bayside Church\". Bayside Student Ministries. Bayside Church at Granite Bay. 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110425230713/http://www.baysideonline.com/students/thebridge/","url_text":"\"Students – Senior High – Bayside Church\""},{"url":"http://www.baysideonline.com/students/thebridge/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cynthia Hubert (17 March 2010). \"BORDER CRIME - Safety worries over Mexico travel - REPORTS OF VIOLENCE PUT CHARITY GROUPS, VACATIONERS ON GUARD\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=12E86A0B38777D78&p_docnum=18&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"BORDER CRIME - Safety worries over Mexico travel - REPORTS OF VIOLENCE PUT CHARITY GROUPS, VACATIONERS ON GUARD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"Stuart Leavenworth (2 December 2007). \"Rising from the streets - Serna Village offers successful piece to Sacramento's homeless puzzle\". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 18 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=11D4E3FF38F129E8&p_docnum=48&p_queryname=1","url_text":"\"Rising from the streets - Serna Village offers successful piece to Sacramento's homeless puzzle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"Sacramento Bee"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)
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Hariharan (singer)
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["1 Early life & education","2 Career","2.1 Film career","2.2 Ghazals","2.3 Colonial Cousins","2.4 Recent years","3 Major awards","4 Television","5 Discography","6 Featured albums","7 References","8 External links"]
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Indian playback singer
This article is about Indian playback singer. For other people, see Hariharan (disambiguation).
HariharanHariharan in February 2014BornHariharan Anantha Subramani (1955-04-03) 3 April 1955 (age 69)Trivandrum, Travancore–Cochin, IndiaOccupationPlayback singerYears active1977–presentHonoursPadma Shri (2004)Kalaimamani (2005)Musical careerGenres
Indian classical music
Indian devotional songs
Playback singing
Filmi
Ghazal
Instrument(s)Vocals, harmonium
Musical artist
Hariharan Anantha Subramani (born 3 April 1955) is an Indian playback, bhajan and ghazal singer who predominantly sings in Tamil, Hindi and Telugu languages. He has also sung over 15,000 notable songs in 10 languages including Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Sinhala, Bhojpuri, Odia, Bengali, Sanskrit, Gujarati and English. He is an established ghazal singer and one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music.
In 2004, he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India and is a two-time National Award winner. Hariharan, associating with Lesle Lewis, formed the duo Colonial Cousins. They have cut many private music albums and also scored music for few feature films in Tamil and Hindi. In 1992, Hariharan and late Gulshan Kumar's Hanuman Chalisa recorded under the label of T-Series crossed the 3-billion views mark on YouTube, making it the first devotional song in the world to do so.
Early life & education
Hariharan was born to classical musicians H. A. S. Mani and Alamelu Mani. H. A. S. Mani – he was affectionately called Chellamani – groomed many Carnatic singers in Mumbai where he died in his early 40s due to cardiac arrest in 1963. His mother Alamelu Mani (born 1935) has had a long career as Carnatic vocalist and a distinguished teacher, and was honoured with the title Sangeeta Pracharya in 2019.
Hariharan did his schooling at Don Bosco High School, Matunga. He then graduated from SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai. Thereafter he pursued his studies at the St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.
Career
Further information: Hariharan discography
Film career
Hariharan performing at A R Rahman's concert, Sydney (2010)
At the start of his career, Hariharan did the concert circuit and also performed on TV. He sang for a number of TV serials (e.g., Junoon). In 1977, he won the top prize in the "All India Sur Singaar Competition" and was promptly signed on by the late music director Jaidev to sing for his new Hindi film Gaman (1978). His debut song "Ajeeb Sa Neha Mujh Par Guzar Gaya Yaaron" in that movie became such a hit that it won him an Uttar Pradesh State Film Award, as well as a National Award nomination.
Hariharan entered the world of Tamil films in 1992 introduced by debutant music director A. R. Rahman with the patriotic song "Thamizha Thamizha" in Maniratnam's film Roja. He was judged best male playback singer in the 1995 Tamil Nadu State Government Film Awards for his soulful rendition of the song "Uyire Uyire" also by music director A. R. Rahman in Maniratnam's Bombay (Hariharan sang the song with K. S. Chithra). Hariharan has been one of the most trusted singers of Rahman and has sung many songs for him in long list of movies that includes Muthu, Minsara Kanavu, Jeans, Indian, Mudhalvan, Taal, Rangeela, Indira, Iruvar, Anbe Aaruyire, Kangalal Kaithu Sei, Sivaji, Alaipayuthey, Kannathil Muthamittal, Guru, Enthiran etc. He composed music for the Indo Polish FilmNo Means No. In 1998, Hariharan won the national award for the best playback singer for the soulful rendition of the song "Mere Dushman Mere Bhai" from the Hindi movie Border, composed by Anu Malik. Hariharan got another National Award for the Marathi song "Jiv Rangla" from Jogwa, set to tune by Ajay Atul in the year 2009.
He has sung more than 500 Tamil songs and nearly 200 Hindi songs. He has also sung hundreds of songs in Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Bengali and Odia languages. Hariharan has acted in a Tamil film with Khushbu, Power of Women (2005), and played cameo roles in the Tamil film Boys and the Malayalam film Millennium Stars.
Ghazals
Hariharan is one of the foremost Indian ghazal singers and composers with more than thirty albums to his credit. In his early career, he cut several successful ghazal albums, writing most of the scores himself. One of Hariharan's first ghazal albums was Aabshar-e-Ghazal with Asha Bhosle, which went gold in sales.
Another outstanding ghazal album was Gulfam, which not only hit double platinum in sales but also fetched Hariharan the Diva Award for the Best Album of the Year in 1995.
The other major ghazal albums by him are Hazir (1992), Jashn (1996), Halka Nasha (1996), Paigham (1997), Kaash (2000), and Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang (2005). His live concert recordings, Hariharan in Concert (1990), Saptarishi (1996) and Swar Utsav (2001) were run away successes. His latest ghazal album is Lafzz... (2008). Hariharan worked with tabla maestro Zakir Hussain on his album Hazir.
The album Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang won rave reviews and critical acclaim inside and outside India. A. R. Rahman was an avid listener of his ghazals way before roping him in to sing his first song in Tamil film music, "Thamizha Thamizha", for the film Roja.
Colonial Cousins
Hariharan (left) and Leslie Lewis at the launch of "Once More"
The year 1996 was a career milestone; he formed the band Colonial Cousins with Mumbai-based composer and singer Lesle Lewis. Their first album, Colonial Cousins was a fusion album and was the first Indian act to be featured on MTV Unplugged. It won a string of awards including the MTV Indian Viewers' Choice award and Billboard Award for the Best Asian Music Group.
By this single album, Hariharan established himself as one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music. The next albums by this band were The Way We Do It (1998) and Aatma (2001) but were fairly noticed. Colonial Cousins released their fourth studio album "Once More" on 29 October 2012 under the label Universal. The 2009 Tamil film Modhi Vilayadu had score and soundtrack composed by Colonial Cousins. They also scored the 2010 Tamil film Chikku Bukku.
Recent years
In 2004, he was awarded the Padma Shri and Yesudas Award for his outstanding performance in music.
Hariharan collaborated with Pakistan based band Strings for a track called "Bolo Bolo". He released an album called Destiny with Punjabi/bhangra artist Daler Mehndi.
He coined the terminology "Urdu Blues" with his fairly successful album Kaash which featured musicians like Anandan Sivamani the percussion maestro, Ustad Rashid Mustafa on tabla, Ustad Liyaqat Ali Khan on sitar and Ustad Sultan Khan on sarangi.
He also performed the Swagatham song in the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony held in New Delhi on 3 October.
Hariharan at a concert in Thiruvananthapuram
During 2010–2011, he appeared in a music show in Jaya TV named Hariyudan Naan which was aired every Thursday, Friday and Saturday.
Hariharan collaborated with Sarangan Sriranganathan for "Sruthi" at the Sydney Hill Centre and the Melbourne Robert Blackwood Hall Australia in 2011 He unofficially released ghazal singer Adithya Srinivasan's first international single 'Gham e Duniya' at the Gateway Hotel, Bangalore. In an interview in 2012, he said that he was no longer receiving offers to sing for Bollywood as music composers wanted to experiment with singers from the younger generation.
He was selected as judge for Asianet Star Singer Season 6 programme, a very popular music contest television show for upcoming singers in Malayalam. Hariharan was a part of the 'Royal Stag Barrel Select MTV Unplugged', aired in December 2015.
Major awards
Civilian Awards
2004 – Padma Shri
National Film Awards
1998 – National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer: "Mere Dushman", Border
2009 – National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer: "Jeev Dangla Gungla Rangla", Jogwa
Kerala State Film Awards
2011 – Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer – for the song "Pattu Paaduvaan" in the film Pattinte Palazhi music by Suresh Manimala
Swaralaya-Kairali-Yesudas Award
2004 – for his outstanding contribution to Indian film music
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
2004 – Best Male Playback Singer – for various films
1995 – Best Male Playback Singer – for the song "Koncha Naal" in the film Aasai
Nandi Awards
1999 – Best Male Playback Singer – for the song "Hima Semalloyallo" in the film Annayya
Asianet Film Awards
2012 – Best Male Playback Singer – for Amrithamayi from Snehaveedu
2011 – Best Male Playback Singer – for "Aaro Padunnu" from Katha Thudarunnu
Kalakar Awards
8th Kalakar Awards 2000 – for Best Male Playback Singer
Filmfare Awards South
2011 – Best Male Playback Singer – for "Aaro Padunnu" from Katha Thudarunnu
Vijay Awards
2009 – Best Male Playback Singer – for "Nenjukkul Peithidum" from Vaaranam Aayiram
Television
Reality show as Judge
Year
Title
channel
language
2023
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors (Season 3)
Zee Tamil
Tamil
2019
Surya super singer
Surya TV
Malayalam
2017
Super Star junior 5
Amrita TV
Malayalam
2014
Saregamapa
Zee Bangla
Bengali
2011
Super Star 2
Amrita TV
Malayalam
2010–11
Hariyudan Naan
Jaya TV
Tamil
Discography
Main article: Hariharan discography
Aabshar-e-Ghazal
Aathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad
Colonial Cousins
Dil Aisa Kisi Ne Mera Toda
Dil Ki Baat
Dil Nasheen
Ghazal Ka Mausam
Gulfam
Halka Nasha
Hariharan - Down the Years
Hariharan in Concert
Horizon
Intoxicating Hariharan
Jashn
Kaash
Kuch Door Hamare Saath
Lafzz...
Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang
Magic Moments
Paigham
Qaraar
Reflections
Saptarishi
Swar Utsav
Sukoon
The Great Ghazals
The Very Best of Hariharan Ghazals
Visaal – Ghazals for Connoisseurs
Waqt Par Bolna
Albums by Colonial Cousins
Colonial Cousins – MTV Unplugged
Colonial Cousins – The Way We Do It
Colonial Cousins – Aatma
Modhi Vilayadu (soundtrack album)
Chikku Bukku (soundtrack album)
Colonial Cousins – Once More
Featured albums
Main article: Hariharan discography
Jana Gana Mana – by A. R. Rahman
1995 Meghutam – The Cloud Messenger (Pt. Vishwamohan Bhatt)
2000 Sartaj
2002 Tum Aaye
2004 Dhaani
2008 Tum Jo Mile
2009 Lajwaab – Tribute to Medi Hasan
Asha wali Dhoop
Chand Ke Saath
2011 Hasrat
2011 Sarhadein: Music Beyond Boundaries
2014 JIL (Just In Love): Music By Dr. Kelvin Jeyakanth
References
^ "Hariharan Interview: मैं सौ फीसदी बंबइया हूं! लेकिन विकिपीडिया वाले हैं कि मेरी बात सुनते ही नहीं".
^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
^ ""T-Series' Hanuman Chalisa Crosses 1 Billion Views On Youtube"". NDTV. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ "T-Series' Hanuman Chalisa becomes first devotional song to cross 1 billion views on YouTube". India TV. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
^ "Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer - Page 7 - rasikas.org". Rasikas.org. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ "Our music has a bright future, says doyenne of Carnatic music Alamelu Mani". 16 September 2019.
^ "Notable Alumni | Don Bosco High School". donboscomatunga.com.
^ "Reviews of Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), SIES College of Arts Science and Commerce (SIESCASC), Mumbai". CollegeBol.
^ "Hariharan". SIRAJ. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
^ Although he made his debut a long time ago, Hariharan was first noticed in a duet with Kavita Krishnamurthy in "Hai Mubarak Aaj ka Din" from Boxer (1984), which was composed by R D Burman. Hariharan Archived 26 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Hummaa.com. Retrieved on 1 January 2012.
^ "Life at 50". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "56th National Film Awards, 2008" (PDF). pib.nic.in.
^ a b c d e f "Artist biography: Hariharan" Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Indianmusicinfo.com; retrieved 28 January 2011.
^ "Harmonious synthesis". The Hindu. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "Colonial Cousins to regale Bangaloreans". The Hindu. 23 September 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Colonial Cousins' debut in Tamil". The Hindu. 25 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 July 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "Padma Shri Award recipients list". India.gov.in. Retrieved on 1 January 2012.
^ a b "Swaralaya award for Hariharan". The Hindu. 26 October 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Gee, STRINGS!". The Hindu. 19 June 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2004.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Chords and notes: Destiny". The Hindu. 16 November 2005.
^ "Children welcome CWG guests with Namaste; Hariharan performs". Hindustan Times. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010.
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^ "Don't get offers to sing in Bollywood: Hariharan". The Times of India. November 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hariharan.
Hariharan at IMDb
Sai, Veejay (4 October 2012) Success… on his terms. The Hindu
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Art1950s
Omkarnath Thakur (1955)
Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956)
Sudhir Khastgir (1957)
Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957)
Debaki Bose (1958)
Shambhu Maharaj (1958)
Nargis (1958)
Satyajit Ray (1958)
Devika Rani (1958)
1960s
K. K. Hebbar (1961)
Bismillah Khan (1961)
Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961)
Ashok Kumar (1962)
Mehboob Khan (1963)
Melville de Mellow (1963)
Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964)
Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964)
P. C. Sorcar (1964)
Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965)
V. Nagayya (1965)
Ravishankar Raval (1965)
Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965)
Sivaji Ganesan (1966)
M. F. Husain (1966)
Sumitra Charat Ram (1966)
P. Bhanumathi (1966)
Daji Bhatawadekar (1967)
Vasant Desai (1967)
Siddheshwari Devi (1967)
Mohammed Rafi (1967)
Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967)
Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967)
M. R. Acharekar (1968)
Begum Akhtar (1968)
Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968)
Nikhil Banerjee (1968)
Sunil Dutt (1968)
Durga Khote (1968)
Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968)
Shankar–Jaikishan (1968)
Ayodhya Prasad (1968)
Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968)
N. T. Rama Rao (1968)
Devi Lal Samar (1968)
Vyjayanthimala (1968)
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969)
David Abraham Cheulkar (1969)
N. S. Bendre (1969)
S. D. Burman (1969)
B. Saroja Devi (1969)
Indrani Rahman (1969)
Balraj Sahni (1969)
S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969)
1970s
Sukumar Bose (1970)
Prem Dhawan (1970)
Ratna Fabri (1970)
Gemini Ganesan (1970)
Ritwik Ghatak (1970)
Damayanti Joshi (1970)
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970)
Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970)
Madhaviah Krishnan (1970)
Rajendra Kumar (1970)
Pankaj Mullick (1970)
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970)
Relangi (1970)
Gummadi (1970)
Vijay Raghav Rao (1970)
V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970)
Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970)
K. B. Sundarambal (1970)
Avinash Vyas (1970)
M. Balamuralikrishna (1971)
Sankho Chaudhuri (1971)
Manna Dey (1971)
Tripti Mitra (1971)
Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971)
Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971)
K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971)
Shanta Rao (1971)
Ravi (1971)
Sahir Ludhianvi (1971)
Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971)
Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972)
Girija Devi (1972)
Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972)
Sunil Janah (1972)
Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972)
Bhimsen Joshi (1972)
Mahendra Kapoor (1972)
Ram Kumar (artist) (1972)
Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972)
Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972)
Samta Prasad (1972)
M. K. Radha (1972)
Raghu Rai (1972)
Krishna Reddy (1972)
Waheeda Rehman (1972)
Juthika Roy (1972)
Suchitra Sen (1972)
Gubbi Veeranna (1972)
Sitara Devi (1973)
T. N. Krishnan (1973)
Kishan Maharaj (1973)
Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973)
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973)
Uma Sharma (1973)
S. G. Thakur Singh (1973)
Kaifi Azmi (1974)
Pushkar Bhan (1974)
Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974)
Bindhyabasini Devi (1974)
Naina Devi (1974)
Girish Karnad (1974)
Shriram Lagoo (1974)
Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974)
Nutan (1974)
M. D. Ramanathan (1974)
Som Nath Sadhu (1974)
Emani Sankara Sastry (1974)
Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974)
Manik Varma (1974)
M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975)
Jasraj (1975)
Amjad Ali Khan (1975)
Gopi Krishna (1975)
Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975)
Basavaraj Rajguru (1975)
Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975)
M. S. Sathyu (1975)
K. G. Subramanyan (1975)
Gitchandra Tongbra (1975)
K. J. Yesudas (1975)
Shyam Benegal (1976)
Raghunath Mohapatra (1976)
Ram Narayan (1976)
K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976)
R. Nagendra Rao (1976)
S. Somasundaram (1976)
Parveen Sultana (1976)
Dhanraj Bhagat (1977)
Bhupen Hazarika (1977)
Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977)
Alla Rakha (1977)
Jehangir Sabavala (1977)
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977)
1980s
B. V. Karanth (1981)
Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981)
Gambhir Singh Mura (1981)
Dashrath Patel (1981)
S. H. Raza (1981)
Padma Subrahmanyam (1981)
Allah Jilai Bai (1982)
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982)
Jabbar Patel (1982)
Virendra Prabhakar (1982)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Gautam Vaghela (1982)
Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983)
Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983)
Nepal Mahata (1983)
Handel Manuel (1983)
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983)
Raghubir Singh (1983)
Sobha Singh (1983)
Habib Tanvir (1983)
Ganga Devi (1984)
Amitabh Bachchan (1984)
Purushottam Das (1984)
Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984)
Bhupen Khakhar (1984)
Ben Kingsley (1984)
Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984)
Roshan Kumari (1984)
Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984)
N. Rajam (1984)
Raja and Radha Reddy (1984)
Nek Chand (1984)
Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984)
Shanti Dave (1985)
Asa Singh Mastana (1985)
Laxman Pai (1985)
Smita Patil (1985)
Palghat R. Raghu (1985)
Naseeruddin Shah (1985)
Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986)
Kanika Banerjee (1986)
Subrata Mitra (1986)
Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986)
Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986)
K. Balachander (1987)
Kumudini Lakhia (1987)
Vijaya Mehta (1987)
N. Ramani (1987)
Aparna Sen (1987)
Naresh Sohal (1987)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Shabana Azmi (1988)
Teejan Bai (1988)
Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988)
Zakir Hussain (1988)
Chindodi Leela (1988)
Sudharani Raghupathy (1988)
Sudarshan Sahoo (1988)
Kudrat Singh (1988)
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988)
Jitendra Abhisheki (1988)
Adyar K. Lakshman (1989)
Haku Shah (1989)
L. Subramaniam (1989)
Ratan Thiyam (1989)
Upendra Trivedi (1989)
1990s
Mohan Agashe (1990)
G. Aravindan (1990)
Prabha Atre (1990)
Asgari Bai (1990)
Gulab Bai (1990)
Balwantrai Bhatt (1990)
Diwaliben Bhil (1990)
Raj Bisaria (1990)
S. M. Ganapathy (1990)
Kamal Haasan (1990)
Bishamber Khanna (1990)
Krishen Khanna (1990)
Allu Ramalingaiah (1990)
Tarun Majumdar (1990)
Madhavi Mudgal (1990)
Om Puri (1990)
Kanak Rele (1990)
Leela Samson (1990)
Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990)
Kapila Vatsyayan (1990)
Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991)
Bharat Gopy (1991)
Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991)
Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991)
Shanno Khurana (1991)
Pratima Barua Pandey (1991)
Manu Parekh (1991)
Shivkumar Sharma (1991)
Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991)
Sharda Sinha (1991)
Alarmel Valli (1991)
Jaya Bachchan (1992)
Pankaj Charan Das (1992)
Biren De (1992)
Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992)
Sabri Khan (1992)
Sunita Kohli (1992)
Madurai N. Krishnan (1992)
Manoj Kumar (1992)
Meera Mukherjee (1992)
Asha Parekh (1992)
Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992)
Bhagaban Sahu (1992)
Anandji Virji Shah (1992)
Kalyanji Virji Shah (Kalyanji-Anandji) (1992)
Sundari K. Shridharani (1992)
Tapan Sinha (1992)
Muthiah Sthapati (1992)
K. Viswanath (1992)
Chitra Visweswaran (1992)
Dipali Barthakur (1998)
Mammootty (1998)
Kunja Bihari Meher (1998)
Krishnarao Sable (1998)
Zohra Sehgal (1998)
K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998)
U. Srinivas (1998)
Javed Akhtar (1999)
Saryu Doshi (1999)
Sulochana Latkar (1999)
Sumati Mutatkar (1999)
Shobha Deepak Singh (1999)
Jagmohan Sursagar (1999)
Ram V. Sutar (1999)
2000s
Kanhai Chitrakar (2000)
Shekhar Kapur (2000)
Hema Malini (2000)
Anjolie Ela Menon (2000)
Shubha Mudgal (2000)
Alyque Padamsee (2000)
A. R. Rahman (2000)
Ramanand Sagar (2000)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001)
Aamir Raza Husain (2001)
Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001)
Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001)
Sunil Kothari (2001)
Nerella Venu Madhav (2001)
Mohanlal (2001)
Shobha Naidu (2001)
D. V. S. Raju (2001)
Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001)
Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001)
Thota Tharani (2001)
W. D. Amaradeva (2002)
Raj Begum (2002)
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002)
Pushpa Bhuyan (2002)
Rajan Devadas (2002)
Darshana Jhaveri (2002)
Abdul Latif Khan (2002)
Mani Krishnaswami (2002)
Fazal Mohammad (2002)
Manorama (2002)
Govind Nihalani (2002)
Mani Ratnam (2002)
Kiran Segal (2002)
Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002)
Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002)
T. H. Vinayakram (2002)
Jahnu Barua (2003)
Danny Denzongpa (2003)
Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003)
Rita Ganguly (2003)
Ranjana Gauhar (2003)
Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003)
Rakhee Gulzar (2003)
Nemi Chandra Jain (2003)
O. P. Jain (2003)
Aamir Khan (2003)
Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003)
T. M. Soundararajan (2003)
Sukumari (2003)
Satish Vyas (2003)
Bharathiraja (2004)
Maguni Charan Das (2004)
Manoranjan Das (2004)
D. K. Datar (2004)
Kadri Gopalnath (2004)
Hariharan (singer) (2004)
Purshottam Das Jalota (2004)
Krishn Kanhai (2004)
Heisnam Kanhailal (2004)
Anupam Kher (2004)
Sikkil Sisters – Kunjumani & Neela (2004)
Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (2004)
Sudha Ragunathan (2004)
Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel (2004)
Veernala Jayarama Rao (2004)
Bharati Shivaji (2004)
Singh Bandhu (2004)
Bhajan Sopori (2004)
Neyyattinkara Vasudevan (2004)
Muzaffar Ali (2005)
Shameem Dev Azad (2005)
M. Boyer (2005)
K. S. Chithra (2005)
Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005)
Shah Rukh Khan (2005)
Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005)
Kavita Krishnamurti (2005)
Chaturbhuj Meher (2005)
Kumkum Mohanty (2005)
Punaram Nishad (2005)
Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005)
Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005)
Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005)
Komala Varadan (2005)
Wadali Brothers (2005)
Ileana Citaristi (2006)
Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006)
Shree Lal Joshi (2006)
Surinder Kaur (2006)
Rashid Khan (musician) (2006)
Vasundhara Komkali (2006)
Yashodhar Mathpal (2006)
Madhup Mudgal (2006)
Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006)
Shyama Charan Pati (2006)
Gayatri Sankaran (2006)
Prasad Sawkar (2006)
Aribam Syam Sharma (2006)
Shobana (2006)
Kanaka Srinivasan (2006)
Pankaj Udhas (2006)
Mohan Babu (2007)
Geeta Chandran (2007)
Astad Deboo (2007)
Neelamani Devi (2007)
Remo Fernandes (2007)
P. Gopinathan (2007)
Pushpa Hans (2007)
Shanti Hiranand (2007)
Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007)
Govardhan Kumari (2007)
Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007)
Balachandra Menon (2007)
Shashikala (2007)
Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007)
Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007)
Pannuru Sripathy (2007)
Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007)
Waman Thakre (2007)
P. R. Thilagam (2007)
Tom Alter (2008)
Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008)
Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008)
Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008)
Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008)
Kekoo Gandhy (2008)
Helen Giri Syiem (2008)
Jatin Goswami (2008)
Hans Raj Hans (2008)
Sabitri Heisnam (2008)
Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008)
P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008)
Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008)
Gangadhar Pradhan (2008)
M. Night Shyamalan (2008)
Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008)
Jawahar Wattal (2008)
Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009)
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009)
Hemi Bawa (2009)
Brahmanandam (2009)
Devayani (dancer) (2009)
Suresh Dutta (2009)
Kalamandalam Gopi (2009)
Niranjan Goswami (2009)
Geeta Kapur (2009)
Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009)
Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009)
Helen (2009)
S. Krishnaswamy (2009)
Akshay Kumar (2009)
Iravatham Mahadevan (2009)
Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009)
Penaz Masani (2009)
Shaoli Mitra (2009)
Udit Narayan (2009)
Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009)
Leela Omchery (2009)
Pratapaditya Pal (2009)
Aruna Sairam (2009)
Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009)
Kumar Sanu (2009)
Kiran Seth (2009)
Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009)
Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009)
Thilakan (2009)
K. P. Udayabhanu (2009)
Vivek (actor) (2009)
2010s
Gul Bardhan (2010)
Carmel Berkson (2010)
Wasifuddin Dagar (2010)
Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010)
Nemai Ghosh (2010)
Sumitra Guha (2010)
Ulhas Kashalkar (2010)
Saif Ali Khan (2010)
Mukund Lath (2010)
Ram Dayal Munda (2010)
Arundathi Nag (2010)
Raghunath Panigrahi (2010)
Resul Pookutty (2010)
Arjun Prajapati (2010)
Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010)
Shobha Raju (2010)
Mayadhar Raut (2010)
Rekha (2010)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011)
Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011)
Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011)
Mahasundari Devi (2011)
Gajam Govardhana (2011)
Sunayana Hazarilal (2011)
S. R. Janakiraman (2011)
Jayaram (2011)
Kajol (2011)
Shaji N. Karun (2011)
Girish Kasaravalli (2011)
Irrfan Khan (2011)
Tabu (2011)
Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011)
Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011)
Jivya Soma Mashe (2011)
Dadi Pudumjee (2011)
M. K. Saroja (2011)
Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011)
Prahlad Tipanya (2011)
Usha Uthup (2011)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Satish Alekar (2012)
Vanraj Bhatia (2012)
Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012)
Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012)
Gundecha Brothers (2012)
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012)
Anup Jalota (2012)
Moti Lal Kemmu (2012)
Shahid Parvez (2012)
Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012)
Sakar Khan (2012)
Joy Michael (2012)
Minati Mishra (2012)
Na Muthuswamy (2012)
R. Nagarathnamma (2012)
Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Priyadarshan (2012)
Vijay Sharma (2012)
Laila Tyabji (2012)
Yamunabai Waikar (2012)
S. Shakir Ali (2013)
Gajam Anjaiah (2013)
Bapu (2013)
Pablo Bartholomew (2013)
Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013)
G. C. D. Bharti (2013)
Apurba Kishore Bir (2013)
Ghanakanta Bora (2013)
B. Jayashree (2013)
Hildamit Lepcha (2013)
Madhu (actor) (2013)
Sudha Malhotra (2013)
Kailash Chandra Meher (2013)
Brahmdeo Ram Pandit (2013)
Nana Patekar (2013)
Rekandar Nageswara Rao (2013)
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (2013)
Jaymala Shiledar (2013)
Ramesh Sippy (2013)
Sridevi (2013)
Suresh Talwalkar (2013)
Mahrukh Tarapor (2013)
Balwant Thakur (2013)
Rajendra Tiku (2013)
Mohammad Ali Baig (2014)
Vidya Balan (2014)
Musafir Ram Bhardwaj (2014)
Sabitri Chatterjee (2014)
Biman Bihari Das (2014)
Sunil Das (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Elam Endira Devi (2014)
Supriya Devi (2014)
Vijay Ghate (2014)
Nayana Apte Joshi (2014)
Rani Karnaa (2014)
Bansi Kaul (2014)
Moinuddin Khan (musician) (2014)
Geeta Mahalik (2014)
Paresh Maity (2014)
Ram Mohan (2014)
Sudarsan Pattnaik (2014)
Paresh Rawal (2014)
Kalamandalam Satyabhama (2014)
Anuj Sharma (actor) (2014)
Santosh Sivan (2014)
Sooni Taraporevala (2014)
Naresh Bedi (2015)
Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015)
Rahul Jain (2015)
Ravindra Jain (2015)
Prasoon Joshi (2015)
A. Kanyakumari (2015)
Prafulla Kar (2015)
Tripti Mukherjee (2015)
Neil Nongkynrih (2015)
Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015)
Shekhar Sen (2015)
Pran Kumar Sharma (2015)
Mahesh Raj Soni (2015)
Malini Awasthi (2016)
Madhur Bhandarkar (2016)
Tulsidas Borkar (2016)
Mamta Chandrakar (2016)
Priyanka Chopra (2016)
Ajay Devgn (2016)
Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016)
Laxma Goud (2016)
Saeed Jaffrey (2016)
Venkatesh Kumar (2016)
Naresh Chander Lal (2016)
Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016)
Nila Madhab Panda (2016)
Michael Postel (2016)
Pratibha Prahlad (2016)
Gulabo Sapera (2016)
Prakash Chand Surana (2016)
Basanti Bisht (2017)
Baua Devi (2017)
Jitendra Haripal (2017)
Kailash Kher (2017)
Sadhu Meher (2017)
Aruna Mohanty (2017)
T. K. Murthy (2017)
Mukund Nayak (2017)
Anuradha Paudwal (2017)
Parassala B. Ponnammal (2017)
Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (2017)
Doddarangegowda (2018)
Manoj Joshi (actor) (2018)
Pran Kishore Kaul (2018)
Vijay Kichlu (2018)
Prabhakar Maharana (2018)
Sisir Mishra (2018)
Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan (2018)
Gobardhan Panika (2018)
R. Sathyanarayana (2018)
Bhajju Shyam (2018)
Ibrahim Sutar (2018)
Rudrapatnam Brothers (2018)
Baba Yogendra (2018)
Anup Ranjan Pandey (2019)
Manoj Bajpayee (2019)
Pritam Bhartwan (2019)
Jyoti Bhatt (2019)
Swapan Chaudhuri (2019)
Dinyar Contractor (2019)
Thanga Darlong (2019)
Prabhu Deva (2019)
Godawari Dutta (2019)
Joravarsinh Jadav (2019)
Fayaz Ahmad Jan (2019)
K. G. Jayan (2019)
Waman Kendre (2019)
Kader Khan (2019)
Abdul Gafur Khatri (2019)
Shankar Mahadevan (2019)
Narthaki Nataraj (2019)
Milena Salvini (2019)
Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry (2019)
Rajeev Taranath (2019)
Hiralal Yadav (2019)
Rajeshwar Acharya (2019)
2020s
Shashadhar Acharya (2020)
Indira P. P. Bora (2020)
Bombay Sisters (2020)
Vajira Chitrasena (2020)
Puru Dadheech (2020)
Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020)
Sarita Joshi (2020)
Kangana Ranaut (2020)
Ramzan Khan (2020)
Manilal Nag (2020)
Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020)
Adnan Sami (2020)
Suresh Wadkar (2020)
V. K. Munusamy (2020)
Yadla Gopalarao (2020)
Dulari Devi (2021)
Bombay Jayashri (2021)
KC Sivasankaran (2021)
Rewben Mashangva (2021)
Sanjida Khatun (2021)
Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021)
Nidumolu Sumathi (2021)
Biren Kumar Basak (2021)
Narayan Debnath (2021)
Bhuri Bai (2021)
Manjamma Jogathi (2021)
Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022)
Lalita Vakil (2022)
H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022)
Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022)
Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022)
Ram Sahay Panday (2022)
Durga Bai Vyam (2022)
Sulochana Chavan (2022)
Sonu Nigam (2022)
Lourembam Bino Devi (2022)
Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022)
Shyamamani Devi (2022)
Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022)
Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022)
Ram Dayal Sharma (2022)
Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022)
S. Ballesh (2022)
Sowcar Janaki (2022)
R Muthukannammal (2022)
A. K. C. Natarajan (2022)
Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022)
Sakini Ramachandraih (2022)
Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022)
Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022)
Shivnath Mishra (2022)
Sheesh Ram (2022)
Ajita Srivastava (2022)
Madhuri Barthwal (2022)
Kaajee Singh (2022)
Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023)
Premjit Baria (2023)
Usha Barle (2023)
Hemant Chauhan (2023)
Bhanubhai Chitara (2023)
Hemoprova Chutia (2023)
Subhadra Devi (2023)
Hem Chandra Goswami (2023)
Pritikana Goswami (2023)
Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023)
Dilshad Hussain (2023)
Mahipat Kavi (2023)
M. M. Keeravani (2023)
Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023)
Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023)
Domar Singh Kunvar (2023)
Risingbor Kurkalang (2023)
Rani Machaiah (2023)
Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023)
Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023)
Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023)
Krishna Patel (2023)
K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023)
Kapil Dev Prasad (2023)
Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023)
C. V. Raju (2023)
Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023)
Mangala Kanti Roy (2023)
K C Runremsangi (2023)
Ritwik Sanyal (2023)
Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023)
Neihunuo Sorhie (2023)
Moa Subong (2023)
Raveena Tandon (2023)
Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023)
Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023)
vteNational Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer1967–1980
Mahendra Kapoor (1967)
Manna Dey (1968)
S. D. Burman (1969)
Manna Dey (1970)
Hemant Kumar (1971)
K. J. Yesudas (1972)
K. J. Yesudas (1973)
Mukesh (1974)
M. Balamuralikrishna (1975)
K. J. Yesudas (1976)
Mohammed Rafi (1977)
Shimoga Subbanna (1978)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1979)
Anup Ghoshal (1980)
1981–2000
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1981)
K. J. Yesudas (1982)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1983)
Bhimsen Joshi (1984)
Jayachandran (1985)
Hemant Kumar (1986)
K. J. Yesudas (1987)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1988)
Ajoy Chakrabarty (1989)
M. G. Sreekumar (1990)
K. J. Yesudas (1991)
Dr. Rajkumar (1992)
K. J. Yesudas (1993)
P. Unnikrishnan (1994)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1995)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (1996)
Hariharan (1997)
Sanjeev Abhyankar (1998)
M. G. Sreekumar (1999)
Shankar Mahadevan (2000)
2001–2020
Udit Narayan (2001)
Udit Narayan (2002)
Sonu Nigam (2003)
Udit Narayan (2004)
Naresh Iyer (2005)
Gurdas Maan (2006)
Shankar Mahadevan (2007)
Hariharan (2008)
Rupam Islam (2009)
Suresh Wadkar (2010)
Anand Bhate (2011)
Shankar Mahadevan (2012)
Rupankar (2013)
Sukhwinder Singh (2014)
Mahesh Kale (2015)
Sundarayyar (2016)
K. J. Yesudas (2017)
Arijit Singh (2018)
B Praak (2019)
Rahul Deshpande (2020)
2021–present
Kaala Bhairava (2021)
vteScreen Award for Best Male Playback Singer1995-2000
Kumar Sanu (1995)
Hariharan (1996)
Udit Narayan (1997)
Abhijeet Bhattacharya (1998)
Sukhwinder Singh (1999)
Sukhwinder Singh (2000)
2001-present
Lucky Ali (2001)
Sonu Nigam (2002)
Udit Narayan (2003)
Kailash Kher (2004)
Sonu Nigam (2005)
Sonu Nigam (2006)
Shaan (2007)
Soham Chakrabarty (2008)
KK (2009)
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (2010)
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan (2011)
Mohit Chauhan (2012)
Javed Ali (2013)
Arijit Singh (2014)
Arijit Singh (2015)
Papon (2016)
Amit Mishra (2017)
Arijit Singh (2018)
Arijit Singh (2019)
Sachet Tandon (2020)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
2
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hariharan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"playback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singer"},{"link_name":"bhajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan"},{"link_name":"ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-2"},{"link_name":"National Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Lesle Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesle_Lewis_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Gulshan Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Hanuman Chalisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman_Chalisa"},{"link_name":"T-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Series_(company)"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about Indian playback singer. For other people, see Hariharan (disambiguation).Hariharan Anantha Subramani (born 3 April 1955) is an Indian playback, bhajan and ghazal singer who predominantly sings in Tamil, Hindi and Telugu languages. He has also sung over 15,000 notable songs in 10 languages including Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi, Sinhala, Bhojpuri, Odia, Bengali, Sanskrit, Gujarati and English. He is an established ghazal singer and one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music.In 2004, he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India[2] and is a two-time National Award winner. Hariharan, associating with Lesle Lewis, formed the duo Colonial Cousins. They have cut many private music albums and also scored music for few feature films in Tamil and Hindi. In 1992, Hariharan and late Gulshan Kumar's Hanuman Chalisa recorded under the label of T-Series crossed the 3-billion views mark on YouTube,[3] making it the first devotional song in the world to do so.[4]","title":"Hariharan (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Don Bosco High School, Matunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bosco_High_School,_Matunga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIES_College_of_Arts,_Science_%26_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Xavier's College, Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hariharan was born to classical musicians H. A. S. Mani and Alamelu Mani. H. A. S. Mani – he was affectionately called Chellamani – groomed many Carnatic singers in Mumbai where he died in his early 40s due to cardiac arrest in 1963.[5] His mother Alamelu Mani (born 1935) has had a long career as Carnatic vocalist and a distinguished teacher, and was honoured with the title Sangeeta Pracharya in 2019.[6]Hariharan did his schooling at Don Bosco High School, Matunga.[7] He then graduated from SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai.[8] Thereafter he pursued his studies at the St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.[9]","title":"Early life & education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hariharan discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_discography"}],"text":"Further information: Hariharan discography","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hariharan_Singer_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaidev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaidev"},{"link_name":"Gaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaman"},{"link_name":"National Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tamil films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_films"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Maniratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniratnam"},{"link_name":"Roja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roja_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Uyire Uyire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyire_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_(film)"},{"link_name":"K. S. Chithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Chithra"},{"link_name":"Muthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Minsara Kanavu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsara_Kanavu"},{"link_name":"Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans_(film)"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Mudhalvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhalvan"},{"link_name":"Taal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taal_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rangeela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangeela_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Indira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_(film)"},{"link_name":"Iruvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iruvar"},{"link_name":"Anbe Aaruyire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbe_Aaruyire_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Kangalal Kaithu Sei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangalal_Kaithu_Sei"},{"link_name":"Sivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji_film"},{"link_name":"Alaipayuthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaipayuthey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kannathil Muthamittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannathil_Muthamittal"},{"link_name":"Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Enthiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthiran"},{"link_name":"No Means No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Means_No_(film)"},{"link_name":"Anu Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_Malik"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Jogwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogwa"},{"link_name":"Ajay Atul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Atul"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nationalaward-12"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Khushbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushbu_Sundar"},{"link_name":"Power of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_Women_(film)"},{"link_name":"Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Millennium Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Stars"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Film career","text":"Hariharan performing at A R Rahman's concert, Sydney (2010)At the start of his career, Hariharan did the concert circuit and also performed on TV. He sang for a number of TV serials (e.g., Junoon). In 1977, he won the top prize in the \"All India Sur Singaar Competition\" and was promptly signed on by the late music director Jaidev to sing for his new Hindi film Gaman (1978). His debut song \"Ajeeb Sa Neha Mujh Par Guzar Gaya Yaaron\" in that movie became such a hit that it won him an Uttar Pradesh State Film Award, as well as a National Award nomination.[10]Hariharan entered the world of Tamil films in 1992 introduced by debutant music director A. R. Rahman with the patriotic song \"Thamizha Thamizha\" in Maniratnam's film Roja.[11] He was judged best male playback singer in the 1995 Tamil Nadu State Government Film Awards for his soulful rendition of the song \"Uyire Uyire\" also by music director A. R. Rahman in Maniratnam's Bombay (Hariharan sang the song with K. S. Chithra). Hariharan has been one of the most trusted singers of Rahman and has sung many songs for him in long list of movies that includes Muthu, Minsara Kanavu, Jeans, Indian, Mudhalvan, Taal, Rangeela, Indira, Iruvar, Anbe Aaruyire, Kangalal Kaithu Sei, Sivaji, Alaipayuthey, Kannathil Muthamittal, Guru, Enthiran etc. He composed music for the Indo Polish FilmNo Means No. In 1998, Hariharan won the national award for the best playback singer for the soulful rendition of the song \"Mere Dushman Mere Bhai\" from the Hindi movie Border, composed by Anu Malik. Hariharan got another National Award for the Marathi song \"Jiv Rangla\" from Jogwa, set to tune by Ajay Atul in the year 2009.[12]He has sung more than 500 Tamil songs and nearly 200 Hindi songs. He has also sung hundreds of songs in Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Bengali and Odia languages. Hariharan has acted in a Tamil film with Khushbu, Power of Women (2005), and played cameo roles in the Tamil film Boys and the Malayalam film Millennium Stars.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-13"},{"link_name":"Aabshar-e-Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabshar-e-Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Asha Bhosle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asha_Bhosle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-13"},{"link_name":"Gulfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-13"},{"link_name":"Jashn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jashn_(album)"},{"link_name":"Halka Nasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halka_Nasha"},{"link_name":"Kaash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaash_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ke_Rang_Hari_Ke_Sang"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-13"},{"link_name":"Hariharan in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"Saptarishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarishi_(album)"},{"link_name":"Swar Utsav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swar_Utsav"},{"link_name":"Lafzz...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafzz..."},{"link_name":"Zakir Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-13"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Roja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roja_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Ghazals","text":"Hariharan is one of the foremost Indian ghazal singers and composers with more than thirty albums to his credit.[13] In his early career, he cut several successful ghazal albums, writing most of the scores himself. One of Hariharan's first ghazal albums was Aabshar-e-Ghazal with Asha Bhosle, which went gold in sales.[13]Another outstanding ghazal album was Gulfam, which not only hit double platinum in sales but also fetched Hariharan the Diva Award for the Best Album of the Year in 1995.[13]The other major ghazal albums by him are Hazir (1992), Jashn (1996), Halka Nasha (1996), Paigham (1997), Kaash (2000), and Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang (2005).[13] His live concert recordings, Hariharan in Concert (1990), Saptarishi (1996) and Swar Utsav (2001) were run away successes. His latest ghazal album is Lafzz... (2008). Hariharan worked with tabla maestro Zakir Hussain on his album Hazir.[13]The album Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang won rave reviews and critical acclaim inside and outside India. A. R. Rahman was an avid listener of his ghazals way before roping him in to sing his first song in Tamil film music, \"Thamizha Thamizha\", for the film Roja.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Launch_of_Colonial_Cousins%E2%80%99_album_%E2%80%98Once_More%E2%80%99_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Lesle Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesle_Lewis_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cousins_(album)"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colonial_Cousins2-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colonial_Cousins2-15"},{"link_name":"The Way We Do It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_We_Do_It"},{"link_name":"Aatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatma_(album)"},{"link_name":"Once More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More_(Colonial_Cousins_album)"},{"link_name":"Modhi Vilayadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhi_Vilayadu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chikku Bukku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikku_Bukku"}],"sub_title":"Colonial Cousins","text":"Hariharan (left) and Leslie Lewis at the launch of \"Once More\"The year 1996 was a career milestone; he formed the band Colonial Cousins with Mumbai-based composer and singer Lesle Lewis.[14] Their first album, Colonial Cousins was a fusion album and was the first Indian act to be featured on MTV Unplugged.[15] It won a string of awards including the MTV Indian Viewers' Choice award and Billboard Award for the Best Asian Music Group.[13][15]By this single album, Hariharan established himself as one of the pioneers of Indian fusion music. The next albums by this band were The Way We Do It (1998) and Aatma (2001) but were fairly noticed. Colonial Cousins released their fourth studio album \"Once More\" on 29 October 2012 under the label Universal. The 2009 Tamil film Modhi Vilayadu had score and soundtrack composed by Colonial Cousins.[16] They also scored the 2010 Tamil film Chikku Bukku.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Yesudas Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesudas_Award"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swaralaya-18"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strings_(band)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Daler Mehndi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daler_Mehndi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kaash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaash_(album)"},{"link_name":"Anandan Sivamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandan_Sivamani"},{"link_name":"tabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla"},{"link_name":"sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitar"},{"link_name":"Ustad Sultan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustad_Sultan_Khan"},{"link_name":"sarangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2010 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hariharan_(Singer)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Jaya TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_TV"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Adithya Srinivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adithya_Srinivasan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Recent years","text":"In 2004, he was awarded the Padma Shri and Yesudas Award for his outstanding performance in music.[17][18]Hariharan collaborated with Pakistan based band Strings for a track called \"Bolo Bolo\".[19] He released an album called Destiny with Punjabi/bhangra artist Daler Mehndi.[20]He coined the terminology \"Urdu Blues\" with his fairly successful album Kaash which featured musicians like Anandan Sivamani the percussion maestro, Ustad Rashid Mustafa on tabla, Ustad Liyaqat Ali Khan on sitar and Ustad Sultan Khan on sarangi.[citation needed]He also performed the Swagatham song in the 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony held in New Delhi on 3 October.[21]Hariharan at a concert in ThiruvananthapuramDuring 2010–2011, he appeared in a music show in Jaya TV named Hariyudan Naan which was aired every Thursday, Friday and Saturday.[22]Hariharan collaborated with Sarangan Sriranganathan for \"Sruthi\" at the Sydney Hill Centre and the Melbourne Robert Blackwood Hall Australia in 2011[23] He unofficially released ghazal singer Adithya Srinivasan's first international single 'Gham e Duniya' at the Gateway Hotel, Bangalore.[24] In an interview in 2012, he said that he was no longer receiving offers to sing for Bollywood as music composers wanted to experiment with singers from the younger generation.[25]He was selected as judge for Asianet Star Singer Season 6 programme, a very popular music contest television show for upcoming singers in Malayalam. Hariharan was a part of the 'Royal Stag Barrel Select MTV Unplugged', aired in December 2015.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma-17"},{"link_name":"National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Jogwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogwa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nationalaward-12"},{"link_name":"Kerala State Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Singer"},{"link_name":"Pattinte Palazhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattinte_Palazhi"},{"link_name":"Swaralaya-Kairali-Yesudas Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaralaya_Yesudas_Award"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swaralaya-18"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu State Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback"},{"link_name":"Aasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasai"},{"link_name":"Nandi Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Annayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annayya_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Asianet Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Asianet_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_Film_Awards##Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Snehaveedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snehaveedu"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Asianet_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_Film_Awards##Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Katha Thudarunnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Thudarunnu"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Awards South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards_South"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Filmfare_Awards_South"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer_-_Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Katha Thudarunnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Thudarunnu"},{"link_name":"Vijay Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Vaaranam Aayiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaaranam_Aayiram"}],"text":"Civilian Awards2004 – Padma Shri[17]National Film Awards1998 – National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer: \"Mere Dushman\", Border\n2009 – National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer: \"Jeev Dangla Gungla Rangla\", Jogwa[12]Kerala State Film Awards2011 – Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer – for the song \"Pattu Paaduvaan\" in the film Pattinte Palazhi music by Suresh ManimalaSwaralaya-Kairali-Yesudas Award2004 – for his outstanding contribution to Indian film music[18]Tamil Nadu State Film Awards2004 – Best Male Playback Singer – for various films\n1995 – Best Male Playback Singer – for the song \"Koncha Naal\" in the film AasaiNandi Awards1999 – Best Male Playback Singer – for the song \"Hima Semalloyallo\" in the film AnnayyaAsianet Film Awards2012 – Best Male Playback Singer – for Amrithamayi from Snehaveedu\n2011 – Best Male Playback Singer – for \"Aaro Padunnu\" from Katha Thudarunnu[27]Kalakar Awards8th Kalakar Awards 2000 – for Best Male Playback SingerFilmfare Awards South2011 – Best Male Playback Singer – for \"Aaro Padunnu\" from Katha ThudarunnuVijay Awards2009 – Best Male Playback Singer – for \"Nenjukkul Peithidum\" from Vaaranam Aayiram","title":"Major awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Reality show as Judge","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aabshar-e-Ghazal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabshar-e-Ghazal"},{"link_name":"Aathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aathwan_Sur_%E2%80%93_The_Other_Side_of_Naushad"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cousins_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dil Aisa Kisi Ne Mera Toda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Aisa_Kisi_Ne_Mera_Toda"},{"link_name":"Dil Ki Baat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Ki_Baat_(Hariharan_album)"},{"link_name":"Dil Nasheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Nasheen"},{"link_name":"Ghazal Ka Mausam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal_Ka_Mausam"},{"link_name":"Gulfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfam"},{"link_name":"Halka Nasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halka_Nasha"},{"link_name":"Hariharan - Down the Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_-_Down_the_Years"},{"link_name":"Hariharan in Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_in_Concert"},{"link_name":"Intoxicating Hariharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intoxicating_Hariharan"},{"link_name":"Jashn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jashn_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kaash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaash_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kuch Door Hamare Saath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Door_Hamare_Saath"},{"link_name":"Lafzz...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafzz..."},{"link_name":"Lahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ke_Rang_Hari_Ke_Sang"},{"link_name":"Magic Moments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Moments"},{"link_name":"Paigham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paigham"},{"link_name":"Qaraar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraar"},{"link_name":"Reflections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_(Hariharan_album)"},{"link_name":"Saptarishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarishi_(album)"},{"link_name":"Swar Utsav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swar_Utsav"},{"link_name":"Sukoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukoon"},{"link_name":"The Great Ghazals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Ghazals"},{"link_name":"The Very Best of Hariharan Ghazals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_Hariharan_Ghazals"},{"link_name":"Visaal – Ghazals for Connoisseurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visaal_%E2%80%93_Ghazals_for_Connoisseurs"},{"link_name":"Waqt Par Bolna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqt_Par_Bolna"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins – The Way We Do It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_We_Do_It"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins – Aatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aatma_(album)"},{"link_name":"Modhi Vilayadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhi_Vilayadu"},{"link_name":"Chikku Bukku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikku_Bukku"},{"link_name":"Colonial Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cousins"},{"link_name":"Once More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More_(Colonial_Cousins_album)"}],"text":"Aabshar-e-Ghazal\nAathwan Sur – The Other Side of Naushad\nColonial Cousins\nDil Aisa Kisi Ne Mera Toda\nDil Ki Baat\nDil Nasheen\nGhazal Ka Mausam\nGulfam\nHalka Nasha\nHariharan - Down the Years\nHariharan in Concert\nHorizon\nIntoxicating Hariharan\nJashn\nKaash\nKuch Door Hamare Saath\n\n\nLafzz...\nLahore Ke Rang Hari Ke Sang\nMagic Moments\nPaigham\nQaraar\nReflections\nSaptarishi\nSwar Utsav\nSukoon\nThe Great Ghazals\nThe Very Best of Hariharan Ghazals\nVisaal – Ghazals for Connoisseurs\nWaqt Par BolnaAlbums by Colonial CousinsColonial Cousins – MTV Unplugged\nColonial Cousins – The Way We Do It\nColonial Cousins – Aatma\nModhi Vilayadu (soundtrack album)\nChikku Bukku (soundtrack album)\nColonial Cousins – Once More","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jana Gana Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"}],"text":"Jana Gana Mana – by A. R. Rahman\n1995 Meghutam – The Cloud Messenger (Pt. Vishwamohan Bhatt)\n2000 Sartaj\n2002 Tum Aaye\n2004 Dhaani\n2008 Tum Jo Mile\n2009 Lajwaab – Tribute to Medi Hasan\nAsha wali Dhoop\nChand Ke Saath\n2011 Hasrat\n2011 Sarhadein: Music Beyond Boundaries\n2014 JIL (Just In Love): Music By Dr. Kelvin Jeyakanth","title":"Featured albums"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hariharan performing at A R Rahman's concert, Sydney (2010)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hariharan_Singer_2010.jpg/220px-Hariharan_Singer_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hariharan (left) and Leslie Lewis at the launch of \"Once More\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Launch_of_Colonial_Cousins%E2%80%99_album_%E2%80%98Once_More%E2%80%99_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Launch_of_Colonial_Cousins%E2%80%99_album_%E2%80%98Once_More%E2%80%99_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hariharan at a concert in Thiruvananthapuram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hariharan_%28Singer%29_02.jpg/220px-Hariharan_%28Singer%29_02.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Hariharan Interview: मैं सौ फीसदी बंबइया हूं! लेकिन विकिपीडिया वाले हैं कि मेरी बात सुनते ही नहीं\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/hariharan-exclusive-interview-with-amar-ujala-manmarzee-a-r-rahman-asha-bhosle-lata-mangeshkar-2023-02-18?pageId=2","url_text":"\"Hariharan Interview: मैं सौ फीसदी बंबइया हूं! लेकिन विकिपीडिया वाले हैं कि मेरी बात सुनते ही नहीं\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"T-Series' Hanuman Chalisa Crosses 1 Billion Views On Youtube\"\". NDTV. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/t-series-hanuman-chalisa-crosses-1-billion-views-on-youtube-2236562","url_text":"\"\"T-Series' Hanuman Chalisa Crosses 1 Billion Views On Youtube\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"}]},{"reference":"\"T-Series' Hanuman Chalisa becomes first devotional song to cross 1 billion views on YouTube\". India TV. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/tseries-gulshan-kumar-hanuman-chalisa-first-devotional-song-cross-1-billion-views-on-youtube-621263","url_text":"\"T-Series' Hanuman Chalisa becomes first devotional song to cross 1 billion views on YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_TV","url_text":"India TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer - Page 7 - rasikas.org\". Rasikas.org. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rasikas.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=507&sid=84f7075739a9a91681cb7be7b33782cc&start=300","url_text":"\"Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer - Page 7 - rasikas.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our music has a bright future, says doyenne of Carnatic music Alamelu Mani\". 16 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/our-music-has-a-bright-future-says-doyenne-of-carnatic-music-alamelu-mani-5998043/","url_text":"\"Our music has a bright future, says doyenne of Carnatic music Alamelu Mani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Alumni | Don Bosco High School\". donboscomatunga.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://donboscomatunga.com/alumni/notable-alumni/","url_text":"\"Notable Alumni | Don Bosco High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews of Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), SIES College of Arts Science and Commerce (SIESCASC), Mumbai\". CollegeBol.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collegebol.com/colleges/sies-college-of-arts-science-and-commerce-mumbai-siescasc-reviews-1847/bachelor-of-commerce-7929/","url_text":"\"Reviews of Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), SIES College of Arts Science and Commerce (SIESCASC), Mumbai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hariharan\". SIRAJ. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031157/https://pvsiraj.webs.com/hariharan.htm","url_text":"\"Hariharan\""},{"url":"https://pvsiraj.webs.com/hariharan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Life at 50\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080204210911/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/11/stories/2005041100680300.htm","url_text":"\"Life at 50\""}]},{"reference":"\"56th National Film Awards, 2008\" (PDF). pib.nic.in.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2010/jan/r2010012302.pdf","url_text":"\"56th National Film Awards, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harmonious synthesis\". The Hindu. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130357/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/21/stories/2003012100350200.htm","url_text":"\"Harmonious synthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Colonial Cousins to regale Bangaloreans\". The Hindu. 23 September 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130103070536/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004092312750200.htm&date=2004/09/23/&prd=thlf&","url_text":"\"Colonial Cousins to regale Bangaloreans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Colonial Cousins' debut in Tamil\". The Hindu. 25 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090731092252/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/009200907250331.htm","url_text":"\"Colonial Cousins' debut in Tamil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Swaralaya award for Hariharan\". The Hindu. 26 October 2004. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310235249/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/26/stories/2004102610330400.htm","url_text":"\"Swaralaya award for Hariharan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"Gee, STRINGS!\". The Hindu. 19 June 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040826103512/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/19/stories/2004061900440300.htm","url_text":"\"Gee, STRINGS!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chords and notes: Destiny\". The Hindu. 16 November 2005.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Children welcome CWG guests with Namaste; Hariharan performs\". Hindustan Times. 3 October 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101114100704/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Children-welcome-CWG-guests-with-Namaste-Hariharan-performs/Article1-607748.aspx","url_text":"\"Children welcome CWG guests with Namaste; Hariharan performs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"},{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/Children-welcome-CWG-guests-with-Namaste-Hariharan-performs/Article1-607748.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bangalore Mirror/Music: Singers Bond\". Bangalore Mirror. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203928/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2013%2F04%2F02&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Pc00206&ViewMode=HTML","url_text":"\"Bangalore Mirror/Music: Singers Bond\""},{"url":"http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=BGMIR%2F2013%2F04%2F02&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Pc00206&ViewMode=HTML","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Don't get offers to sing in Bollywood: Hariharan\". The Times of India. November 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Dont-get-offers-to-sing-in-Bollywood-Hariharan/articleshow/17045306.cms","url_text":"\"Don't get offers to sing in Bollywood: Hariharan\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTV to air season 5 of 'Unplugged'\". 30 December 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016 – via indiantelevision.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/music-and-youth/mtv-to-air-season-5-of-unplugged-151230#","url_text":"\"MTV to air season 5 of 'Unplugged'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mammootty, Mohanlal bag Asianet film awards yet again\". Indo-Asian News Service. NDTV. 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161640/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110165150&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=76304","url_text":"\"Mammootty, Mohanlal bag Asianet film awards yet again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Asian_News_Service","url_text":"Indo-Asian News Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV","url_text":"NDTV"},{"url":"http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110165150&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=76304","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Shanghai_Rolex_Masters
|
2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters
|
["1 Finals","1.1 Singles","1.2 Doubles","2 Points and prize money","2.1 Points","3 Singles main-draw entrants","3.1 Seeds","3.2 Other entrants","3.3 Withdrawals","3.4 Retirements","4 Doubles main-draw entrants","4.1 Seeds","4.2 Other entrants","4.3 Withdrawals","5 References","6 External links"]
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Tennis tournament2012 Shanghai Rolex MastersDateOctober 8–14Edition4thCategoryATP World Tour Masters 1000SurfaceHard / outdoorLocationShanghai, ChinaVenueQizhong Forest Sports City ArenaChampionsSingles Novak DjokovicDoubles Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
← 2011 ·
Shanghai Rolex Masters
· 2013 →
The 2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters was a men's tennis tournament that was played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the Shanghai ATP Masters 1000, classified as an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2012 ATP World Tour. It took place at Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena in Shanghai, China from October 8 to October 14, 2012. Second-seeded Novak Djokovic won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
Main article: 2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Singles
Novak Djokovic defeated Andy Murray, 5–7, 7–6(13–11), 6–3
Doubles
Main article: 2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles
Leander Paes' / Radek Štěpánek defeated Mahesh Bhupathi / Rohan Bopanna, 6–7(7–9), 6–3,
Points and prize money
Points
Stage
Singles
Doubles
Champion
1000
Runner up
600
Semifinals
360
Quarterfinals
180
Round of 16
90
Round of 32
45
0
Round of 64
10
-
Qualifier
25
Qualifying final round
14
Singles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Country
Player
Rank1
Seed
SUI
Roger Federer
1
1
SRB
Novak Djokovic
2
2
GBR
Andy Murray
3
3
CZE
Tomáš Berdych
6
4
FRA
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
7
5
SRB
Janko Tipsarević
9
6
ARG
Juan Mónaco
10
7
USA
John Isner
11
8
ESP
Nicolás Almagro
12
9
CRO
Marin Čilić
13
10
FRA
Richard Gasquet
14
11
CAN
Milos Raonic
15
12
SUI
Stanislas Wawrinka
16
13
JPN
Kei Nishikori
17
14
FRA
Gilles Simon
18
15
GER
Philipp Kohlschreiber
19
16
Rankings are as of October 1, 2012
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Lleyton Hewitt
Li Zhe
Wu Di
Zhang Ze
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Brian Baker
Michael Berrer
Alex Bogomolov Jr.
Łukasz Kubot
Lu Yen-hsun
Marinko Matosevic
Philipp Petzschner
Withdrawals
Julien Benneteau → replaced by Grigor Dimitrov
Juan Martín del Potro (left wrist injury) → replaced by Go Soeda
David Ferrer (stomach virus) → replaced by Tommy Robredo
Mardy Fish (health issues) → replaced by Alejandro Falla
Marcel Granollers → replaced by Ryan Harrison
Gaël Monfils → replaced by Albert Ramos Viñolas
Rafael Nadal (left knee injury) → replaced by Martin Kližan
Andy Roddick (retired from tennis) → replaced by Benoît Paire
Retirements
Florian Mayer (rib injury)
Doubles main-draw entrants
Seeds
Country
Player
Country
Player
Rank1
Seed
USA
Bob Bryan
USA
Mike Bryan
2
1
BLR
Max Mirnyi
CAN
Daniel Nestor
6
2
SWE
Robert Lindstedt
ROU
Horia Tecău
13
3
IND
Leander Paes
CZE
Radek Štěpánek
14
4
POL
Mariusz Fyrstenberg
POL
Marcin Matkowski
21
5
PAK
Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
NED
Jean-Julien Rojer
30
6
IND
Mahesh Bhupathi
IND
Rohan Bopanna
33
7
AUT
Alexander Peya
BRA
Bruno Soares
50
8
Rankings are as of October 1, 2012
Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
Yu Chang / Zhe Li
Maoxin Gong / Zhang Ze
The following pairs received entry as alternates:
Fabio Fognini / Martin Kližan
Withdrawals
Ryan Harrison
References
^ a b "Rankings explained". atpworldtour.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
External links
Official website
vteShanghai Masters
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
NH
NH
NH
2023
vte2012 ATP World Tour « 2011 2013 » Grand Slam events
Australian Open (S, D, X)
French Open (S, D, X)
Wimbledon (S, D, X)
US Open (S, D, X)
ATP World Tour Masters 1000
Indian Wells (S, D)
Miami (S, D)
Monte Carlo (S, D)
Madrid (S, D)
Rome (S, D)
Toronto (S, D)
Cincinnati (S, D)
Shanghai (S, D)
Paris (S, D)
ATP World Tour 500 series
Rotterdam (S, D)
Memphis (S, D)
Dubai (S, D)
Acapulco (S, D)
Barcelona (S, D)
Hamburg (S, D)
Washington (S, D)
Beijing (S, D)
Tokyo (S, D)
Valencia (S, D)
Basel (S, D)
ATP World Tour 250 series
Brisbane (S, D)
Chennai (S, D)
Doha (S, D)
Sydney (S, D)
Auckland (S, D)
Montpellier (S, D)
Zagreb (S, D)
Viña del Mar (S, D)
San Jose (S, D)
São Paulo (S, D)
Buenos Aires (S, D)
Marseille (S, D)
Delray Beach (S, D)
Casablanca (S, D)
Houston (S, D)
Bucharest (S, D)
Munich (S, D)
Belgrade (S, D)
Estoril (S, D)
Nice (S, D)
London (S, D)
Halle (S, D)
's-Hertogenbosch (S, D)
Eastbourne (S, D)
Newport (S, D)
Båstad (S, D)
Stuttgart (S, D)
Umag (S, D)
Atlanta (S, D)
Gstaad (S, D)
Los Angeles (S, D)
Kitzbühel (S, D)
Winston-Salem (S, D)
Metz (S, D)
St. Petersburg (S, D)
Bangkok (S, D)
Kuala Lumpur (S, D)
Stockholm (S, D)
Moscow (S, D)
Vienna (S, D)
Team events
Davis Cup
World Group + play-offs
Americas
Asia/Oceania
Europe/Africa
World Team Cup
Summer Olympic Games, London (S, D, X)
ATP World Tour Finals, London (S, D)
|
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Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Gaël Monfils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Monfils"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Albert Ramos Viñolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ramos_Vi%C3%B1olas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Martin Kližan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kli%C5%BEan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Andy Roddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Roddick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Benoît Paire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Paire"}],"sub_title":"Withdrawals","text":"Julien Benneteau → replaced by Grigor Dimitrov\n Juan Martín del Potro (left wrist injury) → replaced by Go Soeda\n David Ferrer (stomach virus) → replaced by Tommy Robredo\n Mardy Fish (health issues) → replaced by Alejandro Falla\n Marcel Granollers → replaced by Ryan Harrison\n Gaël Monfils → replaced by Albert Ramos Viñolas\n Rafael Nadal (left knee injury) → replaced by Martin Kližan\n Andy Roddick (retired from tennis) → replaced by Benoît Paire","title":"Singles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Florian Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Mayer"}],"sub_title":"Retirements","text":"Florian Mayer (rib injury)","title":"Singles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Doubles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seeds","text":"Rankings are as of October 1, 2012","title":"Doubles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yu Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Yu_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhe Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhe_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Maoxin Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Maoxin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhang Ze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze_Zhang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Fabio Fognini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Fognini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Martin Kližan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kli%C5%BEan"}],"sub_title":"Other entrants","text":"The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:Yu Chang / Zhe Li\n Maoxin Gong / Zhang ZeThe following pairs received entry as alternates:Fabio Fognini / Martin Kližan","title":"Doubles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ryan Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Harrison"}],"sub_title":"Withdrawals","text":"Ryan Harrison","title":"Doubles main-draw entrants"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Rankings explained\". atpworldtour.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx","url_text":"\"Rankings explained\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120110061359/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Rankings explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120110061359/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Rankings-FAQ.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101009002827/http://www.shanghairolexmasters.com/English/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlton_Square
|
Marlton Square
|
["1 History","2 Transportation","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United StatesMarlton SquareNeighborhood of Los AngelesCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyLos AngelesCityLos AngelesTime zonePacificArea code323
Marlton Square is a one-block medical facility, retail and residential portion of Marlton Ave, located in the Baldwin Village neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California. It is bordered by Martin Luther King Jr Blvd on the north, Marlton Ave on the east, Santa Rosalia Dr on the south, Angeles Vista Blvd on the southeast, Thrive Dr. on the southwest and Buckingham Road on the west. Across from the medical facility is the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza, a shopping mall.
History
Marlton Square was created and built in the early 1950s as a retail strip mall. It was then known as Santa Barbara Plaza due do the fact it was on Santa Barbara Avenue before it was changed to Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.
In 2003, local developers broke ground in the first phase of the 22-acre (89,000 m2) Marlton Square redevelopment project. This phase involved constructing the Buckingham Place Senior Retirement Community project, a 180-unit apartment complex, that is adjacent to the Baldwin Villa Plaza senior housing complex and shopping mall. The project was scheduled to be completed in spring of 2004. Several million dollars of public and private funding were awarded to the project. Although the redevelopment project began with concerns of political favoritism, it was billed as "the catalytic project for the Baldwin Hills, Crenshaw communities", and a lynchpin development project for the entire area.
While initially promising, financial difficulties and other problems quickly beset the project. Capital Vision Equities' first check to the city bounced in 2001 and the testimony of whistle-blowers lead to an audit by the Ethics Commission early on in the project. Ultimately these problems overwhelmed the developer, and amid complaints of mismanagement the redevelopment of Marlton Square has stalled in bankruptcy. Several other agencies have been involved with the development project, including Keyshawn Capital Development, which is owned and operated by former NFL wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson. The old retail stores were demolished in May 2011 to make way for future development.
By the end of 2009 Buckingham Place was largely finished but had remained unopened due to bankruptcy. In early 2012 Buckingham Place housing complex opened.
A 100,000-square-foot Kaiser Permanente medical facility office building (9,300 m2) opened on September 7, 2017. The facility has a two-mile walking path and outdoor plaza. A new shopping center complex along with new restaurants and retail stores are also being planned to be built by private developers. In 2022, the city request for proposals process selected Hudson Pacific Properties to enter into an exclusive negotiation agreement.
Transportation
The Martin Luther King Jr. station provides access to the Kaiser Permanente medical facility, the Crenshaw Medical Arts Centre clinic office building and the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza via the K Line.
References
^ "Public investment to support $125 million mixed-use project in south LA". National Real Estate Investor. August 7, 2002.
^ "Marlton Square". August 14, 2008.
^
^ "$43.5 MIillion Development Deal OK'd.(News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)". November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.
^ McGreevy, Patrick; Shuster, Beth (November 15, 2002). "$123-Million Crenshaw Project Goes to Council". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ "Finances of Los Angeles-Area Project's Developer Come under Scrutiny. - Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News". November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.
^ "South L.A. Project Raising Eyebrows (News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)". November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.
^ ECWANDC (March 3, 2008). "Marlton Square - We deserve better!". Archived from the original on December 20, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Jennings, Angel (October 20, 2015). "Long-stalled Marlton Square project makes a move forward". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ Sharp, Steven (January 20, 2017). "Marlton square mall". Urbanize LA. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
^ Sharp, Steven (December 6, 2022). "Hudson Pacific Properties slated to redevelop Marlton Square property in Baldwin Hills". Urbanize LA. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
^ "Baldwin Hills is Up for a Makeover". www.thenewsfunnel.com. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
External links
In 2010, Leimert Park Beat: The Soul of Los Angeles partnered with Intersections South LA Report and Spot.us to create the definitive report on the Marlton Square/Santa Barbara Plaza fiasco.
vteKaiser PermanenteHospitals
Kaiser Fontana Medical Center
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People
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vteSouth Los Angeles region, Los AngelesNeighborhoods
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Points of interestLibraries
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ResidencesHistoricdistricts
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SchoolsHighschools
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Other
Marlton
Sportsarenas
BMO Stadium
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Otherbuildings
28th Street YMCA
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Holiday Bowl
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Other sites
Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza
Public Art
Watts Station
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TransportationBikeways
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Century
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Alameda Corridor
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vteCity of Los AngelesBy topic
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Portal: Los Angeles
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_facility"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Village,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr Blvd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Boulevard_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Hills_Crenshaw_Plaza"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"}],"text":"Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United StatesMarlton Square is a one-block medical facility, retail and residential portion of Marlton Ave, located in the Baldwin Village neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California.[1][2] It is bordered by Martin Luther King Jr Blvd on the north, Marlton Ave on the east, Santa Rosalia Dr on the south, Angeles Vista Blvd on the southeast, Thrive Dr. on the southwest and Buckingham Road on the west. Across from the medical facility is the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza, a shopping mall.","title":"Marlton Square"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Barbara Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Avenue"},{"link_name":"redevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redevelopment"},{"link_name":"Retirement Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_Community"},{"link_name":"apartment complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_complex"},{"link_name":"senior housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_housing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"favoritism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronyism"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Hills,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Keyshawn Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyshawn_Johnson"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"housing complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_complex"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Permanente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Permanente"},{"link_name":"walking path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_path"},{"link_name":"outdoor plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"shopping center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_center"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurants"},{"link_name":"retail stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_store"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hudson Pacific Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Pacific_Properties"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Marlton Square was created and built in the early 1950s as a retail strip mall. It was then known as Santa Barbara Plaza due do the fact it was on Santa Barbara Avenue before it was changed to Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.In 2003, local developers broke ground in the first phase of the 22-acre (89,000 m2) Marlton Square redevelopment project. This phase involved constructing the Buckingham Place Senior Retirement Community project, a 180-unit apartment complex, that is adjacent to the Baldwin Villa Plaza senior housing complex and shopping mall. The project was scheduled to be completed in spring of 2004. Several million dollars of public and private funding were awarded to the project.[3][4] Although the redevelopment project began with concerns of political favoritism, it was billed as \"the catalytic project for the Baldwin Hills, Crenshaw communities\", and a lynchpin development project for the entire area.[5]While initially promising, financial difficulties and other problems quickly beset the project. Capital Vision Equities' first check to the city bounced in 2001[6] and the testimony of whistle-blowers lead to an audit by the Ethics Commission early on in the project.[7] Ultimately these problems overwhelmed the developer, and amid complaints of mismanagement the redevelopment of Marlton Square has stalled in bankruptcy. Several other agencies have been involved with the development project, including Keyshawn Capital Development, which is owned and operated by former NFL wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson. The old retail stores were demolished in May 2011 to make way for future development.By the end of 2009 Buckingham Place was largely finished but had remained unopened due to bankruptcy. In early 2012 Buckingham Place housing complex opened.[8]A 100,000-square-foot Kaiser Permanente medical facility office building (9,300 m2) opened on September 7, 2017. The facility has a two-mile walking path and outdoor plaza.[9] A new shopping center complex along with new restaurants and retail stores are also being planned to be built by private developers.[10] In 2022, the city request for proposals process selected Hudson Pacific Properties to enter into an exclusive negotiation agreement.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._station_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Hills_Crenshaw_Plaza"},{"link_name":"K Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Martin Luther King Jr. station provides access to the Kaiser Permanente medical facility, the Crenshaw Medical Arts Centre clinic office building and the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza via the K Line.[12]","title":"Transportation"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Public investment to support $125 million mixed-use project in south LA\". National Real Estate Investor. August 7, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nreionline.com/multifamily/public-investment-support-125-million-mixed-use-project-south-la","url_text":"\"Public investment to support $125 million mixed-use project in south LA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlton Square\". August 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://lasentinel.net/marlton-square.html","url_text":"\"Marlton Square\""}]},{"reference":"\"$43.5 MIillion Development Deal OK'd.(News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)\". November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102203651/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104542691.html","url_text":"\"$43.5 MIillion Development Deal OK'd.(News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104542691.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGreevy, Patrick; Shuster, Beth (November 15, 2002). \"$123-Million Crenshaw Project Goes to Council\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/15/local/me-plaza15","url_text":"\"$123-Million Crenshaw Project Goes to Council\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Finances of Los Angeles-Area Project's Developer Come under Scrutiny. - Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News\". November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102203637/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100106472.html","url_text":"\"Finances of Los Angeles-Area Project's Developer Come under Scrutiny. - Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100106472.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South L.A. Project Raising Eyebrows (News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)\". November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102203643/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100426195.html","url_text":"\"South L.A. Project Raising Eyebrows (News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100426195.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ECWANDC (March 3, 2008). \"Marlton Square - We deserve better!\". Archived from the original on December 20, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zyNIMQAWO8","url_text":"\"Marlton Square - We deserve better!\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/7zyNIMQAWO8","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jennings, Angel (October 20, 2015). \"Long-stalled Marlton Square project makes a move forward\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-long-awaited-marlton-square-project-makes-a-move-forward-20151020-story.html","url_text":"\"Long-stalled Marlton Square project makes a move forward\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Steven (January 20, 2017). \"Marlton square mall\". Urbanize LA. Retrieved June 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://urbanize.la/post/blighted-marlton-square-could-see-new-shopping-mall","url_text":"\"Marlton square mall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urbanize_LA&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Urbanize LA"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Steven (December 6, 2022). \"Hudson Pacific Properties slated to redevelop Marlton Square property in Baldwin Hills\". Urbanize LA. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://la.urbanize.city/post/hudson-pacific-properties-slated-redevelop-marlton-square-property-baldwin-hills","url_text":"\"Hudson Pacific Properties slated to redevelop Marlton Square property in Baldwin Hills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baldwin Hills is Up for a Makeover\". www.thenewsfunnel.com. Retrieved June 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenewsfunnel.com/market-research/baldwin-hills-makeover","url_text":"\"Baldwin Hills is Up for a Makeover\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.nreionline.com/multifamily/public-investment-support-125-million-mixed-use-project-south-la","external_links_name":"\"Public investment to support $125 million mixed-use project in south LA\""},{"Link":"https://lasentinel.net/marlton-square.html","external_links_name":"\"Marlton Square\""},{"Link":"http://www.allbusiness.com/real-estate/commercial-residential-property/5686010-1.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102203651/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104542691.html","external_links_name":"\"$43.5 MIillion Development Deal OK'd.(News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-104542691.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2002/nov/15/local/me-plaza15","external_links_name":"\"$123-Million Crenshaw Project Goes to Council\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102203637/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100106472.html","external_links_name":"\"Finances of Los Angeles-Area Project's Developer Come under Scrutiny. - Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100106472.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102203643/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100426195.html","external_links_name":"\"South L.A. Project Raising Eyebrows (News) - Daily News (Los Angeles, CA)\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-100426195.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zyNIMQAWO8","external_links_name":"\"Marlton Square - We deserve better!\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/7zyNIMQAWO8","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-long-awaited-marlton-square-project-makes-a-move-forward-20151020-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Long-stalled Marlton Square project makes a move forward\""},{"Link":"https://urbanize.la/post/blighted-marlton-square-could-see-new-shopping-mall","external_links_name":"\"Marlton square mall\""},{"Link":"https://la.urbanize.city/post/hudson-pacific-properties-slated-redevelop-marlton-square-property-baldwin-hills","external_links_name":"\"Hudson Pacific Properties slated to redevelop Marlton Square property in Baldwin Hills\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenewsfunnel.com/market-research/baldwin-hills-makeover","external_links_name":"\"Baldwin Hills is Up for a Makeover\""},{"Link":"http://www.leimertparkbeat.com/profiles/blogs/redevelopment-hell-how-a-prime-1","external_links_name":"In 2010, Leimert Park Beat: The Soul of Los Angeles partnered with Intersections South LA Report and Spot.us to create the definitive report on the Marlton Square/Santa Barbara Plaza fiasco."}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Tai_Po_Market_railway_station
|
Hong Kong Railway Museum
|
["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Exhibits","3.1 Inside the museum","3.2 Vehicles on the track","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 22°26′51″N 114°09′52″E / 22.4476°N 114.1644°E / 22.4476; 114.1644Railway museum in Tai Po, Hong Kong
Tai Po Market (Tai Po)大埔墟Former KCR stationThe station in 2003Chinese nameTraditional Chinese香港鐵路博物館Simplified Chinese香港铁路博物馆TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiānggǎng Tiělù BówùguǎnYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHēung góng tit louh bok maht gúnJyutpingHoeng1 gong2 tit3 lou6 bok3 mat6 gun2
General informationLocation13 Shung Tak Street, Tai PoTai Po District, Hong KongCoordinates22°26′51″N 114°09′52″E / 22.4476°N 114.1644°E / 22.4476; 114.1644Owned byKowloon-Canton Railway CorporationOperated byKowloon-Canton Railway CorporationLine(s) Kowloon–Canton Railway (British Section)Platforms2 (2 side platforms)Tracks2Connections
Bus, minibus
ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradePlatform levels1Other informationStatusCeased operations, converted to museumWebsiteHong Kong Railway MuseumHistoryOpened1 October 1910; 113 years ago (1910-10-01)Closed6 April 1983; 41 years ago (1983-04-06)Services
Preceding station
KCR
Following station
Tai Po Kautowards Kowloon
KCR British section
Fanlingtowards Lo Wu
LocationTai Po Market (Tai Po)Location within the current MTR system
The Hong Kong Railway Museum is a railway museum in Tai Po, Hong Kong. It is now under the management of the Leisure and Cultural Service Department. Opened on 20 December 1985, it is located at the site where the old Tai Po Market railway station was built in 1913. Admission to the museum is free.
History
The Kowloon–Canton Railway (British Section) opened in 1910 in Tai Po Market was one of the stops in the New Territories. The station building was erected in 1913. Since then, it has acted as a centre of administration and trade, which indirectly boosted Tai Po Market's economy by bringing traders there.
The Kowloon–Canton Railway was electrified in 1983 and the station was taken out of service, with the opening of the new Tai Wo station north of it and the new Tai Po Market station south of it. One year later, the Old Tai Po Market Railway Station was declared a monument. The site, together with the buildings and relevant exhibits, were then given to Regional Council by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation for the construction of the museum.
The museum opened on 20 December 1985.
Architecture
The building of the station is unique in the way of architectural style among original Kowloon–Canton Railway (British Section). It is of indigenous Chinese architectural style, with many small figures decorating the exterior, such as are commonly found in existing old southern Chinese temples.
Exhibits
Exhibition gallery include historical pictures and artifacts that help chronicle the story of how the railways developed in Hong Kong
Inside the museum
On the left of the museum, there is an exhibition room of train tickets and train models of not only KCR trains but also Japanese Shinkansen and Eurostar. The further internal part of the room is a refurbished ticket office and signalling house.
Vehicles on the track
6 historical coaches are inside the museum
Two locomotives are on exhibition at the museum:
EMD G12 Diesel-electric locomotive #51, introduced in Hong Kong in 1955, which is called "Sir Alexander", named after former Governor Alexander Grantham. This was the first diesel electric locomotive in Hong Kong and marked KCR's transition from steam to diesel. After a new batch of diesel locomotives arrived in Hong Kong in late 2003, the Sir Alexander retired from service. KCR Corporation staff spent more than 1000 hours restoring it to its original 1955 appearance, removing rust, repainting it dark green, and restoring the traditional logo. It was donated to the museum on 18 May 2004.
A W. G. Bagnall 0-4-4T narrow gauge steam locomotive #17BG, restored from the Philippines in 1995. The locomotive is one of two that formerly ran on the narrow gauge Sha Tau Kok Railway line between Fanling and Sha Tau Kok. When that closed, they were used by sugar mills in the Philippines. The other locomotive of the pair was also brought back to Hong Kong and is reported to be undergoing restoration.
There are seven coaches on the tracks for public viewing and appreciation of the contrast between the old and the new.
A 1911 third-class coach, #302
A 1921 engineering brake coach, #002
A 1921 third-class coach, #313
A 1955 third-class coach, #223 (an educational video room)
A 1955 luggage coach, #229
A 1964 first-class coach, #112
A 1976 ordinary-class coach, #276
There are also a pump trolley and a diesel-engined railcar.
A 1:1 scale model of a non-refurbished East Rail line Metro Cammell EMU was once on display at the Museum, but was removed to make space for locomotive #51.
Gallery
Steam locomotive W.G.Bagnall 0-4-4T
The retired Sir Alexander diesel locomotive (#51)
Historical Coaches 223
Historical Coaches 313
Historical Coaches 302
The ticket office
Inside the 1911 third-class compartment
Inside the 1964 First-class compartment
Inside the 1974 ordinary-class compartment
Inside the 1955 third-class compartment Toilet
Old Tai Po Market Station sign
To Shum Chun sign
Tai Po Railway station Panorama
See also
List of museums in Hong Kong
Tai Wo, the local area which the former station was situated
References
^ "Hong Kong Railway Museum". Hong Kong Heritage Museum. Retrieved 15 May 2022. Address: 13 Shung Tak Street, Tai Po Market, Tai Po, Hong Kong.
^ Hong Kong Railway Museum, Hong Kong Tourism Board
^ "Old Tai Po Market Railway Station - Declared Monuments". Antiquities and Monuments Office. Hong Kong Government. 31 July 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
^ Hong Kong Railway Museum. Regional Council. 1986. p. 7.
^ "KCRC donates Hong Kong's first diesel electric locomotive to Hong Kong Railway Museum". Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation. 18 May 2004.
^ "Fanling - Sha Tau Kok Branch Line" (PDF). Hong Kong Heritage Museum.
^ "1:1 Yelloe-head model ". www.rrpicturearchives.net. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hong Kong Railway Museum.
Official website (in English) (in Chinese) (in Chinese)
Attractions in Tai Po
Hong Kong Antiquities and Declared Monuments
Image Gallery
vteTai Po DistrictAreas
Kau Lung Hang
Lai Chi Chong
Lam Tsuen
Pak Shek Kok
Sha Lo Tung
Shap Sze Heung
Tai Mei Tuk
Tai Po
Tai Po Market
Tai Po New Town
Tai Wo Market
Tai Po Kau
Ting Kok
Islands
A Chau (丫洲, Centre Island)
Breaker Reef
Bun Sha Pai (崩紗排)
Cham Pai (杉排)
Chau Tsai Kok (洲仔角)
Che Lei Pai (扯里排)
Chek Chau (赤洲, Port Island)
Flat Island (銀洲)
Hau Tsz Kok Pai (孝子角排)
Hin Pai (蜆排)
Kung Chau (弓洲)
Ma Shi Chau (馬屎洲)
Ma Yan Pai (媽印排)
Mo Chau (磨洲)
Ping Chau (平洲)
Sam Pui Chau (三杯酒)
Sha Pai (沙排)
Shek Ngau Chau (石牛洲)
Tang Chau (燈洲)
Tap Mun Chau (塔門洲, Grass Island)
Tit Shue Pai (鐵樹排)
Tung Ping Chau
Wai Chau Pai (灣仔排)
Wu Chau (烏洲)
Yeung Chau (洋洲)
Yim Tin Tsai
Landmarks
Cloudy Hill
Hong Kong Railway Museum
Hong Lok Yuen
Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden
Lam Tsuen Valley
Lam Tsuen wishing trees
Mang Gui Kiu
Museum of Ethnology
Plover Cove
Sai Kung West Country Park
Tai Po Industrial Estate
Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve
Tai Po Lookout
Tai Po Sports Ground
Tai Po Waterfront Park
Tai Po Lookout Tower
Three Fathoms Cove
Historic churches of Sai Kung Peninsula
TransportMTR stations
Tai Po Market
Tai Wo
Closed
Tai Po Kau
EducationPrimary/secondary
American School Hong Kong
Carmel Pak U Secondary School
Hong Kong Japanese School International School
Law Ting Pong Secondary School
Malvern College Hong Kong
NTHYK Tai Po District Secondary School
Norwegian International School
Tai Po Sam Yuk Secondary School
Higher education
Education University of Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong (portion)
Culture
Tai Po FC
This list is incomplete.
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Opened on 20 December 1985, it is located at the site where the old Tai Po Market railway station was built in 1913.[3] Admission to the museum is free.","title":"Hong Kong Railway Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kowloon–Canton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon%E2%80%93Canton_Railway"},{"link_name":"New Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Territories"},{"link_name":"Tai Wo station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wo_station"},{"link_name":"Tai Po Market station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Po_Market_station"},{"link_name":"declared a monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declared_monuments_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Council_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon-Canton_Railway_Corporation"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Kowloon–Canton Railway (British Section) opened in 1910 in Tai Po Market was one of the stops in the New Territories. The station building was erected in 1913. Since then, it has acted as a centre of administration and trade, which indirectly boosted Tai Po Market's economy by bringing traders there.The Kowloon–Canton Railway was electrified in 1983 and the station was taken out of service, with the opening of the new Tai Wo station north of it and the new Tai Po Market station south of it. One year later, the Old Tai Po Market Railway Station was declared a monument. The site, together with the buildings and relevant exhibits, were then given to Regional Council by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation for the construction[clarification needed] of the museum.The museum opened on 20 December 1985.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indigenous Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_culture#Architecture"},{"link_name":"Chinese temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_temple_architecture"}],"text":"The building of the station is unique in the way of architectural style among original Kowloon–Canton Railway (British Section). It is of indigenous Chinese architectural style, with many small figures decorating the exterior, such as are commonly found in existing old southern Chinese temples.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_Exhibit_2012.jpg"}],"text":"Exhibition gallery include historical pictures and artifacts that help chronicle the story of how the railways developed in Hong Kong","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinkansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkansen"},{"link_name":"Eurostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostar"}],"sub_title":"Inside the museum","text":"On the left of the museum, there is an exhibition room of train tickets and train models of not only KCR trains but also Japanese Shinkansen and Eurostar. The further internal part of the room is a refurbished ticket office and signalling house.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_Overview2_201208.jpg"},{"link_name":"EMD G12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G12"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Alexander Grantham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grantham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"W. G. Bagnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Bagnall"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Sha Tau Kok Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tau_Kok_Branch"},{"link_name":"Fanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanling"},{"link_name":"Sha Tau Kok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tau_Kok"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"East Rail line Metro Cammell EMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR_Metro_Cammell_EMU_(AC)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Vehicles on the track","text":"6 historical coaches are inside the museumTwo locomotives are on exhibition at the museum:EMD G12 Diesel-electric locomotive #51, introduced in Hong Kong in 1955, which is called \"Sir Alexander\", named after former Governor Alexander Grantham. This was the first diesel electric locomotive in Hong Kong and marked KCR's transition from steam to diesel. After a new batch of diesel locomotives arrived in Hong Kong in late 2003, the Sir Alexander retired from service. KCR Corporation staff spent more than 1000 hours restoring it to its original 1955 appearance, removing rust, repainting it dark green, and restoring the traditional logo. It was donated to the museum on 18 May 2004.[5]\nA W. G. Bagnall 0-4-4T narrow gauge steam locomotive #17BG, restored from the Philippines in 1995. The locomotive is one of two that formerly ran on the narrow gauge Sha Tau Kok Railway line between Fanling and Sha Tau Kok. When that closed, they were used by sugar mills in the Philippines.[6] The other locomotive of the pair was also brought back to Hong Kong and is reported to be undergoing restoration.There are seven coaches on the tracks for public viewing and appreciation of the contrast between the old and the new.A 1911 third-class coach, #302\nA 1921 engineering brake coach, #002\nA 1921 third-class coach, #313\nA 1955 third-class coach, #223 (an educational video room)\nA 1955 luggage coach, #229\nA 1964 first-class coach, #112\nA 1976 ordinary-class coach, #276There are also a pump trolley and a diesel-engined railcar.A 1:1 scale model of a non-refurbished East Rail line Metro Cammell EMU was once on display at the Museum, but was removed to make space for locomotive #51.[7]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCR_NGS_train.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCR-siralexander.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RM_train223.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCR_Train_Car_313_29-06-2020.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M0029_Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_09.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_Train_Office_2012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_3rd_class_train_2012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_a_first-class_compartment_of_1964.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Railway_Museum_an_ordinary-class_compartment_of_1974.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCR_coach_223_toilet.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Tai_Po_Market_Station_banner.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:To_Shum_Chun_Cantonese.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tai_Po_Railway_Museum_Panorama.jpg"}],"text":"Steam locomotive W.G.Bagnall 0-4-4T\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe retired Sir Alexander diesel locomotive (#51)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistorical Coaches 223\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistorical Coaches 313\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistorical Coaches 302\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe ticket office\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the 1911 third-class compartment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the 1964 First-class compartment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the 1974 ordinary-class compartment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the 1955 third-class compartment Toilet\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld Tai Po Market Station sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTo Shum Chun sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTai Po Railway station Panorama","title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqtam
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Aqtam
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["1 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°26′35″N 79°49′09″E / 43.44306°N 79.81917°E / 43.44306; 79.81917Village in Almaty Region, KazakhstanAqtam
АқтамvillageAqtamLocation in KazakhstanShow map of KazakhstanAqtamAqtam (Asia)Show map of AsiaCoordinates: 43°26′35″N 79°49′09″E / 43.44306°N 79.81917°E / 43.44306; 79.81917CountryKazakhstanRegionAlmaty RegionDistrictUygur DistrictPopulation (2009) • Total1,846Time zoneUTC+6 (Omsk Time)Postal code041803Area code72778
Aqtam (Kazakh: Ақтам, Aqtam) is a village in the Almaty Region of south-eastern Kazakhstan.
External links
Tageo.com
vteAlmaty RegionCapital: QonayevDistricts
Balkhash
Enbekshikazakh
Ile
Karasay
Raiymbek
Talgar
Uygur
Zhambyl
Major cities and towns
Bakanas
Boralday
Esik
Kaskelen
Kegen
Qonayev
Talgar
Uzynagash
Settlements
Abay
Akbulak
Akdala
Akkaynar
Akozek
Aksengir
Akshiy
Aktas
Alatau
Alga
Algabas
Ali
Amangel'dy
Aqdala
Aqkol
Aqshi
Aqtam
Arkabay
Avat
Azat
Baganashyl
Bakanas
Balatopar
Baltabay
Baqanas
Baqbaqty
Baybulak
Bayserka
Bayserke
Bayterek
Bazarkel'dy
Bel'bulak
Besqaynar
Bezvodnyy
Birlik
Bozinggen
Burunday
Chundzha
Chundzha
Degeres
Dyusen'
Dzhanek
Ekinshi beszhyldyq
Elaman
Esik
Gagarino
Gvardeyskiy
Imeni Panfilova
Imeni Sverdlova
Intymak
Irgeli
Isayevo
Kamenka
Kamennoye Plato
Karagayly
Karakastek
Karakemer
Karaoy
Karasaz
Karatobe
Karaturyk
Kargaly
Kaskelen
Kasymbek
Kauchuk
Kaynar
Kaynazar
Kayrat
Kazarma
Kazatkom
Kegen
Kerbulak
Ketpen
Kishi Qaraoy
Klyuchi
Kokkaynar
Kokozek
Kokpek
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Koktal
Koktobe
Madeniyet
Malovodnoye
Malybay
Masaq
Mezhdurechenskoe
Muhametzhan Tuimebayev
Mynbayevo
Narynkol
Nikolaevka
Nura
Nura
Otegen Batyr
Pervomayskiy
Podgornoye
Pokrovka
Politotdel
Qalzhat
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Qarasu
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Qonayev
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Saty
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Sharyn
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Sumbe
Talap
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Talgar
Taran
Tashkensaz
Tastybulak
Tauturgen
Tekes
Terekty
Teskensu
Tolkyn
Tuganbay
Turar
Turgen
Tuyyq
Tuzusay
Umbetaly Karibayev
Ushkonyr
Uzynbulaq
Yanaturmysh
Yenbek
Yenbekshi
Yermensay
Yesentay
Yesik
Yevgenyevka
Yubileynoye
Zhalpaksay
Zhapek Batyr
This Almaty Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_AFL_season
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1991 AFL season
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["1 Foster's Cup","2 Home-and-away season","2.1 Round 1","2.2 Round 2","2.3 Round 3","2.4 Round 4","2.5 Round 5","2.6 Round 6","2.7 Round 7","2.8 Round 8","2.9 Round 9","2.10 Round 10","2.11 Round 11","2.12 Round 12","2.13 Round 13","2.14 Round 14","2.15 Round 15","2.16 Round 16","2.17 Round 17","2.18 Round 18","2.19 Round 19","2.20 Round 20","2.21 Round 21","2.22 Round 22","2.23 Round 23","2.24 Round 24","3 Ladder","4 Finals series","4.1 Finals week 1","4.2 Finals week 2","4.3 Preliminary final","4.4 Grand final","5 Season notes","6 Awards","7 References","8 Sources"]
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95th season of the Australian Football League (AFL)
For the 1991 season of the Arena Football League, see 1991 Arena Football League season.
1991 AFL premiership seasonTeams15PremiersHawthorn 9th premiershipMinor premiersWest Coast 1st minor premiershipPre-season cupHawthorn 2nd pre-season cup winBrownlow MedallistJim Stynes (Melbourne)Coleman MedallistTony Lockett (St Kilda)AttendanceMatches played172Total attendance4,178,884 (24,296 per match)Highest75,230 (Grand Final, Hawthorn vs. West Coast)← 19901992 →
The 1991 AFL season was the 95th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), which was known previously as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season ran from 22 March until 28 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top six clubs, an increase from the top five clubs which had contested the finals since 1972.
The season saw expansion of the league to fifteen clubs, with the admission of the newly established Adelaide Crows, based in Adelaide, South Australia. With at least one team representing each of the three major Australian rules football states, the league was now the highest level senior Australian rules football competition across Australia, as well as the top administrative body for football in Victoria.
The premiership was won by the Hawthorn Football Club for the ninth time, after defeating West Coast by 53 points in the 1991 AFL Grand Final.
Foster's Cup
Main article: 1991 Foster's Cup
Hawthorn defeated North Melbourne 14.19 (103) to 7.12 (54) in the final.
Home-and-away season
The league expanded to 15 teams with the admission of the Adelaide Crows, meaning byes were required for the first time since 1943.
Each team played 22 games for the season with two byes: seven teams had a bye in round 1, and one team had a bye in each subsequent round.
Round 1
Round 1
Friday, 22 March (7:40 pm)
Adelaide 24.11 (155)
def.
Hawthorn 9.15 (69)
Football Park (crowd: 44,902)
Report
Saturday, 23 March (2:10 pm)
St Kilda 16.11 (107)
def.
Richmond 12.10 (82)
Waverley Park (crowd: 33,192)
Report
Sunday, 24 March (2:10 pm)
Footscray 11.10 (76)
def. by
Collingwood 21.20 (146)
Waverley Park (crowd: 38,861)
Report
Sunday, 24 March (2:10 pm)
West Coast 14.15 (99)
def.
Melbourne 2.8 (20)
Subiaco Oval (crowd: 26,105)
Report
ByeBrisbane Bears, Carlton, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, North Melbourne, Sydney
The Jarman brothers Andrew (for Adelaide) and Darren (for Hawthorn) made their AFL debuts against each other in the season opener.
Round 2
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Collingwood
8.10 (58)
West Coast
13.7 (85)
Waverley Park
39,266
Saturday 30, March
Fitzroy
6.13 (49)
Melbourne
27.18 (180)
Princes Park
11,278
Saturday 30, March
Brisbane Bears
8.10 (58)
North Melbourne
15.14 (104)
Carrara Stadium
5,724
Saturday 30, March
Adelaide
12.9 (81)
Carlton
15.14 (104)
Football Park
43,850
Sunday 31, March
Richmond
17.7 (109)
Essendon
16.17 (113)
MCG
31,793
Monday 1, April
Geelong
18.22 (130)
St Kilda
16.8 (104)
Kardinia Park
26,303
Monday 1, April
Hawthorn
25.16 (166)
Sydney
10.15 (75)
Princes Park
13,815
Monday 1, April
Round 3
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Carlton
18.19 (127)
Brisbane Bears
9.16 (70)
Princes Park
16,651
Saturday 6, April
Collingwood
16.21 (117)
Fitzroy
8.10 (58)
Victoria Park
24,691
Saturday 6, April
North Melbourne
13.16 (94)
Essendon
25.17 (167)
MCG
24,961
Saturday 6, April
Hawthorn
20.16 (136)
Richmond
11.13 (79)
Waverley Park
25,960
Saturday 6, April
Footscray
10.8 (68)
Geelong
15.27 (117)
Whitten Oval
20,875
Sunday 7, April
Melbourne
21.19 (145)
St Kilda
24.10 (154)
MCG
27,266
Sunday 7, April
Sydney
15.18 (108)
Adelaide
19.18 (132)
SCG
10,649
Sunday 7, April
Round 4
Round 4
Friday, 12 April (7:40 pm)
West Coast 18.19 (127)
def.
North Melbourne 8.7 (55)
WACA Ground (crowd: 28,362)
Report
Saturday, 13 April (2:10 pm)
Essendon 12.20 (92)
def.
Adelaide 6.11 (47)
Windy Hill (crowd: 20,197)
Report
Saturday, 13 April (2:10 pm)
Melbourne 23.17 (155)
def.
Carlton 17.8 (110)
AFL Park (crowd: 32,573)
Report
Saturday, 13 April (2:10 pm)
St Kilda 13.16 (94)
drew with
Collingwood 13.16 (94)
Moorabbin Oval (crowd: 31,213)
Report
Saturday, 13 April (2:10 pm)
Fitzroy 12.18 (90)
def. by
Footscray 15.16 (106)
Princes Park (crowd: 10,351)
Report
Saturday, 13 April (2:10 pm)
Richmond 19.13 (127)
def. by
Sydney 24.20 (164)
MCG (crowd: 17,294)
Report
Sunday, 14 April (2:10 pm)
Brisbane Bears 12.16 (88)
def. by
Geelong 27.28 (190)
The Gabba (crowd: 12,654)
Report
ByeHawthorn
This was the first time since 1981 that a match for VFL/AFL premiership points had been staged at Brisbane Cricket Ground.Under the insistence of their new coach Robert Walls, the Bears would eventually relocate there permanently in 1993.
Round 5
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Sydney
19.16 (130)
Essendon
24.17 (161)
SCG
13,140
Friday 19, April
Collingwood
16.19 (115)
Brisbane Bears
14.9 (93)
Victoria Park
20,403
Saturday 20, April
Fitzroy
12.17 (89)
Richmond
16.17 (113)
Princes Park
12,124
Saturday 20, April
Footscray
17.16 (118)
Hawthorn
16.11 (107)
Waverley Park
21,448
Saturday 20, April
Melbourne
28.14 (182)
North Melbourne
17.10 (112)
MCG
22,928
Saturday 20, April
Geelong
13.17 (95)
Carlton
8.10 (58)
Kardinia Park
27,365
Sunday 21, April
West Coast
19.16 (130)
Adelaide
9.11 (65)
Subiaco Oval
34,704
Sunday 21, April
Round 6
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Collingwood
10.17 (77)
Melbourne
17.11 (113)
Waverley Park
55,735
Thursday 25, April
North Melbourne
27.26 (188)
Sydney
21.8 (134)
MCG
15,664
Thursday 25, April
Carlton
13.16 (94)
St Kilda
7.18 (60)
Princes Park
29,005
Saturday 27, April
Geelong
13.11 (89)
West Coast
19.20 (134)
Waverley Park
33,905
Saturday 27, April
Brisbane Bears
12.11 (83)
Essendon
16.18 (114)
Carrara Stadium
9,253
Saturday 27, April
Fitzroy
11.8 (74)
Hawthorn
36.15 (231)
North Hobart Oval
13,335
Sunday 28, April
Adelaide
19.14 (128)
Footscray
14.13 (97)
Football Park
36,695
Sunday 28, April
Round 7
Round 7
Friday, 3 May (7:40 pm)
North Melbourne 21.15 (141)
def.
Fitzroy 14.13 (97)
MCG (crowd: 13,111)
Report
Saturday, 4 May (2:10 pm)
St Kilda 24.18 (162)
def.
Adelaide 4.7 (31)
Moorabbin Oval (crowd: 25,057)
Report
Saturday, 4 May (2:10 pm)
Melbourne 18.18 (126)
def.
Brisbane Bears 17.11 (113)
MCG (crowd: 14,722)
Report
Saturday, 4 May (2:10 pm)
Essendon 17.13 (115)
def.
Carlton 13.16 (94)
Waverley Park (crowd: 47,651)
Report
Saturday, 4 May (2:10 pm)
Hawthorn 8.14 (62)
def. by
West Coast 21.18 (144)
Princes Park (crowd: 18,585)
Report
Sunday, 5 May (2:10 pm)
Footscray 20.13 (133)
def.
Richmond 14.17 (101)
Western Oval (crowd: 18,644)
Report
Sunday, 5 May (2:10 pm)
Sydney 20.24 (144)
def.
Geelong 14.14 (98)
SCG (crowd: 11,244)
Report
ByeCollingwood
St Kilda stars Nicky Winmar and Tony Lockett marked their long-awaited return to action with outstanding performances as the Saints set a new club record for biggest win, eclipsing their 110-point win against Fitzroy in 1970. The signs were ominous when Lockett goaled in the opening minute after marking a pass from Robert Harvey, eventually finishing with 12 goals. The Crows weren't helped by the loss of Andrew Jarman to a shoulder injury in the first quarter.
In their match at the MCG, Brisbane Bears led Melbourne for much of the afternoon, and appeared to have won when former Geelong player Shane Hamilton put the Bears 19 points ahead at the 19-minute mark of the final quarter. The Demons mounted a comeback when Darren Cuthbertson goaled from a controversial free kick after Bears defender John Gastev was penalized for holding the ball, and hit the front with goals to Jim Stynes and Ricky Jackson to eventually run out 13-point winners. Cuthbertson and Darren Bennett kicked five goals each for the winners.
Round 8
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Hawthorn
18.14 (122)
Carlton
11.12 (78)
Waverley Park
29,727
Saturday 11, May
Essendon
13.9 (87)
West Coast
14.10 (94)
Windy Hill
21,438
Saturday 11, May
Fitzroy
10.10 (70)
Sydney
21.21 (147)
Princes Park
7,416
Saturday 11, May
Melbourne
17.19 (121)
Footscray
12.10 (82)
MCG
23,617
Saturday 11, May
Geelong
17.17 (119)
North Melbourne
22.18 (150)
Kardinia Park
17,746
Saturday 11, May
Richmond
24.15 (159)
Collingwood
15.12 (102)
MCG
28,322
Sunday 12, May
Brisbane Bears
12.7 (79)
St Kilda
21.22 (148)
Gabba
9,828
Sunday 12, May
Round 9
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
North Melbourne
18.12 (120)
Adelaide
18.10 (118)
MCG
16,175
Friday 17, May
Carlton
13.15 (93)
Richmond
12.9 (81)
Princes Park
23,087
Saturday 18, May
Collingwood
13.12 (90)
Geelong
18.24 (132)
Victoria Park
26,262
Saturday 18, May
Hawthorn
15.13 (103)
Essendon
13.9 (87)
Waverley Park
40,537
Saturday 18, May
Footscray
15.11 (101)
Brisbane Bears
14.12 (96)
Whitten Oval
10,585
Saturday 18, May
West Coast
17.23 (125)
Fitzroy
3.8 (26)
Subiaco Oval
23,586
Sunday 19, May
Sydney
16.17 (113)
St Kilda
18.11 (119)
SCG
13,284
Sunday 19, May
Round 10
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Adelaide
15.16 (106)
Melbourne
10.12 (72)
Football Park
43,722
Friday 24, May
Collingwood
16.12 (108)
Hawthorn
23.13 (151)
Waverley Park
45,595
Saturday 25, May
St Kilda
11.15 (81)
Essendon
16.13 (109)
Moorabbin Oval
33,832
Saturday 25, May
Fitzroy
19.13 (127)
Geelong
14.22 (106)
Princes Park
10,214
Saturday 25, May
North Melbourne
21.15 (141)
Footscray
18.19 (127)
MCG
17,254
Saturday 25, May
Brisbane Bears
10.15 (75)
Richmond
12.10 (82)
Carrara Stadium
7,330
Sunday 26, May
West Coast
15.16 (106)
Sydney
10.12 (72)
Subiaco Oval
33,498
Sunday 26, May
Round 11
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
North Melbourne
18.22 (130)
Collingwood
17.12 (114)
MCG
28,299
Saturday 1, June
Essendon
12.14 (86)
Melbourne
12.8 (80)
Windy Hill
21,635
Saturday 1, June
Geelong
27.15 (177)
Adelaide
14.9 (93)
Kardinia Park
17,644
Saturday 1, June
Hawthorn
10.17 (77)
St Kilda
15.13 (103)
Princes Park
20,832
Saturday 1, June
Richmond
12.8 (80)
West Coast
17.15 (117)
Waverley Park
15,476
Saturday 1, June
Footscray
8.9 (57)
Carlton
1.10 (16)
Whitten Oval
16,036
Sunday 2, June
Sydney
18.13 (121)
Brisbane Bears
26.12 (168)
SCG
7,657
Sunday 2, June
Round 12
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Carlton
12.10 (82)
Collingwood
10.2 (62)
Waverley Park
39,832
Saturday 8, June
Footscray
4.11 (35)
Sydney
5.5 (35)
Whitten Oval
11,236
Saturday 8, June
Brisbane Bears
14.9 (93)
West Coast
21.19 (145)
Carrara Stadium
5,728
Sunday 9, June
Adelaide
7.8 (50)
Fitzroy
7.5 (47)
Football Park
31,273
Sunday 9, June
Hawthorn
13.18 (96)
Geelong
20.16 (136)
Princes Park
23,123
Monday 10, June
Melbourne
13.12 (90)
Richmond
14.12 (96)
MCG
29,415
Monday 10, June
St Kilda
15.11 (101)
North Melbourne
8.18 (66)
Moorabbin Oval
31,242
Monday 10, June
Round 13
Round 13
Friday, 14 June (7:40 pm)
West Coast 25.15 (165)
def.
Footscray 7.5 (47)
WACA Ground (crowd: 25,117)
Report
Saturday, 15 June (2:10 pm)
Richmond 6.11 (47)
def. by
Adelaide 12.13 (85)
MCG (crowd: 16,235)
Report
Saturday, 15 June (2:10 pm)
Hawthorn 22.17 (149)
def.
Brisbane Bears 9.8 (62)
Princes Park (crowd: 5,741)
Report
Saturday, 15 June (2:10 pm)
Essendon 10.14 (74)
def. by
Collingwood 11.10 (76)
Waverley Park (crowd: 41,948)
Report
Sunday, 16 June (1:10 pm)
Fitzroy 15.8 (98)
def. by
St Kilda 17.9 (111)
North Hobart Oval (crowd: 13,746)
Report
Sunday, 16 June (2:10 pm)
Melbourne 16.8 (104)
def. by
Geelong 20.14 (134)
MCG (crowd: 40,930)
Report
Sunday, 16 June (3:10 pm)
Sydney 18.16 (124)
def.
Carlton 17.8 (110)
SCG (crowd: 12,769)
Report
ByeNorth Melbourne
In the Friday evening game in Perth, West Coast continued their unbeaten start to the season and extended their winning streak to 12 games when they pounded Footscray by 118 points, equalling their biggest winning margin which was set against Brisbane Bears in 1988. Full-forward Peter Sumich became the first Eagles player to kick ten or more goals in a game and finished with a career-best 13 goals.
Going into three-quarter time with a one-point lead, Adelaide kicked six goals to none in the final quarter to defeat Richmond and win their first game in Melbourne. After the match, Crows coach Graham Cornes acknowledged the significance of the win and took the opportunity to accuse the Victorian football media of a "xenophobic" attitude towards non-Victorian teams, also claiming that South Australian football crowds were "angels" compared to the crowds at Melbourne's suburban football grounds.
The game between Melbourne and Geelong marked the much-anticipated return of Gary Ablett from his premature retirement announcement earlier in the year. He had a modest game with ten touches and two goals, while teammate Bill Brownless took several spectacular marks and kicked seven goals as the Cats ran out winners by 30 points and consigned the Demons to a fourth straight loss.
Round 14
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Richmond
19.14 (128)
North Melbourne
26.16 (172)
MCG
23,353
Friday 21, June
Carlton
12.11 (83)
West Coast
11.14 (80)
Princes Park
19,588
Saturday 22, June
Collingwood
20.23 (143)
Sydney
6.8 (44)
Victoria Park
22,332
Saturday 22, June
Essendon
17.20 (122)
Fitzroy
12.11 (83)
Windy Hill
16,519
Saturday 22, June
St Kilda
16.6 (102)
Footscray
8.21 (69)
Moorabbin Oval
23,963
Saturday 22, June
Melbourne
11.11 (77)
Hawthorn
19.13 (127)
Waverley Park
30,664
Saturday 22, June
Adelaide
23.18 (156)
Brisbane Bears
13.12 (90)
Football Park
35,355
Sunday 23, June
Round 15
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
North Melbourne
18.7 (115)
Hawthorn
27.17 (179)
MCG
25,819
Friday 28, June
Collingwood
23.22 (160)
Adelaide
5.7 (37)
Victoria Park
25,164
Saturday 29, June
Fitzroy
6.5 (41)
Carlton
8.12 (60)
Princes Park
15,147
Saturday 29, June
Footscray
11.23 (89)
Essendon
6.7 (43)
Whitten Oval
17,536
Saturday 29, June
Geelong
19.17 (131)
Richmond
14.14 (98)
Waverley Park
22,688
Saturday 29, June
Sydney
14.10 (94)
Melbourne
26.21 (177)
SCG
10,569
Sunday 30, June
West Coast
21.11 (137)
St Kilda
14.9 (93)
Subiaco
42,255
Sunday 30, June
Round 16
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Carlton
14.5 (89)
North Melbourne
13.17 (95)
Princes Park
23,191
Saturday 6, July
Collingwood
20.13 (133)
Footscray
13.2 (80)
Victoria Park
27,757
Saturday 6, July
Hawthorn
23.20 (158)
Adelaide
14.11 (95)
Waverley Park
21,715
Saturday 6, July
Melbourne
11.10 (76)
West Coast
14.16 (100)
MCG
25,799
Saturday 6, July
Geelong
13.21 (99)
Essendon
10.15 (75)
Kardinia Park
31,096
Sunday 7, July
Brisbane Bears
26.14 (170)
Fitzroy
15.15 (105)
Gabba
7,373
Sunday 7, July
Richmond
13.18 (96)
St Kilda
18.16 (124)
MCG
32,782
Sunday 7, July
Round 17
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
West Coast
20.15 (135)
Collingwood
8.6 (54)
WACA
30,715
Friday 12, July
Carlton
6.12 (48)
Adelaide
7.13 (55)
Princes Park
13,509
Saturday 13, July
Essendon
6.7 (43)
Richmond
7.18 (60)
Windy Hill
13,501
Saturday 13, July
Melbourne
12.20 (92)
Fitzroy
7.13 (55)
MCG
12,710
Saturday 13, July
St Kilda
9.13 (67)
Geelong
18.8 (116)
Moorabbin Oval
28,789
Saturday 13, July
North Melbourne
15.13 (103)
Brisbane Bears
14.6 (90)
Waverley Park
7,239
Saturday 13, July
Sydney
14.19 (103)
Hawthorn
15.24 (114)
SCG
12,143
Sunday 14, July
Round 18
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Fitzroy
15.21 (111)
Collingwood
18.16 (124)
Princes Park
14,129
Saturday 20, July
Essendon
19.9 (123)
North Melbourne
5.19 (49)
Windy Hill
19,322
Saturday 20, July
Richmond
13.10 (88)
Hawthorn
13.16 (94)
Waverley Park
24,731
Saturday 20, July
St Kilda
16.14 (110)
Melbourne
17.9 (111)
Moorabbin Oval
24,950
Saturday 20, July
Brisbane Bears
14.16 (100)
Carlton
12.21 (93)
Carrara Stadium
9,735
Sunday 21, July
Geelong
20.16 (136)
Footscray
10.8 (68)
Kardinia Park
22,145
Sunday 21, July
Adelaide
16.22 (118)
Sydney
19.8 (122)
Football Park
40,794
Sunday 21, July
Round 19
Round 19
Friday, 26 July (7:40 pm)
North Melbourne 12.13 (85)
def.
West Coast 11.16 (82)
MCG (crowd: 19,399)
Report
Saturday, 27 July (2:10 pm)
Geelong 24.15 (159)
def.
Brisbane Bears 8.10 (58)
Kardinia Park (crowd: 13,639)
Report
Saturday, 27 July (2:10 pm)
Carlton 10.8 (68)
def. by
Melbourne 11.14 (80)
Princes Park (crowd: 16,110)
Report
Saturday, 27 July (2:10 pm)
Collingwood 13.7 (85)
def.
St Kilda 7.11 (53)
Waverley Park (crowd: 53,315)
Report
Saturday, 27 July (2:10 pm)
Footscray 16.12 (108)
def.
Fitzroy 7.9 (51)
Western Oval (crowd: 8,977)
Report
Sunday, 28 July (2:10 pm)
Sydney 14.15 (99)
def.
Richmond 12.20 (92)
SCG (crowd: 9,276)
Report
Sunday, 28 July (7:40 pm)
Adelaide 16.12 (108)
def.
Essendon 12.9 (81)
Football Park (crowd: 41,716)
Report
ByeHawthorn
Round 20
Round 20
Saturday, 3 August (2:10 pm)
Carlton 16.9 (105)
def.
Geelong 14.19 (103)
Princes Park (crowd: 20,277)
Report
Saturday, 3 August (2:10 pm)
Essendon 22.19 (151)
def.
Sydney 12.12 (84)
Windy Hill (crowd: 14,341)
Report
Saturday, 3 August (2:10 pm)
Hawthorn 12.11 (83)
def.
Footscray 10.9 (69)
Waverley Park (crowd: 20,670)
Report
Saturday, 3 August (2:10 pm)
North Melbourne 13.10 (88)
def. by
Melbourne 20.20 (140)
MCG (crowd: 28,323)
Report
Saturday, 3 August (7:40 pm)
Brisbane Bears 10.11 (71)
def. by
Collingwood 26.16 (172)
Carrara Stadium (crowd: 9,302)
Report
Sunday, 4 August (2:10 pm)
Richmond 13.19 (97)
def. by
Fitzroy 23.18 (156)
MCG (crowd: 16,434)
Report
Sunday, 4 August (2:10 pm)
Adelaide 11.14 (80)
def. by
West Coast 14.11 (95)
Football Park (crowd: 45,864)
Report
ByeSt Kilda
Carlton produced its second major upset of the season, shaking off four consecutive narrow losses and surviving a last-quarter fightback from second-placed Geelong to win by two points. The Blues players kept a promise to coach David Parkin that they would produce a four-quarter effort, while Cats coach Malcolm Blight lamented his side's inconsistency.
Round 21
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
West Coast
11.16 (82)
Geelong
12.9 (81)
WACA
30,987
Friday 9, August
St Kilda
23.17 (155)
Carlton
15.11 (101)
Waverley Park
32,615
Saturday 10, August
Melbourne
8.7 (55)
Collingwood
19.13 (127)
MCG
50,085
Saturday 10, August
Essendon
23.19 (157)
Brisbane Bears
17.10 (112)
Windy Hill
12,970
Saturday 10, August
Hawthorn
28.27 (195)
Fitzroy
10.9 (69)
Princes Park
11,500
Saturday 10, August
Footscray
8.16 (64)
Adelaide
6.4 (40)
Whitten Oval
11,452
Saturday 10, August
Sydney
13.22 (100)
North Melbourne
20.16 (136)
SCG
13,252
Sunday 11, August
Round 22
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Adelaide
12.9 (81)
St Kilda
20.12 (132)
Football Park
45,440
Friday 16, August
Carlton
12.12 (84)
Essendon
13.10 (88)
Waverley Park
34,588
Saturday 17, August
Fitzroy
22.16 (148)
North Melbourne
21.21 (147)
Princes Park
8,588
Saturday 17, August
Richmond
14.11 (95)
Footscray
11.12 (78)
MCG
15,466
Saturday 17, August
Geelong
17.13 (115)
Sydney
13.10 (88)
Kardinia Park
17,755
Saturday 17, August
Brisbane Bears
13.13 (91)
Melbourne
15.13 (103)
Gabba
6,480
Sunday 18, August
West Coast
15.9 (99)
Hawthorn
11.9 (75)
Subiaco Oval
35,001
Sunday 18, August
Round 23
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Sydney
21.14 (140)
Fitzroy
13.16 (94)
SCG
8,553
Friday 23, August
Carlton
8.10 (58)
Hawthorn
23.18 (156)
Princes Park
18,521
Saturday 24, August
Collingwood
18.18 (126)
Richmond
14.9 (93)
Victoria Park
29,541
Saturday 24, August
North Melbourne
8.10 (58)
Geelong
13.12 (90)
Waverley Park
26,445
Saturday 24, August
St Kilda
27.12 (174)
Brisbane Bears
7.12 (54)
Moorabbin Oval
16,364
Saturday 24, August
West Coast
16.19 (115)
Essendon
7.10 (52)
Subiaco Oval
38,990
Sunday 25, August
Footscray
6.9 (45)
Melbourne
8.8 (56)
Whitten Oval
16,380
Sunday 25, August
Round 24
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Richmond
20.18 (138)
Carlton
18.15 (123)
MCG
21,854
Saturday 31, August
Geelong
16.11 (107)
Collingwood
8.18 (66)
Kardinia Park
28,491
Saturday 31, August
Essendon
9.9 (63)
Hawthorn
21.17 (143)
Waverley Park
48,311
Saturday 31, August
Fitzroy
14.15 (99)
West Coast
12.17 (89)
Princes Park
7,308
Saturday 31, August
St Kilda
24.14 (158)
Sydney
17.17 (119)
Moorabbin Oval
24,106
Saturday 31, August
Brisbane Bears
8.14 (62)
Footscray
14.14 (98)
Carrara Stadium
4,721
Saturday 31, August
Adelaide
28.12 (180)
North Melbourne
16.11 (107)
Football Park
36,220
Sunday 1, September
Ladder
(P)
Premiers
Qualified for finals
#
Team
P
W
L
D
PF
PA
%
Pts
1
West Coast
22
19
3
0
2485
1532
162.2
76
2
Hawthorn (P)
22
16
6
0
2793
2055
135.9
64
3
Geelong
22
16
6
0
2660
2021
131.6
64
4
St Kilda
22
14
7
1
2512
2087
120.4
58
5
Melbourne
22
13
9
0
2355
2123
110.9
52
6
Essendon
22
13
9
0
2203
2017
109.2
52
7
Collingwood
22
12
9
1
2349
2033
115.5
50
8
North Melbourne
22
12
10
0
2456
2693
91.2
48
9
Adelaide
22
10
12
0
2041
2282
89.4
40
10
Footscray
22
9
12
1
1815
2064
87.9
38
11
Carlton
22
8
14
0
1878
2113
88.9
32
12
Sydney
22
7
14
1
2360
2778
85.0
30
13
Richmond
22
7
15
0
2141
2450
87.4
28
14
Fitzroy
22
4
18
0
1837
2771
66.3
16
15
Brisbane Bears
22
3
19
0
1976
2842
69.5
12
Rules for classification: 1. premiership points; 2. percentage; 3. points forAverage score: 102.6Source: AFL Tables
Finals series
Main article: 1991 AFL finals series
Finals week 1
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Melbourne
17.11 (113)
Essendon
11.9 (75)
Waverley Park
46,032
Saturday 7, September
Geelong
15.14 (104)
St Kilda
14.13 (97)
Waverley Park
63,796
Sunday 8, September
West Coast
15.11 (101)
Hawthorn
18.16 (124)
Subiaco Oval
44,142
Sunday 8, September
Finals week 2
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Hawthorn
13.17 (95)
Geelong
13.15 (93)
Waverley Park
63,733
Saturday 14, September
West Coast
17.15 (117)
Melbourne
12.7 (79)
Waverley Park
41,136
Sunday 15, September
Preliminary final
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Geelong
8.16 (64)
West Coast
11.13 (79)
Waverley Park
47,638
Saturday 21, September
Grand final
Main article: 1991 AFL Grand Final
Home team
Home team score
Away team
Away team score
Ground
Crowd
Date
Hawthorn
20.19 (139)
West Coast
13.8 (86)
Waverley Park
75,230
Saturday 28, September
Season notes
The Adelaide Football Club, nicknamed the Crows, entered the AFL competition.
The McIntyre "final five" system, which had operated from 1972 until 1990, was replaced by the first McIntyre "final six" system. This system lasted only this season, and it was replaced by the second McIntyre "final six" system in 1992.
St Kilda broke an eighteen year finals drought, making the finals for the first time since 1973.
In round 6, North Melbourne and Sydney kicked a combined 32.18 (210) in the first half. It is the only aggregate of 200 points for a half in VFL/AFL history.
In round 11, Carlton kicked its only goal through Mark Arceri 33 seconds from the end of its match with Footscray. It was the Blues' lowest score since 1904, and the closest a team has come to a goalless match since 1961.
In round 21, Essendon hosted its last senior VFL/AFL match at Windy Hill, its home venue since 1922. Essendon played its home matches at the Melbourne Cricket Ground for the remainder of the 1990s.
Jim Stynes became the first, and as of 2023 only, foreign-born winner of the highest individual award, the Brownlow Medal.
West Coast did not concede more than 100 points in any game during the home-and-away season, being the first team to do this since 1967.
The qualifying final at Subiaco Oval between West Coast and Hawthorn was the first finals match played outside Melbourne since 1897, when one finals match was played in Geelong, and was the first final played outside Victoria.
The capacity of the Melbourne Cricket Ground was reduced by half during 1991 as the new Great Southern Stand was constructed in preparation for the 1992 Cricket World Cup, to be played there from February 1992. One consequence of this was that Waverley Park hosted all finals that were played in Melbourne, including the grand final for the first and only time in its history. The other was that Hawthorn's plans move its home games from Princes Park to Waverley Park were delayed by one year: Hawthorn had played five home games at Waverley Park and six at Princes Park in 1990 as part of transitional arrangements for a permanent move in 1991, but the AFL reneged on the deal when it became clear that the ground was needed for blockbuster games throughout the year: as a compromise, Hawthorn again played five home games at Waverley Park and six at Princes Park during 1991, and then moved permanently to Waverley Park in 1992.
The reserves premiership was won by Brisbane, who became the first non-Victorian team to win a VFL/AFL premiership at any grade.
The final under-19s premiership was won by North Melbourne. The AFL under-19s competition was shut down at the end of the season, being replaced by an under-18s competition featuring six district-based clubs in Victoria that were unaffiliated to the VFL/AFL clubs.
At the end of the season, Hawthorn captain Michael Tuck retired, having played a then-record 426 VFL/AFL matches (including seven premierships from 11 grand finals). The record stood until passed by Brent Harvey (North Melbourne) in Round 16 of 2016.
Awards
The Brownlow Medal was awarded to Jim Stynes of Melbourne
The Coleman Medal was awarded to Tony Lockett of St Kilda
The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Paul Dear of Hawthorn
The Leigh Matthews Trophy was awarded to Jim Stynes of Melbourne
The Under 19's Wooden Spoon was "awarded" to Footscray
The Reserves Wooden Spoon was "awarded" to Sydney
The Seniors Wooden Spoon was "awarded" to Brisbane
The Under 19's Grand Final was won by North Melbourne against Collingwood
The Reserves Grand Final was won by Brisbane against Melbourne
The Seniors Grand Final was won by Hawthorn against West Coast
References
^ "Saints go on record rampage". The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 476. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 May 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 10 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Demons pull a rabbit out of the hat at MCG". The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 476. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 May 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 10 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Crow pecks at media after win". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 16 June 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Demons sink out of top six". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 17 June 1991. p. 26. Retrieved 10 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "'One of those days' for Blues and Cats". The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 567. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 August 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 12 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Lerner, Ronny. "Footy flashback: Blues had one goal against the Bulldogs". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
^ Daryl Timms (2 July 1990). "Feathers fly". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 88.
Rodgers, Stephen (1992). Every Game Ever Played: VFL/AFL Results 1897-1991 (3rd ed.). Australia: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-90526-7.
Sources
1991 AFL season at AFL Tables
1991 AFL season at Australian Football
vteAustralian Football LeagueClubsCurrent
Adelaide
Brisbane Lions
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West Coast
Western Bulldogs
Future
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University
Seasons
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Grand finals
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Venues
Adelaide Oval
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Awards
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Coleman Medal
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Major recurringevents
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Known as the Victorian Football League from 1897–1989; no grand finals were held in 1897 and 1924
|
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2. percentage; 3. points forAverage score: 102.6Source: AFL Tables","title":"Ladder"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals week 1","title":"Finals series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals week 2","title":"Finals series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Preliminary final","title":"Finals series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Grand final","title":"Finals series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Crows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"McIntyre \"final five\" system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntyre_system#McIntyre_final_five_system"},{"link_name":"first McIntyre \"final six\" system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntyre_system#First_McIntyre_final_six_system"},{"link_name":"second McIntyre \"final six\" system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntyre_system#Second_McIntyre_final_six_system"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Footscray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footscray_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_VFL_season"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_VFL_season"},{"link_name":"Jim Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stynes"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Medal"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_VFL_season"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_VFL_season"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"1992 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Waverley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_Park"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Bears"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"under-18s competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_League"},{"link_name":"Brent Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Harvey"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"}],"text":"The Adelaide Football Club, nicknamed the Crows, entered the AFL competition.\nThe McIntyre \"final five\" system, which had operated from 1972 until 1990, was replaced by the first McIntyre \"final six\" system. This system lasted only this season, and it was replaced by the second McIntyre \"final six\" system in 1992.\nSt Kilda broke an eighteen year finals drought, making the finals for the first time since 1973.\nIn round 6, North Melbourne and Sydney kicked a combined 32.18 (210) in the first half. It is the only aggregate of 200 points for a half in VFL/AFL history.\nIn round 11, Carlton kicked its only goal through Mark Arceri 33 seconds from the end of its match with Footscray.[6] It was the Blues' lowest score since 1904, and the closest a team has come to a goalless match since 1961.\nIn round 21, Essendon hosted its last senior VFL/AFL match at Windy Hill, its home venue since 1922. Essendon played its home matches at the Melbourne Cricket Ground for the remainder of the 1990s.\nJim Stynes became the first, and as of 2023 only, foreign-born winner of the highest individual award, the Brownlow Medal.\nWest Coast did not concede more than 100 points in any game during the home-and-away season, being the first team to do this since 1967.\nThe qualifying final at Subiaco Oval between West Coast and Hawthorn was the first finals match played outside Melbourne since 1897, when one finals match was played in Geelong, and was the first final played outside Victoria.\nThe capacity of the Melbourne Cricket Ground was reduced by half during 1991 as the new Great Southern Stand was constructed in preparation for the 1992 Cricket World Cup, to be played there from February 1992. One consequence of this was that Waverley Park hosted all finals that were played in Melbourne, including the grand final for the first and only time in its history. The other was that Hawthorn's plans move its home games from Princes Park to Waverley Park were delayed by one year: Hawthorn had played five home games at Waverley Park and six at Princes Park in 1990 as part of transitional arrangements for a permanent move in 1991, but the AFL reneged on the deal when it became clear that the ground was needed for blockbuster games throughout the year: as a compromise, Hawthorn again played five home games at Waverley Park and six at Princes Park during 1991, and then moved permanently to Waverley Park in 1992.[7]\nThe reserves premiership was won by Brisbane, who became the first non-Victorian team to win a VFL/AFL premiership at any grade.\nThe final under-19s premiership was won by North Melbourne. The AFL under-19s competition was shut down at the end of the season, being replaced by an under-18s competition featuring six district-based clubs in Victoria that were unaffiliated to the VFL/AFL clubs.\nAt the end of the season, Hawthorn captain Michael Tuck retired, having played a then-record 426 VFL/AFL matches (including seven premierships from 11 grand finals). The record stood until passed by Brent Harvey (North Melbourne) in Round 16 of 2016.","title":"Season notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownlow Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Medal"},{"link_name":"Jim Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stynes"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Coleman Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_Medal"},{"link_name":"Tony Lockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lockett"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Norm Smith Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Smith_Medal"},{"link_name":"Paul Dear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dear"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Leigh Matthews Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Matthews_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Jim Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Stynes"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Under 19's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_under-19s"},{"link_name":"Footscray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_reserves"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"Seniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Bears"},{"link_name":"Under 19's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_under-19s"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_reserves"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Bears"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Seniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"}],"text":"The Brownlow Medal was awarded to Jim Stynes of Melbourne\nThe Coleman Medal was awarded to Tony Lockett of St Kilda\nThe Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Paul Dear of Hawthorn\nThe Leigh Matthews Trophy was awarded to Jim Stynes of Melbourne\nThe Under 19's Wooden Spoon was \"awarded\" to Footscray\nThe Reserves Wooden Spoon was \"awarded\" to Sydney\nThe Seniors Wooden Spoon was \"awarded\" to Brisbane\nThe Under 19's Grand Final was won by North Melbourne against Collingwood\nThe Reserves Grand Final was won by Brisbane against Melbourne\nThe Seniors Grand Final was won by Hawthorn against West Coast","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//afltables.com/afl/seas/1991.html"},{"link_name":"1991 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.australianfootball.com/seasons/season/afl/138/premiership%2Bseason/1/1/1991"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Lions"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Suns"},{"link_name":"Greater Western Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney_Giants"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Swans"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Western Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Brisbane 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match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day_match#Other_ANZAC_Day_fixtures"},{"link_name":"Anzac Day match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day_match"},{"link_name":"Dreamtime at the 'G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime_at_the_%27G"},{"link_name":"Easter Monday clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalries_in_the_Australian_Football_League#Hawthorn_v_Geelong"},{"link_name":"E. J. Whitten Legends Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Whitten_Legends_Game"},{"link_name":"Gather Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gather_Round"},{"link_name":"King's Birthday match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Birthday_match"},{"link_name":"Len Hall Tribute game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day_match#Len_Hall_Tribute_game"},{"link_name":"Opening game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalries_in_the_Australian_Football_League#Richmond_v_Carlton"},{"link_name":"QClash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QClash"},{"link_name":"Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(AFL)"},{"link_name":"Sydney Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Derby_(AFL)"},{"link_name":"Western Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Derby"},{"link_name":"AFL National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_National_Championships"},{"link_name":"Talent League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_League"},{"link_name":"South Australian National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"West Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"AFL reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_reserves"},{"link_name":"AFL under-19s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_under-19s"},{"link_name":"North East Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"AFL Coaches Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Coaches_Association"},{"link_name":"AFL Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Commission"},{"link_name":"AFL Players Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Players_Association"},{"link_name":"AFL Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Record"},{"link_name":"AFL Umpires Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Umpires_Association"},{"link_name":"AFL Women's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Women%27s"},{"link_name":"AFLX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFLX"},{"link_name":"Carlton salary cap breach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club_salary_cap_breach"},{"link_name":"Current coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Australian_Football_League_coaches"},{"link_name":"Essendon supplements saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club_supplements_saga"},{"link_name":"Games records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFL/AFL_games_records"},{"link_name":"200-game players for one club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_players_to_have_played_200_games_for_one_club"},{"link_name":"Goalkicking records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFL/AFL_goalkicking_records"},{"link_name":"Grand final location debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final_location_debate"},{"link_name":"Grand Final pre-match performances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AFL_Grand_Final_pre-match_performances"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Individual match awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_match_awards_in_the_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"International Rules Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rules_Series"},{"link_name":"McClelland Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McClelland_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Melbourne tanking scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club_tanking_scandal"},{"link_name":"Minor premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_minor_premiers"},{"link_name":"Premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_premiers"},{"link_name":"Premiership captains/coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_premiership_captains_and_coaches"},{"link_name":"Premiership/grand final statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFL/AFL_premiership_and_grand_final_statistics"},{"link_name":"Proposed clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_VFL/AFL_clubs"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian AFL bid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_AFL_bid"},{"link_name":"Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_records"},{"link_name":"Reserves affiliations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League_reserves_affiliations"},{"link_name":"Rivalries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivalries_in_the_Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Football_League_television_shows"},{"link_name":"Video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Wooden spoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VFL/AFL_wooden_spoons"}],"text":"1991 AFL season at AFL Tables\n1991 AFL season at Australian FootballvteAustralian Football LeagueClubsCurrent\nAdelaide\nBrisbane Lions\nCarlton\nCollingwood\nEssendon\nFremantle\nGeelong\nGold Coast\nGreater Western Sydney\nHawthorn\nMelbourne\nNorth Melbourne\nPort Adelaide\nRichmond\nSt Kilda\nSydney\nWest Coast\nWestern Bulldogs\nFuture\nTasmania\nFormer\nBrisbane Bears\nFitzroy\nUniversity\nSeasons\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nGrand finals\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\nVenues\nAdelaide Oval\nBellerive Oval\nCarrara Stadium\nCazaly's Stadium\nDocklands Stadium\nEureka Stadium\nThe Gabba\nKardinia Park\nManuka Oval\nMarrara Oval\nMelbourne Cricket Ground\nPerth Stadium\nStadium Australia\nSydney Cricket Ground\nSydney Showground Stadium\nTraeger Park\nYork Park\nAwards\nAFL Coaches Association awards\nAFL Players Association awards\nLeigh Matthews Trophy\nAFL Rising Star\nAll-Australian team\nBrownlow Medal (winners)\nColeman Medal\nGoal of the Year\nMark of the Year\nNorm Smith Medal\nMajor recurringevents\nAFL Draft\nAFL finals series\nAFL Futures match\nAFL Grand Final\nAnzac Day Eve match\nAnzac Day match\nDreamtime at the 'G\nEaster Monday clash\nE. J. Whitten Legends Game\nGather Round\nKing's Birthday match\nLen Hall Tribute game\nOpening game\nQClash\nShowdown\nSydney Derby\nWestern Derby\nSecond-tier andjunior competitionsCurrent\nAFL National Championships\nTalent League\nSouth Australian National Football League\nVictorian Football League\nWest Australian Football League\nFormer\nAFL reserves\nAFL under-19s\nNorth East Australian Football League\nRelated articles\nAFL Coaches Association\nAFL Commission\nAFL Players Association\nAFL Record\nAFL Umpires Association\nAFL Women's\nAFLX\nCarlton salary cap breach\nCurrent coaches\nEssendon supplements saga\nGames records\n200-game players for one club\nGoalkicking records\nGrand final location debate\nGrand Final pre-match performances\nHistory\nIndividual match awards\nInternational Rules Series\nMcClelland Trophy\nMelbourne tanking scandal\nMinor premiers\nPremiers\nPremiership captains/coaches\nPremiership/grand final statistics\nProposed clubs\nTasmanian AFL bid\nRecords\nReserves affiliations\nRivalries\nTelevision shows\nVideo games\nWooden spoons\nKnown as the Victorian Football League from 1897–1989; no grand finals were held in 1897 and 1924","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Saints go on record rampage\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 476. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 May 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 10 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122360237","url_text":"\"Saints go on record rampage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Demons pull a rabbit out of the hat at MCG\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 476. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 5 May 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 10 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122360235","url_text":"\"Demons pull a rabbit out of the hat at MCG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Crow pecks at media after win\". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 16 June 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article118150927","url_text":"\"Crow pecks at media after win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Demons sink out of top six\". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 17 June 1991. p. 26. Retrieved 10 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article118151200","url_text":"\"Demons sink out of top six\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'One of those days' for Blues and Cats\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 65, no. 20, 567. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 August 1991. p. 11. Retrieved 12 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122375548","url_text":"\"'One of those days' for Blues and Cats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"Lerner, Ronny. \"Footy flashback: Blues had one goal against the Bulldogs\". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/footy-flashback-blues-had-one-goal-against-the-bulldogs-20200327-p54elm.html","url_text":"\"Footy flashback: Blues had one goal against the Bulldogs\""}]},{"reference":"Daryl Timms (2 July 1990). \"Feathers fly\". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rodgers, Stephen (1992). Every Game Ever Played: VFL/AFL Results 1897-1991 (3rd ed.). Australia: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-90526-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-90526-7","url_text":"0-670-90526-7"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Road_(1970_film)
|
End of the Road (1970 film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1970 film by Aram Avakian
End of the RoadDirected byAram AvakianWritten byTerry SouthernAram AvakianDennis McGuireStarringJames Earl JonesStacy KeachDorothy TristanHarris YulinCinematographyGordon WillisEdited byAram AvakianRobert Q. LovettMusic byGeorge AvakianTeo MaceroProductioncompanyMax L. Raab ProductionsDistributed byAllied ArtistsRelease date
February 10, 1970 (1970-02-10)
Running time110 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
End of the Road is a 1970 American comedy drama film directed, co-written, and edited by Aram Avakian and adapted from a 1958 novel by John Barth, and stars Stacy Keach, James Earl Jones and Harris Yulin.
The film was given an X rating for an abortion scene and other frank scenes, including one in which a naked man rapes a chicken. The film won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.
A nine-page Life Magazine article was published on Aram Avakian and End of the Road on November 7, 1969. Avakian was also interviewed at length in Playboy and Esquire. End of the Road is a ground-breaking early indie picture. Many of the cast and crew went on to have distinguished careers.
The film gained a cult following at art movie houses across the U.S., where audiences would speak aloud the lines while they watched the midnight screenings. In 2012, it was released again (on DVD) from a brand new original print struck from a pristine negative by Warner Brothers as part of a series of re-discovered cinematic treasures in their archives. The director Steven Soderbergh rediscovered the film, spearheaded its revival, and made a companion documentary, An Amazing Time: A Conversation About the End of the Road.
Plot
After a catatonic episode on a railway station platform, Jacob Horner is taken to "The Farm", a bizarre insane asylum run by Doctor D. After being cured, Jacob takes a job as an English lecturer and begins a disastrous affair with Rennie, the wife of a colleague.
Cast
Stacy Keach as Jacob Horner
Harris Yulin as Joe Morgan
Dorothy Tristan as Rennie Morgan
James Earl Jones as Doctor D
Grayson Hall as Peggy Rankin
Ray Brock as Nurse Dockey and the Sniper
John Pleshette as Finkle
James Coco as School Man
Reception
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023)
John Simon wrote "End of the Road is a pretentious, unappetizing disaster."
See also
List of American films of 1970
References
^ "Teo Macero". IMDb. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
^ "Winners of the Golden Leopard". Locarno. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
^ Simon, John (1971). Movies into Film Film Criticism 1967-1970. The Dial Press. p. 36.
External links
End of the Road at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Aram Avakian
Jazz on a Summer's Day (1959)
Lad: A Dog (1962)
End of the Road (1970)
Cops and Robbers (1973)
11 Harrowhouse (1974)
vteTerry SouthernBooks
Flash and Filigree (1958)
Candy (1958)
The Magic Christian (1959)
Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes (1967)
Blue Movie (1970)
Texas Summer (1992)
Screenplays
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
The Loved One (1965)
The Cincinnati Kid (1965)
Barbarella (1968)
Easy Rider (1969)
The Magic Christian (1969)
End of the Road (1970)
The Telephone (1988)
vteGolden Leopard winning films1946–1975
And Then There Were None (1946)
Man About Town (1947)
Germany, Year Zero (1948)
The Farm of Seven Sins (1949)
When Willie Comes Marching Home (1950)
Hunted (1952)
Julius Caesar (1953)
The Composer Glinka (1953)
The Glass Wall (1953)
Prince Bayaya (1954)
Gate of Hell (1954)
Wild Fruit (1954)
Rotation (1954)
The Sheep Has Five Legs (1954)
Carmen Jones (1955)
The Emperor's Nightingale (1955)
Il Grido (1957)
Ten North Frederick (1958)
Killer's Kiss (1959)
Il bell'Antonio (1960)
Fires on the Plain (1961)
The Winner (1962)
Transport from Paradise (1963)
Black Peter (1964)
Four in the Morning (1965)
Courage for Every Day (1966)
Entranced Earth (1967)
The Visionaries (1968)
Charles, Dead or Alive (1969)
Those Who Wear Glasses (1969)
Three Sad Tigers (1969)
No Path Through Fire (1969)
Lilika (1970)
Mujo (1970)
Soleil O (1970)
End of the Road (1970)
On the Point of Death (1971)
They Have Changed Their Face (1971)
The Friends (1971)
Private Road (1971)
Znaki na drodze (1971)
Bleak Moments (1972)
The Illumination (1973)
Tűzoltó utca 25. (1974)
The Son of Amir Is Dead (1975)
1976–2000
The Big Night (1976)
Antonio Gramsci: The Days of Prison (1977)
The Idlers of the Fertile Valley (1978)
The Herd (1979)
To Love the Damned (1980)
Chakra (1981)
The Princess (1983)
Stranger Than Paradise (1984)
Alpine Fire (1985)
Jezioro Bodeńskie (1986)
O Bobo (1987)
Distant Voices, Still Lives (1988)
Schmetterlinge (1988)
Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East? (1989)
Accidental Waltz (1990)
Johnny Suede (1991)
Autumn Moon (1992)
The Place on a Grey Tricorne (1993)
Khomreh (1994)
Raï (1995)
Nénette et Boni (1996)
The Mirror (1997)
Mr. Zhao (1998)
Skin of Man, Heart of Beast (1999)
Father (2000)
2001–present
Off to the Revolution by a 2CV (2001)
The Longing (2002)
Khamosh Pani (2003)
Private (2004)
Nine Lives (2005)
Das Fräulein (2006)
The Rebirth (2007)
Parque via (2008)
She, a Chinese (2009)
Winter Vacation (2010)
Back to Stay (2011)
The Girl from Nowhere (2012)
Story of My Death (2013)
From What Is Before (2014)
Right Now, Wrong Then (2015)
Godless (2016)
Mrs. Fang (2017)
A Land Imagined (2018)
Vitalina Varela (2019)
Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash (2021)
Regra 34 (2022)
Critical Zone (2023)
vteJohn BarthFiction
The Floating Opera (1956)
The End of the Road (1958)
The Sot-Weed Factor (1960)
Giles Goat-Boy (1966)
Lost in the Funhouse (1968)
Chimera (1972)
LETTERS (1979)
Sabbatical (1982)
The Tidewater Tales (1987)
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor (1991)
Once Upon a Time: A Floating Opera (1994)
On with the Story (1996)
Coming Soon!!! (2001)
The Book of Ten Nights and a Night (2004)
Where Three Roads Meet (2005)
The Development (2008)
Every Third Thought (2011)
Non-fiction
"The Literature of Exhaustion" (1967)
The Friday Book (1984)
Further Fridays (1995)
Final Fridays (2012)
OtherEnd of the Road
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Aram Avakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Avakian"},{"link_name":"a 1958 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_of_the_Road"},{"link_name":"John Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barth"},{"link_name":"Stacy Keach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Keach"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Harris Yulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Yulin"},{"link_name":"X rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_rating"},{"link_name":"Golden Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Leopard"},{"link_name":"Locarno International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locarno-2"},{"link_name":"Steven Soderbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh"}],"text":"End of the Road is a 1970 American comedy drama film directed, co-written, and edited by Aram Avakian and adapted from a 1958 novel by John Barth, and stars Stacy Keach, James Earl Jones and Harris Yulin.The film was given an X rating for an abortion scene and other frank scenes, including one in which a naked man rapes a chicken. The film won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.[2]A nine-page Life Magazine article was published on Aram Avakian and End of the Road on November 7, 1969. Avakian was also interviewed at length in Playboy and Esquire. End of the Road is a ground-breaking early indie picture. Many of the cast and crew went on to have distinguished careers.The film gained a cult following at art movie houses across the U.S., where audiences would speak aloud the lines while they watched the midnight screenings. In 2012, it was released again (on DVD) from a brand new original print struck from a pristine negative by Warner Brothers as part of a series of re-discovered cinematic treasures in their archives. The director Steven Soderbergh rediscovered the film, spearheaded its revival, and made a companion documentary, An Amazing Time: A Conversation About the End of the Road.","title":"End of the Road (1970 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After a catatonic episode on a railway station platform, Jacob Horner is taken to \"The Farm\", a bizarre insane asylum run by Doctor D. After being cured, Jacob takes a job as an English lecturer and begins a disastrous affair with Rennie, the wife of a colleague.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stacy Keach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Keach"},{"link_name":"Harris Yulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Yulin"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Tristan"},{"link_name":"James Earl Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Earl_Jones"},{"link_name":"Grayson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Hall"},{"link_name":"John Pleshette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pleshette"},{"link_name":"James Coco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coco"}],"text":"Stacy Keach as Jacob Horner\nHarris Yulin as Joe Morgan\nDorothy Tristan as Rennie Morgan\nJames Earl Jones as Doctor D\nGrayson Hall as Peggy Rankin\nRay Brock as Nurse Dockey and the Sniper\nJohn Pleshette as Finkle\nJames Coco as School Man","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_(critic)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"John Simon wrote \"End of the Road is a pretentious, unappetizing disaster.\"[3]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of American films of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1970"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Teo Macero\". IMDb. Retrieved 2013-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065692/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast","url_text":"\"Teo Macero\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of the Golden Leopard\". Locarno. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719031720/http://www.pardo.ch/jahia/Jahia/home/Festival/History/Winners-of-the-Golden-Leopard/lang/en","url_text":"\"Winners of the Golden Leopard\""},{"url":"http://www.pardo.ch/jahia/Jahia/home/Festival/History/Winners-of-the-Golden-Leopard/lang/en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simon, John (1971). Movies into Film Film Criticism 1967-1970. The Dial Press. p. 36.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_the_Road_(1970_film)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065692/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast","external_links_name":"\"Teo Macero\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090719031720/http://www.pardo.ch/jahia/Jahia/home/Festival/History/Winners-of-the-Golden-Leopard/lang/en","external_links_name":"\"Winners of the Golden Leopard\""},{"Link":"http://www.pardo.ch/jahia/Jahia/home/Festival/History/Winners-of-the-Golden-Leopard/lang/en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065692/","external_links_name":"End of the Road"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannon_Station
|
Kannon Station
|
["1 Lines","2 Station layout","3 History","4 Passenger statistics","5 Surrounding area","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 35°43′44″N 140°50′24″E / 35.72889°N 140.84000°E / 35.72889; 140.84000Railway station in Chōshi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Kannon Station観音駅Kannon Station in August 2012General informationLocation36–1 Maejuku-chō, Chōshi-shi, Chiba-ken 288–0031JapanCoordinates35°43′44″N 140°50′24″E / 35.72889°N 140.84000°E / 35.72889; 140.84000Operated byChōshi Electric RailwayLine(s)Chōshi Electric Railway LineDistance1.1 km from ChōshiPlatforms1 (1 side platform)Tracks1ConstructionParkingNoAccessibleYesOther informationStation codeCD03HistoryOpenedDecember 1913Rebuilt1925, 1991Electrified1 July 1925PassengersFY2010108 daily
Services
Preceding station
Choshi Electric Railway
Following station
Nakanochōtowards Chōshi
Chōshi Electric Railway Line
Moto-Chōshitowards Tokawa
LocationKannon StationLocation within Chiba PrefectureShow map of Chiba PrefectureKannon StationKannon Station (Japan)Show map of Japan
Kannon Station (観音駅, Kannon-eki) is a railway station on the privately operated Chōshi Electric Railway Line in Chōshi, Chiba, Japan.
Lines
Kannon Station is served by the 6.4 km Chōshi Electric Railway Line from Chōshi to Tokawa. It is between Nakanochō and Moto-Chōshi stations and is one kilometer from Chōshi Station.
Station layout
The station consists of one side platform serving a single track. The station building was rebuilt in December 1991 to resemble a Swiss mountain railway station. The station is staffed, and, until March 2017, included a shop that baked taiyaki cakes.
The ticket office and waiting area in November 2017
The former taiyaki cake shop in November 2017
The station platform in November 2017
History
Kannon Station first opened in December 1913 as a station on the Chōshi Sightseeing Railway (銚子遊覧鉄道, Chōshi Yūran Tetsudō), which operated a distance of 5.9 km between Chōshi and Inuboh. The railway closed in November 1917, but was reopened on 5 July 1923 as the Chōshi Railway. In 1925, the station was moved to its current location, further away from Nakanochō Station.
The taiyaki cake shop inside the station was scheduled to close at the end of March 2017, over 40 years after it opened in 1976.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2010, the station was used by an average of 108 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). The passenger figures for past years are as shown below.
Fiscal year
Daily average
2007
152
2008
171
2009
127
2010
108
Surrounding area
Enpuku-ji temple
Chōshi Municipal Sports Centre
Chiba Prefectural Choshi High School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
^ a b c Terada, Hirokazu (19 January 2013). データブック日本の私鉄 . Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4.
^ Shirato, Sadao (June 2011). 銚子電気鉄道（上） . Japan: Neko Publishing Co., Ltd. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-4-7770-5309-4.
^ a b c メルヘン駅舎（各駅案内） (in Japanese). Choshi Electric Railway. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ a b 銚子電鉄 観音駅の「たい焼き」店閉店へ 愛され４０年 . Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. 19 February 2017. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
^ a b Shirato, Sadao (March 2014). 銚子遊覧鉄道 . The Railway Pictorial (in Japanese). 64 (887). Japan: Denkisha Kenkyūkai: 108–109.
^ a b 民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2010(平成22)年度 (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ 民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2007(平成19)年度 (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ 民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2008(平成20)年度 (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ 民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2009(平成21)年度 (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kannon Station.
Official website (in Japanese)
vteStations of the Chōshi Electric Railway Line
Chōshi
Nakanochō
Kannon
Moto-Chōshi
Kasagami-Kurohae
Nishi-Ashikajima
Ashikajima
Kimigahama
Inuboh
Tokawa
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chōshi Electric Railway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi_Electric_Railway_Line"},{"link_name":"Chōshi, Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi,_Chiba"}],"text":"Railway station in Chōshi, Chiba Prefecture, JapanKannon Station (観音駅, Kannon-eki) is a railway station on the privately operated Chōshi Electric Railway Line in Chōshi, Chiba, Japan.","title":"Kannon Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chōshi Electric Railway Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi_Electric_Railway_Line"},{"link_name":"Chōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi_Station"},{"link_name":"Tokawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Nakanochō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakanoch%C5%8D_Station"},{"link_name":"Moto-Chōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto-Ch%C5%8Dshi_Station"},{"link_name":"Chōshi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-1"}],"text":"Kannon Station is served by the 6.4 km Chōshi Electric Railway Line from Chōshi to Tokawa. It is between Nakanochō and Moto-Chōshi stations and is one kilometer from Chōshi Station.[1]","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shirato2011_vol1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-choshi_stations-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-1"},{"link_name":"taiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyaki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20170219-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kannon_Station_ticket_office_20171125.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kannon_Station_taiyaki_20171125.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kannon_Station_platform_20171125.jpg"}],"text":"The station consists of one side platform serving a single track.[2] The station building was rebuilt in December 1991 to resemble a Swiss mountain railway station.[3] The station is staffed,[1] and, until March 2017, included a shop that baked taiyaki cakes.[4]The ticket office and waiting area in November 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe former taiyaki cake shop in November 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe station platform in November 2017","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dshi_Station"},{"link_name":"Inuboh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuboh_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pictorial887-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pictorial887-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terada2013-1"},{"link_name":"Nakanochō Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakanoch%C5%8D_Station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-choshi_stations-3"},{"link_name":"taiyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyaki"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mainichi20170219-4"}],"text":"Kannon Station first opened in December 1913 as a station on the Chōshi Sightseeing Railway (銚子遊覧鉄道, Chōshi Yūran Tetsudō), which operated a distance of 5.9 km between Chōshi and Inuboh.[5] The railway closed in November 1917,[5] but was reopened on 5 July 1923 as the Chōshi Railway.[1] In 1925, the station was moved to its current location, further away from Nakanochō Station.[3]The taiyaki cake shop inside the station was scheduled to close at the end of March 2017, over 40 years after it opened in 1976.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chiba2010stats-6"}],"text":"In fiscal 2010, the station was used by an average of 108 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).[6] The passenger figures for past years are as shown below.","title":"Passenger statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enpuku-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enpuku-ji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-choshi_stations-3"}],"text":"Enpuku-ji temple[3]\nChōshi Municipal Sports Centre\nChiba Prefectural Choshi High School","title":"Surrounding area"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}]
|
[{"reference":"Terada, Hirokazu (19 January 2013). データブック日本の私鉄 [Databook: Japan's Private Railways]. Japan: Neko Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 978-4-7770-1336-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7770-1336-4","url_text":"978-4-7770-1336-4"}]},{"reference":"Shirato, Sadao (June 2011). 銚子電気鉄道（上） [Choshi Electric Railway Volume One]. Japan: Neko Publishing Co., Ltd. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-4-7770-5309-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7770-5309-4","url_text":"978-4-7770-5309-4"}]},{"reference":"メルヘン駅舎（各駅案内） [Fairy tale station buildings (Station information)] (in Japanese). Choshi Electric Railway. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095037/http://www.choshi-dentetsu.jp/eki/eki.htm","url_text":"メルヘン駅舎（各駅案内）"},{"url":"http://www.choshi-dentetsu.jp/eki/eki.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"銚子電鉄 観音駅の「たい焼き」店閉店へ 愛され４０年 [Choshi Electric Railway Kannon Station taiyaki shop to close after 40 years]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. 19 February 2017. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mainichi.jp/articles/20170219/k00/00e/040/130000c","url_text":"銚子電鉄 観音駅の「たい焼き」店閉店へ 愛され４０年"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170219235948/http://mainichi.jp/articles/20170219/k00/00e/040/130000c?ck=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shirato, Sadao (March 2014). 銚子遊覧鉄道 [Chōshi Sightseeing Railway]. The Railway Pictorial (in Japanese). 64 (887). Japan: Denkisha Kenkyūkai: 108–109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2010(平成22)年度 [Private railway average daily passenger figures by station (Fiscal 2010)] (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/toukei/toukeidata/nenkan/nenkan-h23/documents/111n.xls","url_text":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2010(平成22)年度"}]},{"reference":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2007(平成19)年度 [Private railway average daily passenger figures by station (Fiscal 2008)] (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/toukei/toukeidata/nenkan/nenkan-h23/documents/111n.xls","url_text":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2007(平成19)年度"}]},{"reference":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2008(平成20)年度 [Private railway average daily passenger figures by station (Fiscal 2008)] (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/toukei/toukeidata/nenkan/nenkan-h23/documents/111n.xls","url_text":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2008(平成20)年度"}]},{"reference":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2009(平成21)年度 [Private railway average daily passenger figures by station (Fiscal 2009)] (Excel) (in Japanese). Japan: Chiba Prefectural Government. 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/toukei/toukeidata/nenkan/nenkan-h23/documents/111n.xls","url_text":"民鉄等駅別1日平均運輸状況 2009(平成21)年度"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gran
|
Albert Gran
|
["1 Biography","2 Partial filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American actor
Albert GranLobby card showing Gran (standing, left) in 7th Heaven (1927)Born(1862-08-04)August 4, 1862Bergen, NorwayDiedDecember 16, 1932(1932-12-16) (aged 70)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1916-1932
Albert Gran (August 4, 1862 – December 16, 1932) was a Norwegian-born American stage and film actor. He is most associated with his appearance in drama and light comedy films.
Biography
Albert Gran was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the son of Albert Nicolai Gran (1838-1915) and Auguste Schwarting (1844-1910). He emigrated to the United States during 1914. Gran launched his screen career in 1916. He appeared as a character actor in 44 films between 1916 and 1933. He was seen as Duke Travina with Marion Davies in Beverly of Graustark (1926), as Paul Boul with Janet Gaynor in Seventh Heaven (1927), and as B. Bickering Brown with Joan Crawford in Our Modern Maidens (1929). Albert Gran died in Los Angeles, California in an automobile accident at the age of 70 prior to the release of his final film.
Partial filmography
Out of the Drifts (1916)
Where Love Leads (1916)
Caprice of the Mountains (1916)
Civilian Clothes (1920)
Tarnish (1924)
Graustark (1925)
Beverly of Graustark (1926)
Early to Wed (1926)
More Pay, Less Work (1926)
Honesty – The Best Policy (1926)
Seventh Heaven (1927)
Breakfast at Sunrise (1927)
Four Sons (1928)
The Blue Danube (1928)
Mother Knows Best (1928) Fox's first full talkie
Dry Martini (1928)
We Americans (1928)
Geraldine (1929)
Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929)
Our Modern Maidens (1929)
Tanned Legs (1929)
The Little Accident (1930)
The Brat (1931)
Command Performance (1931)
Beauty Parlor (1932)
Employees' Entrance (1932) (Gran died in an auto accident before the film was finished and released)
References
^ Hans J. Wollstein (1994). Strangers in Hollywood: the History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II. Scarecrow Press. pp. 125–7. ISBN 978-0-8108-2938-1. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
^ "1900-telling for 1301 Bergen". Digitalarkivet. January 23, 1998. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
^ "Emigrantar over Bergen frå Utlandet". Digitalarkivet. January 23, 1998. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
External links
Albert Gran at IMDb
Albert Gran at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about a United States film actor born in the 1860s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wollstein1994-1"}],"text":"Albert Gran (August 4, 1862 – December 16, 1932) was a Norwegian-born American stage and film actor. He is most associated with his appearance in drama and light comedy films.[1]","title":"Albert Gran"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Marion Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Davies"},{"link_name":"Beverly of Graustark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_of_Graustark"},{"link_name":"Janet Gaynor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Gaynor"},{"link_name":"Seventh Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Heaven_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Our Modern Maidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Modern_Maidens"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Albert Gran was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the son of Albert Nicolai Gran (1838-1915) and Auguste Schwarting (1844-1910). He emigrated to the United States during 1914. Gran launched his screen career in 1916. He appeared as a character actor in 44 films between 1916 and 1933. He was seen as Duke Travina with Marion Davies in Beverly of Graustark (1926), as Paul Boul with Janet Gaynor in Seventh Heaven (1927), and as B. Bickering Brown with Joan Crawford in Our Modern Maidens (1929). Albert Gran died in Los Angeles, California in an automobile accident at the age of 70 prior to the release of his final film.[2][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Out of the Drifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Drifts"},{"link_name":"Where Love Leads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Love_Leads"},{"link_name":"Caprice of the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprice_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Civilian Clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Clothes"},{"link_name":"Tarnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnish_(film)"},{"link_name":"Graustark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graustark_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Beverly of Graustark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_of_Graustark"},{"link_name":"Early to Wed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_to_Wed"},{"link_name":"More Pay, Less Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Pay,_Less_Work"},{"link_name":"Honesty – The Best Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty_%E2%80%93_The_Best_Policy"},{"link_name":"Seventh Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Heaven_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Breakfast at Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_at_Sunrise"},{"link_name":"Four Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Sons"},{"link_name":"The Blue Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Danube_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Mother Knows Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Knows_Best_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Dry Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Martini_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"We Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Americans"},{"link_name":"Geraldine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Gold Diggers of Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Diggers_of_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Our Modern Maidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Modern_Maidens"},{"link_name":"Tanned Legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanned_Legs"},{"link_name":"The Little Accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Accident"},{"link_name":"The Brat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brat"},{"link_name":"Command Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Performance_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"Beauty Parlor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_Parlor"},{"link_name":"Employees' Entrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employees%27_Entrance"}],"text":"Out of the Drifts (1916)\nWhere Love Leads (1916)\nCaprice of the Mountains (1916)\nCivilian Clothes (1920)\nTarnish (1924)\nGraustark (1925)\nBeverly of Graustark (1926)\nEarly to Wed (1926)\nMore Pay, Less Work (1926)\nHonesty – The Best Policy (1926)\nSeventh Heaven (1927)\nBreakfast at Sunrise (1927)\nFour Sons (1928)\nThe Blue Danube (1928)\nMother Knows Best (1928) Fox's first full talkie\nDry Martini (1928)\nWe Americans (1928)\nGeraldine (1929)\nGold Diggers of Broadway (1929)\nOur Modern Maidens (1929)\nTanned Legs (1929)\nThe Little Accident (1930)\nThe Brat (1931)\nCommand Performance (1931)\nBeauty Parlor (1932)\nEmployees' Entrance (1932) (Gran died in an auto accident before the film was finished and released)","title":"Partial filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hans J. Wollstein (1994). Strangers in Hollywood: the History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II. Scarecrow Press. pp. 125–7. ISBN 978-0-8108-2938-1. Retrieved July 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPkqAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Strangers in Hollywood: the History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2938-1","url_text":"978-0-8108-2938-1"}]},{"reference":"\"1900-telling for 1301 Bergen\". Digitalarkivet. January 23, 1998. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930095001/http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01301&personpostnr=63826&merk=63826","url_text":"\"1900-telling for 1301 Bergen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Archives","url_text":"Digitalarkivet"},{"url":"http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01301&personpostnr=63826&merk=63826","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Emigrantar over Bergen frå Utlandet\". Digitalarkivet. January 23, 1998. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930021247/http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&sidenr=121&filnamn=0901EMIG&gardpostnr=799&personpostnr=799","url_text":"\"Emigrantar over Bergen frå Utlandet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Archives","url_text":"Digitalarkivet"},{"url":"http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&sidenr=121&filnamn=0901EMIG&gardpostnr=799&personpostnr=799","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPkqAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Strangers in Hollywood: the History of Scandinavian Actors in American Films from 1910 to World War II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930095001/http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01301&personpostnr=63826&merk=63826","external_links_name":"\"1900-telling for 1301 Bergen\""},{"Link":"http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&filnamn=f01301&personpostnr=63826&merk=63826","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930021247/http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&sidenr=121&filnamn=0901EMIG&gardpostnr=799&personpostnr=799","external_links_name":"\"Emigrantar over Bergen frå Utlandet\""},{"Link":"http://gda.arkivverket.no/cgi-win/webcens.exe?slag=visbase&sidenr=121&filnamn=0901EMIG&gardpostnr=799&personpostnr=799","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0334581/","external_links_name":"Albert Gran"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/42793","external_links_name":"Albert Gran"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122817669","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/72833773","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxwTGDCQBWYxRQW9pgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16223902n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16223902n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85199239","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/149271751","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gran&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/228893_Gerevich
|
List of minor planets: 228001–229000
|
[]
|
List of 1000 sequentially numbered minor planets
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 228001 through 229000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
Near-Earth obj.
MBA (inner)
MBA (outer)
Centaur
Mars-crosser
MBA (middle)
Jupiter trojan
Trans-Neptunian obj.
Unclassified
Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code
223,000s
224,000s
225,000s
226,000s
227,000s
228,000s
229,000s
230,000s
231,000s
232,000s
233,000s
228,001…
228,101…
228,201…
228,301…
228,401…
228,501…
228,601…
228,701…
228,801…
228,901…
228001–228100
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228001
2007 MD5
—
June 17, 2007
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228002
2007 MP7
—
June 18, 2007
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228003
2007 MF12
—
June 21, 2007
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228004
2007 QC5
—
August 31, 2007
Siding Spring
K. Sárneczky, L. Kiss
L4
9.8 km
MPC · JPL
228005
2007 QR12
—
August 16, 2007
XuYi
PMO NEO
L4 · ERY
12 km
MPC · JPL
228006
2007 RL6
—
September 3, 2007
Pla D'Arguines
R. Ferrando
L4
14 km
MPC · JPL
228007
2007 RE27
—
September 4, 2007
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4 · ERY
11 km
MPC · JPL
228008
2007 RG157
—
September 11, 2007
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
12 km
MPC · JPL
228009
2007 RL162
—
September 14, 2007
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
L4
13 km
MPC · JPL
228010
2007 RL164
—
September 10, 2007
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228011
2007 RB288
—
September 11, 2007
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
14 km
MPC · JPL
228012
2008 CE192
—
February 2, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
H
750 m
MPC · JPL
228013
2008 DK17
—
February 24, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228014
2008 ER41
—
March 4, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
860 m
MPC · JPL
228015
2008 ED139
—
March 11, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228016
2008 EH147
—
March 1, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
700 m
MPC · JPL
228017
2008 ES148
—
March 2, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
950 m
MPC · JPL
228018
2008 FO8
—
March 25, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
H
700 m
MPC · JPL
228019
2008 FC15
—
March 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228020
2008 FQ15
—
March 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228021
2008 FV15
—
March 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
JUN
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228022
2008 FM54
—
March 28, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
890 m
MPC · JPL
228023
2008 FZ69
—
March 28, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
ADE
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228024
2008 FQ71
—
March 30, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
ERI
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228025
2008 FG73
—
March 30, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228026
2008 FF94
—
March 29, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
900 m
MPC · JPL
228027
2008 FF96
—
March 29, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228028
2008 FY117
—
March 31, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
970 m
MPC · JPL
228029 MANIAC
2008 GN
MANIAC
April 2, 2008
La Cañada
J. Lacruz
·
930 m
MPC · JPL
228030
2008 GO1
—
April 5, 2008
Catalina
CSS
H
1.00 km
MPC · JPL
228031
2008 GS1
—
April 4, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228032
2008 GS20
—
April 3, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228033
2008 GZ40
—
April 4, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228034
2008 GG45
—
April 4, 2008
Catalina
CSS
NYS
940 m
MPC · JPL
228035
2008 GJ57
—
April 5, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228036
2008 GO59
—
April 5, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
820 m
MPC · JPL
228037
2008 GQ68
—
April 6, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228038
2008 GE79
—
April 7, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
CLO
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228039
2008 GQ81
—
April 7, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228040
2008 GX97
—
April 8, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
V
900 m
MPC · JPL
228041
2008 GO111
—
April 7, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
880 m
MPC · JPL
228042
2008 GW119
—
April 11, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EUN
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228043
2008 GQ138
—
April 6, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
890 m
MPC · JPL
228044
2008 HD5
—
April 24, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
760 m
MPC · JPL
228045
2008 HW12
—
April 24, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
228046
2008 HM18
—
April 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
RAF
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228047
2008 HH21
—
April 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
H
670 m
MPC · JPL
228048
2008 HN21
—
April 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
770 m
MPC · JPL
228049
2008 HE31
—
April 29, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228050
2008 HD34
—
April 27, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228051
2008 HQ36
—
April 30, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
V
900 m
MPC · JPL
228052
2008 HZ41
—
April 26, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
820 m
MPC · JPL
228053
2008 HK67
—
April 29, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228054
2008 HB70
—
April 30, 2008
Catalina
CSS
·
970 m
MPC · JPL
228055
2008 JV9
—
May 3, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228056
2008 JU11
—
May 3, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
940 m
MPC · JPL
228057
2008 JA20
—
May 6, 2008
Vicques
M. Ory
MAS
930 m
MPC · JPL
228058
2008 JV24
—
May 8, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228059
2008 JH34
—
May 14, 2008
Catalina
CSS
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228060
2008 KB
—
May 25, 2008
Jarnac
Jarnac Obs.
·
900 m
MPC · JPL
228061
2008 KR9
—
May 27, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228062
2008 KZ23
—
May 28, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228063
2008 LU
—
June 1, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228064
2008 LU7
—
June 8, 2008
Needville
J. Dellinger
BRA
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228065
2008 LF11
—
June 6, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228066
2008 OM2
—
July 26, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228067
2008 OL7
—
July 29, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
228068
2008 OF8
—
July 29, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228069
2008 OF9
—
July 29, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228070
2008 OL20
—
July 26, 2008
Siding Spring
SSS
EOS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228071
2008 OT22
—
July 30, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
9.2 km
MPC · JPL
228072
2008 PP1
—
August 3, 2008
Dauban
F. Kugel
KOR
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228073
2008 PT6
—
August 4, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228074
2008 PT7
—
August 5, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228075
2008 PE11
—
August 7, 2008
Tiki
N. Teamo
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228076
2008 PJ15
—
August 10, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
THM
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228077
2008 QD6
—
August 25, 2008
Dauban
F. Kugel
L4
14 km
MPC · JPL
228078
2008 QY6
—
August 25, 2008
Piszkéstető
K. Sárneczky
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228079
2008 QA17
—
August 26, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228080
2008 QS17
—
August 27, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228081
2008 QS28
—
August 31, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228082
2008 QK30
—
August 30, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
228083
2008 QO38
—
August 24, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
CHA
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228084
2008 RV3
—
September 2, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
228085
2008 RT29
—
September 2, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228086
2008 RX78
—
September 9, 2008
Bergisch Gladbach
W. Bickel
L4
12 km
MPC · JPL
228087
2008 RL100
—
September 2, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
EOS
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228088
2008 RM105
—
September 6, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
9.8 km
MPC · JPL
228089
2008 RV126
—
September 4, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228090
2008 RE127
—
September 5, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228091
2008 SS2
—
September 23, 2008
Hibiscus
N. Teamo
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228092
2008 SY6
—
September 22, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228093
2008 SV9
—
September 22, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
3:2
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
228094
2008 SJ18
—
September 19, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228095
2008 SF24
—
September 19, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228096
2008 SA27
—
September 19, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228097
2008 SQ31
—
September 20, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4 · ERY
10 km
MPC · JPL
228098
2008 SM38
—
September 20, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4 · ERY
10 km
MPC · JPL
228099
2008 SC51
—
September 20, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
228100
2008 SM148
—
September 28, 2008
Farra d'Isonzo
Farra d'Isonzo
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228101–228200
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228101
2008 SP154
—
September 22, 2008
Socorro
LINEAR
L4
13 km
MPC · JPL
228102
2008 SY172
—
September 22, 2008
Catalina
CSS
L4
18 km
MPC · JPL
228103
2008 SA192
—
September 25, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
13 km
MPC · JPL
228104
2008 SF197
—
September 25, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228105
2008 SA224
—
September 26, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228106
2008 SZ229
—
September 28, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
15 km
MPC · JPL
228107
2008 SS231
—
September 28, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
228108
2008 SU277
—
September 25, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
12 km
MPC · JPL
228109
2008 TA5
—
October 1, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228110 Eudorus
2008 TC9
Eudorus
October 7, 2008
Calvin-Rehoboth
L. A. Molnar
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228111
2008 TK10
—
October 8, 2008
Desert Moon
B. L. Stevens
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228112
2008 TG35
—
October 1, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228113
2008 TZ50
—
October 2, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
13 km
MPC · JPL
228114
2008 TB61
—
October 2, 2008
Catalina
CSS
L4
17 km
MPC · JPL
228115
2008 TK76
—
October 2, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4 · ERY
13 km
MPC · JPL
228116
2008 TK82
—
October 3, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
L4 · ERY
13 km
MPC · JPL
228117
2008 TJ93
—
October 5, 2008
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
L4
12 km
MPC · JPL
228118
2008 TZ111
—
October 6, 2008
Catalina
CSS
L4
14 km
MPC · JPL
228119
2008 TM136
—
October 8, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
11 km
MPC · JPL
228120
2008 TV139
—
October 8, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
12 km
MPC · JPL
228121
2008 TN175
—
October 9, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
8.2 km
MPC · JPL
228122
2008 UH11
—
October 17, 2008
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228123
2008 UH45
—
October 20, 2008
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
L4
9.2 km
MPC · JPL
228124
2008 YC7
—
December 23, 2008
Calar Alto
F. Hormuth
L4
13 km
MPC · JPL
228125
2008 YV30
—
December 31, 2008
Catalina
CSS
L4
17 km
MPC · JPL
228126
2009 ON1
—
July 19, 2009
Siding Spring
SSS
Tj (2.92)
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
228127
2009 PL
—
August 11, 2009
Marly
P. Kocher
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228128
2009 PN8
—
August 15, 2009
Catalina
CSS
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228129
2009 PL12
—
August 15, 2009
Catalina
CSS
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228130
2009 PE17
—
August 15, 2009
Catalina
CSS
MAS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228131
2009 QE1
—
August 16, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228132
2009 QC13
—
August 16, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228133 Ripoll
2009 QM22
Ripoll
August 20, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
NYS
670 m
MPC · JPL
228134
2009 QG43
—
August 27, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228135 Sodnik
2009 RE4
Sodnik
September 13, 2009
ESA OGS
M. Busch, R. Kresken
AGN
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228136 Billary
2009 RF4
Billary
September 13, 2009
ESA OGS
M. Busch, R. Kresken
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228137
2009 RY32
—
September 14, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228138
2009 RB33
—
September 14, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
V
830 m
MPC · JPL
228139
2009 RS33
—
September 14, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228140
2009 RT33
—
September 14, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
14 km
MPC · JPL
228141
2009 RM37
—
September 15, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228142
2009 RZ45
—
September 15, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
920 m
MPC · JPL
228143
2009 RE50
—
September 15, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228144
2009 RP50
—
September 15, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228145
2009 RU51
—
September 15, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
840 m
MPC · JPL
228146
2009 RX55
—
September 15, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
810 m
MPC · JPL
228147
2009 SB18
—
September 21, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228148
2009 SH19
—
September 22, 2009
Taunus
S. Karge, U. Zimmer
L4
13 km
MPC · JPL
228149
2009 ST28
—
September 16, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
830 m
MPC · JPL
228150
2009 SJ38
—
September 16, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228151
2009 SU39
—
September 16, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228152
2009 SL44
—
September 16, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228153
2009 SV48
—
September 16, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228154
2009 SZ48
—
September 16, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
660 m
MPC · JPL
228155
2009 SF61
—
September 17, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
16 km
MPC · JPL
228156
2009 SG69
—
September 17, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
VIB
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228157
2009 SF88
—
September 18, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
228158 Mamankei
2009 SZ96
Mamankei
September 19, 2009
XuYi
PMO NEO
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
228159
2009 SQ114
—
September 18, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228160
2009 SD138
—
September 18, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
800 m
MPC · JPL
228161
2009 SF138
—
September 18, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HEN
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228162
2009 SO141
—
September 19, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
10 km
MPC · JPL
228163
2009 SN143
—
September 19, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228164
2009 SY166
—
September 22, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
810 m
MPC · JPL
228165 Mezentsev
2009 SJ170
Mezentsev
September 26, 2009
Tzec Maun
D. Chestnov, A. Novichonok
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228166
2009 ST170
—
September 23, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228167
2009 SQ186
—
September 21, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228168
2009 SZ188
—
September 21, 2009
Pises
Pises Obs.
FLO
820 m
MPC · JPL
228169
2009 SP204
—
September 22, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228170
2009 SS205
—
September 22, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228171
2009 SG211
—
September 23, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228172
2009 SK212
—
September 23, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228173
2009 SV232
—
September 19, 2009
Catalina
CSS
EOS
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228174
2009 SG233
—
September 19, 2009
Catalina
CSS
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228175
2009 SC234
—
September 23, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228176
2009 SP263
—
September 23, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
970 m
MPC · JPL
228177
2009 SK275
—
September 25, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HYG
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228178
2009 SA285
—
September 25, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228179
2009 TF4
—
October 13, 2009
Mayhill
A. Lowe
MAS
840 m
MPC · JPL
228180 Puertollano
2009 TE5
Puertollano
October 11, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
960 m
MPC · JPL
228181
2009 TF9
—
October 12, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228182
2009 TQ16
—
October 11, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
NYS ·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228183
2009 TQ20
—
October 11, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228184
2009 TR20
—
October 11, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
V
950 m
MPC · JPL
228185
2009 TD27
—
October 14, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228186
2009 TP31
—
October 15, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
FLO
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228187
2009 TQ35
—
October 14, 2009
La Sagra
OAM Obs.
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228188
2009 UA21
—
October 22, 2009
Bisei SG Center
BATTeRS
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228189
2009 UT36
—
October 22, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228190
2009 UY38
—
October 22, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228191
2009 UX72
—
October 23, 2009
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
WIT
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228192
2009 UM82
—
October 23, 2009
Mount Lemmon
Mount Lemmon Survey
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228193
2693 P-L
—
September 24, 1960
Palomar
PLS
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228194
3046 P-L
—
September 24, 1960
Palomar
PLS
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228195
6675 P-L
—
September 24, 1960
Palomar
PLS
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228196
7574 P-L
—
October 17, 1960
Palomar
PLS
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228197
2149 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228198
3200 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228199
3765 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228200
4088 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
PAE
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228201–228300
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228201
4106 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228202
5058 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228203
5772 T-3
—
October 16, 1977
Palomar
PLS
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
228204
1993 VM7
—
November 10, 1993
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228205
1994 JP2
—
May 1, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228206
1995 BY8
—
January 29, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228207
1995 CM4
—
February 1, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228208
1995 MR2
—
June 24, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228209
1995 TF4
—
October 15, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
870 m
MPC · JPL
228210
1995 UT59
—
October 19, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HOF
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228211
1995 VR5
—
November 14, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228212
1995 YG9
—
December 18, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
V
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228213
1995 YG17
—
December 22, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228214
1996 AO14
—
January 12, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
730 m
MPC · JPL
228215
1996 DD2
—
February 26, 1996
Siding Spring
G. J. Garradd
NYS
740 m
MPC · JPL
228216
1996 LJ3
—
June 11, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228217
1996 RU16
—
September 13, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228218
1996 TJ17
—
October 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
VER
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
228219
1996 VG33
—
November 5, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228220
1996 VB36
—
November 10, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
730 m
MPC · JPL
228221
1996 XO7
—
December 1, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228222
1996 XG30
—
December 14, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228223
1997 GS15
—
April 3, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
920 m
MPC · JPL
228224
1998 DK12
—
February 23, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228225
1998 HM16
—
April 24, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HEN
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228226
1998 HO19
—
April 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228227
1998 HF25
—
April 18, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228228
1998 HM80
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228229
1998 MO17
—
June 27, 1998
Mauna Kea
K. J. Meech
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228230
1998 QL74
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228231
1998 QT101
—
August 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
940 m
MPC · JPL
228232
1998 RX10
—
September 13, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228233
1998 RG13
—
September 14, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228234
1998 SC7
—
September 20, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
980 m
MPC · JPL
228235
1998 SS69
—
September 19, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228236
1998 SO119
—
September 26, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228237
1998 SB167
—
September 25, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228238
1998 SB170
—
September 19, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
V
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228239
1998 TK21
—
October 13, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
12 km
MPC · JPL
228240
1998 TK26
—
October 14, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228241
1998 UO11
—
October 17, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
700 m
MPC · JPL
228242
1998 UQ17
—
October 18, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228243
1998 US17
—
October 18, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228244
1998 UD42
—
October 28, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228245
1998 VL48
—
November 15, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
V
860 m
MPC · JPL
228246
1998 WC46
—
November 22, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
228247
1998 XH10
—
December 8, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
EMA
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
228248
1998 XD13
—
December 15, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
228249
1998 XO35
—
December 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
228250
1998 YD20
—
December 25, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228251
1999 AY11
—
January 7, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228252
1999 AO32
—
January 15, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228253
1999 CT136
—
February 9, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
760 m
MPC · JPL
228254
1999 CL141
—
February 10, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228255
1999 ET7
—
March 12, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228256
1999 EE12
—
March 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228257
1999 JL111
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228258
1999 NV56
—
July 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228259
1999 PL3
—
August 12, 1999
Eskridge
G. Hug
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228260
1999 RM59
—
September 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
DOR
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
228261
1999 RJ82
—
September 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
930 m
MPC · JPL
228262
1999 TX67
—
October 8, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228263
1999 TH128
—
October 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228264
1999 TM130
—
October 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228265
1999 TF174
—
October 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
970 m
MPC · JPL
228266
1999 TZ195
—
October 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228267
1999 TC200
—
October 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228268
1999 TR219
—
October 1, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228269
1999 TO233
—
October 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228270
1999 TT260
—
October 12, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228271
1999 TG266
—
October 3, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228272
1999 TM313
—
October 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
HNA
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228273
1999 UJ28
—
October 30, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
BRA
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228274
1999 UV43
—
October 29, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228275
1999 VG57
—
November 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228276
1999 VB65
—
November 4, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228277
1999 VD108
—
November 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228278
1999 WJ11
—
November 30, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
890 m
MPC · JPL
228279
1999 WS27
—
November 30, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228280
1999 XK48
—
December 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
TRP
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228281
1999 XA118
—
December 5, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228282
1999 XH149
—
December 8, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
628
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228283
2000 AO60
—
January 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228284
2000 AJ176
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
SAN
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228285
2000 AW179
—
January 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228286
2000 BZ1
—
January 27, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228287
2000 BE3
—
January 26, 2000
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
228288
2000 BZ33
—
January 30, 2000
Catalina
CSS
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228289
2000 BG34
—
January 30, 2000
Catalina
CSS
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228290
2000 CS69
—
February 1, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
228291
2000 CX95
—
February 10, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
980 m
MPC · JPL
228292
2000 DS10
—
February 26, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228293
2000 DK14
—
February 28, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228294
2000 DT52
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228295
2000 DV60
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
920 m
MPC · JPL
228296
2000 DD95
—
February 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228297
2000 DO100
—
February 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228298
2000 EX4
—
March 2, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
900 m
MPC · JPL
228299
2000 EX23
—
March 8, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
770 m
MPC · JPL
228300
2000 EH52
—
March 3, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228301–228400
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228301
2000 EA54
—
March 9, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228302
2000 EO57
—
March 8, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228303
2000 GT36
—
April 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228304
2000 GE41
—
April 5, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228305
2000 GY128
—
April 5, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228306
2000 HT78
—
April 28, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228307
2000 HB94
—
April 29, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228308
2000 HE98
—
April 27, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
880 m
MPC · JPL
228309
2000 JA43
—
May 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228310
2000 JV44
—
May 7, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228311
2000 LB31
—
June 6, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228312
2000 OS8
—
July 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228313
2000 OB28
—
July 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228314
2000 OA41
—
July 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228315
2000 QX22
—
August 25, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228316
2000 QE32
—
August 26, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228317
2000 QE58
—
August 26, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228318
2000 QF82
—
August 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
THB
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
228319
2000 QC104
—
August 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228320
2000 QO105
—
August 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228321
2000 QQ130
—
August 31, 2000
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228322
2000 QU203
—
August 29, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228323
2000 QP204
—
August 31, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228324
2000 QK212
—
August 31, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228325
2000 QS224
—
August 26, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
EUN
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228326
2000 QK243
—
August 20, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228327
2000 RN18
—
September 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228328
2000 RO19
—
September 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
slow
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228329
2000 RC21
—
September 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228330
2000 RQ34
—
September 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228331
2000 RD86
—
September 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228332
2000 RL99
—
September 5, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
IAN
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228333
2000 SW19
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228334
2000 SK28
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228335
2000 SW64
—
September 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228336
2000 SE76
—
September 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228337
2000 SS76
—
September 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228338
2000 SZ98
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228339
2000 SL100
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228340
2000 SS129
—
September 22, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228341
2000 SK136
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228342
2000 SN136
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
BRG
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228343
2000 SN139
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228344
2000 SN145
—
September 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228345
2000 SG180
—
September 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228346
2000 SG184
—
September 20, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228347
2000 SK198
—
September 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228348
2000 SY224
—
September 27, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228349
2000 SU278
—
September 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228350
2000 SV282
—
September 23, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228351
2000 SK290
—
September 27, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228352
2000 SX303
—
September 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228353
2000 SL306
—
September 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
JNS
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228354
2000 SD315
—
September 28, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228355
2000 SU316
—
September 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228356
2000 TN14
—
October 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228357
2000 TC22
—
October 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228358
2000 TL65
—
October 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228359
2000 TZ66
—
October 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228360
2000 UA3
—
October 23, 2000
Črni Vrh
Črni Vrh
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228361
2000 UQ22
—
October 24, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228362
2000 UA73
—
October 25, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228363
2000 UD88
—
October 31, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228364
2000 VH22
—
November 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228365
2000 VB56
—
November 3, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228366
2000 VO62
—
November 2, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228367
2000 VS64
—
November 1, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
MIS
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228368
2000 WK10
—
November 19, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
APO · PHA
700 m
MPC · JPL
228369
2000 WQ12
—
November 22, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228370
2000 WJ27
—
November 23, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
GEF
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228371
2000 WB46
—
November 21, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228372
2000 WB52
—
November 27, 2000
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228373
2000 WG62
—
November 23, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228374
2000 WU66
—
November 21, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GER
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228375
2000 WH70
—
November 19, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228376
2000 WJ71
—
November 19, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228377
2000 WM71
—
November 19, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228378
2000 WN71
—
November 19, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
HNS
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228379
2000 WN82
—
November 20, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228380
2000 WH85
—
November 20, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228381
2000 WM133
—
November 19, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228382
2000 WC149
—
November 29, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
ADE
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228383
2000 WO187
—
November 16, 2000
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228384
2000 XD14
—
December 4, 2000
Bohyunsan
Y.-B. Jeon, B.-C. Lee
HEN
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228385
2000 XW20
—
December 4, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228386
2000 YW19
—
December 22, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228387
2000 YY35
—
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228388
2000 YM60
—
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228389
2000 YV106
—
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228390
2000 YW112
—
December 30, 2000
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228391
2000 YT127
—
December 29, 2000
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228392
2001 AG26
—
January 5, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228393
2001 AX47
—
January 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228394
2001 BO18
—
January 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228395
2001 BC27
—
January 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228396
2001 BO29
—
January 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228397
2001 CK21
—
February 1, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228398
2001 CT21
—
February 1, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228399
2001 CM46
—
February 15, 2001
La Palma
La Palma Obs.
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228400
2001 DK76
—
February 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228401–228500
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228401
2001 DY80
—
February 22, 2001
Nogales
Tenagra II Obs.
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228402
2001 EP1
—
March 1, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
CLO
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228403
2001 EA3
—
March 3, 2001
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
228404
2001 EQ17
—
March 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228405
2001 FL2
—
March 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228406
2001 FH139
—
March 21, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
KOR
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228407
2001 FF146
—
March 24, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228408
2001 FT157
—
March 27, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228409
2001 FM184
—
March 26, 2001
Kitt Peak
M. W. Buie
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228410
2001 HS58
—
April 25, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
FLO
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228411
2001 KQ53
—
May 18, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
HYG
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228412
2001 KD79
—
May 29, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228413
2001 LU17
—
June 14, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228414
2001 MR21
—
June 28, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
720 m
MPC · JPL
228415
2001 NV4
—
July 13, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228416
2001 OJ57
—
July 16, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228417
2001 OU59
—
July 21, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228418
2001 OA64
—
July 23, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228419
2001 OV65
—
July 22, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228420
2001 ON80
—
July 29, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228421
2001 OL97
—
July 25, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228422
2001 OO111
—
July 27, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MEL
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
228423
2001 PB19
—
August 10, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228424
2001 PH22
—
August 10, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
930 m
MPC · JPL
228425
2001 PU28
—
August 15, 2001
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228426
2001 PC30
—
August 10, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228427
2001 PQ46
—
August 13, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
PHO
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228428
2001 PE52
—
August 15, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228429
2001 PV53
—
August 14, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
890 m
MPC · JPL
228430
2001 PC62
—
August 13, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
V
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228431
2001 QZ
—
August 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
830 m
MPC · JPL
228432
2001 QD38
—
August 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
970 m
MPC · JPL
228433
2001 QN41
—
August 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
840 m
MPC · JPL
228434
2001 QQ45
—
August 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
720 m
MPC · JPL
228435
2001 QR59
—
August 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228436
2001 QH71
—
August 16, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
H
750 m
MPC · JPL
228437
2001 QV86
—
August 17, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228438
2001 QC133
—
August 21, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228439
2001 QA147
—
August 20, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
MAR
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228440
2001 QK149
—
August 22, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228441
2001 QK157
—
August 23, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228442
2001 QJ159
—
August 23, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MAS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228443
2001 QB162
—
August 23, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MAS
970 m
MPC · JPL
228444
2001 QT165
—
August 24, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228445
2001 QH167
—
August 24, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
V
830 m
MPC · JPL
228446
2001 QJ167
—
August 24, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
MAS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228447
2001 QK172
—
August 25, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228448
2001 QA174
—
August 26, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228449
2001 QF179
—
August 28, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228450
2001 QH195
—
August 22, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
790 m
MPC · JPL
228451
2001 QF210
—
August 23, 2001
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228452
2001 QA217
—
August 23, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
920 m
MPC · JPL
228453
2001 QC217
—
August 23, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228454
2001 QY245
—
August 24, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228455
2001 QE252
—
August 25, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228456
2001 QF258
—
August 25, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228457
2001 QB275
—
August 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228458
2001 QC275
—
August 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
980 m
MPC · JPL
228459
2001 QN323
—
August 27, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
V
990 m
MPC · JPL
228460
2001 RH1
—
September 7, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228461
2001 RN24
—
September 7, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228462
2001 RJ28
—
September 7, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228463
2001 RR46
—
September 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228464
2001 RY52
—
September 12, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
860 m
MPC · JPL
228465
2001 RV55
—
September 12, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228466
2001 RF83
—
September 11, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228467
2001 RT90
—
September 11, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS ·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228468
2001 RB113
—
September 12, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
780 m
MPC · JPL
228469
2001 RN153
—
September 12, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228470
2001 SK2
—
September 17, 2001
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
NYS
890 m
MPC · JPL
228471
2001 SU19
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228472
2001 SC27
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
890 m
MPC · JPL
228473
2001 SX37
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
980 m
MPC · JPL
228474
2001 SZ46
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228475
2001 SM49
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228476
2001 SU50
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228477
2001 SK52
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228478
2001 SS73
—
September 20, 2001
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228479
2001 SR74
—
September 19, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
V
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228480
2001 SR76
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228481
2001 SB78
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228482
2001 SF90
—
September 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
980 m
MPC · JPL
228483
2001 SL109
—
September 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
SUL
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228484
2001 SX120
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228485
2001 SC128
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228486
2001 SH166
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
860 m
MPC · JPL
228487
2001 SL171
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
770 m
MPC · JPL
228488
2001 SD172
—
September 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228489
2001 SW210
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228490
2001 SL211
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
fast?
930 m
MPC · JPL
228491
2001 SU228
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228492
2001 ST233
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228493
2001 SL241
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228494
2001 SV252
—
September 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228495
2001 SA266
—
September 25, 2001
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
EUN
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228496
2001 SA282
—
September 22, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228497
2001 SR285
—
September 22, 2001
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228498
2001 SO286
—
September 21, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228499
2001 SS288
—
September 28, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
MAR
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228500
2001 SU289
—
September 29, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
V
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228501–228600
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228501
2001 SW347
—
September 26, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228502
2001 TE2
—
October 12, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
APO
300 m
MPC · JPL
228503
2001 TX7
—
October 11, 2001
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
NYS
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228504
2001 TG16
—
October 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228505
2001 TF21
—
October 9, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228506
2001 TM27
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
890 m
MPC · JPL
228507
2001 TV36
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228508
2001 TS52
—
October 13, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
860 m
MPC · JPL
228509
2001 TP54
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
ERI
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228510
2001 TU91
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228511
2001 TZ93
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228512
2001 TH104
—
October 15, 2001
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
EUN
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228513
2001 TL127
—
October 13, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
KLI
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228514
2001 TL140
—
October 10, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228515
2001 TA193
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228516
2001 TN196
—
October 14, 2001
Haleakala
NEAT
H
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228517
2001 TX217
—
October 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228518
2001 TC233
—
October 15, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
V
920 m
MPC · JPL
228519
2001 TA238
—
October 13, 2001
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228520
2001 UJ
—
October 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
890 m
MPC · JPL
228521
2001 UX2
—
October 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
930 m
MPC · JPL
228522
2001 UY25
—
October 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228523
2001 UX29
—
October 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228524
2001 UP31
—
October 16, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
900 m
MPC · JPL
228525
2001 UE43
—
October 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228526
2001 UC83
—
October 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228527
2001 UN101
—
October 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228528
2001 UT113
—
October 22, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228529
2001 UE116
—
October 22, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228530
2001 UO118
—
October 22, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228531
2001 UV136
—
October 23, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
980 m
MPC · JPL
228532
2001 VF19
—
November 9, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228533
2001 VR19
—
November 9, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
RAF
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228534
2001 VO35
—
November 9, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228535
2001 VL55
—
November 10, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
HIL · 3:2
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
228536
2001 VJ63
—
November 10, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228537
2001 VX80
—
November 10, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228538
2001 VO95
—
November 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228539
2001 VS100
—
November 12, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228540
2001 VX109
—
November 12, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228541
2001 WU7
—
November 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
SUL
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228542
2001 WS18
—
November 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
980 m
MPC · JPL
228543
2001 WP30
—
November 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228544
2001 WR53
—
November 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228545
2001 WJ56
—
November 19, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228546
2001 WW76
—
November 20, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228547
2001 WM95
—
November 20, 2001
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228548
2001 XE2
—
December 8, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228549
2001 XA3
—
December 9, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228550
2001 XL15
—
December 10, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
780 m
MPC · JPL
228551
2001 XH23
—
December 9, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228552
2001 XH31
—
December 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
840 m
MPC · JPL
228553
2001 XU71
—
December 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228554
2001 XG83
—
December 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228555
2001 XU96
—
December 10, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228556
2001 XF102
—
December 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228557
2001 XH103
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
840 m
MPC · JPL
228558
2001 XV103
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228559
2001 XD105
—
December 14, 2001
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
3:2
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
228560
2001 XZ125
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228561
2001 XC137
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228562
2001 XD153
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228563
2001 XZ154
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228564
2001 XP187
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228565
2001 XQ188
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228566
2001 XW199
—
December 14, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228567
2001 XH202
—
December 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228568
2001 XR207
—
December 11, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
3:2
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
228569
2001 XV219
—
December 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228570
2001 XA221
—
December 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228571
2001 XN223
—
December 15, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
3:2
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
228572
2001 YY4
—
December 23, 2001
Kingsnake
J. V. McClusky
·
840 m
MPC · JPL
228573
2001 YC8
—
December 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228574
2001 YU57
—
December 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228575
2001 YW58
—
December 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228576
2001 YR72
—
December 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228577
2001 YM88
—
December 18, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228578
2001 YB92
—
December 18, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228579
2001 YF92
—
December 18, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
H
870 m
MPC · JPL
228580
2001 YP96
—
December 18, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228581
2001 YL100
—
December 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228582
2001 YJ112
—
December 18, 2001
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228583
2001 YA121
—
December 21, 2001
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KRM
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
228584
2001 YA127
—
December 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228585
2001 YO161
—
December 17, 2001
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228586
2002 AG4
—
January 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
H
680 m
MPC · JPL
228587
2002 AP7
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
AMO
450 m
MPC · JPL
228588
2002 AJ26
—
January 11, 2002
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228589
2002 AG35
—
January 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
970 m
MPC · JPL
228590
2002 AE38
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228591
2002 AG51
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
RAF
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228592
2002 AY51
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228593
2002 AQ56
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228594
2002 AE66
—
January 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228595
2002 AV71
—
January 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228596
2002 AG78
—
January 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228597
2002 AQ96
—
January 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228598
2002 AC98
—
January 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
980 m
MPC · JPL
228599
2002 AF115
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228600
2002 AF138
—
January 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228601–228700
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228601
2002 AR163
—
January 13, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228602
2002 AH164
—
January 13, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228603
2002 AB177
—
January 14, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228604
2002 AC178
—
January 14, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228605
2002 AS187
—
January 8, 2002
Haleakala
NEAT
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228606
2002 BU2
—
January 18, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228607
2002 BH5
—
January 19, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
ADE
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228608
2002 BT5
—
January 18, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228609
2002 B18
—
January 21, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228610
2002 BO19
—
January 21, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228611
2002 BC24
—
January 23, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228612
2002 BZ31
—
January 26, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228613
2002 CY5
—
February 4, 2002
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228614
2002 CV30
—
February 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228615
2002 CH35
—
February 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228616
2002 CR35
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228617
2002 CS39
—
February 7, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
H
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228618
2002 CC49
—
February 3, 2002
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228619
2002 CE73
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228620
2002 CA75
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228621
2002 CT82
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
MIS
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228622
2002 CR97
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228623
2002 CO102
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228624
2002 CD106
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228625
2002 CB126
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228626
2002 CP142
—
February 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228627
2002 CB158
—
February 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228628
2002 CS185
—
February 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228629
2002 CH215
—
February 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228630
2002 CR227
—
February 6, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228631
2002 CB234
—
February 12, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228632
2002 CQ251
—
February 3, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
EUN
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228633
2002 CS255
—
February 6, 2002
Kitt Peak
M. W. Buie
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228634
2002 CU255
—
February 6, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228635
2002 CZ272
—
February 8, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
MIT
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228636
2002 CK273
—
February 8, 2002
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228637
2002 CH285
—
February 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228638
2002 CV302
—
February 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228639
2002 CA309
—
February 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228640
2002 EU15
—
March 6, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228641
2002 ET19
—
March 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
228642
2002 EK24
—
March 5, 2002
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228643
2002 EP33
—
March 11, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228644
2002 EY33
—
March 11, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228645
2002 EW43
—
March 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228646
2002 EA53
—
March 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228647
2002 EJ64
—
March 13, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228648
2002 EQ75
—
March 14, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
KON
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228649
2002 EQ85
—
March 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228650
2002 EU92
—
March 14, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
BRA
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228651
2002 EQ101
—
March 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228652
2002 EP120
—
March 11, 2002
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228653
2002 EZ129
—
March 12, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228654
2002 EQ146
—
March 14, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228655
2002 FS25
—
March 19, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
MIT
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228656
2002 FE31
—
March 20, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228657
2002 FD36
—
March 21, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
JUN
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228658
2002 GP2
—
April 4, 2002
Kvistaberg
UDAS
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228659
2002 GZ3
—
April 8, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228660
2002 GP11
—
April 14, 2002
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228661
2002 GJ22
—
April 14, 2002
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228662
2002 GA37
—
April 2, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228663
2002 GU71
—
April 9, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MIT
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228664
2002 GM76
—
April 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228665
2002 GX114
—
April 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228666
2002 GG131
—
April 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
AGN
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228667
2002 GK144
—
April 11, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228668
2002 JF5
—
May 5, 2002
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228669
2002 JT10
—
May 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228670
2002 JY21
—
May 9, 2002
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
228671
2002 JX59
—
May 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
228672
2002 JP61
—
May 8, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228673
2002 JR75
—
May 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228674
2002 JZ80
—
May 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
AEO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228675
2002 JT86
—
May 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228676
2002 JK91
—
May 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
TEL
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228677
2002 JW118
—
May 5, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228678
2002 JW122
—
May 6, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228679
2002 KH14
—
May 30, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228680
2002 KX15
—
May 18, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228681
2002 LX6
—
June 1, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228682
2002 LR50
—
June 7, 2002
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EOS
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228683
2002 NJ24
—
July 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
LIX
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
228684
2002 NK55
—
July 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
EUP
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
228685
2002 ND61
—
July 15, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
228686
2002 NZ64
—
July 2, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228687
2002 OA8
—
July 18, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
HYG
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228688
2002 OF10
—
July 21, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228689
2002 OR16
—
July 18, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
860 m
MPC · JPL
228690
2002 OE28
—
July 18, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
FLO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228691
2002 OR28
—
July 22, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228692
2002 PL12
—
August 5, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
URS
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
228693
2002 PN17
—
August 6, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
780 m
MPC · JPL
228694
2002 PE92
—
August 14, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
228695
2002 PU92
—
August 14, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
770 m
MPC · JPL
228696
2002 PX95
—
August 14, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228697
2002 PP170
—
August 11, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
780 m
MPC · JPL
228698
2002 PF187
—
August 11, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
900 m
MPC · JPL
228699
2002 PX187
—
August 8, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228700
2002 QH44
—
August 30, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
920 m
MPC · JPL
228701–228800
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228701
2002 QR57
—
August 29, 2002
Palomar
S. F. Hönig
·
870 m
MPC · JPL
228702
2002 QH66
—
August 18, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
980 m
MPC · JPL
228703
2002 QM83
—
August 17, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
EOS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228704
2002 QC93
—
August 19, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228705
2002 QY98
—
August 26, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228706
2002 QA105
—
August 27, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
THM
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228707
2002 QB123
—
August 27, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228708
2002 RG54
—
September 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
228709
2002 RN74
—
September 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228710
2002 RF148
—
September 11, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
THM
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228711
2002 RP169
—
September 13, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228712
2002 RZ205
—
September 14, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228713
2002 RD256
—
September 4, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228714
2002 RM257
—
September 3, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228715
2002 RH258
—
September 14, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228716
2002 RK279
—
September 8, 2002
Haleakala
NEAT
FLO
790 m
MPC · JPL
228717
2002 SM44
—
September 29, 2002
Haleakala
NEAT
V
850 m
MPC · JPL
228718
2002 SH52
—
September 17, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228719
2002 TP
—
October 1, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
HYG
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
228720
2002 TN4
—
October 1, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
920 m
MPC · JPL
228721
2002 TV26
—
October 2, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
770 m
MPC · JPL
228722
2002 TZ37
—
October 2, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228723
2002 TE40
—
October 2, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228724
2002 TZ51
—
October 2, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.00 km
MPC · JPL
228725
2002 TW75
—
October 1, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228726
2002 TK77
—
October 1, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228727
2002 TF98
—
October 3, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228728
2002 TM119
—
October 3, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
228729
2002 TH121
—
October 3, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228730
2002 TX124
—
October 4, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228731
2002 TV130
—
October 4, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228732
2002 TQ132
—
October 4, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
980 m
MPC · JPL
228733
2002 TY132
—
October 4, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
FLO
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228734
2002 TW154
—
October 5, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228735
2002 TP169
—
October 3, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228736
2002 TY204
—
October 4, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228737
2002 TB211
—
October 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228738
2002 TU257
—
October 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
820 m
MPC · JPL
228739
2002 TV275
—
October 9, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228740
2002 TT281
—
October 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
910 m
MPC · JPL
228741
2002 TQ282
—
October 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228742
2002 TA287
—
October 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228743
2002 TZ290
—
October 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228744
2002 UO37
—
October 31, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228745
2002 UE40
—
October 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
910 m
MPC · JPL
228746
2002 UQ51
—
October 29, 2002
Apache Point
SDSS
LIX
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228747
2002 VH3
—
November 1, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
FLO
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228748
2002 VA4
—
November 1, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
FLO
880 m
MPC · JPL
228749
2002 VY8
—
November 1, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
FLO
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228750
2002 VH9
—
November 1, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228751
2002 VY30
—
November 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
910 m
MPC · JPL
228752
2002 VG31
—
November 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228753
2002 VT32
—
November 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228754
2002 VZ35
—
November 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
960 m
MPC · JPL
228755
2002 VK54
—
November 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
920 m
MPC · JPL
228756
2002 VM74
—
November 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
940 m
MPC · JPL
228757
2002 VF80
—
November 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228758
2002 VZ83
—
November 7, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228759
2002 VC90
—
November 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228760
2002 VW91
—
November 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228761
2002 VJ102
—
November 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228762
2002 VR102
—
November 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228763
2002 VN104
—
November 12, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228764
2002 VL128
—
November 14, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228765
2002 VH131
—
November 13, 2002
Kingsnake
J. V. McClusky
·
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
228766
2002 VS146
—
November 4, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228767
2002 WX5
—
November 24, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
FLO
890 m
MPC · JPL
228768
2002 WQ17
—
November 30, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
PHO
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228769
2002 WP21
—
November 24, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
830 m
MPC · JPL
228770
2002 WR25
—
November 16, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228771
2002 XU18
—
December 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228772
2002 XL20
—
December 2, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
950 m
MPC · JPL
228773
2002 XT23
—
December 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228774
2002 XR29
—
December 5, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228775
2002 XK35
—
December 8, 2002
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
FLO
840 m
MPC · JPL
228776
2002 XD42
—
December 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
EUT
720 m
MPC · JPL
228777
2002 XZ43
—
December 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228778
2002 XJ52
—
December 10, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228779
2002 XP53
—
December 10, 2002
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228780
2002 XS84
—
December 11, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228781
2002 XM96
—
December 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228782
2002 XO104
—
December 5, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
860 m
MPC · JPL
228783
2002 XX108
—
December 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
900 m
MPC · JPL
228784
2002 XP109
—
December 6, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
840 m
MPC · JPL
228785
2002 YG7
—
December 28, 2002
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228786
2002 YJ9
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228787
2002 YH10
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228788
2002 YM17
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228789
2002 YW20
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
PHO
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228790
2002 YJ24
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228791
2002 YQ29
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS · fast?
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228792
2002 YM30
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228793
2002 YM33
—
December 31, 2002
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228794
2003 AT13
—
January 1, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228795
2003 AY26
—
January 4, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228796
2003 AC27
—
January 4, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
900 m
MPC · JPL
228797
2003 AX32
—
January 5, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
900 m
MPC · JPL
228798
2003 AO33
—
January 5, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228799
2003 AP38
—
January 7, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228800
2003 AL48
—
January 5, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228801–228900
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228801
2003 AB55
—
January 5, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228802
2003 AP61
—
January 7, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228803
2003 AX62
—
January 8, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228804
2003 AE63
—
January 8, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228805
2003 AW78
—
January 10, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228806
2003 AA82
—
January 11, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
PHO
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228807
2003 AZ82
—
January 8, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228808
2003 AR88
—
January 2, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228809
2003 AP91
—
January 5, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228810
2003 BZ2
—
January 25, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228811
2003 BR6
—
January 24, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
V
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228812
2003 BM14
—
January 26, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
FLO
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228813
2003 BL17
—
January 26, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
ERI
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228814
2003 BP17
—
January 27, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228815
2003 BW24
—
January 25, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228816
2003 BE28
—
January 26, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228817
2003 BN31
—
January 27, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228818
2003 BC38
—
January 27, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
840 m
MPC · JPL
228819
2003 BH55
—
January 27, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
228820
2003 BJ55
—
January 27, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
880 m
MPC · JPL
228821
2003 BV57
—
January 27, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
950 m
MPC · JPL
228822
2003 BR62
—
January 28, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228823
2003 BF65
—
January 30, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
740 m
MPC · JPL
228824
2003 BR66
—
January 30, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228825
2003 BK74
—
January 29, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228826
2003 BC80
—
January 31, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228827
2003 BV86
—
January 26, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS ·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228828
2003 CS12
—
February 2, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228829
2003 CO14
—
February 3, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228830
2003 DP
—
February 20, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
NYS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228831
2003 DN2
—
February 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
MAS
960 m
MPC · JPL
228832
2003 DE3
—
February 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
730 m
MPC · JPL
228833
2003 DV3
—
February 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
EUT · fast?
810 m
MPC · JPL
228834
2003 DL8
—
February 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
MAS
830 m
MPC · JPL
228835
2003 DU8
—
February 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
760 m
MPC · JPL
228836
2003 DW8
—
February 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228837
2003 EY6
—
March 6, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
MAS
870 m
MPC · JPL
228838
2003 EQ12
—
March 6, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228839
2003 EG14
—
March 7, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228840
2003 EV19
—
March 6, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228841
2003 EZ24
—
March 6, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228842
2003 EN32
—
March 7, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228843
2003 ES46
—
March 8, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
228844
2003 EX51
—
March 11, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
860 m
MPC · JPL
228845
2003 EQ54
—
March 7, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS · fast?
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228846
2003 EG60
—
March 6, 2003
Goodricke-Pigott
R. A. Tucker
ERI
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228847
2003 FW
—
March 20, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
PHO
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228848
2003 FC31
—
March 23, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
V
980 m
MPC · JPL
228849
2003 FP37
—
March 23, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
228850
2003 FZ51
—
March 25, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
228851
2003 FD65
—
March 26, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228852
2003 FJ77
—
March 27, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228853
2003 FU84
—
March 28, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
228854
2003 FP98
—
March 30, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
940 m
MPC · JPL
228855
2003 FK109
—
March 31, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
800 m
MPC · JPL
228856
2003 FN116
—
March 23, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
228857
2003 FD120
—
March 23, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
V
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228858
2003 GL
—
April 1, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
H
990 m
MPC · JPL
228859
2003 GY3
—
April 1, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
228860
2003 GX4
—
April 1, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228861
2003 GG12
—
April 1, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
950 m
MPC · JPL
228862
2003 GX31
—
April 8, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
Tj (2.94)
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
228863
2003 GO32
—
April 8, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228864
2003 GL35
—
April 7, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
NYS
840 m
MPC · JPL
228865
2003 GT47
—
April 8, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
228866
2003 HM4
—
April 24, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
ADE
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228867
2003 HS7
—
April 24, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
GEF
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
228868
2003 HB12
—
April 25, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228869
2003 HU21
—
April 27, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
228870
2003 HL27
—
April 28, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
228871
2003 HQ31
—
April 26, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228872
2003 HS38
—
April 29, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228873
2003 HD45
—
April 29, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228874
2003 HD52
—
April 30, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
AER
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
228875
2003 KX3
—
May 23, 2003
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228876
2003 LH4
—
June 3, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
H
990 m
MPC · JPL
228877
2003 MM2
—
June 23, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
228878
2003 ME3
—
June 25, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228879
2003 NF
—
July 1, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
228880
2003 OA8
—
July 27, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
EUP
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
228881
2003 OT8
—
July 22, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
228882
2003 OW17
—
July 29, 2003
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228883 Cliffsimak
2003 PT4
Cliffsimak
August 2, 2003
Saint-Sulpice
B. Christophe
EOS
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228884
2003 QK15
—
August 20, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228885
2003 QZ24
—
August 22, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228886
2003 QF28
—
August 21, 2003
Campo Imperatore
CINEOS
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
228887
2003 QR31
—
August 21, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228888
2003 QA67
—
August 23, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
AGN
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
228889
2003 QH70
—
August 22, 2003
Bergisch Gladbach
W. Bickel
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228890
2003 QH78
—
August 24, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
228891
2003 QU99
—
August 28, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
228892
2003 QL115
—
August 31, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
LIX
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228893 Gerevich
2003 RL8
Gerevich
September 6, 2003
Piszkéstető
K. Sárneczky, B. Sipőcz
AGN
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
228894
2003 RD11
—
September 13, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
228895
2003 RQ22
—
September 15, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
228896
2003 SF11
—
September 17, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
H
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
228897
2003 SG22
—
September 16, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
EOS
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228898
2003 SB29
—
September 18, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
EMA
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
228899
2003 SG58
—
September 17, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228900
2003 ST69
—
September 17, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228901–229000
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
228901
2003 SG71
—
September 18, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
228902
2003 SS79
—
September 19, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
TIR
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228903
2003 SN107
—
September 20, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228904
2003 SO133
—
September 20, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EOS
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228905
2003 SL140
—
September 19, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
228906
2003 SC141
—
September 19, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
LIX
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
228907
2003 SO145
—
September 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228908
2003 ST145
—
September 20, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
228909
2003 SZ145
—
September 20, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
228910
2003 SD153
—
September 19, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
CHA
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228911
2003 SA164
—
September 20, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
228912
2003 SH169
—
September 23, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
HYG
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228913
2003 SD184
—
September 21, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228914
2003 ST200
—
September 22, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
228915
2003 SF206
—
September 23, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
VER
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228916
2003 SF214
—
September 26, 2003
Desert Eagle
W. K. Y. Yeung
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
228917
2003 SU217
—
September 28, 2003
Sierra Nevada
Sierra Nevada Obs.
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
228918
2003 SM225
—
September 26, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228919
2003 SN225
—
September 26, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228920
2003 SJ234
—
September 25, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
HYG
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228921
2003 SZ238
—
September 27, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
7:4*
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228922
2003 SL245
—
September 26, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
228923
2003 SB254
—
September 27, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228924
2003 ST256
—
September 28, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
228925
2003 SE267
—
September 29, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228926
2003 SQ275
—
September 29, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228927
2003 SY284
—
September 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228928
2003 SN285
—
September 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228929
2003 SF299
—
September 29, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
TIR ·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
228930
2003 SC310
—
September 28, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
THM
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
228931
2003 SU310
—
September 29, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
228932
2003 SY319
—
September 16, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228933
2003 SY320
—
September 18, 2003
Campo Imperatore
CINEOS
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
228934
2003 SP330
—
September 26, 2003
Apache Point
SDSS
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228935
2003 SK350
—
September 18, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228936
2003 SC390
—
September 26, 2003
Apache Point
SDSS
HYG
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
228937
2003 SG411
—
September 28, 2003
Apache Point
SDSS
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228938
2003 TR
—
October 1, 2003
Drebach
Drebach Obs.
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228939
2003 TQ6
—
October 1, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228940
2003 TP14
—
October 14, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
228941
2003 TU16
—
October 14, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228942
2003 TB18
—
October 14, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
EOS
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
228943
2003 TX49
—
October 3, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
228944
2003 TD54
—
October 5, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
VER
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
228945
2003 TC57
—
October 5, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
228946
2003 TD57
—
October 5, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
228947
2003 TQ59
—
October 3, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228948
2003 UX8
—
October 16, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228949
2003 UD53
—
October 18, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
228950
2003 UT54
—
October 18, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228951
2003 UA75
—
October 17, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228952
2003 UM77
—
October 17, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228953
2003 UA82
—
October 18, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
228954
2003 UQ85
—
October 18, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
228955
2003 UO99
—
October 19, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
228956
2003 UC108
—
October 19, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
LIX
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228957
2003 UU112
—
October 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228958
2003 UV112
—
October 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
LIX
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
228959
2003 UJ113
—
October 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228960
2003 UC114
—
October 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
228961
2003 UM125
—
October 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228962
2003 UT133
—
October 20, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
228963
2003 UX138
—
October 16, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228964
2003 UN139
—
October 16, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228965
2003 UC143
—
October 18, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
HYG
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228966
2003 UD161
—
October 21, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HYG
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228967
2003 UR162
—
October 21, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228968
2003 UW170
—
October 19, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EOS
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228969
2003 UT184
—
October 21, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228970
2003 UT196
—
October 21, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
228971
2003 UH199
—
October 21, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
228972
2003 UL208
—
October 22, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228973
2003 UV217
—
October 21, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228974
2003 UV224
—
October 22, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HYG
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
228975
2003 UB250
—
October 25, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
228976
2003 UK266
—
October 28, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
228977
2003 UH271
—
October 17, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
228978
2003 UP272
—
October 29, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
228979
2003 UD274
—
October 29, 2003
Haleakala
NEAT
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
228980
2003 UZ289
—
October 23, 2003
Kitt Peak
M. W. Buie
THM
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
228981
2003 UC316
—
October 22, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228982
2003 UF316
—
October 23, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
228983
2003 UU322
—
October 16, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228984
2003 UA375
—
October 22, 2003
Apache Point
SDSS
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
228985
2003 VR7
—
November 15, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
228986
2003 VP11
—
November 4, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
EUP
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
228987
2003 WP5
—
November 18, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
HYG
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
228988
2003 WN10
—
November 18, 2003
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228989
2003 WW11
—
November 18, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228990
2003 WV36
—
November 19, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
228991
2003 WH55
—
November 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
228992
2003 WV71
—
November 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
228993
2003 WJ72
—
November 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
228994
2003 WO87
—
November 21, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
228995
2003 WO95
—
November 19, 2003
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
228996
2003 WF101
—
November 21, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
228997
2003 WM101
—
November 21, 2003
Catalina
CSS
ALA
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
228998
2003 WJ112
—
November 20, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
228999
2003 WN141
—
November 21, 2003
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
229000
2003 WQ148
—
November 24, 2003
Palomar
NEAT
EUP
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
back to top
See also
Meanings of minor planet names: 228001–229000
References
^ "Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.
^ a b "Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.
^ "Critical Lists of Asteroids". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.
External links
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (225001)–(230000) (IAU Minor Planet Center)
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138k
139k
140k
141k
142k
143k
144k
145k
146k
147k
148k
149k
150,001–175,000
150k
151k
152k
153k
154k
155k
156k
157k
158k
159k
160k
161k
162k
163k
164k
165k
166k
167k
168k
169k
170k
171k
172k
173k
174k
175,001–200,000
175k
176k
177k
178k
179k
180k
181k
182k
183k
184k
185k
186k
187k
188k
189k
190k
191k
192k
193k
194k
195k
196k
197k
198k
199k
200,001–225,000
200k
201k
202k
203k
204k
205k
206k
207k
208k
209k
210k
211k
212k
213k
214k
215k
216k
217k
218k
219k
220k
221k
222k
223k
224k
225,001–250,000
225k
226k
227k
228k
229k
230k
231k
232k
233k
234k
235k
236k
237k
238k
239k
240k
241k
242k
243k
244k
245k
246k
247k
248k
249k
250,001–275,000
250k
251k
252k
253k
254k
255k
256k
257k
258k
259k
260k
261k
262k
263k
264k
265k
266k
267k
268k
269k
270k
271k
272k
273k
274k
275,001–300,000
275k
276k
277k
278k
279k
280k
281k
282k
283k
284k
285k
286k
287k
288k
289k
290k
291k
292k
293k
294k
295k
296k
297k
298k
299k
300,001–325,000
300k
301k
302k
303k
304k
305k
306k
307k
308k
309k
310k
311k
312k
313k
314k
315k
316k
317k
318k
319k
320k
321k
322k
323k
324k
325,001–350,000
325k
326k
327k
328k
329k
330k
331k
332k
333k
334k
335k
336k
337k
338k
339k
340k
341k
342k
343k
344k
345k
346k
347k
348k
349k
350,001–375,000
350k
351k
352k
353k
354k
355k
356k
357k
358k
359k
360k
361k
362k
363k
364k
365k
366k
367k
368k
369k
370k
371k
372k
373k
374k
375,001–400,000
375k
376k
377k
378k
379k
380k
381k
382k
383k
384k
385k
386k
387k
388k
389k
390k
391k
392k
393k
394k
395k
396k
397k
398k
399k
400,001–425,000
400k
401k
402k
403k
404k
405k
406k
407k
408k
409k
410k
411k
412k
413k
414k
415k
416k
417k
418k
419k
420k
421k
422k
423k
424k
425,001–450,000
425k
426k
427k
428k
429k
430k
431k
432k
433k
434k
435k
436k
437k
438k
439k
440k
441k
442k
443k
444k
445k
446k
447k
448k
449k
450,001–475,000
450k
451k
452k
453k
454k
455k
456k
457k
458k
459k
460k
461k
462k
463k
464k
465k
466k
467k
468k
469k
470k
471k
472k
473k
474k
475,001–500,000
475k
476k
477k
478k
479k
480k
481k
482k
483k
484k
485k
486k
487k
488k
489k
490k
491k
492k
493k
494k
495k
496k
497k
498k
499k
500,001–525,000
500k
501k
502k
503k
504k
505k
506k
507k
508k
509k
510k
511k
512k
513k
514k
515k
516k
517k
518k
519k
520k
521k
522k
523k
524k
525,001–550,000
525k
526k
527k
528k
529k
530k
531k
532k
533k
534k
535k
536k
537k
538k
539k
540k
541k
542k
543k
544k
545k
546k
547k
548k
549k
550,001–575,000
550k
551k
552k
553k
554k
555k
556k
557k
558k
559k
560k
561k
562k
563k
564k
565k
566k
567k
568k
569k
570k
571k
572k
573k
574k
575,001–600,000
575k
576k
577k
578k
579k
580k
581k
582k
583k
584k
585k
586k
587k
588k
589k
590k
591k
592k
593k
594k
595k
596k
597k
598k
599k
600,001–625,000
600k
601k
602k
603k
604k
605k
606k
607k
608k
609k
610k
611k
612k
613k
614k
615k
616k
617k
618k
619k
620k
621k
622k
623k
624k
625,001–650,000
625k
626k
627k
628k
629k
630k
631k
632k
633k
634k
635k
636k
637k
638k
639k
640k
641k
642k
643k
644k
645k
646k
647k
648k
649k
650,001–675,000
650k
651k
652k
653k
654k
655k
656k
657k
658k
659k
660k
661k
662k
663k
664k
665k
666k
667k
668k
669k
670k
671k
672k
673k
674k
675,001–700,000
675k
676k
677k
678k
679k
680k
681k
682k
683k
684k
685k
686k
687k
688k
689k
690k
691k
692k
693k
694k
695k
696k
697k
698k
699k
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets"},{"link_name":"JPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-sources-1"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Critical list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical-list_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowellCrit-3"},{"link_name":"detailed description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Description_of_partial_lists"},{"link_name":"list of every page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Main_index"},{"link_name":"statistical break-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Diagram-breakup-into-populations"},{"link_name":"dynamical classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"numerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(numerical)"},{"link_name":"alphabetical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"naming citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_228001%E2%80%93229000"},{"link_name":"Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_for_Small_Bodies_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#Main_index"},{"link_name":"100K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#100K"},{"link_name":"200K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#200K"},{"link_name":"300K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#300K"},{"link_name":"400K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#400K"},{"link_name":"500K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#500K"},{"link_name":"600K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#600K"},{"link_name":"color code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"223,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_223001%E2%80%93224000"},{"link_name":"224,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_224001%E2%80%93225000"},{"link_name":"225,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_225001%E2%80%93226000"},{"link_name":"226,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_226001%E2%80%93227000"},{"link_name":"227,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_227001%E2%80%93228000"},{"link_name":"228,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"229,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_229001%E2%80%93230000"},{"link_name":"230,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_230001%E2%80%93231000"},{"link_name":"231,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_231001%E2%80%93232000"},{"link_name":"232,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_232001%E2%80%93233000"},{"link_name":"233,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_233001%E2%80%93234000"},{"link_name":"228,001…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#001"},{"link_name":"228,101…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#101"},{"link_name":"228,201…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#201"},{"link_name":"228,301…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#301"},{"link_name":"228,401…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#401"},{"link_name":"228,501…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#501"},{"link_name":"228,601…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#601"},{"link_name":"228,701…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#701"},{"link_name":"228,801…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#801"},{"link_name":"228,901…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#901"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 228001 through 229000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\"[1] and data available from the Minor Planet Center.[2] Critical list information is also provided by the MPC,[2] unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory.[3] A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code\n\n223,000s\n224,000s\n225,000s\n226,000s\n227,000s\n228,000s\n229,000s\n230,000s\n231,000s\n232,000s\n233,000s\n\n\n228,001…\n228,101…\n228,201…\n228,301…\n228,401…\n228,501…\n228,601…\n228,701…\n228,801…\n228,901…","title":"List of minor planets: 228001–229000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"228001–228100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228101–228200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228201–228300"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228301–228400"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228401–228500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228501–228600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228601–228700"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228701–228800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"228801–228900"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to topback to top","title":"228901–229000"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Meanings of minor planet names: 228001–229000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_228001%E2%80%93229000"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sb_elem","url_text":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//data","url_text":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asteroid.lowell.edu/critlists/legacy/","url_text":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory","url_text":"Lowell Observatory"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Rosen
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Rachel Rosen
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["1 Education and career","2 Select technical publications","3 References","4 External links"]
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American physicist (born 1983)
Rachel A. RosenBorn (1983-08-31) 31 August 1983 (age 40)EducationBrown UniversityNew York UniversityScientific careerFieldsTheoretical physicsDoctoral advisorGregory Gabadadze
Rachel A. Rosen is a physicist and associate professor of Theoretical Physics at Carnegie Mellon University. Her research involves quantum field theory, cosmology, astrophysics and massive gravity. In particular, she has investigated the problem of the inconsistencies known as "ghosts," and how to formulate models of massive gravity that avoid them.
Education and career
Rosen received her undergraduate degree in mathematics and physics from Brown University. At New York University, she studied the Bullet Cluster with Glennys Farrar and helium-core white dwarfs with Gregory Gabadadze. She received her PhD from that institution in 2009. In 2013, she received a Blavatnik Award for a Young Scientist for work on massive gravity. She is a visiting fellow at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.
In July 2017, the Simons Foundation announced that Gabadadze, Rosen and Claudia de Rham would lead a "Cosmology Beyond Einstein's Gravity" research effort as part of the Foundation's new cosmology initiative.
Select technical publications
Hassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-01-24). "Resolving the Ghost Problem in Nonlinear Massive Gravity". Physical Review Letters. 108 (4): 041101. arXiv:1106.3344. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108d1101H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.041101. PMID 22400821. S2CID 17185069.
Hassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-02-01). "Bimetric gravity from ghost-free massive gravity". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (2): 126. arXiv:1109.3515. Bibcode:2012JHEP...02..126H. doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2012)126. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 118427524.
Hassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-04-01). "Confirmation of the secondary constraint and absence of ghost in massive gravity and bimetric gravity". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (4): 123. arXiv:1111.2070. Bibcode:2012JHEP...04..123H. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2012)123. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 54517385.
Hassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A.; Schmidt-May, Angnis (2012-02-01). "Ghost-free massive gravity with a general reference metric". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (2): 26. arXiv:1109.3230. Bibcode:2012JHEP...02..026H. doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2012)026. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 119254994.
References
^ "Rachel Rosen | Department of Physics". physics.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
^ "Rachel Rosen Wins Lenfest Distinguished Faculty Award | Department of Physics". physics.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
^ Cartwright, Jon (9 May 2007). "Hunt for fifth force focuses on Bullet Cluster". Physics World. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^ "Rachel A Rosen". World Science Festival. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
^ "Rachel Rosen | Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists". blavatnikawards.org. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
^ "Rachel Rosen | Perimeter Institute". perimeterinstitute.ca. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
^ "New Initiative Ponders Origins of the Universe | Simons Foundation". www.simonsfoundation.org. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
External links
Rachel Rosen at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Merali, Zeeya (2013). "Fat gravity particle gives clues to dark energy". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13707. S2CID 124346015.
Francis, Matthew R. (2016). "Might gravity have mass?". Physics World. 29 (2): 24–27. Bibcode:2016PhyW...29b..24F. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/29/2/30. ISSN 2058-7058.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"quantum field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"massive gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_gravity"},{"link_name":"ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(physics)"}],"text":"Rachel A. Rosen is a physicist and associate professor of Theoretical Physics at Carnegie Mellon University.[1][2] Her research involves quantum field theory, cosmology, astrophysics and massive gravity. In particular, she has investigated the problem of the inconsistencies known as \"ghosts,\" and how to formulate models of massive gravity that avoid them.","title":"Rachel Rosen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Bullet Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Cluster"},{"link_name":"Glennys Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glennys_Farrar"},{"link_name":"white dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf"},{"link_name":"Gregory Gabadadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Gabadadze"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Blavatnik Award for a Young Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Simons Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simons_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Claudia de Rham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de_Rham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rosen received her undergraduate degree in mathematics and physics from Brown University. At New York University, she studied the Bullet Cluster with Glennys Farrar and helium-core white dwarfs with Gregory Gabadadze. She received her PhD from that institution in 2009.[3][4] In 2013, she received a Blavatnik Award for a Young Scientist for work on massive gravity.[5] She is a visiting fellow at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.[6]In July 2017, the Simons Foundation announced that Gabadadze, Rosen and Claudia de Rham would lead a \"Cosmology Beyond Einstein's Gravity\" research effort as part of the Foundation's new cosmology initiative.[7]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1106.3344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1106.3344"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012PhRvL.108d1101H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhRvL.108d1101H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.041101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.108.041101"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22400821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22400821"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17185069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17185069"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1109.3515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1109.3515"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012JHEP...02..126H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...02..126H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/JHEP02(2012)126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FJHEP02%282012%29126"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1029-8479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1029-8479"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"118427524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118427524"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1111.2070","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1111.2070"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012JHEP...04..123H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...04..123H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/JHEP04(2012)123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FJHEP04%282012%29123"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1029-8479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1029-8479"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"54517385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54517385"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1109.3230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1109.3230"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2012JHEP...02..026H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...02..026H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/JHEP02(2012)026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FJHEP02%282012%29026"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1029-8479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1029-8479"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"119254994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119254994"}],"text":"Hassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-01-24). \"Resolving the Ghost Problem in Nonlinear Massive Gravity\". Physical Review Letters. 108 (4): 041101. arXiv:1106.3344. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108d1101H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.041101. PMID 22400821. S2CID 17185069.\nHassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-02-01). \"Bimetric gravity from ghost-free massive gravity\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (2): 126. arXiv:1109.3515. Bibcode:2012JHEP...02..126H. doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2012)126. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 118427524.\nHassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-04-01). \"Confirmation of the secondary constraint and absence of ghost in massive gravity and bimetric gravity\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (4): 123. arXiv:1111.2070. Bibcode:2012JHEP...04..123H. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2012)123. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 54517385.\nHassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A.; Schmidt-May, Angnis (2012-02-01). \"Ghost-free massive gravity with a general reference metric\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (2): 26. arXiv:1109.3230. Bibcode:2012JHEP...02..026H. doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2012)026. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 119254994.","title":"Select technical publications"}]
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[]
| null |
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F.; Rosen, Rachel A. (2012-04-01). \"Confirmation of the secondary constraint and absence of ghost in massive gravity and bimetric gravity\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (4): 123. arXiv:1111.2070. Bibcode:2012JHEP...04..123H. doi:10.1007/JHEP04(2012)123. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 54517385.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.2070","url_text":"1111.2070"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...04..123H","url_text":"2012JHEP...04..123H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FJHEP04%282012%29123","url_text":"10.1007/JHEP04(2012)123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1029-8479","url_text":"1029-8479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54517385","url_text":"54517385"}]},{"reference":"Hassan, S. F.; Rosen, Rachel A.; Schmidt-May, Angnis (2012-02-01). \"Ghost-free massive gravity with a general reference metric\". Journal of High Energy Physics. 2012 (2): 26. arXiv:1109.3230. Bibcode:2012JHEP...02..026H. doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2012)026. ISSN 1029-8479. S2CID 119254994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.3230","url_text":"1109.3230"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JHEP...02..026H","url_text":"2012JHEP...02..026H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FJHEP02%282012%29026","url_text":"10.1007/JHEP02(2012)026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1029-8479","url_text":"1029-8479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119254994","url_text":"119254994"}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rosen | Department of Physics\". physics.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://physics.columbia.edu/people/profile/430","url_text":"\"Rachel Rosen | Department of Physics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rosen Wins Lenfest Distinguished Faculty Award | Department of Physics\". physics.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://physics.columbia.edu/rachel-rosen-wins-lenfest-distinguished-faculty-award","url_text":"\"Rachel Rosen Wins Lenfest Distinguished Faculty Award | Department of Physics\""}]},{"reference":"Cartwright, Jon (9 May 2007). \"Hunt for fifth force focuses on Bullet Cluster\". Physics World. Retrieved 23 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2007/may/09/hunt-for-fifth-force-focuses-on-bullet-cluster","url_text":"\"Hunt for fifth force focuses on Bullet Cluster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel A Rosen\". World Science Festival. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/participants/rachel-a-rosen/","url_text":"\"Rachel A Rosen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rosen | Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists\". blavatnikawards.org. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://blavatnikawards.org/honorees/profile/rachel-rosen/","url_text":"\"Rachel Rosen | Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Rosen | Perimeter Institute\". perimeterinstitute.ca. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://perimeterinstitute.ca/people/Rachel-Rosen","url_text":"\"Rachel Rosen | Perimeter Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Initiative Ponders Origins of the Universe | Simons Foundation\". www.simonsfoundation.org. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonsfoundation.org/features/foundation-news/new-initiative-ponders-origins-of-the-universe/","url_text":"\"New Initiative Ponders Origins of the Universe | Simons Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Merali, Zeeya (2013). \"Fat gravity particle gives clues to dark energy\". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13707. S2CID 124346015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/news/fat-gravity-particle-gives-clues-to-dark-energy-1.13707","url_text":"\"Fat gravity particle gives clues to dark energy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.13707","url_text":"10.1038/nature.2013.13707"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124346015","url_text":"124346015"}]},{"reference":"Francis, Matthew R. (2016). \"Might gravity have mass?\". Physics World. 29 (2): 24–27. Bibcode:2016PhyW...29b..24F. doi:10.1088/2058-7058/29/2/30. ISSN 2058-7058.","urls":[{"url":"http://stacks.iop.org/2058-7058/29/i=2/a=30","url_text":"\"Might gravity have mass?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhyW...29b..24F","url_text":"2016PhyW...29b..24F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F29%2F2%2F30","url_text":"10.1088/2058-7058/29/2/30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2058-7058","url_text":"2058-7058"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_Dream:_The_Kids_of_the_Oakland_MLK_Oratorical_Fest
|
We Are the Dream: The Kids of the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
2020 American filmWhen True Love WinsDirected byAmy SchatzProductioncompaniesHBO DocumentaryKnow WonderDistributed byHome Box Office (HBO)Ziggo Movies & Series XLRelease date
18 February 2020 (2020-02-18) (United States)
Running time58 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
We Are the Dream: The Kids of the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest is a HBO documentary film. The film features young people who participate in a public speaking competition honoring the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. It tied with The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance for the 2020 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program.
References
^ "We Are the Dream". HBO. 2020-01-20. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
^ Boston, Michon (February 20, 2020). "In 'We Are the Dream,' Oakland Students Channel Dr. King". The New York Times. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
^ "We Are The Dream: The Kids Of The Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest". Television Academy. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
External links
We Are the Dream: The Kids of the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest at IMDb
vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program1950–1980
Time for Beany (1950)
Time for Beany (1951)
No Award (1952)
Time for Beany (1953)
Kukla, Fran and Ollie (1954)
Lassie (1955)
Lassie (1956)
No Awards (1957–1959)
The Huckleberry Hound Show (1960)
Young People's Concert (1961)
New York Philharmonic Young People's Concerts with Leonard Bernstein (1962)
Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1963)
Discovery (1964)
No Award (1965)
A Charlie Brown Christmas (1966)
Jack and the Beanstalk (1967)
No Awards (1968–1969)
Sesame Street (1970)
Sesame Street (1971)
Sesame Street (1972)
ABC Afterschool Special / The Electric Company / Sesame Street / Zoom (1973)
Marlo Thomas and Friends in Free to Be... You and Me (1974)
Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus (1975)
Huckleberry Finn / You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown (1976)
Ballet Shoes (1977)
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1978)
Christmas Eve on Sesame Street (1979)
Benji at Work (1980)
1981–2005
Donahue and Kids (1981)
The Wave (1982)
Big Bird in China (1983)
He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin' (1984)
American Playhouse ("Displaced Person") (1985)
WonderWorks ("Anne of Green Gables") (1986)
Jim Henson's The StoryTeller ("Hans My Hedgehog") (1987)
Hallmark Hall of Fame ("The Secret Garden") (1988)
Free to Be... a Family (1989)
A Mother's Courage: The Mary Thomas Story (1990)
You Can't Go Home Again: A 3-2-1 Contact Extra (1991)
Mark Twain and Me (1992)
Avonlea / Beethoven Lives Upstairs (1993)
CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Kids Killing Kids / Kids Saving Kids") (1994)
The World Wildlife Fund Presents "Going, Going, Almost Gone! Animals in Danger" (1995)
Peter and the Wolf (1995)
How Do You Spell God? (1997)
Muppets Tonight / Nick News Special Edition: What Are You Staring At? (1998)
The Truth About Drinking: The Teen Files (1999)
The Color of Friendship / Goodnight Moon and Other Sleepytime Tales (2000)
The Teen Files: Surviving High School (2001)
Nick News Special Edition — Faces of Hope: The Kids of Afghanistan (2002)
Through a Child's Eyes: September 11, 2001 (2003)
Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me (2004)
Classical Baby / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee: Never Again? From the Holocaust to the Sudan (2005)
2006–2020
High School Musical / I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me (2006)
Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Private Worlds: Kids and Autism (2007)
Classical Baby (I'm Grown Up Now): The Poetry Show / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee: The Untouchable Kids of India (2008)
Wizards of Waverly Place / Grandpa, Do You Know Who I Am? with Maria Shriver / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Coming Home: When Parents Return from War (2009)
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — The Face of Courage: Kids Living with Cancer (2010)
A Child's Garden of Poetry / Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Under the Influence: Kids of Alcoholics (2011)
Wizards of Waverly Place / Sesame Street: Growing Hope Against Hunger (2012)
Nick News with Linda Ellerbee — Forgotten But Not Gone: Kids, HIV & AIDS (2013)
One Last Hug: Three Days at Grief Camp (2014)
Alan Alda and the Actor Within You: A YoungArts Masterclass (2015)
It's Your 50th Christmas, Charlie Brown! (2016)
Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas (2017)
The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special (2018)
When You Wish Upon a Pickle: A Sesame Street Special (2019)
The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance / We Are the Dream: The Kids of the Oakland MLK Oratorical Fest (2020)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_(Dune)
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Paul Atreides
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["1 Appearances","1.1 Dune","1.2 Dune Messiah","1.3 Children of Dune","1.4 Later works","1.5 Parody","2 Analysis","3 In adaptations","4 Merchandising","5 Family tree","6 References"]
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Fictional character in Dune
Fictional character
Paul AtreidesDune characterTimothée Chalamet as Paul in Dune (2021)First appearanceDune (1963–65)Created byFrank HerbertPortrayed by
Kyle MacLachlan (1984 film)
Alec Newman (2000 series / 2003 sequel)
Timothée Chalamet (2021 film / 2024 sequel)
In-universe informationAlias
Usul
Muad'Dib
The Preacher
Lisan al-Gaib
Title
Padishah Emperor
Kwisatz Haderach
Duke
OccupationMentatAffiliationFremenFamilyHouse AtreidesSpousePrincess IrulanSignificant otherChani (concubine)Children
Leto
Leto II Atreides
Ghanima Atreides
Relatives
Leto I Atreides (father)
Lady Jessica (mother)
Alia Atreides (sister)
Vladimir Harkonnen (grandfather)
Tanidia Nerus (grandmother)
Prequels:
Paulus Atreides (grandfather)
Helena Richese (grandmother)
Gaius Helen Mohiam
Paul Atreides (/əˈtreɪdiːz/; later known as Paul Muad'Dib, and later still as The Preacher) is a fictional character in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. He is a main character in the first two novels in the series, Dune (1965) and Dune Messiah (1969), and returns in Children of Dune (1976). The character is brought back as two different gholas in the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson novels which conclude the original series, Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007), and appears in the prequels Paul of Dune (2008) and The Winds of Dune (2009). According to Brian Herbert, Frank Herbert's son and biographer, House Atreides was based on the heroic but ill-fated Greek mythological house of Atreus.
A primary theme of Dune and its sequels is Frank Herbert's warning about society's tendencies to "give over every decision-making capacity" to a charismatic leader. He said in 1979, "The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes." Paul rises to leadership through military strategy and political maneuvering, but his superhuman powers and ability to fit himself into pre-existing religious infrastructure allow him to force himself upon mankind as their messiah. As "Muad'Dib", Paul becomes the central figure of a new religion, and reluctantly unleashes a bloody jihad in his name across the universe. Paul struggles with the idea of potentially seizing divine control over his newly minted empire, but by following the path of his destiny, he escapes from the burden of it. He lets an assassination plot against him play out, blinding him, and follows the Fremen tradition of the blind going out into the desert to die. The burden of the empire is then placed upon Paul's sister Alia, and his children Leto II and Ghanima. Paul later reappears as the Preacher, seeking to end the religion founded around him, but is assassinated.
Paul is portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan in David Lynch's 1984 film adaptation, by Alec Newman in the 2000 Dune miniseries and its 2003 sequel, and by Timothée Chalamet in the 2021 Denis Villeneuve film Dune and its 2024 sequel.
Appearances
Dune
The son of Duke Leto Atreides and the Lady Jessica, Paul is the heir of House Atreides, an aristocratic family that rules the planet Caladan. Jessica is a Bene Gesserit and an important key in the Bene Gesserit breeding program. According to the breeding program, she was to produce a daughter, who would be bred with Feyd-Rautha, a nephew of Baron Vladimir Harkonnen. However, Jessica falls in love with Leto and grants him the son he desires. Although Paul is a boy, Jessica gives him some training in the Bene Gesserit ways, including enhanced observation and the Sisterhood's specialized martial art. Initially described as "small for his age", Paul has secretly undergone the early Mentat training, and is also schooled in weapon use by Gurney Halleck and Duncan Idaho.
In Dune (1965), Paul is fifteen years old; the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV orders the family to leave Caladan and govern the desert planet Arrakis (known as Dune), though Paul's father Duke Leto is in full knowledge that the Emperor is colluding with House Harkonnen to destroy House Atreides as a perceived threat to the throne. On Dune, the family is betrayed by their Suk doctor, Wellington Yueh. He disables the House defensive shields, allowing the Imperial Sardaukar troops, dressed in Harkonnen uniforms, to capture Duke Leto and Thufir Hawat and to kill most of the Atreides army. Duncan sacrifices himself while attempting to hold off the Sardaukar and ensures Paul's escape. His betrayal motivated by the Baron's capture and torture of his Bene Gesserit wife, Yueh implants a poisonous gas capsule concealed within a false tooth on Duke Leto after his capture and instructs Leto to use it to kill the Baron. Shortly afterward, the Baron has Yueh murdered. Upon meeting Baron Harkonnen and his twisted Mentat Piter De Vries, Leto bites down on the capsule. He succeeds in killing De Vries—and himself—but not the Baron. Fed a poison for which only the Baron has the antidote, Hawat is forced to serve as the new Harkonnen Mentat. With some help from Yueh, Paul and Jessica escape into the desert.
They flee to the Fremen, who see in Paul the Lisan al-Gaib or "the Voice from the Outer World", a prophet they call the Mahdi whom they believe is "The One Who Will Lead Us to Paradise". Paul and Jessica take shelter in Sietch Tabr, a Fremen settlement led by the naib, Stilgar. Paul and his mother train the Fremen in weapon use and martial arts, creating a formidable army. When Paul is accepted into the Fremen tribe, he is given the secret "sietch name" Usul, the Fremen word meaning "the base of the pillar". He chooses "Paul Muad'Dib" as his common name of manhood, to be used openly. Muad'Dib is the name of the adapted kangaroo mouse of Arrakis, and Stilgar relates that Paul's choice pleases the Fremen:
Muad'Dib is wise in the ways of the desert. Muad'Dib creates his own water. Muad'Dib hides from the sun and travels in the cool night. Muad'Dib is fruitful and multiplies over the land. Muad'Dib we call 'instructor-of-boys.' That is a powerful base on which to build your life, Paul Muad'Dib, who is Usul among us.
Paul leads a Fremen campaign of resistance against Harkonnen rule. He and Chani, daughter of Liet-Kynes, take each other as mates and produce a son, named Leto in honor of Paul's father. Paul also reunites with Gurney Halleck, who had sought refuge with smugglers after the Harkonnen attack. In a bid to unlock his latent powers, Paul undergoes the process of spice agony via the consumption of the Water of Life. He survives, although barely, and the ordeal gives him knowledge of his male and female ancestors; this proves Paul is the Kwisatz Haderach.
Awakening, Paul launches an attack on the Harkonnen and Imperial troops with his Fremen army (and with his personal squad of bodyguards, the Fedaykin), riding the enormous sandworms indigenous to the planet. In the attack, he learns that his son Leto has been killed in a Sardaukar raid. They win and Paul requests an audience with Shaddam IV. He threatens to destroy the spice melange, thus making transport between the planets impossible and effectively destroying civilization. In return for preserving the spice, he requires the hand of the Emperor's daughter, the Bene Gesserit-trained Princess Irulan as well as the Emperor's abdication in favor of Paul. Urged by the Spacing Guild, Shaddam accepts his terms.
Dune Messiah
In Dune Messiah (1969), Paul has been Emperor for twelve years. His jihad has killed sixty-one billion people across the known universe, but according to his prescient vision, this is a fate far better than what he has seen. Paul is beleaguered by a need he sees—to set humanity on a course that does not lead to stagnation and destruction, while at the same time managing both the Empire and the religion built around him.
A Fremen conspiracy attempts to assassinate Paul using a stone burner. The attempt fails, but the effects of the weapon destroy Paul's eyes. Although he becomes physically blind, his prescience allows him to "see" by tightly locking in reality with his prescient visions. Despondent as a result of his prescience, Paul faces another assassination attempt by a conspiracy of the Bene Tleilax, the Bene Gesserit and the Spacing Guild. This attempt, made using a ghola (a resurrected clone) of Paul's friend and mentor Duncan Idaho also fails, but the ordeal seemingly helps the Duncan ghola to regain his memories. At the same time, Chani dies in childbirth, bearing twins: a boy, Leto II, and a girl, Ghanima (which means "spoil of war"). Paul, who did not foresee the birth of twins, loses his prescience after Chani's death and becomes truly blind, although he conceals this. With a knife over the babies, the Tleilaxu Scytale offers to make a ghola of Chani and restore her to life, in exchange for all of Paul's CHOAM holdings and his effective abdication from the throne. However Paul, seeing through his newborn son's eyes, kills Scytale. Immediately afterwards, the dwarf Tleilaxu Master Bijaz makes the same offer regarding the Chani ghola; Paul orders Duncan to kill Bijaz. The blind Paul then walks into the desert to die alone, in accordance with Fremen law. He leaves his children in the care of the Fremen, with Paul's sister Alia set to rule the empire as regent.
Children of Dune
In Children of Dune (1976), a mysterious figure known as The Preacher emerges from the desert and preaches among the people of Arrakis. Led around by a boy, he discredits the religion that has been built around Paul Atreides, saying, "The religion of Muad'Dib is not Muad'Dib", and scorns Alia. It is strongly suggested that he is indeed Paul, which is confirmed when he walks past Alia and says, "Stop trying to pull me into the background once more, sister." Paul meets with his son Leto in the desert. They have both seen mankind's future extinction in their prescient vision; Paul had been unable to face the terrible sacrifice necessary to avoid this future, and hopes Leto will enjoy his life rather than take that path. Leto has decided otherwise, and soon begins the long transformation into a sandworm. Back in Arrakeen, Paul (as the Preacher) speaks out against Alia to the crowd outside Alia's Temple; his words and the actions of Leto cause a riot. Reacting to his blasphemy, Alia's priests rush forward and stab Paul to death, as Alia and the remaining Atreides watch from above.
Over 3,500 years later in God Emperor of Dune (1981), Leto still rules the universe as the Tyrant. The ego-personas of Paul and Leto's other ancestors "live" within his Other Memory.
Later works
At the end of Frank Herbert's sixth and last book in the Dune series, Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), a ghola of Scytale is seemingly the only Tleilaxu Master left alive. He secretly possesses a nullentropy capsule containing cells carefully and secretly collected by the Tleilaxu for millennia, including cells from Paul himself.
In Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson's Hunters of Dune, the 2006 sequel to Chapterhouse: Dune, Scytale is a prisoner on the no-ship Ithaca, at the mercy of the latest Duncan Idaho ghola and a rebel group of Bene Gesserit. Nearing death from advanced age, a desperate Scytale trades his precious cell samples for permission to grow his own ghola; Duncan and the Bene Gesserit group subsequently grow gholas of Paul, Chani, Jessica, and others. Meanwhile, the independent Face Dancer Khrone obtains Paul's genetic material from a religious relic on Caladan and tasks his Lost Tleilaxu prisoner Uxtal to create his own ghola of Paul. Named Paolo, this ghola is to be "conditioned" by Khrone's sadistic ghola of Baron Harkonnen to become a twisted version of Paul, who will serve the shadowy needs of Krone's mysterious masters, Daniel and Marty.
In Sandworms of Dune (2007), the young Paul ghola ultimately duels Paolo. Paul is mortally wounded, but the trauma restores his original memories and he manages to heal himself. A power-hungry Paolo overdoses on ultraspice, an incredibly potent form of melange, and falls into a catatonic state. Later on the recovering planet Dune, the awakened gholas of Paul and Chani have reverted to the ways of the ancient Fremen, resolving to lead simple lives and restore the planet to its former glory. Paul reaffirms his love for Chani, telling her he has loved her for five thousand years.
Paul's birth is featured in the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson prequel novel Dune: House Corrino (2001). The 2008 novel Paul of Dune explores both Paul's childhood before Dune and his life between the novels Dune and Dune Messiah. Brian Herbert and Anderson's The Winds of Dune (2009) also relates events from Paul's youth and the period before Dune Messiah.
Parody
In the Dune parody novels National Lampoon's Doon by Ellis Weiner (1984) and Head-Space (2016) by Tom Fowler, Paul is spoofed as "Pall Agamemnides" and "Morty'Dyb", respectively.
Analysis
According to novelist Brian Herbert, Frank Herbert's son and biographer, House Atreides was based on the heroic but ill-fated Greek mythological House Atreus. Noting that the characters in Dune fit mythological archetypes, Brian Herbert wrote that "Paul is the hero prince on a quest who weds the daughter of a 'king'". A primary theme of Dune and its sequels is Frank Herbert's warning about society's tendencies to "give over every decision-making capacity" to a charismatic leader. He said in 1979, "The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes." He wrote in 1985, "Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader (or made in a leader's name) are amplified by the numbers who follow without question." In a 1970 interview, Herbert noted that the character of Paul was constructed to express "the conflict between absolutes and the necessity of the moment". Brian Herbert wrote:
Paul Atreides (who is the messianic "Muad'Dib" to the Fremen) resembles Lawrence of Arabia (T. E. Lawrence), a British citizen who led Arab forces in a successful desert revolt against the Turks during World War I. Lawrence employed guerrilla tactics to destroy enemy forces and communication lines, and came close to becoming a messiah figure for the Arabs. This historical event led Frank Herbert to consider the possibility of an outsider leading native forces against the morally corrupt occupiers of a desert world, in the process becoming a godlike figure to them.
The similarity to T.E. Lawrence was reinforced within the novel Dune Messiah, in which a chapter heading-quotation is taken from a post-conquest work of Paul's, with the title The Seven Pillars of the Universe. This appears to have been inspired by Lawrence's account of his war-time activities in the desert, titled Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
Throughout Paul's rise to superhuman status, he follows a plotline common to many stories describing the birth of a hero. He has unfortunate circumstances forced onto him, and after a long period of hardship and exile, he confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale. As such, Dune is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features a character who attains godlike status through scientific means. Paul's riding and controlling a giant sandworm cements him as a Fremen leader, and he eventually gains a level of omniscience which leads to his accession to the Imperial throne and causes the Fremen to worship him like a god.
Juan A. Prieto-Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul's superpowers, differentiating the heroes of Dune from earlier heroes such as Superman, A. E. van Vogt's Gilbert Gosseyn, and Henry Kuttner's telepaths. Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally, Paul's are the result of "painful and slow personal progress". And unlike other superheroes of the 1960s—who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds—Herbert's characters grow their powers through "the application of mystical philosophies and techniques". For Herbert, the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills (Fremen and Sardaukar) or mental abilities (Bene Gesserit and Mentats).
Denis Villeneuve, director and co-writer of the 2021 film adaptation Dune, compared Paul to the character Michael Corleone in The Godfather, explaining that "He's training to be the Duke. But as much as he's been prepared and trained for that role, is it really what he dreams to be? That's the contradiction of that character. It's like Michael Corleone in The Godfather–it's someone that has a very tragic fate and he will become something that he was not wishing to become."
The Egyptian-Canadian commentator Khalid M. Baheyeldin has enumerated the obviously Islamic concepts and references appearing in Dune, to the level of finding multiple similarities between the career of Herbert's Paul Atreides and that of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Beyond the obvious general resemblance—both Muhammad and Atreides found a powerful new religion, energizing hitherto disregarded desert-dwellers to topple an old empire and build a new one—Baheyeldin noted various specific similarities between Muhammad's career and that of Atreides.
In adaptations
Paul Atreides has been portrayed by three actors: Kyle MacLachlan (1984), Alec Newman (2000/2003), and Timothée Chalamet (2021/2024)
Paul is portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan in David Lynch's 1984 film adaptation, and by Alec Newman in the 2000 Dune miniseries and its 2003 sequel. The character is played by Timothée Chalamet in the 2021 Denis Villeneuve film Dune, and its 2024 sequel, Dune: Part Two.
Richard Corliss of Time notes that "MacLachlan, 25, grows impressively in the role; his features, soft and spoiled at the beginning, take on a he-manly glamour once he assumes his mission." Lynch and producer Raffaella De Laurentiis specifically wanted to cast an unknown actor in the role of Paul, and began a nationwide search. Casting scout Elizabeth Leusting found MacLachlan, who had been performing in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.
Laura Fries of Variety writes that "Newman, as the sour Paul, sticks to just one note". Emmet Asher-Perrin of Tor.com suggested that the choice to cast adult actor Newman as Paul is problematic because the character is written in the script as less mature and observant than he is in the source novel.
Chalamet received strong praise for his portrayal in the 2021 film. Ben Travis of Empire wrote, "Among the uniformly excellent performances, Timothée Chalamet holds his own in his first blockbuster leading role. In a film this size, there's every chance he'd get swallowed up by the sandworm-like enormity of everything around him—but even against the colossal spectacle, the magnetic charisma he displayed in smaller indie fare shines through." Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood called Chalamet "perfectly cast" and wrote that he plays the role "earnestly and effectively". Reviewing the 2024 sequel, Lovia Gyarke of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Chalamet sheds the boyish innocence of the first film for a darker, more complicated persona."
Villeneuve described Chalamet portraying Paul, "There’s a deep intelligence in the eyes, and he has an old soul. When you talk with Tim, you get the impression that he's lived many lives. Yet he looks so young on camera. So that contrast of someone who has a lot of experience but is in the middle of his teenage years is Paul." Chalamet's Paul is described as "spindly", and has "inward-looking sorrow". He is portrayed as "a boy-man the patrician bone structure of an imperial hemophiliac". With Paul being 15 years old in the novel, The New York Times said, "Chalamet looks young enough for the role... and can certainly strike a Byronic pose, complete with black coat and anguished hair." Slate wrote, "Chalamet, at 28 still convincing as a juvenile, seems to have been born to play this ambivalent prince."
Merchandising
A line of Dune action figures from toy company LJN was released to lackluster sales in 1984. Styled after David Lynch's film, the collection featured a figure of Paul, as well as other characters. In October 2019, Funko announced a "Dune Classic" line of POP! vinyl figures, one of which would be Paul in a stillsuit, styled after Lynch's film. Paul and Chani were both added to Fortnite Battle Royale in October 2021. Paul also appears as a playable Operator in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III and Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0, alongside Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen, in December 2023.
Paul appears in the 1979 Avalon Hill board game Dune, the 1984 Parker Brothers game Dune, and the 1997 collectible card game Dune. The character is also featured in the 1992 video game Dune from Cryo Interactive/Virgin Interactive, and the 2001 3D video game Frank Herbert's Dune by Cryo Interactive/DreamCatcher Interactive.
Family tree
vteHouse Atreides family tree
House Atreides
House Harkonnen
House CorrinoBaron VladimirHarkonnenTanidia Nerus
AnirulShaddam IVLeto I AtreidesLady Jessica
Count DalakKenolaPrincess WensiciaPrincess IrulanPaul AtreidesChani
JosifaFarad'nGhanima AtreidesLeto II AtreidesLeto II AtreidesThe ElderDuncan Idaho
ChaliceRugiMany generationsAlia AtreidesHayt
Moneo Atreides
Siona Atreides
Many generations
Miles Teg
Darwi Odrade
Notes:
^ The Prelude to Dune prequel series (1999–2001) establishes that Tanidia Nerus is an alias of Gaius Helen Mohiam.
^ a b In Dune (1965), Jessica is the concubine of Leto I, and Chani becomes the concubine of their son, Paul.
^ The infant Leto II Atreides is murdered in Dune, and his brother Leto II is later also named after their grandfather, Leto I, in Children of Dune (1976).
^ Per God Emperor of Dune, Duncan Idaho gholas was used several times in Leto II's breeding program
^ Hayt is a ghola of Duncan Idaho, a kind of clone made using his corpse.
References
^ The Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson establishes that Tanidia Nerus is an alias of Gaius Helen Mohiam.
^ Dune: Creating the Audiobooks (Official promotional video, includes images of Frank Herbert's pronunciation notes for some terms). Macmillan Audio. December 23, 2008. Event occurs at 4:04. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
^ a b Touponce, William F. (1988). "Dune: Herbert's Polyphonic Novel". Frank Herbert. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co. p. 12. ISBN 0-8057-7514-5.
^ a b Clareson, Thomas (1992). Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction: the Formative Period. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 169–172. ISBN 0-87249-870-0.
^ Herbert, Frank (1965). Dune. ISBN 0-441-17271-7.
^ a b Herbert, Frank (1965). "Afterword by Brian Herbert". Dune (Kindle ed.). Penguin Group. pp. 875–877.
^ Herbert, Frank (1985). "Introduction". Eye. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-08398-5.
^ McNelly, Willis (1970). "Interview with Frank Herbert". Archived from the original on February 13, 2002. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
^ Tilley, E. Allen (February 1978). "The Modes of Fiction: A Plot Morphology". College English. 39 (6): 692–706. doi:10.2307/375873. JSTOR 375873.
^ Hume, Kathryn (October 1974). "Romance: A Perdurable Pattern". College English. 36 (2): 129–146. doi:10.2307/374771. JSTOR 374771.
^ Attebery, Brian (2002). Decoding Gender in Science Fiction. New York: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 0-415-93949-6.
^ Touponce, William F. (1988). "Dune: Herbert's Polyphonic Novel". Frank Herbert. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co. p. 18. ISBN 0-8057-7514-5.
^ Prieto-Pablos, Juan A. (Spring 1991). "The Ambivalent Hero of Contemporary Fantasy and Science Fiction". Extrapolation. 32 (1). The University of Texas at Brownsville: 64–80. doi:10.3828/extr.1991.32.1.64.
^ Travis, Ben (May 15, 2020). "Dune: Denis Villeneuve Compares Paul Atreides to The Godfather's Michael Corleone". Empire. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
^ Bahayeldin, Khalid (January 22, 2004). "Arabic and Islamic themes in Frank Herbert's Dune". Baheyeldin.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
^ Maslin, Janet (December 14, 1984). "Movie Review: Dune (1984)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
^ Stasio, Marilyn (December 3, 2000). "Cover Story: Future Myths, Adrift in the Sands of Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ Wertheimer, Ron (March 15, 2003). "Television Review: A Stormy Family on a Sandy Planet". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
^ Colburn, Randall (September 27, 2018). "Dune star Timothée Chalamet also loves the David Lynch version". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
^ Kit, Borys (May 12, 2022). "Christopher Walken Joins Timothee Chalamet, Zendaya in Dune: Part Two". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
^ Corliss, Richard (December 17, 1984). "Cinema: The Fantasy Film as Final Exam". Time. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
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^ Fries, Laura (March 11, 2003). "Review: Children of Dune". Variety. Archived from the original on August 21, 2015. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ Asher-Perrin, Emmet (May 9, 2017). "Syfy's Dune Miniseries is the Most Okay Adaptation of the Book to Date". Tor.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
^ Travis, Ben (October 21, 2021). "Dune (2021)". Empire. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
^ Hammond, Pete (September 3, 2021). "Dune Venice Film Festival Review: Timothée Chalamet in Denis Villeneuve's Spectacular and Defining Version of Sci-Fi Cult Classic". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
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vteFrank Herbert's Dune
Brian Herbert
Kevin J. Anderson
Frank Herbert
Dune (1965)
Dune Messiah (1969)
Children of Dune (1976)
God Emperor of Dune (1981)
Heretics of Dune (1984)
Chapterhouse: Dune (1985)
"The Road to Dune" (1985)
Brian HerbertKevin J. AndersonSequels
Hunters of Dune (2006)
Sandworms of Dune (2007)
PrequelsPrelude
House Atreides (1999)
House Harkonnen (2000)
House Corrino (2001)
Legends
The Butlerian Jihad (2002)
The Machine Crusade (2003)
The Battle of Corrin (2004)
Heroes
Paul of Dune (2008)
The Winds of Dune (2009)
Princess of Dune (2023)
Great Schools
Sisterhood of Dune (2012)
Mentats of Dune (2014)
Navigators of Dune (2016)
Caladan
The Duke of Caladan (2020)
The Lady of Caladan (2021)
The Heir of Caladan (2022)
Films
Dune (1984)
soundtrack
Dune (2021)
soundtracks
accolades
Part Two (2024)
soundtrack
Television
Frank Herbert's Dune (2000)
Frank Herbert's Children of Dune (2003)
Prophecy (2024)
Games
Dune
Dune II
Dune 2000
Emperor: Battle for Dune
Frank Herbert's Dune
Spice Wars
Imperium
Board game
Card game
Role-playing game
Other
The Dune Encyclopedia (1984)
National Lampoon's Doon (1984)
Short stories (1985–2022)
Songs of Muad'Dib (1992)
Dreamer of Dune (2003)
The Road to Dune (2005)
The Science of Dune (2007)
Jodorowsky's Dune (2013)
Head-Space (2016)
Lego Dune (2024–present)
UniverseOrganizations
Bene Gesserit
Bene Tleilax
Face Dancers
Fremen
Honored Matres
Mentats
Sardaukar
Spacing Guild
Characters
Alia Atreides
Leto II Atreides
Paul Atreides
Chani
Count Fenring
Margot Fenring
Feyd-Rautha
Gurney Halleck
Vladimir Harkonnen
Duncan Idaho
Princess Irulan
Lady Jessica
Gaius Helen Mohiam
Elements
Arrakis
Butlerian Jihad
Spice
Sandworm
Technology
Glossary
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/əˈtreɪdiːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dune universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Dune Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_Messiah"},{"link_name":"Children of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"gholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghola"},{"link_name":"Brian Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Kevin J. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Hunters of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"Sandworms of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandworms_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"prequels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"Paul of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"The Winds of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winds_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"Brian Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Atreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreus"},{"link_name":"sequels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touponce_12-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clareson-4"},{"link_name":"superhuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhuman"},{"link_name":"messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"Alia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Leto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto_II_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Ghanima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanima_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"1984 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Alec Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Newman"},{"link_name":"2000 Dune miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune"},{"link_name":"2003 sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Children_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"Timothée Chalamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet"},{"link_name":"Denis Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"2024 sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two"}],"text":"Fictional characterPaul Atreides (/əˈtreɪdiːz/;[2] later known as Paul Muad'Dib, and later still as The Preacher) is a fictional character in the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. He is a main character in the first two novels in the series, Dune (1965) and Dune Messiah (1969), and returns in Children of Dune (1976). The character is brought back as two different gholas in the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson novels which conclude the original series, Hunters of Dune (2006) and Sandworms of Dune (2007), and appears in the prequels Paul of Dune (2008) and The Winds of Dune (2009). According to Brian Herbert, Frank Herbert's son and biographer, House Atreides was based on the heroic but ill-fated Greek mythological house of Atreus.A primary theme of Dune and its sequels is Frank Herbert's warning about society's tendencies to \"give over every decision-making capacity\" to a charismatic leader.[3] He said in 1979, \"The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better [to] rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes.\"[4] Paul rises to leadership through military strategy and political maneuvering, but his superhuman powers and ability to fit himself into pre-existing religious infrastructure allow him to force himself upon mankind as their messiah. As \"Muad'Dib\", Paul becomes the central figure of a new religion, and reluctantly unleashes a bloody jihad in his name across the universe. Paul struggles with the idea of potentially seizing divine control over his newly minted empire, but by following the path of his destiny, he escapes from the burden of it. He lets an assassination plot against him play out, blinding him, and follows the Fremen tradition of the blind going out into the desert to die. The burden of the empire is then placed upon Paul's sister Alia, and his children Leto II and Ghanima. Paul later reappears as the Preacher, seeking to end the religion founded around him, but is assassinated.Paul is portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan in David Lynch's 1984 film adaptation, by Alec Newman in the 2000 Dune miniseries and its 2003 sequel, and by Timothée Chalamet in the 2021 Denis Villeneuve film Dune and its 2024 sequel.","title":"Paul Atreides"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke Leto Atreides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto_I_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Lady Jessica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jessica"},{"link_name":"House Atreides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Caladan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladan"},{"link_name":"Bene Gesserit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Gesserit"},{"link_name":"breeding program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_program_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"Feyd-Rautha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyd-Rautha"},{"link_name":"Baron Vladimir Harkonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Harkonnen"},{"link_name":"Mentat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentat"},{"link_name":"Gurney Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurney_Halleck"},{"link_name":"Duncan Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Padishah Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Shaddam IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddam_IV"},{"link_name":"Arrakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrakis"},{"link_name":"House Harkonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Harkonnen"},{"link_name":"Suk doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suk_School"},{"link_name":"Wellington Yueh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Yueh"},{"link_name":"Sardaukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardaukar"},{"link_name":"Thufir Hawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thufir_Hawat"},{"link_name":"Piter De Vries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_De_Vries"},{"link_name":"Fremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremen"},{"link_name":"prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet"},{"link_name":"Mahdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"Sietch Tabr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sietch_Tabr"},{"link_name":"naib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naib_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"Stilgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilgar"},{"link_name":"Usul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"kangaroo mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_mouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune-5"},{"link_name":"Chani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chani_(character)"},{"link_name":"Liet-Kynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liet-Kynes"},{"link_name":"spice agony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_agony"},{"link_name":"Water of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_Life_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor"},{"link_name":"Kwisatz Haderach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwisatz_Haderach"},{"link_name":"Fedaykin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedaykin"},{"link_name":"sandworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandworm_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"melange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melange_(fictional_drug)"},{"link_name":"Princess Irulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Irulan"},{"link_name":"Spacing Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacing_Guild"}],"sub_title":"Dune","text":"The son of Duke Leto Atreides and the Lady Jessica, Paul is the heir of House Atreides, an aristocratic family that rules the planet Caladan. Jessica is a Bene Gesserit and an important key in the Bene Gesserit breeding program. According to the breeding program, she was to produce a daughter, who would be bred with Feyd-Rautha, a nephew of Baron Vladimir Harkonnen. However, Jessica falls in love with Leto and grants him the son he desires. Although Paul is a boy, Jessica gives him some training in the Bene Gesserit ways, including enhanced observation and the Sisterhood's specialized martial art. Initially described as \"small for his age\", Paul has secretly undergone the early Mentat training, and is also schooled in weapon use by Gurney Halleck and Duncan Idaho.In Dune (1965), Paul is fifteen years old; the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV orders the family to leave Caladan and govern the desert planet Arrakis (known as Dune), though Paul's father Duke Leto is in full knowledge that the Emperor is colluding with House Harkonnen to destroy House Atreides as a perceived threat to the throne. On Dune, the family is betrayed by their Suk doctor, Wellington Yueh. He disables the House defensive shields, allowing the Imperial Sardaukar troops, dressed in Harkonnen uniforms, to capture Duke Leto and Thufir Hawat and to kill most of the Atreides army. Duncan sacrifices himself while attempting to hold off the Sardaukar and ensures Paul's escape. His betrayal motivated by the Baron's capture and torture of his Bene Gesserit wife, Yueh implants a poisonous gas capsule concealed within a false tooth on Duke Leto after his capture and instructs Leto to use it to kill the Baron. Shortly afterward, the Baron has Yueh murdered. Upon meeting Baron Harkonnen and his twisted Mentat Piter De Vries, Leto bites down on the capsule. He succeeds in killing De Vries—and himself—but not the Baron. Fed a poison for which only the Baron has the antidote, Hawat is forced to serve as the new Harkonnen Mentat. With some help from Yueh, Paul and Jessica escape into the desert.They flee to the Fremen, who see in Paul the Lisan al-Gaib or \"the Voice from the Outer World\", a prophet they call the Mahdi whom they believe is \"The One Who Will Lead Us to Paradise\". Paul and Jessica take shelter in Sietch Tabr, a Fremen settlement led by the naib, Stilgar. Paul and his mother train the Fremen in weapon use and martial arts, creating a formidable army. When Paul is accepted into the Fremen tribe, he is given the secret \"sietch name\" Usul, the Fremen word meaning \"the base of the pillar\". He chooses \"Paul Muad'Dib\" as his common name of manhood, to be used openly. Muad'Dib is the name of the adapted kangaroo mouse of Arrakis, and Stilgar relates that Paul's choice pleases the Fremen:Muad'Dib is wise in the ways of the desert. Muad'Dib creates his own water. Muad'Dib hides from the sun and travels in the cool night. Muad'Dib is fruitful and multiplies over the land. Muad'Dib we call 'instructor-of-boys.' That is a powerful base on which to build your life, Paul Muad'Dib, who is Usul among us.[5]Paul leads a Fremen campaign of resistance against Harkonnen rule. He and Chani, daughter of Liet-Kynes, take each other as mates and produce a son, named Leto in honor of Paul's father. Paul also reunites with Gurney Halleck, who had sought refuge with smugglers after the Harkonnen attack. In a bid to unlock his latent powers, Paul undergoes the process of spice agony via the consumption of the Water of Life. He survives, although barely, and the ordeal gives him knowledge of his male and female ancestors; this proves Paul is the Kwisatz Haderach.Awakening, Paul launches an attack on the Harkonnen and Imperial troops with his Fremen army (and with his personal squad of bodyguards, the Fedaykin), riding the enormous sandworms indigenous to the planet. In the attack, he learns that his son Leto has been killed in a Sardaukar raid. They win and Paul requests an audience with Shaddam IV. He threatens to destroy the spice melange, thus making transport between the planets impossible and effectively destroying civilization. In return for preserving the spice, he requires the hand of the Emperor's daughter, the Bene Gesserit-trained Princess Irulan as well as the Emperor's abdication in favor of Paul. Urged by the Spacing Guild, Shaddam accepts his terms.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dune Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_Messiah"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"prescient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescience_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"stone burner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_burner"},{"link_name":"Bene Tleilax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_Tleilax"},{"link_name":"ghola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghola"},{"link_name":"Leto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto_II_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Ghanima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanima_Atreides"},{"link_name":"Scytale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytale_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"CHOAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHOAM"},{"link_name":"Bijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijaz"},{"link_name":"Alia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Atreides"}],"sub_title":"Dune Messiah","text":"In Dune Messiah (1969), Paul has been Emperor for twelve years. His jihad has killed sixty-one billion people across the known universe, but according to his prescient vision, this is a fate far better than what he has seen. Paul is beleaguered by a need he sees—to set humanity on a course that does not lead to stagnation and destruction, while at the same time managing both the Empire and the religion built around him.A Fremen conspiracy attempts to assassinate Paul using a stone burner. The attempt fails, but the effects of the weapon destroy Paul's eyes. Although he becomes physically blind, his prescience allows him to \"see\" by tightly locking in reality with his prescient visions. Despondent as a result of his prescience, Paul faces another assassination attempt by a conspiracy of the Bene Tleilax, the Bene Gesserit and the Spacing Guild. This attempt, made using a ghola (a resurrected clone) of Paul's friend and mentor Duncan Idaho also fails, but the ordeal seemingly helps the Duncan ghola to regain his memories. At the same time, Chani dies in childbirth, bearing twins: a boy, Leto II, and a girl, Ghanima (which means \"spoil of war\"). Paul, who did not foresee the birth of twins, loses his prescience after Chani's death and becomes truly blind, although he conceals this. With a knife over the babies, the Tleilaxu Scytale offers to make a ghola of Chani and restore her to life, in exchange for all of Paul's CHOAM holdings and his effective abdication from the throne. However Paul, seeing through his newborn son's eyes, kills Scytale. Immediately afterwards, the dwarf Tleilaxu Master Bijaz makes the same offer regarding the Chani ghola; Paul orders Duncan to kill Bijaz. The blind Paul then walks into the desert to die alone, in accordance with Fremen law. He leaves his children in the care of the Fremen, with Paul's sister Alia set to rule the empire as regent.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"Arrakeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrakeen"},{"link_name":"God Emperor of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Emperor_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"Other Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Memory"}],"sub_title":"Children of Dune","text":"In Children of Dune (1976), a mysterious figure known as The Preacher emerges from the desert and preaches among the people of Arrakis. Led around by a boy, he discredits the religion that has been built around Paul Atreides, saying, \"The religion of Muad'Dib is not Muad'Dib\", and scorns Alia. It is strongly suggested that he is indeed Paul, which is confirmed when he walks past Alia and says, \"Stop trying to pull me into the background once more, sister.\" Paul meets with his son Leto in the desert. They have both seen mankind's future extinction in their prescient vision; Paul had been unable to face the terrible sacrifice necessary to avoid this future, and hopes Leto will enjoy his life rather than take that path. Leto has decided otherwise, and soon begins the long transformation into a sandworm. Back in Arrakeen, Paul (as the Preacher) speaks out against Alia to the crowd outside Alia's Temple; his words and the actions of Leto cause a riot. Reacting to his blasphemy, Alia's priests rush forward and stab Paul to death, as Alia and the remaining Atreides watch from above.Over 3,500 years later in God Emperor of Dune (1981), Leto still rules the universe as the Tyrant. The ego-personas of Paul and Leto's other ancestors \"live\" within his Other Memory.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapterhouse: Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapterhouse:_Dune"},{"link_name":"nullentropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullentropy"},{"link_name":"Brian Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Kevin J. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Hunters of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"no-ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-ship"},{"link_name":"Ithaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_(Dune)"},{"link_name":"Khrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrone"},{"link_name":"Lost Tleilaxu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Tleilaxu"},{"link_name":"Uxtal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uxtal"},{"link_name":"Daniel and Marty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_and_Marty"},{"link_name":"Sandworms of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandworms_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"ultraspice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraspice"},{"link_name":"catatonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia"},{"link_name":"prequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prequel"},{"link_name":"Dune: House Corrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune:_House_Corrino"},{"link_name":"Paul of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"The Winds of Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winds_of_Dune"}],"sub_title":"Later works","text":"At the end of Frank Herbert's sixth and last book in the Dune series, Chapterhouse: Dune (1985), a ghola of Scytale is seemingly the only Tleilaxu Master left alive. He secretly possesses a nullentropy capsule containing cells carefully and secretly collected by the Tleilaxu for millennia, including cells from Paul himself.In Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson's Hunters of Dune, the 2006 sequel to Chapterhouse: Dune, Scytale is a prisoner on the no-ship Ithaca, at the mercy of the latest Duncan Idaho ghola and a rebel group of Bene Gesserit. Nearing death from advanced age, a desperate Scytale trades his precious cell samples for permission to grow his own ghola; Duncan and the Bene Gesserit group subsequently grow gholas of Paul, Chani, Jessica, and others. Meanwhile, the independent Face Dancer Khrone obtains Paul's genetic material from a religious relic on Caladan and tasks his Lost Tleilaxu prisoner Uxtal to create his own ghola of Paul. Named Paolo, this ghola is to be \"conditioned\" by Khrone's sadistic ghola of Baron Harkonnen to become a twisted version of Paul, who will serve the shadowy needs of Krone's mysterious masters, Daniel and Marty.In Sandworms of Dune (2007), the young Paul ghola ultimately duels Paolo. Paul is mortally wounded, but the trauma restores his original memories and he manages to heal himself. A power-hungry Paolo overdoses on ultraspice, an incredibly potent form of melange, and falls into a catatonic state. Later on the recovering planet Dune, the awakened gholas of Paul and Chani have reverted to the ways of the ancient Fremen, resolving to lead simple lives and restore the planet to its former glory. Paul reaffirms his love for Chani, telling her he has loved her for five thousand years.Paul's birth is featured in the Brian Herbert/Kevin J. Anderson prequel novel Dune: House Corrino (2001). The 2008 novel Paul of Dune explores both Paul's childhood before Dune and his life between the novels Dune and Dune Messiah. Brian Herbert and Anderson's The Winds of Dune (2009) also relates events from Paul's youth and the period before Dune Messiah.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Doon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Doon"},{"link_name":"Ellis Weiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Weiner"},{"link_name":"Head-Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-Space"},{"link_name":"Tom Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fowler_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Morty'Dyb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morty_Smith#Morty_C-132"}],"sub_title":"Parody","text":"In the Dune parody novels National Lampoon's Doon by Ellis Weiner (1984) and Head-Space (2016) by Tom Fowler, Paul is spoofed as \"Pall Agamemnides\" and \"Morty'Dyb\", respectively.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Atreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune_Afterword-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touponce_12-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clareson-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"T. E. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"successful desert revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dune_Afterword-6"},{"link_name":"Seven Pillars of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"stories describing the birth of a hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomyth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Touponce_18-12"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"A. E. van Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Gosseyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Gosseyn"},{"link_name":"Henry Kuttner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kuttner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prieto-13"},{"link_name":"Denis Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Corleone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corleone"},{"link_name":"The Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bahayeldin-15"}],"text":"According to novelist Brian Herbert, Frank Herbert's son and biographer, House Atreides was based on the heroic but ill-fated Greek mythological House Atreus. Noting that the characters in Dune fit mythological archetypes, Brian Herbert wrote that \"Paul is the hero prince on a quest who weds the daughter of a 'king'\".[6] A primary theme of Dune and its sequels is Frank Herbert's warning about society's tendencies to \"give over every decision-making capacity\" to a charismatic leader.[3] He said in 1979, \"The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes.\"[4] He wrote in 1985, \"Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader (or made in a leader's name) are amplified by the numbers who follow without question.\"[7] In a 1970 interview, Herbert noted that the character of Paul was constructed to express \"the conflict between absolutes and the necessity of the moment\".[8] Brian Herbert wrote:Paul Atreides (who is the messianic \"Muad'Dib\" to the Fremen) resembles Lawrence of Arabia (T. E. Lawrence), a British citizen who led Arab forces in a successful desert revolt against the Turks during World War I. Lawrence employed guerrilla tactics to destroy enemy forces and communication lines, and came close to becoming a messiah figure for the Arabs. This historical event led Frank Herbert to consider the possibility of an outsider leading native forces against the morally corrupt occupiers of a desert world, in the process becoming a godlike figure to them.[6]The similarity to T.E. Lawrence was reinforced within the novel Dune Messiah, in which a chapter heading-quotation is taken from a post-conquest work of Paul's, with the title The Seven Pillars of the Universe. This appears to have been inspired by Lawrence's account of his war-time activities in the desert, titled Seven Pillars of Wisdom.[citation needed]Throughout Paul's rise to superhuman status, he follows a plotline common to many stories describing the birth of a hero. He has unfortunate circumstances forced onto him, and after a long period of hardship and exile, he confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale.[9][10] As such, Dune is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features a character who attains godlike status through scientific means.[11] Paul's riding and controlling a giant sandworm cements him as a Fremen leader,[12] and he eventually gains a level of omniscience which leads to his accession to the Imperial throne and causes the Fremen to worship him like a god.Juan A. Prieto-Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul's superpowers, differentiating the heroes of Dune from earlier heroes such as Superman, A. E. van Vogt's Gilbert Gosseyn, and Henry Kuttner's telepaths. Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally, Paul's are the result of \"painful and slow personal progress\". And unlike other superheroes of the 1960s—who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds—Herbert's characters grow their powers through \"the application of mystical philosophies and techniques\". For Herbert, the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills (Fremen and Sardaukar) or mental abilities (Bene Gesserit and Mentats).[13]Denis Villeneuve, director and co-writer of the 2021 film adaptation Dune, compared Paul to the character Michael Corleone in The Godfather, explaining that \"He's training to be the Duke. But as much as he's been prepared and trained for that role, is it really what he dreams to be? That's the contradiction of that character. It's like Michael Corleone in The Godfather–it's someone that has a very tragic fate and he will become something that he was not wishing to become.\"[14]The Egyptian-Canadian commentator Khalid M. Baheyeldin has enumerated the obviously Islamic concepts and references appearing in Dune, to the level of finding multiple similarities between the career of Herbert's Paul Atreides and that of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Beyond the obvious general resemblance—both Muhammad and Atreides found a powerful new religion, energizing hitherto disregarded desert-dwellers to topple an old empire and build a new one—Baheyeldin noted various specific similarities between Muhammad's career and that of Atreides.[15]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Atreides_actors.png"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"Alec Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Newman"},{"link_name":"Timothée Chalamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet"},{"link_name":"Kyle MacLachlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"1984 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_1984-12-16"},{"link_name":"Alec Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Newman"},{"link_name":"2000 Dune miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Stasio-17"},{"link_name":"2003 sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Children_of_Dune"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_Wertheimer-18"},{"link_name":"Timothée Chalamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet"},{"link_name":"Denis Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dune: Part Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dune_two_2023-20"},{"link_name":"Richard Corliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corliss"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Raffaella De Laurentiis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaella_De_Laurentiis"},{"link_name":"Oregon Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_CoD-23"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor.com"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tor.com-24"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Deadline Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Paul Atreides has been portrayed by three actors: Kyle MacLachlan (1984), Alec Newman (2000/2003), and Timothée Chalamet (2021/2024)Paul is portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan in David Lynch's 1984 film adaptation,[16] and by Alec Newman in the 2000 Dune miniseries[17] and its 2003 sequel.[18] The character is played by Timothée Chalamet in the 2021 Denis Villeneuve film Dune,[19] and its 2024 sequel, Dune: Part Two.[20]Richard Corliss of Time notes that \"MacLachlan, 25, grows impressively in the role; his features, soft and spoiled at the beginning, take on a he-manly glamour once he assumes his mission.\"[21] Lynch and producer Raffaella De Laurentiis specifically wanted to cast an unknown actor in the role of Paul, and began a nationwide search. Casting scout Elizabeth Leusting found MacLachlan, who had been performing in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.[22]Laura Fries of Variety writes that \"Newman, as the sour Paul, sticks to just one note\".[23] Emmet Asher-Perrin of Tor.com suggested that the choice to cast adult actor Newman as Paul is problematic because the character is written in the script as less mature and observant than he is in the source novel.[24]Chalamet received strong praise for his portrayal in the 2021 film. Ben Travis of Empire wrote, \"Among the uniformly excellent performances, Timothée Chalamet holds his own in his first blockbuster leading role. In a film this size, there's every chance he'd get swallowed up by the sandworm-like enormity of everything around him—but even against the colossal spectacle, the magnetic charisma he displayed in smaller indie fare shines through.\"[25] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood called Chalamet \"perfectly cast\" and wrote that he plays the role \"earnestly and effectively\".[26] Reviewing the 2024 sequel, Lovia Gyarke of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, \"Chalamet sheds the boyish innocence of the first film for a darker, more complicated persona.\"[27]Villeneuve described Chalamet portraying Paul, \"There’s a deep intelligence in the eyes, and he has an old soul. When you talk with Tim, you get the impression that he's lived many lives. Yet he looks so young on camera. So that contrast of someone who has a lot of experience but is in the middle of his teenage years is Paul.\"[28] Chalamet's Paul is described as \"spindly\",[29] and has \"inward-looking sorrow\".[30] He is portrayed as \"a boy-man [with] the patrician bone structure of an imperial hemophiliac\".[31] With Paul being 15 years old in the novel, The New York Times said, \"Chalamet looks young enough for the role... and can certainly strike a Byronic pose, complete with black coat and anguished hair.\"[32] Slate wrote, \"Chalamet, at 28 still convincing as a juvenile, seems to have been born to play this ambivalent prince.\"[33]","title":"In adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LJN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LJN"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nerd_Bastards_toys-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collectors_toys-35"},{"link_name":"Funko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funko"},{"link_name":"stillsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillsuit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Fortnite Battle Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite_Battle_Royale"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Modern_Warfare_III_(2023_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Warzone_2.0"},{"link_name":"Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyd-Rautha"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Avalon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_Hill"},{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Parker Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(1984_board_game)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"collectible card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectible_card_game"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrye-43"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Cryo Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryo_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Virgin Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moby_Dune-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abandonia_Dune-45"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Frank Herbert's Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Herbert%27s_Dune_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"DreamCatcher Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamCatcher_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moby_FHD-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moby_Cryo-47"}],"text":"A line of Dune action figures from toy company LJN was released to lackluster sales in 1984. Styled after David Lynch's film, the collection featured a figure of Paul, as well as other characters.[34][35] In October 2019, Funko announced a \"Dune Classic\" line of POP! vinyl figures, one of which would be Paul in a stillsuit, styled after Lynch's film.[36][37] Paul and Chani were both added to Fortnite Battle Royale in October 2021.[38] Paul also appears as a playable Operator in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III and Call of Duty: Warzone 2.0, alongside Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen, in December 2023.[39]Paul appears in the 1979 Avalon Hill board game Dune,[40][41] the 1984 Parker Brothers game Dune,[42] and the 1997 collectible card game Dune.[43] The character is also featured in the 1992 video game Dune from Cryo Interactive/Virgin Interactive,[44][45] and the 2001 3D video game Frank Herbert's Dune by Cryo Interactive/DreamCatcher Interactive.[46][47]","title":"Merchandising"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"}]
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[{"image_text":"Paul Atreides has been portrayed by three actors: Kyle MacLachlan (1984), Alec Newman (2000/2003), and Timothée Chalamet (2021/2024)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Paul_Atreides_actors.png/220px-Paul_Atreides_actors.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Dune: Creating the Audiobooks (Official promotional video, includes images of Frank Herbert's pronunciation notes for some terms). Macmillan Audio. December 23, 2008. Event occurs at 4:04. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL9kkQ6Hw2s","url_text":"Dune: Creating the Audiobooks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Audio"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XL9kkQ6Hw2s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Touponce, William F. (1988). \"Dune: Herbert's Polyphonic Novel\". Frank Herbert. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co. p. 12. ISBN 0-8057-7514-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7514-5","url_text":"0-8057-7514-5"}]},{"reference":"Clareson, Thomas (1992). Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction: the Formative Period. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 169–172. ISBN 0-87249-870-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-870-0","url_text":"0-87249-870-0"}]},{"reference":"Herbert, Frank (1965). \"Afterword by Brian Herbert\". Dune (Kindle ed.). Penguin Group. pp. 875–877.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Group","url_text":"Penguin Group"}]},{"reference":"Herbert, Frank (1985). \"Introduction\". Eye. Berkley Books. ISBN 0-425-08398-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(short_story_collection)","url_text":"Eye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-08398-5","url_text":"0-425-08398-5"}]},{"reference":"McNelly, Willis (1970). \"Interview with Frank Herbert\". Archived from the original on February 13, 2002. Retrieved June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinanvural.com/seksek/inien/tvd/tvd2.htm","url_text":"\"Interview with Frank Herbert\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020213105526/http://www.sinanvural.com/seksek/inien/tvd/tvd2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tilley, E. Allen (February 1978). \"The Modes of Fiction: A Plot Morphology\". College English. 39 (6): 692–706. doi:10.2307/375873. JSTOR 375873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_English","url_text":"College English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F375873","url_text":"10.2307/375873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/375873","url_text":"375873"}]},{"reference":"Hume, Kathryn (October 1974). \"Romance: A Perdurable Pattern\". College English. 36 (2): 129–146. doi:10.2307/374771. JSTOR 374771.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F374771","url_text":"10.2307/374771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/374771","url_text":"374771"}]},{"reference":"Attebery, Brian (2002). Decoding Gender in Science Fiction. New York: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 0-415-93949-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93949-6","url_text":"0-415-93949-6"}]},{"reference":"Touponce, William F. (1988). \"Dune: Herbert's Polyphonic Novel\". Frank Herbert. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co. p. 18. ISBN 0-8057-7514-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7514-5","url_text":"0-8057-7514-5"}]},{"reference":"Prieto-Pablos, Juan A. (Spring 1991). \"The Ambivalent Hero of Contemporary Fantasy and Science Fiction\". Extrapolation. 32 (1). The University of Texas at Brownsville: 64–80. doi:10.3828/extr.1991.32.1.64.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapolation_(journal)","url_text":"Extrapolation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fextr.1991.32.1.64","url_text":"10.3828/extr.1991.32.1.64"}]},{"reference":"Travis, Ben (May 15, 2020). \"Dune: Denis Villeneuve Compares Paul Atreides to The Godfather's Michael Corleone\". Empire. Archived from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/dune-denis-villeneuve-compares-paul-atreides-to-michael-corleone-exclusive-image/","url_text":"\"Dune: Denis Villeneuve Compares Paul Atreides to The Godfather's Michael Corleone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)","url_text":"Empire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200516044449/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/dune-denis-villeneuve-compares-paul-atreides-to-michael-corleone-exclusive-image/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bahayeldin, Khalid (January 22, 2004). \"Arabic and Islamic themes in Frank Herbert's Dune\". Baheyeldin.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. 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Review: Timothée Chalamet Grows Up — and So Do the Sandworms — in Denis Villeneuve's Epic Follow-Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/dune-review-denis-villeneuve-1243908/","external_links_name":"\"'Dune' Wages an All-Out Attack on the Senses — and Wins\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/article/dune-part-two-review-this-is-zendayas-movie.html","external_links_name":"\"Dune: Part Two Is Zendaya's Movie\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/20/movies/dune-review.html","external_links_name":"\"'Dune' Review: A Hero in the Making, on Shifting Sands\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/culture/2024/02/dune-part-2-zendaya-timothee-chalamet-movie-review.html","external_links_name":"\"The Spectacular New Dune Will Turn Even Skeptics Into Believers\""},{"Link":"https://nerdbastards.com/2014/01/12/toys-we-miss-dune/","external_links_name":"\"Toys We Miss: The Long Forgotten Figures From Frank Herbert's Dune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140127111043/http://nerdbastards.com/2014/01/12/toys-we-miss-dune/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.collectorsofdune.com/toys.asp","external_links_name":"\"Toys\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030152955/https://www.collectorsofdune.com/toys.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/funko-dune-pops/","external_links_name":"\"Funko Adds Dune to its Pop! Line-up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191030024933/https://www.cbr.com/funko-dune-pops/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.funko.com/blog/article/coming-soon-pop-movies-dune-classic","external_links_name":"\"Coming Soon: Pop! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobieski_Ross
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Sobieski Ross
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["1 Sources","2 External links"]
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American politician
Sobieski Ross
Sobieski Ross (May 16, 1828 – October 24, 1877) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Sobieski Ross was born in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and Coudersport Academy. He engaged in civil engineering and the real estate business. He was also interested in agricultural pursuits. He was appointed as an associate judge in 1852.
Ross was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1876. He resumed the real estate business, and died in Coudersport. Interment in Eulalia Cemetery.
Sources
United States Congress. "Sobieski Ross (id: R000454)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
The Political Graveyard
External links
Sobieski Ross at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byHenry Sherwood
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district 1873–1875
Succeeded byWilliam Stenger
Preceded byJohn Cessna
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district 1875–1877
Succeeded byJohn I. Mitchell
vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania1st district
Fitzsimons
Swanwick
Waln
W. Jones
(3- and 4-seat era, A: Clay
Say
Seybert
W. Milnor
Seybert
Forrest
W. Milnor
Forrest, B: Ja. Richards
W. Anderson
T. Smith
W. Anderson
Hemphill, C: Leib
Porter
J. Milnor
C. Ingersoll
Hopkinson
S. Edwards, D: Conard
J. Williams
Sergeant)
Breck
Wurts
Sutherland
Paynter
C. Brown
E. Morris
Levin
Florence
Lehman
Randall
Freeman
Bingham
Vare
Hazlett
Beck
Ransley
Sacks
Gallagher
Barrett
Gallagher
Barrett
M. Myers
Foglietta
B. Brady
B. Fitzpatrick
2nd district
F. A. C. Muhlenberg
(Multiple seat era, A: F. A. C. Muhlenberg
McClenachan
Leib
W. Milnor
R. Brown
Rog. Davis
W. Darlington
I. Darlington
W. Darlington
Hemphill
T. Kittera
Hemphill
Sergeant
Horn
Binney
J. Ingersoll
Sergeant
J. Ingersoll, B: Conrad
W. Milnor
J. Roberts
Henderson
Hahn
Pawling
Gross
Harper
Toland, C: I. Van Horne
Pugh
J. Ross
Rodman)
J. Ingersoll
Chandler
Tyson
E. Morris
Biddle
O'Neill
Creely
O'Neill
Adams
J. Reyburn
Cook
W. Reyburn
Graham
Stokes
Beck
W. H. Wilson
Pratt
W. Granahan
McGarvey
W. Granahan
K. Granahan
Nix
Gray
Blackwell
Fattah
D. Evans
Boyle
3rd district
Jacobs
(Multiple seat era, A: Thomas
Hemphill
Jos. Hiester
Lower
Joh. Hiester
D. Hiester II
Rog. Davis
Gloninger
Crouch
Whiteside
Hibshman
Buchanan, B: I. Anderson
M. Richards
Hyneman
Ja. Whitehill
Slaymaker
Wallace
J. Phillips, C: Jo. Whitehill
R. Jenkins
Lefever)
D. Miller
Watmough
Ash
Harper
Naylor
C. Ingersoll
Joh. Smith
Jo. Campbell
C. Brown
H. Moore
Robbins
Millward
Landy
Verree
L. Myers
Moffet
L. Myers
Randall
Vaux
McAleer
Halterman
McAleer
Burk
Castor
J. Moore
Ransley
Waldron
Fenerty
Bradley
Ha. Scott
Byrne
W. J. Green III
Lederer
Jos. Smith
Borski
English
Dahlkemper
M. Kelly
D. Evans
4th district
D. Hiester I
(Multiple seat era, A: Sitgreaves
R. Brown
Hanna
R. Whitehill
Glasgow
Spangler
Hostetter
Ja. Mitchell
Buchanan
W. Heister
Davies
Je. Brown, B: Jo. Richards
Chapman
P. Muhlenberg
I. Van Horne
Bard
S. Edwards
S. Anderson
Leiper
Potts
James, C: Wayne
Miner
J. Evans
E. Darlington
J. Edwards)
C. Ingersoll
Robbins
Witte
Broom
H. Phillips
Millward
Kelley
J. Reyburn
Young
Foerderer
Moon
Edmonds
Golder
Edmonds
Daly
Sheridan
Maloney
Chudoff
Nix
Toll
Eilberg
Dougherty
Kolter
Klink
M. Hart
Altmire
Perry
Dean
5th district
J. Kittera
D. Hiester I
Ege
Jos. Hiester
Gregg
D. Montgomery
G. Smith
(2-seat era, A: W. Crawford
Boden
Findlay, B: R. Whitehill
Rea
W. Maclay
Fullerton
McCullough
McSherry)
Markley
Sterigere
J. K. Mann
Ja. Fry
Fornance
Yost
Freedley
McNair
Cadwalader
O. Jones
J. Wood
W. Davis
Thayer
Taylor
Reading
Taylor
Harmer
Robbins
Harmer
Morrell
Foulkrod
Donohoe
P. Costello
Connolly
Dorsey
Gartner
F. Smith
Pracht
W. J. Green Jr.
Sarbacher
W. J. Green Jr.
W. J. Green III
Ware
Schulze
Clinger
Peterson
G. Thompson
M. Scanlon
6th district
Gregg
(1- and 2-seat era, A: S. Maclay
Hanna
J. Stewart
J. Kelly
W. Crawford
Ingham
S. Moore
Ingham, B: R. Brown
J. Ross
Rogers)
Harris
I. Green
Bucher
R. Ramsey
M. Morris
J. Davis
R. Ramsey
Jenks
Erdman
Hornbeck
Bridges
T. Ross
W. Everhart
Hickman
Stiles
Boyer
Stiles
Acker
Biery
Townsend
Ward
J. Everhart
S. Darlington
Robinson
T. Butler
McCreary
Logue
Darrow
Welsh
Rob. Davis
Stokes
Stack
F. Myers
McGlinchey
Hu. Scott
Toll
Rhodes
Yatron
Holden
Gerlach
R. Costello
Houlahan
7th district
Hartley
J. Kittera
Boude
Rea
Piper
Hyneman
Udree
Jos. Hiester
Udree
Worman
Udree
(2-seat era, A: H. Wilson
Krebs
Jo. Fry
H. King, B: Udree
Addams
H. Muhlenberg)
Wagener
Westbrook
McIlvaine
Dickey
Morrison
Bridges
Bradshaw
Chapman
Longnecker
T. Cooper
Stiles
Broomall
Townsend
A. Wood
I. Evans
Godshalk
I. Evans
Yardley
Hallowell
Wanger
T. Butler
Darrow
Drew
Darrow
Hu. Scott
Wolfenden
Chadwick
James
Milliken
Watkins
L. Williams
Edgar
Weldon
Sestak
Meehan
M. Scanlon
Wild
8th district
Findley
Hartley
J. Stewart
Findley
Piper
A. Ogle
Philson
Tod
(2 seat era, A: Rogers
Wolf
S. A. Smith, B: Ingham
Ihrie)
H. King
Hubley
Newhard
Stevens
H. Muhlenberg
J. Jones
Keim
Schwartz
McKenty
Ancona
Getz
Clymer
Ermentrout
Mutchler
Wanger
Difenderfer
Watson
T. Butler
Wolfenden
Gerlach
Lichtenwalter
Vaughn
K. King
Curtin
Biester
Kostmayer
J. Coyne
Kostmayer
Greenwood
M. Fitzpatrick
P. Murphy
M. Fitzpatrick
B. Fitzpatrick
Cartwright
9th district
Gregg
Smilie
Bard
Burnside
W. P. Maclay
Jo. Brown
(3 seat era, A: Kremer
Ford, B: McKean
Stephens, C: Ellis
E. Van Horne
Marr
L. Dewart)
H. Muhlenberg
Keim
Ritter
Strong
J. Jones
I. Hiester
A. Roberts
Stevens
O. Dickey
A. Smith
Hiestand
Brunner
Erdman
Ermentrout
H. Green
Cassel
Griest
Watson
Frey
Gerlach
Kinzer
Dague
Watkins
Ware
Bu. Shuster
Bi. Shuster
Meuser
10th district
Bard
H. Woods
W. Hoge
J. Hoge
Hamilton
W. Hoge
Lyle
(2-seat era, A: I. Smith
W. Wilson
Denison, B: J. Irwin
D. Scott
J. Murray
Ellis
T. Murray)
Ja. Mitchell
A. King
Clark
Reily
Simonton
Brodhead
M. Dimmick
Middleswarth
J. Ch. Kunkel
Killinger
Strouse
Cake
Killinger
Mutchler
Bridges
Bachman
Mutchler
Sowden
Brosius
W. Connell
Cassel
Howell
Dale
Nicholls
Farr
McLane
Farr
C. Connell
Griest
Kinzer
J. Murphy
Scoblick
O'Neill
Carrigg
Prokop
W. Scranton
McDade
Sherwood
Carney
Marino
Perry
11th district
Findley
Smilie
Lucas
S. Smith
Lacock
Findley
Marchand
Plumer
(2-seat era, A: J. Wilson
T. Crawford, B: Findlay
W. Ramsey
McCoy)
Barnitz
Logan
Gerry
Bidlack
Leib
C. Butler
Brisbin
H. Fuller
Straub
Jam. Campbell
W. L. Dewart
Jam. Campbell
Johnson
Van Auken
Collins
Klotz
Storm
Buckalew
J. Scranton
Amerman
J. Scranton
W. Connell
Palmer
Lenahan
Palmer
Bowman
Joh. Casey
Templeton
Joh. Casey
C. Coughlin
Watres
P. Boland
V. Boland
J. Murphy
Flood
M. Jenkins
Flood
Musto
Nelligan
Harrison
Kanjorski
Barletta
Smucker
12th district
Gallatin
W. Hoge
Lyle
Patterson
Jo. Brown
Jo. Mitchell
J. Scott
R. Allison
Chambers
Sheffer
J. Cooper
Read
G. Fuller
Wilmot
Grow
H. Wright
H. Fuller
J. Montgomery
Leidy
G. Scranton
H. Wright
Denison
Woodward
Shoemaker
Ketcham
Stanton
H. Wright
J. Scranton
Connolly
J. Scranton
Lynch
Osborne
Shonk
Hines
Leisenring
M. Williams
Davenport
Palmer
Patterson
C. Brumm
Garner
R. Lee
Heaton
Reber
Joh. Casey
Carpenter
Joh. Casey
Turpin
Flannery
T. Miller
Fenton
Whalley
Saylor
Murtha
Critz
Rothfus
Marino
Keller
S. Lee
13th district
Griffin
Tarr
A. Stewart
Tod
Thomson
C. Forward
Burd
J. Miller
J. Black
McClure
W. S. Ramsey
McClure
Gustine
Frick
Pollock
Jos. Casey
Gamble
Packer
W. Dimmick
Johnson
Tracy
Mercur
Bunnell
Strawbridge
Ja. Reilly
Ryon
C. Brumm
Ja. Reilly
C. Brumm
Ryan
Patterson
Kline
Rothermel
Dewalt
Gernerd
G. Brumm
Palmer
G. Brumm
Gildea
Fenton
Hoch
F. A. Muhlenberg
Rhodes
McConnell
Lafore
Schweiker
L. Coughlin
Margolies-Mezvinsky
Fox
Hoeffel
Schwartz
Boyle
Joyce
14th district
Tannehill
J. Woods
Baldwin
W. Forward
A. Stewart
T. Irwin
Potter
McCulloch
Irvin
A. Ramsey
Eckert
Pitman
Bibighaus
Grow
W. Miller
G. Miller
Packer
Killinger
Barr
Bound
Rife
Woomer
Olmsted
C. Wright
Lilley
Pratt
Kipp
Ainey
McFadden
Croll
Esterly
Bushong
Esterly
Lichtenwalner
Richardson
Moser
Hoch
Gillette
Carrigg
Rhodes
Moorhead
W. Coyne
Doyle
Reschenthaler
15th district
T. Wilson
R. Moore
Farrelly
Patterson
Lawrence
McCreery
McKennan
Beaumont
Petrikin
Bidlack
Nes
McClean
Nes
Danner
Kurtz
Gamble
Pearce
A. White
Hale
J. Bailey
Glossbrenner
Haldeman
Magee
Powell
Overton
Jadwin
Post
Bunnell
M. Wright
Jorden
Codding
C. Wright
Deemer
W. B. Wilson
Kiess
McFadden
Dietrich
Rutherford
Gillette
Rich
Bush
Walter
Rooney
Ritter
McHale
Toomey
C. Dent
Wild
G. Thompson
16th district
(2-seat era, A: J. Allison
Orr
Denny, B: W. Forward
Stevenson
Gilmore)
Anthony
Hammond
Snyder
J. Black
Brady
McLanahan
Kurtz
Todd
Ahl
Junkin
J. Bailey
Coffroth
Koontz
Meyers
Cessna
S. Ross
Jo. I. Mitchell
R. J. C. Walker
W. Brown
McCormick
Hopkins
Leonard
Packer
Deemer
Dickerman
Samuel
McHenry
Lesher
Kline
Kiess
Rich
T. Scanlon
McConnell
J. Cr. Kunkel
Eshleman
B. Walker
Pitts
Smucker
M. Kelly
17th district
Plumer
Coulter
Laporte
S. Morris
Dimock
Read
Irvin
Blanchard
Calvin
Parker
Russell
Robison
W. Reilly
McPherson
McAllister
Barker
Morrell
Speer
Jo. Reilly
Jac. Campbell
Coffroth
Jac. Campbell
Scull
Buckalew
Wolverton
Kulp
Polk
Billmeyer
Mahon
Focht
Dershem
Focht
Cummings
Magrady
Ditter
McConnell
Simpson
Bush
Schneebeli
Ertel
Gekas
Holden
Cartwright
Lamb
Deluzio
18th district
Farrelly
Barlow
Sill
Banks
Burd
J. Mann
C. Ogle
H. Black
J. Russell
A. Stewart
A. Ogle
Dawson
McCulloch
Edie
Blair
Hale
S. Wilson
Armstrong
Sherwood
S. Ross
Stenger
Fisher
Atkinson
Mahon
Olmsted
Kreider
Beers
Biddle
Focht
Simpson
J. Cr. Kunkel
Mumma
Simpson
Elliott
Whalley
Corbett
Heinz
Walgren
Santorum
Doyle
T. Murphy
Lamb
Doyle
19th district
Coulter
Klingensmith
Marchand
Foster
J. Mann
Kuhns
Drum
Covode
Scofield
Curtis
Maish
Beltzhoover
Duncan
Swope
Maish
Beltzhoover
Stahle
Benner
Ziegler
Lewis
A. Evans
Reynolds
Hartman
W. Bailey
Rose
Sites
Swartz
Doutrich
Swope
Gavin
Stauffer
Quigley
Stauffer
Quigley
G. Goodling
Craley
G. Goodling
B. Goodling
Platts
20th district
Hook
Beeson
29th district
Brainerd
32nd district
Ja. Brown
Barchfeld
G. Campbell
S. Porter
Erk
Muldowney
Moritz
Eberharter
J. Wright
Eberharter
33rd district
M. C. Kelly
Ellenbogen
McArdle
Holland
Weiss
F. Buchanan
V. Buchanan
34th district
Morin
Sullivan
Dunn
J. Wright
35th district
J. M. Magee
Estep
36th district
G. Campbell
Authority control databases: People
US Congress
This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sobieski_Ross_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Coudersport, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coudersport,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Coudersport Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coudersport_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"Forty-third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Forty-fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"Sobieski RossSobieski Ross (May 16, 1828 – October 24, 1877) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.Sobieski Ross was born in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and Coudersport Academy. He engaged in civil engineering and the real estate business. He was also interested in agricultural pursuits. He was appointed as an associate judge in 1852.Ross was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1876. He resumed the real estate business, and died in Coudersport. Interment in Eulalia Cemetery.","title":"Sobieski Ross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Sobieski Ross (id: R000454)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000454"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"The Political Graveyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ross.html"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"Sobieski Ross (id: R000454)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.\nThe Political Graveyard","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sobieski Ross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sobieski_Ross_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Sobieski_Ross_-_Brady-Handy.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Sobieski Ross (id: R000454)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000454","url_text":"\"Sobieski Ross (id: R000454)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000454","external_links_name":"\"Sobieski Ross (id: R000454)\""},{"Link":"http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ross.html","external_links_name":"The Political Graveyard"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6860929","external_links_name":"Sobieski Ross"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000454","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sobieski_Ross&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZeD
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ZeD
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["1 Concept and creation","2 Format","2.1 Interactive website","2.2 Movies aired","2.3 Music","2.4 Halloween specials","2.5 Hosts","3 Re-formatting and cancellation","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
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Canadian television program and website
ZeDCreated byRae Hull & McLean GreavesPresented bySharon LewisZiya TongCountry of originCanadaProductionExecutive producerMcLean GreavesOriginal releaseNetworkCBCReleaseMarch 18, 2002 (2002-03-18) –2006 (2006)
ZeD was a Canadian variety television program and website. The series premiered on CBC Television on March 18, 2002 and ran to 2006. Hosted primarily by Sharon Lewis and Ziya Tong, ZeD publicized creative works from Canada and other countries, including a substantial portion of material created by viewers and new artists. ZeD thus considered itself to be "open-source television."
The website claimed thousands of users, and the series, while somewhat obscure, was nominated for several awards and influenced some US television. A music album, ZeD: Live Off The Floor, was also spun off the series.
Concept and creation
The concept of ZeD was originally developed by Rae Hull, who was the regional director for CBC in Vancouver, British Columbia. and new media pioneer McLean Greaves. It was initially imagined as being "free-form, hip and fast moving, with no segment longer than a few minutes," but beyond this contributors would influence the content.
In November 2001, CBC invited Canadians to come up with cheap but intelligent creative ideas in connection with the anticipated series "zed," and received 1,000 efforts. When ZeD premiered on March 18, 2002, it was still considered to be in development, and its first four weeks from March to April were experimental. It was not advertised, except for CBC informing the press, since ZeD was meant to be discovered among viewers who would then inform other viewers. CBC was still hoping to attract contributors, and Hull added, "I'd be happy if people discovered ZeD and made their own decisions about it."
In March 2002, the series was called ZeD beta v 0.1. The name ZeD appears to have been chosen to suggest the series was uniquely Canadian, since zed is how Canadians pronounce the letter "Z." The ZeD website was also launched at the time. Both the series and website were based in Vancouver.
Format
The program, which aired every weeknight on the CBC, aired music, short films, animation, visual art and spoken word pieces from around the world. The subject matter, which ranged from comedy to drama, was mature and could include nudity and profanity, and thus episodes began with a humorously worded call for viewer's discretion. Each episode was 40 minutes long, with no advertisements during the show.
Interactive website
Its website allowed people to view certain works, and also upload their creations onto the website, which might then appear on television. The press stated that 20% of the material on television had been uploaded from the website. Altogether, in 2002 the website claimed 5,000 members. In 2005, this had increased to 45,962 members. Although some films are not available on the website, viewers of the television show could e-mail ZeD and request replays on Fridays, which were named "Feedback Fridays".
Movies aired
Films seen on ZeD include Cannibalism and Your Teen, which is a humorous parody of the father-knows-best ideology, and Ryan. The anti-racism comedy Cowboys and Indians was also aired more than once. Other popular short films include the animated comedy Strange Invaders, which combines the themes of extraterrestrials and parenthood and notably appeared on ZeD on March 22, 2002, as well as George Lucas in Love. Since works by viewers ranged in quality, ZeD required rigorous editing, especially to avoid copyright violations. Artists generally received $200 for each minute of work published by ZeD.
Music
Music on ZeD was sometimes presented in the form of music videos, but musical guests also appeared. Among such guests were William Clarke Brown, who was also known as Lyrical, and claimed No. 1 spot for most voted musician, and Sam Roberts, who performed "Brother Down" and "This Is How I Live" on October 15, 2002. On December 2, 2003, an album was produced by music producer Jon Siddall and Mashingaidze-Greaves, titled ZeD: Live Off The Floor which featured music taken live off ZeD. Eye Weekly critic Kevin Hainey said the music generally seemed "lush" and that the CD gave attention to upstart musicians such as Take 5. He especially approved of the new musicians, such as Kris Demeanor and The Floor.
Tracks included:
"This Is How I Live"
"Monday Monday Monday" by Tegan and Sara
"Evolution" by The Cinematic Orchestra
"Big" by BrassMunk
"Left and Leaving" by The Weakerthans
"London Still" by The Waifs
"The Centaur" by Buck 65
"Untitled" by The Organ
Halloween specials
Another feature of ZeD was its annual Halloween episodes, which ran longer than 40 minutes. The 2004 special, "Night of the Living ZeD," was two hours long. These episodes featured some of ZeD's more disturbing short films and art, or comedies with supernatural or gothic themes. Evelyn: The Cutest Evil Dead Girl and Flying Saucer Rock'n'Roll are examples of the latter. In 2004, guest musician Jorane performed a "witchy acid cello" and there were "several freaky faux-Victorian sideshow acts in-studio."
Hosts
Ziya Tong hosted ZeD in its 2004-2005 season.
ZeD was originally hosted by several hosts including Bif Naked and Nobu and Mio Adilman. The program was subsequently hosted by Sharon Lewis until the 2004–2005 season, when she was replaced by Ziya Tong. Lewis also took time off to have a baby during her hosting, necessitating guest hosts such as the brothers Adilman. During this time, in March 2004, the Adilmans hosted Zed Uncut, which was a five-hour episode shot live.
Re-formatting and cancellation
On January 3, 2006, ZeD was revived as three television series to air weekly. Zed Real was the first, playing on Tuesdays, hosted by Jarrett Martineau and featuring documentaries. Zed Candid, airing on Wednesdays, featured short films and was hosted by Trish Williams, Suzanne Bastien and Zorana Sadiq. Finally, Zed Tunes aired on Thursdays, with a focus on music. It was hosted by Jenna Chow. All three continued to be aired on the CBC and ran for one hour, starting around 11:30 pm on their respective nights.
On May 7, 2006, the CBC announced the cancellation of the series. However, CBC said its website would still be available, and that "we're not letting go of some of the innovative ideas that the production crew have brought." Lise Lareau of the Canadian Media Guild replied that CBC was "abandoning the things that make public television special."
Reception
ZeD was nominated for an Emmy Award. The series was nominated for Gemini Awards, including for Best Music, Best Variety Program or Series, Best Visual Effects, and Best Cross Platform Project. Tong was also nominated for a 2005 Gemini Award for Viewer's Choice for Lifestyle Host. In 2002, television critic Alex Strachan wrote that "Almost everything about ZeD is exactly right, from its sense of timing... to the lack of commercials" and that Sharon Lewis' style was nicely easygoing. That year, 70,000 watched the show, which was aimed at people in their twenties and thirties who were comfortable with technology. Still, the executive producer Mashingaidze-Greaves admitted that "millions of Canadians" did not know what ZeD was during its run.
The sexual content of the website and series was sometimes controversial. In 2002, some of CBC's critics on the website CBC Watch preferred to see the sexual content unaired, and CBC quoted them as predicting that "ZeD will mostly be remembered for taking the 'L' out of public broadcasting." ZeD also received letters from viewers who thought one short film featuring a sexual scene between brothers was unusual. ZeD explained that "ZeD isn't about gratuitous nudity or being gross just for the sake of being gross. Don't get us wrong. We're not squeamish about anything... except outright stupidity."
Current TV, a television channel launched by politician Al Gore in 2005, was partially influenced by ZeD. This led Mashingaidze-Greaves to express ZeD had "the world leaders in interactive television, without a doubt." Mashingaidze-Greaves also said he did not fear having a larger rival in Current TV and said ZeD would continually innovate itself.
References
^ a b c McKay, Niall (April 14, 2005). "Gore's TV Seeks Northern Insights". Wired News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g Alexandra Gill, "What Al Gore sees in ZeD," The Globe and Mail, April 19, 2005, pg. R.3.
^ a b c Sandra Sperounes, "ZeD sneaks onto CBC: Mothercorp's PR engine sits idle, counts onword of mouth to win fans: hype & hawk: A look at market forces," Edmonton Journal, April 6, 2002, pg. D.9.
^ a b c Tony Atherton, "ZeD awaits viewer input," The Province, Vancouver, B.C.: March 24, 2002, pg. B.18.
^ "Spotlight," The Vancouver Sun, January 4, 2002, pg. C.6.
^ a b "CBC quietly launches new late-night show," Cape Breton Post, March 20, 2002. pg. B.11.
^ a b Dana Gee, "ZeD on CBC a place for new ideas," The Province, Vancouver, B.C.: October 29, 2004, pg. B.9.
^ a b Alexandra Gill, "ZeD aims for the 'sweet spot'," The Globe and Mail, December 2, 2002, pg. R.1.
^ "Oscar hopeful Strange Invaders aired on television," Daily News, Truro, Nova Scotia: March 16, 2002, pg. C.3.
^ "ON DISC: Does a booty good," Eye Weekly, December 18, 2003.
^ "ZeD: Live Off The Floor". CBC Shop Online. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
^ a b Alex Strachan, "Frightful Halloween behaviour," The Gazette, Montreal, Quebec: October 31, 2004, pg. B.4.
^ a b Sandra Sperounes, "Indie artists have a new home in ZeD," Edmonton Journal, March 22, 2002, pg. E.4.
^ "Smart Ask! launches season on CBC Radio: New TV quizmasters added," Journal-Pioneer, Summerside, P.E.I.: September 23, 2002, pg. 13.
^ "Zed plans ad-free all-nighter," The Ottawa Citizen, March 5, 2004, pg. D.9.
^ "CBC cancels 'Zed TV'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 7, 2006. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2006.
^ Guy Dixon, "CBC to cut cutting-edge, late-night ZeD TV," The Globe and Mail, May 6, 2006, pg. R.6.
^ Best Cross Platform Project, 21st Annual Gemini Awards website, URL accessed May 10, 2007.
^ "Great, watchable north: The 20th Gemini Awards gala honours the best in Canadian TV," National Post, November 19, 2005, pg. TO.42.F.
^ Alex Strachan, "Audacious, energetic and offbeat: That's ZeD on CBC," The Vancouver Sun, October 23, 2002, pg. B.6.FRO.
^ "ZeD debuts". CBC.ca archives. April 20, 2002. Retrieved March 15, 2007.
^ Peter Goddard, "CBC's 'hip' show loses sight of purpose The hottest art gallery screens on weeknights ; ZeD an outlet for emerging talent CBC show loses sight of purpose," Toronto Star, December 14, 2002, pg. J.15.
External links
"ZeD website (archived)". CBC. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006.
ZeD on the Internet Movie Database
ZeD's source code
ZeD videos on YouTube
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Sharon Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ziya Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziya_Tong"},{"link_name":"created by viewers and new artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_TV"},{"link_name":"open-source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired-1"},{"link_name":"US television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"}],"text":"ZeD was a Canadian variety television program and website. The series premiered on CBC Television on March 18, 2002 and ran to 2006. Hosted primarily by Sharon Lewis and Ziya Tong, ZeD publicized creative works from Canada and other countries, including a substantial portion of material created by viewers and new artists. ZeD thus considered itself to be \"open-source television.\"[1]The website claimed thousands of users, and the series, while somewhat obscure, was nominated for several awards and influenced some US television.[2] A music album, ZeD: Live Off The Floor, was also spun off the series.","title":"ZeD"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rae Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rae_Hull"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperounes-3"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atherton-4"},{"link_name":"free-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freeform"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atherton-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atherton-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperounes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sperounes-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quietly-6"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quietly-6"}],"text":"The concept of ZeD was originally developed by Rae Hull,[3] who was the regional director for CBC in Vancouver, British Columbia.[4] and new media pioneer McLean Greaves. It was initially imagined as being \"free-form, hip and fast moving, with no segment longer than a few minutes,\" but beyond this contributors would influence the content.[4]In November 2001, CBC invited Canadians to come up with cheap but intelligent creative ideas in connection with the anticipated series \"zed,\" and received 1,000 efforts.[5] When ZeD premiered on March 18, 2002, it was still considered to be in development,[4] and its first four weeks from March to April were experimental.[3] It was not advertised, except for CBC informing the press, since ZeD was meant to be discovered among viewers who would then inform other viewers. CBC was still hoping to attract contributors, and Hull added, \"I'd be happy if people discovered ZeD and made their own decisions about it.\"[3]In March 2002, the series was called ZeD beta v 0.1.[6] The name ZeD appears to have been chosen to suggest the series was uniquely Canadian, since zed is how Canadians pronounce the letter \"Z.\"[2] The ZeD website was also launched at the time. Both the series and website were based in Vancouver.[6]","title":"Concept and creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art"},{"link_name":"spoken word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word"},{"link_name":"nudity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity"},{"link_name":"profanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanity"},{"link_name":"advertisements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"}],"text":"The program, which aired every weeknight on the CBC, aired music, short films, animation, visual art and spoken word pieces from around the world. The subject matter, which ranged from comedy to drama, was mature and could include nudity and profanity, and thus episodes began with a humorously worded call for viewer's discretion. Each episode was 40 minutes long, with no advertisements during the show.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gee-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweet-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"}],"sub_title":"Interactive website","text":"Its website allowed people to view certain works, and also upload their creations onto the website, which might then appear on television. The press stated that 20% of the material on television had been uploaded from the website.[7] Altogether, in 2002 the website claimed 5,000 members.[8] In 2005, this had increased to 45,962 members.[2] Although some films are not available on the website, viewers of the television show could e-mail ZeD and request replays on Fridays, which were named \"Feedback Fridays\".","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_(film)"},{"link_name":"anti-racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism"},{"link_name":"Strange Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Invaders_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"extraterrestrials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrials"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"George Lucas in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas_in_Love"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wired-1"}],"sub_title":"Movies aired","text":"Films seen on ZeD include Cannibalism and Your Teen, which is a humorous parody of the father-knows-best ideology, and Ryan. The anti-racism comedy Cowboys and Indians was also aired more than once. Other popular short films include the animated comedy Strange Invaders, which combines the themes of extraterrestrials and parenthood and notably appeared on ZeD on March 22, 2002,[9] as well as George Lucas in Love. Since works by viewers ranged in quality, ZeD required rigorous editing, especially to avoid copyright violations.[1] Artists generally received $200 for each minute of work published by ZeD.[1]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Clarke Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Clarke_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Eye Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Kris Demeanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Demeanor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tegan and Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegan_and_Sara"},{"link_name":"The Cinematic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cinematic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"BrassMunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrassMunk"},{"link_name":"The Weakerthans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weakerthans"},{"link_name":"London Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Still"},{"link_name":"The Waifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waifs"},{"link_name":"Buck 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_65"},{"link_name":"The Organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Organ_(band)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Music on ZeD was sometimes presented in the form of music videos, but musical guests also appeared. Among such guests were William Clarke Brown, who was also known as Lyrical, and claimed No. 1 spot for most voted musician, and Sam Roberts, who performed \"Brother Down\" and \"This Is How I Live\" on October 15, 2002. On December 2, 2003, an album was produced by music producer Jon Siddall and Mashingaidze-Greaves, titled ZeD: Live Off The Floor which featured music taken live off ZeD. Eye Weekly critic Kevin Hainey said the music generally seemed \"lush\" and that the CD gave attention to upstart musicians such as Take 5. He especially approved of the new musicians, such as Kris Demeanor and The Floor.[10]\nTracks included:\"This Is How I Live\"\n\"Monday Monday Monday\" by Tegan and Sara\n\"Evolution\" by The Cinematic Orchestra\n\"Big\" by BrassMunk\n\"Left and Leaving\" by The Weakerthans\n\"London Still\" by The Waifs\n\"The Centaur\" by Buck 65\n\"Untitled\" by The Organ[11]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frightful-12"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_fiction"},{"link_name":"Evelyn: The Cutest Evil Dead Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn:_The_Cutest_Evil_Dead_Girl"},{"link_name":"Flying Saucer Rock'n'Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Rock%27n%27Roll"},{"link_name":"Jorane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorane"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frightful-12"}],"sub_title":"Halloween specials","text":"Another feature of ZeD was its annual Halloween episodes, which ran longer than 40 minutes. The 2004 special, \"Night of the Living ZeD,\" was two hours long.[12] These episodes featured some of ZeD's more disturbing short films and art, or comedies with supernatural or gothic themes. Evelyn: The Cutest Evil Dead Girl and Flying Saucer Rock'n'Roll are examples of the latter. In 2004, guest musician Jorane performed a \"witchy acid cello\" and there were \"several freaky faux-Victorian sideshow acts in-studio.\"[12]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZiyaTong_DailyPlanet2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ziya Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziya_Tong"},{"link_name":"Bif Naked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bif_Naked"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indie-13"},{"link_name":"Nobu and Mio Adilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobu_and_Mio_Adilman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smart-14"},{"link_name":"Sharon Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ziya Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziya_Tong"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Hosts","text":"Ziya Tong hosted ZeD in its 2004-2005 season.ZeD was originally hosted by several hosts including Bif Naked[13] and Nobu and Mio Adilman.[14] The program was subsequently hosted by Sharon Lewis until the 2004–2005 season, when she was replaced by Ziya Tong. Lewis also took time off to have a baby during her hosting, necessitating guest hosts such as the brothers Adilman. During this time, in March 2004, the Adilmans hosted Zed Uncut, which was a five-hour episode shot live.[15]","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancel-16"},{"link_name":"Canadian Media Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Media_Guild"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"On January 3, 2006, ZeD was revived as three television series to air weekly. Zed Real was the first, playing on Tuesdays, hosted by Jarrett Martineau and featuring documentaries. Zed Candid, airing on Wednesdays, featured short films and was hosted by Trish Williams, Suzanne Bastien and Zorana Sadiq. Finally, Zed Tunes aired on Thursdays, with a focus on music. It was hosted by Jenna Chow. All three continued to be aired on the CBC and ran for one hour, starting around 11:30 pm on their respective nights.On May 7, 2006, the CBC announced the cancellation of the series.[16] However, CBC said its website would still be available, and that \"we're not letting go of some of the innovative ideas that the production crew have brought.\" Lise Lareau of the Canadian Media Guild replied that CBC was \"abandoning the things that make public television special.\"[17]","title":"Re-formatting and cancellation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"},{"link_name":"Gemini Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gee-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweet-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indie-13"},{"link_name":"Current TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_TV"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gill-2"}],"text":"ZeD was nominated for an Emmy Award.[2] The series was nominated for Gemini Awards, including for Best Music, Best Variety Program or Series, Best Visual Effects, and Best Cross Platform Project.[7][18] Tong was also nominated for a 2005 Gemini Award for Viewer's Choice for Lifestyle Host.[19] In 2002, television critic Alex Strachan wrote that \"Almost everything about ZeD is exactly right, from its sense of timing... to the lack of commercials\" and that Sharon Lewis' style was nicely easygoing.[20] That year, 70,000 watched the show, which was aimed at people in their twenties and thirties who were comfortable with technology.[8] Still, the executive producer Mashingaidze-Greaves admitted that \"millions of Canadians\" did not know what ZeD was during its run.[2]The sexual content of the website and series was sometimes controversial. In 2002, some of CBC's critics on the website CBC Watch preferred to see the sexual content unaired, and CBC quoted them as predicting that \"ZeD will mostly be remembered for taking the 'L' out of public broadcasting.\"[21] ZeD also received letters from viewers who thought one short film featuring a sexual scene between brothers was unusual.[22] ZeD explained that \"ZeD isn't about gratuitous nudity or being gross just for the sake of being gross. Don't get us wrong. We're not squeamish about anything... except outright stupidity.\"[13]Current TV, a television channel launched by politician Al Gore in 2005, was partially influenced by ZeD.[2] This led Mashingaidze-Greaves to express ZeD had \"the world leaders in interactive television, without a doubt.\" Mashingaidze-Greaves also said he did not fear having a larger rival in Current TV and said ZeD would continually innovate itself.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ziya Tong hosted ZeD in its 2004-2005 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ZiyaTong_DailyPlanet2012.jpg/200px-ZiyaTong_DailyPlanet2012.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"McKay, Niall (April 14, 2005). \"Gore's TV Seeks Northern Insights\". Wired News. Archived from the original on November 12, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061112054837/https://www.wired.com/news/digiwood/0,1412,67205,00.html","url_text":"\"Gore's TV Seeks Northern Insights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_News","url_text":"Wired News"},{"url":"https://www.wired.com/news/digiwood/0,1412,67205,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ZeD: Live Off The Floor\". CBC Shop Online. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195734/http://www.cbcshop.ca/CBC/shopping/product.aspx?Product_ID=3008&Variant_ID=TRCD+3008&lang=en-CA","url_text":"\"ZeD: Live Off The Floor\""},{"url":"http://www.cbcshop.ca/CBC/shopping/product.aspx?Product_ID=3008&Variant_ID=TRCD+3008&lang=en-CA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CBC cancels 'Zed TV'\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 7, 2006. Archived from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070222073334/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/05/07/zedtv-cancelled.html","url_text":"\"CBC cancels 'Zed TV'\""},{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/05/07/zedtv-cancelled.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ZeD debuts\". CBC.ca archives. April 20, 2002. Retrieved March 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/10th/timelineContent/20020420_zed.html","url_text":"\"ZeD debuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZeD website (archived)\". CBC. Archived from the original on July 9, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060709002122/http://zed.cbc.ca/go?c=homepageV4","url_text":"\"ZeD website (archived)\""},{"url":"http://zed.cbc.ca/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061112054837/https://www.wired.com/news/digiwood/0,1412,67205,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Gore's TV Seeks Northern Insights\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/news/digiwood/0,1412,67205,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eye.net/eye/issue/issue_12.18.03/music/ondisc.php","external_links_name":"ON DISC: Does a booty good"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929195734/http://www.cbcshop.ca/CBC/shopping/product.aspx?Product_ID=3008&Variant_ID=TRCD+3008&lang=en-CA","external_links_name":"\"ZeD: Live Off The Floor\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbcshop.ca/CBC/shopping/product.aspx?Product_ID=3008&Variant_ID=TRCD+3008&lang=en-CA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070222073334/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/05/07/zedtv-cancelled.html","external_links_name":"\"CBC cancels 'Zed TV'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/05/07/zedtv-cancelled.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geminiawards.ca/gemini21/noms.cfm?catid=1025&gemnig=0","external_links_name":"Best Cross Platform Project"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/10th/timelineContent/20020420_zed.html","external_links_name":"\"ZeD debuts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060709002122/http://zed.cbc.ca/go?c=homepageV4","external_links_name":"\"ZeD website (archived)\""},{"Link":"http://zed.cbc.ca/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0460387/","external_links_name":"ZeD"},{"Link":"http://static.zed.cbc.ca/download/zed-oss-0.2.tar.gz","external_links_name":"source code"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6ObBvc7Zz8&list=PLTEvWvKELPC31GENKhBiAbXw0mCIfiCzL","external_links_name":"videos on YouTube"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Football_Championships
|
Long Island Football Championships
|
["1 References"]
|
High school football championship in New York state
Following is a list of high school teams that have competed in the Long Island Football Championship games on Long Island, New York.
The championship pits the winner of the "Big 4" divisions in Nassau County, New York against the winner of the divisions in Suffolk County, New York.
New York State does not have a true state championship game as the Long Island teams, and teams from the Catholic High School Athletic Association, as well as those in New York City do not compete in the New York State Public High School Athletic Association football championship which decides a winner for all public schools outside of New York City and Long Island.
Year
Class
County
Winner
Loser
W Score
L Score
Notes
1992
1
Suffolk
Connetquot
Farmingdale
27
0
1992
2
Suffolk
Bellport
Garden City
8
6
1992
3
Nassau
Lynbrook
Islip
19
7
1992
4
Nassau
Island Trees
Mt Sinai
8
0
1993
1
Nassau
Massapequa
Longwood
12
7
1993
2
Nassau
Garden City
West Islip
14
9
1993
3
Nassau
New Hyde Park
Deer Park
34
14
1993
4
Nassau
Bethpage
Southampton
41
6
1994
1
Nassau
Massapequa
Connetquot
23
21
1994
2
Suffolk
West Islip
Garden City
7
0
2OT
1994
3
Nassau
Bethpage
Comsewogue
20
15
1994
4
Suffolk
Harborfields
Manhasset
6
0
1995
1
Nassau
Lawrence
Sachem
14
7
1995
2
Suffolk
Bellport
Garden City
26
19
1995
3
Suffolk
North Babylon
Bethpage
28
13
1995
4
Nassau
Carle Place
Harborfields
33
7
1996
1
Suffolk
Patchogue-Medford
Uniondale
21
6
1996
2
Nassau
Division
Bellport
31
28
1996
3
Suffolk
Comsewogue
Bethpage
15
13
1996
4
Suffolk
Harborfields
Manhasset
21
13
1997
1
Suffolk
Patchogue-Medford
Freeport
27
12
1997
2
Suffolk
Bellport
Lawrence
44
12
1997
3
Suffolk
North Babylon
Clarke
50
0
1997
4
Suffolk
Babylon
Roosevelt
18
12
OT
1998
1
Suffolk
Longwood
Massapequa
22
19
1998
2
Suffolk
North Babylon
Garden City
34
0
1998
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Glen Cove
51
6
1998
4
Nassau
Seaford
Babylon
23
12
1999
1
Suffolk
Brentwood
Farmingdale
13
6
1999
2
Suffolk
North Babylon
Hewlett
38
19
1999
3
Suffolk
Amityville
Garden City
18
16
1999
4
Nassau
Roosevelt
Harborfields
25
0
2000
1
Nassau
Freeport
Commack
20
19
OT
2000
2
Nassau
Garden City
North Babylon
20
14
2000
3
Nassau
Bethpage
Amityville
29
28
2000
4
Nassau
Roosevelt
Babylon
28
12
2001
1
Nassau
Farmingdale
William Floyd
12
3
2001
2
Suffolk
Bellport
South Side
42
19
2001
3
Nassau
Wantagh
Harborfields
17
7
2001
4
Nassau
Cold Spring Harbor
Babylon
7
6
2002
1
Suffolk
Patchogue-Medford
Farmingdale
27
13
2002
2
Suffolk
North Babylon
MacArthur
36
15
2002
3
Nassau
Bethpage
Islip
28
14
2002
4
Suffolk
Babylon
Seaford
30
0
2003
1
Nassau
Freeport
William Floyd
40
7
2003
2
Nassau
Garden City
Riverhead
20
0
2003
3
Nassau
Bethpage
Huntington
18
7
2003
4
Suffolk
Babylon
Roosevelt
22
15
2004
1
Suffolk
Longwood
Farmingdale
39
23
2004
2
Suffolk
North Babylon
Garden City
43
14
2004
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Wantagh
55
14
2004
4
Nassau
Roosevelt
Amityville
7
0
2005
1
Suffolk
William Floyd
Baldwin
34
27
2005
2
Suffolk
Bellport
Garden City
8
0
2005
3
Suffolk
Huntington
Plainedge
27
13
2005
4
Nassau
Cold Spring Harbor
Babylon
41
0
2006
1
Suffolk
William Floyd
East Meadow
42
20
2006
2
Nassau
Lawrence
Bellport
28
27
2006
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Bethpage
48
6
2006
4
Nassau
Roosevelt
Mt Sinai
21
14
2007
1
Suffolk
William Floyd
Farmingdale
42
0
2007
2
Suffolk
East Islip
Lawrence
35
7
2007
3
Suffolk
Islip
Bethpage
14
12
2007
4
Suffolk
Amityville
Seaford
28
0
2008
1
Suffolk
Connetquot
Freeport
21
13
2008
2
Suffolk
Riverhead
Elmont
42
6
2008
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Bethpage
13
6
2008
4
Suffolk
Babylon
Seaford
35
28
2009
1
Nassau
Freeport
William Floyd
38
14
2009
2
Nassau
Garden City
North Babylon
9
6
2009
3
Suffolk
Half Hollow Hills West
Lawrence
42
32
2009
4
Nassau
Seaford
Amityville
34
20
2010
1
Nassau
Freeport
William Floyd
62
35
2010
2
Suffolk
Bellport
Garden City
26
21
2010
3
Nassau
Lynbrook
Sayville
42
27
2010
4
Suffolk
Glenn
Seaford
28
7
2011
1
Suffolk
William Floyd
East Meadow
54
47
2011
2
Suffolk
Newfield
Garden City
14
7
2011
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Lawrence
78
61
2011
4
Suffolk
Glenn
Roosevelt
56
21
2012
1
Suffolk
William Floyd
Farmingdale
31
14
2012
2
Nassau
Garden City
Riverhead
29
16
2012
3
Nassau
Lawrence
Sayville
21
20
2012
4
Suffolk
Babylon
Roosevelt
48
18
2013
1
Suffolk
Sachem North
Farmingdale
27
21
2013
2
Nassau
Carey
Riverhead
20
6
2013
3
Nassau
Lawrence
Huntington
41
32
2013
4
Suffolk
Babylon
Roosevelt
27
26
2014
1
Nassau
Syosset
Lindenhurst
35
13
2014
2
Nassau
Carey
East Islip
41
7
2014
3
Nassau
Lawrence
Sayville
40
35
2014
4
Suffolk
Shoreham-Wading River
Roosevelt
47
13
2015
1
Suffolk
Longwood
Farmingdale
47
28
2015
2
Suffolk
Newfield
MacArthur
41
33
2015
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Plainedge
59
15
2015
4
Suffolk
Shoreham-Wading River
Locust Valley
35
7
2016
1
Nassau
Freeport
William Floyd
28
14
2016
2
Nassau
Garden City
Half Hollow Hills West
13
6
2016
3
Nassau
Wantagh
East Islip
21
14
2016
4
Suffolk
Shoreham-Wading River
Seaford
20
10
2017
1
Suffolk
Lindenhurst
Oceanside
40
23
2017
2
Nassau
Garden City
North Babylon
24
6
2017
3
Suffolk
Westhampton
Lawrence
54
26
2017
4
Nassau
Seaford
Miller Place
29
27
2018
1
Nassau
Freeport
William Floyd
20
19
2018
2
Nassau
Garden City
Lindenhurst
19
0
2018
3
Suffolk
Half Hollow Hills West
Plainedge
34
6
2018
4
Nassau
Cold Spring Harbor
Shoreham-Wading River
42
20
2019
1
Nassau
Freeport
William Floyd
42
14
2019
2
Suffolk
Lindenhurst
Garden City
14
13
2019
3
Nassau
Plainedge
Sayville
56
20
2019
4
Suffolk
Shoreham-Wading River
Seaford
49
7
2021
1
Nassau
Massapequa
Walt Whitman
38
35
2021
2
Nassau
Garden City
Bellport
14
6
2021
3
Nassau
Plainedge
East Islip
26
16
2021
4
Nassau
North Shore
Shoreham-Wading River
7
0
2022
1
Nassau
Farmingdale
Ward Melville
42
20
2022
2
Nassau
Garden City
Bellport
28
0
2022
3
Suffolk
Sayville
Plainedge
33
7
2022
4
Suffolk
Bayport-Blue Point
North Shore
35
7
2023
1
Nassau
Massapequa
William Floyd
35
7
2023
2
Nassau
Garden City
North Babylon
38
7
2023
3
Suffolk
East Islip
South Side
19
14
2023
4
Suffolk
Bayport-Blue Point
Seaford
42
20
References
^ "Long Island football champions".
^ "New York State High School Football State Playoffs Advancement".
^ "Freeport rumbles past Floyd for LIC". 3 December 2019.
^ "Lindenhurst earns respect as elite football program".
^ "Villari leads Plainedge to LI Class III championship".
^ "Arline leads Shoreham-WR to LI Class IV title".
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Catholic High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York State Public High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Public_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Following is a list of high school teams that have competed in the Long Island Football Championship games on Long Island, New York.The championship pits the winner of the \"Big 4\" divisions in Nassau County, New York against the winner of the divisions in Suffolk County, New York.[1]New York State does not have a true state championship game as the Long Island teams, and teams from the Catholic High School Athletic Association, as well as those in New York City do not compete in the New York State Public High School Athletic Association football championship which decides a winner for all public schools outside of New York City and Long Island.[2]","title":"Long Island Football Championships"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Long Island football champions\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/long-island-football-champions-1.1277051","url_text":"\"Long Island football champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York State High School Football State Playoffs Advancement\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.section4football.com/stateplayoffs/byteam.html","url_text":"\"New York State High School Football State Playoffs Advancement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freeport rumbles past Floyd for LIC\". 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liherald.com/stories/freeport-rumbles-past-floyd-for-lic,120431","url_text":"\"Freeport rumbles past Floyd for LIC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lindenhurst earns respect as elite football program\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/lindenhurst-football-long-island-championship-1.39449428","url_text":"\"Lindenhurst earns respect as elite football program\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villari leads Plainedge to LI Class III championship\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/lic-class-iii-plainedge-sayville-1.39012511","url_text":"\"Villari leads Plainedge to LI Class III championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arline leads Shoreham-WR to LI Class IV title\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/lic-class-iv-seaford-shoreham-wading-river-1.39024659","url_text":"\"Arline leads Shoreham-WR to LI Class IV title\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/long-island-football-champions-1.1277051","external_links_name":"\"Long Island football champions\""},{"Link":"http://www.section4football.com/stateplayoffs/byteam.html","external_links_name":"\"New York State High School Football State Playoffs Advancement\""},{"Link":"https://www.liherald.com/stories/freeport-rumbles-past-floyd-for-lic,120431","external_links_name":"\"Freeport rumbles past Floyd for LIC\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/lindenhurst-football-long-island-championship-1.39449428","external_links_name":"\"Lindenhurst earns respect as elite football program\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/lic-class-iii-plainedge-sayville-1.39012511","external_links_name":"\"Villari leads Plainedge to LI Class III championship\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/high-school/football/lic-class-iv-seaford-shoreham-wading-river-1.39024659","external_links_name":"\"Arline leads Shoreham-WR to LI Class IV title\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myunghak_Station
|
Myeonghak station
|
["1 Vicinity","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°23′06″N 126°56′08″E / 37.38500°N 126.93556°E / 37.38500; 126.93556
P148
명학 (성결대)Myeonghak(Sungkyul Univ.)
Korean nameHangul명학역Hanja鳴鶴驛Revised RomanizationMyeonghak-yeokMcCune–ReischauerMyŏnghak-yŏk
General informationLocation1163-1 Anyang 7-dong, 20 Mananno, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi ProvinceOperated byKorailLine(s) Line 1Platforms2Tracks4ConstructionStructure typeAbovegroundKey datesAugust 15, 1974 Line 1 openedPassengers(Daily) Based on Jan-Dec of 2012.Line 1: 21,541
Myeonghak Station is a train station on Line 1 of the Seoul Subway. It is located in the city of Anyang in Gyeonggi Province.
Vicinity
Exit 1 : Myeonghak Elementary
Exit 2 : DongA apartment
References
^ "명학역" (in Korean). Doopedia. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
^ "명학역" (in Korean). KRIC. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
^ Monthly Number of Passengers between Subway Stations Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Korea Transportation Database, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
Preceding station
Seoul Metropolitan Subway
Following station
Anyangtowards Uijeongbu or Kwangwoon University
Line 1
Geumjeongtowards Sinchang or Seodongtan
vteSeoul Metropolitan Subway Line 1Gyeongwon Line
Yeoncheon
Jeongok
Cheongsan
Soyosan
Dongducheon
Bosan
Dongducheon Jungang
Jihaeng
Deokjeong
Deokgye
Yangju
Nogyang
Ganeung
Uijeongbu
Hoeryong
Mangwolsa
Dobongsan
Dobong
Banghak
Chang-dong
Nokcheon
Wolgye
Kwangwoon Univ.
Seokgye
Sinimun
Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies
Hoegi
Cheongnyangni
Jongno Line
Cheongnyangni
Jegi-dong
Sinseol-dong
Dongmyo
Dongdaemun
Jongno 5(o)-ga
Jongno 3(sam)-ga
Jonggak
City Hall
Seoul Station
Gyeongbu Line
Seoul Station
Namyeong
Yongsan
Noryangjin
Daebang
Singil
Yeongdeungpo
Sindorim
Guro
Gasan Digital Complex
Doksan
Geumcheon-gu Office
Seoksu
Gwanak
Anyang
Myeonghak
Geumjeong
Gunpo
Dangjeong
Uiwang
Sungkyunkwan Univ.
Hwaseo
Suwon
Seryu
Byeongjeom
Sema
Osan Univ.
Osan
Jinwi
Songtan
Seojeongni
PyeongtaekJije
Pyeongtaek
Seonghwan
Jiksan
Dujeong
Cheonan
Janghang Line
Cheonan
Bongmyeong
Ssangyong
Asan
Tangjeong
Baebang
Onyangoncheon
Sinchang
Byeongjeom Depot Line
Byeongjeom
Seodongtan
Gyeongbu high-speed railway
Geumcheon-gu Office
Gwangmyeong
Gyeongin Line
Guro
Guil
Gaebong
Oryu-dong
Onsu
Yeokgok
Sosa
Bucheon
Jung-dong
Songnae
Bugae
Bupyeong
Baegun
Dongam
Ganseok
Juan
Dohwa
Jemulpo
Dowon
Dongincheon
Incheon
vteGyeongbu line
Seoul
Namyeong
Yongsan
Noryangjin
Daebang
Singil
Yeongdeungpo
Sindorim
Guro
Gasan Digital Complex
Doksan
Geumcheon-gu Office
Seoksu
Gwanak
Anyang
Myeonghak
Geumjeong
Gunpo
Dangjeong
Uiwang
Sungkyunkwan Univ.
Hwaseo
Suwon
Seryu
Byeongjeom
Sema
Osan Univ.
Osan
Jinwi
Songtan
Seojeongni
PyeongtaekJije
Pyeongtaek
Seonghwan
Jiksan
Dujeong
Cheonan
Sojeong-ri
Jeonui
Jeondong
Seochang
Jochiwon
Naepan
Bugang
Maepo
Sintanjin
Hoedeok
Daejeonjochajang
Daejeon
Secheon
Okcheon
Iwon
Jitan
Simcheon
Gakgye
Yeongdong
Hwanggan
Chupungnyeong
Sinam
Jikjisa
Gimcheon
Daesin
Apo
Gumi
Sagok
Yangmok
Waegwan
Yeonhwa
Sindong
Jicheon
Daegu
Dongdaegu
Gomo
Gacheon
Gyeongsan
Samseong
Namseonghyeon
Cheongdo
Singeo
Sangdong
Miryang
Mijeon
Samnangjin
Wondong
Mulgeum
Hwamyeong
Gupo
Sasang
Busanjin
Busan
37°23′06″N 126°56′08″E / 37.38500°N 126.93556°E / 37.38500; 126.93556
This Seoul Metropolitan Subway station article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1"},{"link_name":"Seoul Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway"},{"link_name":"Anyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyang,_Gyeonggi"},{"link_name":"Gyeonggi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province"}],"text":"Myeonghak Station is a train station on Line 1 of the Seoul Subway. It is located in the city of Anyang in Gyeonggi Province.","title":"Myeonghak station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_School"}],"text":"Exit 1 : Myeonghak Elementary\nExit 2 : DongA apartment","title":"Vicinity"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolderry
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Coolderry
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["1 Amenities","2 Demographics","3 Sport","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 53°00′N 7°47′W / 53.00°N 7.78°W / 53.00; -7.78Village in County Offaly, Ireland
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Coolderry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Village in Leinster, IrelandCoolderry
Cúl DoireVillageCoolderryLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°00′N 7°47′W / 53.00°N 7.78°W / 53.00; -7.78CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyCounty OffalyElevation88 m (289 ft)Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST))Irish Grid ReferenceS100959
Coolderry (Irish: Cúl Doire) is a small roadside village in southern County Offaly, Ireland. It is located 8 kilometres north of Roscrea and 11 kilometres south of Birr. The village lies close to the Slieve Bloom Mountains.
Places of note include Gloster House and Leap Castle.
Amenities
Coolderry contains a number of facilities including a Roman Catholic church, Coolderry National School, a community hall and a GAA facility.
Demographics
In the 2006 Census, the electoral division of Ettagh, in which Coolderry is located, had a population of 433. Coolderry village itself has a population of around 80.
Sport
Coolderry is home to Coolderry GAA, the most successful hurling side in Offaly with 31 Offaly Senior Hurling Championship titles and 1 Leinster Senior Hurling Championship title.
References
^ "Cúl Doire/Coolderry". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Retrieved 17 October 2021.
This article related to the geography of County Offaly, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cúl Doire/Coolderry\". Placenames Database of Ireland (logainm.ie). Retrieved 17 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/en/41839","url_text":"\"Cúl Doire/Coolderry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenames_Database_of_Ireland","url_text":"Placenames Database of Ireland"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Austin
|
Albert Austin
|
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
|
English actor
For other people named Albert Austin, see Albert Austin (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Albert Austin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Albert AustinAlbert Austin at United Artists (1920)Born13 December 1882Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, UKDied17 August 1953(1953-08-17) (aged 70)North Hollywood, California, USYears active1912–1931 Albert Austin (13 December 1882 – 17 August 1953) was an English actor, film star, director, and script writer, remembered for his work in Charlie Chaplin films.
Biography
Austin with Charlie ChaplinAustin was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, and was a music hall performer before going to the United States with Chaplin, both as members of the Fred Karno troupe in 1910.
Known for his painted handlebar moustache and acerbic manner, he worked for Chaplin's stock company and played supporting roles in many of his films, often as a foil to the star and working as his assistant director.
After the development of sound films, he moved into scriptwriting, directing, and acting, chiefly in comedy shorts. Among other things, he assisted Chaplin in developing the plot of The Adventurer (1917). However, he only received screen credit as a collaborator once, for City Lights (1931).
As an actor, he appeared in Chaplin's comedies for the Mutual Film Corporation. Later he had two brief, uncredited roles in one of Chaplin's 'silent' comedies made in the sound era, City Lights. Austin is also seen very briefly (as a cab driver) at the beginning of Chaplin's short film One A.M. (1916). He also appeared in films starring Jackie Coogan and Mack Sennett.
Austin's best known performance may be in Chaplin's short The Pawnshop (1916). Austin enters the shop with an alarm clock, hoping to pawn it. To establish the clock's value, Chaplin dissects it. Austin maintains a deadpan expression as Chaplin progressively destroys his clock, then hands the pieces back to Austin.
He had the leading role in Mary Pickford's Suds (1920), where he co-stars as a customer leaving his shirt at her laundry. In that film he appears without his comic moustache.
In his final years he worked as a police officer at the Warner Brothers studios, according to a New York Times obituary. He died on 17 August 1953, and was interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1915
A Safe Investment
Detective
Short
1916
The Floorwalker
Shop assistant
Short
1916
The Fireman
Fireman
Short
1916
The Vagabond
Trombonist
Short
1916
One A.M.
Taxi Driver
Short
1916
The Count
Tall Guest
Short, Uncredited
1916
The Pawnshop
Client with clock
Short
1916
Behind the Screen
Scene Shifter
Short, Uncredited
1916
The Rink
The Cook / Skater
Short
1917
Easy Street
Minister / Policeman
Short, Uncredited
1917
The Cure
Sanitarium Attendant
Short
1917
The Immigrant
A Diner / An Immigrant
Short
1917
The Adventurer
The Butler
Short
1918
A Dog's Life
Thief / Employment agency clerk
Short, Uncredited
1918
Triple Trouble
Policeman
Short, Uncredited
1918
The Bond
Friend
Short, Uncredited
1918
Shoulder Arms
American Soldier / Clean Shaven German Soldier / Bearded German Soldier / The Kaiser's driver
1919
The Professor
Man in Flophouse
Short, Uncredited
1920
Suds
Horace Greensmith
1921
The Kid
Man in Shelter / The Car Thief
1923
A Prince of a King
Uncredited
1925
The Gold Rush
Prospector
Uncredited
1928
The Circus
Clown
Uncredited
1931
City Lights
Street Sweeper / Burglar
Uncredited, (final film role)
References
^ Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 103. ISBN 9780786409839.
The New York Times obituary, 19 August 1953 (accessed via http://select.nytimes.com, 10 November 2008)
Charlie Chaplin's Collaborators, British Film Institute, accessed 10 November 2008
External links
Works by or about Albert Austin at Internet Archive
Albert Austin at IMDb
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
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|
[{"image_text":"Austin with Charlie Chaplin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/Austin_and_chaplin.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Sergipe
|
Federal University of Sergipe
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["1 History","2 Admissions","2.1 Primary and secondary education","2.2 Rankings","3 Notable alumni and faculty members","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 10°55′29″S 37°06′02″W / 10.9248113°S 37.1005511°W / -10.9248113; -37.1005511Public university in the state of Sergipe, Brazil
This article may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Federal University of SergipeUniversidade Federal de SergipeOther namesUFSMottoFluendo CrescitMotto in EnglishFlowing GrowthTypePublicEstablished1967BudgetUS$200 million (2011)RectorValter Joviniano de Santana Filho and Rosalvo Ferreira SantosAcademic staff2,072 non-medical3,141 totalAdministrative staff1,154241 temporaryStudents30,832Undergraduates29,4811,171 in extension6,498 long-distancePostgraduates3,4612503 in master958 in doctorateLocationSão Cristóvão (headquarters), Aracaju, Itabaiana, Lagarto, Laranjeiras and Estancia, Sergipe, BrazilCampusUrbanColorsBlue White WebsiteUFS.br
The Federal University of Sergipe (Portuguese: Universidade Federal de Sergipe, UFS) is a Brazilian public institution based in Sergipe, with campuses in São Cristóvão, Aracaju, Itabaiana, Laranjeiras, and Lagarto. Founded in 1967 by the junction of the state's existing colleges, it became its second university (the first being the University of Tiradentes, a private institution founded in 1962) and its first public one. It became the state's most reputable and disputed higher education institution, ranking among the country's 40 best universities and Latin America's top 200 list.
History
Following national education reforms, the university became a new, unified campus in São Cristóvão throughout the 1980s. In 1987, the fully transferred UFS inaugurated its new campus, which became the institution's headquarters. During the 1990s, after the creation of 45 new undergraduate courses, there was an emphasis on technology and academic specialization: the Pólo de Novas Tecnologias (Department for New Technologies) and the Programa de Qualificação Docente (Academic Qualification Program; PQD) were formed. During this time, the university started its first master degree programs through the Department of Post-Graduation and Research. Independent scientific thinking was promoted by the Programa de Iniciação Científica (Scientific Initiation Program), a partnership between the UFS and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.
Since 2004, the UFS expanded again, based in the government's new social policies, which combine new courses, curricula expansion, reform, and expansion of infrastructure. Though generally praised for its scope, the Expansion Program is criticized for its execution, permeated by bureaucracy and enormous personnel costs, and efficiency. In 2012, the university had a total of 107 courses across six centres.
Admissions
Like most Brazilian universities, admissions to UFS undergraduate courses are made by completing the Vestibular exam. Until 2011, the university independently commissioned the exam from Fundação Carlos Chagas and performed it over four consecutive days: three for each level in Brazilian secondary schools and one for writing.
Like most exams in other public universities (except ITA and IME), the questions do not present a particular level of difficulty; vacancies are the decisive factor for selection, given the process' competitive nature. In 2010, 28,340 students competed for 4,950 vacancies. Unlike admission systems seen in United States, in which the student chooses their line of study usually one year after their matriculation, enrollment to a course happens before the exam, and the student only competes for vacancies in the chosen course. Since 2012, UFS has adopted the Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) as its only form of admission.
In 2007, the university adhered to the controversial racial quota system, designating half of its vacancies to public school black students. The decision was added to the ongoing national controversy questioning the system's constitutionality. In 2012, Brazil's Supreme Court declared the quota system to be legal, and it was passed into law after President Dilma Rousseff's sanction.
Primary and secondary education
Aside from its higher education curricula, the UFS also ministers primary and secondary education through the Colégio de Applicação (Application School; CODAP), comprising 550 students: 210 primary ("Fundamental Education", levels 6 to 9, according to Brazilian denomination) and 240 secondary ("Mid-Level Education", levels 1 to 3). The school was founded in 1959 as part of the Sergipe College of Philosophy (former Catholic College of Philosophy) and was incorporated into the university in 1968. It was transferred to São Cristóvão Campus in 1981 but remained without a proper building until 1994.
The CODAP is the university's take on non-higher public education, a historically deficient system in Brazil. Aside from the usual curriculum, the school invests in extension programs (gathering 160 students in 2012) and the Projects for Scientific Initiation. Its academic staff comprises 30 permanent and 7 temporary teachers, plus 18 employees in the administrative staff. The school ranks as the State's and one of the country's best public schools: in 2012, it had the country's seventh and the State's best primary public education according to the Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Primary Education Development Index). In 2010 and 2011, the ENEM ranked its secondary education as the state's sixth-best, being the only public school among the top ten.
Rankings
UFS Law School is recognized as one of the country's best, ranking among the four best results in the Order of Attorneys of Brazil Exam from 2009 to 2012 (first place in 2010 and 2011). In 2012, the Law School received the OAB Quality Seal, given only to those with consistently exceptional performance in the exam.
Notable alumni and faculty members
Josué Modesto dos Passos Subrinho
Otaviano Canuto
Marina Caskey
Eduardo Amorim
Rogério Carvalho Santos
Marcelo Déda
Antônio Carlos Valadares
Carlos Ayres Britto
Jackson Barreto
Luciano José Cabral Duarte
André Maurício Conceição de Souza
Beatriz Góis Dantas
See also
List of federal universities of Brazil
References
^ "Universidade Federale de Sergipe". divulgacoes.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
^ http://www.ufs.br/sites/default/files/ufs_em_numeros_2011-2.pdf Official statistics folder for the second semester / 2012
^ "Reitor Professor Dr. Valter Joviniano de Santana Filho". Reitoria UFS (in Portuguese).
^ "Vice-Reitor Professor Dr. Rosalvo Ferreira Santos". Reitoria UFS (in Portuguese).
^ "Portaria 1592 - GR - ROSALVO FERREIRA SANTOS - Designa pró-reitor responsável por reitoria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
^ "Universidade Federale de Sergipe". divulgacoes.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
^ "Unit EAD - A Unit - Histórico - Educação a Distância - Sergipe, Brasil". Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
^ As of 2011, over 29,000 students disputed a total of 5,490 vacancies. http://www.ccv.ufs.br/ccv/concursos/pss2012/files/INSCRITOS.pdf Archived 2019-07-18 at the Wayback Machine 2012 admission process
^ http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/rankings/rankingdeuniversidades/ 2012 ranking by RUF, Brazilian private media institution
^ "QS World University Rankings: Latin America & The Caribbean 2024". TopUniversities. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
^ "Universidade Federal de Sergipe". Times Higher Education (THE). 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
^ http://oficiais.ufs.br/sites/default/files/21/anuario_estatistico_2008_2010.pdf Official statistics book covering 2008 to 2010, Page 13
^ http://www.infonet.com.br/cidade/ler.asp?id=31691&titulo=noticias Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-05
^ http://www.ufs.br/sites/default/files/relatorio_gestao_2011.pdf Official infrastructure report from 2011
^ "Secretário do MEC elogia expansão de vagas". www.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ "Infonet - Marcos Cardoso - O ciclo virtuoso da UFS se confirma". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ http://www.itnet.com.br/materia-15512-17 Archived 2012-08-18 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-05
^ http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/rankings/universidades/universidade-federal-de-sergipe-8434.shtml RUF's report on the university
^ http://www.ufs.br/pagina/centros-1955.html Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-05
^ "Vestibular faz mal à Educação, critica ministro". www.sonoticias.com.br. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ "Educador critica tradição dos exames escolares no Brasil". g1.globo.com. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ http://www.fcc.org.br/pesquisa/publicacoes/es/artigos/129.pdf Analysis from Fundação Carlos Chagas about the vestibular system
^ http://oficiais.ufs.br/sites/default/files/21/anuario_estatistico_2008_2010.pdf Pages 18 to 43
^ "Em 2013, ingresso na UFS somente será feito por desempenho no Enem". www.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ "Folha Online - Educação - Aluna critica as cotas e entra pelo sistema universal - 18/05/2008". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ http://www.ipcdigital.com/br/Noticias/Brasil/Movimento-pede-fim-das-cotas-raciais-no-Brasil Archived 2009-09-03 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-05
^ http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/brazils-racial-quotas-0022211 Archived 2012-06-23 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-05
^ "Sistema de cotas para universidades federais é sancionado por Dilma". g1.globo.com. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ http://codap.ufs.br/ CODAP official website, retrieved 2012-09-07
^ "Codap é a 9ª melhor escola pública do Brasil, segundo Ideb". www.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ "Consulte a nota do Ideb do seu Estado e saiba se ele atingiu a meta proposta pelo MEC". educacao.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ "Melhores Escolas de Sergipe – Ranking Enem 2010". www.enemvirtual.com.br. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ "Enem por escola: Confira as 20 primeiras colocadas do Sergipe". educacao.uol.com.br. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
^ http://www.infonet.com.br/educacao/ler.asp?id=86743&titulo=educacao Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2012-09-04
^ http://www.infonet.com.br/educacao/ler.asp?id=99365&titulo=educacao Retrieved 2012-09-04
^ http://sites.ufs.br/bibliotecas/2011/09/27/curso-de-direito-da-ufs-obtem-melhor-aprovacao-do-brasil-no-exame-da-oab/ Archived 2013-01-20 at archive.today Retrieved 2012-09-04
^ "UFS fica em quarto em exame da OAB". www.jornaldacidade.net. August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
^ "Curso de Direito da UFS recebe Selo OAB de qualidade". www.oabse.org.br. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-09-04.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universidade Federal de Sergipe.
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10°55′29″S 37°06′02″W / 10.9248113°S 37.1005511°W / -10.9248113; -37.1005511
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Founded in 1967 by the junction of the state's existing colleges, it became its second university (the first being the University of Tiradentes, a private institution founded in 1962)[7] and its first public one. It became the state's most reputable and disputed[8] higher education institution, ranking among the country's 40 best universities[9] and Latin America's top 200 list.[10][11]","title":"Federal University of Sergipe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Cristóvão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"academic specialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_specialization"},{"link_name":"master degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_degree"},{"link_name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Scientific_and_Technological_Development"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"new social policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva#Presidency"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Following national education reforms, the university became a new, unified campus in São Cristóvão throughout the 1980s. In 1987, the fully transferred UFS inaugurated its new campus, which became the institution's headquarters. During the 1990s, after the creation of 45 new undergraduate courses, there was an emphasis on technology and academic specialization: the Pólo de Novas Tecnologias (Department for New Technologies) and the Programa de Qualificação Docente (Academic Qualification Program; PQD) were formed. During this time, the university started its first master degree programs through the Department of Post-Graduation and Research. Independent scientific thinking was promoted by the Programa de Iniciação Científica (Scientific Initiation Program), a partnership between the UFS and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.[12]Since 2004, the UFS expanded again, based in the government's new social policies,[13][14] which combine new courses, curricula expansion, reform, and expansion of infrastructure. Though generally praised for its scope,[15][16] the Expansion Program is criticized for its execution, permeated by bureaucracy and enormous personnel costs, and efficiency.[17] In 2012, the university had a total of 107 courses[18] across six centres.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vestibular exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_exam"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_schools"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica"},{"link_name":"IME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Militar_de_Engenharia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"matriculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exame_Nacional_do_Ensino_M%C3%A9dio"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"racial quota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_quota"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremo_Tribunal_Federal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Dilma Rousseff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Like most Brazilian universities, admissions to UFS undergraduate courses are made by completing the Vestibular exam. Until 2011, the university independently commissioned the exam from Fundação Carlos Chagas and performed it over four consecutive days: three for each level in Brazilian secondary schools and one for writing.[20][21][22]Like most exams in other public universities (except ITA and IME), the questions do not present a particular level of difficulty; vacancies are the decisive factor for selection, given the process' competitive nature. In 2010, 28,340 students competed for 4,950 vacancies.[23] Unlike admission systems seen in United States, in which the student chooses their line of study usually one year after their matriculation, enrollment to a course happens before the exam, and the student only competes for vacancies in the chosen course. Since 2012, UFS has adopted the Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) as its only form of admission.[24]In 2007, the university adhered to the controversial racial quota system, designating half of its vacancies to public school black students. The decision was added to the ongoing national controversy questioning the system's constitutionality.[25][26] In 2012, Brazil's Supreme Court declared the quota system to be legal,[27] and it was passed into law after President Dilma Rousseff's sanction.[28]","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary education","text":"Aside from its higher education curricula, the UFS also ministers primary and secondary education through the Colégio de Applicação (Application School; CODAP), comprising 550 students: 210 primary (\"Fundamental Education\", levels 6 to 9, according to Brazilian denomination) and 240 secondary (\"Mid-Level Education\", levels 1 to 3). The school was founded in 1959 as part of the Sergipe College of Philosophy (former Catholic College of Philosophy) and was incorporated into the university in 1968. It was transferred to São Cristóvão Campus in 1981 but remained without a proper building until 1994.[29][non-primary source needed]The CODAP is the university's take on non-higher public education, a historically deficient system in Brazil. Aside from the usual curriculum, the school invests in extension programs (gathering 160 students in 2012) and the Projects for Scientific Initiation. Its academic staff comprises 30 permanent and 7 temporary teachers, plus 18 employees in the administrative staff. The school ranks as the State's and one of the country's best public schools: in 2012, it had the country's seventh and the State's best primary public education according to the Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Primary Education Development Index).[30][31] In 2010[32] and 2011,[33] the ENEM ranked its secondary education as the state's sixth-best, being the only public school among the top ten.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Attorneys of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Attorneys_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Rankings","text":"UFS Law School is recognized as one of the country's best, ranking among the four best results in the Order of Attorneys of Brazil Exam from 2009 to 2012 (first place in 2010 and 2011).[34][35][36][37] In 2012, the Law School received the OAB Quality Seal, given only to those with consistently exceptional performance in the exam.[38]","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josué Modesto dos Passos Subrinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josu%C3%A9_Modesto_dos_Passos_Subrinho"},{"link_name":"Otaviano Canuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaviano_Canuto"},{"link_name":"Marina Caskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Caskey"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Amorim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Amorim_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Rogério Carvalho Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rog%C3%A9rio_Carvalho_Santos"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Déda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_D%C3%A9da"},{"link_name":"Antônio Carlos Valadares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Valadares"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ayres Britto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ayres_Britto"},{"link_name":"Jackson Barreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Barreto"},{"link_name":"Luciano José Cabral Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Jos%C3%A9_Cabral_Duarte"},{"link_name":"André Maurício Conceição de Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maur%C3%ADcio_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Souza"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Góis Dantas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_G%C3%B3is_Dantas"}],"text":"Josué Modesto dos Passos Subrinho\nOtaviano Canuto\nMarina Caskey\nEduardo Amorim\nRogério Carvalho Santos\nMarcelo Déda\nAntônio Carlos Valadares\nCarlos Ayres Britto\nJackson Barreto\nLuciano José Cabral Duarte\nAndré Maurício Conceição de Souza\nBeatriz Góis Dantas","title":"Notable alumni and faculty members"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of federal universities of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_universities_of_Brazil"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Universidade Federale de Sergipe\". divulgacoes.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved 2012-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819171434/http://divulgacoes.ufs.br/pagina/hist-ria-2518.html","url_text":"\"Universidade Federale de Sergipe\""},{"url":"http://divulgacoes.ufs.br/pagina/hist-ria-2518.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reitor Professor Dr. Valter Joviniano de Santana Filho\". Reitoria UFS (in Portuguese).","urls":[{"url":"https://reitoria.ufs.br/pagina/6618","url_text":"\"Reitor Professor Dr. Valter Joviniano de Santana Filho\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vice-Reitor Professor Dr. Rosalvo Ferreira Santos\". Reitoria UFS (in Portuguese).","urls":[{"url":"https://reitoria.ufs.br/pagina/6622","url_text":"\"Vice-Reitor Professor Dr. Rosalvo Ferreira Santos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portaria 1592 - GR - ROSALVO FERREIRA SANTOS - Designa pró-reitor responsável por reitoria\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2012-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210628155401/https://portarias.ufs.br/uploads/content_attach/path/13475/1592_-_ROSALVO_FERREIRA_SANTOS.pdf","url_text":"\"Portaria 1592 - GR - ROSALVO FERREIRA SANTOS - Designa pró-reitor responsável por reitoria\""},{"url":"https://portarias.ufs.br/uploads/content_attach/path/13475/1592_-_ROSALVO_FERREIRA_SANTOS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Universidade Federale de Sergipe\". divulgacoes.ufs.br. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919093007/http://divulgacoes.ufs.br/pagina/conhe-ufs-2517.html","url_text":"\"Universidade Federale de Sergipe\""},{"url":"http://divulgacoes.ufs.br/pagina/conhe-ufs-2517.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Unit EAD - A Unit - Histórico - Educação a Distância - Sergipe, Brasil\". Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. 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August 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304183926/http://jornaldacidade.net/noticia-leitura/235/34282/ufs-fica-em-quarto-em-exame-da-oab.html","url_text":"\"UFS fica em quarto em exame da OAB\""},{"url":"http://www.jornaldacidade.net/noticia-leitura/235/34282/ufs-fica-em-quarto-em-exame-da-oab.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Curso de Direito da UFS recebe Selo OAB de qualidade\". www.oabse.org.br. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233938/http://www.oabse.org.br/764/curso-de-direito-da-ufs-recebe-selo-oab-de-qualidade.html","url_text":"\"Curso de Direito da UFS recebe Selo OAB de qualidade\""},{"url":"http://www.oabse.org.br/764/curso-de-direito-da-ufs-recebe-selo-oab-de-qualidade.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Servoss
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Mary Servoss
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[]
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American actress
Mary ServossBorn(1888-06-02)June 2, 1888Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedNovember 20, 1968(1968-11-20) (aged 80)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationActressYears active1905–1949
Mary Servoss (June 2, 1888 – November 20, 1968) was an American stage and screen actress. Her main career was centered on the Broadway stage.
She was born to Carlos A. Servoss and Mary (née Baker) in Chicago. She made her stage debut in 1905 in a stock company playing a small part in Lorna Doone. In 1922, she played Portia to David Warfield's Shylock in The Merchant of Venice, and she appeared in the 1929 play Street Scene, in the 1931 play Counsellor-at-Law starring Paul Muni, and as Queen Gertrude in Hamlet opposite both Raymond Massey (1931) and Leslie Howard (1936).
She was a veteran stage actress when she made her first film in 1940 and made over 20 films by the time of her last film in 1949.
When not in the theatre, her hobby was restoring old farmhouses.
Mary Servoss died in Los Angeles on November 20, 1968.
Her papers are housed in the Charles E. Young Research Library at UCLA. The collection includes "correspondence, photographs, books, scrapbooks, and printed materials related to Servoss' life and career."
Select stage credits
Bedford's Hope (1906)
The Master of the House (1912)
Consequences (1914)
Upstairs and Down (1916)
Behold the Bridegroom (1927)
Street Scene (1929)
Tortilla Flat (1938)
Swan Song (1946)
Medea (1949)
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1940
The Lone Wolf Keeps a Date
Mrs. Colby
1942
All Through the Night
Woman
uncredited
1942
In This Our Life
Charlotte Fitzroy
1942
The Postman Didn't Ring
Helen Allen
1943
The Human Comedy
Mrs. Beaufrere
uncredited
1943
So Proudly We Hail!
Capt. 'Ma' McGregor
1944
Four Jills in a Jeep
Nurse Lieutenant
uncredited
1944
Uncertain Glory
Drover's Wife
uncredited
1944
Summer Storm
Mrs. Kalenin
1944
Youth Runs Wild
Cora Hauser
1944
Mrs. Parkington
Mrs. Graham
1944
Experiment Perilous
Miss Wilson
1945
Roughly Speaking
Rose the Maid
uncredited
1945
Conflict
Landlady
uncredited
1945
Mildred Pierce
Nurse
uncredited
1945
Danger Signal
Mrs. Fenchurch
1946
My Reputation
Mary
1946
A Stolen Life
Practical Nurse
uncredited
1947
High Wall
Martha Ferguson
uncredited
1948
An Act of Murder
Julia
1949
Beyond the Forest
Mrs. Wetch
uncredited, final film role
References
^ Great Actors and Actresses of the American Stage in Historic Photographs p.66 c.1983 by Stanley Appelbaum
^ Who Was Who in the Theatre: 1912–1976 vol.2 D-H p.2149; originally published annually by John Parker ; this final edition by Gale Research Company
^ Who Was Who...Parker, John; Gale Research
^ Silent Film Necrology p.479 2nd Edit. c.2001 by Eugene M. Vazzana
^ Who Was Who on Screen 2nd edit. p.418 c.1977 by Evelyn Mack Truitt
^ "Finding Aid for the Mary Servoss Papers, 1910-1968". Online Archive of California. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Servoss.
Mary Servoss at the Internet Broadway Database
Mary Servoss at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Other
SNAC
|
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[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loring_Coes
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Loring Coes
|
["1 Early life","2 Family life","3 Invention of the screw wrench","4 L. & A. G. Coes","5 Death","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American politician
Hon.Loring CoesMember of the Worcester, MassachusettsBoard of AldermenMember of the Worcester, MassachusettsCommon CouncilMember of the Massachusetts House of RepresentativesIn office1864–1865
Personal detailsBornApril 22, 1812Worcester, MassachusettsDiedJuly 13, 1906Worcester, MassachusettsResting placeHope Cemetery, Worcester, MassachusettsPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseHarriet Newell ReadSignature
Loring Coes (April 22, 1812 – July 13, 1906) was an American inventor, industrialist and Republican politician who invented the screw type wrench, commonly known as the monkey wrench and who served as a member of the Worcester, Massachusetts City Council and Board of Aldermen, and as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1864–1865.
Early life
Coes was born in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 22, 1812.
Family life
On January 14, 1835, Loring married Harriet Neal Read of Attleboro, Massachusetts.
Invention of the screw wrench
Advertisement for the Coes Wrench Company published in the January 1901 issue of The Worcester Magazine
Coes and his brother Aury Gates Coes worked for the firm of Kimball and Fuller, a company that made machinery for the woolen industry. In 1836 the Coes brothers purchased the business, and formed the L. & A. G. Coes Company as a partnership. In October 1839 the facility where they worked was destroyed by a fire. The Coes brothers were unable to continue in businesses so they moved to Springfield, Massachusetts to work as pattern makers in the foundry of Laurin Trask. It was while they were living and working in Springfield that Loring Coes invented the screw wrench commonly known as the monkey wrench. Previous to the invention of the Screw Wrench, previously the wrenches of the time, the two common wrenches of the time the English patent wrench; and the Merrisk wrench, also known as the Springfield wrench, needed two hands to adjust, the new screw wrench could be used and adjusted with one hand.
The Coes brothers sold their pattern for spinning machines that they had rescued from the fire that destroyed their plant, and used the money to pay for the patent on the Screw Wrench that Loring Coes was granted on April 16, 1841.
L. & A. G. Coes
After they were granted the patent, the brothers' company L. & A. G. Coes went back into operation and they began to manufacture their new wrench.
Death
'Loring Coes' mansion 1049 Main St Worcester MA
Coes died at his Worcester, Massachusetts home on July 13, 1906.
References
^ William T. Davis, ed. (1897), The New England States: Their Constitutional, Judicial, Educational, Commercial, Professional and Industrial History, Volume 1, Boston, Massachusetts: D. H. Hurd & Co., pp. 418–420
^ a b c d e f g h William Richard Cutter, ed. (1914), New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial:A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation, Volume IV, New York, New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company., pp. 1839–1841
^ Hardware Dealers' Magazine, Volume XXVI, no. 2, New York, New York: Daniel T. Mallett, August 1906, p. 251
External links
Media related to Loring Coes at Wikimedia Commons
US Patent: 2,054 Method of Constructing Screw Wrenches – Loring Coes Screw Wrench
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"monkey wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEStatesVol1pgs418-420-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"}],"text":"Loring Coes (April 22, 1812 – July 13, 1906) was an American inventor, industrialist and Republican politician who invented the screw type wrench, commonly known as the monkey wrench and who served as a member of the Worcester, Massachusetts City Council and Board of Aldermen, and as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives[1][2] in 1864–1865.","title":"Loring Coes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"}],"text":"Coes was born in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 22, 1812.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attleboro, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"}],"text":"On January 14, 1835, Loring married Harriet Neal Read of Attleboro, Massachusetts.[2]","title":"Family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coes_Wrench_Company_Advertisement.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"monkey wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_wrench"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"}],"text":"Advertisement for the Coes Wrench Company published in the January 1901 issue of The Worcester MagazineCoes and his brother Aury Gates Coes worked for the firm of Kimball and Fuller, a company that made machinery for the woolen industry. In 1836 the Coes brothers purchased the business, and formed the L. & A. G. Coes Company as a partnership. In October 1839 the facility where they worked was destroyed by a fire.[2] The Coes brothers were unable to continue in businesses so they moved to Springfield, Massachusetts to work as pattern makers in the foundry of Laurin Trask.[2] It was while they were living and working in Springfield that Loring Coes invented the screw wrench commonly known as the monkey wrench. Previous to the invention of the Screw Wrench, previously the wrenches of the time, the two common wrenches of the time the English patent wrench; and the Merrisk wrench, also known as the Springfield wrench, needed two hands to adjust, the new screw wrench could be used and adjusted with one hand.[2]The Coes brothers sold their pattern for spinning machines that they had rescued from the fire that destroyed their plant, and used the money to pay for the patent on the Screw Wrench that Loring Coes was granted on April 16, 1841.[2]","title":"Invention of the screw wrench"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEFamVol4pgs1839-1841-2"}],"text":"After they were granted the patent, the brothers' company L. & A. G. Coes went back into operation and they began to manufacture their new wrench.[2]","title":"L. & A. G. Coes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loring_coes_mansion_1049_main_st_worcester_ma.png"},{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HaDmagVo26n2pg251-3"}],"text":"'Loring Coes' mansion 1049 Main St Worcester MACoes died at his Worcester, Massachusetts home on July 13, 1906.[3]","title":"Death"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Advertisement for the Coes Wrench Company published in the January 1901 issue of The Worcester Magazine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coes_Wrench_Company_Advertisement.png/220px-Coes_Wrench_Company_Advertisement.png"},{"image_text":"'Loring Coes' mansion 1049 Main St Worcester MA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Loring_coes_mansion_1049_main_st_worcester_ma.png/220px-Loring_coes_mansion_1049_main_st_worcester_ma.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"William T. Davis, ed. (1897), The New England States: Their Constitutional, Judicial, Educational, Commercial, Professional and Industrial History, Volume 1, Boston, Massachusetts: D. H. Hurd & Co., pp. 418–420","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts","url_text":"Boston, Massachusetts"}]},{"reference":"William Richard Cutter, ed. (1914), New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial:A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation, Volume IV, New York, New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company., pp. 1839–1841","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_Cutter","url_text":"William Richard Cutter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York","url_text":"New York, New York"}]},{"reference":"Hardware Dealers' Magazine, Volume XXVI, no. 2, New York, New York: Daniel T. Mallett, August 1906, p. 251","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York","url_text":"New York, New York"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.datamp.org/patents/search/advance.php?pn=2054&id=13678&set=1","external_links_name":"US Patent: 2,054 Method of Constructing Screw Wrenches – Loring Coes Screw Wrench"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Lackey
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Lisa Lackey
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["1 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]
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Australian actress
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Lisa Lackey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lisa LackeyBornElizabeth Lackey (1971-03-02) 2 March 1971 (age 53)Sydney, AustraliaOther namesLisa LackeyYears active1992-2011
Elizabeth Lackey (born 2 March 1971), is an Australian actress sometimes credited under the name Lisa Lackey.
Career
Lackey grew up in Orange, New South Wales, and attended Orange High School. Lackey was working as a model before she was cast for the part of "Foxy" Roxy Miller on the Australian soap opera Home and Away in 1992. She left the show in 1995.
In 1997, Lackey appeared in The Pretender, in which she played the role of Cindy Thomas, a photo model harassed by a stalker. In 2001, Lackey appeared in David Lynch's film Mulholland Dr., in which she played the role of Carol, a singer auditioning with Adam Kesher for the part eventually given to Camilla Rhodes. In 2001 she also had a recurring role on the series Rude Awakening. She also was in New Alcatraz in 2002. She portrayed Janice Parkman on the NBC television series Heroes between 2006 and 2010. In 2006 Lackey played the role of the angel Verchiel on ABC Family's Fallen miniseries. Her other roles include the lead in the TV series Just Cause and a supporting role in the final season of NYPD Blue.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999
Love Happens
George
2001
Mulholland Drive
Carol
2001
New Alcatraz
Dr. Jessica Platt-Trenton
2003
The Extreme Team
Palmer
2005
Kicking & Screaming
Beantown customer
2007
The Last Sin Eater
Fia Forbes
2008
Shattered!
Victoria Kent
2010
Grace Bedell
Amanda Bedell
Short
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992–95
Home and Away
Roxanne 'Roxy' Miller
Regular role
1995–97
Spellbinder
Gina
"Breakout", "Reunions", "Alien Invasion"
1995–96
Flipper
Alexis
Regular role
1996
Cody: Fall from Grace
Chantelle
TV film
1997
The Pretender
Cindy Thomas
"Exposed"
1998
Silk Stalkings
Adel Moore
"Ramone, P.I."
2000
Sliders
Gwen
"Dust"
2000
Strong Medicine
Athena Kelinopoulos
"Brainchild"
2000–01
Rude Awakening
Raquel
Recurring role
2001
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Amanda Haynes
"Table Stakes"
2001
Murder, She Wrote: The Last Free Man
Mary Hobbs-Mercer
TV film
2002
Blood Crime
Jessica Pruitt
TV film
2002
John Doe
Jamie Avery
"Unaired Pilot"
2002–03
Just Cause
Alexandra DeMonacco
Main role
2003
L.A. County 187
Detective Anne Coates
TV film
2004
CSI: Miami
Debbie Morbach
"Complications"
2004
Cooking Lessons
Olivia
TV film
2004–05
NYPD Blue
Assistant District Attorney Lori Munson
Recurring role
2005
Medium
Kamala
"Suspicions and Certainties", "The Other Side of the Tracks"
2006
Crossing Jordan
Claire Payton
"Someone to Watch Over Me"
2006
Fallen
Verchiel
TV miniseries
2006
Vanished
Dr. Rachael Lawson
"The Black Box"
2006–10
Heroes
Janice Parkman
Recurring role
2008
Shark
Jennifer Randolph
"Partners in Crime"
2008
Bones
Veronica Landau
"The Man in the Outhouse"
2011
House
Janey Parker
"Parents"
References
^ Martin, Denise (19 August 2005). "ABC Family milks 'Bread'". Variety. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
External links
Elizabeth Lackey at IMDb
HoboTrashcan – One on One with Lisa Lackey
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
This article about an Australian television actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elizabeth Lackey (born 2 March 1971), is an Australian actress sometimes credited under the name Lisa Lackey.","title":"Lisa Lackey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_High_School_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Roxy Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Miller"},{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"The Pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretender_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Mulholland Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulholland_Drive_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rude Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rude_Awakening_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New Alcatraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alcatraz_(film)"},{"link_name":"Janice Parkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Heroes#Janice_Parkman"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"ABC Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Just Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"}],"text":"Lackey grew up in Orange, New South Wales, and attended Orange High School. Lackey was working as a model before she was cast for the part of \"Foxy\" Roxy Miller on the Australian soap opera Home and Away in 1992. She left the show in 1995.In 1997, Lackey appeared in The Pretender, in which she played the role of Cindy Thomas, a photo model harassed by a stalker. In 2001, Lackey appeared in David Lynch's film Mulholland Dr., in which she played the role of Carol, a singer auditioning with Adam Kesher for the part eventually given to Camilla Rhodes. In 2001 she also had a recurring role on the series Rude Awakening. She also was in New Alcatraz in 2002. She portrayed Janice Parkman on the NBC television series Heroes between 2006 and 2010. In 2006 Lackey played the role of the angel Verchiel on ABC Family's Fallen miniseries. Her other roles include the lead in the TV series Just Cause and a supporting role in the final season of NYPD Blue.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Martin, Denise (19 August 2005). \"ABC Family milks 'Bread'\". Variety. Retrieved 16 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/abc-family-milks-bread-1117927760/","url_text":"\"ABC Family milks 'Bread'\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lisa+Lackey%22","external_links_name":"\"Lisa Lackey\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lisa+Lackey%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lisa+Lackey%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lisa+Lackey%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lisa+Lackey%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lisa+Lackey%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2005/scene/markets-festivals/abc-family-milks-bread-1117927760/","external_links_name":"\"ABC Family milks 'Bread'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0480118/","external_links_name":"Elizabeth Lackey"},{"Link":"http://www.hobotrashcan.com/2009/08/21/one-on-one-with-lisa-lackey/","external_links_name":"HoboTrashcan – One on One with Lisa Lackey"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011047593X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27299218","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14514174k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14514174k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Lackey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greysteel
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Greysteel
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["1 History","1.1 The Troubles","2 Features","3 Places of interest","4 Transport","5 Sport","6 2001 Census","7 See also","8 References"]
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Coordinates: 55°01′54″N 7°07′14″W / 55.031667°N 7.120556°W / 55.031667; -7.120556Village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
For the medieval Scots poem, see Greysteil.
Human settlement in Northern IrelandGreysteelIrish: Glas-stiallClooney Road, on the A2Location within Northern IrelandPopulation1,229 (2001 Census)DistrictCauseway Coast and GlensCountyCounty LondonderryCountryNorthern IrelandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPostcode districtBTDialling code028PoliceNorthern IrelandFireNorthern IrelandAmbulanceNorthern Ireland
UK ParliamentEast LondonderryNI AssemblyEast Londonderry
List of places
UK
Northern Ireland
County Londonderry
55°01′54″N 7°07′14″W / 55.031667°N 7.120556°W / 55.031667; -7.120556
Greysteel or Gresteel is a village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It lies 9 miles (14 km) to the east of Derry and 7 miles (11 km) to the west of Limavady on the main A2 coast road between Limavady and Derry, overlooking Lough Foyle. It is designated as a Large Village and in the 2001 Census it had a population of 1,229 people, an increase of almost 20% compared to 1991. It is situated within Causeway Coast and Glens district.
History
The village lies mostly within the townlands of Gresteel More and Gresteel Beg. The name "Greysteel" may be a part-translation of the Irish Glas-stiall, meaning "grey strip (of land)", and the Placenames Database of Ireland gives this as the Irish name of the village. An older English name for the area was "Glasteele".
The Troubles
During the Troubles, nine people were killed in the Greysteel area:
On 14 November 1976, Jim Loughrey was shot dead by loyalists at his home.
On 30 October 1993, members of the Ulster Defence Association carried out a mass shooting at the Rising Sun public house, killing eight civilians. This became known as the Greysteel massacre.
Features
Places of interest
Nearby Faughanvale Old church dates back to the medieval period and is dedicated to Saint Canice.
Transport
The village is adequately served in terms of public transport and City of Derry Airport is located 4 km to the west.
Sport
Faughanvale GAC is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club.
2001 Census
Greysteel is classified as a village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with a population between 1,000 and 2,250 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 1,229 people living in Greysteel. Of these:
25.4% were aged under 16 years and 11.7% were aged 60 and over
50.2% of the population were male and 49.8% were female
96.6% were from a Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background
0.8% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.
For more details see: NI Neighbourhood Information Service
See also
List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland
References
^ a b "Placenames Database of Ireland". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
^ "Area Profile of Greysteel - Based on 2001 Census". NI Neighbourhood Information Service. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
^ a b "Greysteel Settlement Designation". Planning Service - Draft Northern Area Plan 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
^ a b "Placenames NI: Gresteel Beg". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ "Greysteel". Culture Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
vtePlaces in County LondonderryList of places in County LondonderryCities
Derry
Towns
Coleraine
Dungiven
Limavady
Magherafelt
Portstewart
Villages, parishes, and townlands
Aghadowey
Altnagelvin
Ardgarvan
Ardmore
Articlave
Artikelly
Ballerin
Ballyhanedin
Ballykelly
Ballylifford
Ballymaguigan
Ballynagalliagh
Ballyrashane
Ballyronan
Ballyrory
Ballyscullion
Banagher
Bellaghy
Bellarena
Benone
Bogside
Broighter
Burnfoot
Campsey
Carrowclare
Castledawson
Castlerock
Clady
Claudy
Coagh
Culmore
Culnady
Curran
Derrynaflaw
Desertmartin
Downhill
Draperstown
Drumahoe
Drummullan
Drumraighland
Drumsurn
Eglinton
Elagh More
Feeny
Foreglen
Garvagh
Glack
Glenone
Gortnahey
Goshedan
Greysteel
Gulladuff
Inishrush
Kilcronaghan
Killaloo
Killywool
Kilrea
Knockloughrim
Largy
Lavey
Lenamore
Lettershandoney
Lisbunny
Lissan
Macosquin
Maghera
Magilligan
Maydown
Moneymore
Moneyneany
Newbuildings
Nixon's Corner
Park
Prehen
Ringsend
Shantallow
Shanvey
Straidarran
Strathfoyle
Straw
Swatragh
Tamlaght
Tamnaherin
The Loup
Tobermore
Upperlands
Landforms
Aughlish
Ballynahone Bog
Binevenagh
Corick
Glenshane Pass
Lough Beg
Lough Enagh
Lough Foyle
Magilligan
Roe Valley
Sperrins
Traad
Baronies
Coleraine
Keenaght
Loughinsholin
North East Liberties of Coleraine
North West Liberties of Londonderry
Tirkeeran
WikiProject Northern Ireland
WikiProject Ireland
Northern Ireland Portal
United Kingdom Portal
Ireland Portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greysteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greysteil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDI-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"County Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Limavady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limavady"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_road_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Lough Foyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Foyle"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-3"},{"link_name":"Causeway Coast and Glens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens"}],"text":"Village in County Londonderry, Northern IrelandFor the medieval Scots poem, see Greysteil.Human settlement in Northern IrelandGreysteel or Gresteel[1] is a village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It lies 9 miles (14 km) to the east of Derry and 7 miles (11 km) to the west of Limavady on the main A2 coast road between Limavady and Derry, overlooking Lough Foyle. It is designated as a Large Village and in the 2001 Census it had a population of 1,229 people,[2] an increase of almost 20% compared to 1991.[3] It is situated within Causeway Coast and Glens district.","title":"Greysteel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNI-4"},{"link_name":"Placenames Database of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logainm.ie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDI-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNI-4"}],"text":"The village lies mostly within the townlands of Gresteel More and Gresteel Beg. The name \"Greysteel\" may be a part-translation of the Irish Glas-stiall, meaning \"grey strip (of land)\",[4] and the Placenames Database of Ireland gives this as the Irish name of the village.[1] An older English name for the area was \"Glasteele\".[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"Greysteel massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greysteel_massacre"}],"sub_title":"The Troubles","text":"During the Troubles, nine people were killed in the Greysteel area:On 14 November 1976, Jim Loughrey was shot dead by loyalists at his home.[citation needed]\nOn 30 October 1993, members of the Ulster Defence Association carried out a mass shooting at the Rising Sun public house, killing eight civilians. This became known as the Greysteel massacre.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Canice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainnech_of_Aghaboe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN-5"}],"text":"Nearby Faughanvale Old church dates back to the medieval period and is dedicated to Saint Canice.[5]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Derry Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Derry_Airport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS-3"}],"text":"The village is adequately served in terms of public transport and City of Derry Airport is located 4 km to the west.[3]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faughanvale GAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faughanvale_GAC"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"}],"text":"Faughanvale GAC is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nisra.gov.uk/"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"NI Neighbourhood Information Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/"}],"text":"Greysteel is classified as a village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with a population between 1,000 and 2,250 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 1,229 people living in Greysteel. Of these:25.4% were aged under 16 years and 11.7% were aged 60 and over\n50.2% of the population were male and 49.8% were female\n96.6% were from a Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background\n0.8% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed.For more details see: NI Neighbourhood Information Service","title":"2001 Census"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Londonderry.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Londonderry.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Northern_Ireland"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Placenames Database of Ireland\". Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.logainm.ie/1167015.aspx","url_text":"\"Placenames Database of Ireland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609115101/http://www.logainm.ie/1167015.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Area Profile of Greysteel - Based on 2001 Census\". NI Neighbourhood Information Service. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/report.asp?settlementName=Greysteel&BandName=Village","url_text":"\"Area Profile of Greysteel - Based on 2001 Census\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210446/http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/report.asp?settlementName=Greysteel&BandName=Village","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Greysteel Settlement Designation\". Planning Service - Draft Northern Area Plan 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Plans/Northern/draft_plan/Volume2/Part6/Villages/Greysteel.htm","url_text":"\"Greysteel Settlement Designation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Placenames NI: Gresteel Beg\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=529","url_text":"\"Placenames NI: Gresteel Beg\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005605/http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=529","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Greysteel\". Culture Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609022606/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/YourArea.aspx?location=440","url_text":"\"Greysteel\""},{"url":"http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/YourArea.aspx?location=440","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greysteel¶ms=55.031667_N_7.120556_W_region:GB_type:city(1229)","external_links_name":"55°01′54″N 7°07′14″W / 55.031667°N 7.120556°W / 55.031667; -7.120556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greysteel¶ms=55.031667_N_7.120556_W_region:GB_type:city(1229)","external_links_name":"55°01′54″N 7°07′14″W / 55.031667°N 7.120556°W / 55.031667; -7.120556"},{"Link":"http://www.nisra.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)"},{"Link":"http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"NI Neighbourhood Information Service"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/1167015.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Placenames Database of Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609115101/http://www.logainm.ie/1167015.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/report.asp?settlementName=Greysteel&BandName=Village","external_links_name":"\"Area Profile of Greysteel - Based on 2001 Census\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210446/http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/report.asp?settlementName=Greysteel&BandName=Village","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Plans/Northern/draft_plan/Volume2/Part6/Villages/Greysteel.htm","external_links_name":"\"Greysteel Settlement Designation\""},{"Link":"http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=529","external_links_name":"\"Placenames NI: Gresteel Beg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005605/http://www.placenamesni.org/resultdetails.php?entry=529","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609022606/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/YourArea.aspx?location=440","external_links_name":"\"Greysteel\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/YourArea.aspx?location=440","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship
|
1978 Individual Speedway World Championship
|
["1 Second round","1.1 Australian qualifying","1.2 New Zealand qualifying","1.3 British preliminary round","1.4 Continental preliminary round","1.5 Swedish qualification","2 Third round","2.1 Continental quarter-finals","2.2 British qualifying round","2.3 Finland Final","2.4 Norwegian Final","2.5 Swedish Final","2.6 Danish Final","2.7 Australian Final","2.8 New Zealand Final","3 Fourth round","3.1 British semi-finals","3.2 American selection","3.3 Australasian Final","3.4 Nordic Final","3.5 Continental semi-finals","4 Fifth round","4.1 British Final","4.2 Continental Final","4.3 Intercontinental Final","5 World Final","6 References"]
|
Motorcycle speedway world championship season
1978 Individual Speedway World Championship
Previous
1977
Next
1979
The 1978 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 33rd edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.
Ole Olsen won his third world crown. The final was sponsored by the Sunday Mirror and was attended by 86,500. Gordon Kennett took silver on the day of his 25th birthday and American Scott Autrey won the bronze medal run-off defeating Dave Jessup and Jerzy Rembas. Dave Jessup was effectively denied a World title when after leading in heat 3 he suffered a bike malfunction and finished last in the heat. He then scored 11 points from his remaining rides which would have been enough to take the crown if he had won heat 3.
Qualification results.
Second round
Australian qualifying
Top 16 to Australian final
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
? '77
?
Danny Kennedy
Rod Hunter
John McNeill
26 Nov '77
Carina Speedway, Bundaberg
Billy Sanders
Phil Herne
Paul O'Neil
10 Dec '77
Showground Speedway, Sydney
Billy Sanders
Phil Herne
Paul O'Neil
6 Jan
Claremont Speedway, Perth
Lloyd Cross
Les Leisk
Neil Webb
13 Jan
Rowley Park, Adelaide
John Boulger
Tony Boyle
Rob Maxfield
27 Jan
Rowley Park, Adelaide
John Boulger
Danny Kennedy
Tony Boyle
30 Jan
Showground Speedway, Sydney
John Titman
Phil Herne
Billy Sanders
New Zealand qualifying
Top 16 to New Zealand final
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
5 Feb
Ruapuna Speedway, Christchurch
Larry Ross
Barry Briggs
James Moore
British preliminary round
Rider progress to British qualifying round
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
16 April
Rye House Stadium, Hoddesdon
Ted Hubbard
Kelvin Mullarkey
Vic Harding
16 April
Boston Sports Stadium, Boston
Steve Weatherley
Tom Owen
Chris Turner
20 April
Cleveland Park, Middlesbrough
Mike Sampson
Phil Collins
Paul Tyrer
23 April
Mildenhall Stadium, Mildenhall
Martin Yeates
Richard Greer
Bob Coles
27 April
Oxford Stadium, Oxford
Dave Perks
Geoff Bouchard
Steve Finch
Continental preliminary round
Riders progress to Continental quarter-finals
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
22 April
Slaný Speedway Stadium, Slany
Boleslaw Proch
Jerzy Kochman
Rudi Muts
23 April
Kovinar Stadium, Maribor
Jan Hadek
Sandro Pastoreli
Angel Jeftimov
Swedish qualification
Top 5 in each heat to Swedish final
(5 May, Avestavallen, Avesta)
Pos
Rider
Points
1
Anders Michanek
15
2
Christer Sjösten
11
3
Börje Klingberg
11
4
Gert Carlsson
11
5
Tomas Pettersson
10
6
Karl-Erik Claesson
9
7
Roger Björkman
9
8
Åke Fridell
8
9
Lars-Olof Karlsson
7
10
Åke Axelsson
7
11
Leif Johansson
6
12
Peter Johansson
5
13
Therje Henriksson
4
14
Bertil Andersson
2
15
Börje Ohlsson (res)
2
16
Hans Frisk
1
17
Willy Karlsson
0
18
Jan Holmqvist
0
(7 May, Målilla Motorbana, Malilla)
Pos
Rider
Points
1
Tommy Nilsson
15
2
Sören Karlsson
13
3
Stefan Salmonsson
13
4
Lillebror Johansson
11
5
Bo Wirebrand
9+3
6
Lars Ericsson
9+2
7
Olle Nygren
8
8
Sven Nilsson
8
9
Bengt Larsson
6
10
Thord Löwdin
5
11
Kenneth Selmosson
4
12
Weine Ström
4
13
Tommy Johansson
3
14
Björn Persson (res)
3
15
Karl-Fredrik Lindgren
3
16
Bengt Gagner
3
17
Åke Andersson (res)
2
18
Åke Dovhed
0
(7 May, Gamla Galgberget, Visby)
Pos
Rider
Points
1
Jan Andersson
14
2
Conny Samuelsson
13
3
Sören Sjösten
13
4
Hasse Holmqvist
12
5
Bernt Persson
12
6
Lars-Åke Andersson
9+3
7
Rolf Sundberg
9+2
8
Kjell Bergström
7
9
Hans Danielsson
7
10
Jan Davidsson
6
11
Torgil Roth
6
12
Håkan Karlsson
5
13
Richard Hellsén
2
14
Eddie Davidsson
1
Third round
Continental quarter-finals
Top 32 to Continental semi-finals
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
7 May
Castiglione Olona Speedway, Varese
Egon Muller
Grigory Khlinovsky
Jerzy Rembas
7 May
Borsod Volán Stadion, Miskolc
Mikhail Starostin
Andrzej Huszcza
Václav Verner
7 May
Breitenthal Stadium, Krumbach
Georg Hack
Ales Dryml, Sr
Nikolay Kornev
7 May
Municipal Stadium, Częstochowa
Marek Cieślak
Jiří Štancl
Zdeněk Kudrna
British qualifying round
The British qualifying rounds for the World Championship doubled up as qualifying rounds for the Volkswagen/Daily Mirror Grand Prix. Therefore, many non-British riders rode in these meetings scoring points towards the Volkswagen/Daily Mirror Grand Prix qualification - but their scores didn't count towards World Championship qualification. The top 32 British riders qualified for the british semi-finals.
Date
Venue
Winner
2nd
3rd
11 May
Wimbledon Stadium, London
Peter Collins
Bob Kilby
Dave Jessup
11 May
Owlerton Stadium, Sheffield
Ivan Mauger
Doug Wyer
Steve Bastable
12 May
Hackney Wick Stadium, London
Dave Jessup
Terry Betts
Finn Thomsen
13 May
Hyde Road, Manchester
Peter Collins
Chris Morton
Bobby Beaton
13 May
King's Lynn Stadium, King's Lynn
Michael Lee
John Titman
Malcolm Simmons
13 May
Brandon Stadium, Coventry
Alan Molyneux
Keith White
Billy Sanders
15 May
Smallmead Stadium, Reading
Gordon Kennett
Billy Sanders
John Davis
15 May
County Ground Stadium, Exeter
Phil Crump
Václav Verner
Mike Farrell
15 May
Birchfield Ladbroke Stadium, Birmingham
Ray Wilson
John Titman
Mike Lanham
16 May
Leicester Stadium, Leicester
Scott Autrey
John Titman
Les Collins
17 May
Wimborne Road, Poole
Tony Davey
Václav Verner
Malcolm Simmons
17 May
White City Stadium, London
Kai Niemi
Gordon Kennett
Ila Teromaa
17 May
The Boulevard, Hull
Ivan Mauger
Bobby Beaton
Graham Drury
18 May
Abbey Stadium, Swindon
Peter Collins
Jan Andersson
Dave Perks
18 May
Foxhall Stadium, Ipswich
John Louis
Michael Lee
Tony Davey
19 May
Monmore Green, Wolverhampton
Gordon Kennett
Hans Nielsen
Jim McMillan
19 May
Knowle Stadium, Bristol
Joe Owen
Tormod Langli
Reg Wilson
20 May
Dudley Wood Stadium, Dudley
Alan Grahame
John Davis
Bruce Cribb
20 May
The Shay, Halifax
Eric Broadbelt
Ian Cartwright
Phil Collins
Finland Final
First 2 to Nordic Final 1978
14 August 1977, Eteläpuisto, Tampere
Pos.
Rider
Total
1
Kai Niemi
14
2
Ilkka Teromaa
13
3
Rauli Mäkinen
12
4
Seppo Palomäki
12
5
Markku Helminen
11
6
Pekka Paljakka
10
7
Pekka Hautamäki
9
8
Timo Kiansten
8
9
Olli Turkia
8
10
Veijo Tuoriniemi
6
11
Veli Pekka Kunelius
6
12
Ari Koponen
3
13
Keijo Mylläri
3
14
Esa Mattila
3
15
Raimo Posti
2
16
Jorma Karjalainen
0
Norwegian Final
3 riders to Nordic Final
Swedish Final
30 May 1978
Kumla Motorstadion, Kumla
First 7 to Nordic Final + 1 reserve
Pos.
Rider
Total
1
Anders Michanek
14
2
Jan Andersson
14
3
Bernt Persson
11
4
Tommy Nilsson
11
5
Lars Ericsson
10
6
Sören Karlsson
10
7
Christer Sjösten
10
8
Bo Wirebrand
8
9
Bengt Jansson
6
10
Stefan Salomonsson
6
11
Hasse Holmqvist
5
12
Conny Samuelsson
5
13
Borje Klingberg
4
14
Gert Carlsson
3
15
Tommy Pettersson
1
16
Sören Sjösten
1
17
Lars-Åke Andersson
1
Danish Final
15 May 1978
Fjelsted Speedway Stadium, Harndrup
First 2 to Nordic Final (Ole Olsen and Finn Thomsen seeded through)
Pos.
Rider
Total
1
Bent Rasmussen
13+3
2
Kristian Præstbro
13+2
3
Hans Nielsen
12+3
4
Mike Lohmann
12+2
5
Alf Busk
12+1
6
Bo Petersen
10
7
Finn Rune Jensen
9
8
Knud Ellegaard
8
9
Klaus Lohmann
6
10
Kurt Bøgh
4
11
Steen Mastrup
4
12
Arne Kruse
4
13
Erling Rasmussen
3
14
Gunnar Svendsen
3
15
Bent Nørregaard-Jensen
3
16
Jens Kjaer
2
Australian Final
4 February 1978
Brisbane Exhibition Ground, Brisbane
To 8 to Australasian Final
Pos.
Rider
Total
1
John Titman
15
2
Lloyd Cross
13
3
Mick McKeon
12
4
John Boulger
11
5
Mike Farrell
9
6
Phil Herne
9
7
Billy Sanders
9
8
Robert Maxfield
8
9
Glenn McDonald
7
10
Phil Crump
7
11
Wayne Forrest
6
12
Tony Boyle
5
13
Danny Kennedy
4
14
Ricky Day
3
15
Phil Bass
2
16
Stuart Mountford
0
New Zealand Final
11 February 1978
Te Marua Speedway, Wellington
To 8 to Australasian Final
Pos.
Rider
Heat Scores
Total
1
Larry Ross
3,3,3,3,3
15
2
Barry Briggs
2,3,3,2,2
12
3
Mike Fullerton
1,3,2,3,3
12
4
Mitch Shirra
3,2,E,3,3
11
5
Roger Wright
2,3,3,1,2
11
6
Colin Tucker
3,2,2,2,2
11
7
Colin Farquharson
1,1,3,2,3
10
8
James Moore
3,1,0,0,2
6
9
Allan Brown
0,0,2,3,1
6
10
Greg Joynt
1,2,2,0,0
5
11
Paul Fewinks
2,2,0,1,F
5
12
Max Brown
F,0,1,2,1
4
13
Gavin Miller
2,1,1,0,0
4
14
Cliff Anderson
0,0,1,1,1
3
15
Patrick Pawson
1,E,1,1,0
3
16
Kris Berrigan
0,1,0,0,1
2
Fourth round
British semi-finals
12 July
Wimborne Road, Poole
Top 8 to British final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Tony Davey
12
2
Gordon Kennett
12
3
Dave Jessup
11
4
John Davis
11
5
Steve Bastable
10
6
John Louis
10
7
Malcolm Simmons
10
8
Alan Grahame
9
9
Terry Betts
8
10
Bob Kilby
7
11
Trevor Geer
6
12
Neil Middleditch
4
13
Mike Lanham
4
14
Colin Richardson
4
15
Eric Broadbelt
2
16
Geoff Bouchard
1
13 July
Owlerton Stadium, Sheffield
Top 8 to British final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Peter Collins
15
2
Chris Morton
13
3
Michael Lee
13
4
Les Collins
10
5
Reg Wilson
10
6
Dave Morton
9
7
Doug Wyer
8
8
Jim McMillan
7
9
Phil Collins
7
10
Bobby Beaton
6
11
Dave Perks
5
12
Ian Cartwright
5
13
Keith White
4
14
Alan Molyneux
4
15
Richard Greer
3
16
Ray Wilson
1
American selection
No qualifying, the AMA selected two riders to represent the USA in the Intercontinental final.
Australasian Final
12 February 1978
Western Springs Stadium, Auckland
First 4 to Intercontinental Final, Ivan Mauger seeded through
Pos.
Rider
Heat Scores
Total
1
Mitch Shirra
2,2,3,3,3
13
2
Mick McKeon
3,3,2.5,2,1
11.5
3
John Titman
2,3,T,3,3
11
4
Mike Farrell
3,1,1,3,3
11
5
Mike Fullerton
1,3,3,1,2
10
6
Phil Herne
1,2,2,3,2
10
7
John Boulger
3,3,2,T,1
9
8
Billy Sanders
3,T,3,F,3
9
9
Colin Farquharson
0,2,2,2,2
8
10
Roger Wright
1,1,2.5,1,1
6.5
11
Robert Maxfield
1,1,1,2,1
6
12
Larry Ross
2,E,E,2,2
6
13
James Moore
2,1,1,1,0
5
14
Colin Tucker
0,2,1,0,0
3
15
Allan Brown
0,0,0,0,0
0
16
Lloyd Cross
F,-,-,-,-
0
R1
Greg Joynt
0,0,1,T
1
R2
Cliff Anderson
0,0,0
0
Nordic Final
8 June 1978
Norrköping Motorstadion, Norrköping
First 9 to Intercontnental Final
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(2) Ole Olsen
15
3
3
3
3
3
15
1
(7) Bernt Persson
14
3
3
3
3
2
14
2
(9) Finn Thomsen
11
2
2
3
3
1
11
3
3
4
(15) Kai Niemi
11
3
2
2
1
3
11
4
2
5
(4) Ila Teromaa
10
2
3
2
2
1
10
5
6
(8) Tommy Nilsson
10
2
2
2
2
2
10
6
7
(13) Kristian Præstbro
9
1
3
1
1
3
9
7
8
(16) Anders Michanek
8
2
1
2
3
0
8
8
9
(3) Jan Andersson
6
1
0
1
2
2
6
9
3
10
(6) Tom Godal
6
1
1
3
0
1
6
10
2
11
(11) Sören Karlsson
6
3
1
0
0
2
6
11
1
12
(14) Bent Rasmussen
5
0
0
0
2
3
5
12
13
(10) Christer Sjösten
4
0
2
0
1
1
4
13
14
(1) Lars Ericsson
3
0
1
1
1
0
3
14
15
(5) Audun Ove Olsen
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
15
16
(12) Stein Roar Pedersen
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
16
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
Continental semi-finals
28 May
Rottalstadion, Pocking
Top 8 to Continental final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Hans Wassermann
15
2
Jiří Štancl
13
3
Marek Cieslak
11
4
Boleslaw Proch
11
5
Emil Sova
10
6
Zdenek Kudrna
9
7
Piotr Pyszny
9
8
Nikolaj Kornev
8
9
Georg Hack
8
10
Aleš Dryml Sr.
7
11
Jerzy Kochman
5
12
Vladimir Paznikov
5
13
Karel Vobornik
3
14
Petr Kucera
2
15
Rudy Muts
2
16
Frits Koppe
1
28 May
Motodrom Halbemond, Norden
Top 8 to Continental final
Pos.
Rider
Points
1
Alois Wiesböck
15
2
Egon Müller
14
3
Ryszard Fabiszewski
12
4
Jan Verner
9
5
Francesco Biginato
9
6
Istvan Sziraczki
9
7
Jerzy Rembas
9
8
Petr Ondrašík
9
9
Boguslav Nowak
8
10
Václav Verner
8
11
Andrzej Huszcza
5
12
Michail Starostin
4
13
Grigory Khlinovsky
4
14
Laszlo Meszaros
3
15
Jan Hadek
1
16
Jiri Jirout
1
Fifth round
British Final
16 August 1978
Brandon Stadium, Coventry
First 4 to World Final
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(7) Michael Lee
14
3
3
3
3
2
14
1
(5) Dave Jessup
12
2
3
1
3
3
12
2
(16) Malcolm Simmons
11
0
3
3
2
3
11
3
4
(9) Gordon Kennett
10
2
2
2
3
1
10
4
3
5
(1) Steve Bastable
10
3
1
2
1
3
10
5
2
6
(12) Chris Morton
10
E
2
3
2
3
10
6
1
7
(13) Tony Davey
8
3
0
2
3
0
8
7
8
(15) John Davis
8
2
2
2
2
0
8
8
9
(10) Les Collins
7
3
0
1
1
2
7
9
10
(6) Peter Collins
6
1
3
E
E
2
6
10
11
(8) Reg Wilson
6
0
0
3
2
1
6
11
12
(2) Doug Wyer
4
1
2
X
1
E
4
12
13
(14) Alan Grahame
4
1
1
0
0
2
4
13
14
(4) Jim McMillan
3
2
1
0
T
0
3
14
15
(11) John Louis
3
1
0
1
0
1
3
15
16
(3) Dave Morton
3
0
1
1
0
1
3
16
R3
(R3) Mick Bell
1
1
1
R3
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
Continental Final
2 July 1978
Markéta Stadium, Prague
First 6 to World Final plus 1 reserve
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(5) Hans Wassermann
14
3
2
3
3
3
14
1
(9) Jiří Štancl
14
3
3
3
3
2
14
2
(11) Marek Cieślak
11
1
3
3
3
1
11
3
4
(16) Petr Ondrašík
11
3
2
1
2
3
11
4
5
(1) Jan Verner
11
3
1
2
2
3
11
5
6
(7) Jerzy Rembas
9
2
0
3
3
1
9
6
7
(8) Zdeněk Kudrna
9
1
3
2
1
2
9
7
8
(2) Boleslaw Proch
8
2
2
2
2
0
8
8
9
(14) Alois Wiesböck
6
2
3
F
1
0
6
9
10
(4) Francesco Biginato
6
1
1
0
2
2
6
10
11
(10) Janosz Sziracky
5
0
1
2
1
1
5
11
12
(13) Nikolay Kornev
4
1
0
1
0
2
4
12
13
(6) Emil Sova
4
0
0
0
1
3
4
13
14
(3) Ryszard Fabiszewski
4
0
2
1
0
1
4
14
15
(12) Egon Muller
2
2
0
E
E
-
2
15
16
(15) Piotr Pyszny
2
X
1
1
0
0
2
16
R1
(R1) Bogusław Nowak
0
0
R1
R2
(R2) Georg Hack
0
0
R2
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
Intercontinental Final
2 July 1978
Speedway Center, Fredericia
First 7 to World Final + 1 reserve
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(3) Ole Olsen
13
2
3
2
3
3
13
1
3
(11) Ivan Mauger
13
3
2
2
3
3
13
2
2
(1) Scott Autrey
11
3
X
3
2
3
11
3
3
4
(16) Ila Teromaa
11
3
3
1
1
3
11
4
2
5
(13) Jan Andersson
11
2
2
3
2
2
11
5
1
6
(9) Anders Michanek
10
2
1
3
3
1
10
6
7
(5) John Titman
10
2
3
1
2
2
10
7
8
(6) Bernt Persson
9
3
3
0
2
1
9
8
9
(2) Kai Niemi
8
1
2
2
1
2
8
9
10
(12) Steve Gresham
7
X
1
3
3
X
7
10
11
(4) Finn Thomsen
5
0
2
2
E
1
5
11
12
(15) Mike Farrell
5
1
1
0
1
2
5
12
13
(10) Mick McKeon
3
1
1
1
0
0
3
13
14
(8) Kristian Præstbro
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
14
15
(7) Mitch Shirra
1
1
F
-
-
-
1
15
16
(14) Tommy Nilsson
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
16
R1
(R1) Bert Rasmussen
0
0
0
0
R1
R2
(R2) Tom Jenssen
0
0
0
0
R2
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
World Final
2 September 1978
Wembley Stadium, London
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
(15) Ole Olsen
13
3
2
2
3
3
13
1
(13) Gordon Kennett
12
2
3
2
2
3
12
2
(2) Scott Autrey
11
3
2
1
3
2
11
3
3
4
(12) Dave Jessup
11
E
3
3
3
2
11
4
2
5
(9) Jerzy Rembas
11
3
1
3
1
3
11
5
1
6
(1) Malcolm Simmons
10
2
2
2
2
2
10
6
7
(6) Michael Lee
9
3
1
3
2
0
9
7
8
(14) Ivan Mauger
8
F
3
2
0
3
8
8
9
(16) John Titman
7
1
2
F
3
1
7
9
10
(3) Anders Michanek
7
1
3
0
2
1
7
10
11
(4) Ila Teromaa
6
0
1
3
F
2
6
11
12
(11) Jan Verner
5
2
1
1
0
1
5
12
13
(8) Marek Cieślak
5
2
0
1
1
1
5
13
14
(10) Jan Andersson
3
1
0
1
1
0
3
14
15
(7) Jiří Štancl
2
1
0
0
1
0
2
15
16
(5) Petr Ondrašík
0
F
0
0
0
0
0
16
R1
(R1) Steve Bastable
0
0
R1
R2
(R2) Bernt Persson
0
0
R2
R3
(R3) Zdeněk Kudrna
0
0
R3
Placing
Rider
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pts
Pos
21
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •
t - exclusion for touching the tapes •
x - other exclusion •
e - retired or mechanical failure •
f - fell •
ns - non-starter •
nc - non-classify
gate A - inside
gate B
gate C
gate D - outside
References
^ Oakes, Peter (1981). 1981 Speedway Yearbook. Studio Publications (Ipswich) Ltd. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-86215-017-5.
^ "World Championship 1936-1994". Edinburgh Speedway. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "WORLD FINALS 1936-1994" (PDF). Speedway Researcher. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Speedway riders, history and results". wwosbackup. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "WORLD INDIVIDUAL FINAL - RIDER INDEX". British Speedway. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "Ole - He's champ". Sunday Mirror. 3 September 1978. Retrieved 10 July 2021 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Timelines take a moment". Speedway Star. 6 August 2022. p. 47.
^ "1978 World Championship". Metal Speedway. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "1978 World Championship". Speedway.org. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ Bamford, R. & Shailes, G. (2002). A History of the World Speedway Championship. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2402-5
vteIndividual Speedway World Championship and Speedway Grand Prix seasonsSpeedway World Championship
1936
1937
1938
1939
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Speedway Grand Prix (SGP)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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2020
2021
2022
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2024
See also
Medalists
Medal Classification
Grands Prix
SGP riders
Super Prix
SGP Statistics
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Individual Speedway World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ole Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Olsen_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Sunday Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Gordon Kennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Kennett"},{"link_name":"Scott Autrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Autrey"},{"link_name":"Dave Jessup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Jessup"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Rembas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Rembas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"1978 Individual Speedway World Championship\n\nPrevious\n1977\nNext\n1979The 1978 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 33rd edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.[1][2][3][4][5]Ole Olsen won his third world crown. The final was sponsored by the Sunday Mirror and was attended by 86,500. Gordon Kennett took silver on the day of his 25th birthday and American Scott Autrey won the bronze medal run-off defeating Dave Jessup and Jerzy Rembas.[6] Dave Jessup was effectively denied a World title when after leading in heat 3 he suffered a bike malfunction and finished last in the heat. He then scored 11 points from his remaining rides which would have been enough to take the crown if he had won heat 3.[7]Qualification results.[8][9]","title":"1978 Individual Speedway World Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Australian qualifying","text":"Top 16 to Australian final","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Zealand qualifying","text":"Top 16 to New Zealand final","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"British preliminary round","text":"Rider progress to British qualifying round","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Continental preliminary round","text":"Riders progress to Continental quarter-finals","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avestavallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarna#History"},{"link_name":"Avesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta_(locality)"},{"link_name":"Anders Michanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Michanek"},{"link_name":"Christer Sjösten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Sj%C3%B6sten"},{"link_name":"Börje Klingberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rje_Klingberg"},{"link_name":"Målilla Motorbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5lilla#Speedway"},{"link_name":"Malilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5lilla"},{"link_name":"Tommy Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Nilsson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Sören Karlsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ren_Karlsson"},{"link_name":"Lillebror Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillebror_Johansson"},{"link_name":"Bo Wirebrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Wirebrand"},{"link_name":"Lars Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Olle Nygren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle_Nygren"},{"link_name":"Bengt Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Larsson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Johansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Johansson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Åke Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ke_Andersson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Gamla Galgberget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby#Sports"},{"link_name":"Visby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visby"},{"link_name":"Jan Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Andersson_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"Conny Samuelsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Samuelsson"},{"link_name":"Sören Sjösten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ren_Sj%C3%B6sten"},{"link_name":"Hasse Holmqvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_Holmqvist"},{"link_name":"Bernt Persson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Persson"},{"link_name":"Lars-Åke Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars-%C3%85ke_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Hans Danielsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Danielsson"},{"link_name":"Richard Hellsén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hells%C3%A9n"}],"sub_title":"Swedish qualification","text":"Top 5 in each heat to Swedish final(5 May, Avestavallen, Avesta)\n\n\nPos\n\nRider\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\nAnders Michanek\n15\n\n\n2\nChrister Sjösten\n11\n\n\n3\nBörje Klingberg\n11\n\n\n4\nGert Carlsson\n11\n\n\n5\nTomas Pettersson\n10\n\n\n6\nKarl-Erik Claesson\n9\n\n\n7\nRoger Björkman\n9\n\n\n8\nÅke Fridell\n8\n\n\n9\nLars-Olof Karlsson\n7\n\n\n10\nÅke Axelsson\n7\n\n\n11\nLeif Johansson\n6\n\n\n12\nPeter Johansson\n5\n\n\n13\nTherje Henriksson\n4\n\n\n14\nBertil Andersson\n2\n\n\n15\nBörje Ohlsson (res)\n2\n\n\n16\nHans Frisk\n1\n\n\n17\nWilly Karlsson\n0\n\n\n18\nJan Holmqvist\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(7 May, Målilla Motorbana, Malilla)\n\n\nPos\n\nRider\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\nTommy Nilsson\n15\n\n\n2\nSören Karlsson\n13\n\n\n3\nStefan Salmonsson\n13\n\n\n4\nLillebror Johansson\n11\n\n\n5\nBo Wirebrand\n9+3\n\n\n6\nLars Ericsson\n9+2\n\n\n7\nOlle Nygren\n8\n\n\n8\nSven Nilsson\n8\n\n\n9\nBengt Larsson\n6\n\n\n10\nThord Löwdin\n5\n\n\n11\nKenneth Selmosson\n4\n\n\n12\nWeine Ström\n4\n\n\n13\nTommy Johansson\n3\n\n\n14\nBjörn Persson (res)\n3\n\n\n15\nKarl-Fredrik Lindgren\n3\n\n\n16\nBengt Gagner\n3\n\n\n17\nÅke Andersson (res)\n2\n\n\n18\nÅke Dovhed\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(7 May, Gamla Galgberget, Visby)\n\n\nPos\n\nRider\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\nJan Andersson\n14\n\n\n2\nConny Samuelsson\n13\n\n\n3\nSören Sjösten\n13\n\n\n4\nHasse Holmqvist\n12\n\n\n5\nBernt Persson\n12\n\n\n6\nLars-Åke Andersson\n9+3\n\n\n7\nRolf Sundberg\n9+2\n\n\n8\nKjell Bergström\n7\n\n\n9\nHans Danielsson\n7\n\n\n10\nJan Davidsson\n6\n\n\n11\nTorgil Roth\n6\n\n\n12\nHåkan Karlsson\n5\n\n\n13\nRichard Hellsén\n2\n\n\n14\nEddie Davidsson\n1","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Continental quarter-finals","text":"Top 32 to Continental semi-finals","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"}],"sub_title":"British qualifying round","text":"The British qualifying rounds for the World Championship doubled up as qualifying rounds for the Volkswagen/Daily Mirror Grand Prix. Therefore, many non-British riders rode in these meetings scoring points towards the Volkswagen/Daily Mirror Grand Prix qualification - but their scores didn't count towards World Championship qualification. The top 32 British riders qualified for the british semi-finals.","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Eteläpuisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4puisto"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"}],"sub_title":"Finland Final","text":"First 2 to Nordic Final 1978\n 14 August 1977, Eteläpuisto, Tampere","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"}],"sub_title":"Norwegian Final","text":"3 riders to Nordic Final","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kumla Motorstadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumla_Motorstadion"},{"link_name":"Kumla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumla"}],"sub_title":"Swedish Final","text":"30 May 1978\n Kumla Motorstadion, Kumla\nFirst 7 to Nordic Final + 1 reserve","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Fjelsted Speedway Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjelsted_Speedway_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Harndrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harndrup"}],"sub_title":"Danish Final","text":"15 May 1978\n Fjelsted Speedway Stadium, Harndrup\nFirst 2 to Nordic Final (Ole Olsen and Finn Thomsen seeded through)","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Exhibition Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Exhibition_Ground"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"}],"sub_title":"Australian Final","text":"4 February 1978\n Brisbane Exhibition Ground, Brisbane\nTo 8 to Australasian Final","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Te Marua Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Marua_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand Final","text":"11 February 1978\n Te Marua Speedway, Wellington\nTo 8 to Australasian Final","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"British semi-finals","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"American selection","text":"No qualifying, the AMA selected two riders to represent the USA in the Intercontinental final.","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Western Springs Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Springs_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"}],"sub_title":"Australasian Final","text":"12 February 1978\n Western Springs Stadium, Auckland\nFirst 4 to Intercontinental Final, Ivan Mauger seeded through","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norrköping Motorstadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping_Motorstadion"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"}],"sub_title":"Nordic Final","text":"8 June 1978\n Norrköping Motorstadion, Norrköping\nFirst 9 to Intercontnental Finalm - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \n t - exclusion for touching the tapes • \n x - other exclusion • \n e - retired or mechanical failure • \n f - fell • \n ns - non-starter • \n nc - non-classify","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Continental semi-finals","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fifth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Brandon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"}],"sub_title":"British Final","text":"16 August 1978\n Brandon Stadium, Coventry\nFirst 4 to World Finalm - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \n t - exclusion for touching the tapes • \n x - other exclusion • \n e - retired or mechanical failure • \n f - fell • \n ns - non-starter • \n nc - non-classify","title":"Fifth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Markéta Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%A9ta_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"}],"sub_title":"Continental Final","text":"2 July 1978\n Markéta Stadium, Prague\nFirst 6 to World Final plus 1 reservem - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \n t - exclusion for touching the tapes • \n x - other exclusion • \n e - retired or mechanical failure • \n f - fell • \n ns - non-starter • \n nc - non-classify","title":"Fifth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Speedway Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericia_Speedway_Center"},{"link_name":"Fredericia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericia"}],"sub_title":"Intercontinental Final","text":"2 July 1978\n Speedway Center, Fredericia\nFirst 7 to World Final + 1 reservem - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \n t - exclusion for touching the tapes • \n x - other exclusion • \n e - retired or mechanical failure • \n f - fell • \n ns - non-starter • \n nc - non-classify","title":"Fifth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"2 September 1978\n Wembley Stadium, London[10]m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \n t - exclusion for touching the tapes • \n x - other exclusion • \n e - retired or mechanical failure • \n f - fell • \n ns - non-starter • \n nc - non-classify","title":"World Final"}]
|
[]
| null |
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[{"Link":"http://edinburghspeedway.blogspot.com/2013/04/world-speedway-championships.html","external_links_name":"\"World Championship 1936-1994\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwayresearcher.org.uk/worldchamps1936to94.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WORLD FINALS 1936-1994\""},{"Link":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/board/89/world","external_links_name":"\"Speedway riders, history and results\""},{"Link":"https://www.speedwaygb.co.uk/worldfinalindex","external_links_name":"\"WORLD INDIVIDUAL FINAL - RIDER INDEX\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002137/19780903/328/0044","external_links_name":"\"Ole - He's champ\""},{"Link":"https://dlprezes.pl.tl/World-Speedway-Championship-_-1978.htm","external_links_name":"\"1978 World Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.speedway.org/history/78.htm#1978","external_links_name":"\"1978 World Championship\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Bowden
|
Jon Bowden
|
["1 Career","2 Style of play","3 Post-retirement","4 Career statistics","5 Honours","6 References"]
|
English footballer
For the far-right nationalist, see Jonathan Bowden.
Jon BowdenPersonal informationFull name
Jonathan Lee BowdenDate of birth
(1963-01-21) 21 January 1963 (age 61)Place of birth
Stockport, EnglandHeight
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1981–1985
Oldham Athletic
82
(5)1985–1987
Port Vale
70
(7)1987–1991
Wrexham
147
(20)1991–1995
Rochdale
106
(17)Total
405
(49)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jonathan Lee Bowden (born 21 January 1963) is an English former footballer. A midfielder, he played 405 league games in a 14-year career in the Football League.
He began his career with Oldham Athletic before he joined Port Vale for £5,000 in September 1985. He helped the "Valiants" to promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1985–86, before he was sold on to Wrexham for £12,500 in April 1987. He played for Wrexham in the Welsh Cup final in 1991 before moving on to Rochdale. He was forced into retirement due to an Achilles injury and has since become a physiotherapist.
Career
Bowden started his career with Oldham Athletic under the management of Joe Royle. The "Latics" finished 11th in the Second Division in 1981–82, moving up to seventh in 1982–83, before plummeting to 19th in 1983–84, one place but five points clear of relegated Derby County. He left Boundary Park after a 14th-place finish in 1984–85
He joined Port Vale for £5,000 in September 1985. He impressed greatly on his debut at number 10 in a 4–1 win at Vale Park on 14 September against Cambridge United, and was described as the 'architect of victory'; despite this great start he dislocated his elbow three minutes before the full-time whistle. After recovering, he became a first-team regular in the 1985–86 Fourth Division promotion side, scoring three goals in 44 games, playing in a five-man midfield with Oshor Williams, Geoff Hunter, Robbie Earle, and Paul Maguire. Bowden remained a regular in John Rudge's first-team plans in the Third Division, scoring four goals in 42 matches in 1986–87. However, he lost his place in April 1987 and three months later was sold to Dixie McNeil's Wrexham for £12,500.
The "Dragons" finished 11th in the Fourth Division in 1987–88, though were just four points shy of the play-offs. Under Brian Flynn's stewardship, Wrexham qualified for the play-offs with a seventh-place finish in 1988–89, but were defeated by Leyton Orient 2–1 in the play-off final. Wrexham plummeted to 21st in 1989–90, eight points but only three places above bottom club Colchester United. They hit rock bottom in 1990–91, Bowden's last season at the Racecourse Ground, but still maintained their Football League status. He appeared in the 1991 Welsh Cup final at Cardiff Arms Park, which ended in a 2–0 defeat to Swansea City.
Bowden moved on to Rochdale, as the "Dale" finished eighth in 1991–92, one place and two points behind Barnet in the play-offs. They fell to 11th in 1992–93, five points outside the play-offs. Manager Dave Sutton then took Rochdale to a ninth-place finish in 1993–94, four points behind Carlisle United in the play-off zone. The Spotland side then dropped to 15th in 1994–95. However, Bowden's career ended after an Achilles injury.
Style of play
Bowden was an energetic midfielder.
Post-retirement
Since leaving the game, Bowden qualified in physiotherapy at the University of Salford, with the help of the PFA. With this qualification he gained employment at Salford Royal Hospital. He also spent three years as Luton Town's physio. He later ran his own physiotherapists at Stockport.
Career statistics
Source:
Club
Season
Division
League
FA Cup
Other
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Oldham Athletic
1981–82
Second Division
5
2
0
0
0
0
5
2
1982–83
Second Division
31
2
1
0
2
0
34
2
1983–84
Second Division
31
1
1
0
3
0
35
1
1984–85
Second Division
15
0
2
1
0
0
17
1
Total
82
5
4
1
5
0
91
6
Port Vale
1985–86
Fourth Division
36
3
4
0
4
0
44
3
1986–87
Third Division
34
4
2
0
6
0
42
4
Total
70
7
6
0
10
0
86
7
Wrexham
1987–88
Fourth Division
26
1
1
0
2
0
29
1
1988–89
Fourth Division
42
10
2
1
10
3
54
14
1989–90
Fourth Division
33
1
0
0
2
0
35
1
1990–91
Fourth Division
40
5
1
0
10
0
51
5
1991–92
Fourth Division
6
3
0
0
2
0
8
3
Total
147
20
4
1
26
3
177
24
Rochdale
1991–92
Fourth Division
31
6
3
1
2
0
36
6
1992–93
Fourth Division
35
8
3
0
3
0
41
8
1993–94
Fourth Division
29
3
2
0
2
0
33
3
1994–95
Fourth Division
11
0
0
0
1
0
12
0
Total
106
17
8
1
8
0
122
18
Career total
405
49
22
3
49
3
476
55
Honours
Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1985–86
Wrexham
Welsh Cup runner-up: 1991
References
^ a b c d e f g Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.
^ Dunk, Peter (1987). Rothmans football yearbook 1987-88. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0356143545. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "19 May 1991 at the National Stadium, Cardiff". wfda.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
^ a b c Madden, Lawrie (16 February 2009). "Careers After Football: Jon Bowden". givemefootball.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
^ "Cult Hero 18: Jon Bowden". onevalefan.co.uk. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
^ Ellis, Adam (31 March 2016). "Where Are They Now? Port Vale Fourth Div promotion winners 1985/86". The Football League Paper. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ Jon Bowden at the English National Football Archive (subscription required)
^ Kent, Jeff (1990). "From Rags to Riches (1979–1990)". The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 258–290. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Welsh Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Welsh_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"physiotherapist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy"}],"text":"For the far-right nationalist, see Jonathan Bowden.Jonathan Lee Bowden (born 21 January 1963) is an English former footballer. A midfielder, he played 405 league games in a 14-year career in the Football League.He began his career with Oldham Athletic before he joined Port Vale for £5,000 in September 1985. He helped the \"Valiants\" to promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1985–86, before he was sold on to Wrexham for £12,500 in April 1987. He played for Wrexham in the Welsh Cup final in 1991 before moving on to Rochdale. He was forced into retirement due to an Achilles injury and has since become a physiotherapist.","title":"Jon Bowden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Joe Royle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Royle"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Football_League"},{"link_name":"relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Boundary Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Park"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"Vale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Park"},{"link_name":"Cambridge United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"dislocated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_dislocation"},{"link_name":"elbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Oshor Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshor_Williams"},{"link_name":"Geoff Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hunter_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Earle"},{"link_name":"Paul Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maguire_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"John Rudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rudge"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Dixie McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kent-1"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Football_League"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Brian Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Flynn_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Football_League_Fourth_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Colchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Racecourse Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Ground"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1991 Welsh Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Welsh_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Arms Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnet_F.C."},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Dave Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sutton_(footballer,_born_1957)"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Spotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotland_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-4"}],"text":"Bowden started his career with Oldham Athletic under the management of Joe Royle. The \"Latics\" finished 11th in the Second Division in 1981–82, moving up to seventh in 1982–83, before plummeting to 19th in 1983–84, one place but five points clear of relegated Derby County. He left Boundary Park after a 14th-place finish in 1984–85He joined Port Vale for £5,000 in September 1985.[1] He impressed greatly on his debut at number 10 in a 4–1 win at Vale Park on 14 September against Cambridge United, and was described as the 'architect of victory'; despite this great start he dislocated his elbow three minutes before the full-time whistle.[1] After recovering, he became a first-team regular in the 1985–86 Fourth Division promotion side, scoring three goals in 44 games, playing in a five-man midfield with Oshor Williams, Geoff Hunter, Robbie Earle, and Paul Maguire.[1] Bowden remained a regular in John Rudge's first-team plans in the Third Division, scoring four goals in 42 matches in 1986–87. However, he lost his place in April 1987 and three months later was sold to Dixie McNeil's Wrexham for £12,500.[1]The \"Dragons\" finished 11th in the Fourth Division in 1987–88, though were just four points shy of the play-offs. Under Brian Flynn's stewardship, Wrexham qualified for the play-offs with a seventh-place finish in 1988–89, but were defeated by Leyton Orient 2–1 in the play-off final. Wrexham plummeted to 21st in 1989–90, eight points but only three places above bottom club Colchester United. They hit rock bottom in 1990–91, Bowden's last season at the Racecourse Ground, but still maintained their Football League status. He appeared in the 1991 Welsh Cup final at Cardiff Arms Park, which ended in a 2–0 defeat to Swansea City.[3]Bowden moved on to Rochdale, as the \"Dale\" finished eighth in 1991–92, one place and two points behind Barnet in the play-offs. They fell to 11th in 1992–93, five points outside the play-offs. Manager Dave Sutton then took Rochdale to a ninth-place finish in 1993–94, four points behind Carlisle United in the play-off zone. The Spotland side then dropped to 15th in 1994–95. However, Bowden's career ended after an Achilles injury.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ovf-5"}],"text":"Bowden was an energetic midfielder.[5]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"physiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy"},{"link_name":"University of Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Salford"},{"link_name":"PFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Footballers%27_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-4"},{"link_name":"Salford Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Royal_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-4"},{"link_name":"Stockport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since leaving the game, Bowden qualified in physiotherapy at the University of Salford, with the help of the PFA.[4] With this qualification he gained employment at Salford Royal Hospital. He also spent three years as Luton Town's physio.[4] He later ran his own physiotherapists at Stockport.[6]","title":"Post-retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Source:[7]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent8586-8"},{"link_name":"Welsh Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Welsh_Cup_final"}],"text":"Port ValeFootball League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1985–86[8]WrexhamWelsh Cup runner-up: 1991","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529152-0-0","url_text":"0-9529152-0-0"}]},{"reference":"Dunk, Peter (1987). Rothmans football yearbook 1987-88. London: Queen Anne Press. p. 294. ISBN 978-0356143545. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rothmansfootball00lond/page/294/mode/2up/search/port+vale","url_text":"Rothmans football yearbook 1987-88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0356143545","url_text":"978-0356143545"}]},{"reference":"\"19 May 1991 at the National Stadium, Cardiff\". wfda.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191009/http://www.wfda.co.uk/welshcup_final_detail.php?id=104","url_text":"\"19 May 1991 at the National Stadium, Cardiff\""},{"url":"http://www.wfda.co.uk/welshcup_final_detail.php?id=104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Madden, Lawrie (16 February 2009). \"Careers After Football: Jon Bowden\". givemefootball.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091112010434/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-news/careers-after-football-jon-bowden","url_text":"\"Careers After Football: Jon Bowden\""},{"url":"http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-news/careers-after-football-jon-bowden","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cult Hero 18: Jon Bowden\". onevalefan.co.uk. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onevalefan.co.uk/2012/01/18-jon-bowden/","url_text":"\"Cult Hero 18: Jon Bowden\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Adam (31 March 2016). \"Where Are They Now? Port Vale Fourth Div promotion winners 1985/86\". The Football League Paper. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theleaguepaper.com/features/4619/where-are-they-now-port-vale-fourth-div-promotion-winners-198586/","url_text":"\"Where Are They Now? Port Vale Fourth Div promotion winners 1985/86\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1990). \"From Rags to Riches (1979–1990)\". The Valiants' Years: The Story of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 258–290. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508981-4-7","url_text":"0-9508981-4-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rothmansfootball00lond/page/294/mode/2up/search/port+vale","external_links_name":"Rothmans football yearbook 1987-88"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330191009/http://www.wfda.co.uk/welshcup_final_detail.php?id=104","external_links_name":"\"19 May 1991 at the National Stadium, Cardiff\""},{"Link":"http://www.wfda.co.uk/welshcup_final_detail.php?id=104","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091112010434/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-news/careers-after-football-jon-bowden","external_links_name":"\"Careers After Football: Jon Bowden\""},{"Link":"http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa/pfa-news/careers-after-football-jon-bowden","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.onevalefan.co.uk/2012/01/18-jon-bowden/","external_links_name":"\"Cult Hero 18: Jon Bowden\""},{"Link":"http://www.theleaguepaper.com/features/4619/where-are-they-now-port-vale-fourth-div-promotion-winners-198586/","external_links_name":"\"Where Are They Now? Port Vale Fourth Div promotion winners 1985/86\""},{"Link":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Jon Bowden"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_Canlubang
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De La Salle Canlubang
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["1 History","2 Campus","2.1 Milagros R. del Rosario Building","2.2 Integrated School Building","2.3 Pergola","2.4 Learning Center 1 (LC1)","2.5 Learning Center 2 (LC2)","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 14°15′39″N 121°02′34″E / 14.2609°N 121.0428°E / 14.2609; 121.0428Roman Catholic university in Laguna, Philippines
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "De La Salle Canlubang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
De La Salle LagunaMottoReligio Mores Cultura (Latin)Motto in EnglishReligion, Morals, CultureTypePrivate, Roman Catholic, non-stock, coeducational institutionActive2003–2012 (integrated with DLSU to establish its Laguna Campus)Religious affiliationRoman Catholic(Christian Brothers)Administrative staff174Students1,493LocationBiñan, Laguna, Philippines14°15′39″N 121°02′34″E / 14.2609°N 121.0428°E / 14.2609; 121.0428CampusSuburban50 ha (120 acres)Alma Mater songAlma Mater HymnColorsGreen and white Websitewww.dlsc.edu.phLocation in LagunaShow map of LagunaLocation in LuzonShow map of LuzonLocation in the PhilippinesShow map of Philippines
The De La Salle Canlubang, currently the De La Salle University – Laguna Campus, was a private Catholic basic and higher education institution and a member institution of De La Salle Philippines run by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Biñan, Laguna, Philippines. It is located right across the Laguna Technopark district. The campus, which was acquired on 2003, is a 50-hectare (120-acre) prime property. Part of this property was donated by the family of the late National Artist for Architecture Leandro Locsin (DLSU HS 1947).
In 2012, the administrators of De La Salle University- Manila and De La Salle Canlubang approved the integration of DLSC to DLSU, becoming the DLSU Science & Technology Complex or DLSU Leandro V. Locsin Campus, then later renamed to De La Salle University – Laguna Campus.
History
The Brothers of the Christian Schools, officially known as Fratres Scholarum Christianarum or FSC, is a congregation dedicated to the teachings espoused by Saint Jean Baptiste de La Salle.
The first De La Salle School in the Philippines was opened on June 16, 1911, along General Luna, Paco, Manila at the request of the Archbishop of Manila. In 1921, the school was moved to its present site on Taft Avenue. Unable to accommodate requests for admission to the elementary grades, they had to revert an earlier policy not to expand. To date, they have spread out to different provinces. The Brothers have since opened in Greenhills, Antipolo, Lipa, Bacolod, Iligan, Dasmarinas, and Alabang. They have also undertaken supervision of some schools in Manila, Cavite, Bataan, Cebu, Bukidnon, Surigao del Sur, Negros Occidental, Masbate, Capiz, and Ozamis. Today they are known as De La Salle Supervised Schools.
Around 1977, the idea of having another La Salle School, this time in the Laguna area was conceptualized. This was when Architect Lindy Locsin, then a member of Manila's De La Salle University (DLSU) board of Trustees, offered to donate several hectares of his family's land to La Salle. In 1997, this generous donation of the Locsins was realized. La Salle purchased additional contiguous lands making De La Salle Canlubang a sprawling fifty-hectare campus.
Laguna is fast becoming the country's industrial and technological site. Its large, industrial companies presently make it the home of the first Science Technological Park. In response to the ever-quickening pace of scientific and technological development of modern times, the concept of a three-level science and technology oriented school took root. Hence, De La Salle Canlubang (DLSC) was established in June 2003 in order to address the educational concerns of our nation with its youth as its strength. They are envisioned to be grounded on science and technological skills cloaked in the ideals of St. La Salle as an answer to the demands and challenges of the 21st century.
The Integrated school opened its doors to 240 students from preschool to grade 4 and grade 8 (second year high school) during its first year. The curriculum adapts to the science education as its basis. Science emphasizes hands-on exploration and direct experience with the natural world; thereby producing young scientists who are well-rounded and whose strength include: science and technological skills, clear-analytical thinking, and scientific literacy, to be active members of society.
After DLSC was integrated into DLSU to become De La Salle University Science and Technology Complex (DLSU -STC) in 2012, its Integrated School has grown to be one of the most progressive educational institutions south of Metro Manila with a population of more than 1,000 students from Kinder 1 to Grade 12 geared towards producing lifelong learners with the spirit of Faith, Service and Communion and equipped to meet the challenges of the new 2000 millennium. The campus was later renamed De La Salle University - Laguna Campus.
Campus
Milagros R. del Rosario Building
The first building to be constructed on campus is the four-storey Milagros V. del Rosario Building, which houses the school's administrative offices and classrooms. The building was donated to the school by Ambassador Ramon V. del Rosario. The building has 35 classrooms, a 200-seat auditorium, three audio-visual rooms, three libraries, a media lab, a dark room for the photography students, a radio station, a children's playroom, a robotics classroom, and three computer laboratories. Construction began in April 2002 and was completed in June 2003 and was designed by the firm L.V. Locsin and Partners.
Integrated School Building
Beginning construction in August 2005, the Integrated School building was finished in March 2006, right on time for the following academic year. The IS Building houses the classrooms and other spaces for the Nursery students of the Integrated School. The building used to have a canteen of its own near the Pergola, but now it is where the LC1 clinic is.
Pergola
The Pergola is a multi-purpose hall for the students. It stands beside the new Integrated School Building. It is used for the weekly prayers (Every 1st Monday of each month), it also is where some of the sports activities are held in the annual Sports Fest.
Learning Center 1 (LC1)
It houses the classrooms for Preschool, Kindergarten, Elementary school (Grades 1–4). Also considered to be part of LC1, LC1 Annex or more commonly Annex is where the Student Discipline and Formations Office or SDFO is.
Learning Center 2 (LC2)
References
^ a b DLSP September 2008 Statistics. delasalle.ph Archived May 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed May 26, 2009
^ "The De La Salle University Laguna Campus". De La Salle University. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
External links
Official Website of De La Salle Canlubang
vteLa Salle Brothers in the PhilippinesFratres Scholarum ChristianarumHistory
American occupation
Harty's request
Japanese occupation
NBN ZTE deal
Death of Corazón Aquino
2010 Philippine Bar exam bombing
Centennial celebration
Brothers
Hyacinth Gabriel Connon
Rolando Dizon
Rafael Donato
Crescentius Richard Duerr
Andrew Gonzalez
Albinus Peter Graves
Egbert Xavier Kelly
Antony Ferdinand Kilbourn
Armin Luistro
Lucian Athanasius Reinhart
CampusesMetro Manila
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Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools
Catholicism portal
vteMajor Institutions in LagunaUniversities
De La Salle University (Laguna Campus)
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Laguna University
Lyceum of the Philippines University (Laguna campus)
National University (Laguna campus)
Our Lady of Fatima University (Laguna campus)
University of Cabuyao
Polytechnic University of the Philippines (Santa Rosa, San Pedro, Biñan, Calauan campuses)
University of the Philippines Los Baños
University of the Philippines Open University
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA (Calamba campus)
University of Perpetual Help JONELTA
Colleges
Calamba Doctors' College
City College of Calamba
Colegio San Agustin – Biñan
Colegio de San Juan de Letran - Calamba
Colegio de San Pedro
Colegio de Santo Niño de Cabuyao
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo
Don Bosco College
La Consolacion College - Biñan
Laguna College
Laguna College of Business and Arts
Mapúa Malayan Colleges Laguna
Miriam College
Our Lady of Assumption College
San Pablo Colleges
San Pedro College of Business Administration
San Sebastian College – Recoletos
Saint Michael's College of Laguna
Saint Vincent College of Cabuyao
St. John Colleges
Rizal College of Laguna
Union College of Laguna
Institutes
AMA (Biñan, Calamba, San Pablo, Santa Cruz)
Calamba Institute
International Electronics and Technical Institute Inc. (I.E.T.I.)
MSC Institute of Technology
Southeast Asia Institute of Science, Arts and Technology
STI (San Pedro, Calamba, San Pablo, Santa Rosa, Southwoods, Santa Cruz)
Rizal Institute – Canlubang
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It is located right across the Laguna Technopark district. The campus, which was acquired on 2003, is a 50-hectare (120-acre) prime property. Part of this property was donated by the family of the late National Artist for Architecture Leandro Locsin (DLSU HS 1947).In 2012, the administrators of De La Salle University- Manila and De La Salle Canlubang approved the integration of DLSC to DLSU, becoming the DLSU Science & Technology Complex or DLSU Leandro V. Locsin Campus, then later renamed to De La Salle University – Laguna Campus.","title":"De La Salle Canlubang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De La Salle Supervised Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_Supervised_Schools"},{"link_name":"De La Salle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_University"},{"link_name":"scientific literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literacy"}],"text":"The Brothers of the Christian Schools, officially known as Fratres Scholarum Christianarum or FSC, is a congregation dedicated to the teachings espoused by Saint Jean Baptiste de La Salle.The first De La Salle School in the Philippines was opened on June 16, 1911, along General Luna, Paco, Manila at the request of the Archbishop of Manila. In 1921, the school was moved to its present site on Taft Avenue. Unable to accommodate requests for admission to the elementary grades, they had to revert an earlier policy not to expand. To date, they have spread out to different provinces. The Brothers have since opened in Greenhills, Antipolo, Lipa, Bacolod, Iligan, Dasmarinas, and Alabang. They have also undertaken supervision of some schools in Manila, Cavite, Bataan, Cebu, Bukidnon, Surigao del Sur, Negros Occidental, Masbate, Capiz, and Ozamis. Today they are known as De La Salle Supervised Schools.Around 1977, the idea of having another La Salle School, this time in the Laguna area was conceptualized. This was when Architect Lindy Locsin, then a member of Manila's De La Salle University (DLSU) board of Trustees, offered to donate several hectares of his family's land to La Salle. In 1997, this generous donation of the Locsins was realized. La Salle purchased additional contiguous lands making De La Salle Canlubang a sprawling fifty-hectare campus.Laguna is fast becoming the country's industrial and technological site. Its large, industrial companies presently make it the home of the first Science Technological Park. In response to the ever-quickening pace of scientific and technological development of modern times, the concept of a three-level science and technology oriented school took root. Hence, De La Salle Canlubang (DLSC) was established in June 2003 in order to address the educational concerns of our nation with its youth as its strength. They are envisioned to be grounded on science and technological skills cloaked in the ideals of St. La Salle as an answer to the demands and challenges of the 21st century.The Integrated school opened its doors to 240 students from preschool to grade 4 and grade 8 (second year high school) during its first year. The curriculum adapts to the science education as its basis. Science emphasizes hands-on exploration and direct experience with the natural world; thereby producing young scientists who are well-rounded and whose strength include: science and technological skills, clear-analytical thinking, and scientific literacy, to be active members of society.After DLSC was integrated into DLSU to become De La Salle University Science and Technology Complex (DLSU -STC) in 2012, its Integrated School has grown to be one of the most progressive educational institutions south of Metro Manila with a population of more than 1,000 students from Kinder 1 to Grade 12 geared towards producing lifelong learners with the spirit of Faith, Service and Communion and equipped to meet the challenges of the new 2000 millennium. The campus was later renamed De La Salle University - Laguna Campus.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"}],"sub_title":"Milagros R. del Rosario Building","text":"The first building to be constructed on campus is the four-storey Milagros V. del Rosario Building, which houses the school's administrative offices and classrooms. The building was donated to the school by Ambassador Ramon V. del Rosario. The building has 35 classrooms, a 200-seat auditorium, three audio-visual rooms, three libraries, a media lab, a dark room for the photography students, a radio station, a children's playroom, a robotics classroom, and three computer laboratories. Construction began in April 2002 and was completed in June 2003 and was designed by the firm L.V. Locsin and Partners.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Integrated School Building","text":"Beginning construction in August 2005, the Integrated School building was finished in March 2006, right on time for the following academic year. The IS Building houses the classrooms and other spaces for the Nursery students of the Integrated School. The building used to have a canteen of its own near the Pergola, but now it is where the LC1 clinic is.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pergola","text":"The Pergola is a multi-purpose hall for the students. It stands beside the new Integrated School Building. It is used for the weekly prayers (Every 1st Monday of each month), it also is where some of the sports activities are held in the annual Sports Fest.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Learning Center 1 (LC1)","text":"It houses the classrooms for Preschool, Kindergarten, Elementary school (Grades 1–4). Also considered to be part of LC1, LC1 Annex or more commonly Annex is where the Student Discipline and Formations Office or SDFO is.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Learning Center 2 (LC2)","title":"Campus"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council
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Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
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["1 Description","2 International recognition","3 See also","4 Further reading","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Legal document
Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central CouncilIV UniversalPresented24 January 1918Ratified22 January 1918LocationEngrossed copy: Central State ElectronicArchives of Ukraine Rough draft: Central State Archives of Higher Organs of State Power and Administration of UkraineAuthor(s)Mykhailo Hrushevskyi et al.SignatoriesLower Council of the Ukrainian Central CouncilPurposeTo announce and explain independence of Ukrainian People's Republic
The Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrainian: Четвертий Універсал Української Центральної Ради, romanized: Chetvertyi Universal Ukrainskoi Tsentralnoi Rady) is a significant state-political declaration that proclaimed the full state independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic. It was enacted by the Lower Council (Committee) of the Ukrainian Central Council in Kyiv on 22 January 1918. Its issuance followed the commencement of peace negotiations between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk (now in Brest, Belarus).
Description
The document proclaimed that "henceforth, the Ukrainian People's Republic is an autonomous, independent, and sovereign state of the Ukrainian people." It also expressed a commitment to peaceful coexistence with neighboring states and emphasized that these states had no right to intervene in its internal affairs. The adoption of the Universal affirmed the authority of the state power of the Ukrainian Central Council until the convening of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly. The executive body of the General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Central Council was reorganized into the Council of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which aimed to continue negotiations with the Central Powers, securing recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a fully independent state. These negotiations ultimately culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
The Universal urged the government and citizens of Ukraine to resist Bolsheviks and other "adversaries" who had devastated the land during the Ukrainian–Soviet War. It proposed the dissolution of the national armed forces, and the establishment of a people's militia in their place.
In the economic sphere, the aim was to transition industrial enterprises to a peaceful state, with the anticipation of establishing state control over banks, major branches of trade, export-import activities, and implementing state monopoly on strategic products like metal and coal. Plans were underway for a land law that would redistribute land to the laboring peasantry without compensation, as part of the cancellation of private property and socialization efforts before the start of spring fieldwork.
The document also reaffirmed all public liberties declared in the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council, scheduled re-elections to the people's councils, and called on all citizens to participate actively in the elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly. The Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council explicitly outlined the establishment of a sovereign country as the ultimate goal for all Ukrainians.
International recognition
On 22 January 1918 the United Kingdom officially recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic. John Picton Bagge, the former British consul-general for South Russia in Odesa, was appointed as temporary chargé d'affaires and arrived in Kyiv. He met with Oleksander Shulhyn, the General Secretary of International Affairs of Ukraine.
See also
Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic
Universals
First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
Unification Act
Russian Constituent Assembly
Ukrainian Constituent Assembly
Further reading
Doroshenko, D. My recollections about the recent past (Мої спомини про недавнє минуле) Archived 2021-01-17 at the Wayback Machine. Lviv 1923-24. (in Ukrainian)
Yakovliv, A. Fundamentals of the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic (Основи Конституції УНР). Paris 1935. (in Ukrainian)
Hrushevskyi, M. At the doorstep of a new Ukraine: ideas and dreams (На порозі нової України: гадки і мрії). Kyiv 1991. (in Ukrainian)
Myronenko, O. Declaration of Independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic in January of 1918 (Проголошення самостійності УНР у січні 1918). Kiev 1997. (in Ukrainian)
Ukr. parliamentarian: past and modernity (Укр. парламентаризм: минуле і сучасність). Kyiv 1999. (in Ukrainian)
Notes
^ Some sources claim that the document was adopted on 24 January 1918 or on 25 January 1918.
^ in the text, after establishing a peace
References
^ 22 January 1918 Ukrainian Central Council declared independents of Ukraine (22.01.1918 – Українська Центральна Рада проголосила незалежність УНР). Museum "Territory of Terror" website. 22 January 2013
^ Rough draft copy. Central State Archives of Higher Organs of State Power and Administration of Ukraine. (in Ukrainian)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council (ЧЕТВЕРТИЙ УНІВЕРСАЛ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ РАДИ). Poltava Raion State Administration.
^ a b c d e f g Myronenko, O. (ЧЕТВЕРТИЙ УНІВЕРСАЛ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ РАДИ). Legal Encyclopedia.
^ Ukraine in the Flames: "1917 in Kyiv" by Serhii Plokhii. Ukrainian Research Institute (Harvard University). (in English)
^ SPEECH BY AMBASSADOR LUKIANENKO Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. The Ukrainian Weekly. January 31, 1993. (in English)
^ a b c Zinchenko, O. The Independence No. 1: When Hrushevskyi announced it, why Vynnychenko doubted it, and Yefremov was against it (Незалежність №1: Коли Грушевський її оголосив, чому Винниченко сумнівався, а Єфремов був проти). Instorychna Pravda (Ukrayinska Pravda). 26 January 2015
External links
Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council (IV) (Універсал Української Центральної Ради (IV)). Verkhovna Rada. (in Ukrainian)
Taras Hunczak. Appendix: The Four Universals Archived 2016-11-04 at the Wayback Machine. (in English)
Shurkhalo, D. The Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council – declaration of independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (IV Універсал Української Центральної Ради – проголошення незалежності УНР). Pavlo Hai-Nyzhnyk personal website from Radio Liberty. 21 January 2013.
Melnyk, Ihor. The first day of Independence (Перший день Незалежності). Zbruc. 25 January 2017
On 22 January Ukraine will celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the declaration of Independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (22 СІЧНЯ УКРАЇНА ВІДЗНАЧАТИМЕ 100 РОКІВ ПРОГОЛОШЕННЯ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ). Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance. 2018
Zinchenko, Oleksandr. Independence No.1: When Hrushevskyi announced it, why Vynnychenko doubt it and Yefremov was against it (Незалежність №1: Коли Грушевський її оголосив, чому Винниченко сумнівався, а Єфремов був проти). Istorychna Pravda (Ukrayinska Pravda). 26 January 2015
Polishchuk, Lyubov. This first year may be also the last. Newspaper "Den". 25 January 2008.
vte1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution and independence of UkraineEvents
1990s Donbas miners' strikes
United Nations membership
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1990 Ukrainian parliamentary election
USSR referendum
Sovereignty referendum
Chicken Kiev speech
Belovezh Accords
Independence referendum
International recognition
Documents
Universals of the Ukrainian Central Council
Fourth Universal
Act of Unity
Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state
Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine
Declaration of Independence
Lisbon Protocol
Political groups and people
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History of Ukraine
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List of sovereign states by date of formation
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universals_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Central_Council"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"peace negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Brest, Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"}],"text":"The Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrainian: Четвертий Універсал Української Центральної Ради, romanized: Chetvertyi Universal Ukrainskoi Tsentralnoi Rady) is a significant state-political declaration that proclaimed the full state independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic.[3][4] It was enacted by the Lower Council (Committee) of the Ukrainian Central Council in Kyiv on 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 1918.[a][6] Its issuance followed the commencement of peace negotiations between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk (now in Brest, Belarus).[3]","title":"Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Central_Council"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Ministers"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian–Soviet War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"private property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_property"},{"link_name":"socialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"}],"text":"The document proclaimed that \"henceforth, the Ukrainian People's Republic is an autonomous, independent, and sovereign state of the Ukrainian people.\" It also expressed a commitment to peaceful coexistence with neighboring states and emphasized that these states had no right to intervene in its internal affairs.[3] The adoption of the Universal affirmed the authority of the state power of the Ukrainian Central Council until the convening of the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly.[3] The executive body of the General Secretariat of the Ukrainian Central Council was reorganized into the Council of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which aimed to continue negotiations with the Central Powers, securing recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a fully independent state. These negotiations ultimately culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.[3]The Universal urged the government and citizens of Ukraine to resist Bolsheviks and other \"adversaries\" who had devastated the land during the Ukrainian–Soviet War.[3] It proposed the dissolution of the national armed forces,[b] and the establishment of a people's militia in their place.[3]In the economic sphere, the aim was to transition industrial enterprises to a peaceful state, with the anticipation of establishing state control over banks, major branches of trade, export-import activities, and implementing state monopoly on strategic products like metal and coal.[3] Plans were underway for a land law that would redistribute land to the laboring peasantry without compensation, as part of the cancellation of private property and socialization efforts before the start of spring fieldwork.[3]The document also reaffirmed all public liberties declared in the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council, scheduled re-elections to the people's councils, and called on all citizens to participate actively in the elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly.[3] The Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council explicitly outlined the establishment of a sovereign country as the ultimate goal for all Ukrainians. [3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istpra150126-9"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"chargé d'affaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istpra150126-9"},{"link_name":"Oleksander Shulhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksander_Shulhyn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-istpra150126-9"}],"text":"On 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 1918 the United Kingdom officially recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic.[7] John Picton Bagge, the former British consul-general for South Russia in Odesa, was appointed as temporary chargé d'affaires and arrived in Kyiv.[7] He met with Oleksander Shulhyn, the General Secretary of International Affairs of Ukraine.[7]","title":"International recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doroshenko, D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko"},{"link_name":"My recollections about the recent past (Мої спомини про недавнє минуле)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nibu.kiev.ua/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0adminZz-c11--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-uk-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=admin-c11&cl=CL1&d=HASH013345a6f26a06c68525c870"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210117185658/https://nibu.kiev.ua/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0adminZz-c11--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-uk-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=admin-c11&cl=CL1&d=HASH013345a6f26a06c68525c870"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"},{"link_name":"Fundamentals of the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic (Основи Конституції УНР)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Yakovliv_Andrii/Osnovy_Konstytutsii_UNR/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"},{"link_name":"Hrushevskyi, M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi"},{"link_name":"At the doorstep of a new Ukraine: ideas and dreams (На порозі нової України: гадки і мрії)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"}],"text":"Doroshenko, D. My recollections about the recent past (Мої спомини про недавнє минуле) Archived 2021-01-17 at the Wayback Machine. Lviv 1923-24. (in Ukrainian)[4]\nYakovliv, A. Fundamentals of the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic (Основи Конституції УНР). Paris 1935. (in Ukrainian)[4]\nHrushevskyi, M. At the doorstep of a new Ukraine: ideas and dreams (На порозі нової України: гадки і мрії). Kyiv 1991. (in Ukrainian)[4]\nMyronenko, O. Declaration of Independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic in January of 1918 (Проголошення самостійності УНР у січні 1918). Kiev 1997. (in Ukrainian)[4]\nUkr. parliamentarian: past and modernity (Укр. парламентаризм: минуле і сучасність). Kyiv 1999. (in Ukrainian)[4]","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poltadm-3"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leksikamyr-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Some sources claim that the document was adopted on 24 January [O.S. 11 January] 1918[3] or on 25 January [O.S. 12 January] 1918.[4][5]\n\n^ in the text, after establishing a peace","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic"},{"title":"Universals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universals_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)"},{"title":"First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council"},{"title":"Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council"},{"title":"Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council"},{"title":"Unification Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_Act"},{"title":"Russian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly"},{"title":"Ukrainian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://nibu.kiev.ua/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0adminZz-c11--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-uk-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=admin-c11&cl=CL1&d=HASH013345a6f26a06c68525c870","external_links_name":"My recollections about the recent past (Мої спомини про недавнє минуле)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210117185658/https://nibu.kiev.ua/greenstone/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-01000-00---off-0adminZz-c11--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-uk-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0--4--0--0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=admin-c11&cl=CL1&d=HASH013345a6f26a06c68525c870","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Yakovliv_Andrii/Osnovy_Konstytutsii_UNR/","external_links_name":"Fundamentals of the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic (Основи Конституції УНР)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160902075638/http://www.territoryterror.org.ua/uk/resources/calendar/details/?newsid=272","external_links_name":"22 January 1918 Ukrainian Central Council declared independents of Ukraine (22.01.1918 – Українська Центральна Рада проголосила незалежність УНР)"},{"Link":"https://archives.gov.ua/Sections/90AZ/CDAVO/index.php?39","external_links_name":"Rough draft copy"},{"Link":"http://poltava.adm-pl.gov.ua/story/chetvertiy-universal-ukrayinskoyi-centralnoyi-radi","external_links_name":"Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council (ЧЕТВЕРТИЙ УНІВЕРСАЛ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ РАДИ)"},{"Link":"http://leksika.com.ua/17800321/legal/chetvertiy_universal_ukrayinskoyi_tsentralnoyi_radi","external_links_name":"(ЧЕТВЕРТИЙ УНІВЕРСАЛ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЇ РАДИ)"},{"Link":"https://www.huri.harvard.edu/news/news-from-huri/317-serhii-plokhii-1917-in-kyiv.html","external_links_name":"Ukraine in the Flames: \"1917 in Kyiv\" by Serhii Plokhii"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1993/059318.shtml","external_links_name":"SPEECH BY AMBASSADOR LUKIANENKO"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705194350/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1993/059318.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2015/01/26/146960/","external_links_name":"The Independence No. 1: When Hrushevskyi announced it, why Vynnychenko doubted it, and Yefremov was against it (Незалежність №1: Коли Грушевський її оголосив, чому Винниченко сумнівався, а Єфремов був проти)"},{"Link":"https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/n0001300-18","external_links_name":"Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council (IV) (Універсал Української Центральної Ради (IV))"},{"Link":"http://www.ditext.com/hunczak/universals.html","external_links_name":"Appendix: The Four Universals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104155604/http://www.ditext.com/hunczak/universals.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hai-nyzhnyk.in.ua/doc/video_iv_universal..php","external_links_name":"The Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council – declaration of independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (IV Універсал Української Центральної Ради – проголошення незалежності УНР)"},{"Link":"https://zbruc.eu/node/61446","external_links_name":"The first day of Independence (Перший день Незалежності)"},{"Link":"http://www.memory.gov.ua/methodicmaterial/22-sichnya-ukraina-vidznachatime-100-rokiv-progoloshennya-nezalezhnosti-ukrainskoi-","external_links_name":"On 22 January Ukraine will celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the declaration of Independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic (22 СІЧНЯ УКРАЇНА ВІДЗНАЧАТИМЕ 100 РОКІВ ПРОГОЛОШЕННЯ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ)"},{"Link":"http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2015/01/26/146960/","external_links_name":"Independence No.1: When Hrushevskyi announced it, why Vynnychenko doubt it and Yefremov was against it (Незалежність №1: Коли Грушевський її оголосив, чому Винниченко сумнівався, а Єфремов був проти)"},{"Link":"https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/cuspilstvo/cey-pershiy-rik-mozhe-bude-y-ostannim","external_links_name":"This first year may be also the last"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGregor_Mathers
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Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers
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["1 Early life","2 Lifestyle","2.1 Freemasonry","2.2 Translations","3 Criticism","4 Decline and death","5 Published works","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Works cited","9 External links"]
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British occultist (1854–1918)
"Samuel Liddell" redirects here. For the pirate, see Samuel Liddell (pirate).
Samuel Liddell MacGregor MathersMathers, in Egyptian costume, performs a ritual of Isis in the rites of the Golden DawnBorn8 or 11 January 1854Hackney, London, EnglandDied5 or 20 November 1918 (aged 64)Paris, FranceNationalityBritishAlma materBedford SchoolOccupationOccultistKnown forHermetic Order of the Golden DawnSpouseMoina MathersParentWilliam M. Mathers
Part of a series on theHermetic Order ofthe Golden Dawn
Leading figures
Allan Bennett
Florence Farr
Samuel MacGregor-Mathers
Henry B. Pullen Burry
A. E. Waite
William Wynn Westcott
William Robert Woodman
Teachings
Astrology
Body of light
Esoteric Christianity
Ceremonial magic
incl. Enochian magic
Clairvoyance
Egyptian mythology
Geomancy
Hermetic alchemy
Hermetic Qabalah
Neoplatonism
Rosicrucianism
Tarot
Theurgy
Texts
Cipher Manuscripts
Organizations
Alpha et Omega
Isis-Urania Temple
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.
Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
Related topics
Enochian chess
Great Work
Holy Guardian Angel
Lesser ritual of the pentagram
Magic circle
Opening by Watchtower
Secret Chiefs
Table of magical correspondences
Tattva vision
Thelema
vte
Samuel Liddell (or Liddel) MacGregor Mathers (8 or 11 January 1854 – 5 or 20 November 1918), born Samuel Liddell Mathers, was a British occultist and member of the S.R.I.A.. He is primarily known as one of the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a ceremonial magic order of which offshoots still exist. He became so synonymous with the order that Golden Dawn scholar Israel Regardie observed in retrospect that "the Golden Dawn was MacGregor Mathers."
Early life
Mathers was born on 8 or 11 January 1854 in Hackney, London, England. His father, William M. Mathers, died while he was still a boy. His mother, whose maiden name was Collins, died in 1885. He attended Bedford School and subsequently worked in Bournemouth as a clerk, before moving to London following the death of his mother.
His wife was Moina Mathers (née Mina Bergson), sister of the philosopher Henri Bergson.
Lifestyle
Mathers added the "MacGregor" surname as a claim to Highland Scottish heritage. He was a practising vegetarian, or (according to some accounts) vegan, an outspoken anti-vivisectionist, and a non-smoker. It is known that his main interests were magic and the theory of war, his first book being a translation of a French military manual, Practical Instruction in Infantry Campaigning Exercise (1884).
Mathers became increasingly eccentric in his later years as was noted by W. B. Yeats.
Freemasonry
Mathers was introduced to Freemasonry by a neighbour, alchemist Frederick Holland, and was initiated into Hengist Lodge No.195 on 4 October 1877. He was raised as a Master Mason on 30 January 1878. In 1882 he was admitted to the Metropolitan College of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia as well as a number of fringe Masonic degrees. Working hard both for and in the SRIA he was awarded an honorary 8th Degree in 1886, and in the same year he lectured on the Kabbalah to the Theosophical Society. He became Celebrant of Metropolitan College in 1891 and was appointed as Junior Substitute Magus of the SRIA in 1892, in which capacity he served until 1900. He left the order in 1903, having failed to repay money which he had borrowed.
In 1891, Mathers assumed leadership of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn upon the death of William Robert Woodman. He moved with his wife to Paris on 21 May 1892. After his expulsion from the Golden Dawn in April 1900, Mathers formed a group in Paris in 1903 called Alpha et Omega (its headquarters, the Ahathoor Temple). Mathers chose the title "Archon Basileus".
Translations
Mathers was a polyglot; among the languages he had studied were English, French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Gaelic and Coptic, though he had a greater command of some languages than of others. His translations of such books as The Book of Abramelin (14th century), Christian Knorr von Rosenroth's The Kabbalah Unveiled (1684), Key of Solomon (anonymous, 14th century), The Lesser Key of Solomon (anonymous, 17th century), and the Grimoire of Armadel (17th century), while probably justly criticised with respect to quality, were responsible for making what had been obscure and inaccessible material widely available to the non-academic English-speaking world. They have had considerable influence on the development of occult and esoteric thought since their publication, as has his consolidation of the Enochian magical system of John Dee and Edward Kelley.
Criticism
In addition to many supporters, he had many enemies and critics. One of his most notable enemies was one-time friend and pupil Aleister Crowley, who portrayed Mathers as a villain named SRMD in his 1917 novel Moonchild. According to Crowley's memoirs, The Confessions of Aleister Crowley, Mathers was in the habit of ostensibly playing chess matches against various pagan gods. Mathers would set up the chessboard and seat himself behind the white(s) pieces, with an empty chair opposite him. After making a move for himself, Mathers would then shade his eyes and peer towards the empty chair, waiting for his opponent to signal a move. Mathers would then move a black piece accordingly, then make his next move as white, and so forth. Crowley did not record who won.
Earlier, Crowley wrote in his Confessions that: "As far as I was concerned, Mathers was my only link with the Secret Chiefs to whom I was pledged. I wrote to him offering to place myself and my fortune unreservedly at his disposal; if that meant giving up the Abra-Melin Operation for the present, all right."
In The Doctrine and Literature of the Kabalah (1902), A. E. Waite criticises Mathers' previously published work on the subject, in the following terms: "the Kabbalah Unveiled of Mr. S. L. MacGregor Mathers, which is largely translation and commentary, and, in addition to other limitations, embraces therefore only a small portion of an extensive literature."
Decline and death
Mathers died on 5 or 20 November 1918 in Paris. The manner of his death is unknown; his death certificate lists no cause of death. Aleister Crowley wrote in his Confessions of the decline of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as well as that of MacGregor Mathers. He lamented what he saw as the irredeemable changes by Waite in his order and MacGregor Mathers's legacy of well-meaning but low-quality leadership in his last years.
Published works
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor (1887). The Kabbalah Unveiled. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor (1888). The Tarot (pamphlet).
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor (1889). The Key of Solomon The King. London: George Redway.
von Worms, Abraham (1900). The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage. Translated by S. L. MacGregor Mathers. London: John M. Watkins.
Mathers, S. L. MacGregor (1904). Crowley, Aleister (ed.). The Lesser Key of Solomon: Goetia. Foyers, Inverness: Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth.
See also
List of occultists
List of unsolved deaths
Mathers table
Notes
^ Crowley (1979), p. 196: "They went on squabbling amongst themselves for a few months and then had the sense to give up playing at Magick. Their only survivor is Arthur Edward Waite, who still pretends to carry on the business, though he has substituted a pompous, turgid rigmarole of bombastic platitudes for the neophyte ritual, so that the last spark of interest is extinct for ever. Mathers, of course, carried on; but he had fallen. The Secret Chiefs cast him off; he fell into deplorable abjection; even his scholarship deserted him. He published nothing new and lived in sodden intoxication till death put an end to his long misery."
References
Citations
^ Drury (2004), p. 208.
^ Regardie (1971), p. 147.
^ McIntosh (1987), p. 111.
^ a b Yeats (1999), pp. 452–453.
^ Anon (2001).
^ Greer (2006), p. 28.
^ Crowley (1979), p. .
^ Crowley (1979), p. 194.
^ Waite (1902), p. xii.
^ Johnson (2002).
Works cited
Anon (2001). "Samuel Liddel MacGregor-Mathers". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
Crowley, Aleister (1979). The Confessions of Aleister Crowley: An Autohagiography. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0175-4.
Drury, Nevill (2004). The Dictionary of the Esoteric. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120819894.
Greer, John Michael (2006). The Element Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Hidden History. HarperElement. ISBN 978-0-00-722068-7.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2018). "Mysteries of Sex in the House of the Hidden Light: Arthur Edward Waite and the Kabbalah" (PDF). Kabbalah: Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts (40): 163–182. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
Johnson, Robert H. (February 2002). "Occult Profiles: Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers". The Midnight Freemason. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
McIntosh, Christopher (1987). The Rosicrucians: The History, Mythology and Rituals of an Occult Order (2nd rev. ed.). Crucible.
Regardie, Israel (1971) . My Rosicrucian Adventure. St. Paul: Llewellyn.
Waite, A. E. (1902). The Doctrine and Literature of the Kabbalah. London: The Theosophical Publishing Society.
Waite, A. E. (1911). The Pictorial Key to the Tarot. London: W. Rider. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
Yeats, William Butler (1999). O'Donnell, William; Archibald, Douglas N. (eds.). The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats. Vol. III: Autobiographies. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-80728-9.
External links
Biography from The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.
Biography from Kheper.net
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He is primarily known as one of the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a ceremonial magic order of which offshoots still exist. He became so synonymous with the order that Golden Dawn scholar Israel Regardie observed in retrospect that \"the Golden Dawn was MacGregor Mathers.\"[2]","title":"Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedford School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_School"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Moina Mathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moina_Mathers"},{"link_name":"Henri Bergson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson"}],"text":"Mathers was born on 8 or 11 January 1854 in Hackney, London, England. His father, William M. Mathers, died while he was still a boy. His mother, whose maiden name was Collins, died in 1885. He attended Bedford School and subsequently worked in Bournemouth as a clerk, before moving to London following the death of his mother.His wife was Moina Mathers (née Mina Bergson), sister of the philosopher Henri Bergson.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"},{"link_name":"vivisectionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisection"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh1987111-3"},{"link_name":"W. B. Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeats1999452%E2%80%93453-4"}],"text":"Mathers added the \"MacGregor\" surname as a claim to Highland Scottish heritage. He was a practising vegetarian, or (according to some accounts) vegan, an outspoken anti-vivisectionist, and a non-smoker. It is known that his main interests were magic and the theory of war, his first book being a translation of a French military manual, Practical Instruction in Infantry Campaigning Exercise (1884).[3]Mathers became increasingly eccentric in his later years as was noted by W. B. 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He was raised as a Master Mason on 30 January 1878. In 1882 he was admitted to the Metropolitan College of the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia as well as a number of fringe Masonic degrees. Working hard both for and in the SRIA he was awarded an honorary 8th Degree in 1886, and in the same year he lectured on the Kabbalah to the Theosophical Society. He became Celebrant of Metropolitan College in 1891 and was appointed as Junior Substitute Magus of the SRIA in 1892, in which capacity he served until 1900. He left the order in 1903, having failed to repay money which he had borrowed.[citation needed]In 1891, Mathers assumed leadership of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn upon the death of William Robert Woodman. He moved with his wife to Paris on 21 May 1892.[4] After his expulsion from the Golden Dawn in April 1900, Mathers formed a group in Paris in 1903 called Alpha et Omega (its headquarters, the Ahathoor Temple).[5] Mathers chose the title \"Archon Basileus\".[6]","title":"Lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polyglot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"The Book of Abramelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Abramelin"},{"link_name":"Christian Knorr von Rosenroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Knorr_von_Rosenroth"},{"link_name":"Key of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"The Lesser Key of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Grimoire of Armadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire_of_Armadel"},{"link_name":"Enochian magical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochian_magic"},{"link_name":"John Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee"},{"link_name":"Edward Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kelley"}],"sub_title":"Translations","text":"Mathers was a polyglot; among the languages he had studied were English, French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Gaelic and Coptic, though he had a greater command of some languages than of others. His translations of such books as The Book of Abramelin (14th century), Christian Knorr von Rosenroth's The Kabbalah Unveiled (1684), Key of Solomon (anonymous, 14th century), The Lesser Key of Solomon (anonymous, 17th century), and the Grimoire of Armadel (17th century), while probably justly criticised with respect to quality, were responsible for making what had been obscure and inaccessible material widely available to the non-academic English-speaking world. They have had considerable influence on the development of occult and esoteric thought since their publication, as has his consolidation of the Enochian magical system of John Dee and Edward Kelley.","title":"Lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Moonchild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonchild_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Confessions of Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley1979[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. 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Mathers would then move a black piece accordingly, then make his next move as white, and so forth. Crowley did not record who won.[7]Earlier, Crowley wrote in his Confessions that: \"As far as I was concerned, Mathers was my only link with the Secret Chiefs to whom I was pledged. I wrote to him offering to place myself and my fortune unreservedly at his disposal; if that meant giving up the Abra-Melin Operation for the present, all right.\"[8]In The Doctrine and Literature of the Kabalah (1902), A. E. Waite criticises Mathers' previously published work on the subject, in the following terms: \"the Kabbalah Unveiled [1887] of Mr. S. L. MacGregor Mathers, which is largely translation and commentary, and, in addition to other limitations, embraces therefore only a small portion of an extensive literature.\"[9]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2002-10"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Mathers died on 5 or 20 November 1918 in Paris.[10] The manner of his death is unknown; his death certificate lists no cause of death. Aleister Crowley wrote in his Confessions of the decline of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as well as that of MacGregor Mathers. He lamented what he saw as the irredeemable changes by Waite in his order and MacGregor Mathers's legacy of well-meaning but low-quality leadership in his last years.[a]","title":"Decline and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Kabbalah Unveiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36728"},{"link_name":"The Tarot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sacred-texts.com/tarot/mathers/index.htm"},{"link_name":"The Key of Solomon The King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b24884431"},{"link_name":"von Worms, Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_von_Worms"},{"link_name":"The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sacred-magic-abramelin/Abramelin_1/"},{"link_name":"The Lesser Key of Solomon: Goetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/goetia_202006"}],"text":"Mathers, S. L. MacGregor (1887). The Kabbalah Unveiled. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.\nMathers, S. L. MacGregor (1888). The Tarot (pamphlet).\nMathers, S. L. MacGregor (1889). The Key of Solomon The King. London: George Redway.\nvon Worms, Abraham (1900). The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage. Translated by S. L. MacGregor Mathers. London: John M. Watkins.\nMathers, S. L. MacGregor (1904). Crowley, Aleister (ed.). The Lesser Key of Solomon: Goetia. Foyers, Inverness: Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Crowley (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrowley1979"}],"text":"^ Crowley (1979), p. 196: \"They [the remaining members of the Golden Dawn] went on squabbling amongst themselves for a few months and then had the sense to give up playing at Magick. Their only survivor is Arthur Edward Waite, who still pretends to carry on the business, though he has substituted a pompous, turgid rigmarole of bombastic platitudes for the neophyte ritual, so that the last spark of interest is extinct for ever. Mathers, of course, carried on; but he had fallen. The Secret Chiefs cast him off; he fell into deplorable abjection; even his scholarship deserted him. He published nothing new and lived in sodden intoxication till death put an end to his long misery.\"","title":"Notes"}]
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Watkins.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_von_Worms","url_text":"von Worms, Abraham"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sacred-magic-abramelin/Abramelin_1/","url_text":"The Book of the Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage"}]},{"reference":"Mathers, S. L. MacGregor (1904). Crowley, Aleister (ed.). The Lesser Key of Solomon: Goetia. Foyers, Inverness: Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/goetia_202006","url_text":"The Lesser Key of Solomon: Goetia"}]},{"reference":"Anon (2001). \"Samuel Liddel MacGregor-Mathers\". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. Retrieved 17 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/mathers_m/mathers_m.html","url_text":"\"Samuel Liddel MacGregor-Mathers\""}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Aleister (1979). The Confessions of Aleister Crowley: An Autohagiography. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0175-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley","url_text":"Crowley, Aleister"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Aleister_Crowley","url_text":"The Confessions of Aleister Crowley: An Autohagiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0175-4","url_text":"0-7100-0175-4"}]},{"reference":"Drury, Nevill (2004). The Dictionary of the Esoteric. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120819894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Drury","url_text":"Drury, Nevill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120819894","url_text":"978-8120819894"}]},{"reference":"Greer, John Michael (2006). The Element Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Hidden History. HarperElement. 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The Midnight Freemason. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midnightfreemasons.org/2020/02/occult-profiles-samuel-liddell.html","url_text":"\"Occult Profiles: Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers\""}]},{"reference":"McIntosh, Christopher (1987). The Rosicrucians: The History, Mythology and Rituals of an Occult Order (2nd rev. ed.). Crucible.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Regardie, Israel (1971) [1936]. My Rosicrucian Adventure. St. Paul: Llewellyn.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Regardie","url_text":"Regardie, Israel"}]},{"reference":"Waite, A. E. (1902). The Doctrine and Literature of the Kabbalah. London: The Theosophical Publishing Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Waite","url_text":"Waite, A. E."}]},{"reference":"Waite, A. E. (1911). The Pictorial Key to the Tarot. London: W. Rider. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_Wife_(rock_formation)
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Lot's wife
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["1 Genesis narrative","2 Composition","3 Pillar of salt","4 Jewish commentaries","5 Islamic view","6 Other biblical references","7 Popular culture","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
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Person mentioned in the biblical Book of Genesis
This article is about the biblical person. For other uses, see Lot's wife (disambiguation).
Fictional character
Lot's wifeFor disobeying God by watching Sodom's destruction, Lot’s wife is turned into a "pillar of salt" while Lot and their daughters escape (Monreale Cathedral mosaic)In-universe informationAliasAdoSpouseLotChildren2 daughtersRelativesHaran (father-in-law)Milcah (sister-in-law)Iscah (sister-in-law)Nahor (uncle-in-law)Abraham (uncle-in-law)Sarah (aunt-in-law)Moab (grandson)Ben-Ammi (grandson)Birth placeUr KaśdimDeath placeSodom
In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in Genesis 19. The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom (the "looking taboo" motif in mythology and folklore). She is not named in the Bible, but is called Ado or Edith in some Jewish traditions. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at the Book of Wisdom (Wisdom 10:7) and the New Testament at Luke 17:32.
Genesis narrative
See also: Sodom and Gomorrah § Judgment
The story of Lot's wife begins in Genesis 19 after two angels arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited to spend the night at Lot's home. The men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and prompted Lot to offer up these men/angels to have sex with; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters but they were refused. As dawn was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away.": 465 While fleeing, Lot's wife looked behind her at Sodom and was turned into a pillar of salt.: 466
Composition
The Hebrew verb used for Lot's wife "looking" back is תבט (tāḇeṭ). Her looking back at Sodom differs in word usage from Abraham "looking" (שקף šāqap) toward Sodom in 18:16.: 49
Pillar of salt
Lot's wife (center) turned into a pillar of salt during Sodom's destruction (Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493).
The story appears to be based in part on a folk legend explaining a geographic feature.
A pillar of salt named "Lot's wife" is located near the Dead Sea at Mount Sodom in Jordan. A second one is shown to tourists across the Dead Sea, in Jordan, not far from the ruins of the Byzantine Monastery of St Lot.
The Talmud states that a blessing should be said at the place where the pillar of salt is.: 467 The term "Lot's wife" for such geographical features subsequently entered common parlance, as one of the outcrops comprising Long Ya Men was also nicknamed thus.
The Jewish historian Josephus claimed to have seen the pillar of salt which was Lot's wife. Its existence is also attested to by the early church fathers Clement of Rome and Irenaeus.
Jewish commentaries
In Judaism, one common view of Lot's wife turning to salt was as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. By looking back at the "evil cities," she betrayed her secret longing for that way of life. She was deemed unworthy to be saved and thus was turned to a pillar of salt.
Another view in the Jewish exegesis of Genesis 19:26, is that when Lot's wife looked back, she turned to a pillar of salt upon the "sight of God" descending to rain destruction upon Sodom and Gomorrah.: 467 One reason given in the tradition is that she looked behind her to see if her daughters, married to men of Sodom, were coming or not.: 467
Another Jewish legend says that because Lot's wife sinned with salt, she was punished with salt. On the night the two angels visited Lot, he requested that his wife prepare a feast for them. Not having any salt, Lot's wife asked her neighbors for some, which alerted them to the presence of their guests, resulting in the mob action that endangered Lot's family.: 467
In the Midrash, Lot's wife's name is given as Ado or Edith.
Islamic view
Main article: Lot in Islam
Lut fleeing the city with his daughters; his wife is killed by a rock.
Lut (Arabic: لوط, romanized: Lūṭ) in the Quran is considered to be the same as Lot in the Hebrew Bible. He is considered to be a messenger of God and a prophet of God.
In the Quranic telling, Lut warned his people of their imminent destruction lest they change their wicked ways, but they refused to listen to him. Lut was ordered by Allah to flee the city with his followers at night, but to leave his wife behind. As soon as he left, Allah brought down upon them a shower of stones of clay.
The difference between this telling and the Judeo-Christian telling from the Book of Genesis is that Lut's wife was destroyed alongside the wicked; in other words, she did not flee with Lut. This is because Lut's wife was as guilty as those who were punished. So much so, that she is mentioned in the Quran alongside Nuh's wife as two impious and disbelieving women who were punished for their wickedness, irrespective of their being married to prophets.
In the Quran, surah (chapter) 26 Ash-Shu'ara (The Poets) –
So We saved him and his family, all, Except an old woman among those who remained behind.— Quran 26:170-171
Commentary: This was his wife, who was a bad old woman. She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left. This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al-A`raf and Surah Hud, and in Surat Al-Hijr, where Allah commanded him to take his family at night, except for his wife, and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people. So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered, and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all, and rained upon them stones of baked clay, piled up.— Tafsir Ibn Kathir 26:170-171
Other biblical references
Lot's wife is mentioned by Jesus at Luke 17:32 in the context of warning his disciples about difficult times in the future when the Son of Man would return; he told them to remember Lot's wife as a warning to not waver at that time. Lot's wife is also referred to in the apocrypha in Wisdom 10:7 - "a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul."
Popular culture
The transformation of Lot's wife is visible in the painting Sodom and Gomorrha by Henry Ossawa Tanner.
The poem, "Lot's Wife" by Anna Akhmatova, offers a more compassionate approach to Lot's wife's decision to look behind her. Scott Cairns' poem, "The Turning of Lot's Wife", also reimagines the story from a feminist perspective. In the first chapter of Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, the author praises Lot’s wife for looking back knowing it would destroy her. Vonnegut compares her looking at Sodom to his recalling the fire bombing of Dresden.
The story of Lot's wife is paralleled in Shirley Jackson's short story "Pillar of Salt", in which a woman visiting New York with her husband becomes obsessed with the crumbling of the city.
A short story by Robert Edmond titled "She Fell Among Thieves" was published in Argosy (magazine) in 1964. It tells how a white statue of a fleeing woman was found on a dig near the Jordanian border by a group of archeological thieves who later discover that their purloined treasure disappears during their rainy truck ride to the border.
The musical Caroline, or Change features a climactic aria titled "Lot's Wife," which Tonya Pinkins performed at the 58th Tony Awards to represent the original Broadway production's Best Musical nomination. The song alludes to the story of Lot's wife as a release from the evil and heartache of life.
Gallery
A rock formation near the Sanctuary of Agios Lot venerated as Lot's wife as a pillar of salt
"Lot's Wife" pillar of salt, Mount Sodom, Israel.
The 'Lot's wife' sea-stack, Marsden Bay, South Shields, North East England, United Kingdom located on the North Sea coast
The conspicuous conical white painted beacon at Baltimore, Ireland is locally nicknamed The Pillar of Salt or Lot's wife
Lot's Wife is a volcanic, deserted island at the southernmost tip of the Izu archipelago, Japan.
The Needles from Isaac Taylor's "one inch map" of Hampshire, published in 1759, showing Lot's Wife, the needle-shaped pillar that collapsed in a storm in 1764
See also
Baucis and Philemon
Kiidk'yaas
Lot's Wife (crag)
Niobe
Orpheus
The Needles
Vayeira
List of names for the biblical nameless
References
^ a b c d e f Schwartz, Howard (2004). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195358704.
^ Hamilton, Victor P. (1995). "looking (back)". The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50 (Google eBook) (2nd. ed.). Grand Rapids Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 49. ISBN 9780802823090.
^ Hirsch, Emil G.; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "Lot". Jewish Encyclopedia.
^ Lefond, Stanley J. (2012). Handbook of World Salt Resources. Springer. p. 337. ISBN 9781468407037.
^ "Lot's Wife". See the Holy Land. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
^ (Talmud B. Ber. 54a)
^ National Library Board (2014). Wang Dayuan - Singapore History.
^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Book I. Chapter 11. Verse 4.
^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Book I. Endnote Number 23
^ Scharfstein, Sol (2008). Torah and commentary : the five books of Moses : translation, rabbinic and contemporary commentary. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing. p. 71, #26. ISBN 9781602800205.
^ Book of Jasher 19:52. Internet Sacred Text Archive.
^ Friedlander, Gerald, ed. (1916). Pirkê de Rabbi Eliezer. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. p. 186.
^ Quran 26:161
^ Quran 51:33-34
^ Quran 66:10
^ "Lot". Catholic Encyclopedia.
^ Carroll, John T. (2012). Luke a commentary (1st ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 351. ISBN 9781611642025.
^ Minx, Bjorn (2008). "Literature and Ethics: Social Critique and Morality in the American War II Novel". Ethics in Culture. Walter de Gruyter. p. 350. ISBN 978-3-11-020072-0.
^ "One Inch Maps". University of Portsmouth.
^ "Geography Department website". University of Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007.
^ "Taylor's Hampshire 1759, Martin and Jean Norgate". University of Portsmouth.
^ "Geography Department website". 2004. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007.
External links
Media related to Lot's wife made into a pillar of salt at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
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By looking back at the \"evil cities,\" she betrayed her secret longing for that way of life. She was deemed unworthy to be saved and thus was turned to a pillar of salt.[10]Another view in the Jewish exegesis of Genesis 19:26, is that when Lot's wife looked back, she turned to a pillar of salt upon the \"sight of God\" descending to rain destruction upon Sodom and Gomorrah.[1]: 467 One reason given in the tradition is that she looked behind her to see if her daughters, married to men of Sodom, were coming or not.[1]: 467Another Jewish legend says that because Lot's wife sinned with salt, she was punished with salt. On the night the two angels visited Lot, he requested that his wife prepare a feast for them. Not having any salt, Lot's wife asked her neighbors for some, which alerted them to the presence of their guests, resulting in the mob action that endangered Lot's family.[1]: 467In the Midrash, Lot's wife's name is given as Ado[11] or Edith.[12]","title":"Jewish commentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic"},{"link_name":"daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"messenger of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messengers_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"prophet of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Quranic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian"},{"link_name":"Nuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ash-Shu'ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash-Shu%27ara"},{"link_name":"26:170-171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/26?startingVerse=170"},{"link_name":"Tafsir Ibn Kathir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir#Tafsir"},{"link_name":"26:170-171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//quran.com/26:170/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir"}],"text":"Lut fleeing the city with his daughters; his wife is killed by a rock.Lut (Arabic: لوط, romanized: Lūṭ) in the Quran is considered to be the same as Lot in the Hebrew Bible. He is considered to be a messenger of God and a prophet of God.[13]In the Quranic telling, Lut warned his people of their imminent destruction lest they change their wicked ways, but they refused to listen to him. Lut was ordered by Allah to flee the city with his followers at night, but to leave his wife behind. As soon as he left, Allah brought down upon them a shower of stones of clay.[14]The difference between this telling and the Judeo-Christian telling from the Book of Genesis is that Lut's wife was destroyed alongside the wicked; in other words, she did not flee with Lut. This is because Lut's wife was as guilty as those who were punished. So much so, that she is mentioned in the Quran alongside Nuh's wife as two impious and disbelieving women who were punished for their wickedness, irrespective of their being married to prophets.[15]In the Quran, surah (chapter) 26 Ash-Shu'ara (The Poets) –So We saved him and his family, all, Except an old woman among those who remained behind.— Quran 26:170-171Commentary: This was his wife, who was a bad old woman. She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left. This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al-A`raf and Surah Hud, and in Surat Al-Hijr, where Allah commanded him to take his family at night, except for his wife, and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people. So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered, and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all, and rained upon them stones of baked clay, piled up.— Tafsir Ibn Kathir 26:170-171","title":"Islamic view"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luke 17:32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2017:32&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Son of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Wisdom 10:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Wisdom+of+Solomon+10:7&version=rsvce"}],"text":"Lot's wife is mentioned by Jesus at Luke 17:32[16] in the context of warning his disciples about difficult times in the future when the Son of Man would return; he told them to remember Lot's wife as a warning to not waver at that time.[17] Lot's wife is also referred to in the apocrypha in Wisdom 10:7 - \"a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul.\"","title":"Other biblical references"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodom_and_Gomorrah,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Ossawa Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Anna Akhmatova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova"},{"link_name":"Scott Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Cairns"},{"link_name":"Slaughterhouse-Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"fire bombing of Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_bombing_of_Dresden"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Shirley Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Robert Edmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Edmond&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argosy (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argosy_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Caroline, or Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline,_or_Change"},{"link_name":"Tonya Pinkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Pinkins"},{"link_name":"58th Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Tony_Awards"}],"text":"The transformation of Lot's wife is visible in the painting Sodom and Gomorrha by Henry Ossawa Tanner.The poem, \"Lot's Wife\" by Anna Akhmatova, offers a more compassionate approach to Lot's wife's decision to look behind her. Scott Cairns' poem, \"The Turning of Lot's Wife\", also reimagines the story from a feminist perspective. In the first chapter of Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut, the author praises Lot’s wife for looking back knowing it would destroy her. Vonnegut compares her looking at Sodom to his recalling the fire bombing of Dresden.[18]The story of Lot's wife is paralleled in Shirley Jackson's short story \"Pillar of Salt\", in which a woman visiting New York with her husband becomes obsessed with the crumbling of the city.A short story by Robert Edmond titled \"She Fell Among Thieves\" was published in Argosy (magazine) in 1964. It tells how a white statue of a fleeing woman was found on a dig near the Jordanian border by a group of archeological thieves who later discover that their purloined treasure disappears during their rainy truck ride to the border.The musical Caroline, or Change features a climactic aria titled \"Lot's Wife,\" which Tonya Pinkins performed at the 58th Tony Awards to represent the original Broadway production's Best Musical nomination. The song alludes to the story of Lot's wife as a release from the evil and heartache of life.","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaltPillarDeadSea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary of Agios Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Agios_Lot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MountSodom061607.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Sodom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sodom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Lot%27s_Wife%27_sea-stack,_Marsden_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1637633.jpg"},{"link_name":"sea-stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Marsden Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsden,_Tyne_and_Wear"},{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields"},{"link_name":"North East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baltimore_Beacon_2008-07-01_10-25.jpg"},{"link_name":"beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soufuiwa_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lot's Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_Wife_(crag)"},{"link_name":"volcanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"deserted island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserted_island"},{"link_name":"Izu archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeedlesOnTaylorsHampshire-1759.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Needles"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A rock formation near the Sanctuary of Agios Lot venerated as Lot's wife as a pillar of salt\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Lot's Wife\" pillar of salt, Mount Sodom, Israel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 'Lot's wife' sea-stack, Marsden Bay, South Shields, North East England, United Kingdom located on the North Sea coast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe conspicuous conical white painted beacon at Baltimore, Ireland is locally nicknamed The Pillar of Salt or Lot's wife\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLot's Wife is a volcanic, deserted island at the southernmost tip of the Izu archipelago, Japan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Needles from Isaac Taylor's \"one inch map\" of Hampshire, published in 1759,[19][20][21][22] showing Lot's Wife, the needle-shaped pillar that collapsed in a storm in 1764","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lot's wife (center) turned into a pillar of salt during Sodom's destruction (Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_21r.png"},{"image_text":"Lut fleeing the city with his daughters; his wife is killed by a rock.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg/220px-Lot_BnF_Persan_54_fol._40.jpg"},{"image_text":"The transformation of Lot's wife is visible in the painting Sodom and Gomorrha by Henry Ossawa Tanner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sodom_and_Gomorrah%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg/220px-Sodom_and_Gomorrah%2C_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Baucis and Philemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon"},{"title":"Kiidk'yaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiidk%27yaas"},{"title":"Lot's Wife (crag)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lot%27s_Wife_(crag)"},{"title":"Niobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobe"},{"title":"Orpheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus"},{"title":"The Needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Needles"},{"title":"Vayeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayeira"},{"title":"List of names for the biblical nameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#Lot.27s_wife"}]
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[{"reference":"Schwartz, Howard (2004). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195358704.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&q=Lot%27s+wife&pg=PA466","url_text":"Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195358704","url_text":"9780195358704"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Victor P. (1995). \"looking (back)\". The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50 (Google eBook) (2nd. ed.). Grand Rapids Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 49. ISBN 9780802823090.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zlQ4chBCC5oC&q=%22looking+%28back%29%22&pg=PA49","url_text":"\"looking (back)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdmans","url_text":"Eerdmans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802823090","url_text":"9780802823090"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, Emil G.; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). \"Lot\". Jewish Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10122-lot","url_text":"Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Lefond, Stanley J. (2012). Handbook of World Salt Resources. Springer. p. 337. ISBN 9781468407037.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5KQACAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337","url_text":"Handbook of World Salt Resources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468407037","url_text":"9781468407037"}]},{"reference":"\"Lot's Wife\". See the Holy Land. Retrieved 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/lots-wife/","url_text":"\"Lot's Wife\""}]},{"reference":"National Library Board (2014). Wang Dayuan - Singapore History.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/61d49d33-d5cd-48fc-b91b-652ca64e87c4","url_text":"Wang Dayuan - Singapore History"}]},{"reference":"Scharfstein, Sol (2008). Torah and commentary : the five books of Moses : translation, rabbinic and contemporary commentary. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing. p. 71, #26. ISBN 9781602800205.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602800205","url_text":"9781602800205"}]},{"reference":"Friedlander, Gerald, ed. (1916). Pirkê de Rabbi Eliezer. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. p. 186.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pirkderabbieli00frieuoft/page/186/mode/2up","url_text":"Pirkê de Rabbi Eliezer"}]},{"reference":"\"Lot\". Catholic Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09366a.htm","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, John T. (2012). Luke a commentary (1st ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 351. ISBN 9781611642025.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yZF1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351","url_text":"Luke a commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611642025","url_text":"9781611642025"}]},{"reference":"Minx, Bjorn (2008). \"Literature and Ethics: Social Critique and Morality in the American War II Novel\". Ethics in Culture. Walter de Gruyter. p. 350. ISBN 978-3-11-020072-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XpHQcyK2sykC&pg=PA350","url_text":"\"Literature and Ethics: Social Critique and Morality in the American War II Novel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020072-0","url_text":"978-3-11-020072-0"}]},{"reference":"\"One Inch Maps\". University of Portsmouth.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/hantscat/html/oneinchf.htm","url_text":"\"One Inch Maps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth","url_text":"University of Portsmouth"}]},{"reference":"\"Geography Department website\". University of Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026102630/http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/geography/","url_text":"\"Geography Department website\""},{"url":"http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/geography/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor's Hampshire 1759, Martin and Jean Norgate\". University of Portsmouth.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/hantsmap/hantsmap/taylor4/taylor4.htm","url_text":"\"Taylor's Hampshire 1759, Martin and Jean Norgate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geography Department website\". 2004. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026102630/http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/geography/","url_text":"\"Geography Department website\""},{"url":"http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/geography/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_it_to_Psmith
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Leave It to Psmith
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["1 Plot introduction","2 Plot summary","3 Characters","4 Style","5 Background","6 Publication history","7 Adaptations","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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1923 novel by P. G. Wodehouse
Leave It to Psmith First edition (UK)AuthorP. G. WodehouseLanguageEnglishGenreComic novelPublisherHerbert Jenkins (UK)George H. Doran (US)Publication date30 November 1923 (UK)14 March 1924 (US)Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages327 ppPreceded byPsmith, Journalist (Psmith), Something Fresh (Blandings) Followed byBlandings Castle and Elsewhere (shorts), Summer Lightning (novel)
Leave It to Psmith is a comic novel by English author P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 30 November 1923 by Herbert Jenkins, London, England, and in the United States on 14 March 1924 by George H. Doran, New York. It had previously been serialised, in the Saturday Evening Post in the US between 3 February and 24 March 1923, and in the Grand Magazine in the UK between April and December that year; the ending of this magazine version was rewritten for the book form.
It was the fourth and final novel featuring Psmith, the others being Mike (1909) (later republished in two parts, with Psmith appearing in the second, Mike and Psmith (1953)), Psmith in the City (1910), and Psmith, Journalist (1915) – in his introduction to the omnibus The World of Psmith, Wodehouse said that he had stopped writing about the character because he couldn't think of any more stories. It was also the second novel set at Blandings Castle, the first being Something Fresh (1915). The Blandings saga would be continued in many more novels and shorts.
The book is dedicated to his step-daughter Leonora Wodehouse, referred to as "Queen of her species".
Plot introduction
Although the main character is Psmith (here called Ronald Eustace rather than Rupert as in previous books, possibly to differentiate him from Rupert Baxter), the bulk of the story takes place at Blandings Castle and involves various intrigues within the extended family of Lord Emsworth, the absent-minded elderly Earl.
The plot is a typical Wodehouse romance, with Psmith inveigling himself into the idyllic castle, where there are the usual crop of girls to woo, crooks to foil, imposters to unmask, haughty aunts to baffle and valuable necklaces to steal. Among the players is Psmith's good friend Mike, married to Phyllis and in dire need of some financial help; the ever-suspicious Rupert Baxter is on watch as usual.
The item which the plot revolves around is the necklace (nearly all Blandings plots revolve around an item which needs to be recovered).
Plot summary
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Leave It to Psmith
Psmith (left) and Freddie, 1923 illustration by May Wilson Preston in The Saturday Evening Post
Down at Blandings, Lord Emsworth is dismayed to hear from Baxter that he is expected to travel to London to collect the poet Ralston McTodd, invited to the castle by his sister Connie, a keen supporter of the Arts; another poet, Aileen Peavey, is already installed at the castle.
Joe Keeble tries to persuade his imperious wife to let him give money to his beloved stepdaughter Phyllis, but is bullied out of it, and when Emsworth's feckless younger son Freddie suggests stealing Connie's necklace to free up some cash, Keeble is taken with the idea. Freddie, not keen on doing the job himself, sees Psmith's advert in the paper, and tags along to London with Lord Emsworth.
Meanwhile, in the metropolis, we learn that Mike, having married Phyllis on the assumption that his job as estate manager for Psmith's father would be secure, found on Mr Smith's death that the old man was bankrupt, and is working as a poorly paid schoolmaster. Psmith worked for a time for an uncle in the fish business, but could stand the fish no longer and quit.
Phyllis meets some old school friends, including Eve Halliday, an assertive young girl who pities the once-rich Phyllis, believing her too soft to cope with penury. Eve, we learn, is a friend of Freddie Threepwood, and on his encouragement has taken a post cataloguing the Blandings library, while another friend, Cynthia, has been abandoned by her husband, famous poet Ralston McTodd.
Later, Psmith sees Eve sheltering from the rain opposite the Drones, and chivalrously runs out to give her the best umbrella from the club's umbrella rack. They later meet once more at an employment agency, where Psmith has come seeking work and Eve is visiting an old friend. Psmith meets up with Freddie Threepwood, who describes his scheme to steal Connie's necklace, but dashes off without revealing his name.
Soon after, Psmith runs into Lord Emsworth at the Senior Conservative Club, where the Earl is dining with Ralston McTodd. The poet is annoyed by Emsworth's absent-mindedness, especially when the old man potters across the street to inspect a flower shop, and leaves in a rage. When Emsworth returns, Emsworth mistakes Psmith for his guest, and when Psmith sees Eve Halliday meeting Lord Emsworth, he decides to visit Blandings, posing as McTodd.
Welcomed at the castle, especially by fellow poet Peavey, Psmith is nevertheless suspected by the ever-vigilant Baxter, the real McTodd having telegrammed to cancel his visit. Eve arrives and Psmith begins his wooing with some success, despite her belief that he is McTodd and has jilted her friend. Freddie, worried that one of the maids is a detective, is advised by Psmith to kiss her, and judge by her response whether she is a real maid; Psmith and Eve run into him just as he is embracing the girl.
One day, a stranger arrives at the house claiming to be McTodd, but Psmith turns him politely away. The man, Edward Cootes, runs into Aileen Peavey on his way back to the station, and we learn they are both crooks, estranged lovers both after the diamonds. Cootes returns to the castle, and forces Psmith to help him get in, which Psmith does, passing Cootes off as his valet. Psmith arranges the use of a small cottage, in case he needs to hide the jewels from Cootes.
Cootes and Peavey make a plan to steal the necklace during a poetry-reading, while Eve, having heard from Freddie that Joe Keeble plans to give him money, questions Keeble about why he isn't helping out her friend; he enlists her as a helper in the diamond-stealing plot. As Psmith begins his reading of McTodd's poems, Cootes turns off the lights and Peavey grabs the necklace, flinging it out of the window to where Eve (by coincidence) is standing; Eve hides it in a flowerpot. Returning later to fetch it, Eve wakes the vigilant Baxter, but evades him, leaving him locked out and stashing her flowerpot on a windowsill.
Baxter, locked out of the house in his lemon-coloured pyjamas, throws flowerpots through a window to awake Lord Emsworth, who assumes he is mad and calls in Psmith to help appease him. Next morning, Baxter is fired from his job, and Eve finds the flowerpot empty at Psmith's cottage. Enlisting Freddie's help, she searches the cottage, but finds nothing; Psmith enters and explains his motives, and his friendship with Mike and Phyllis. Cootes and Peavey appear, armed, and threaten to escape with the necklace, but Psmith takes advantage of Freddie's leg falling through the ceiling to overpower Cootes and retrieve the jewels.
Keeble gives Mike the funds he requires to buy his farm, and gives Freddie enough to get him into a bookmaking business. Psmith and Eve get engaged, and Psmith persuades Lord Emsworth to take him on as Baxter's replacement.
Characters
Clarence Threepwood, 9th Earl of Emsworth, master of Blandings
Hon. Freddie Threepwood, his younger son
Lady Constance Keeble, Emsworth's imperious sister
Joseph Keeble, Connie's husband.
Phyllis Jackson, Joe Keeble's stepdaughter
Michael "Mike" Jackson, her husband
Rupert Baxter, Lord Emsworth's very efficient secretary
Sebastian Beach, head butler at the castle
Eve Halliday, hired to catalogue the library, an old friend of Phyllis
Ronald Psmith, an adventurer who falls for Eve, an old friend of Mike
Ralston McTodd, a Canadian poet invited to the castle
Cynthia, his wife, an old friend of Eve and Phyllis
Ada Clarkson, an old teacher of Eve and Phyllis, now running an employment agency
Aileen Peavey (a.k.a. Smooth Lizzie), an American poet
Edward Cootes, a card-sharp, in love with Aileen Peavey
Style
Wodehouse uses vivid, exaggerated imagery in similes and metaphors for comic effect. For example, in chapter 7.11: "A sound like two or three pigs feeding rather noisily in the middle of a thunderstorm interrupted his meditation".
Wodehouse often uses literary references, sometimes giving the quoted passage directly with little change to the original quote, but adding to the quote to make it absurdly apposite to the situation. This occurs in chapter 11.5, after Baxter sees Psmith on the terrace of Blandings Castle:
"Oh, it's you?" he said morosely.
"I in person," said Psmith genially. "Awake, beloved! Awake, for morning in the bowl of night has flung the stone that puts the stars to flight; and lo! the hunter of the East has caught the Sultan's turret in the noose of light. The Sultan himself," he added, "you will find behind yonder window, speculating idly on your motives for bunging flower-pots at him."
Descriptions provided in Wodehouse's stories generally contain humorous elements, inserted into what would otherwise be pure exposition. For example, there are comic elements in the description of Aileen Peavy provided in chapter 10. To quote part of the passage: "She was alone. It is a sad but indisputable fact that in this imperfect world Genius is too often condemned to walk alone—if the earthier members of the community see it coming and have time to duck".
Injuries in Wodehouse's stories generally do much less harm than would normally be expected in real life, being similar to the inconsequential injuries depicted in stage comedies. For instance, after Psmith wakes up Freddie Threepwood by arranging for Freddie's suitcase to fall on him, Freddie merely massages the stricken spot, gurgles wordlessly, and is soon ready to resume normal conversation.
One of the prime sources of humour in Wodehouse's comic novels is the distinctive or absurd names given to characters, places, and brands of goods. One notable example is Psmith, who chooses to spell his name with a silent p "as in pshrimp" (chapter 5).
Background
Eve and Psmith, 1923 Grand Magazine illustration
One reason the novel was written was because Wodehouse's adopted daughter Leonora wanted him to write another Psmith story. The book has the dedication: "To my daughter Leonora, queen of her species."
Publication history
The story was illustrated by May Wilson Preston in The Saturday Evening Post. The illustrator for the Grand serial is not stated, but the artist's signature, visible on some of the illustrations such as the first two in the first part and one in the fifth part, is the same as one used by A. Wallis Mills. Mills's signature can also be seen on the illustrations for one of the other Wodehouse books serialised in The Grand Magazine, The Adventures of Sally.
The complete novel was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse. It was also featured in the 1974 collection The World of Psmith.
Adaptations
The story was adapted into a play, also titled Leave It to Psmith, by Wodehouse and Ian Hay. It opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London on 29 September 1930 and ran for 156 performances.
The film Leave It to Me (1933) was adapted from the 1930 play based on the novel.
A radio drama based on the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in October 1981. Dramatised by Michael Bakewell, it features John Gielgud narrating as P. G. Wodehouse, Michael Hordern as Lord Emsworth, Joan Greenwood as Lady Constance, Simon Ward as Psmith, and Caroline Langrishe as Eve.
A 1988 Indian television ten-episode serial titled Isi Bahane (On This Excuse) was based on the novel and aired on DD National. The serial was produced by Doordarshan.
The novel was dramatised for radio by Archie Scottney, with Martin Jarvis as Lord Emsworth, Patricia Hodge as Constance, Edward Bennett as Psmith, and Susannah Fielding as Eve. The adaptation aired on BBC Radio 4 in May 2020.
See also
A full list of the Blandings stories.
References
Notes
^ McIlvaine, E., Sherby, L.S. and Heineman, J.H. (1990) P. G. Wodehouse: A comprehensive bibliography and checklist. New York: James H. Heineman, pp. 44–45. ISBN 087008125X
^ Dedication
^ Hall (1974), p. 107.
^ Hall (1974), p. 112.
^ Hall (1974), p. 56.
^ Hall (1974), p. 46.
^ Hall (1974), pp. 100–102.
^ Phelps, Barry (1992). P. G. Wodehouse: Man and Myth. London: Constable and Company Limited. p. 142. ISBN 009471620X.
^ McCrum, Robert (2004). Wodehouse: A Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. p. 156. ISBN 0-393-05159-5.
^ McIlvaine (1990), p. 156, section D59.43.
^ "Leave it to Psmith (Part 1 in The Grand Magazine)". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ "Leave it to Psmith (Part 5 in The Grand Magazine)". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ See Mills's signature on both of the first two illustrations, as it varies slightly between the two: "Scoring off Jeeves (Strand Magazine)". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ "The Adventures of Sally (Grand Magazine)". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
^ McIlvaine (1990), p. 113, section B2a.
^ McIlvaine (1990), pp. 122–123, section B15a.
^ McIlvaine (1990), p. 305, section J41.
^ "Saturday-Night Theatre: Leave it to Psmith". BBC Genome. BBC. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
^ Taves (2006) p. 188.
^ "Leave it to Psmith: 1. Poets at Blandings". BBC Radio 4. BBC. 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
Sources
Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1974). The Comic Style of P. G. Wodehouse. Hamden: Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-01409-8.
McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S.; Heineman, James H. (1990). P. G. Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist. New York: James H. Heineman Inc. ISBN 978-0-87008-125-5.
Taves, Brian (2006). P. G. Wodehouse and Hollywood. London: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2288-3.
External links
Leave It to Psmith at Standard Ebooks
Leave it to Psmith at Project Gutenberg
Leave It to Psmith public domain audiobook at LibriVox
The Russian Wodehouse Society's page, with photos of book covers and a list of characters
Fantastic Fiction's page, with details of published editions, photos of book covers and links to used copies
A "Five Best" of comic novels, including Leave it to Psmith, from OpinionJournal.com
Details of the play, from theatrical publishers Samuel French
vteP. G. Wodehouse's Blandings CastleNovels
Something Fresh (1915)
Leave It to Psmith (1923)
Summer Lightning (1929)
Heavy Weather (1933)
Uncle Fred in the Springtime (1939)
Full Moon (1947)
Pigs Have Wings (1952)
Service with a Smile (1961)
Galahad at Blandings (1964)
A Pelican at Blandings (1969)
Sunset at Blandings (1977)
Short stories
Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (1935)
"The Custody of the Pumpkin"
"Lord Emsworth Acts for the Best"
"Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey"
"Company for Gertrude"
"The Go-Getter"
"Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend"
Lord Emsworth and Others (1937)
"The Crime Wave at Blandings"
Nothing Serious (1950)
"Birth of a Salesman"
Plum Pie (1966)
"Sticky Wicket at Blandings"
Main characters
Lord Emsworth
Lady Constance Keeble
Galahad Threepwood
Freddie Threepwood
Sebastian Beach
Empress of Blandings
Rupert Baxter
Sir Gregory Parsloe
Other characters
Uncle Fred
Pongo Twistleton
Psmith
Percy Pilbeam
Lord Tilbury
Roderick Glossop
Daphne Winkworth
Monty Bodkin
AdaptationsFilm
Leave It to Me (1933)
Summer Lightning (1933)
Thunder and Lightning (1938)
Television
The World of Wodehouse (1967)
Heavy Weather (1995)
Blandings (2013–14)
Other
Leave It to Psmith (play) (1930)
Blandings (radio series) (1985–92)
List of adaptations
vteP. G. Wodehouse
Bibliography
Short stories
Characters
Locations
Songs
Series
Jeeves
Blandings Castle
Psmith
Uncle Fred
Mr. Mulliner
Oldest Member
Drones Club
Ukridge
School stories
Novels
The Pothunters
A Prefect's Uncle
The Gold Bat
William Tell Told Again
The Head of Kay's
Love Among the Chickens
The White Feather
Not George Washington
The Swoop!
Mike
A Gentleman of Leisure
Psmith in the City
The Prince and Betty
The Little Nugget
Psmith, Journalist
Something Fresh
Uneasy Money
Piccadilly Jim
A Damsel in Distress
The Coming of Bill
Jill the Reckless
The Girl on the Boat
The Adventures of Sally
Leave It to Psmith
Bill the Conqueror
Sam the Sudden
The Small Bachelor
Money for Nothing
Summer Lightning
Big Money
If I Were You
Doctor Sally
Hot Water
Heavy Weather
Thank You, Jeeves
Right Ho, Jeeves
The Luck of the Bodkins
Laughing Gas
Summer Moonshine
The Code of the Woosters
Uncle Fred in the Springtime
Quick Service
Money in the Bank
Joy in the Morning
Full Moon
Spring Fever
Uncle Dynamite
The Mating Season
The Old Reliable
Barmy in Wonderland
Pigs Have Wings
Ring for Jeeves
Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit
French Leave
Something Fishy
Cocktail Time
Jeeves in the Offing
Ice in the Bedroom
Service with a Smile
Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves
Frozen Assets
Galahad at Blandings
Company for Henry
Do Butlers Burgle Banks?
A Pelican at Blandings
The Girl in Blue
Much Obliged, Jeeves
Pearls, Girls and Monty Bodkin
Bachelors Anonymous
Aunts Aren't Gentlemen
Short storycollections
Tales of St. Austin's
The Man Upstairs
The Man with Two Left Feet
My Man Jeeves
Indiscretions of Archie
The Clicking of Cuthbert
The Inimitable Jeeves
Ukridge
Carry On, Jeeves
The Heart of a Goof
Meet Mr Mulliner
Mr Mulliner Speaking
Very Good, Jeeves
Mulliner Nights
Blandings Castle and Elsewhere
Young Men in Spats
Lord Emsworth and Others
Eggs, Beans and Crumpets
Nothing Serious
A Few Quick Ones
Plum Pie
Posthumouslypublished books
The Uncollected Wodehouse
Sunset at Blandings
The Swoop! and Other Stories
The Eighteen-Carat Kid and Other Stories
A Man of Means
Plum Stones
The Luck Stone
Tales of Wrykyn and Elsewhere
Musicals
The Beauty of Bath
Nuts and Wine
Oh, Boy!
Leave It to Jane
The Riviera Girl
Miss 1917
Oh, Lady! Lady!!
The Girl Behind the Gun
Kissing Time
Oh, My Dear!
Sally
The Cabaret Girl
The Beauty Prize
Oh, Kay!
Show Boat
Rosalie
The Three Musketeers
Anything Goes
Plays
The Play's the Thing
Good Morning, Bill
Leave It to Psmith
Come On, Jeeves
Autobiographies
Bring On the Girls!
Performing Flea
Over Seventy
AdaptationsFilm
A Gentleman of Leisure (1915)
Uneasy Money (1918)
A Damsel in Distress (1919)
Piccadilly Jim (1919)
The Prince and Betty (1919)
Oh, Lady, Lady (1920)
Their Mutual Child (1920)
A Gentleman of Leisure (1923)
The Clicking of Cuthbert (1924)
The Golden Butterfly (1926)
The Small Bachelor (1927)
The Cardboard Lover (1927)
Oh, Kay! (1928)
Brother Alfred (1932)
The Passionate Plumber (1932)
Leave It to Me (1933)
Summer Lightning (1933)
Anything Goes (1936)
Piccadilly Jim (1936)
Thank You, Jeeves! (1936)
Step Lively, Jeeves (1937)
A Damsel in Distress (1937)
Thunder and Lightning (1938)
Her Cardboard Lover (1942)
Anything Goes (1956)
The Girl on the Boat (1961)
By Jeeves (2001)
Piccadilly Jim (2004)
Television
The World of Wooster (1965–67)
The World of Wodehouse (1967–68)
Wodehouse Playhouse (1975–78)
Jeeves and Wooster (1990–93)
Heavy Weather (1995)
Blandings (2013–14)
Radio
What Ho! Jeeves (1973–81)
Blandings (1985–92)
Stage
Jeeves (later By Jeeves) (1975/1996)
Jeeves and Wooster in Perfect Nonsense (2013)
A Damsel in Distress (2015)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_novel"},{"link_name":"P. G. Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Herbert Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Jenkins_Ltd"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"George H. Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Doran"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIl-1"},{"link_name":"Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Grand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Psmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psmith"},{"link_name":"Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Psmith in the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psmith_in_the_City"},{"link_name":"Psmith, Journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psmith,_Journalist"},{"link_name":"Blandings Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandings_Castle"},{"link_name":"Something Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Fresh"},{"link_name":"shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Leave It to Psmith is a comic novel by English author P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United Kingdom on 30 November 1923 by Herbert Jenkins, London, England, and in the United States on 14 March 1924 by George H. Doran, New York.[1] It had previously been serialised, in the Saturday Evening Post in the US between 3 February and 24 March 1923, and in the Grand Magazine in the UK between April and December that year; the ending of this magazine version was rewritten for the book form.It was the fourth and final novel featuring Psmith, the others being Mike (1909) (later republished in two parts, with Psmith appearing in the second, Mike and Psmith (1953)), Psmith in the City (1910), and Psmith, Journalist (1915) – in his introduction to the omnibus The World of Psmith, Wodehouse said that he had stopped writing about the character because he couldn't think of any more stories. It was also the second novel set at Blandings Castle, the first being Something Fresh (1915). The Blandings saga would be continued in many more novels and shorts.The book is dedicated to his step-daughter Leonora Wodehouse, referred to as \"Queen of her species\".[2]","title":"Leave It to Psmith"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psmith"},{"link_name":"Blandings Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandings_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lord Emsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Emsworth"},{"link_name":"Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl"},{"link_name":"Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_%22Mike%22_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rupert Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Baxter"}],"text":"Although the main character is Psmith (here called Ronald Eustace rather than Rupert as in previous books, possibly to differentiate him from Rupert Baxter), the bulk of the story takes place at Blandings Castle and involves various intrigues within the extended family of Lord Emsworth, the absent-minded elderly Earl.The plot is a typical Wodehouse romance, with Psmith inveigling himself into the idyllic castle, where there are the usual crop of girls to woo, crooks to foil, imposters to unmask, haughty aunts to baffle and valuable necklaces to steal. Among the players is Psmith's good friend Mike, married to Phyllis and in dire need of some financial help; the ever-suspicious Rupert Baxter is on watch as usual.The item which the plot revolves around is the necklace (nearly all Blandings plots revolve around an item which needs to be recovered).","title":"Plot introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Leave It to Psmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Leave_It_to_Psmith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leave_It_to_Psmith_illustration_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"May Wilson Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Wilson_Preston"},{"link_name":"Lord Emsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Emsworth"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Connie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Constance_Keeble"},{"link_name":"Freddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Threepwood"},{"link_name":"Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_%22Mike%22_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Drones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drones_Club"},{"link_name":"Senior Conservative Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse_locations#The_Senior_Conservative_Club"},{"link_name":"telegrammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram"},{"link_name":"valet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valet"},{"link_name":"pyjamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajamas"},{"link_name":"bookmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nLeave It to PsmithPsmith (left) and Freddie, 1923 illustration by May Wilson Preston in The Saturday Evening PostDown at Blandings, Lord Emsworth is dismayed to hear from Baxter that he is expected to travel to London to collect the poet Ralston McTodd, invited to the castle by his sister Connie, a keen supporter of the Arts; another poet, Aileen Peavey, is already installed at the castle.Joe Keeble tries to persuade his imperious wife to let him give money to his beloved stepdaughter Phyllis, but is bullied out of it, and when Emsworth's feckless younger son Freddie suggests stealing Connie's necklace to free up some cash, Keeble is taken with the idea. Freddie, not keen on doing the job himself, sees Psmith's advert in the paper, and tags along to London with Lord Emsworth.Meanwhile, in the metropolis, we learn that Mike, having married Phyllis on the assumption that his job as estate manager for Psmith's father would be secure, found on Mr Smith's death that the old man was bankrupt, and is working as a poorly paid schoolmaster. Psmith worked for a time for an uncle in the fish business, but could stand the fish no longer and quit.Phyllis meets some old school friends, including Eve Halliday, an assertive young girl who pities the once-rich Phyllis, believing her too soft to cope with penury. Eve, we learn, is a friend of Freddie Threepwood, and on his encouragement has taken a post cataloguing the Blandings library, while another friend, Cynthia, has been abandoned by her husband, famous poet Ralston McTodd.Later, Psmith sees Eve sheltering from the rain opposite the Drones, and chivalrously runs out to give her the best umbrella from the club's umbrella rack. They later meet once more at an employment agency, where Psmith has come seeking work and Eve is visiting an old friend. Psmith meets up with Freddie Threepwood, who describes his scheme to steal Connie's necklace, but dashes off without revealing his name.Soon after, Psmith runs into Lord Emsworth at the Senior Conservative Club, where the Earl is dining with Ralston McTodd. The poet is annoyed by Emsworth's absent-mindedness, especially when the old man potters across the street to inspect a flower shop, and leaves in a rage. When Emsworth returns, Emsworth mistakes Psmith for his guest, and when Psmith sees Eve Halliday meeting Lord Emsworth, he decides to visit Blandings, posing as McTodd.Welcomed at the castle, especially by fellow poet Peavey, Psmith is nevertheless suspected by the ever-vigilant Baxter, the real McTodd having telegrammed to cancel his visit. Eve arrives and Psmith begins his wooing with some success, despite her belief that he is McTodd and has jilted her friend. Freddie, worried that one of the maids is a detective, is advised by Psmith to kiss her, and judge by her response whether she is a real maid; Psmith and Eve run into him just as he is embracing the girl.One day, a stranger arrives at the house claiming to be McTodd, but Psmith turns him politely away. The man, Edward Cootes, runs into Aileen Peavey on his way back to the station, and we learn they are both crooks, estranged lovers both after the diamonds. Cootes returns to the castle, and forces Psmith to help him get in, which Psmith does, passing Cootes off as his valet. Psmith arranges the use of a small cottage, in case he needs to hide the jewels from Cootes.Cootes and Peavey make a plan to steal the necklace during a poetry-reading, while Eve, having heard from Freddie that Joe Keeble plans to give him money, questions Keeble about why he isn't helping out her friend; he enlists her as a helper in the diamond-stealing plot. As Psmith begins his reading of McTodd's poems, Cootes turns off the lights and Peavey grabs the necklace, flinging it out of the window to where Eve (by coincidence) is standing; Eve hides it in a flowerpot. Returning later to fetch it, Eve wakes the vigilant Baxter, but evades him, leaving him locked out and stashing her flowerpot on a windowsill.Baxter, locked out of the house in his lemon-coloured pyjamas, throws flowerpots through a window to awake Lord Emsworth, who assumes he is mad and calls in Psmith to help appease him. Next morning, Baxter is fired from his job, and Eve finds the flowerpot empty at Psmith's cottage. Enlisting Freddie's help, she searches the cottage, but finds nothing; Psmith enters and explains his motives, and his friendship with Mike and Phyllis. Cootes and Peavey appear, armed, and threaten to escape with the necklace, but Psmith takes advantage of Freddie's leg falling through the ceiling to overpower Cootes and retrieve the jewels.Keeble gives Mike the funds he requires to buy his farm, and gives Freddie enough to get him into a bookmaking business. Psmith and Eve get engaged, and Psmith persuades Lord Emsworth to take him on as Baxter's replacement.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Threepwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Emsworth"},{"link_name":"Freddie Threepwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Threepwood"},{"link_name":"Lady Constance Keeble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Constance_Keeble"},{"link_name":"Michael \"Mike\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_%22Mike%22_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Rupert Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Beach"},{"link_name":"Ronald Psmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psmith"}],"text":"Clarence Threepwood, 9th Earl of Emsworth, master of Blandings\nHon. Freddie Threepwood, his younger son\nLady Constance Keeble, Emsworth's imperious sister\nJoseph Keeble, Connie's husband.\nPhyllis Jackson, Joe Keeble's stepdaughter\nMichael \"Mike\" Jackson, her husband\nRupert Baxter, Lord Emsworth's very efficient secretary\nSebastian Beach, head butler at the castle\nEve Halliday, hired to catalogue the library, an old friend of Phyllis\nRonald Psmith, an adventurer who falls for Eve, an old friend of Mike\nRalston McTodd, a Canadian poet invited to the castle\nCynthia, his wife, an old friend of Eve and Phyllis\nAda Clarkson, an old teacher of Eve and Phyllis, now running an employment agency\nAileen Peavey (a.k.a. Smooth Lizzie), an American poet\nEdward Cootes, a card-sharp, in love with Aileen Peavey","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Wodehouse uses vivid, exaggerated imagery in similes and metaphors for comic effect. For example, in chapter 7.11: \"A sound like two or three pigs feeding rather noisily in the middle of a thunderstorm interrupted his meditation\".[3]Wodehouse often uses literary references, sometimes giving the quoted passage directly with little change to the original quote, but adding to the quote to make it absurdly apposite to the situation. This occurs in chapter 11.5, after Baxter sees Psmith on the terrace of Blandings Castle:\"Oh, it's you?\" he said morosely.\n\"I in person,\" said Psmith genially. \"Awake, beloved! Awake, for morning in the bowl of night has flung the stone that puts the stars to flight; and lo! the hunter of the East has caught the Sultan's turret in the noose of light. The Sultan himself,\" he added, \"you will find behind yonder window, speculating idly on your motives for bunging flower-pots at him.\"[4]Descriptions provided in Wodehouse's stories generally contain humorous elements, inserted into what would otherwise be pure exposition. For example, there are comic elements in the description of Aileen Peavy provided in chapter 10. To quote part of the passage: \"She [Aileen Peavey] was alone. It is a sad but indisputable fact that in this imperfect world Genius is too often condemned to walk alone—if the earthier members of the community see it coming and have time to duck\".[5]Injuries in Wodehouse's stories generally do much less harm than would normally be expected in real life, being similar to the inconsequential injuries depicted in stage comedies. For instance, after Psmith wakes up Freddie Threepwood by arranging for Freddie's suitcase to fall on him, Freddie merely massages the stricken spot, gurgles wordlessly, and is soon ready to resume normal conversation.[6]One of the prime sources of humour in Wodehouse's comic novels is the distinctive or absurd names given to characters, places, and brands of goods. One notable example is Psmith, who chooses to spell his name with a silent p \"as in pshrimp\" (chapter 5).[7]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leave_It_to_Psmith_illustration_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Eve and Psmith, 1923 Grand Magazine illustrationOne reason the novel was written was because Wodehouse's adopted daughter Leonora wanted him to write another Psmith story.[8] The book has the dedication: \"To my daughter Leonora, queen of her species.\"[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"May Wilson Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Wilson_Preston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"A. Wallis Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Wallis_Mills"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Sally"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The story was illustrated by May Wilson Preston in The Saturday Evening Post.[10] The illustrator for the Grand serial is not stated, but the artist's signature, visible on some of the illustrations such as the first two in the first part[11] and one in the fifth part,[12] is the same as one used by A. Wallis Mills.[13] Mills's signature can also be seen on the illustrations for one of the other Wodehouse books serialised in The Grand Magazine, The Adventures of Sally.[14]The complete novel was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse.[15] It was also featured in the 1974 collection The World of Psmith.[16]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leave It to Psmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_It_to_Psmith_(play)"},{"link_name":"Ian Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hay"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Leave It to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_It_to_Me_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"radio drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_drama"},{"link_name":"Michael Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bakewell"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Michael Hordern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hordern"},{"link_name":"Joan Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"Simon Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ward"},{"link_name":"Caroline Langrishe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Langrishe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"DD National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DD_National"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Martin Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Jarvis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Patricia Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Edward Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bennett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Susannah Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_Fielding"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The story was adapted into a play, also titled Leave It to Psmith, by Wodehouse and Ian Hay. It opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London on 29 September 1930 and ran for 156 performances.[17]The film Leave It to Me (1933) was adapted from the 1930 play based on the novel.A radio drama based on the novel was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in October 1981. Dramatised by Michael Bakewell, it features John Gielgud narrating as P. G. Wodehouse, Michael Hordern as Lord Emsworth, Joan Greenwood as Lady Constance, Simon Ward as Psmith, and Caroline Langrishe as Eve.[18]A 1988 Indian television ten-episode serial titled Isi Bahane (On This Excuse) was based on the novel and aired on DD National. The serial was produced by Doordarshan.[19]The novel was dramatised for radio by Archie Scottney, with Martin Jarvis as Lord Emsworth, Patricia Hodge as Constance, Edward Bennett as Psmith, and Susannah Fielding as Eve. The adaptation aired on BBC Radio 4 in May 2020.[20]","title":"Adaptations"}]
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[{"image_text":"Psmith (left) and Freddie, 1923 illustration by May Wilson Preston in The Saturday Evening Post","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Leave_It_to_Psmith_illustration_01.jpg/220px-Leave_It_to_Psmith_illustration_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eve and Psmith, 1923 Grand Magazine illustration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Leave_It_to_Psmith_illustration_02.jpg/220px-Leave_It_to_Psmith_illustration_02.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"A full list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandings_Castle#Books"}]
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[{"reference":"Phelps, Barry (1992). P. G. Wodehouse: Man and Myth. London: Constable and Company Limited. p. 142. ISBN 009471620X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/009471620X","url_text":"009471620X"}]},{"reference":"McCrum, Robert (2004). Wodehouse: A Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. p. 156. ISBN 0-393-05159-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCrum","url_text":"McCrum, Robert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wodehouse00robe/page/156","url_text":"Wodehouse: A Life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wodehouse00robe/page/156","url_text":"156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05159-5","url_text":"0-393-05159-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Leave it to Psmith (Part 1 in The Grand Magazine)\". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.madameulalie.org/grand/Leave_It_to_Psmith-Grand01.html","url_text":"\"Leave it to Psmith (Part 1 in The Grand Magazine)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leave it to Psmith (Part 5 in The Grand Magazine)\". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.madameulalie.org/grand/Leave_It_to_Psmith-Grand05.html","url_text":"\"Leave it to Psmith (Part 5 in The Grand Magazine)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scoring off Jeeves (Strand Magazine)\". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.madameulalie.org/strand/Scoring_off_Jeeves.html","url_text":"\"Scoring off Jeeves (Strand Magazine)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Adventures of Sally (Grand Magazine)\". Madame Eulalie. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.madameulalie.org/grand/AdvSally1.html","url_text":"\"The Adventures of Sally (Grand Magazine)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saturday-Night Theatre: Leave it to Psmith\". BBC Genome. BBC. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d6d085eb273487f9031f4ed46f32086","url_text":"\"Saturday-Night Theatre: Leave it to Psmith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leave it to Psmith: 1. Poets at Blandings\". BBC Radio 4. BBC. 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000j7qj","url_text":"\"Leave it to Psmith: 1. Poets at Blandings\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1974). The Comic Style of P. G. Wodehouse. Hamden: Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-01409-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Hall_Jr.","url_text":"Hall, Robert A. Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-01409-8","url_text":"0-208-01409-8"}]},{"reference":"McIlvaine, Eileen; Sherby, Louise S.; Heineman, James H. (1990). P. G. Wodehouse: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Checklist. New York: James H. Heineman Inc. ISBN 978-0-87008-125-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87008-125-5","url_text":"978-0-87008-125-5"}]},{"reference":"Taves, Brian (2006). P. G. Wodehouse and Hollywood. London: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2288-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2288-3","url_text":"978-0-7864-2288-3"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/files/60067/60067-h/60067-h.htm","external_links_name":"Dedication"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wodehouse00robe/page/156","external_links_name":"Wodehouse: A Life"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wodehouse00robe/page/156","external_links_name":"156"},{"Link":"https://www.madameulalie.org/grand/Leave_It_to_Psmith-Grand01.html","external_links_name":"\"Leave it to Psmith (Part 1 in The Grand Magazine)\""},{"Link":"https://www.madameulalie.org/grand/Leave_It_to_Psmith-Grand05.html","external_links_name":"\"Leave it to Psmith (Part 5 in The Grand Magazine)\""},{"Link":"https://www.madameulalie.org/strand/Scoring_off_Jeeves.html","external_links_name":"\"Scoring off Jeeves (Strand Magazine)\""},{"Link":"https://www.madameulalie.org/grand/AdvSally1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Adventures of Sally (Grand Magazine)\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d6d085eb273487f9031f4ed46f32086","external_links_name":"\"Saturday-Night Theatre: Leave it to Psmith\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000j7qj","external_links_name":"\"Leave it to Psmith: 1. Poets at Blandings\""},{"Link":"https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/p-g-wodehouse/leave-it-to-psmith","external_links_name":"Leave It to Psmith"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/60067","external_links_name":"Leave it to Psmith"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Leave+It+to+Psmith&author=Wodehouse&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Leave It to Psmith"},{"Link":"http://wodehouse.ru/32.htm","external_links_name":"The Russian Wodehouse Society's page"},{"Link":"http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/w/p-g-wodehouse/leave-it-to-psmith.htm","external_links_name":"Fantastic Fiction's page"},{"Link":"http://www.opinionjournal.com/weekend/fivebest/?id=110008077.","external_links_name":"A \"Five Best\" of comic novels"},{"Link":"http://www.samuelfrench-london.co.uk/p/10805/leave-it-to-psmith","external_links_name":"Details of the play"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAS1
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OAS1
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["1 References","2 Further reading"]
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OAS1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes4IG8IdentifiersAliasesOAS1, IFI-4, OIAS, OIASI, E18/E16, 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1External IDsOMIM: 164350; MGI: 2180860; HomoloGene: 1903; GeneCards: OAS1; OMA:OAS1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q24.13Start112,905,856 bpEnd112,933,219 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)Band5 F|5 60.65 cMStart121,034,319 bpEnd121,045,584 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inmonocytemucosa of transverse colongranulocyterectummucosa of esophagusmucosa of ileumspleengallbladdernasal epitheliumright lobe of liverTop expressed ingranulocytejejunumileumcolonduodenumplacentayolk sacblastocystthymusbone marrowMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
transferase activity
nucleotide binding
nucleotidyltransferase activity
metal ion binding
protein binding
RNA binding
double-stranded RNA binding
ATP binding
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
extracellular region
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
nucleus
cytosol
nucleoplasm
Biological process
purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
regulation of ribonuclease activity
glucose homeostasis
interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway
immune system process
response to virus
negative regulation of viral genome replication
defense response to virus
type I interferon signaling pathway
protein complex oligomerization
immune response
glucose metabolic process
cellular response to interferon-alpha
innate immune response
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez4938246730EnsemblENSG00000089127ENSMUSG00000052776UniProtP00973P11928RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001032409NM_002534NM_016816NM_001320151NM_145211RefSeq (protein)NP_001027581NP_001307080NP_002525NP_058132NP_660212Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 112.91 – 112.93 MbChr 5: 121.03 – 121.05 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAS1 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the 2-5A synthetase family, which include essential proteins involved in the innate immune response to viral infection.
The encoded protein is induced by interferons and uses adenosine triphosphate in 2'-specific nucleotidyl transfer reactions to synthesize 2',5'-oligoadenylates (2-5As). These molecules activate latent RNase L, which results in both viral and endogenous RNA degradation and the inhibition of viral replication. The three known members of this gene family are located in a cluster on chromosome 12. Hypomorphic mutations in this gene have been associated with host susceptibility to viral infection, while gain-of-function variants can cause autoinflammatory immunodeficiency. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000089127 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000052776 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Renault B, Hovnanian A, Bryce S, Chang JJ, Lau S, Sakuntabhai A, Monk S, Carter S, Ross CJ, Pang J, Twells R, Chamberlain S, Monaco AP, Strachan T, Kucherlapati R (Feb 1998). "A sequence-ready physical map of a region of 12q24.1". Genomics. 45 (2): 271–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4888. PMID 9344649.
^ Nechiporuk T, Nechiporuk A, Sahba S, Figueroa K, Shibata H, Chen XN, Korenberg JR, de Jong P, Pulst SM (Nov 1997). "A high-resolution PAC and BAC map of the SCA2 region". Genomics. 44 (3): 321–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4886. PMID 9325053.
^ Magg, T.; Okano, T.; Koenig, L. M.; Boehmer DFR; Schwartz, S. L.; Inoue, K.; Heimall, J.; Licciardi, F.; Ley-Zaporozhan, J.; Ferdman, R. M.; Caballero-Oteyza, A.; Park, E. N.; Calderon, B. M.; Dey, D.; Kanegane, H.; Cho, K.; Montin, D.; Reiter, K.; Griese, M.; Albert, M. H.; Rohlfs, M.; Gray, P.; Walz, C.; Conn, G. L.; Sullivan, K. E.; Klein, C.; Morio, T.; Hauck, F. (2021). "Heterozygous OAS1 gain-of-function variants cause an autoinflammatory immunodeficiency". Sci Immunol. 6 (60): eabf9564. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf9564. PMC 8392508. PMID 34145065.
^ "Entrez Gene: OAS1 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46kDa".
Further reading
Justesen J, Hartmann R, Kjeldgaard NO (2000). "Gene structure and function of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase family". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57 (11): 1593–612. doi:10.1007/PL00000644. PMC 11146851. PMID 11092454. S2CID 19154357.
Ghosh SK, Kusari J, Bandyopadhyay SK, et al. (1991). "Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two murine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. Structure-function relationships". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (23): 15293–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98615-1. PMID 1651324.
Silverman RH, Sengupta DN (1991). "Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes". J. Exp. Pathol. 5 (2): 69–77. PMID 1708818.
Saunders ME, Gewert DR, Tugwell ME, et al. (1985). "Human 2-5A synthetase: characterization of a novel cDNA and corresponding gene structure". EMBO J. 4 (7): 1761–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03848.x. PMC 554415. PMID 2411547.
Benech P, Mory Y, Revel M, Chebath J (1986). "Structure of two forms of the interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo A synthetase of human cells based on cDNAs and gene sequences". EMBO J. 4 (9): 2249–56. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03922.x. PMC 554493. PMID 2416561.
Williams BR, Saunders ME, Willard HF (1986). "Interferon-regulated human 2-5A synthetase gene maps to chromosome 12". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 12 (4): 403–8. doi:10.1007/BF01570735. PMID 2426799. S2CID 13077134.
Hovanessian AG, Laurent AG, Chebath J, et al. (1987). "Identification of 69-kd and 100-kd forms of 2-5A synthetase in interferon-treated human cells by specific monoclonal antibodies". EMBO J. 6 (5): 1273–80. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02364.x. PMC 553929. PMID 2440675.
Rutherford MN, Hannigan GE, Williams BR (1988). "Interferon-induced binding of nuclear factors to promoter elements of the 2-5A synthetase gene". EMBO J. 7 (3): 751–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02872.x. PMC 454386. PMID 2456211.
Benech P, Vigneron M, Peretz D, et al. (1988). "Interferon-responsive regulatory elements in the promoter of the human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase gene". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (12): 4498–504. doi:10.1128/MCB.7.12.4498. PMC 368134. PMID 2830497.
Wathelet MG, Clauss IM, Nols CB, et al. (1988). "New inducers revealed by the promoter sequence analysis of two interferon-activated human genes". Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x. PMID 3121313.
Wathelet MG, Szpirer J, Nols CB, et al. (1988). "Cloning and chromosomal location of human genes inducible by type I interferon". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14 (5): 415–26. doi:10.1007/BF01534709. PMID 3175763. S2CID 42406993.
Wathelet M, Moutschen S, Cravador A, et al. (1986). "Full-length sequence and expression of the 42 kDa 2-5A synthetase induced by human interferon". FEBS Lett. 196 (1): 113–20. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80224-1. PMID 3753689. S2CID 38673605.
Shiojiri S, Fukunaga R, Ichii Y, Sokawa Y (1986). "Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase". J. Biochem. 99 (5): 1455–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135615. PMID 3754863.
Merlin G, Chebath J, Benech P, et al. (1983). "Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (16): 4904–8. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4904M. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4904. PMC 384155. PMID 6348777.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Ghosh A, Sarkar SN, Guo W, et al. (1998). "Enzymatic activity of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is impaired by specific mutations that affect oligomerization of the protein". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (52): 33220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33220. PMID 9407111.
Hovnanian A, Rebouillat D, Mattei MG, et al. (1998). "The human 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase locus is composed of three distinct genes clustered on chromosome 12q24.2 encoding the 100-, 69-, and 40-kDa forms". Genomics. 52 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5443. PMID 9790745.
Sarkar SN, Ghosh A, Wang HW, et al. (1999). "The nature of the catalytic domain of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (36): 25535–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.36.25535. PMID 10464285.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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These molecules activate latent RNase L, which results in both viral and endogenous RNA degradation and the inhibition of viral replication. The three known members of this gene family are located in a cluster on chromosome 12. Hypomorphic mutations in this gene have been associated with host susceptibility to viral infection, while gain-of-function variants can cause autoinflammatory immunodeficiency.[7] Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.[8]","title":"OAS1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Gene structure and function of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase family\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146851"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/PL00000644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00000644"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11146851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146851"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11092454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11092454"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19154357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19154357"},{"link_name":"\"Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two murine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. 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cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human 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activity of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is impaired by specific mutations that affect oligomerization of the protein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.52.33220"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.52.33220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.52.33220"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9407111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9407111"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1998.5443","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1998.5443"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9790745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9790745"},{"link_name":"\"The nature of the catalytic domain of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.36.25535"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.274.36.25535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.36.25535"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10464285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10464285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OAS1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-12-stub"}],"text":"Justesen J, Hartmann R, Kjeldgaard NO (2000). \"Gene structure and function of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase family\". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57 (11): 1593–612. doi:10.1007/PL00000644. PMC 11146851. PMID 11092454. S2CID 19154357.\nGhosh SK, Kusari J, Bandyopadhyay SK, et al. (1991). \"Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two murine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. Structure-function relationships\". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (23): 15293–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98615-1. PMID 1651324.\nSilverman RH, Sengupta DN (1991). \"Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes\". J. Exp. Pathol. 5 (2): 69–77. PMID 1708818.\nSaunders ME, Gewert DR, Tugwell ME, et al. (1985). \"Human 2-5A synthetase: characterization of a novel cDNA and corresponding gene structure\". EMBO J. 4 (7): 1761–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03848.x. PMC 554415. PMID 2411547.\nBenech P, Mory Y, Revel M, Chebath J (1986). \"Structure of two forms of the interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo A synthetase of human cells based on cDNAs and gene sequences\". EMBO J. 4 (9): 2249–56. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03922.x. PMC 554493. PMID 2416561.\nWilliams BR, Saunders ME, Willard HF (1986). \"Interferon-regulated human 2-5A synthetase gene maps to chromosome 12\". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 12 (4): 403–8. doi:10.1007/BF01570735. PMID 2426799. S2CID 13077134.\nHovanessian AG, Laurent AG, Chebath J, et al. (1987). \"Identification of 69-kd and 100-kd forms of 2-5A synthetase in interferon-treated human cells by specific monoclonal antibodies\". EMBO J. 6 (5): 1273–80. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02364.x. PMC 553929. PMID 2440675.\nRutherford MN, Hannigan GE, Williams BR (1988). \"Interferon-induced binding of nuclear factors to promoter elements of the 2-5A synthetase gene\". EMBO J. 7 (3): 751–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02872.x. PMC 454386. PMID 2456211.\nBenech P, Vigneron M, Peretz D, et al. (1988). \"Interferon-responsive regulatory elements in the promoter of the human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase gene\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (12): 4498–504. doi:10.1128/MCB.7.12.4498. PMC 368134. PMID 2830497.\nWathelet MG, Clauss IM, Nols CB, et al. (1988). \"New inducers revealed by the promoter sequence analysis of two interferon-activated human genes\". Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x. PMID 3121313.\nWathelet MG, Szpirer J, Nols CB, et al. (1988). \"Cloning and chromosomal location of human genes inducible by type I interferon\". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14 (5): 415–26. doi:10.1007/BF01534709. PMID 3175763. S2CID 42406993.\nWathelet M, Moutschen S, Cravador A, et al. (1986). \"Full-length sequence and expression of the 42 kDa 2-5A synthetase induced by human interferon\". FEBS Lett. 196 (1): 113–20. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80224-1. PMID 3753689. S2CID 38673605.\nShiojiri S, Fukunaga R, Ichii Y, Sokawa Y (1986). \"Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase\". J. Biochem. 99 (5): 1455–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135615. PMID 3754863.\nMerlin G, Chebath J, Benech P, et al. (1983). \"Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (16): 4904–8. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4904M. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4904. PMC 384155. PMID 6348777.\nMaruyama K, Sugano S (1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.\nSuzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.\nGhosh A, Sarkar SN, Guo W, et al. (1998). \"Enzymatic activity of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is impaired by specific mutations that affect oligomerization of the protein\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (52): 33220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33220. PMID 9407111.\nHovnanian A, Rebouillat D, Mattei MG, et al. (1998). \"The human 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase locus is composed of three distinct genes clustered on chromosome 12q24.2 encoding the 100-, 69-, and 40-kDa forms\". Genomics. 52 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5443. PMID 9790745.\nSarkar SN, Ghosh A, Wang HW, et al. (1999). \"The nature of the catalytic domain of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (36): 25535–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.36.25535. PMID 10464285.This article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=4938","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=246730","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Renault B, Hovnanian A, Bryce S, Chang JJ, Lau S, Sakuntabhai A, Monk S, Carter S, Ross CJ, Pang J, Twells R, Chamberlain S, Monaco AP, Strachan T, Kucherlapati R (Feb 1998). \"A sequence-ready physical map of a region of 12q24.1\". Genomics. 45 (2): 271–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4888. PMID 9344649.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1997.4888","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1997.4888"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9344649","url_text":"9344649"}]},{"reference":"Nechiporuk T, Nechiporuk A, Sahba S, Figueroa K, Shibata H, Chen XN, Korenberg JR, de Jong P, Pulst SM (Nov 1997). \"A high-resolution PAC and BAC map of the SCA2 region\". Genomics. 44 (3): 321–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4886. PMID 9325053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1997.4886","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1997.4886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9325053","url_text":"9325053"}]},{"reference":"Magg, T.; Okano, T.; Koenig, L. M.; Boehmer DFR; Schwartz, S. L.; Inoue, K.; Heimall, J.; Licciardi, F.; Ley-Zaporozhan, J.; Ferdman, R. M.; Caballero-Oteyza, A.; Park, E. N.; Calderon, B. M.; Dey, D.; Kanegane, H.; Cho, K.; Montin, D.; Reiter, K.; Griese, M.; Albert, M. H.; Rohlfs, M.; Gray, P.; Walz, C.; Conn, G. L.; Sullivan, K. E.; Klein, C.; Morio, T.; Hauck, F. (2021). \"Heterozygous OAS1 gain-of-function variants cause an autoinflammatory immunodeficiency\". Sci Immunol. 6 (60): eabf9564. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf9564. PMC 8392508. PMID 34145065.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8392508","url_text":"\"Heterozygous OAS1 gain-of-function variants cause an autoinflammatory immunodeficiency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciimmunol.abf9564","url_text":"10.1126/sciimmunol.abf9564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8392508","url_text":"8392508"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34145065","url_text":"34145065"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: OAS1 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46kDa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4938","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: OAS1 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46kDa\""}]},{"reference":"Justesen J, Hartmann R, Kjeldgaard NO (2000). \"Gene structure and function of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase family\". 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(1991). \"Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two murine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. Structure-function relationships\". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (23): 15293–9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98615-1. PMID 1651324.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998615-1","url_text":"\"Cloning, sequencing, and expression of two murine 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. Structure-function relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2998615-1","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98615-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1651324","url_text":"1651324"}]},{"reference":"Silverman RH, Sengupta DN (1991). \"Translational regulation by HIV leader RNA, TAT, and interferon-inducible enzymes\". J. Exp. Pathol. 5 (2): 69–77. PMID 1708818.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1708818","url_text":"1708818"}]},{"reference":"Saunders ME, Gewert DR, Tugwell ME, et al. (1985). \"Human 2-5A synthetase: characterization of a novel cDNA and corresponding gene structure\". EMBO J. 4 (7): 1761–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03848.x. PMC 554415. PMID 2411547.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554415","url_text":"\"Human 2-5A synthetase: characterization of a novel cDNA and corresponding gene structure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1985.tb03848.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03848.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554415","url_text":"554415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2411547","url_text":"2411547"}]},{"reference":"Benech P, Mory Y, Revel M, Chebath J (1986). \"Structure of two forms of the interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo A synthetase of human cells based on cDNAs and gene sequences\". EMBO J. 4 (9): 2249–56. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03922.x. PMC 554493. PMID 2416561.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554493","url_text":"\"Structure of two forms of the interferon-induced (2'-5') oligo A synthetase of human cells based on cDNAs and gene sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1985.tb03922.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03922.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554493","url_text":"554493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2416561","url_text":"2416561"}]},{"reference":"Williams BR, Saunders ME, Willard HF (1986). \"Interferon-regulated human 2-5A synthetase gene maps to chromosome 12\". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 12 (4): 403–8. doi:10.1007/BF01570735. PMID 2426799. S2CID 13077134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01570735","url_text":"10.1007/BF01570735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2426799","url_text":"2426799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13077134","url_text":"13077134"}]},{"reference":"Hovanessian AG, Laurent AG, Chebath J, et al. (1987). \"Identification of 69-kd and 100-kd forms of 2-5A synthetase in interferon-treated human cells by specific monoclonal antibodies\". EMBO J. 6 (5): 1273–80. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02364.x. PMC 553929. PMID 2440675.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC553929","url_text":"\"Identification of 69-kd and 100-kd forms of 2-5A synthetase in interferon-treated human cells by specific monoclonal antibodies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1987.tb02364.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02364.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC553929","url_text":"553929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2440675","url_text":"2440675"}]},{"reference":"Rutherford MN, Hannigan GE, Williams BR (1988). \"Interferon-induced binding of nuclear factors to promoter elements of the 2-5A synthetase gene\". EMBO J. 7 (3): 751–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02872.x. PMC 454386. PMID 2456211.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC454386","url_text":"\"Interferon-induced binding of nuclear factors to promoter elements of the 2-5A synthetase gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1988.tb02872.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02872.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC454386","url_text":"454386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2456211","url_text":"2456211"}]},{"reference":"Benech P, Vigneron M, Peretz D, et al. (1988). \"Interferon-responsive regulatory elements in the promoter of the human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase gene\". Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (12): 4498–504. doi:10.1128/MCB.7.12.4498. PMC 368134. PMID 2830497.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC368134","url_text":"\"Interferon-responsive regulatory elements in the promoter of the human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.7.12.4498","url_text":"10.1128/MCB.7.12.4498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC368134","url_text":"368134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2830497","url_text":"2830497"}]},{"reference":"Wathelet MG, Clauss IM, Nols CB, et al. (1988). \"New inducers revealed by the promoter sequence analysis of two interferon-activated human genes\". Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x. PMID 3121313.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x","url_text":"\"New inducers revealed by the promoter sequence analysis of two interferon-activated human genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3121313","url_text":"3121313"}]},{"reference":"Wathelet MG, Szpirer J, Nols CB, et al. (1988). \"Cloning and chromosomal location of human genes inducible by type I interferon\". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14 (5): 415–26. doi:10.1007/BF01534709. PMID 3175763. S2CID 42406993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01534709","url_text":"10.1007/BF01534709"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3175763","url_text":"3175763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42406993","url_text":"42406993"}]},{"reference":"Wathelet M, Moutschen S, Cravador A, et al. (1986). \"Full-length sequence and expression of the 42 kDa 2-5A synthetase induced by human interferon\". FEBS Lett. 196 (1): 113–20. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80224-1. PMID 3753689. S2CID 38673605.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2886%2980224-1","url_text":"\"Full-length sequence and expression of the 42 kDa 2-5A synthetase induced by human interferon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2886%2980224-1","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(86)80224-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3753689","url_text":"3753689"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38673605","url_text":"38673605"}]},{"reference":"Shiojiri S, Fukunaga R, Ichii Y, Sokawa Y (1986). \"Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase\". J. Biochem. 99 (5): 1455–64. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135615. PMID 3754863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jbchem.a135615","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135615"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3754863","url_text":"3754863"}]},{"reference":"Merlin G, Chebath J, Benech P, et al. (1983). \"Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (16): 4904–8. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.4904M. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4904. PMC 384155. PMID 6348777.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC384155","url_text":"\"Molecular cloning and sequence of partial cDNA for interferon-induced (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase mRNA from human cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983PNAS...80.4904M","url_text":"1983PNAS...80.4904M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.80.16.4904","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.80.16.4904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC384155","url_text":"384155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6348777","url_text":"6348777"}]},{"reference":"Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8","url_text":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298","url_text":"8125298"}]},{"reference":"Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149","url_text":"9373149"}]},{"reference":"Ghosh A, Sarkar SN, Guo W, et al. (1998). \"Enzymatic activity of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is impaired by specific mutations that affect oligomerization of the protein\". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (52): 33220–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33220. PMID 9407111.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.52.33220","url_text":"\"Enzymatic activity of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is impaired by specific mutations that affect oligomerization of the protein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.52.33220","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.52.33220"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9407111","url_text":"9407111"}]},{"reference":"Hovnanian A, Rebouillat D, Mattei MG, et al. (1998). \"The human 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase locus is composed of three distinct genes clustered on chromosome 12q24.2 encoding the 100-, 69-, and 40-kDa forms\". Genomics. 52 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5443. PMID 9790745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1998.5443","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1998.5443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9790745","url_text":"9790745"}]},{"reference":"Sarkar SN, Ghosh A, Wang HW, et al. (1999). \"The nature of the catalytic domain of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (36): 25535–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.36.25535. PMID 10464285.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.36.25535","url_text":"\"The nature of the catalytic domain of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.36.25535","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.274.36.25535"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10464285","url_text":"10464285"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Associate_Members%27_Cup_Final
|
1984 Associate Members' Cup final
|
["1 Match details","2 External links"]
|
Football match1984 Associate Members' Cup FinalEvent1983–84 Associate Members' Cup
Hull City
Bournemouth
1
2
Date24 May 1984VenueBoothferry Park, HullAttendance6,544← 1983 1985 →
The 1984 Associate Members' Cup Final was the inaugural final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Third and Fourth Divisions.
The final was played at Boothferry Park on 24 May 1984, and was contested by Hull City and Bournemouth. Although Hull City had the advantage of the match being played at their own home stadium, Bournemouth won the match 2–1, with Paul Morrell scoring the winning goal.
Match details
24 May 1984
Hull City1–2Bournemouth
McNeil 12'
Graham 27'Morrell 73'
Boothferry Park, HullAttendance: 6,544
1
Tony Norman
2
Bobby McNeil
3
Gary Swann
4
Dale Roberts
5
Peter Skipper
6
Stan McEwan
7
Brian Marwood
8
Steve McClaren
9
Billy Whitehurst
10
Alan Taylor
11
Garreth Roberts
Substitutes:
Billy Askew
Andy Flounders
Manager:
Chris Chilton (caretaker)
1
Ian Leigh
2
Mark Nightingale
3
Chris Sulley
4
John Beck
5
Roger Brown
6
Phil Brignull
7
Sean O'Driscoll
8
Robbie Savage
9
Milton Graham
10
Paul Morrell
11
Ian Thompson
Substitutes:
Chris Shaw
Keith Williams
Manager:
Harry Redknapp
MATCH RULES
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Two named substitutes
Maximum of two substitutions.
External links
Official website
Associate Members' Cup – 1983/84
vteEFL TrophyFootball League Group Cup/Football League Trophy (1981–1983)Seasons
1981–82
1982–83
Finals
1982
1983
Associate Members' Cup (1983–1992)Seasons
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
Finals
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Football League Trophy (1992–2016)Seasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
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2000–01
2001–02
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2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
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2009–10
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Finals
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
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2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
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2020–21
2021–22
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2023–24
Finals
2017
2018
2019
2020
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2022
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List of finals
vte1983–84 in English football « 1982–83 1984–85 » National teams
Bobby Robson
Home Championship
UEFA Euro 1984 (qualification)
League competitionsLevels 1–4
Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, Fourth Division)
Level 5
Alliance Premier League
Levels 6–7
Isthmian League (Premier, One)
Northern Premier League (level 6 only)
Southern League (Premier, Midland, Southern)
Levels 8–9
Isthmian League (Two)
Athenian League (level 8 only)
Combined Counties League (level 8 only)
Eastern Counties League (level 8 only)
Essex Senior League (level 8 only)
Hellenic League (Premier, One)
Kent League (level 8 only)
London Spartan League (Premier, Senior)
Midland Football Combination (level 8 only)
North West Counties League (One, Two)
Northern Counties East League (Premier, One North, One South)
Northern League (One, Two)
South Midlands League (Premier, One)
Sussex County League (One, Two)
United Counties League (Premier, One)
West Midlands (Regional) League (level 8 only)
Western League (Premier, One)
Cup competitionsFA cups
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final)
Charity Shield
FA Trophy (Final)
Football League cups
League Cup (Final)
Associate Members' Cup (Final)
European competitions
European Cup
UEFA Cup
European Cup Winners' Cup
Club seasonsFirst Division
Arsenal
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Coventry City
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Leicester City
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Manchester United
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Notts County
Queens Park Rangers
Southampton
Stoke City
Sunderland
Tottenham Hotspur
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
West Ham United
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Second Division
Barnsley
Blackburn Rovers
Brighton & Hove Albion
Cambridge United
Cardiff City
Carlisle United
Charlton Athletic
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Derby County
Fulham
Grimsby Town
Huddersfield Town
Leeds United
Manchester City
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United
Oldham Athletic
Portsmouth
Sheffield Wednesday
Shrewsbury Town
Swansea City
Third Division
Bolton Wanderers
Bournemouth
Bradford City
Brentford
Bristol Rovers
Burnley
Exeter City
Gillingham
Hull City
Lincoln City
Millwall
Newport County
Orient
Oxford United
Plymouth Argyle
Port Vale
Preston North End
Rotherham United
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Southend United
Walsall
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Wimbledon
Fourth Division
Aldershot
Blackpool
Bristol City
Bury
Chester City
Chesterfield
Colchester United
Crewe Alexandra
Darlington
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Hartlepool United
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Mansfield Town
Northampton Town
Peterborough United
Reading
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Southport
Stockport County
Swindon Town
Torquay United
Tranmere Rovers
Wrexham
York City
vteAFC BournemouthGeneral
Seasons
Academy teams
Players
Managers
Women's team
Ground
Dean Court
Matches
1984 Associate Members' Cup final
1998 Football League Trophy final
2003 Football League Third Division play-off final
Liverpool 9–0 Bournemouth (2022)
vteHull City Association Football ClubThe club
History
Players
Managers
Seasons
Records & statistics
Europe
Grounds
The Boulevard
The Circle
Anlaby Road
Boothferry Park
MKM Stadium
Other teams
Hull City Ladies F.C.
Reserves and Academy
Rivalries
Humber derby
Matches
1984 Associate Members' Cup final
2008 Football League Championship play-off final
2014 FA Cup final
2016 Football League Championship play-off final
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti
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Rang De Basanti
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting","3.3 Filming","4 Controversy","5 Music","6 Release","7 Reception","7.1 Critical reception","7.2 Climax","7.3 2007 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film submission","8 Accolades","9 Social influence","10 Further reading","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]
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2006 film by Rakesh Omprakash Mehra
For the soundtrack, see Rang De Basanti (soundtrack). For the upcoming film, see Rang De Basanti (2024 film).
Rang De BasantiTheatrical release posterDirected byRakeysh Omprakash MehraWritten byDialogues:Rensil D'SilvaPrasoon JoshiScreenplay byRakeysh Omprakash MehraKamlesh PandeyRensil D'SilvaAamir Khan (Climax)Story byKamlesh PandeyProduced byRakeysh Omprakash MehraRonnie ScrewvalaStarringAamir KhanSiddharthAtul KulkarniSharman JoshiKunal Kapoor Alice PattenSoha Ali KhanWaheeda RahmanKirron KherOm PuriCinematographyBinod PradhanEdited byP. S. BharathiMusic byA. R. RahmanProductioncompanyRakeysh Omprakash Mehra PicturesDistributed byUTV Motion PicturesRelease date
26 January 2006 (2006-01-26)
Running time167 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBox office₹970 million
Rang De Basanti is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language epic drama film written, produced, and directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra. The film stars an ensemble cast including Aamir Khan, Siddharth (in his Hindi debut), Atul Kulkarni, Sharman Joshi, Kunal Kapoor, British Actress Alice Patten (in her Hindi debut), and Soha Ali Khan. It follows a British film student traveling to India to document the story of five freedom fighters of the Indian revolutionary movement. She befriends and casts five young men in the film, which inspires them to fight against the evils of their own present-day government.
Shot primarily in New Delhi, Rang De Basanti was released globally on 26 January 2006. Upon release, the film broke all opening box office records in India, becoming the country's highest-grossing film in its opening weekend and holding the highest opening-day collections for a Hindi film. It received critical acclaim, winning the National Film Award for Best Popular Film, and being nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2007 BAFTA Awards. The film was chosen as India's official entry for the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category, though it did not ultimately yield a nomination for either award. A. R. Rahman's soundtrack, which earned positive reviews, had two of its tracks considered for an Academy Award nomination.
Plot
In London, film student Sue McKinley finds the diary of her grandfather James, who served as a colonel of the British Army in the 1930s. James oversaw the capture and execution of the three freedom fighters – Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru – at the Lahore Jail and has written in his diary about his admiration for their revolutionary spirit, in spite of his being an officer of the British Empire.
Inspired by the revolutionaries' story, Sue decides to make a film on them. She travels to India, where she searches for actors with the help of her local associate Sonia, a student of international studies at the University of Delhi. Following a string of unsuccessful auditions, Sue meets Sonia's friends: Daljit "DJ" Singh, Karan Singhania, Sukhi Ram and Aslam Khan. She immediately decides to cast them in her film, with DJ as Chandra Shekhar Azad, Karan Singhania as Bhagat Singh, Aslam Khan as Ashfaqulla Khan, and Sukhi Ram as Shivaram Rajguru.
DJ, Aslam, Sukhi and the spendthrift Karan, who is the son of politically well-connected businessman Rajnath Singhania, are at once carefree and cynical about their futures. While they get along well with Sue, they remain uninterested in working on a film expressing patriotism towards India. Tensions arise when Sue casts the boys' rival, the right-wing party activist Laxman Pandey, as Ram Prasad Bismil. However, over the course of working on the film, Pandey grows closer to the others. Sue begins a relationship with DJ.
The group becomes devastated when Sonia's fiancé Ajay Singh Rathod, a flight lieutenant in the Indian Air Force, is killed when his MiG-21 jet malfunctions and crashes. The government attributes the accident to pilot error and closes the case, but Sonia and her friends refuse to accept the official explanation, knowing that Ajay was a skilled pilot who died while steering the plane away from crashing into a populous city. They learn that the corrupt Defense Minister Shastri signed a contract importing cheap parts for MiG-21 aircraft in exchange for a personal favor. Karan is severely jolted when he realizes that his father Rajnath was involved in orchestrating the deal.
Since working on the film has already made them imbibe idealism and galvanized them against government corruption, the group organizes a peaceful protest at the India Gate. The police arrive and violently break up the demonstration; Ajay's mother Aishwarya is beaten by the police and goes into a coma. Laxman realizes that his senior party official, Raghuvir Mishra, was in league with the government officials who ordered the police to stop the protest and becomes disillusioned with his own party. Inspired by the revolutionaries, the group decides to take action themselves. They assassinate Shastri to avenge Ajay's death, while Karan confronts and murders Rajnath.
The media reports that Shastri was killed by terrorists and celebrates him as a martyr. The group decides to publicly clarify their intent behind the assassination, and towards this end, they take over the All India Radio station after evacuating its employees and after alerting Karan's friend Rahul, who works there and is live (on air) at the moment. Karan goes on air and calls out the defense ministry's corruption to the public. The police arrive at the station under instructions to kill them. Sukhi is shot dead, while Aslam and Laxman are killed by a grenade and DJ is severely injured. DJ reunites with Karan in the recording room as the latter finishes his public statement, and the two of them get killed together.
News of the boys' deaths enrages the public, spurring a wave of demonstrations against the government. Aishwarya awakes from her coma. The film ends with Sue and Sonia sitting at the place watching the view, with Sue describing the personal impact of meeting the boys and working on the film, while the deceased boys are seen in an afterlife-like state meeting a young Bhagat Singh in his family garden.
Cast
Aamir Khan as Daljit "DJ" Singh / Chandra Shekhar Azad
Siddharth as Karan Singhania / Bhagat Singh
Sharman Joshi as Sukhi Ram / Shivaram Rajguru
Kunal Kapoor as Aslam Khan / Ashfaqullah Khan
Soha Ali Khan as Sonia Chaudhary / Durgawati Devi
Atul Kulkarni as Lakshman Pandey / Ram Prasad Bismil
R. Madhavan as Flight Lt. Ajay Singh Rathod (special appearance)
Alice Patten as Sue McKinley
Waheeda Rehman as Mrs. Aishwarya Rathod, Ajay's mother
Kirron Kher as Mitro Kaur, DJ's mother
Om Puri as Amanullah Khan, Aslam's father
Anupam Kher as Rajnath Singhania, Karan's father
Mohan Agashe as Defence Minister V. K. Shastri
Steven Mackintosh as James McKinley, Sue's grandfather
Boman Irani as Kalia (hone wala character coming in Rang De Basanti 2)
Lekh Tandon as DJ's grandfather
K. K. Raina as Raghuvir Mishra
Chandan Roy Sanyal as Batukeshwar Dutt
Badrul Islam as Ravi Das / Sukhdev Thapar
Cyrus Sahukar as Rahul, a radio jockey and Karan's friend
Tushar Pandey as an auditioner (special appearance)
Abhishek Banerjee as an auditioner (special appearance)
Production
Development
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra took seven years to research and develop the story, including three to write the script. While some raised doubts about his morale following the failure of his last film, Aks, at the box office, he retorted by saying that it would not affect him at all. He added that not only did his storytelling technique improve, but past mistakes had helped him improve his filmmaking abilities.
Rakeysh said the following in a scriptwriter's conference conducted by the Film Writers Association in the year 2008, "I was making a documentary called Mamooli Ram, on Amul, the milk revolution with Kamalesh Pandey. We were sitting in a small hotel room in Nanded, drinking. We started singing songs, and we both realized we liked similar songs. And so Rang De Basanti was born. He was angry with the system, I was helpless with the system. We wanted to do so much. But we really can't do anything and it was born out of anger. He wrote a story called Ahuti, meaning sacrifice. Ahuti was about the armed revolution in India, between the years 1919 and 1931. It started with Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, went on to Chandrashekhar Azad and so on. We had this amazing screenplay called Ahuti, which we had also termed as The Young Guns of India, which started with a train robbery, Azad on a horse and so on. I said, "let's do The Young Guns of India". We were going to go on the floor, and suddenly there were a couple of film on Bhagat Singh made. But they came and went. Not because they were good or bad films, not because they were written badly or not written so badly. I'm not being judgmental about them. And this is very important: because they did not reflect the sentiment of today's time. Nobody in the audience could identify with something which was past. It wasn't that there wasn't an idea of patriotism in us, but it was sleeping somewhere. And you had to kind of relate to it in today's world. So a couple of bottles of vodka again, and three days later, with a couple of vodkas down, Kamlesh Ji comes up with 'You know what, I think I've cracked it'."
Development of Rang De Basanti originated with several ideas Mehra came up with early on but later dropped or greatly evolved into new directions. One of these involved a group of youngsters who worked in an automobile repair shop, while another was about the life of Bhagat Singh, Indian freedom revolutionary. During this time, he personally conducted a survey with a group of youths in New Delhi and Mumbai about the Indian revolutionaries he was planning on depicting, which indicated that many of youngsters did not recognise the names of some of the most prominent revolutionaries. This led Mehra to believe that the sense of "patriotism had blurred" in the young generation. Because of this, he dropped his original plans in favour of a new idea in which a British documentary filmmaker on a visit to India realizes that the local "kids are more Western than her". This new story, which eventually formed the basis for Rang De Basanti's script, was influenced by Mehra's upbringing, youth and experiences over the years, including his desire to join the Indian Air Force while in school, as well as his recollections of listening to Independence Day speeches and watching patriotic films such as Mother India. Although Mehra denies that the film is autobiographical, he confessed that the character sketches were loosely inspired by himself and his friends.
Mehra approached Angad Paul after having been impressed with his production work on British films Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and Snatch. Paul, who was keen to work in India, liked Mehra's story and agreed to produce the film, bringing with him David Reid and Adam Bohling as executive producers. Despite having no prior knowledge of Hindi cinema, Reid and Bohling's belief in the script was strong enough that they each were willing to work at half their normal rate. While it was originally suggested that language versions of the film would be made concurrently, in English (as Paint it Yellow) and Hindi, the plans for an English version were dropped during development. Mehra believed that English-language version felt alien and that "one can tell a film in just one language". After the English version was dropped, the writer Kamlesh Pandey was brought on board to pen the first draft of Rang De Basanti in Hindi, marking the start of his screenwriting career. Thereafter Mehra and co-writer Rensil D'Silva took over the script, working on it for about two years. Prasoon Joshi, the film's lyricist, worked on the dialogue, marking his foray into screenwriting.
Rang De Basanti suffered a significant setback when one of the initial producers ultimately failed to contribute any funds towards it; the shortfall left production looking uncertain just two months away from the beginning of principal photography. However, after Aamir Khan agreed to act in the film, Mehra approached Ronnie Screwvala of UTV Motion Pictures with the script. Screwvala, who supported Mehra from the beginning of the production, had faith in the film, reasoning that in historical films, "the treatment and execution is very different from regular masala fare", and that such films "find favour with the audience owing to their elaborate sets and period costumes". The budget was reported as Rs. 250 million (approximately US$5.5 million), and, despite going a little over the initially planned budget, Mehra did not have any serious disagreements with UTV.
The film's script originally had a different climax, originally showing the protagonists on the run. The climax was rewritten, as the idea of them running away wasn't liked mutually, as they should have the last stand resembling that of Bhagat Singh. Years earlier, Khan had written his own story with the climax in a radio station, which he adapted for the climax of Rang De Basanti.
Casting
Aamir Khan agreed to act in Rang De Basanti immediately after reading Mehra's script. Mehra described his character as a simple man with a strong sense of integrity and dignity. Khan, who would turn 40 during the shoot, lost about 10 kilograms (22 lb) with a strict diet and exercise regime to more convincingly depict a man in his late twenties. Atul Kulkarni and Kunal Kapoor were publicly attached to the film by the time it was officially announced; Kapoor had been the assistant director to Mehra during the filming of Aks and was already familiar with the material Mehra had been developing. Mehra gave Kulkarni biographies of Ram Prasad Bismil as preparation, including Bismil's autobiography. Early rumours indicated that actors Arjun Rampal and Arjan Bajwa would be amongst the male leads, but these roles ultimately were filled by Siddharth and Sharman Joshi. Mehra and Khan also offered Siddharth's role to Hrithik Roshan, but he declined in favour of Krrish (2006). Shahid Kapoor was also offered a role in the film but had to decline due to a lack of dates. Daniel Craig was offered the role of James McKinley, but he could not do it as he was committed to Casino Royale (2006).
Rang De Basanti marked Siddharth's Bollywood debut, following on the success of his Telugu film Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana. Having previously worked as an assistant director, Siddharth praised Mehra as being "by far the most ambitious technical filmmaker in Indian cinema". R. Madhavan, despite being a well-known Tamil cinema actor, took the smaller role of a fighter aircraft pilot because he was convinced of the film's potential and wanted to be a part of it. Om Puri appears in a two-scene cameo as Aslam's staunch Muslim father.
Soha Ali Khan and Alice Patten immediately became Mehra's clear favourites for each of their roles during casting, which led to Patten flying to Mumbai for a screen test with the entire cast. She was informed that she had won the documentary filmmaker role after she returned home to the United Kingdom. Soha, portraying the pilot's fiancée, was filming Rituparna Ghosh's Antarmahal and David Dhawan's comedy Shaadi No. 1 concurrently with her work in Rang De Basanti. In particular, the demands of her emotional scenes in Antarmahal often left her exhausted, thus requiring "a lot of personal overhauling" to ensure that her performance in Rang De Basanti was unaffected. During filming, reports indicated that co-stars Siddharth and Soha had become romantically involved with each other. Alongside the two lead actresses, Lakh Tandon played the role of Aamir's Grand Father and Kirron Kher played the mother of Khan's character.
Filming
The film, which was shot in New Delhi, Mumbai, Rajasthan and Punjab, was officially launched at a hotel on 1 February 2005. When shooting began, Mehra made an announcement to his crew saying that they would enjoy their holiday only in July.
Instead of filming at the actual locations from the script, other locations were selected for picturisation. One such scene is where Soha Ali Khan is filmed at the India Habitat Center that masquerades as the University of Delhi. On similar lines, New Delhi's Modern School at Barakhamba Road served as the location for all the scenes pertinent to All India Radio station, which is shown to be stormed by the youngsters in the film. The Delhi Tourism department was happy to encourage filming in the city if it helped promote tourism, though any filming near India Gate was prohibited due to the ensuing bureaucratic paperwork. Similar issues with bureaucracy were faced by Mehra while filming at the Jaipur Fort. To use a historical location for filming, they had to seek permissions of seven officials ranging from the local police to the Archaeological Survey of India office. Nahargarh Fort, which oversees the city of Jaipur, was another such historical location where one of the songs was filmed. Besides these locations, the filming was also done at Amritsar's Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara. For Aamir Khan, a Muslim, it was for the first time that he was playing a North Indian Punjabi character and it took him some time to get the right dialect and diction. While speaking about his experience of visiting the Gurudwara for the first time, he said:
It's one of the most peaceful places I've been to. As you enter the place there's a certain serenity that surrounds you. I really enjoyed being there. The first shot we took was of our feet entering the water just as you pass the doorway of the temple. The water was cold but it was great!
Once the locations were finalised, the team of Lovleen Bains and Arjun Bhasin was chosen for designing the look of Rang De Basanti. Bhasin had previously worked on Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1996) and Dil Chahta Hai (2001), the latter of which featured Aamir Khan, and he was referred to Mehra by Khan due to their previous association. Since the film's plot focused on men in their late twenties, Bhasin designed their look accordingly. Although he was responsible for Khan's rebellious look, Sharman Joshi's (who played Sukhi) lovable persona or Madhavan's dignified appearance, Bhasin credited Bains for her major contributions to the film. Khan's hair was styled by Avan Contractor, who came up with soft curls falling over Khan's forehead. This new look, which took Contractor one hour to come up with, surprised the audience at the film's launch.
In post-production, the visual effects were handled by Tata Elxsi's Visual Computing Labs. The military aircraft they created was so realistic that the Indian Air Force called to check the producer's permission of using an actual MiG-21.
Controversy
On Rang De Basanti's release, the Film Certification Board of India sought the views of Indian Defence Ministry due to scenes that depicted the use of MiG-21 fighter aircraft. But after viewing the movie the ministry found no problems and allowed UTV to release the film. There were also some issues with Animal Welfare Board of India due to the banned Indian horse race.
Music
Main article: Rang De Basanti (soundtrack)
The soundtrack of Rang De Basanti, which was released by Sony BMG, featured music composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics penned by Prasoon Joshi and Blaaze, an India-based rapper. From the film's announcement in April 2005, Rahman was slated to compose the music. In a press conference with pop singer Nelly Furtado, he said that she was to originally have featured on the soundtrack, although this was ultimately prevented from happening due to a change in producers and other factors. Aamir Khan, with his knowledge of Hindi and Urdu, worked with Rahman and Joshi for the soundtrack. In addition, Mehra and Rahman chose him to sing for one of the songs.
Joshi was impressed with Mehra, who was ready to adjust to his style of writing as well as his creativity. Confessing that the film's soundtrack was his favourite out of all his previous works, Joshi felt that it "was a wonderful experience getting to know the mindset of today's youth and to pen down their feelings". Speaking about one of his songs, "Luka Chuppi", in which veteran Lata Mangeshkar sang with Rahman, Joshi said that it was developed while discussing with Rahman the scene about a mother losing her son. Joshi wrote the lyrics about the mother and son playing hide-and-seek with the sad reality of the son being hidden forever. He confessed to have been in tears while Mangeshkar was singing the song. The soundtrack won the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director, and had two of its tracks, Khalbali and Luka Chuppi, considered for an Academy Award for Best Original Song nomination.
While discussing typical Bollywood soundtracks, Nilanjana Bhattacharjya, a professor of music at Colorado College, noted that Rahman integrated traditional Punjabi cultural elements within his music for this soundtrack. Regionally defined elements such as a woman's prayer at the Sikh Gurdwara (Golden Temple) and the bhangra harvest dance are incorporated alongside more contemporary, global styles such as hard rock and hip hop to depict the cosmopolitan lifestyle of the youngsters in the film.
Release
Rang De Basanti received its world premiere on 26 January 2006, with high expectations that it would be a success with western audiences, though it also faced ire from several organisations because of certain controversial scenes. The film contained scenes of a MiG-21, a controversial aircraft in the Indian Air Force, which has a long history of fatal accidents in India. Promptly, the Indian Defence Ministry raised concerns, causing the Indian censor board to urge the filmmakers to seek clearance from the ministry. Accordingly, Khan and Mehra screened the film for the then Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee along with other top officials from the armed forces. One Air Force official reportedly said that it was "not a review, but a preview". After the special screening, the defence ministry did not insist on any cuts, but on their recommendation more names were added to the slide that dedicates the film to deceased MiG pilots. After this clearance, the Animal Welfare Board raised objections on the use of animals in the film. Although the filmmakers had obtained a No Objection Certificate from the board officials, Maneka Gandhi, a well-known animal rights activist and member of the welfare board, found flaws in this certificate. Subsequently, this certificate was revoked and with only a few days left for the world premiere, Mehra personally requested Gandhi to reconsider her objection. After another viewing, the board cleared their objection stating that the use of animals in the film was natural and justified. However, after they recommended the deletion of a 20-second scene that depicted a banned horse race conducted by the Nihang Sikhs, the filmmakers deleted this scene. Mrs. Kavita Gadgil whose son, late Flight Lieutenant Abhijeet Gadgil was killed when his MiG-21 fighter crashed, objected to the film's release because she believed that the film was loosely based on her son's life and the producers should have shown her the film. In response, Kamlesh Pandey, one of the writers of the film, said that the film was not inspired by Abhijeet Gadgil.
The film was screened at several international film festivals. In 2006, it premiered in France with the Lyon Asiexpo Film Festival, the Wisconsin Film Festival and the Morocco-based International Film Festival of Marrakech. As a part of the publicity, the cast, visited prominent University campuses in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Pune with an intention of interacting with the students. After hiring international experts for the film's publicity, the marketing expenditure for the film grew to 40 percent of the total production budget of ₹250 million (US$3.0 million). This expenditure was unprecedented in Bollywood because usually the Indian filmmakers spend only about five percent of their production budget on marketing. Out of the ₹100 million (US$1.2 million) marketing campaign, a fifth of it came from the producers while the rest was obtained through brand tie-ups and partnering.
There were high expectations from the soundtrack in the media. The soundtrack, first released commercially in early December 2005, generally received above average reviews. One of the songs, "Masti Ki Paatshaala" (translation: "Classroom of Fun"), was voted as the "Song of the year" for 2006 by leading Indian television channels, while two compositions were considered for an Academy Award nomination.
Before its theatrical release, the producers tied up with several top brands to help in the marketing the film. An alliance was formed with The Coca-Cola Company by releasing special edition bottles to commemorate the film's release, a first of its kind in Bollywood. Besides this, the music CDs and cassettes were co-branded with the cola company along with the launch of the sale of collectibles from the film. Provogue, a well-known clothing retail chain in India, launched a special limited edition clothing merchandise targeting the youth of India. Besides these, the producers collaborated with LG Group, Berger Paints, Bharti Airtel and Hindustan Petroleum. The producers tied up with several media partners such as MSN India, Channel V and Radio Mirchi to further enhance their marketing efforts. A video game launched by Mobile2win, an Indian mobile content company, was based on an adaptation of the film's plot.
In India, The Hindu reported that with audiences from the metropolitan cities turning out in large numbers, Rang De Basanti was notching up record collections in its opening week. Accordingly, 55 percent of the film's revenues came from multiplexes in these cities. While the opening week box-office collections from Mumbai, the home of Bollywood, were reported to be over ₹40 million (US$480,000), theatres in New Delhi earned about half of Mumbai's revenue. Throughout the country, the cumulative collections in the first week was about ₹80 million (US$960,000). Overseas collections from the United States, United Kingdom and Australia were collectively put at over ₹60 million (US$720,000) for the same week. Released in about 60 theatres in the United States, the film grossed ₹31 million (US$370,000) in its opening weekend and earned ₹99 million (US$1.2 million) within 10 weeks. With ₹1.23 billion (US$15 million) alone coming from the Indian territory, the film earned more than ₹1.36 billion (US$16 million) worldwide. Currently, the film holds the record for the highest-grossing film to be released in January.
Within a week of the film's theatrical release, illegal copies of the film priced at ₹10 million (US$120,000) were seized at an Indian airport. A report carried out by The Times of India highlighted copyright infringement on the Internet where movies like Rang De Basanti could be downloaded freely. The DVD release sold more than 70,000 copies over six months, and as a result the film was the highest selling title at the time of its release.
Rang De Basanti was released on Blu-ray (plus steelbook edition) in May 2014. It is also available on Netflix.
Reception
Critical reception
Critics gave the film an overwhelmingly positive response, in particular the ensemble cast's performance and credibility. Although The Indian Express spoke positively of the cinematography and the film's story, it noted that "the message that the film carries with it tends to get diluted towards the climax. Praising the film's cast for their performance and the cinematography of Binod Pradhan, Taran Ardash wrote that the film would be successful with the urban audiences. The Hindustan Times summarised the film as being a "well-scripted, skilfully crafted thought-provoking entertainer". Saisuresh Sivaswamy of Rediff.com wrote that films like Rang De Basanti can easily get into "preachiness", but believed Mehra got his message across while avoiding this, also appreciating the music, cinematography, dialogues and art direction. The Hindu credited Kamlesh Pandey for writing a story that would have been a difficult film to make, but it added by saying that the transformation of the youngsters into heroes seemed poetic. Although the screenplay, direction and the cast were also well-appreciated, the reviewer felt that Rahman's soundtrack lacked pace.
The film also received positive reviews from critics outside India. The review from the BBC gave it the highest possible five star rating and added that it was "an entertaining mix of romance, history and social commentary". The Bloomberg website wrote positively about "the raw energy of a young cast and A. R. Rahman's splendidly rousing soundtrack".
Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world's finest film directors to find out the Ten Greatest Films of All Time. This poll has been going since 1992, and has become the most recognised poll of its kind in the world. In 2012 Cyrus Frisch voted for "Rang De Basanti". Frisch commented: "Corruption became the subject of fierce debate in India after the major success of this film among youngsters."
The film was mentioned in critic and author Shubhra Gupta's book, 50 Films That Changed Bollywood, 1995–2015.
Climax
A major point of criticism the film faced was regarding the possibility of the Indian Army attacking students in a radio station. When Rakeysh was questioned about the same in a scriptwriter's conference conducted by the Film Writers Association in the year 2008, he said the following, "So, in 2005, in Allahabad, a bunch of 4 students took the TV station there, and they were shot dead. Everything I did, it was kind of borrowed, as I said right here. Obviously, what I am also learning is the way I tell a story is not real; you can term it as a-real. For maximum impact, for the message to go through, I felt—since the story was against the establishment—let the establishment do it. After all, the establishment did hang Bhagat Singh. After all, the establishment did come down on the innocent, innocent students in Mandal Commission. After all the establishment did come down on Tiananmen Square. After all the establishment did come down when the whole concept of Flower Power emerged in America. So it's all there. It's borrowed, maybe not as realistically, but it is definitely there in the society. During emergency, there are horror stories. If we have to go back to Kriplani and his movement in Bihar, the stories are absolutely horrific."
2007 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film submission
Since the film "reflected contemporary Indian reality and had cinematic excellence", it was chosen as India's official entry for the 79th Academy Awards despite stiff competition from films such as Krrish, Omkara, Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna and Lage Raho Munna Bhai. While discussing if the selection committee's choice was correct, critics felt that the Academy members could have better related with Omkara, an adaptation of Shakespeare's play Othello. Despite these qualms and Mehra's belief that his film did not stand a chance at the Oscars, the efforts to publicise the film in the United States began earnestly. Music composer A. R. Rahman performed several concerts across the East Coast to promote the film. Besides his efforts, producer Screwvala planned to use resources and expertise from his partners in 20th Century Fox and Walt Disney Pictures for organising its publicity efforts. When the nominations in the foreign film category did not feature this film, it sparked off debates on whether the film should have been India's entry for the Oscars. In one such debate on a television channel that involved Screwvala, the selection committee was questioned about its knowledge of the requisite artistic criteria for such award ceremonies. While one outcome of the debate was on how Omkara would have been a better choice, the other discussed the West-centric sensibilities of the Academy members. However, results from a simultaneously conducted SMS poll indicated that 62 percent felt that the film was the right choice for the Oscars.
Accolades
List of accolades received by Rang De Basanti
Accolades
Award
Won
Nominated
Bollywood Movie Awards
4
10
British Academy Film Awards
0
1
Filmfare Awards
6
21
Global Indian Film Awards
7
13
International Indian Film Academy Awards
12
22
National Film Awards
4
4
Screen Awards
8
18
Stardust Awards
2
7
Zee Cine Awards
7
22
Total number of awards and nominations
Totals
50
112
References
The film was selected as India's official entry to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film but it was not Nominated.
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.
Bollywood Movie Awards
26 May 2007
Best Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Nominated
Best Actor
Aamir Khan
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor
Kunal Kapoor
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Kirron Kher
Won
Soha Ali Khan
Nominated
Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Nominated
Best Female Playback Singer
Madhushree – (for song "Tu Bin Bataayein")
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra & Rensil D'Silva
Won
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Won
Best Art Direction
Samir Chanda
Won
British Academy Film Awards
11 February 2007
Best Film Not in the English Language
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Nominated
Filmfare Awards
17 February 2007
Best Film
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Actor
Aamir Khan
Nominated
Best Actor (Critics)
Won
Best Supporting Actor
Kunal Kapoor
Nominated
Siddharth
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Kirron Kher
Nominated
Soha Ali Khan
Nominated
Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Won
Best Background Score
Nominated
Best Lyricist
Prasoon Joshi – (for song "Roobaroo")
Nominated
Best Choreography
Ganesh Acharya – (for song "Masti Ki Paathshaala")
Nominated
Best Story
Kamlesh Pandey
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra & Rensil D'Silva
Nominated
Best Dialogue
Prasoon Joshi
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Binod Pradhan
Won
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Won
Best Art Direction
Samir Chanda
Nominated
Best Costume Design
Arjun Bhasin & Lovleen Bains
Nominated
Best Sound Design
Nakul Kamre
Nominated
Best Special Effects
Pankaj Khandpur
Nominated
Global Indian Film Awards
7–9 December 2006
Best Film
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Nominated
Best Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Actor
Aamir Khan
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor
Atul Kulkarni
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Alice Patten
Nominated
Soha Ali Khan
Won
Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Won
Best Background Score
Won
Best Lyricist
Prasoon Joshi – (for song "Roobaroo")
Won
Best Female Playback Singer
Madhushree – (for song "Tu Bin Bataayein")
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra & Rensil D'Silva
Won
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Won
Best Art Direction
Samir Chanda
Won
International Indian Film Academy Awards
7–9 June 2007
Best Film
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Actor
Aamir Khan
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor
Atul Kulkarni
Nominated
Kunal Kapoor
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Kirron Kher
Nominated
Soha Ali Khan
Won
Best Performance in a Comic Role
Sharman Joshi
Nominated
Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Won
Best Background Score
Won
Best Song Recording
Won
Best Lyricist
Prasoon Joshi – (for song "Roobaroo")
Nominated
Best Male Playback Singer
A. R. Rahman & Naresh Iyer – (for song "Roobaroo")
Nominated
Best Female Playback Singer
Lata Mangeshkar – (for song "Luka Chhupi")
Nominated
Best Story
Kamlesh Pandey
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra & Rensil D'Silva
Won
Best Dialogue
Prasoon Joshi
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Binod Pradhan
Won
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Won
Best Art Direction
Samir Chanda
Won
Best Sound Recording
Nakul Kamre
Won
Best Sound Re-Recording
Hitendra Gosh
Won
National Film Awards
14 September 2007
Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Male Playback Singer
Naresh Iyer – (for song "Roobaroo")
Won
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Won
Best Audiography
Nakul Kamre
Won
Screen Awards
6 January 2007
Best Film
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Nominated
Best Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Actor
Aamir Khan
Nominated
Best Supporting Actor
Atul Kulkarni
Nominated
Kunal Kapoor
Nominated
Sharman Joshi
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Kirron Kher
Won
Best Male Debut
Siddharth
Won
Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Nominated
Best Background Score
Won
Best Story
Kamlesh Pandey
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra & Rensil D'Silva
Won
Best Dialogue
Prasoon Joshi
Nominated
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Nominated
Best Cinematography
Binod Pradhan
Won
Best Art Direction
Samir Chanda
Won
Best Sound Design
Nakul Kamre
Won
Best Choreography
Ganesh Acharya – (for song "Masti Ki Paathshaala")
Nominated
Stardust Awards
18 February 2007
Dream Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Nominated
Breakthrough Performance – Male
Kunal Kapoor
Won
Best Supporting Actress
Kirron Kher
Nominated
Superstar of Tomorrow – Male
Siddharth
Nominated
Superstar of Tomorrow – Female
Soha Ali Khan
Nominated
New Musical Sensation – Male
Naresh Iyer – (for song "Masti Ki Paathshaala")
Nominated
Pride of the Industry
Rang De Basanti – Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Zee Cine Awards
1 April 2007
Best Film
Ronnie Screwvala & Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Director
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra
Won
Best Actor – Male
Aamir Khan
Nominated
Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male
Atul Kulkarni
Nominated
Siddharth
Nominated
Best Male Debut
Nominated
Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female
Kirron Kher
Nominated
Soha Ali Khan
Nominated
Best Music Director
A. R. Rahman
Won
Best Background Score
Nominated
Best Lyricist
Prasoon Joshi – (for song "Masti Ki Paathshaala")
Won
Best Story
Kamlesh Pandey
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra & Rensil D'Silva
Nominated
Best Dialogue
Prasoon Joshi
Nominated
Best Editing
P. S. Bharathi
Won
Best Cinematography
Binod Pradhan
Won
Best Art Direction
Samir Chanda
Nominated
Best Audiography
Nakul Kamre
Nominated
Best Special Effects (Visual)
Brynley Cadman
Nominated
Best Choreography
Ganesh Acharya – (for song "Masti Ki Paathshaala")
Nominated
Best Track of the Year
A. R. Rahman – (for song "Rang De Basanti")
Nominated
Zenith Power Team Award
Rang De Basanti
Won
Social influence
A pictorial collage that showcases how the Indian brands have used pictorials from the film (clockwise from top: Tehelka's second-anniversary magazine, a Business & Economy periodical and Amul – a dairy products manufacturer).
Rang De Basanti had a noticeable impact on Indian society. A study of bloggers behavioural patterns during the first month of the film's release revealed a significant increase in public ire towards government and politicians for constantly being mired in corruption and bureaucracy and their inefficiency in providing basic amenities. Intense political discussions spurred on by the film's influence were observed in these patterns. While commenting on this, writer D'Silva said that the film "has struck a chord somewhere". Besides instigating political thought and discussions, it evoked social awakening for many. Some discussions rallied on how citizens should support and contribute to non-governmental organisations and exercising simple citizen duties of paying taxes and voting, while the others contemplated on how to become more responsible towards the country. Unlike other Indian films with jingoistic overtones, many young Indians could relate well to the characters of this film.
While such reactions were observed on the Internet, youth activism took to streets to protest on public interest issues. A direct impact was on the 1999 Jessica Lall Murder Case, one of the high-profile murder cases in India. A month after the film's release, a court acquitted the main accused because of inefficient prosecution and hostile witnesses. This sparked intense civil protests and media campaigns that sought his re-arrest. Taking cue from the scene in which the protagonists hold a silent, candlelight vigil at New Delhi's India Gate, one such group of demonstrators carried out a similar rally to voice their protest. Shortly thereafter, a survey was conducted to assess reasons for the sudden upsurge in people's social involvements. Eighteen percent of the respondents felt that movies like Rang De Basanti were the main reason behind it. Another such massive youth activism was seen in the Priyadarshini Mattoo rape and murder case where similar rallies were organised in India, United States and around the world. Following the release of the film, another social outcry was against the introduction of reservations for socially backward classes in educational institutions. Young doctors and engineers joined hands in peaceful rallies in major cities across India. Though the film was not released in the neighbouring Pakistan, it evoked similar reactions there. Inspired by the film, Pakistan's national newspaper, Jang, launched a television channel that was to focus on citizens' issues and support public awakening. Reacting to these strong social reactions, actor Kunal Kapoor thought that the film was just a catalyst that presented "patriotism in a package that the youngsters understood and empathised with".
In the Indian media, frequent referencing of the film was evident, with many brands using pictorials from the movie. In addition, the media also uses the terms "RDB" (abbreviated title of the movie) and "RDB effect" while referring to instances of public activism on matters of public interest. When the 2007 University of Delhi Student Elections focused more on the important issues facing the students than in the previous years, one student referred to this as the "RDB Syndrome". On similar lines, Kamal Sunavala wrote a play titled Under the Influence which focuses on a young Indian expatriate whose life changes after watching this film.
Further reading
India portalBollywood portalFilm portal
Dilip, Meghna (2008), "Rang De Basanti – Consumption, Citizenship And The Public Sphere", Master of Arts Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, February 2008.
Notes
^ Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.
^ Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.
^ Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.
^ Shared with Lage Raho Munna Bhai.
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External links
Rang De Basanti at IMDb
Rang De Basanti at AllMovie
Rang De Basanti at Rotten Tomatoes
Rang De Basanti at Box Office Mojo
Rang De Basanti at Rediff.com
Awards for Rang De Basanti
vteNational Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment1974–1980
Kora Kagaz (1974)
Tapasya (1975)
– (1976)
Swami (1977)
Ganadevata (1978)
Sankarabharanam (1979)
– (1980)
1981–2000
– (1981)
– (1982)
– (1983)
Kony (1984)
– (1985)
Samsaram Adhu Minsaram (1986)
Pushpaka Vimana (1987)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Chandni and Geethanjali (1989)
Ghayal (1990)
– (1991)
Sargam (1992)
Darr and Manichitrathazhu (1993)
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994)
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995)
Maachis (1996)
Dil To Pagal Hai (1997)
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998)
Sarfarosh (1999)
Vaanathaippola (2000)
2001–2020
Lagaan (Once Upon a Time in India) (2001)
Devdas (2002)
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003)
Autograph and Veer-Zaara (2004)
Rang De Basanti (2005)
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006)
Chak De! India (2007)
Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! (2008)
3 Idiots (2009)
Dabangg (2010)
Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai (2011)
Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel (2012)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013)
Mary Kom (2014)
Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015)
Sathamanam Bhavati (2016)
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017)
Badhaai Ho (2018)
Maharshi (2019)
Tanhaji (2020)
2021–present
RRR (2021)
vteFilmfare Award for Best Film1954–1975
Do Bigha Zamin (1954)
Boot Polish (1955)
Jagriti (1956)
Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1957)
Mother India (1958)
Madhumati (1959)
Sujata (1960)
Mughal-e-Azam (1961)
Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1962)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1963)
Bandini (1964)
Dosti (1965)
Himalay Ki God Mein (1966)
Guide (1967)
Upkar (1968)
Brahmachari (1969)
Aradhana (1970)
Khilona (1971)
Anand (1972)
Be-Imaan (1973)
Anuraag (1974)
Rajnigandha (1975)
1976–2000
Deewaar (1976)
Mausam (1977)
Bhumika (1978)
Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1979)
Junoon (1980)
Khubsoorat (1981)
Kalyug (1982)
Shakti (1983)
Ardh Satya (1984)
Sparsh (1985)
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1986)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1989)
Maine Pyar Kiya (1990)
Ghayal (1991)
Lamhe (1992)
Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1993)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1994)
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1995)
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1996)
Raja Hindustani (1997)
Dil To Pagal Hai (1998)
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1999)
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000)
2001–present
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001)
Lagaan (2002)
Devdas (2003)
Koi... Mil Gaya (2004)
Veer-Zaara (2005)
Black (2006)
Rang De Basanti (2007)
Taare Zameen Par (2008)
Jodhaa Akbar (2009)
3 Idiots (2010)
Dabangg (2011)
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012)
Barfi! (2013)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014)
Queen (2015)
Bajirao Mastani (2016)
Dangal (2017)
Hindi Medium (2018)
Raazi (2019)
Gully Boy (2020)
Thappad (2021)
Shershaah (2022)
Gangubai Kathiawadi (2023)
12th Fail (2024)
vteIIFA Award for Best Film
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000)
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001)
Lagaan (2002)
Devdas (2003)
Kal Ho Naa Ho (2004)
Veer-Zaara (2005)
Black (2006)
Rang De Basanti (2007)
Chak De! India (2008)
Jodhaa Akbar (2009)
3 Idiots (2010)
Dabangg (2011)
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012)
Barfi! (2013)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014)
Queen (2015)
Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2016)
Neerja (2017)
Tumhari Sulu (2018)
Raazi (2019)
Kabir Singh (2020)
No Award (2021)
Shershaah (2022)
Drishyam 2 (2023)
vteZee Cine Award for Best FilmViewer
Dil To Pagal Hai (1998)
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1999)
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000)
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001)
Lagaan (2002)
Devdas (2003)
Koi... Mil Gaya (2004)
Veer-Zaara (2005)
Black (2006)
Rang De Basanti (2007)
Chak De! India (2008)
No Award (2009)
No Award (2010)
Dabangg (2011)
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012)
Barfi! (2013)
Chennai Express (2014)
No Award (2015)
Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2016)
Dangal (2017)
Toilet: Ek Prem Katha (2018)
Sanju (2019)
Gully Boy (2020)
No Award (2021)
No Award (2022)
The Kashmir Files (2023)
Gadar 2 (2024)
Jury
Iqbal (2006)
Gandhi, My Father (2008)
No Award (2009)
No Award (2010)
Udaan (2011)
The Dirty Picture (2012)
Kahaani (2013)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014 )
No Award (2015)
Bajirao Mastani (2016)
Pink (2017)
Golmaal Again (2018)
Raazi (2019)
Article 15 (2020)
No Award (2021)
No Award (2022)
Brahmāstra (2023)
Jawan (2024)
vteAamir Khan
Filmography
Accolades
Production
Lagaan (2001)
Accolades
Soundtrack
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Accolades
Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (2008)
Peepli Live (2010)
Dhobi Ghat (2011)
Delhi Belly (2011)
"Bhaag D.K. Bose"
Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012)
Dangal (2016)
Soundtrack
"Naina"
Secret Superstar (2017)
Laal Singh Chaddha (2022)
Direction
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Accolades
TV
Satyamev Jayate (2012–2014)
Season 1
2
3
Rubaru Roshni (2019)
Assistant direction
Manzil Manzil (1984)
Zabardast (1985)
Screenplay
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Ghajini (2008)
Game
Playback
Ghulam (1998)
Mela (2000)
Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Dangal (2016)
Related
Khans of Bollywood
Kiran Rao
vteRakeysh Omprakash Mehradirector
Aks (2001)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Delhi-6 (2009)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013)
Mirzya (2016)
Mere Pyare Prime Minister (2019)
Toofaan (2021)
producer
Aks (2001)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Delhi-6 (2009)
Teen Thay Bhai (2011)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013)
Mirzya (2016)
Fanney Khan (2018)
Mere Pyare Prime Minister (2019)
Toofaan (2021)
vteIndian submission for Academy Award for Best International Feature Film1957–1980
Mother India (1957)
Madhumati (1958)
The World of Apu (1959)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962)
Mahanagar (1963)
Guide (1965)
Amrapali (1966)
Aakhri Khat (1967)
Majhli Didi (1968)
Deiva Magan (1969)
Reshma Aur Shera (1971)
Uphaar (1972)
Saudagar (1973)
Garm Hava (1974)
Manthan (1977)
The Chess Players (1978)
Payal Ki Jhankaar (1980)
1981–2000
Saaransh (1984)
Saagar (1985)
Swathi Muthyam (1986)
Nayakan (1987)
Salaam Bombay! (1988)
Parinda (1989)
Anjali (1990)
Henna (1991)
Thevar Magan (1992)
Rudaali (1993)
In Custody (1994)
Kuruthipunal (1995)
Indian (1996)
Guru (1997)
Jeans (1998)
Earth (1999)
Hey Ram (2000)
2001–2020
Lagaan (2001)
Devdas (2002)
Shwaas (2004)
Paheli (2005)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007)
Taare Zameen Par (2008)
Harishchandrachi Factory (2009)
Peepli Live (2010)
Adaminte Makan Abu (2011)
Barfi! (2012)
The Good Road (2013)
Liar's Dice (2014)
Court (2015)
Visaranai (2016)
Newton (2017)
Village Rockstars (2018)
Gully Boy (2019)
Jallikattu (2020)
2021–present
Pebbles (2021)
Last Film Show (2022)
2018 (2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rang De Basanti (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Rang De Basanti (2024 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti_(2024_film)"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakeysh_Omprakash_Mehra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-think-3"},{"link_name":"Aamir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan"},{"link_name":"Siddharth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Atul Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Kulkarni"},{"link_name":"Sharman Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Kunal Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal_Kapoor_(actor,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"Alice Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Patten"},{"link_name":"Soha Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Indian revolutionary movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Hindi film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_film"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Popular Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Popular_Film_Providing_Wholesome_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Film"},{"link_name":"BAFTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"India's official entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_79th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"}],"text":"2006 film by Rakesh Omprakash MehraFor the soundtrack, see Rang De Basanti (soundtrack). For the upcoming film, see Rang De Basanti (2024 film).Rang De Basanti is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language epic drama film written, produced, and directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra.[3] The film stars an ensemble cast including Aamir Khan, Siddharth (in his Hindi debut), Atul Kulkarni, Sharman Joshi, Kunal Kapoor, British Actress Alice Patten (in her Hindi debut), and Soha Ali Khan. It follows a British film student traveling to India to document the story of five freedom fighters of the Indian revolutionary movement. She befriends and casts five young men in the film, which inspires them to fight against the evils of their own present-day government.Shot primarily in New Delhi, Rang De Basanti was released globally on 26 January 2006. Upon release, the film broke all opening box office records in India, becoming the country's highest-grossing film in its opening weekend and holding the highest opening-day collections for a Hindi film. It received critical acclaim, winning the National Film Award for Best Popular Film, and being nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 2007 BAFTA Awards. The film was chosen as India's official entry for the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category, though it did not ultimately yield a nomination for either award. A. R. Rahman's soundtrack, which earned positive reviews, had two of its tracks considered for an Academy Award nomination.","title":"Rang De Basanti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"freedom fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sukhdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar"},{"link_name":"Rajguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru"},{"link_name":"Lahore Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Lakhpat_Jail"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"Ashfaqulla Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan"},{"link_name":"Shivaram Rajguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru"},{"link_name":"Ram Prasad Bismil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil"},{"link_name":"flight lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"MiG-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-21"},{"link_name":"Defense Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"India Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"defense ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)"}],"text":"In London, film student Sue McKinley finds the diary of her grandfather James, who served as a colonel of the British Army in the 1930s. James oversaw the capture and execution of the three freedom fighters – Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru – at the Lahore Jail and has written in his diary about his admiration for their revolutionary spirit, in spite of his being an officer of the British Empire.Inspired by the revolutionaries' story, Sue decides to make a film on them. She travels to India, where she searches for actors with the help of her local associate Sonia, a student of international studies at the University of Delhi. Following a string of unsuccessful auditions, Sue meets Sonia's friends: Daljit \"DJ\" Singh, Karan Singhania, Sukhi Ram and Aslam Khan. She immediately decides to cast them in her film, with DJ as Chandra Shekhar Azad, Karan Singhania as Bhagat Singh, Aslam Khan as Ashfaqulla Khan, and Sukhi Ram as Shivaram Rajguru.DJ, Aslam, Sukhi and the spendthrift Karan, who is the son of politically well-connected businessman Rajnath Singhania, are at once carefree and cynical about their futures. While they get along well with Sue, they remain uninterested in working on a film expressing patriotism towards India. Tensions arise when Sue casts the boys' rival, the right-wing party activist Laxman Pandey, as Ram Prasad Bismil. However, over the course of working on the film, Pandey grows closer to the others. Sue begins a relationship with DJ.The group becomes devastated when Sonia's fiancé Ajay Singh Rathod, a flight lieutenant in the Indian Air Force, is killed when his MiG-21 jet malfunctions and crashes. The government attributes the accident to pilot error and closes the case, but Sonia and her friends refuse to accept the official explanation, knowing that Ajay was a skilled pilot who died while steering the plane away from crashing into a populous city. They learn that the corrupt Defense Minister Shastri signed a contract importing cheap parts for MiG-21 aircraft in exchange for a personal favor. Karan is severely jolted when he realizes that his father Rajnath was involved in orchestrating the deal.Since working on the film has already made them imbibe idealism and galvanized them against government corruption, the group organizes a peaceful protest at the India Gate. The police arrive and violently break up the demonstration; Ajay's mother Aishwarya is beaten by the police and goes into a coma. Laxman realizes that his senior party official, Raghuvir Mishra, was in league with the government officials who ordered the police to stop the protest and becomes disillusioned with his own party. Inspired by the revolutionaries, the group decides to take action themselves. They assassinate Shastri to avenge Ajay's death, while Karan confronts and murders Rajnath.The media reports that Shastri was killed by terrorists and celebrates him as a martyr. The group decides to publicly clarify their intent behind the assassination, and towards this end, they take over the All India Radio station after evacuating its employees and after alerting Karan's friend Rahul, who works there and is live (on air) at the moment. Karan goes on air and calls out the defense ministry's corruption to the public. The police arrive at the station under instructions to kill them. Sukhi is shot dead, while Aslam and Laxman are killed by a grenade and DJ is severely injured. DJ reunites with Karan in the recording room as the latter finishes his public statement, and the two of them get killed together.News of the boys' deaths enrages the public, spurring a wave of demonstrations against the government. Aishwarya awakes from her coma. The film ends with Sue and Sonia sitting at the place watching the view, with Sue describing the personal impact of meeting the boys and working on the film, while the deceased boys are seen in an afterlife-like state meeting a young Bhagat Singh in his family garden.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aamir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan"},{"link_name":"Chandra Shekhar Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad"},{"link_name":"Siddharth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sharman Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Shivaram Rajguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru"},{"link_name":"Kunal Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal_Kapoor_(actor,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"Ashfaqullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfaqullah_Khan"},{"link_name":"Soha Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Durgawati Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgawati_Devi"},{"link_name":"Atul Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Kulkarni"},{"link_name":"Ram Prasad Bismil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil"},{"link_name":"R. Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Alice Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Patten"},{"link_name":"Waheeda Rehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waheeda_Rehman"},{"link_name":"Kirron Kher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirron_Kher"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"Anupam Kher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupam_Kher"},{"link_name":"Mohan Agashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Agashe"},{"link_name":"Defence Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"Steven Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Boman Irani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boman_Irani"},{"link_name":"Lekh Tandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekh_Tandon"},{"link_name":"K. K. Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._K._Raina"},{"link_name":"Chandan Roy Sanyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandan_Roy_Sanyal"},{"link_name":"Batukeshwar Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Sukhdev Thapar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhdev_Thapar"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Sahukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Sahukar"},{"link_name":"Tushar Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushar_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Banerjee_(actor)"}],"text":"Aamir Khan as Daljit \"DJ\" Singh / Chandra Shekhar Azad\nSiddharth as Karan Singhania / Bhagat Singh\nSharman Joshi as Sukhi Ram / Shivaram Rajguru\nKunal Kapoor as Aslam Khan / Ashfaqullah Khan\nSoha Ali Khan as Sonia Chaudhary / Durgawati Devi\nAtul Kulkarni as Lakshman Pandey / Ram Prasad Bismil\nR. Madhavan as Flight Lt. Ajay Singh Rathod (special appearance)\nAlice Patten as Sue McKinley\nWaheeda Rehman as Mrs. Aishwarya Rathod, Ajay's mother\nKirron Kher as Mitro Kaur, DJ's mother\nOm Puri as Amanullah Khan, Aslam's father\nAnupam Kher as Rajnath Singhania, Karan's father\nMohan Agashe as Defence Minister V. K. Shastri\nSteven Mackintosh as James McKinley, Sue's grandfather\nBoman Irani as Kalia (hone wala character coming in Rang De Basanti 2)\nLekh Tandon as DJ's grandfather\nK. K. Raina as Raghuvir Mishra\nChandan Roy Sanyal as Batukeshwar Dutt\nBadrul Islam as Ravi Das / Sukhdev Thapar\nCyrus Sahukar as Rahul, a radio jockey and Karan's friend\nTushar Pandey as an auditioner (special appearance)\nAbhishek Banerjee as an auditioner (special appearance)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pI-4"},{"link_name":"Aks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aks_(2001_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bilingual-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"Film Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Writers_Association"},{"link_name":"Kamalesh Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamlesh_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Nanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanded"},{"link_name":"Ashfaqullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfaqullah_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ramprasad Bismil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramprasad_Bismil"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"Rajguru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaram_Rajguru"},{"link_name":"Chandrashekhar Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhar_Azad"},{"link_name":"Azad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrashekhar_Azad"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWA1-7"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pI-4"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)"},{"link_name":"Mother India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"Angad Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angad_Paul"},{"link_name":"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock,_Stock_and_Two_Smoking_Barrels"},{"link_name":"Snatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angad_produces-8"},{"link_name":"Hindi cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pII-9"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bilingual-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"Prasoon Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasoon_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Aamir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Screwvala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Screwvala"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masala_(film_genre)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_reasoning-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_reasoning-14"},{"link_name":"Rs.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pII-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paintityellow_dropped-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-think-3"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra took seven years to research and develop the story, including three to write the script.[4] While some raised doubts about his morale following the failure of his last film, Aks, at the box office, he retorted by saying that it would not affect him at all.[5] He added that not only did his storytelling technique improve, but past mistakes had helped him improve his filmmaking abilities.[6]Rakeysh said the following in a scriptwriter's conference conducted by the Film Writers Association in the year 2008, \"I was making a documentary called Mamooli Ram, on Amul, the milk revolution with Kamalesh Pandey. We were sitting in a small hotel room in Nanded, drinking. We started singing songs, and we both realized we liked similar songs. And so Rang De Basanti was born. He was angry with the system, I was helpless with the system. We wanted to do so much. But we really can't do anything and it was born out of anger. He wrote a story called Ahuti, meaning sacrifice. Ahuti was about the armed revolution in India, between the years 1919 and 1931. It started with Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, went on to Chandrashekhar Azad and so on. We had this amazing screenplay called Ahuti, which we had also termed as The Young Guns of India, which started with a train robbery, Azad on a horse and so on. I said, \"let's do The Young Guns of India\". We were going to go on the floor, and suddenly there were a couple of film on Bhagat Singh made. But they came and went. Not because they were good or bad films, not because they were written badly or not written so badly. I'm not being judgmental about them. And this is very important: because they did not reflect the sentiment of today's time. Nobody in the audience could identify with something which was past. It wasn't that there wasn't an idea of patriotism in us, but it was sleeping somewhere. And you had to kind of relate to it in today's world. So a couple of bottles of vodka again, and three days later, with a couple of vodkas down, Kamlesh Ji comes up with 'You know what, I think I've cracked it'.\"[7]Development of Rang De Basanti originated with several ideas Mehra came up with early on but later dropped or greatly evolved into new directions. One of these involved a group of youngsters who worked in an automobile repair shop, while another was about the life of Bhagat Singh, Indian freedom revolutionary.[6] During this time, he personally conducted a survey with a group of youths in New Delhi and Mumbai about the Indian revolutionaries he was planning on depicting, which indicated that many of youngsters did not recognise the names of some of the most prominent revolutionaries. This led Mehra to believe that the sense of \"patriotism had blurred\" in the young generation.[6] Because of this, he dropped his original plans in favour of a new idea in which a British documentary filmmaker on a visit to India realizes that the local \"kids are more Western than her\".[6] This new story, which eventually formed the basis for Rang De Basanti's script, was influenced by Mehra's upbringing, youth and experiences over the years,[4] including his desire to join the Indian Air Force while in school, as well as his recollections of listening to Independence Day speeches and watching patriotic films such as Mother India.[6] Although Mehra denies that the film is autobiographical, he confessed that the character sketches were loosely inspired by himself and his friends.Mehra approached Angad Paul after having been impressed with his production work on British films Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and Snatch. Paul, who was keen to work in India, liked Mehra's story and agreed to produce the film,[8] bringing with him David Reid and Adam Bohling as executive producers. Despite having no prior knowledge of Hindi cinema, Reid and Bohling's belief in the script was strong enough that they each were willing to work at half their normal rate.[9] While it was originally suggested that language versions of the film would be made concurrently, in English (as Paint it Yellow) and Hindi,[5][10] the plans for an English version were dropped during development. Mehra believed that English-language version felt alien and that \"one can tell a film in just one language\".[6] After the English version was dropped, the writer Kamlesh Pandey was brought on board to pen the first draft of Rang De Basanti in Hindi,[6] marking the start of his screenwriting career.[11] Thereafter Mehra and co-writer Rensil D'Silva took over the script, working on it for about two years.[6] Prasoon Joshi, the film's lyricist, worked on the dialogue, marking his foray into screenwriting.[12]Rang De Basanti suffered a significant setback when one of the initial producers ultimately failed to contribute any funds towards it; the shortfall left production looking uncertain just two months away from the beginning of principal photography. However, after Aamir Khan agreed to act in the film, Mehra approached Ronnie Screwvala of UTV Motion Pictures with the script.[6] Screwvala, who supported Mehra from the beginning of the production, had faith in the film,[13] reasoning that in historical films, \"the treatment and execution is very different from regular masala fare\",[14] and that such films \"find favour with the audience owing to their elaborate sets and period costumes\".[14] The budget was reported as Rs. 250 million (approximately US$5.5 million),[9] and, despite going a little over the initially planned budget, Mehra did not have any serious disagreements with UTV.[6]The film's script originally had a different climax, originally showing the protagonists on the run. The climax was rewritten, as the idea of them running away wasn't liked mutually, as they should have the last stand resembling that of Bhagat Singh. Years earlier, Khan had written his own story with the climax in a radio station, which he adapted for the climax of Rang De Basanti.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aamir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamir_Khan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pII-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angad_produces-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pII-9"},{"link_name":"Atul Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Kulkarni_(actor_born_1965)"},{"link_name":"Kunal Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal_Kapoor_(actor,_born_1977)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angad_produces-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ram Prasad Bismil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Arjun Rampal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Rampal"},{"link_name":"Arjan Bajwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjan_Bajwa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Siddharth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sharman Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Hrithik Roshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrithik_Roshan"},{"link_name":"Krrish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krrish"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Shahid Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Daniel Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Craig"},{"link_name":"Casino Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Telugu film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuvvostanante_Nenoddantana"},{"link_name":"assistant director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_director"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"R. Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollywood_(Tamil_cinema)"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"Soha Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Alice Patten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Patten"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Antarmahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarmahal"},{"link_name":"David Dhawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dhawan"},{"link_name":"Shaadi No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaadi_No._1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Lakh Tandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakh_Tandon"},{"link_name":"Kirron Kher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirron_Kher"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Aamir Khan agreed to act in Rang De Basanti immediately after reading Mehra's script.[9] Mehra described his character as a simple man with a strong sense of integrity and dignity.[8] Khan, who would turn 40 during the shoot, lost about 10 kilograms (22 lb) with a strict diet and exercise regime to more convincingly depict a man in his late twenties.[9] Atul Kulkarni and Kunal Kapoor were publicly attached to the film by the time it was officially announced;[8] Kapoor had been the assistant director to Mehra during the filming of Aks and was already familiar with the material Mehra had been developing.[15] Mehra gave Kulkarni biographies of Ram Prasad Bismil as preparation, including Bismil's autobiography.[16] Early rumours indicated that actors Arjun Rampal and Arjan Bajwa would be amongst the male leads,[17][18] but these roles ultimately were filled by Siddharth and Sharman Joshi. Mehra and Khan also offered Siddharth's role to Hrithik Roshan, but he declined in favour of Krrish (2006).[19] Shahid Kapoor was also offered a role in the film but had to decline due to a lack of dates.[20] Daniel Craig was offered the role of James McKinley, but he could not do it as he was committed to Casino Royale (2006).[21]Rang De Basanti marked Siddharth's Bollywood debut, following on the success of his Telugu film Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana. Having previously worked as an assistant director, Siddharth praised Mehra as being \"by far the most ambitious technical filmmaker in Indian cinema\".[22] R. Madhavan, despite being a well-known Tamil cinema actor, took the smaller role of a fighter aircraft pilot because he was convinced of the film's potential and wanted to be a part of it.[23] Om Puri appears in a two-scene cameo as Aslam's staunch Muslim father.Soha Ali Khan and Alice Patten immediately became Mehra's clear favourites for each of their roles during casting,[24] which led to Patten flying to Mumbai for a screen test with the entire cast. She was informed that she had won the documentary filmmaker role after she returned home to the United Kingdom.[25] Soha, portraying the pilot's fiancée, was filming Rituparna Ghosh's Antarmahal and David Dhawan's comedy Shaadi No. 1 concurrently with her work in Rang De Basanti. In particular, the demands of her emotional scenes in Antarmahal often left her exhausted, thus requiring \"a lot of personal overhauling\" to ensure that her performance in Rang De Basanti was unaffected.[26] During filming, reports indicated that co-stars Siddharth and Soha had become romantically involved with each other.[27] Alongside the two lead actresses, Lakh Tandon played the role of Aamir's Grand Father and Kirron Kher played the mother of Khan's character.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_mehra-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-film_launch-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff_pII-9"},{"link_name":"Soha Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soha_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"India Habitat Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Habitat_Center"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Modern School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_School_(New_Delhi)"},{"link_name":"All India Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shooting_locations-30"},{"link_name":"Delhi Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Tourism_and_Transportation_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"India Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shooting_locations-30"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Nahargarh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahargarh_Fort"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Harmandir Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"North Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gurdwara-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gurdwara-33"},{"link_name":"Arjun Bhasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Bhasin"},{"link_name":"Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_Sutra:_A_Tale_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Dil Chahta Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Chahta_Hai"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-film_launch-29"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"MiG-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-21"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"The film, which was shot in New Delhi, Mumbai, Rajasthan and Punjab,[28] was officially launched at a hotel on 1 February 2005.[29] When shooting began, Mehra made an announcement to his crew saying that they would enjoy their holiday only in July.[9]Instead of filming at the actual locations from the script, other locations were selected for picturisation. One such scene is where Soha Ali Khan is filmed at the India Habitat Center that masquerades as the University of Delhi. On similar lines, New Delhi's Modern School at Barakhamba Road served as the location for all the scenes pertinent to All India Radio station, which is shown to be stormed by the youngsters in the film.[30] The Delhi Tourism department was happy to encourage filming in the city if it helped promote tourism, though any filming near India Gate was prohibited due to the ensuing bureaucratic paperwork.[30] Similar issues with bureaucracy were faced by Mehra while filming at the Jaipur Fort. To use a historical location for filming, they had to seek permissions of seven officials ranging from the local police to the Archaeological Survey of India office.[31] Nahargarh Fort, which oversees the city of Jaipur, was another such historical location where one of the songs was filmed.[32] Besides these locations, the filming was also done at Amritsar's Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara. For Aamir Khan, a Muslim, it was for the first time that he was playing a North Indian Punjabi character and it took him some time to get the right dialect and diction.[33] While speaking about his experience of visiting the Gurudwara for the first time, he said:It's one of the most peaceful places I've been to. As you enter the place there's a certain serenity that surrounds you. I really enjoyed being there. The first shot we took was of our feet entering the water just as you pass the doorway of the temple. The water was cold but it was great![33]Once the locations were finalised, the team of Lovleen Bains and Arjun Bhasin was chosen for designing the look of Rang De Basanti. Bhasin had previously worked on Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1996) and Dil Chahta Hai (2001), the latter of which featured Aamir Khan, and he was referred to Mehra by Khan due to their previous association. Since the film's plot focused on men in their late twenties, Bhasin designed their look accordingly. Although he was responsible for Khan's rebellious look, Sharman Joshi's (who played Sukhi) lovable persona or Madhavan's dignified appearance, Bhasin credited Bains for her major contributions to the film.[34] Khan's hair was styled by Avan Contractor, who came up with soft curls falling over Khan's forehead. This new look, which took Contractor one hour to come up with, surprised the audience at the film's launch.[29]In post-production, the visual effects were handled by Tata Elxsi's Visual Computing Labs. The military aircraft they created was so realistic that the Indian Air Force called to check the producer's permission of using an actual MiG-21.[35]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Defence Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"MiG-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21"},{"link_name":"Animal Welfare Board of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Board_of_India"}],"text":"On Rang De Basanti's release, the Film Certification Board of India sought the views of Indian Defence Ministry due to scenes that depicted the use of MiG-21 fighter aircraft. But after viewing the movie the ministry found no problems and allowed UTV to release the film. There were also some issues with Animal Welfare Board of India due to the banned Indian horse race.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Prasoon Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasoon_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Blaaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaaze"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu_joshi-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angad_produces-8"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Nelly Furtado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Furtado"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_mehra-28"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu_joshi-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_mehra-28"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscar_nom-43"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Music Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Music_Director"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oscar_nom-43"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Colorado College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara"},{"link_name":"bhangra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangra_(popular_music)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"The soundtrack of Rang De Basanti, which was released by Sony BMG, featured music composed by A. R. Rahman and lyrics penned by Prasoon Joshi and Blaaze, an India-based rapper.[36][37] From the film's announcement in April 2005, Rahman was slated to compose the music.[8] In a press conference with pop singer Nelly Furtado, he said that she was to originally have featured on the soundtrack, although this was ultimately prevented from happening due to a change in producers and other factors.[38] Aamir Khan, with his knowledge of Hindi and Urdu,[39] worked with Rahman and Joshi for the soundtrack.[28] In addition, Mehra and Rahman chose him to sing for one of the songs.[40]Joshi was impressed with Mehra, who was ready to adjust to his style of writing as well as his creativity.[36] Confessing that the film's soundtrack was his favourite out of all his previous works, Joshi felt that it \"was a wonderful experience getting to know the mindset of today's youth and to pen down their feelings\".[41] Speaking about one of his songs, \"Luka Chuppi\", in which veteran Lata Mangeshkar sang with Rahman,[28] Joshi said that it was developed while discussing with Rahman the scene about a mother losing her son. Joshi wrote the lyrics about the mother and son playing hide-and-seek with the sad reality of the son being hidden forever.[42] He confessed to have been in tears while Mangeshkar was singing the song.[43] The soundtrack won the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director,[44] and had two of its tracks, Khalbali and Luka Chuppi, considered for an Academy Award for Best Original Song nomination.[43]While discussing typical Bollywood soundtracks, Nilanjana Bhattacharjya, a professor of music at Colorado College, noted that Rahman integrated traditional Punjabi cultural elements within his music for this soundtrack. Regionally defined elements such as a woman's prayer at the Sikh Gurdwara (Golden Temple) and the bhangra harvest dance are incorporated alongside more contemporary, global styles such as hard rock and hip hop to depict the cosmopolitan lifestyle of the youngsters in the film.[45]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"MiG-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-21"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Indian Defence Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"Indian censor board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Pranab Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_after_viewing-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI_after_viewing-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"No Objection Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Objection_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Maneka Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneka_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Nihang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihang"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"International Film Festival of Marrakech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_Marrakech"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sponsors-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"The Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"collectibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectible"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"LG Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Group"},{"link_name":"Bharti Airtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sponsors-60"},{"link_name":"MSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN"},{"link_name":"Channel V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_V"},{"link_name":"Radio Mirchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mirchi"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dilip-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu_opening_report-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu_opening_report-71"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-numbers-73"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing film to be released in January","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_Bollywood_films"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Rang De Basanti received its world premiere on 26 January 2006, with high expectations that it would be a success with western audiences,[46] though it also faced ire from several organisations because of certain controversial scenes. The film contained scenes of a MiG-21, a controversial aircraft in the Indian Air Force, which has a long history of fatal accidents in India. Promptly, the Indian Defence Ministry raised concerns, causing the Indian censor board to urge the filmmakers to seek clearance from the ministry.[47] Accordingly, Khan and Mehra screened the film for the then Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee along with other top officials from the armed forces.[48] One Air Force official reportedly said that it was \"not a review, but a preview\".[48] After the special screening, the defence ministry did not insist on any cuts, but on their recommendation more names were added to the slide that dedicates the film to deceased MiG pilots.[49] After this clearance, the Animal Welfare Board raised objections on the use of animals in the film. Although the filmmakers had obtained a No Objection Certificate from the board officials, Maneka Gandhi, a well-known animal rights activist and member of the welfare board, found flaws in this certificate.[50] Subsequently, this certificate was revoked and with only a few days left for the world premiere, Mehra personally requested Gandhi to reconsider her objection. After another viewing, the board cleared their objection stating that the use of animals in the film was natural and justified. However, after they recommended the deletion of a 20-second scene that depicted a banned horse race conducted by the Nihang Sikhs, the filmmakers deleted this scene.[51][52] Mrs. Kavita Gadgil whose son, late Flight Lieutenant Abhijeet Gadgil was killed when his MiG-21 fighter crashed, objected to the film's release because she believed that the film was loosely based on her son's life and the producers should have shown her the film. In response, Kamlesh Pandey, one of the writers of the film, said that the film was not inspired by Abhijeet Gadgil.[53]The film was screened at several international film festivals. In 2006, it premiered in France with the Lyon Asiexpo Film Festival,[54] the Wisconsin Film Festival[55] and the Morocco-based International Film Festival of Marrakech.[56] As a part of the publicity, the cast, visited prominent University campuses in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Pune with an intention of interacting with the students.[57] After hiring international experts for the film's publicity,[58] the marketing expenditure for the film grew to 40 percent of the total production budget of ₹250 million (US$3.0 million). This expenditure was unprecedented in Bollywood because usually the Indian filmmakers spend only about five percent of their production budget on marketing.[59] Out of the ₹100 million (US$1.2 million) marketing campaign, a fifth of it came from the producers while the rest was obtained through brand tie-ups and partnering.[60]There were high expectations from the soundtrack in the media.[61] The soundtrack, first released commercially in early December 2005, generally received above average reviews.[62][63][64] One of the songs, \"Masti Ki Paatshaala\" (translation: \"Classroom of Fun\"), was voted as the \"Song of the year\" for 2006 by leading Indian television channels,[65] while two compositions were considered for an Academy Award nomination.[66]Before its theatrical release, the producers tied up with several top brands to help in the marketing the film. An alliance was formed with The Coca-Cola Company by releasing special edition bottles to commemorate the film's release, a first of its kind in Bollywood. Besides this, the music CDs and cassettes were co-branded with the cola company along with the launch of the sale of collectibles from the film.[67] Provogue, a well-known clothing retail chain in India, launched a special limited edition clothing merchandise targeting the youth of India.[68] Besides these, the producers collaborated with LG Group, Berger Paints, Bharti Airtel and Hindustan Petroleum.[60] The producers tied up with several media partners such as MSN India, Channel V and Radio Mirchi to further enhance their marketing efforts.[69] A video game launched by Mobile2win, an Indian mobile content company, was based on an adaptation of the film's plot.[70]In India, The Hindu reported that with audiences from the metropolitan cities turning out in large numbers, Rang De Basanti was notching up record collections in its opening week.[71] Accordingly, 55 percent of the film's revenues came from multiplexes in these cities.[72] While the opening week box-office collections from Mumbai, the home of Bollywood, were reported to be over ₹40 million (US$480,000), theatres in New Delhi earned about half of Mumbai's revenue. Throughout the country, the cumulative collections in the first week was about ₹80 million (US$960,000). Overseas collections from the United States, United Kingdom and Australia were collectively put at over ₹60 million (US$720,000) for the same week.[71] Released in about 60 theatres in the United States, the film grossed ₹31 million (US$370,000) in its opening weekend and earned ₹99 million (US$1.2 million) within 10 weeks.[73] With ₹1.23 billion (US$15 million) alone coming from the Indian territory, the film earned more than ₹1.36 billion (US$16 million) worldwide.[73] Currently, the film holds the record for the highest-grossing film to be released in January.Within a week of the film's theatrical release, illegal copies of the film priced at ₹10 million (US$120,000) were seized at an Indian airport.[74] A report carried out by The Times of India highlighted copyright infringement on the Internet where movies like Rang De Basanti could be downloaded freely.[75] The DVD release sold more than 70,000 copies over six months, and as a result the film was the highest selling title at the time of its release.Rang De Basanti was released on Blu-ray (plus steelbook edition) in May 2014.[76] It is also available on Netflix.[77]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE_review-78"},{"link_name":"Binod Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binod_Pradhan"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE_review-78"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_review-79"},{"link_name":"Rediff.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"five star rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(classification)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P."},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Sight & Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Frisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Frisch"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Critics gave the film an overwhelmingly positive response, in particular the ensemble cast's performance and credibility. Although The Indian Express spoke positively of the cinematography and the film's story, it noted that \"the message that the film carries with it tends to get diluted towards the climax.[78] Praising the film's cast for their performance and the cinematography of Binod Pradhan, Taran Ardash wrote that the film would be successful with the urban audiences.[78] The Hindustan Times summarised the film as being a \"well-scripted, skilfully crafted [and] thought-provoking entertainer\".[79] Saisuresh Sivaswamy of Rediff.com wrote that films like Rang De Basanti can easily get into \"preachiness\", but believed Mehra got his message across while avoiding this, also appreciating the music, cinematography, dialogues and art direction.[80] The Hindu credited Kamlesh Pandey for writing a story that would have been a difficult film to make, but it added by saying that the transformation of the youngsters into heroes seemed poetic. Although the screenplay, direction and the cast were also well-appreciated, the reviewer felt that Rahman's soundtrack lacked pace.[81]The film also received positive reviews from critics outside India. The review from the BBC gave it the highest possible five star rating and added that it was \"an entertaining mix of romance, history and social commentary\".[82] The Bloomberg website wrote positively about \"the raw energy of a young cast and A. R. Rahman's splendidly rousing soundtrack\".[83]Sight & Sound magazine conducts a poll every ten years of the world's finest film directors to find out the Ten Greatest Films of All Time. This poll has been going since 1992, and has become the most recognised[84] poll of its kind in the world. In 2012[85] Cyrus Frisch voted for \"Rang De Basanti\". Frisch commented: \"Corruption became the subject of fierce debate in India after the major success of this film among youngsters.\"The film was mentioned in critic and author Shubhra Gupta's book, 50 Films That Changed Bollywood, 1995–2015.[86]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Film Writers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Writers_Association"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"Bhagat Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh"},{"link_name":"Mandal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandal_Commission"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989"},{"link_name":"emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)"},{"link_name":"Kriplani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Kripalani"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWA2-87"}],"sub_title":"Climax","text":"A major point of criticism the film faced was regarding the possibility of the Indian Army attacking students in a radio station. When Rakeysh was questioned about the same in a scriptwriter's conference conducted by the Film Writers Association in the year 2008, he said the following, \"So, in 2005, in Allahabad, a bunch of 4 students took the TV station there, and they were shot dead. Everything I did, it was kind of borrowed, as I said right here. Obviously, what I am also learning is the way I tell a story is not real; you can term it as a-real. For maximum impact, for the message to go through, I felt—since the story was against the establishment—let the establishment do it. After all, the establishment did hang Bhagat Singh. After all, the establishment did come down on the innocent, innocent students in Mandal Commission. After all the establishment did come down on Tiananmen Square. After all the establishment did come down when the whole concept of Flower Power emerged in America. So it's all there. It's borrowed, maybe not as realistically, but it is definitely there in the society. During emergency, there are horror stories. If we have to go back to Kriplani and his movement in Bihar, the stories are absolutely horrific.\"[87]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"79th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Krrish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krrish"},{"link_name":"Omkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omkara_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna"},{"link_name":"Lage Raho Munna Bhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lage_Raho_Munna_Bhai"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_review-79"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"East Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"}],"sub_title":"2007 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film submission","text":"Since the film \"reflected contemporary Indian reality and had cinematic excellence\", it was chosen as India's official entry for the 79th Academy Awards despite stiff competition from films such as Krrish, Omkara, Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna and Lage Raho Munna Bhai.[88][89] While discussing if the selection committee's choice was correct, critics felt that the Academy members could have better related with Omkara, an adaptation of Shakespeare's play Othello.[79][90] Despite these qualms and Mehra's belief that his film did not stand a chance at the Oscars,[91] the efforts to publicise the film in the United States began earnestly. Music composer A. R. Rahman performed several concerts across the East Coast to promote the film. Besides his efforts, producer Screwvala planned to use resources and expertise from his partners in 20th Century Fox and Walt Disney Pictures for organising its publicity efforts.[92] When the nominations in the foreign film category did not feature this film, it sparked off debates on whether the film should have been India's entry for the Oscars. In one such debate on a television channel that involved Screwvala, the selection committee was questioned about its knowledge of the requisite artistic criteria for such award ceremonies. While one outcome of the debate was on how Omkara would have been a better choice, the other discussed the West-centric sensibilities of the Academy members. However, results from a simultaneously conducted SMS poll indicated that 62 percent felt that the film was the right choice for the Oscars.[93]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India's official entry to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_79th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"The film was selected as India's official entry to the 79th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film but it was not Nominated.[94]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RDB_advertisements.jpg"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dilip-69"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dilip-69"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Jessica Lall Murder Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jessica_Lall"},{"link_name":"prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution"},{"link_name":"hostile witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_witness"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"India Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Priyadarshini Mattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyadarshini_Mattoo"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"socially backward classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dilip-69"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Indian expatriate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"text":"A pictorial collage that showcases how the Indian brands have used pictorials from the film (clockwise from top: Tehelka's second-anniversary magazine, a Business & Economy periodical and Amul – a dairy products manufacturer).Rang De Basanti had a noticeable impact on Indian society. A study of bloggers behavioural patterns during the first month of the film's release revealed a significant increase in public ire towards government and politicians for constantly being mired in corruption and bureaucracy and their inefficiency in providing basic amenities. Intense political discussions spurred on by the film's influence were observed in these patterns.[69] While commenting on this, writer D'Silva said that the film \"has struck a chord somewhere\".[117] Besides instigating political thought and discussions, it evoked social awakening for many. Some discussions rallied on how citizens should support and contribute to non-governmental organisations and exercising simple citizen duties of paying taxes and voting, while the others contemplated on how to become more responsible towards the country.[69] Unlike other Indian films with jingoistic overtones, many young Indians could relate well to the characters of this film.[118]While such reactions were observed on the Internet, youth activism took to streets to protest on public interest issues. A direct impact was on the 1999 Jessica Lall Murder Case, one of the high-profile murder cases in India. A month after the film's release, a court acquitted the main accused because of inefficient prosecution and hostile witnesses.[119] This sparked intense civil protests and media campaigns that sought his re-arrest. Taking cue from the scene in which the protagonists hold a silent, candlelight vigil at New Delhi's India Gate, one such group of demonstrators carried out a similar rally to voice their protest.[120] Shortly thereafter, a survey was conducted to assess reasons for the sudden upsurge in people's social involvements. Eighteen percent of the respondents felt that movies like Rang De Basanti were the main reason behind it.[121] Another such massive youth activism was seen in the Priyadarshini Mattoo rape and murder case where similar rallies were organised in India, United States and around the world.[122][123] Following the release of the film, another social outcry was against the introduction of reservations for socially backward classes in educational institutions. Young doctors and engineers joined hands in peaceful rallies in major cities across India.[124] Though the film was not released in the neighbouring Pakistan, it evoked similar reactions there. Inspired by the film, Pakistan's national newspaper, Jang, launched a television channel that was to focus on citizens' issues and support public awakening.[125] Reacting to these strong social reactions, actor Kunal Kapoor thought that the film was just a catalyst that presented \"patriotism in a package that the youngsters understood and empathised with\".[126]In the Indian media, frequent referencing of the film was evident, with many brands using pictorials from the movie.[127] In addition, the media also uses the terms \"RDB\" (abbreviated title of the movie) and \"RDB effect\" while referring to instances of public activism on matters of public interest.[69] When the 2007 University of Delhi Student Elections focused more on the important issues facing the students than in the previous years, one student referred to this as the \"RDB Syndrome\".[128] On similar lines, Kamal Sunavala wrote a play titled Under the Influence which focuses on a young Indian expatriate whose life changes after watching this film.[129]","title":"Social influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_film_clapperboard_(variant).svg"},{"link_name":"Bollywood portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Film portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film"},{"link_name":"Rang De Basanti – Consumption, Citizenship And The Public Sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=theses"}],"text":"India portalBollywood portalFilm portalDilip, Meghna (2008), \"Rang De Basanti – Consumption, Citizenship And The Public Sphere\", Master of Arts Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, February 2008.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"},{"link_name":"Lage Raho Munna Bhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lage_Raho_Munna_Bhai"}],"text":"^ Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.\n\n^ Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.\n\n^ Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.\n\n^ Shared with Lage Raho Munna Bhai.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A pictorial collage that showcases how the Indian brands have used pictorials from the film (clockwise from top: Tehelka's second-anniversary magazine, a Business & Economy periodical and Amul – a dairy products manufacturer).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/RDB_advertisements.jpg/220px-RDB_advertisements.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Handball_Association
|
Swiss Handball Association
|
["1 SHV Competitions","2 National teams","3 Competitions Hosted","3.1 International","3.2 Continental","4 Affiliated Clubs","5 References","6 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Swiss Handball Association" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Swiss Handball Association German: Schweizerischer Handball-VerbandSHVIOC nationSwitzerland (SUI)National flagSportHandballOther sportsBeach handballWheelchair handballOfficial websitewww.handball.chHISTORYPreceding organisationsSchweizerischen Handball-Ausschuss (HBA) (1939 – 1974)Year of formation11 March 1939; 85 years ago (1939-03-11) (as HBA) 7 December 1974; 49 years ago (1974-12-07) (as SHV)DEMOGRAPHICSNumber of affiliated Handball clubs229 (as of 2017)AFFILIATIONSInternational federationInternational Handball Federation (IHF)IHF member since1946Continental associationEuropean Handball FederationNational Olympic CommitteeSwiss Olympic AssociationGOVERNING BODYPresidentMr. Ulrich Rubeli HEADQUARTERSAddressTannwaldstrasse 2 4601 OltenCountrySwitzerlandSecretary GeneralMr. Jürgen Krucker
The Swiss Handball Association (SHV) (German: Schweizerischer Handball-Verband) is the governing body of handball and beach handball in Switzerland. Founded in 1974, SHV is affiliated to the International Handball Federation and European Handball Federation. SHV is also affiliated to the Swiss Olympic Association. It is based in Olten.
SHV Competitions
Swiss Handball League
Spar Premium League
National teams
Switzerland men's national handball team
Switzerland men's national junior handball team
Switzerland men's national youth handball team
Switzerland women's national handball team
Switzerland women's national junior handball team
Switzerland women's national youth handball team
Competitions Hosted
International
1986 World Men's Handball Championship
2001 Men's Junior World Handball Championship
Continental
2006 European Men's Handball Championship
Affiliated Clubs
Kadetten Schaffhausen
LC Brühl Handball
LK Zug
Pfadi Winterthur
RTV 1879 Basel
Spono Eagles
TSV St. Otmar St. Gallen
Wacker Thun
References
^ "Profile at IHF website". ihf.info. 22 November 2017.
External links
Official website
Swiss Handball Association at IHF site
vteSports governing bodies in Switzerland (SUI)Summer Olympic Sports
Aquatics
Diving
Swimming
Synchronized Swimming
Water Polo
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Equestrian
Fencing
Field Hockey
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Handball
Judo
Modern Pentathlon
Rugby 7's
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Practical Shooting
Table Tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
inc. Beach Volleyball
Swimming
Synchronized Swimming
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Winter Olympic Sports
Bobsleigh
Curling
Skating
Figure
Speed
Short Track
Ice Hockey
Luge
Skeleton
Skiing
Alpine
Biathlon
Cross Country
Nordic Combined
Freestyle
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Other IOC Recognised Sports
Air sports
Auto racing
Bandy
Baseball
Billiard Sports
Boules
Bowling
Bridge
Chess
Cricket
Dance sport
Floorball
Karate
Korfball
Lifesaving
Motorcycle racing
Mountaineering and Climbing
Netball
Orienteering
Pelota Vasca
Polo
Powerboating
Racquetball
Roller sports
Softball
Sport climbing
Squash
Sumo
Surfing
Tug of war
Underwater sports
Water Ski
Wushu
Paralympics and Disabled Sports
Others Sports
Rugby Union
Rugby League
Swiss Olympic Association
Swiss Paralympic Committee
vteNational members of the European Handball FederationEastern Europe
Albania
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Estonia
Georgia
Hungary
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
FYR Macedonia
Moldova
Montenegro
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Ukraine
Western Europe
Andorra
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
England and Scotland are associated members of EHF
vteNational
members of the International Handball Federation (IHF)African Handball Confederation (CAHB)
ALG
ANG
BEN
BOT
BUR
BDI
CMR
CAF
CHA
CGO
COD
COM
CIV
CPV
DJI
EGY
ETH
GAB
GAM
GBS
GHA
GEQ
GUI
KEN
LBA
LBR
LES
MAR
MAD
MAW
MLI
MOZ
MRI
MTN
NAM
NGR
NIG
RSA
RWA
SEN
SEY
SLE
SOM
SSD
SUD
TAN
TOG
TUN
UGA
ZAM
ZIM
Asian Handball Federation (AHF)
AFG
BAN
BHU
BRN
BRU
CAM
CHN
HKG
IND
INA
IRI
IRQ
JOR
JPN
KAZ
KGZ
KOR
KSA
KUW
LAO
LBN
MAC
MAS
MDV
MGL
MYA
NEP
OMN
PAK
PLE
PHI
PRK
QAT
SIN
SRI
SYR
THA
TJK
TKM
TPE
UAE
UZB
VIE
YEM
European Handball Federation (EHF)
ALB
AND
ARM
AUT
AZE
BEL
BIH
BLR
BUL
CRO
CYP
CZE
DEN
ESP
EST
FRO
FIN
FRA
GBR
GEO
GER
GRE
HUN
IRL
ISL
ISR
ITA
KOS
LAT
LIE
LTU
LUX
MDA
MKD
MLT
MNE
MON
NED
NOR
POL
POR
ROU
RUS
SLO
SRB
SUI
SVK
SWE
TUR
UKR
North America and Caribbean Handball Confederation (NACHC)Caribbean
ANT
BAH
BAR
CAY
CUB
DMA
DOM
GLP
GRN
HAI
IVB
JAM
LCA
MTQ
PUR
SKN
TTO
Northern America
CAN
GRL
MEX
USA
Oceania Continent Handball Federation (OCHF)
ASA
AUS
COK
FJI
GUM
KIR
NRU
NZL
PNG
SAM
SOL
TGA
TUV
VAN
South andCentral AmericaHandball Confederation (SCAHC)Central America
BIZ
CRC
ESA
GUA
HON
NCA
PAN
South America
ARG
BOL
BRA
CHI
COL
ECU
GUF
GUY
PAR
PER
URU
VEN
Associated Members
ENG
FSM
MHL
MNP
NCL
SCO
TAH
WLF
ǂ = suspended by the IHF
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a sports-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Team handball article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about sports in Switzerland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Profile at IHF website\". ihf.info. 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ihf.info/TheIHF/ContinentalFederations/EuropeanHandballFederation(EHF)/ListofFederations/SchweizerischerHandballVerband.aspx","url_text":"\"Profile at IHF website\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_Municipal_Eng._Manuel_Branco_Teixeira
|
Estádio Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira
|
["1 Portugal national football team","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 41°45′02″N 7°27′54″W / 41.7506°N 7.46499°W / 41.7506; -7.46499Stadium in Chaves, Portugal
Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco TeixeiraFull nameEstádio Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco TeixeiraFormer namesEstádio Municipal de ChavesLocationChaves, PortugalOwnerChaves MunicipalityCapacity8,396Field size105 x 67 metresSurfaceGrassConstructionBuilt1949Opened1949ArchitectNuno MagalhãesTenantsGD Chaves (1949–present)
Estádio Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira is a multi-use stadium in Chaves, Portugal. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of GD Chaves. The stadium is able to hold 12,000 people. The stadium normally holds the national teams' youth games and also some U21 games and also the senior team but rarely. Cristiano Ronaldo made his debut for the Portugal national team against Kazakhstan in 2003, at the stadium.
Portugal national football team
The following national team matches were held in the stadium.
#
Date
Score
Opponent
Competition
1.
2 June 2000
3–0
Wales
Friendly
2.
20 August 2003
1–0
Kazakhstan
Friendly
References
^ "Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira".
^ "Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan". China Daily. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
vte2023–24 Primeira Liga stadiums
Estádio António Coimbra da Mota (Estoril)
Estádio Cidade de Barcelos (Gil Vicente)
Estádio D. Afonso Henriques (Vit. Guimarães)
Estádio da Luz (Benfica)
Estádio de São Luís (Farense)
Estádio do Bessa (Boavista)
Estádio do Dragão (Porto)
Estádio do FC Vizela (Vizela)
Estádio dos Arcos (Rio Ave)
Estádio José Alvalade (Sporting CP)
Estádio José Gomes (Estrela da Amadora)
Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho (Famalicão)
Estádio Municipal de Arouca (Arouca)
Estádio Municipal de Braga (Braga)
Estádio Municipal de Portimão (Portimonense)
Estádio Municipal de Rio Maior (Casa Pia)
Estádio Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira (Chaves)
Parque de Jogos Comendador Joaquim de Almeida Freitas (Moreirense)
Authority control databases: Geographic
StadiumDB
41°45′02″N 7°27′54″W / 41.7506°N 7.46499°W / 41.7506; -7.46499
This article about a Portuguese sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zerozero.pt/estadio.php?id=19","url_text":"\"Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan\". China Daily. Retrieved 25 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/21/content_256878.htm","url_text":"\"Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyganak
|
Shyganak
|
["1 Geography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 52°39′N 74°21′E / 52.650°N 74.350°E / 52.650; 74.350Lake in Kazakhstan
For the village, see Shyganak (Sarysu District).
ShyganakШығанақ / ШаганакSentinel-2 image of the lake in 2022ShyganakLocationIshim PlainWest Siberian PlainCoordinates52°39′N 74°21′E / 52.650°N 74.350°E / 52.650; 74.350TypeendorheicPrimary inflowsShiderti (Karasu)Basin countriesKazakhstanMax. length8.7 kilometers (5.4 mi)Max. width2.3 kilometers (1.4 mi)Surface area14.3 square kilometers (5.5 sq mi)Shore length143.4 kilometers (27.0 mi)Surface elevation84.8 meters (278 ft)1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
Shyganak or Shaganak (Kazakh: Шығанақ; Russian: Шаганак), is a salt lake in Aktogay District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.
The lake is located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) to the WSW of Aktogay, the district capital.
Geography
Shyganak is an endorheic lake lying at the southern end of the Ishim Plain. The lake is located about 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southeast of lake Zhalauly and 49 kilometers (30 mi) to the west of Karakaska. Other smaller salt lakes and salt marshes surround it. Shyganak has an irregular shape, its shores are flat, swampy in the southern part. Shyganak freezes in early November and thaws in late April.
The Shiderti river flows into the lake from the southeast. In its last section the river is named Karasu. In years of exceptional snowfall, the waters of the Shiderti (Karasu) may fill the whole lake basin, flow out of Shyganak and reach larger lake Zhalauli to the north, but only very rarely. Lake Sholaksor lies 22 kilometers (14 mi) to the southwest.
See also
List of lakes of Kazakhstan
References
^ a b c Шидерты (река); Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 30 vols. — Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (in Russian)
^ Площадь озер Казахстана (Таблица)
^ a b "N-43 Topographic Chart (in Russian)". Retrieved 18 August 2022.
^ Lakes in the Central Kazakhstan
^ a b c Google Earth
^ ATAMEKEN: Geographical encyclopedia. / General ed. B. O. Jacob. - Almaty: "Kazakh Encyclopedia", 2011. - 648 pages. ISBN 9965-893-70-5
^ The Origin of the Depression Lake Systems
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shyganak (Sarysu District)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyganak_(Sarysu_District)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"salt lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lake"},{"link_name":"Aktogay District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktogay_District,_Pavlodar_Region"},{"link_name":"Pavlodar Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlodar_Region"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STMa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aktogay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktogay,_Pavlodar_Region"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%D0%95-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lake in KazakhstanFor the village, see Shyganak (Sarysu District).Shyganak or Shaganak (Kazakh: Шығанақ; Russian: Шаганак),[1][2] is a salt lake in Aktogay District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.[3][4]The lake is located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) to the WSW of Aktogay, the district capital.[5][6]","title":"Shyganak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endorheic lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_lake"},{"link_name":"Ishim Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishim_Plain"},{"link_name":"Zhalauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhalauly"},{"link_name":"Karakaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakaska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%D0%95-5"},{"link_name":"Shiderti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiderti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STMa-3"},{"link_name":"snowfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowfall"},{"link_name":"Sholaksor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholaksor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSE-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G%D0%95-5"}],"text":"Shyganak is an endorheic lake lying at the southern end of the Ishim Plain. The lake is located about 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southeast of lake Zhalauly and 49 kilometers (30 mi) to the west of Karakaska. Other smaller salt lakes and salt marshes surround it.[7] Shyganak has an irregular shape, its shores are flat, swampy in the southern part. Shyganak freezes in early November and thaws in late April.[1][5]The Shiderti river flows into the lake from the southeast. In its last section the river is named Karasu.[3] In years of exceptional snowfall, the waters of the Shiderti (Karasu) may fill the whole lake basin, flow out of Shyganak and reach larger lake Zhalauli to the north, but only very rarely. Lake Sholaksor lies 22 kilometers (14 mi) to the southwest.[1][5]","title":"Geography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of lakes of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kazakhstan"}]
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[{"reference":"\"N-43 Topographic Chart (in Russian)\". Retrieved 18 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.vlasenko.net/smtm1000/n-43.jpg","url_text":"\"N-43 Topographic Chart (in Russian)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Registered_Historic_Places_in_Oregon
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon
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["1 Current listings by county","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
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Click on a county to go to a list of National Register sites there.
This is a list of properties and historic districts in Oregon that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are listings in all of Oregon's 36 counties.
The National Register of Historic Places recognizes buildings, structures, objects, sites, and districts of national, state, or local historic significance across the United States. Out of over 90,000 National Register sites nationwide, Oregon is home to more than 2,000 NRHP listings.
Over one-fourth of the NRHP listings in the state are found in Multnomah County. In turn, the large majority (over 90%) of Multnomah's NRHP sites are situated within the city of Portland.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted June 14, 2024.
Current listings by county
The following are approximate tallies of current listings by county.
Mount Hood RailroadHood River County
Herschell–Spillman Noah's Ark CarouselMultnomah County
Al Thompson & Son's Feed & Seed Co.Malheur County
Greaser Petroglyph SiteLake County
James Cant RanchGrant County
Oregon State University Historic DistrictBenton County
County
# ofListings
1
Baker
14
2
Benton
57
3
Clackamas
91
4
Clatsop
62
5
Columbia
13
6
Coos
54
7
Crook
6
8
Curry
46
9
Deschutes
47
10
Douglas
51
11
Gilliam
3
12
Grant
9
13
Harney
7
14
Hood River
37
15
Jackson
154
16
Jefferson
9
17
Josephine
61
18
Klamath
30
19
Lake
20
20
Lane
138
21
Lincoln
35
22
Linn
76
23
Malheur
18
24
Marion
120
25
Morrow
5
26.1
Multnomah: North Portland
35
26.2
Multnomah: Northeast Portland
93
26.3
Multnomah: Northwest Portland
132
26.4
Multnomah: Southeast Portland
111
26.5
Multnomah: South and Southwest Portland
229
26.6
Multnomah: Other
39
26.7
Multnomah: Duplicates
(8)
26.8
Multnomah: Total
631
27
Polk
34
28
Sherman
5
29
Tillamook
30
30
Umatilla
43
31
Union
20
32
Wallowa
23
33
Wasco
35
34
Washington
51
35
Wheeler
2
36
Yamhill
85
(duplicates)
(14)
Total:
2,108
Distribution of listings by county, September 2014.
Old Scotch ChurchWashington County
Ashland Springs HotelJackson County
Fort Klamath SiteKlamath County
Yaquina Head LighthouseLincoln County
See also
Historic preservation
History of Oregon
National Register of Historic Places
List of National Historic Landmarks in Oregon
Lists of Oregon-related topics
Notes
^ These counts are based on entries in the National Register Information Database as of April 24, 2008 and new weekly listings posted since then on the National Register of Historic Places web site. There are frequent additions to the listings and occasional delistings and the counts here are approximate and not official. New entries are added to the official Register on a weekly basis. Also, the counts in this table exclude boundary increase and decrease listings which only modify the area covered by an existing property or district, although such increases and decreases carry a separate National Register reference number.
^ Several historic resources within Multnomah County are included on multiple area lists:
Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District: Northwest and Southwest Portland
Laurelhurst Historic District: Northeast and Southeast Portland
Broadway Bridge: North and Northwest Portland
Burnside Bridge: Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest Portland
Morrison Bridge: Southeast and Southwest Portland
Hawthorne Bridge: Southeast and Southwest Portland
^ Several historic resources in Oregon, mostly of a linear nature, are included on multiple county lists:
Barlow Road: Clackamas, Hood River, and Wasco
Columbia River Highway Historic District: Hood River, Multnomah, and Wasco
Jacksonville-to-Fort Klamath Military Wagon Road: Jackson and Klamath
McKenzie Highway Historic District: Deschutes, Lane, and Linn
Mill City Southern Pacific Rail Road (SPRR) Bridge: Linn and Marion
Oregon Pacific Railroad Linear Historic District: Jefferson, Linn, and Marion
Santiam Wagon Road: Deschutes and Linn
Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District: Baker and Grant
Union Street Railroad Bridge and Trestle: Marion and Polk
Willamette National Cemetery: Clackamas and Multnomah
References
^ Andrus, Patrick W.; Shrimpton, Rebecca H.; et al. (2002), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, retrieved June 20, 2014.
^ National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Program: Research, retrieved January 28, 2015.
^ Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Oregon Historic Sites Database, retrieved July 26, 2014. A simple count of National Register records in this database returns a slightly higher total than actual listings, due to duplicate records. A close reading of detailed query results is necessary to arrive at the precise count.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved June 14, 2024.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_counties.png"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Oregon's 36 counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Multnomah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Click on a county to go to a list of National Register sites there.This is a list of properties and historic districts in Oregon that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are listings in all of Oregon's 36 counties.The National Register of Historic Places recognizes buildings, structures, objects, sites, and districts of national, state, or local historic significance across the United States.[1] Out of over 90,000 National Register sites nationwide,[2] Oregon is home to more than 2,000 NRHP listings.[3]Over one-fourth of the NRHP listings in the state are found in Multnomah County. In turn, the large majority (over 90%) of Multnomah's NRHP sites are situated within the city of Portland.This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted June 14, 2024.[4]","title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The following are approximate tallies of current listings by county.[a]","title":"Current listings by county"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Skidmore/Old_Town_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Laurelhurst Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurelhurst_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Broadway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Bridge_(Portland,_Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Burnside Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Morrison Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Bridge"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Barlow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_Road"},{"link_name":"Columbia River Highway Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Columbia_River_Highway"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville-to-Fort Klamath Military Wagon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville-to-Fort_Klamath_Military_Wagon_Road"},{"link_name":"McKenzie Highway Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKenzie_Highway_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Mill City Southern Pacific Rail Road (SPRR) Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mill_City_Southern_Pacific_Rail_Road_(SPRR)_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oregon Pacific Railroad Linear Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Pacific_Railroad_Linear_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Santiam Wagon Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiam_Wagon_Road"},{"link_name":"Sumpter Valley Railway Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpter_Valley_Railway_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Union Street Railroad Bridge and Trestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Street_Railroad_Bridge_and_Trestle"},{"link_name":"Willamette National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_National_Cemetery"}],"text":"^ These counts are based on entries in the National Register Information Database as of April 24, 2008 and new weekly listings posted since then on the National Register of Historic Places web site. There are frequent additions to the listings and occasional delistings and the counts here are approximate and not official. New entries are added to the official Register on a weekly basis. Also, the counts in this table exclude boundary increase and decrease listings which only modify the area covered by an existing property or district, although such increases and decreases carry a separate National Register reference number.\n\n^ Several historic resources within Multnomah County are included on multiple area lists:\nPortland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District: Northwest and Southwest Portland\nLaurelhurst Historic District: Northeast and Southeast Portland\nBroadway Bridge: North and Northwest Portland\nBurnside Bridge: Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest Portland\nMorrison Bridge: Southeast and Southwest Portland\nHawthorne Bridge: Southeast and Southwest Portland\n\n^ Several historic resources in Oregon, mostly of a linear nature, are included on multiple county lists:\nBarlow Road: Clackamas, Hood River, and Wasco\nColumbia River Highway Historic District: Hood River, Multnomah, and Wasco\nJacksonville-to-Fort Klamath Military Wagon Road: Jackson and Klamath\nMcKenzie Highway Historic District: Deschutes, Lane, and Linn\nMill City Southern Pacific Rail Road (SPRR) Bridge: Linn and Marion\nOregon Pacific Railroad Linear Historic District: Jefferson, Linn, and Marion\nSantiam Wagon Road: Deschutes and Linn\nSumpter Valley Railway Historic District: Baker and Grant\nUnion Street Railroad Bridge and Trestle: Marion and Polk\nWillamette National Cemetery: Clackamas and Multnomah","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Click on a county to go to a list of National Register sites there.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Oregon_counties.png/400px-Oregon_counties.png"},{"image_text":"Mount Hood RailroadHood River County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MtHoodRailroad_Spring.jpg/220px-MtHoodRailroad_Spring.jpg"},{"image_text":"Herschell–Spillman Noah's Ark CarouselMultnomah County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Oaks_Park_carousel_horse_head_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg/220px-Oaks_Park_carousel_horse_head_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Al Thompson & Son's Feed & Seed Co.Malheur County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oregon_Trail_Agriculture_Museum_-_Nyssa_Oregon.jpg/220px-Oregon_Trail_Agriculture_Museum_-_Nyssa_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Greaser Petroglyph SiteLake County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Greaser_Petroglyph_Site_-_Adel_Oregon.jpg/220px-Greaser_Petroglyph_Site_-_Adel_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"James Cant RanchGrant County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Historic_James_Cant_Ranch%2C_Grant_County%2C_Oregon.jpg/220px-Historic_James_Cant_Ranch%2C_Grant_County%2C_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oregon State University Historic DistrictBenton County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/OSU_by_air.jpg/220px-OSU_by_air.jpg"},{"image_text":"Distribution of listings by county, September 2014.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/NRHP_Oregon_Map.svg/300px-NRHP_Oregon_Map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Old Scotch ChurchWashington County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Old_Scotch_Church_autumn_-_Hillsboro_Oregon.jpg/220px-Old_Scotch_Church_autumn_-_Hillsboro_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashland Springs HotelJackson County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ashland_Springs_Hotel_Lobby_%28Jackson_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28jacD0064%29.jpg/220px-Ashland_Springs_Hotel_Lobby_%28Jackson_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28jacD0064%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fort Klamath SiteKlamath County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fort_Klamath_Guard_House_%28Klamath_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28klaDA0019%29.jpg/220px-Fort_Klamath_Guard_House_%28Klamath_County%2C_Oregon_scenic_images%29_%28klaDA0019%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yaquina Head LighthouseLincoln County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/YaquinaHead_6382.jpg/220px-YaquinaHead_6382.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Historic preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_preservation"},{"title":"History of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oregon"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Oregon"},{"title":"Lists of Oregon-related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Oregon-related_topics"}]
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[{"reference":"Andrus, Patrick W.; Shrimpton, Rebecca H.; et al. (2002), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, retrieved June 20, 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/","url_text":"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"U.S. Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Program: Research, retrieved January 28, 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/research/","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Program: Research"}]},{"reference":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Oregon Historic Sites Database, retrieved July 26, 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Parks_and_Recreation_Department","url_text":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department"},{"url":"http://heritagedata.prd.state.or.us/historic/","url_text":"Oregon Historic Sites Database"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm","external_links_name":"NPS recent listings"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb15/","external_links_name":"How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/research/","external_links_name":"National Register of Historic Places Program: Research"},{"Link":"http://heritagedata.prd.state.or.us/historic/","external_links_name":"Oregon Historic Sites Database"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/NATREG/Pages/index.aspx","external_links_name":"Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, National Register Program"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/","external_links_name":"National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places site"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abralia_astrosticta
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Abralia astrosticta
|
["1 References"]
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Species of mollusc
Abralia astrosticta
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Cephalopoda
Order:
Oegopsida
Family:
Enoploteuthidae
Genus:
Abralia
Subgenus:
Astrabralia
Species:
A. astrosticta
Binomial name
Abralia astrostictaBerry, 1909
Abralia astrosticta is a species of enoploteuthid cephalopod present in the waters of Australia, French Polynesia, Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines and Hawaiʻi. They have large ventral photophores. Females carry oocytes 1.0 mm in length in their ovaries.
References
^ Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014). "Abralia astrosticta". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. IUCN: e.T163302A995216. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163302A995216.en. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Julian Finn (2016). "Abralia (Astrabralia) astrosticta Berry, 1909". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Taxon identifiersAbralia astrosticta
Wikidata: Q2084899
CoL: 8TN2N
EoL: 490066
GBIF: 2290257
iNaturalist: 432358
IRMNG: 10215466
ITIS: 555997
IUCN: 163302
OBIS: 341828
Plazi: BB37B13D-2877-BBD9-24B9-26B500F613C9
SeaLifeBase: 57612
WoRMS: 341828
ZooBank: 26F56D86-9720-42D3-BA67-749558D41CF6
This squid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enoploteuthid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoploteuthidae"},{"link_name":"cephalopod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"}],"text":"Abralia astrosticta is a species of enoploteuthid cephalopod present in the waters of Australia, French Polynesia, Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines and Hawaiʻi. They have large ventral photophores. Females carry oocytes 1.0 mm in length in their ovaries.","title":"Abralia astrosticta"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Barratt, I. & Allcock, L. (2014). \"Abralia astrosticta\". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. IUCN: e.T163302A995216. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163302A995216.en. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/163302/0","url_text":"\"Abralia astrosticta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species","url_text":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN","url_text":"IUCN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163302A995216.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163302A995216.en"}]},{"reference":"Julian Finn (2016). \"Abralia (Astrabralia) astrosticta Berry, 1909\". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 3 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=878661","url_text":"\"Abralia (Astrabralia) astrosticta Berry, 1909\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/163302/0","external_links_name":"\"Abralia astrosticta\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163302A995216.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163302A995216.en"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=878661","external_links_name":"\"Abralia (Astrabralia) astrosticta Berry, 1909\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8TN2N","external_links_name":"8TN2N"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/490066","external_links_name":"490066"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2290257","external_links_name":"2290257"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/432358","external_links_name":"432358"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10215466","external_links_name":"10215466"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=555997","external_links_name":"555997"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/163302","external_links_name":"163302"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/341828","external_links_name":"341828"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB37B13D-2877-BBD9-24B9-26B500F613C9","external_links_name":"BB37B13D-2877-BBD9-24B9-26B500F613C9"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=57612","external_links_name":"57612"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341828","external_links_name":"341828"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/26F56D86-9720-42D3-BA67-749558D41CF6","external_links_name":"26F56D86-9720-42D3-BA67-749558D41CF6"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abralia_astrosticta&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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